"LI B R.AR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 59O.S FI 13 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE. BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 2 SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2 AUGUST 18, 1948 Ijf PUBLICATION 616 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA. MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 2 SPHENISCIDAE - GAVIIDAE - COLYMBIDAE - DIOMEDEIDAE PROCELLARIIDAE - HYDROBATIDAE - PELECANOIDIDAE PHAETHONTIDAE - PELECANIDAE - SULIDAE PHALACROCORACIDAE - ANHINGIDAE - FREGATIDAE ARDEIDAE - COCHLEARIIDAE - CICONIIDAE THRESKIORNITHIDAE - PHOENICOPTERIDAE ANHIMIDAE - ANATIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2 AUGUST 18, 1948 PUBLICATION 615 THf i.m»«»v n* PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS Y.I 3 PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBERS 2-4 In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out- line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions,, how- ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death. It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda- tions have been kept as few as possible. In the case of the Anseriformes and some of the Charadriiformes, v I prepared the manuscript and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who V. made certain additions and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible for the compilation of the list of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Collection, and for additions to the bibliography after 1938 in the Falconiformes and 1939 in the rest of the manuscript. * Literature has been taken into account up to December 31, 1944 \ (as given in the Zoological Record). Some new forms described & since that date and before December 31, 1946, and a few important papers will be found mentioned in the footnotes. v As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to * express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr. t John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Museum of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz, ^ Musee* d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of ^ Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland, Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, Canada; the * Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United I States National Museum; Professor 0. Fuhrmann, University of * Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskapsakademien, Stock- holm; the Museum of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum (Natural History); Professor A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum, Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D. iii Macdonald, British Museum (Natural History); Dr. Alden H. Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California; the late James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Professor Rodolfo A. Philippi B., Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor William Rowan, University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilern, Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the late P. A. Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van Rossem, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, U. S. National Museum; Mr. John T. Zimmer, American Museum of Natural History, New York. We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death. Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso- ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. BOARDMAN CONOVER IV CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 2 SUPERORDER NEOGNATHAE ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES FAMILY SPHENISCIDAE (Penguins) PAGE PAGE Aptenodytes J. F. Miller 1 Eudyptes Vieillot 6 Pygoscelis Wagler 3 Spheniscus Brisson 10 ORDER GAVIIFORMES FAMILY GAVIIDAE (Loons) Gavia J. R. Forster. . . 14 ORDER COLYMBIFORMES FAMILY COLYMBIDAE (Grebes) Colymbus Linnaeus 18 Centropelma Sclater and Salvin 35 Aechmophorus Coues 33 Podilymbus Lesson 36 ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE Procellaria Linnaeus 61 (Albatrosses) Puffinus Brisson 62 Divmedea Linnaeus 40 Pjerodroma ^Bonaparte 74 Pfcoe^na Reichenbach.. . 49 Holobaena Bonaparte 84 Pagodroma Bonaparte 85 Bulweria Bonaparte 86 FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE (Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels) _ „ FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE SUBFAMILY FULMARINAE (Long-legged Storm Petrels) (Fulmars) Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius . . . 86 Macronectes Richmond 50 Pelagodroma Reichenbach 89 Daption Stephens 52 Fregetta Bonaparte 90 Fulmarus Stephens 53 « Garrodia Forbes 93 Pachyptila Illiger 55 Hydrobates Boie 94 Oceanodroma Reichenbach 95 SUBFAMILY PUFFININAE Halocyptena Coues 105 (Shearwaters) PnoceHa Hombron and Jacquinot.. 58 FAMILY PELECANOIDIDAE Thalassoica Reichenbach 59 (Diving Petrels) Adamastor Bonaparte 60 Pelecanoides Lac^pede 106 ORDER PELECANIFORMES SUBORDER PHAETHONTES FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE (Tropic-Birds) PAGE Phaethon Linnaeus 110 SUBORDER PELECANI SUPERFAMILY PELECANOIDEA FAMILY PELECANIDAE (Pelicans) Pelecanus Linnaeus. . 115 FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE (Cormorants) PAGE Phalacrocorax Brisson 137 Nannopterum Sharpe 157 FAMILY ANHINGIDAE (Water-Turkeys) Anhinga Brisson 157 SUPERFAMILY SULOIDEA FAMILY SULIDAE (Gannets) Morus Vieillot 122 Sula Brisson 123 SUBORDER FREGATAE FAMILY FREGATIDAE (Man-o'-War Birds) Fregata Lacepede 160 ORDER CICONIIFORMES SUBORDER ARDEAE FAMILY ARDEIDAE (Herons and Bitterns) SUBFAMILY ARDEINAE (Herons) Ardea Linnaeus 166 Pilherodius Bonaparte 175 Butorides Blyth 176 Florida Baird 189 Bubulcus Bonaparte 191 Dichromanassa Ridgway 192 Casmerodius Gloger 194 Leucophoyx Sharpe 197 Hydranassa Baird 200 Agamia Reichenbach 204 Syrigma Ridgway 205 Nycticorax T. Forster 207 Nyctanassa Stejneger 214 Tigrisoma Swainson 219 SUBFAMILY BOTAURINAE (Bitterns) Zebrilus Bonaparte 227 Ixobrychus Billberg 228 Bolaurus Stephens 235 FAMILY COCHLEARIIDAE (Boat-billed Herons) Cochlearius Brisson 238 SUBORDER CICONIAE SUPERFAMILY CICONIOIDEA FAMILY CICONIIDAE (Storks and Wood Ibises) SUBFAMILY MYCTERIINAE (Wood Ibises) Mycteria Linnaeus 242 SUBFAMILY CICONIINAE (Storks) Euxenura Ridgway 245 Jabiru Hellmayr 247 SUPERFAMILY THRESKIORNITHOIDEA FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE (Ibises and Spoonbills) SUBFAMILY THRESKIORNITHINAE (Ibises) Harpiprion Wagler 249 Theristicus Wagler 250 Cercibis Wagler 256 Mesembrinibis Peters 256 Phimosus Wagler 258 Guara Reichenbach 261 Plegadis Kaup 264 SUBFAMILY PLATALEINAE (Spoonbills) Platalea Linnaeus 270 Ajaia Reichenbach 271 SUBORDER PHOENICOPTERI FAMILY PHOENICOPTERIDAE (Flamingos) Phoenicopterus Linnaeus 273 Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte 276 VI ORDER ANSERIFORMES FAMILY ANHIMIDAB (Screamers) PAGE Anhima Brisson 278 Chauna Illiger 280 SUBORDER ANSERES FAMILY ANATIDAE (Ducks, Geese, and Swans) SUBFAMILY CYGNINAE (Swans) Cygnus Bechstein 283 SUBFAMILY ANSERINAE (Geese) Chen Boie 287 Anser Brisson 290 Philacte Bannister 293 Branta Scopoli 294 Chloephaga Eyton 307 SUBFAMILY DENDROCYGNINAE (Tree Ducks) Dendrocygna Swainson 312 SUBFAMILY ANATINAE (Shoal-water Ducks) Neochen Oberholser 319 Sarkidiornis Eyton 320 Cairina Fleming 321 Coscoroba Reichenbach 323 Casarca Bonaparte 324 Tadorna Boie 325 Anas Linnaeus 325 Querquedula Stephens 333 Spatula Boie 337 Chaulelasmus Bonaparte 340 Mareca Stephens 341 Eunetta Bonaparte 344 Nettion Kaup. 345 Punanetta Bonaparte 353 Dafila Leach 356 Aix Boie 363 Heteronetta Salvador! . . . 364 SUBFAMILY AYTHYINAE (Deep-water Ducks) Netta Kaup 365 Metopiana Bonaparte 365 Aythya Boie 366 Tachyeres Owen . 374 Glaucionetta Stejneger 377 Bucephala Baird 380 Clangula Leach 381 Histrionicus Lesson 383 Somateria Leach • 385 Arctonetta Gray 390 Oidemia Fleming 391 Melanitta Boie 392 Camptorhynchus Bonaparte 396 Polysticta Eyton 397 SUBFAMILY OXYURINAE (Lake Ducks) Nomonyx Ridgway ...'.„ 398 Oxyura Bonaparte 399 SUBFAMILY MERGINAE (Mergansers) Mergellus Selby 404 Lophodytes Reichenbach 404 Mergus Linnaeus 405 SUBFAMILY MERGANETTINAE (Torrent Ducks) Merganetta Gould 409 vii CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS PART I NO. 2 BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER Superorder NEOGNATHAE Order SPHENISCIFORMES Family SPHENISCIDAE. Penguins Genus APTENODYTES J. F. Miller Aptenodytes J. F. Miller,1 Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23, 1778— type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes patagonica Miller. Pinguinaria Shaw, Mus. Lever., 1, No. 3, p. 144, 1792 — type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes patachonica "Latham" =Forster. Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica J. F. Miller. KING PENGUIN. Aptenodytes patagonica J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 4, pi. 23, 1778 — "in mare An tarctico"= South Georgia (cf. I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, p. 138, pi. 11, 1781); Forster, Descr. Anim., pp. 347, 349, 1844— Falkland Islands (ex Pennant), South Georgia, and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) (descr., habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 627, 1898 — part, spec, a-h, Falkland Islands; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900— Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 397, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 85, 1904 (descr., range in part); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 — range in Argentina; 1 Aptenodytes I. R. Forster (in G. Forster, Voy. World, 1, p. 98, 1777) is a nomen nudum. The name has been variously "emended" to Apterodytes Hermann (Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 235, 1783), Apterodita Scopoli (Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786), Aptenodyta Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 242, 1788), Aptenodita Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. Ixxxiv, 1791), Aptenodites Lesson (Compl. Buffon, 9, p. 542, 1837), and Apteniodytes Swainson (Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 193, 1837). 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1915— Port Stephens, Falkland Islands (visitor); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486 — South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 — Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 590, pi. 55, fig. 4, pi. 56, figs. 1-4, 1929— South Georgia (nesting, life hist.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 343, col. pi., 1936 (monog.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). Apienodytes patachonica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 137, pi. 2, 1781— South Georgia1 (descr., habits); Reid, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 3, p. 132, 1835— East Falkland Island (anatomy); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 88, 1906— South Georgia (breeding habits); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 104, pis. 20-31, 1915— South Georgia (habits). Apterodita longirostris Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 — based on "Le Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinee" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 179, pi. 113, 1776 (locality erroneous). Aptenodytes pennantii(i) G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, 1844 — based on "The Patagonian Pinguin" Pennant, Phil. Trans., 58, p. 91, pi. 5, 1769 — Falkland Islands; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856;2 Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbot, Ibis, 1861, p. 163— Falkland Islands (visitor); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 257— East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Tyssen Island, Falkland Islands; Hyett, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 247, 1872— Straits of Magellan (crit.); de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 900 (molt); Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904— West Falkland Island (visitor); Seth- Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, (1), p. 60, pi. 1 (molt). Aptenodytes forsteri (not of Gray) Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 — Falkland Islands. Spheniscus pennantii Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867 — Falkland Islands. Aptenodytes longirostris Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 193 — part, Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 653— part, Falkland Islands; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 16, 1885 — South Georgia. Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920 (chars., range); Wace, I.e., p. 194, 1922 — Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 29, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, 1931— Rosita Bay, South Georgia; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 96 — Horn Island, Cape Horn region (breeding). 1 Forster also includes the Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands (ex Pennant), and "New Guinea" (ex Sonnerat) in the range, but his account is based upon his own observations in South Georgia. 2 Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "rex, auct.," which appears to be merely the Latin equivalent of the vernacular name "King Penguin" used by certain authors. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3 Range. — Breeds on South Georgia, the northern South Sandwich Islands, Staten Island, Horn Island, wandering to the Falkland Islands.1 Aptenodytes forsteri G. R. Gray.2 EMPEROR PENGUIN. Apienodytes forsteri G. R. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 315, April, 1844 — Antarctic region (cotypes in British Museum); idem and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [642], pi. 176, fig. 2, 1846; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856;3 Sclater, Ibis, 1888, p. 325 (hist.;ext. and osteol. char.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 626, 1898 — Antarctic seas (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166 — South Orkney Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 5, 7, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 30, 1920— Isla Laurie, South Orkney Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Kinnear, Ibis, 1935, p. 98 (note); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 354, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 352, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (straggler only); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities); Davis, Auk, 62, p. 144, pi. 8, 1945 (molt). Spheniscus patagonicus (not Aptenodytes patagonica Miller) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 3, 1867 — Antarctica (crit.). Aptenodytes patagonica (not of J. F. Miller) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 192— Antarctic seas (crit.). Aptenodytes excelsior Mathews and Iredale,4 Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 101, Jan. 28, 1935 — based on Aptenodytes forsteri Mathews, Bds. Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, p. 63, pi. 30, Oct. 16, 1928; Cape Royds, McMurdo Bay. Range. — Breeds on the shores of Antarctica (Cape Crozier; Queen Mary's Land); wanders occasionally north to the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (Laurie Island). Genus PYGOSCELIS Wagler5 Pygoscelis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 281, March, 1832— type, by monotypy, Aptenodytes papua Forster. 1 A slightly differentiated race, A. patagonica halli Mathews, breeds on the Macquarie, Kerguelen, Crozet, and Marion Islands. 1 Probably a race of A. patagonica. J Bonaparte, in synonymy, mentions "imperator, auct.," evidently the Latin transcription of the vernacular term "Emperor Penguin." 4 The renaming of the Emperor Penguin appears to us unjustified. While Gray admittedly erred in his interpretation of Forster's (and Miller's) plate, it is just as plain that the characters and measurements of his "Emperor," for which he proposed the name A. forsteri, cannot possibly have been gathered from these rather poor drawings, as Mathews and Iredale seem to think. They were clearly taken from the specimens brought home by the Antarctic Expedition, still in the British Museum, which must, therefore, be regarded as the original cotypes of A. forsteri. ' The members of this genus differ from one another in the number of tail feathers. P. papua has sixteen, P. antarctica twelve, and P. adeliae fourteen 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Dasyramphus (Hombron and Jacquinot MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, pp. 640, 641, July, 1846 — type, by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hom- bron and Jacquinot; Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, Ois., p. 154, 1853 — same type. Pygoscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 775, 1856 (emen- dation). Pygosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 (emendation). Dasycelis Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934— type, by orig. desig., Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster. Pucheramphus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 113, Feb. 28, 1935— type, by orig. desig., Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot. Pygoscelis papua papua (I. R. Forster). GENTOO PENGUIN. Aptenodytes papua I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3, pp. 134, 140, pi. 3, 1781— Falkland Islands;1 idem, Descr. Anim., p. 352, 1844 — Falkland Islands (descr.). Apterodita papuae Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insubr., 2, p. 91, 1786 — based on "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. GuinSe, p. 181, pi. 115, 1776 (locality erroneous). Eudyptes papua Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859 — Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 336— Falkland Islands (breed- ing habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432— Falkland Islands. Pygosceles wagleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860 — Falkland Islands (substitute name for Aptenodytes papua Forster); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163— Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47— Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527— East Falkland Island. Spheniscus papua Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867 — Falkland Islands (descr.). Pygoscelis papua Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885 — Falkland Islands (breeding); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 631, 1898 — part, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1902 — South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 87, 1906— South Georgia (breeding habits); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 162, pi. 9— Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding; nest and chick descr.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 113, pis. 32-43, 1915— South Georgia (habits); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 136, 1917— Falkland Islands (habits); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920— South Shetland, South Orkney, and Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486— South Georgia and Elephant Island; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 — Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 58, pi. 47, figs. 10-12, pi. 54, figs. 3-4, pi. 55, fig. 1, 1929— South Georgia (nesting, monog.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 367, rectrices; otherwise they are nearly alike in structural details. It is quite useless to place each in a monotypic genus. 1 Although "Le Manchot Papou" Sonnerat (Voy. Nouv. Guin6e, p. 181, pi. 115, 1776) is quoted, Forster's description and figure were taken from the Falkland Islands specimen brought to London by J. S. Hausmann. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 5 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 357, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1936— South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 185, 7 pis., 1938— Graham Land (life hist.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 195, 1940 (life hist.). Pygosceles laeniata (not Aptenodytes taeniata Peale) Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 28, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1904— near Port William, Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Pygoscelis papua papua Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921— Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 398, pi. 13, 1931— South Georgia. Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands, on Staten Island, South Georgia, the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, Graham Land and other small Antarctic islands.1 Pygoscelis antarctica (I. R. Forster). RINGED PENGUIN. Aptenodytes antarctica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 141, pi. 4, 1781 — "in mari Australi a gradu 48° in circulum usque antarcticum"; idem, Descr. Anim., p. 56, 1844 — same locality. Eudyptes antarcticus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47 — Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164— Falkland Islands (one spec.). Spheniscus antarcticus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 5, 1867— Falkland and Weddell Islands (descr.). Pygoscelis antarctica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 14, 1885 — South Georgia (breeding) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 634, 1898 (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 152, pis. 4, 6, 7— Laurie and Saddle Islands, South Orkney Islands (plumages descr.; breeding habits); Lonn- berg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 86, 1906 — South Georgia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — South Orkney Islands; Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 129, 1915 — South Georgia; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 142, 1917— Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 — South Shetland and South Orkney Islands; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 195, 1922— Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487— South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311 (breeding range; straggling to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 588, 1929— South Georgia (rare); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 399, pi. 13, 1931— South Georgia (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 406, 1936 (monog.) ; Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 355, pi. 10, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (nesting); Bagshawe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 185, 7 pis., 1938— Graham Land (life hist.); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breed- ing localities); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 300, 1945— Palmer Peninsula (rookery 64° 42' S.-630 25' W.). 1 A nearly allied race, P. papua taeniata (Peale), replaces the nominate form on the Macquarie, Heard, Kerguelen, and Marion Islands. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds on South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, and islands off the Antarctic continent south to 64° 42' on Palmer Peninsula; straying in winter to the Falkland Islands. Pygoscelis adeliae (Hombron and Jacquinot). BLACK-THROATED PENGUIN. Catarrhactes adeliae Hombron and Jacquinot, Ann. Sci. Nat., (2), Zool., 16, p. 320, 1841 — "les glaces de la terre Addlie" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929). Aptenodytes longicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 261, 1848 — Antarctic Ocean (cotypes in U. S. National Museum [cf. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 197] and in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass. [cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930]). Dasyramphus adelia Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, Ois., p. 155, pi. 33, fig. 1, 1853— Adelia Land. Pygoscelis adeliae Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 632, 1898— Antarctica (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 157, pi. 8 — South Orkney Islands (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — South Orkney Islands; idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 31, 1920 — South Shetland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 494 — near South Georgia and Zavodovski Island; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 311— South Shetland and South Orkney Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 30, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 386, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 352, pi. 11, fig. 1, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (nesting, life hist.); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 299, 1945 — Palmer Land (rookeries at 68° 17' S.-670 12' W. and 67° 56' S.-670 24' W.; life hist.). Pucheramphus adeliae Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities, taxonomy). Range. — Breeds on the South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Sandwich Islands, and on the shores of the Antarctic continent south to 68° 17' on Palmer Peninsula. Genus EUDYPTES Vieillot Eudyptes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., pp. 67, 70, 1816 — type by subs, desig., Catarrhactes chrysocome auct.= Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller. Chrysocoma Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 57, 1825 — new name for Eudyptes Vieillot. Microdyptes Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 58, 1880— type, by orig. desig., Eudyptula serresiana Ousta\et= Aptenodytes crestata Miller. Catadyptes Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 55, p. 74, Dec. 31, 1934— type, by orig. desig., Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 7 *Eudyptes crestatus crestatus (J. F. Miller).1 ROCK-HOPPER PENGUIN. Aptenodytes crestata J. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 9, pi. 49, 1784— Falkland Islands (cf. Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 4, pp. 145- 147, 1921). Pinguinaria cirrhata Shaw, Cimelia Physica, p. 92, 1796 — Falkland Islands. Pinguinaria cristate Shaw and Nodder, Nat. Misc., 11, pi. 437, July 1, 1800 — "in insulis Antarcticis" (ex Miller, pi. 49). Chrysocoma saltator Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 58, pi. 8, 1825 — based primarily on "Pingoin Sauteur" Bougainville, Voy. Monde, p. 69, 1771; Falkland Islands (in part). Aptenodytes chrysocome (not of Forster, 1781)* Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 — Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Eudyptes chrysocome Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falk- land Islands; idem, I.e., 1861, p. 47— Falklands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164— North Camp, Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 654 — part, Falkland and Inaccessible Islands (crit.); iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 128, pi. 30, 1880— part, Inaccessible and Falkland Islands (crit.) ; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1904— Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands (breeding habits). Eudyptes nigrivestis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 418, 1860 — Falkland Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 — Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 46, 47— Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 (crit., range); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 143, 1917— Falkland Islands (habits); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312— Falkland Islands and "South Georgia." 1 Phaeton demersus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758), based ex- clusively on "The Penguin" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 49, pi. 49), has been claimed by certain authors to refer to the Rock-hopper Penguin. Edwards' plate represents a young bird of unknown origin, and while possibly intended for the juvenile plumage of some species of Eudyptula, appears to us wholly unidenti- fiable. Aptenodytes catarractes I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting., 3, pp. 135, 145, 1781) and Aptenodytes gorfua Bonnaterre (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 68, 1791), being likewise based on "The Penguin" of Edwards, are not available either. The genus Catarractes Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 102, 1760), whose type, by monotypy, is Phaethon demersus Linnaeus, falls accordingly to the ground. 1 Aptenodytes chrysocome I. R. Forster (Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 133, 135, 1781) is a composite of the Australian Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (from Tasmania) and the two South American species (E. crestatus and E. chryso- lophus), and although the accompanying figure (pi. 1) represents the Rock-hopper Penguin, it is perhaps advisable to discard the term chrysocome in favor of crestatus, as has been advocated by Mathews and Iredale (I.e.). It may be mentioned here that Milne-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 47, 1880) errs in pre- suming Forster's specimen to have originated in South Georgia. It is J. S. Haus- man, M.D., the owner of the American specimen figured by Miller, who once was a citizen of Augusta, Georgia ("civis nuper Georgiae Augustae"), which is by no means the same as South Georgia Island! Cf. also Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 99, 1844, where A. chrysocome is given as inhabiting the south part of New Holland and the Falkland Islands. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Eudyptes catarractes (not Aptenodytes catarractes Forster) Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872— Falkland Islands (crit.). Eudyplula serresiana Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 8, art. 4, p. 1, Aug., 1878 — Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (descr. of young; type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 59, 1929). Eudyptes chrysocoma(us) Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 46, pi. 18, fig. 6, 1880 (crit., in part, Falkland Islands); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 238, 1891— Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego. Microdyptes serresiana Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 58, pi. 20 (fig. of type), 1880— Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 242, 1891— Burnt Island and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn. Catarrhactes chrysocome Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 635, 1898 — part, spec, a-i, o-s, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland, Tristan d'Acunha, and Inaccessible Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 96, 1904 — part, Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909— Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island (egg descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego and Isla Ano Nuevo. Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestis Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 6, 8, 1920 (char., range, in winter to Buenos Aires); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 226, 1921 — Cabo Domingo, Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego (chick fig.); Tremoleras, I.e., 4, p. 17, 1927 — coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Anon., I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932 — Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (winter, 1928); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 99— Freycinet, Deceit, and Herschel Islands, Cape Horn region. Eudyptes crestatus crestatus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 31, 1931 (range). Eudyptes crestatus Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 415, 1936 (monog.). Eudyptes cristatus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). Range. — Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the Cape Horn region, the Falkland Islands, and (extralimi tally) on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands; in winter straggling north to the coast of Buenos Aires and Uruguay (Montevideo Bay).1 Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Isla Hermite, Magallanes, 3). Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt).2 MACARONI PENGUIN. Catarhactes chrysolophus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 315, 1837 — no locality3 (cotypes in Leningrad Museum). 1 Birds from Tierra del Fuego (E. serresiana) are evidently not separable from those of the Falkland Islands. A nearly allied race, E. crestatus filholi Hutton, breeds on Campbell, Antipodes, St. Paul, Kerguelen, Crozet, Prince Edward, and Marion Islands. 2 Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt) has been made the type of Catadyptes on account of having fourteen instead of sixteen tail-feathers, a naked space at the base of the bill, and a somewhat differently arranged crest. These appear to us good specific characters. 1 Roberts (Ibis, 1939, p. 710) suggests South Georgia as type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 9 Eudyptes chrysolophus(a) Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [641], pi. 176, fig. 1, 1846; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 338— Falkland Islands (breeding); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 163— Falkland Islands (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 47— Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 527— Falkland Islands (breeding); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 250, 1872— Falkland Islands (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 654 — Kerguelen Island (crit.); iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 127, pi. 29, 1880— Kerguelen Island (crit.); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 79, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1880— Falkland Islands (crit.); Murphy, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 130, 1915— Cape North, South Georgia (breeding); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920 (chars., range); Bennett, I.e., p. 32, 1920 — South Shetland (Decepcion Island) and South Orkney Islands (breeding); Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 486— South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312, pi. 4— Decepcion Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding) and Falkland Islands (straggler); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 588, pi. 55, figs. 2-3, 1929 — South Georgia (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 32, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 432, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936— South Orkney Islands (straggler, not nesting); Roberts, Ibis, 1939, p. 709, pi. 15d (crit.); idem, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities). (t)Eudyptes diadematus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 419, 1860— Falkland Islands (type lost, formerly in coll. of J. Gould; cf. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 654); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163 (type singled out of a flock of Rock-hoppers early in September, 1858, at Eagle Point Rookery, Falkland Islands); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, pp. 46, 47 — Falkland Islands (the unique type).1 Calarrhactes chrysolophus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 641, 1898 — Kerguelen and Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 103, 1904 (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 164 — South Orkney Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — Falkland and South Orkney Islands. Eudyptes chrysocome nigrivestris (not E. nigrivestis Gould) Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 399, 1931— South Georgia (cf. I.e., 5, p. 104, 1932). Range. — Breeds on the Falkland Islands,2 South Georgia, South Sandwich Island, South Orkneys, South Shetlands (and [extralimi- tally] on Bouvet, (?)Prince Edward Island, Marion Island, Heard Island, and Kerguelen). 1 The unique type, shot by Abbott out of a rookery of E. c. crestatus at Eagle Point, in September, 1858, is said to differ by the yellow superciliaries commencing at the nostrils. No other specimen like it has ever been found. The type being lost, its status remains in doubt. ! Though both Abbott (Ibis, 1860, p. 338) and Lecomte (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 527) found the Macaroni Penguin sparingly breeding in rookeries of E. c. crestatus, there is no recent nesting record of the species from the Falkland 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus SPHENISCUS Brisson1 Spheniscus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52; 6, p. 96, 1760 — type, by monotypy, "Le Manchot" and "Le Manchot tachet&' = Diomedea demersa Linnaeus. Spheniscus humboldti Meyen. HUMBOLDT'S PENGUIN. Spheniscus humboldti(i) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur.," 16, Suppl., p. 110, pi. 21, 1834— Callao, Peru (type in Berlin Mu- seum); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 315, 1846 — coast of Peru; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 467, 1847— coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — coast of Atacama, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 142, 1865 — Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 285, 1868— coast of Chile and Peru; idem, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., (N.F.), 7, p. 126, 1873— island off Algarrobo, Valparaiso, Chile (breeding habits); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 33, 1877— Talcaguano, Conception Bay, Chile; Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 6 (molt); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 63, 1880 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 126 (in text), 1880— Chile and Peru (crit.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— coast of northern Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896 — part, coast of Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898— Isla dos Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile;2 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 650, 1898— Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 86, pis. 36 (figs. 1, 2), 37, 39 (fig. 2), 1902— Chile (crit.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 106, 1904 — coast of Chile and Peru (descr.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909— Caleta Buena, Tarapaca, Chile; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 455, pi. 53, fig. 1, 1919 — Lobos de Afuera, Guanape, and Ballestas Islands, Peru (breeding); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922 — coast of Anto- fagasta and Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 422, 1932— Chile (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 452, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Housse, Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile). Aptenodytes chiloensis (not Diomedea chiloensis Molina) Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853— coast of Chile (Valparaiso). Spheniscus magellanicus (not Aptenodytes magellanicus Forster) Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 — part, spec, a, b, Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile. Spheniscus meyeni Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, April, 1899 — Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), Islands. Sight records from Deceit Island, Cape Horn (cf. Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 99) require confirmation by specimens. 1 The four recognized members of this genus are probably offshoots of a common ancestor, and may have to be treated as races of a single specific entity. 2 The egg from Tierra del Fuego belongs, of course, to S. magellanicus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 11 p. 171, 1899— Chile; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 87, pi. 38, 1902— Chile. Spheniscus flavipes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 670, Apr., 1899 — Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 172, 1899 (stated to be from Cartajena, south of Valparaiso; type not in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 88, pi. 40, 1902— Chile (= young). Range. — Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru and Chile from Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque, to Algarrobo, Valparaiso, spreading in winter south to Conception (Talcaguano, Coronel).1 *Spheniscus magellanicus (I. R. Forster).2 JACKASS PENGUIN. Aptenodytes magellanica I. R. Forster, Comment. Phys. Soc. Reg. Sci. Getting., 3, pp. 134, 143, pi. 5, 1781 — "in vicinia Terrarum Magellanicarum, Insulae Statuum, Terrae del Fuego et in insulis Falkland! cis";« idem, Descr. Anim., p. 351,. 1844 — "in Terra del Fuego, Statuum Insula Novi Anni, freto Magellanico, et insulis Falklandiis" (descr.). Aptenodytes brasiliensis Lichtenstein, in Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 355 (in text), 1844 — "ad littora Brasiliae" (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum). Aptenodytes magnirostris Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 263, 1848 — Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 211).3 Spheniscus demersa(us) (not Diomedea demersa Linnaeus) Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 181, 1856— Soledad Bay, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe' (San Carlos), Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 10, 1867 — part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile and Falkland Islands; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 248, 1874— part, Tierra del Fuego. Aptenodytes demersa Abbott, Ibis, I860, p. 336 — East Falkland Island (breed- ing). Spheniscus magellanicus Sclater, Ibis, 1860, p. 432 — Falkland Islands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163— East Falkland; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 527— East Falkland Island; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Santa Magdalena, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 653 — Port Churrucha (Tierra del Fuego) and Falkland Islands; iidem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 125, pi. 28 (adult and young), 1880 — same localities; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 17— Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; Sclater, Ibis, 1889, p. 144 — estuary of the Rio de la 1 Records of this penguin from Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region are due to confusing it with S. magellanicus. Birds from Chile (meyeni) are nowise different from those of Peru. 1 Diomedea chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 238, 344, 1782) is unidentifiable because of the incomplete diagnosis, together with the absence of any definite locality. Either this or the preceding species was probably intended. 3 Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930) says that the type is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. This specimen is, however, labeled "Cape Horn." 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plata and shore near Rio Negro; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 258 — seashore near Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B.243, 1891— Staten Island, Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), Hermit Island, and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 — Maldonado, Uruguay; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 — Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 648, 1898 — part, spec, c, Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 651, 1898— Chile (Corral), Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, Port Churrucha), Hermit Island, and Falkland Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 456, 1899 — Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Gen., 40, p. 634, 1900— Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, and Staten Island (Penguin Rookery); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 398, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904— Falkland Islands (breeding habits, eggs descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 110, 1904 (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 — Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Guaruja, Santos, and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909— Isla Santa Maria, Arauco, Chile; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 — Isla Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Staten Island, and coast of Buenos Aires Province; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 144, 1917 — Kidney Cove, near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (breeding habits) ; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 10, 1917 — Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz (breeding); Dabbene, I.e., 2, pp. 7, 8, 1920 (chars.; range); Tremoleras, I.e., p. 12, 1920 — coast of Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uru- guay; Wace, I.e., p. 195, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., Part 1, p. 16, 1921 — Santa Clara Island and Mas A Tierra, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 120, 1926— Puerto Montt to Guaitecas Islands, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312— Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 421, 1932— Chile (range),; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 100— Nassau Bay and channels of the Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile (resident and breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 437, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 14, 1938 — Iguap6, Santos, and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (range); Biraben and Scott, Physis, Rev. Soc. Arg. Cienc. Nat., 16, p. 245, pis. 1-4, 1939 (notes on in Argentina); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (3), p. 199, 1940 (breeding localities); Housse, Rev. Univ. Santiago, 25, p. 83, 1940 (habits in Chile). Spheniscus demersus var. magellanicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1872, p. 211 — Tierra del Fuego (crit.). Spheniscus trifasciatus (Landbeck MS.) Philippi, Zeits. Ges. Naturw., (N.F.), 7, p. 121, pis. 1, 2, 1873 — Valdivia, Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 81, pi. 36, fig. 3 (head), 1902— Valdivia. Spheniscus humboldti (not of Meyen) Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 83 — "Masafuera"; Salvin, Ibis, 1875, p. 377 — Juan Fernandez; Johow, Est. Flora Isl. Juan 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 13 Fernandez, pp. 29, 238, 1896— Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands (breeding); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— part, Juan Fernan- dez and Santa Clara Islands; Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909— Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island (eggs) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 201, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego (ex Schalow) and Isla Ano Nuevo (ex Venturi); idem, Bol. Soc., Physis, 1, p. 257, 1913 — same localities; idem, El Hornero, 2, pp. 7, 9, 1920 (chars.; Tierra del Fuego, errore); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile (breeding). (T)Spheniscus modestus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 671, April, 1899 — Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 171, 1899 (stated to be from Chiloe Island, Jardin Zoologico de Santiago and Quinteras, near Valparaiso; co types in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 32, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 84, pi. 39, figs. 1, 2, 1902— ChiloS Island (=young). Range. — Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Santa Marta Maria and La Mocha Islands, Arauco, south to the Cape Horn region; Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands, Juan Fernandez group; on the Falkland Islands; and on the east coast of Patagonia north to Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz;1 ranging except in breeding season north as far as Coquimbo, Chile, in the west, and to Sao Paulo (rarely to Rio de Janeiro and even to Valenca, Bahia [fide Pinto]), Brazil, in the east. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, 1); Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1). *Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall. GALAPAGOS PENGUIN. Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. 126, 129 — James Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden- stolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 508, pi. 89, 1876 — James Island, Galapagos Islands (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 119, 1890— Albemarle Island; idem, I.e., 19, p. 660, 1897 — Albemarle Island (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 653, 1898— Galapagos Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899— Albemarle, Duncan, and Brattle Islands (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 — Albemarle and Narborough Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 235, 1904 — Albemarle, Narborough and Seymour Islands, seldom on Abingdon, Bindloe, Tower, Wenman, and Culpepper Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1913— Albemarle, Brattle, Charles, Duncan, James, Jervis, Narborough, Onslow, and Seymour Islands (habits, meas., soft parts); Swarth, Occ. Paps. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 33, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; 1 The record from South Georgia, based on "Jack-ass Penguin" Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57, 1825, certainly does not refer to the present species. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 25, 1931— Albemarle Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 466, 1936 (mo nog.). Spheniscus mendicatus Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 9, art. 9, p. 64, 1880 (emendation). Range. — Galdpagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, 1; Albemarle Island, 2). Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE. Loons Genus GAVIA J. R. Forster Gavia J. R. Forster, Euchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 38, 1788 — type, by subs, desig. (Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 24, p. 35, 1908), Colymbus imber Gunnerus =Colymbus immer Briinnich. Urinator Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Ois., p. 14, 1799 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus glacialis Linnaeus =Colymbus immer Briinnich. Eudytes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 282, 1811 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 486, 1898), Colymbus sep- tentrionalis Linnaeus =Colymbus stellatus Pontoppidan. *Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). RED-THROATED LOON. Colymbus Stellatus Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763 — based on "Colymbus maximus stellatus" Willoughby, Orn., [p. 258], pi. 62, Tame River, Warwickshire, England.1 Colymbus Lumme Gunnerus, Trondj. Selsk. Skr., 1, p. 244, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1761; Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 — "ex Islandia, Norvegia et Gronlandia, occicus quoque circa Hafniam." Colymbus borealis Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 39, 1764 — near Copenhagen, Den- mark. Colymbus septentrionalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 220, 1766 — "in Europae borealis lacubus"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 131, 1898— Greenland. Colymbus Mulleri Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 984 — Greenland (type evidently lost).2 Gavia stellata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 72, 1919 (life hist., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928— San Felipe, Lower California (April 2-11, 1926); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 — Barrow, Alaska (breeding); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 12, 1934 — Churchill (transient); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17, 1 About the type locality, cf. Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 15, p. 211, 1922. 2 Not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918) among the types in the Brehm Collection. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 15 1934— Nunivak Island (nesting); Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 146, 1943 (wing molt); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945 — Gulf of California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding). Range. — Circumpolar. Breeds in America from the Arctic coasts and islands south to the Aleutian and Queen Charlotte Islands, Manitoba, southeastern Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfound- land; also in Greenland; winters south to Florida and northern Lower California. Field Museum Collection. — 45: Alaska (Barrow, 7; King Island, 1; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Bethel, 1; Stewart Island, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 1); California (Hyperion, 2; Santa Monica, 1; Alamitos Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Monterey, 3); Colorado (Laramie County, 1); Indiana (Porter County, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1; Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Cape Whittle, 1; Davis Inlet, 1; Kegaska, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Marshfield, 2; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1); Con- necticut (West Haven, 1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, 3; New Haven, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight.1 GREEN-THROATED LOON. Gavia viridigularis Dwight, Auk, 35, p. 198, April, 1918 — Gichega, north- eastern Siberia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923— St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (June 22, 1873) and St. Michael, Alaska (Aug. 24, 1877). Gavia arctica (not Colymbus ardicus Linnaeus) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 65, 1919— St. Michael, Alaska. Gavia arctica viridigularis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 — Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. Range. — Northeastern Siberia, from the Chatanga east to Kam- chatka and Sakhalin; occasional in western Alaska (St. George Island, Pribilof Islands; St. Michael and Cape Prince of Wales). *Gavia arctica pacifica (Lawrence). PACIFIC LOON. Colymbus pacificus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 889, 1858— San Diego, California, and Puget Sound2 (type lost; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, pp. 259-260, 1932). 1 Gavia arctica viridigularis Dwight: Differs from the western nominate race by having the dark areas of the throat, when viewed toward the light, with decided green instead of purplish reflections. 2 Type locality restricted to San Diego, California, by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932). 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII [Colymbus arcticus] subsp. a. C. pacificus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 494, 1898 (monog.). Gavia pacifica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 67, 1919 (life hist., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928— Lower California. Gavia arctica pacifica Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 34, 1931 (range) ; Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 18, 1933 — Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 17, 1934 — Nunivak Island; Sutton, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 147, 1943 (wing molt); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945— Gulf of California; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946 — Baffin Island (breeding). Gavia arctica Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 11, 1934 — Churchill, Manitoba (breeding). Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of North America from Point Barrow to Southampton Island, south to the Alaska Peninsula, Lake Athabasca, and York Factory; winters on the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to Lower California and Guadalupe Island.1 Field Museum Collection. — 23: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 1; Bethel, 3; Yukon River, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2); Washington (Port Townsend, 3); California (Hyperion, 1; Carmel River Lagoon, 1; La Patera Point, 1; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, 4; Monterey, 1; Santa Cruz Island, 1). *Gavia immer immer (Briinnich). COMMON LOON. Colymbus immer Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 — Faroe Islands. Colymbus torquatus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 41, 1764 — Iceland, Greenland, and Norway. Colymbus glacialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 221, 1766 — "in Mari arctico"; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 134, 1898 — Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439, 1904 — Lower California and Valley of Mexico. Colymbus hyemalis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 883, 1824 — Green- land (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 50, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Gavia immer Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 47, 1919 (life hist., range in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 55, 1928— Lower California; (?)van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 27, 1945— Gulf of California. Gavia immer immer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 20, 1943 — Peel Branch, Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 109, 1944 — Alaska Peninsula (nesting); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 14, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). 1 Extralimitally, the Pacific Loon breeds in the tundra region of northeastern Siberia from the Indigirca to the Anadyr and winters in the Japanese islands and on the coast of Korea. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 17 Range. — Breeds in northern North America from the Arctic coasts to the northern United States, in Greenland, and extra- limitally in Iceland and probably on Jan Mayen; winters from about its southern breeding limit to Lower California, Mexico, Florida, and extralimitally on the coasts of the British Isles and in other parts of Europe. Field Museum Collection. — 12: Greenland (Ikertak Fjord, 1; Tooveosuak, 1); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; Frank's Brook, 1); New- foundland (St. George Bay, 1; Lewis Mountain, 1); Massachusetts (Plymouth, 2); Connecticut (Greenwich, 1; New Haven, 1; Seymour, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). *Gavia immer elasson Bishop.1 WESTERN LOON. Gavia immer elasson Bishop, Auk, 38, p. 367, July, 1921 — Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, North Dakota (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop, now in Field Museum, examined); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range). (l)Gavia immer Munro, Auk, 62, p. 38, pis. 4, 5, 1945 — British Columbia Gife hist.). Range.— Supposed to breed in the Dakotas and probably in the adjacent regions from British Columbia to northern California; winter range not definitely established. Field Museum Collection.— 26: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); Washington (Clallam River, 1; Port Townsend, 1); North Dakota (Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 1; Rolette County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4; Bear Lake, 1; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Lake County, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 2); California (Sunset Beach, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Grove, 3; Hyperion, 1; Santa Barbara, 1). *Gavia adamsii (G. R. Gray).2 YELLOW-BILLED LOON. Colymbus adamsii G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 167, 1859 — "Russian America"= Alaska (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 500, 1898 (monog.). Urinator adamsii Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 36, 1887 — St. Michael. Gavia adamsi(i) Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 368, 1915 — Humphrey Point, Alaska (not breeding); Cooke, Condor, 17, p. 213, 1915 (disc, of migration route); Dixon, Auk, 33, p. 370, 1916 (disc, of migration route); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 60, 1919 (life hist., range); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923 — P|»bilof Islands (transient); 1 Gavia immer elasson Bishop differs from the nominate race by smaller size. Wing, 342-361, (female) 331-360. J Probably a geographical representative of G. immer. 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 26, 1925 — Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting; migration); Blanchet, Canad. Field Nat., 39, p. 52, 1925 — barrens north- east of Great Slave Lake, 64° N., 106° to 112° W. (common breeder); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 35, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, (2), p. 18, 1933— Barrow and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 20, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bishop, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 182, 1944 — Chipp River, Barrow, Alaska (breeding; descr. pullus). Range. — Breeds from the Arctic coasts of Alaska and north- western Canada south to Cape Prince of Wales and the barren grounds northeast of Great Slave Lake (64° N., 106° to 112° W.) [extralimitally in northern Siberia west to Novaya Zemlya] ; winters irregularly to southern Alaska and Great Slave Lake [extralimitally to Norway, northern Russia]; accidental in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Barrow, 12; Nome, 1; unspecified, 1; St. George Island, 1; Wrangell, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1). Order COLYMBIFORMES Family CDLYMBIDAE. Grebes Genus COL YM BUS Linnaeus Colymbus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 — type, by present desig.,1 Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Podiceps Latham, Suppl. Gen. Syn. Bds., p. 294, 1787 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Dytes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 41, 1829 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 15, 1841), Colymbus cornutus Gmelin=C. auritus Linnaeus. Pedetaithya Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 44, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Colymbus subcristatus Jacquin=C. griseigena Boddaert. Proctopus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 49, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. 1 No type appears to have been designated before for the genus Colymbus. Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, 1884, p. 425), who are generally credited with having done so, determined Colymbus cristatus as genotype by the method of elimination, an action that seems to be invalid under present rules; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 45, 1926, and Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran-Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 46 (note 4), 1930. Sclater (Ibis, 1928, p. 819) claimed that Fitzinger (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl., 51, p. 320, 1865) h$d designated Colymbus arcticus, but on turning to the Preface of his paper (I.e., 21, p. 280, 1856), where he explains its scope, we find that it is intended as "eine Aufzahlung sammtlicher dahin gehorigen Gattungen und Untergattungen, unter Angabe einer ihrer typischen Arteri" (one of its typical species), a statement which does not seem to comply with the requirements laid down at the Boston Congress of Zoology. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 19 Lophaithyia Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Eur. Thierw., pp. 72, 195, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Colymbus cristatus Linnaeus. Poliocephalus Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Typ. Av., p. 47, 1840 — type, by mono- typy and tautonymy, Podiceps poliocephalus Jardine and Selby. Sylbeocyclus Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 205, 1842 — type, by mono- typy, Sylbeocyclus Europaeus Macgillivray =Colymbus minor Gmelin= Colymbus ruficollis Pallas. Tachybaptus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., "1852," p. iii, 1853 — type, by mono- typy, Colymbus minor Gme\in= Colymbus ruficollis Pallas. Rollandia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 775, 1856 — type, by virtual monotypy, Rollandia leucotis Bonaparte = Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard. Calipareus "Bonaparte," G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 94, 1871 — type, by tautonymy, Podiceps Kalipareus "Garnot"=P. occipitalis Garnot. Podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 502, 1898 — emendation of Podiceps Latham. Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka.1 BANGS' GREBE. Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 323, June 15, 1937 — Santiago, Lower California (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 28, 1945 — Agiabampo and Camoa, Sonora, Mexico. Tachybaptes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 351, 1883 — San Jose", Miraflores, and Santiago, Lower California. Colymbus dominicus Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 250, 1889 — Belding's Lower California localities. Colymbus dominicus brachypterus (not of Chapman) Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 13, 1902 — Santiago, Lower California (crit.); Lamb, Condor, 29, p. 155, 1927— San Jose" del Cabo; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928 — cape district of Lower California; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 231, 1943 — part, northwestern Mexico. Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 — part, Lower California. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southern Lower California (Cape district) and probably other portions of northwestern Mexico. 1 Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka: "Resembles C. d. brachypterus of southern Texas and Central America, but, sex for sex, bill definitely smaller; upper parts (including pileum) slightly grayer and paler; breeding plumage darker below, with spotting more prominent." Wing, 85-88, (female) 83-88; bill, 20-21, (female) 16-19 (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.). The authors refer to this form, which we have not seen, a single example from Agiobampa, coast of southern Sonora (April 21), believed to be breeding. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Colymbus dominions brachypterus Chapman.1 MEXICAN GREBE. Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 12, p. 256, Dec. 23, 1899 — Lomita Ranch, Texas (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 413, 1910 — Costa Rica (Laguna de Cartago, San Jose, Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Tenorio, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Azahar de Cartago, Bonllla, Buenos Aires); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 35, 1919 (life hist.); Miller, Condor, 34, p. 8, 1932 — Lake Olomega, El Salvador (nesting habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932— San Lucas and Hacienda California, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 63, 1938 — Lakes Olomega, Ilopango, and Chanmico, and Colima, El Salvador (crit., habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941— Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 93, p. 230, 1943 — Laguna del Tular, Vera Cruz, Mexico (dist. chars.; range, in part). Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898— part, spec, e-p', Texas, Mexico (Presi- dio, Tepic, Coatepec, Buczotz, Cozumel), Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Coban, Dueiias), Costa Rica (San Jose), Veraguas (Castillo), and Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904 — part, Texas and Mexico to Panama. Poliocephalus dominicus brachypterus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 — part, Texas to Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935— Panama (Almirante, Canal Zone). Range. — Southeastern Texas and south through Mexico and Central America to Panama. Field Museum Collection.— 44: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Nueces County, 2; Brownsville, 24; Harlingen, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 10); El Salvador (Sitio del Nino, 2; Lake Olomega, 2); Costa Rica (Ballina, Guanacaste, 2). *Colymbus dominicus dominicus Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN GREBE. Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 223, 1766 — based on "La Grebe de riviere de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 64, pi. 5, fig. 2; San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Colymbus dominicensis d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 229, 1839 — substitute name for C. dominicus Linnaeus. Podicipes dominicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 — part, spec, a-d, Haiti, Jamaica, and Cuba (San Cristobal). 1 Colymbus dominicus brachypterus Chapman differs from the nominate race by shorter wings and smaller bill. Wing (males), 83-93; bill, 21-25. While this form is generally recognizable by its smaller size and slenderer bill, certain Central American birds so closely approach those from the West Indies as to be hardly separable. (Cf. also Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911.) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 21 Colymbus dominicus dominions Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 408, 1911 — Great Inagua and Watling Islands, Bahamas (crit., meas.); idem, l.c., 10, p. 170, 1916— Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (meas.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 271, 1927— Puerto Rico; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 57, 1931— Hispaniola; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943— St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 230, 1943 (dist. chars., range). Poliocephalus dominicus dominicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 — Greater Antilles. Range. — Bahamas, Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), and Virgin Islands (St. Thomas). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Eleu- thera, 1); Cuba (Oriente, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1). *Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga).1 SHORT- BILLED GREBE. Podiceps speciosus Lynch Arribalzaga, La Ley (Buenos Aires), July 2, 1877, p. 1 — Isla de Baradero, Prov. Buenos Aires (repr. in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 44, 1926). Podiceps dominicus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 835, 1833 — eastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 268, 1860 — Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 521, 1861— Mendoza; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 528, 1866— Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Ilha do Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Taubate, Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Caigara), Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 17 — Lagoa Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 783 — Laguna of Urao, south of Merida, Venezuela; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 49 — Rumucucha, Valley of Huayabamba, Peru (downy young and egg descr.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape), Goyaz (Catalan, Ponte de Ipe Arcado), Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya), and Venezuela (Me>ida); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in Argentina). Colymbus dominicus (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 765, 1849 — coast and savanna; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso. 1 Colymbus dominicus speciosus (Lynch Arribalzaga) differs from C. d. brachyp- lerus principally by longer wings, proportionately smaller bill, and slightly darker under parts. Birds from Brazil (brachyrhynchus) agree with others from Buenos Aires (speciosus), and a single Ecuadorian specimen. 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tachybaptus dominions Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 — Cayenne; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 — near Montevideo, Uruguay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 548 — Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); White, I.e., 1882, p. 629 — Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 454, 1899 — Sao Paulo. Tachybaptes dominions Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 203 — Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 405 — Chubut, Sengel, and Sengelen, 'Patagonia; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425, 1892, p. 214— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897— San Francisco (Tarija), Bolivia; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Podicipes dominions Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 520, 1898 — part, spec, s'-z', Colombia (Antioquia), British Guiana, Brazil (Bahia, Ypanema, Chapada), and Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900— Vinces, Ecuador; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 159, 1902 — Lago General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 59, 1904 — Patagonia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910— Bahia (Lag8a de Carnahyba; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba). Colymbus dominions brachyrhynchus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 255, Dec. 23, 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 98, 1912— Cajutuba, Para; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917— Cali and Popayan, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 180, 1926 — Chone, Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 43, 1926— near Riacho Pilaga, Formosa (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 — Canto Grande, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930— Urucum, Matto Grosso. Podiceps dominions brachyrhynchus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Faz. Esperanga, Goyaz, Brazil; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado). Podicipes brachyrhynchus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 70, 1914 — Para and Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil. Tachybaptus brachyrhynchus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 83, 1916 (various localities). Podiceps brachyrhynchus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256 — Eten, Lambayeque, Peru. Poliocephalus dominions brachyrhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 37, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 576 — Trinidad and Tobago (breeding). Poliocephalus dominions speciosus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 15, 1938 — Sao Paulo (IguapS), Matto Grosso (Porto Faya, Aquidauana), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Catalao, Ponte Ipe Arcado), and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce). Colymbus dominions speciosus Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180, 1939— Independencia, Venezuela (crit.); idem, I.e., 93, p. 231, 1943 (dist. chars., range). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 23 Range. — Locally in Colombia (Cali, Popayan, Antioquia), west- ern Ecuador (Vinces, Chone), Peru (Valley of Huayabamba; Eten, Lambayeque), Venezuela (Me'rida region; Aragua), on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago; more generally distributed in British Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the lowlands of Argentina south to Chubut. Field Museum Collection. — 25: Colombia (San Juan de Cienaga, Magdalena, 6); Ecuador (Arenillas, Oro, 2; Santa Rosa, Oro, 1); Venezuela (Maracaibo, 4; Lake Valencia, 10); Brazil (Lagoa Grande, Goyaz, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1). *Colymbus rolland rolland (Quoy and Gaimard). HOLLAND'S GREBE. Podiceps Rolland Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., livr. 4, p. 133, pi. 36, Sept., 1824— Falkland Islands (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2], 1, p. 61, 1929). Podiceps rollandi(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 — part, Falk- land Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389, 1860— Berkeley Sound; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162— Port Louis (breeding); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867 — Falkland Islands (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 233, 1891— French Bay, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 — Falk- land Islands; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 135, 1917 — Egg Harbour and San Carlos, East Falkland Island (downy young descr.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 — part, Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 310— Falkland Islands. Rollandia leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 775, 1856 — substitute name for Podiceps rolland Quoy and Gaimard. Podicipes rollandi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898— Falkland Islands; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 68, 1904— Falkland Islands (crit.). Podicipes dominicus (not Colymbus dominicus Linnaeus) Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 24, 1904— East Falkland Island. Colymbus rolland Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range). Range. — Falkland Islands.1 Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Falkland Islands (San Carlos, East Falkland Island, 1). *Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson).2 CHILEAN GREBE. 1 Ten additional specimens examined. 2 Colymbus rolland chilensis (Lesson), though differing from the Falkland Islands bird by much smaller size and duller as well as darker rufous under parts in nuptial plumage, is clearly its continental representative. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Podiceps chilensis (Garnot MS.) Lesson,1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828 — Concepcidn, Chile (location of type unrecorded); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 — near Buenos Aires and Tierra del Fuego; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 464, 1847— Chile; Frauen- feld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 638, 1860— Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 — Lake Junfn, Peru. Podiceps americanus (Garnot MS.) Lesson,1 Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 358, June, 1828— Concepci6n Bay, Chile; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 13, p. 599, Nov. 21, 1829— Concepcion Bay, Chile, and Brazil (Rio Grande and "St. Paul"); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 465, 1847 — Concepci6n (ex Garnot); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 511 — Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 42, 1867 — part, spec. nos. 3-5, Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 — southern provinces of Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 235, 1891— Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia, Bahia Orange, Packsaddle, Gable, and Gordon Islands); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 55 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (crit., egg descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 34, 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 28, p. 190, pi. 4, 1916 — Hac. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of eggs and downy young); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 256— Pampa Aullagas, Oruro, Bolivia; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, 1919 — Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 85 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Colonia); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 227, 1925— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Chile; Barros, I.e., p. 264, 1927— Laguna de Torca, Curico, Chile (food). Podiceps chiliensis Garnot,1 Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 601, Jan. 9, 1830 — Concepcion Bay, Ch^le, and Rio Grande, Brazil. Podiceps albicollis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 594, 1831 — no locality (descr. of immature; the cotypes in the Paris Museum are from Brazil [=Rio Grande do Sul], coll. A. de Saint-Hilaire; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., [2], 3, p. 571, 1851, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, [2], 1, p. 61, 1929). Podiceps rollandi(i) (not P. rolland Quoy and Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841 — part, near Straits of Magellan and coast of Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843— coast of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 463, 1847— Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511— Valdivia; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. 1 These three names were evidently based on the very same specimens, some obtained during the voyage of the Coquille in Concepci6n Bay, Chile, and others sent to the Paris Museum by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire from Rio Grande dp Sul, Brazil. The latter were subsequently again described by Lesson as P. albicollis. P. chilensis has priority over all the others. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 25 Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868 — central provinces of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 146 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 189— Sandy Point; iidem, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Halt Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 — Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 549 — Rio Negro; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 — Carapata, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17 — Laguna de Tun- gasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 — Chubut Valley; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding notes); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 — Rio Sauce Chico, Rio Colorado, and Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 17— Straits of Magellan (Portland Bay, Peckett Harbour, Picton Channel, Swallow Bay, Puerto Rio Frio) and Chile (Talcaguano) ; White, I.e., 1882, p. 629— Alto Parana, Misiones; idem, I.e., 1883, p. 43— Cosquin, Cordoba; Salvin, I.e., p. 432 — Talcaguano, Chile; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 317, 1884 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889— Lake Titicaca; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; idem, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 — lower Pilcomayo; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 — Arroyo Grande, Uruguay; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. clxxiii, 1895 — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895 — LlohuS, Maule, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898— Valparaiso and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 437, 1922— part, Straits of Magellan and Chile (Ancud, Corral); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Podiceps leucotis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 — Junfn, Peru. Podicipes rollandi Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 — Santa Rosa, Salta; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 — Lago Llanquihue and Rio Bueno (Valdivia), Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 152, 1899— coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Podicipes americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 524, 1898 — Peru to Magellan Straits (monog.) ; Salvadori/ Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 633, 1900 — Punta Arenas; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902— Rio Sail and Lules, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 459— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48— Gray's Harbour, Smythe's Channel, Magellan Straits; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 63, 1904 — Cape Fairweather, Rio Gallegos, and Arroyo Eke; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 223, 1909— Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476— Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires. Colymbus americanus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909 — Argentina (La Soledad, Entre Rios; Ignacio Correos and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman). Colymbus chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923— Hua- nuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 45, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Est. Los Yngleses, Carhu6, Guanynf) and 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Negro (General Roca); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 — Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro, and Lago Rivadavia, Chubut; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 33, 1937 — west of Puerto Casado, Paraguay; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 16, 1938 (range). Colymbus rolland chilensis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 46, 1930— Est. La Germania, Santa Fe"; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932— Chile (Lago Gualletue, Cautin; Rifiihue, Valdivia; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands). Range. — From central Peru (Junin), Bolivia, Paraguay and ex- treme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south through Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile to Tierra del Fuego.1 Field Museum Collection. — 25: Peru (Lake Junin, 5; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 3); Paraguay, Chaco (V. Militar, 1; Laguna General Diaz, 110 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1); Chile (Rifiihue, Valdivia, 1; Gualletue" Lake, Cautin, 1; Lagreze Canal, Guaitecas Islands, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 8; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).2 TACZA- NOWSKI'S GREBE. Podiceps taczanowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 109, pi. 4, Jan., 1894 — Ingapirca, Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 55— Ingapirca and Maraynioc {eggs descr.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 645 — Lake Junfn, Peru. Podiceps kalipareus (not of Lesson and Garnot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563— Junin (in part). Podiceps calipareus Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 493, 1886 — Peru (Junfn, in part). Podidpes taczanowskii Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 — Lake Junfn. Colymbus taczanowskii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 — Lake Junfn. Range. — Puna zone of central Peru (Lake Junin, Maraynioc). 1 Birds from Peru and Bolivia average slightly larger, but the divergency is insignificant. 2 Colymbus taczanowskii (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Nearest to C. occipitalis, but bill much longer, basally decidedly wider, and plumbeous violet tipped with white (not uniform black) ; tarsi and toes much longer, stouter, and olive grayish or brownish instead of black; auricular tufts much longer, silky ashy-brown; front part of the pileum darker, more grayish, and blending gradually into the black nuchal region, which extends down onto the upper back; cheeks and throat pure white like the remainder of the under parts as in C. o. juninensis, etc. Wing, (one fem.ale) 124; tarsus, 43; bill, 30. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 27 *Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).1 JUNIN GREBE. Podiceps calliparaeus juninensis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 112 (in text), Jan., 1894 — Lake Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921— La Raya, Urubamba, Peru. Podiceps calipareus (not P. kalipareus Lesson and Garnot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158 — Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 17 — Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 493, 1886— Peru (in part); (?)Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 199, 1910 — part, Cumbre de Calchaqufes, Tucuman; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 20, 1922— Lake Mica, Antisana, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 354, 1927 — Antisana, Ecuador (crit.). Podiceps occipitalis (not of Garnot) Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871 — Lake Mica, Ecuador. Podiceps kalipareus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 563 — Junfn, Peru (in part). Podiceps caliparaeus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876 — Moho, Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 — Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile. Podiceps caliparius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Potosf, Bolivia. Podiceps callipareus Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Antofagasta, Chile. Podicipes calipareus Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 — Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898— part, spec. k, Lake Huasco, Tarapaca. Podicipes calipareus subsp. a P. juninensis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898 — Laguna de Tungasuca, Peru. Podicipes juninensis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900 — Lake Culebrillas (Azuay), Lake Yaguarcocha, and Valle- vicioso, Ecuador. Podiceps caliparaeus juninensis Men£gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 223, 1909— Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia. Podiceps juninensis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257 — Potosf, Bolivia. Colymbus calipareus juninensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 180, 1926 — Lake Mica, Antisana, Ecuador. Colymbus occipitalis juninensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 418, 1932— Lake 1 Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Ctolzmann): Similar to the nominate race, but differs by darker (sooty rather than drab gray) pileum, less extensive black nuchal patch, pure white (instead of drab gray), throat and sub- ocular region, and whitish tip to the lower mandible, while the auricular tufts are drab instead of yellowish Isabella color. Wing, 130-135; bill, 20-22. Additional material examined. — Peru: Tungasuca, Cuzco, 1. — Bolivia: Potosf, 2. — Chile: Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, 1. 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 105, 1935— Sierra del Caj6n, Jujuy, and Salta, Argentina; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 463, 645 — Talahuarra and Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru; Peters and Griswold, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 92, p. 287, 1943— Maraynioc, Junin, Peru (disc., tax. chars.); de Schauensee, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 144, p. 2, 1944— Cumbal, Narino, Colombia (breeding). Range. — Puna zone of Colombia (Purace, Cauca; Cumbal, Narino), Ecuador, Peru; northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta), and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and ?Tucuman). Field Museum Collection. — 23: Colombia (Purace, Cauca, 3); Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichincha, 1; Cordillera Oriental, Pichin- cha, 8) ; Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 3) ; Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 8). *Colymbus occipital is occipitalis (Garnot). CRESTED GREBE. Podiceps occipitalis Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 50, 1826 — Falkland Islands (location of type unrecorded and unknown); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 356, June, 1828 — Rio Bougainville, Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 544, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 41, 1867 — Falkland Islands and Chile. Podiceps kalipareus Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 5, pi. 45, Oct., 1827; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 136, 1841— Bahia Blanca (Buenos Aires) and Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843— bay of Valparaiso, Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 55, 1847— Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 464, 1847— coast of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853— near Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 284, 1868— Chile. Podiceps calipareus1 Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 727, May, 1830 — Rio Bougainville, Soledad Bay, near Port Louis, Falkland Islands (orig. descr.; location of type unrecorded); Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218— Valdivia, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 389, 1860— San Salvador Bay, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162— East Falkland Island; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865 —Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Chiloe", Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 569, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 45 — north of Chubut, Patagonia; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 405— Chubut Valley; (?) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 43— Cosquin, C6rdoba; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 204, 1889— Argentina; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 651, 1898 — Talcaguano and Valparaiso, Chile; 1 By subsequent authors variously spelled caliparius, caliparaeus, and cali- paroeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 29 Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 70, 1904 — Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 199, 1910 — Patagonia (Rio Negro, Chubut), (?)Tucuman (Cumbre de Calcha- qufes), (?)C6rdoba, and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 84 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438, 1922— Coronel and Talcaguano, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Puerto Ingles, Atacama, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 310— Falkland Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 264, 1926 — Riecillos, Aconcagua, Chile (food); Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 208, 1929— Angol, Malleco; Barros, I.e., p. 356, 1929— Cordillera of Aconcagua; Bros, I.e., p. 381, 1929 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Podicipes calipareus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 536, 1898 — part, spec, a-i, 1-w, Chile (Talcaguano), Straits of Magellan, Chubut, and Falkland Islands. Podiceps calipareus calipareus Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 194, 1921 — Falkland Islands. Colymbus calipareus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 — Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Viedma, Rio Negro. Colymbus calipareus calipareus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923 — Huanuluan, Neluan, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro. Colymbus occipitalis occipitalis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 46, 1926 — Lago Epiquen, Buenos Aires (wintering); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926— Bariloche, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 417, 1932— Chile. Range. — Chile, from Atacama south to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro, wintering north to Buenos Aires Province (Lago Epiquen, etc.);1 Falkland Islands.2 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Lake Malleco, Malleco, 1). *Colymbus auritus Linnaeus. HORNED GREBE. Colymbus auritus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 135, 1758 — based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 123, Sweden; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 20, 1919 (life hist., range) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 38, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 285, 1931— Bermudas (winter visitor); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934 — Churchill, Mani- toba (breeding); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 29, 1938— Mount 1 The subspecific status of the birds found breeding by Budin in a lake of the Cumbre de Calchaqufes (alt. 4,300 meters), Tucuman, remains in doubt. They are more likely to be C. o. juninensis, which has been ascertained to breed in the neighboring provinces of Salta and Jujuy. The same uncertainty surrounds the single male secured by White at Cosquin, Cordoba. 2 Two poor Falkland specimens are slightly larger than the average of conti- nental birds, but do not seem to be otherwise different. A good series is required to settle their relationship. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII McKinley, Alaska (breeding); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding). Colymbus cornutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 591, 1789 — based on "Eared Dobchick" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, left fig.) and "Horned Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool, 2, p. 497) and Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 287, pi. 91); "in America septentrionali"= Hudson Bay. Colymbus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1789— based on "La petite Grebe" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 56), "Black and White Dobchick" Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 96, pi. 96, right fig.), "Dusky Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 498), etc.; England and New York. Colymbus comosus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 56, 1791 — based on "Horned Grebe" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 497) and Colymbus auritus Forster (Phil. Trans., 62, 1772, p. 420, no. 22); Hudson Bay. Podiceps ambiguus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 — locality un- known (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 571, 1851; crit.). Podiceps cornutus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 — Nanortalik, Greenland. Podiceps sclavus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 774, 1856 — substitute name for C. cornutus auct., obscurus Gmelin, etc. Podicipes auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 527, 1898 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898— Greenland (several records); H0rring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 14, 1941 — Greenland (four records). Range. — Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north- ern Mackenzie, and southwestern Ungava south to the northern tier of the United States (also in northern and eastern Europe and northern Asia) ; winters south to southern California, the Gulf coast and Florida (the Mediterranean, and southern China) ; occasional in Greenland (several records) and Bermudas (several records). Field Museum Collection. — 59: Alaska (St. Michael, 1; St. George Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1; Okanagan, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 5; Lake Johnston, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 4); Oregon (Netarts, 1); California (Hyperion, 1; Tiburon, 1; Monterey, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 4; Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Highland Park, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1; Grosse Isle, 1); Maine (Calais, 1); Massachusetts (Dux- bury, 1; Cohasset, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 1; Stony Creek, 1; West Haven, 2); New York (Hindsberg, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 1; Manteo, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2; Santa Rosa Island, 1). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 31 *Colymbus nigricollis calif ornicus (Heermann). AMERICAN EARED GREBE. Podiceps californicus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 179, "Oct., 1854" [=Apr. 12, 1855]— California = San Pedro, Los Angeles County (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 260, 1932); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 179— Valley of Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 — Lake of Duenas, Guatemala. Podiceps (Proctopus) californicus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 231 (crit.). Podiceps auritus var. californicus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 319, 1874— Guaymas, Sonora. Colymbus nigricollis californicus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 — Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 74, 1907— Lake Amatitlan and Lake Atitlan, Guatemala; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 27, 1919 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928— Lower California (winter visitant); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 39, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 124, 1932 — San Lucas, Guatemala; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941— Lake Atitlan, Guate- mala; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 28, 1945— Gulf of California; Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 368, 1945— Colombia (Laguna La Herrera and Laguna Fuquene, eastern Andes). Podicipes californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 535, 1898 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 442, 1904 — Mexico (Guaymas, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, Laguna de Epatlan, Jalapa) and Guatemala (Atitlan, Lake of Duenas, Cubulco). Range.— Breeds from central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, and Manitoba south to southern California, northern Arizona, and northern Iowa; winters from California to Lower California, Mexico, Guatemala and Colombia. Field Museum Collection. — 51: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); California (Eureka, 2; Wasco, 1; Redwood, 3; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; Monterey, 2; San Clemente Island, 1; Los Angeles County, 3; Pacific Beach, 1; San Diego, 2; La Patera Point, 1; Santa Barbara, 1); Nevada (Washoe, 1); Colorado (Loveland, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County, 6; Towner County, 10); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 2); Guatemala (Laguna, Amatitlan, 3; Lake Atitlan, Chimaltenango, 3). *Colymbus grisegena holbollii (Reinhardt). HOLBOELL'S GREBE. Podiceps holbollii(i) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 76 — Nanortalik, Julianehaab District, Greenland (type in Copenhagen Mu- seum); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 14 — Greenland; idem, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1881, p. 187 — Julianehaab District, Greenland. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Podiceps rubricollis (not of Latham, 1787) Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 — Avertaminut, near Julianehaab, Greenland. Podiceps cooperi Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 893 (in text), 1858 — Shoalwater Bay, Washington (cotypes in U. S. National Museum ;= young) r Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 230 (crit.). Podiceps (Pedetaithya) holbolli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 231 (crit.). Podiceps affinis Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 385, 1865— North America (type in Turin Museum ;= young). Podidpes griseigena subsp. a P. holboelli Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 542, 1898 (monog.). Podidpes griseigena var. major Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 130, 1898 — Green- land. Colymbus holboelli Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 9, 1919 (life hist., range). Colymbus grisegena holbollii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); (?)Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 286, 1931— Bermuda Islands (sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Speirs, North and Crosby, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 206, 1944 — Burlington, Ontario (nesting). Podidpes griseigena holboellii(i) Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 14, 1935 — Julianehaab, Frederiksdal and Akuliarusad, Greenland (also all Greenland records); Herring and Salomonsen, I.e., 131, (5), p. 15, 1941 — Greenland (additional records). Range. — Breeds in North America from the lower Yukon, north- ern Mackenzie, and northern Ungava south to northern Washington, southwestern Minnesota and Lake Ontario (and in northeastern Asia from Kamchatka to Ussuriland) ; winters south to southern California, the Ohio Valley, and North Carolina (also in China and Japan); occasional in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 27: Alaska (Fort Yukon, 1; St. Michael, 1; Tocatna, 3); British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Wash- ington (Port Townsend, 4); Montana (Three Forks, 1); North Dakota (Pierce County, 2; Ramsey County, 5; Rolette County, 4); Massachusetts (Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (Sherman, 1; East Hart- ford, 1; Danbury, 1; Stony Creek, 1). Colymbus grisegena grisegena Boddaert. RED-NECKED GREBE. Colymbits grisegena Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 55, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl. 931; no locality = France. Designated by Hartert, 1912. Podiceps grisegena grisegena Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Wet- more and others, Auk, 62, p. 437, 1945 — Sukkertoppen, Greenland (admitted to Amer. list). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER §3 Podiceps griseigena griseigena Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 15, 1935 — Sukkertoppen, Greenland; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 14, 1941— Julianehaab, Greenland (Feb., 1934). Range. — Breeds from Holland to western Siberia, in winter to Mediterranean and Turkestan. Accidental in Greenland (Sukker- toppen and Julianehaab). Genus AECHMOPHORUS Coues Aechmophorus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229 — type, by orig. desig., Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence. *Aechmophorus major (Boddaert). GREAT GREBE. Colymbus major Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 24, 1783— based on "Grebe de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne," errore. Colymbus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 593, 1790 — based on "Grand Grebe" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 242, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 404, fig. 1; "Cayenne." Podiceps cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 781, 1790 — based on the same references. Colymbus bicornis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 88, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum). Podiceps leucopterus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 101, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type evidently lost); Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., Part 7, pi. 107, Dec., 1830— Port Desire, Straits of Magellan (fig. of type); Hart- laub, Naumannia, 1853, p. 218— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 511— Rio Valdivia and Laguna de "Clarquitue" [=Llanquihue], Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, 1855— coast of Chile; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860— Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste, Extr. Proc.-Verb. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 172— Lake Aculeo, Chile; idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 135, 1925— Chile (nesting habits)'. Podiceps longirostris (not Colymbus longirostris Bonnaterre, 1791) Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., 1, Introd. Uccelli, p. 1, 1841 — "Sardinia," errore (type in coll. of Sig. Durazzo, Genova).1 Podiceps chilensis (not of Lesson) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843— coast of Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847— Chile (eggs descr.). Podiceps bicornis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853 — Valdivia and Algodon Bay, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860— Rio Parana, near Santa Fe"; idem, Reise La Plata Staat., 2, p. 520, 1861— same locality. Podiceps major Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 9, Urinatores, p. 38, 1867— Paraguay and Chile (Valdivia); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500— St. Nicholas Bay, Straits of Magellan; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 244 — Chimbote, Ancachs, Peru (Nov.); Gibson, Ibis, 1 Cf. Salvadori, Faun. Ital., 2, p. 308, 1872. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1880, p. 164 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding notes); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 432— Coquimbo Bay, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 232, 1891 — Patagonia (Puerto Deseado; Missioneros) and Tierra del Fuego (Gable Island; Lapataia); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257— Eten, Lambayeque, Peru (Oct. 14). Aechmophorus major Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165 — Banda Oriental and near Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 203 — near Montevideo, Uruguay, and Baradero, Buenos Aires; Lane, I.e., 1877, p. 313 — Laguna Llanquihue, Chile; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 405— Patagonia (Chubut Valley, Sengel, Sengeleh, Lake Colguape'); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 433— La Plata, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211 — Uruguay (near Castilla Rocks, Montevideo, etc.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 212, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 652, 1898— Chile (Villa Rica, Laguna Llanquihue; Punta Arenas and Susanne Cove, Straits of Magellan); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 549, 1898— "Brazil (Rio Negro),"1 Chile (Coquimbo), Straits of Magellan, and Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Rio Parana); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 152, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 73, 1904 — Rio Mayer, Patagonia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907 (range); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 152, 1907 — Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 314, 1908— "Cayenne" (Buff on); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 255, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 83 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 439, 1922— Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 290, 1923— San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 189, 1925— Laguna de Curacavl, Chile (food); Barros, I.e., 30, p. 264, 1926 — Laguna de Vichuquen, Curic6, Chile (food); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 48, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Rio Parana, Lavalle, Cape San Antonio), Rio Negro (General Roca), and Uruguay (Arroyo Carrasco, Lazcano); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926 — San Antonio Oeste, Bari- loche, and Lago Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 143, 1927— La Plata River; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 114, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bros, I.e., 33, p. 381, 1928— Marga-Marga; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 416, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Straits of Magellan); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 16, 1938 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 256 — Maullin River, Laguna de Llanquihue, and Lago Todos los Santos, Chile. Colymbus salvadorii Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 13, 1885 — new name for Podiceps longirostris Bonaparte, preoccupied. 1 No doubt by confusion with the Rio Negro, Patagonia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 35 Range. — Chile; north central Argentina (Cordoba, Chaco, Entre Rios), Paraguay and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; accidental on the coast of Peru (Chimbote, Ancachs; Eten, Lambayeque).1 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1). *Aechmophorus occidentalis (Lawrence). WESTERN GREBE. Podiceps occidentalis Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 892, 894, 1858 — Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California (type, from Fort Steilacoom, Washington, in U. S. National Museum). Podiceps clarkii Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 892, 895, 1858 — California and New Mexico (type, from San Pablo Bay, Cali- fornia, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 261, 1932). Aechmophonts occidentalis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 229 (crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886 — Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla, Mexico; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 551, 1898 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 441, 1904 — western North America and Mexico (Chihuahua; Valley of Mexico; Chapala, Jalisco; Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 1, 1919 (life hist.); Gregory, Auk, 40, p. 526, 1923— Putnam County, Illinois; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 54, 1928— Lower California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Bailey and Brandenburg, Condor, 43, p. 73, 1941 — Saguache County, Colorado (nesting); Bellrose and Low, Auk, 61, p. 468, 1944 — Fulton County, Illinois; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 — Colorado River delta. Aechmophorus clarkii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, pp. 229, 404 (crit.; nupt. plumage). Range. — Breeds from British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to northern California, Utah, Colorado, and northern North Dakota; winters from southern British Columbia south through California to Mexico (Jalisco, Mexico, Puebla). Field Museum Collection. — 41: British Columbia (Vancouver, 1; Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3); Washington (Port Townsend, 4); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Ramsey County, 11; Towner County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Hyperion, 2; Monterey, 2; Carmel Bay, 1; Moss Landing, 2; Pacific Grove, 7; Pacific Beach, 1; Orange County, 2). Genus CENTROPELMA Sclater and Salvin Centropelma Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, 1869 — type, by monotypy, Podiceps micropterus Gould. 1 Buffon's record from "Cayenne" is evidently erroneous, and the locality "Rio Negro, Brazil," doubtless due to confusion with the Patagonian river of that name. 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Centropelma micropterum (Gould). SHORT-WINGED GREBE. Podiceps microplerus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 220 — Lake Titi- caca, Bolivia (type in the British Museum); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 538, 1898— Lake Titicaca; Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 222, 1909— Lake Titicaca. Centropelma micropterum Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 189, pi. 95, 1869 — Lake Titicaca; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876— Lake Titicaca (habits, food); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 112, 1889— Lake Titicaca; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 133, 1906— Puno, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 40, 1931 (range); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 171, 1943 (range and nesting). Range. — Lake Titicaca, on the confines of Peru and Bolivia. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Lake Titicaca, 2). Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson Podilymbus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 595, 1831 — type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis Latham ^Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Hydroka Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 259, 1834— type, by monotypy, Podiceps carolinensis ~Laiham= Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Nexiteles Gloger, Gem. Hand- u. Hilfsb. Naturg., livr. 7, p. 473, 1842 — sub- stitute name for Podilymbus Lesson, same type. *Podilymbus podiceps podiceps (Linnaeus). PIED-BILLED GREBE. Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — based on "The Pied-billed Dopchick" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 91, pi. 91; Carolina. Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, Dec., 1783 — based on "Grebe de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 943, Louisiana. Podiceps carolinensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 785, 1790 — substitute name for Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus. Podiceps anisodactylus Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, Pygo- podes, Colymbinae, pi. 13 [Suppl. 3, pi. 8], fig. 760, circa 1848 — no locality stated (type in Dresden Museum). Podilymbus lineatus Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, "October," 1854, p. 179, pub. Apr. 12, 1855 — California (type in collection of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 22, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 261, 1932). Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 — part, spec, a-o' (United States), (?)p'-t' (Duefias, Guatemala), y', z' (Castillo, Veraguas), a"-c" (Bermuda Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444, 1904 (in part). Podilymbus podicips [sic] Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910 — Bonflla, Costa Rica. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 37 Podilymbus podiceps Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 39, 1919 (life hist.); Murphy and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 3, 1929 — Terceira, Azores (Oct. 24, 1927); Taverner, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 13, 1934— Churchill, Manitoba; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 — Baffin Island (first record). Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 — Veraguas (Lagunas de Castillo), Almirante, and Canal Zone, Panama (winter visitant); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 — Opodepe, Sonora, Mexico (April). Range. — Breeds from British Columbia, southern Mackenzie, Quebec, and New Brunswick south locally to northeastern Mexico; winters south to Cuba and Panama; accidental in the Azores (Ter- ceira, Oct. 24, 1927) and Baffin Island. Field Museum Collection. — 72: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Alberta (Powder Lake, 1); California (Trinidad, 1; Dos Palos, 1; Palmdale, 1); Idaho (Coeur d'Alene, 2); Colorado (unspecified, 1; Loveland, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 7); North Dakota (Nelson County, 2; Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Fox Lake, 3; Diamond Lake, 1; Glenview, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, 1); Mississippi (Vancleave, 1); Massachusetts (Easton, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; East Hartford, 2; New Haven County, 16); New York (Orleans County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 1); Cuba (Artemisa, 1). *Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs.1 ANTILLEAN PIED- BILLED GREBE. (1)Colymbus thomensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 592, 1790 — based on "La Grebe de 1'Isle St. Thomas" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 58, 1760, which, in its turn, rests upon "Espece de Plongeon ou Mergus major leucophaeus" Feuillee, Journ. Observ. Phys., ed. 1725, p. 391; St. Thomas.1 Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 89, March 31, 1913 — Bueycito, Cuba (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 171, 1930); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 272, 1 Podilymbus podiceps antillarum Bangs: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but with generally shorter wings (120-128 in males, 112-118 in females). This is rather an ill-defined race, whose claims to recognition need substantiation by a good series of properly sexed breeding birds. Certain presumably breeding individuals from Mexico and Central America agree in size with those from the West Indies, but others are quite as large as North American birds. 1 Colymbus thomensis Gmelin may be an earlier name, but there are discrep- ancies in Feuillee's description, which cannot be reconciled with the characters of P. p. antillarum. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1927— Puerto Rico (crit.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 59, 1931— Hispaniola (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65, 1938 — Lake Olomega and Lake Ilapongo, El Salvador (crit.); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943— Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John and Water Islands; nesting). Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 — part, spec. d"-k", Cuba, Jamaica, Montserrat, Grenada, Barbados. Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 170, 1916— Isle of Pines, Cuba (crit.). Range. — Breeds in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and probably in parts of Mexico and Central America. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Hispaniola (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1; Port au Prince, Haiti, 1; Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 1). *Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson).1 SOUTHERN PIED- BILLED GREBE. Podiceps antarcticus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 — Valparaiso, Chile (type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, its present location unknown); idem, Echo du Monde Sav., 9, 2nd se"m., No. 11, col. 253, Aug., 1842 — Valparaiso. Podiceps ludovicianus (not Colymbus ludovicianus Boddaert) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 830, 1833— Villa Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (breed- ing); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 463, 1856— Brazil (Bel- monte) and La Plata. Podilymbus brevirostris Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Birds, 3, [p. 633], pi. 172, 1846 — no locality given (cotypes, from Chile, collected by T. Bridges, in British Museum, examined). Podilymbus antarcticus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 1853, pp. 213, 218 — Valdivia, Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 177 — Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 314 — Laguna Llanquihue and Rio Bueno, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 650, 1898 — Laguna Llanquihue, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 438, 1922— Coronel, Chile (breeding); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 210, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile (breeding). Podilymbus carolinensis (not Podiceps carolinensis Latham) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 140, 1865— Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 529, 1866— Trinidad. Podilymbus podiceps (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake Valencia, Venezuela; iidem, 1 Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson) : Very similar to the nominate race, but dorsal surface slightly more grayish, under parts more variegated with dusky, and bill somewhat deeper as well as more robust; the wings are frequently, though not constantly, slightly longer. Birds from Chile, Argentina, and various parts of Brazil agree fairly well. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 39 Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Chiloe", Chile; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 500 — Compania, Coquimbo, Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870— Rio Tiete" and Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (breeding); Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 — near Fortfn Nueve, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., p. 214 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 — Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 455, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902— Lules, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 35, 1907— Sao Paulo (Iguape"), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourenco, Piratiny); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 256, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 200, 1910 — Tucuman, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 477 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 28, p. 191, pis. 4, 5, 1916 — Est. Charles, Buenos Aires (descr. of nest, eggs, and downy young); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917— Cali (Cauca) and La Herrera (Bogota Savanna), Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 257— Trujillo, Peru (Jan. 5); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 23, p. 17, .1919— Nilahue, Curico, Chile (breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 86 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — Montevideo, Uruguay; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922— La Carolina, Ecuador. Podilymbus podicipes Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 — part, spec. l"-a'", Peru (Tambo Valley), Chile (Rio Bueno, Laguna Llan- quihue), Argentina (Lomas de Zamora, Quilmes), and Brazil (Pelotas, Sao Paulo, Bahia, "Para"); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 79, 1904 — Buenos Aires (crit.). Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 49, 1926 — Chile (Concon), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Argentina (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 411, 1926— Lago Menendez, Chubut; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 181, 1926— Chone (Dec. 17) and Lago San Pablo (March 20), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 420, 1932 — Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue) (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577— Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Van Tyne, Auk, 54, p. 379, 1937— Barro Colorado, Panama (breeding; crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 17, 1938 — Maranhao (Boa Vista), Goyaz (Inhumas), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), Sao Paulo (Iguape"), and Rio Grande do Sul (Piratiny, Sao Lourenco). Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 — Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Quixada). Range. — Breeds in Panama (Canal Zone) and locally in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, coast of Peru, Brazil (from Ceara to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Chile, and northern Argen- tina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires). 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 17: Venezuela (Maracaibo, 2) ; Ecuador (Arenillas, Oro, 1; Lago San Pablo, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1; Buxton, 1); Brazil, Ceara (Quixada, 1; Iguatu, 1; Varzea Formosa, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (Laguna General Diaz, 110 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2); Chile (Rio Petorca, Aconcagua, 1; Batuco, Santiago, 1; Rio Neuquen, Cautin, 2; Calsero, 1); Argentina (Papin, near Boni- facio, 1). *Podilymbus gigas Griscom.1 GIANT PIED-BILLED GREBE. Podilymbus gigas Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 379, p. 5, Oct. 17, 1929 — Panajachel, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 41, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 125, 1932— Lake Atitlan (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 528, 1941 — Lake Atitlan (crit., meas.). Podilymbus sp. Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 — Lake Atitlan. Podilymbus podicipes (not Colymbus podiceps Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 553, 1898 — part, spec, u'-x', Lake Atitlan (spec, examined); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 444, 1904 — part, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala. Range. — Confined to Lake Atitlan, Guatemala.2 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 2). Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE. Albatrosses Genus DIOMEDEA Linnaeus Diomedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. 1 Podilymbus gigas Griscom: Differs from P. p. podiceps by larger, particularly deeper bill; heavier feet with longer, stouter toes; darker, blackish rather than deep mouse gray, upper part of the head and hind neck; much more extensive black gular area, with the white lateral border, so conspicuous in podiceps, merely suggested by fringes; darker, mouse gray rather than drab-gray, sides of the head; and darker under parts caused by the dusky basal parts of the feathers showing through more distinctly. The wings are on average slightly longer. Three of four specimens — all in nuptial plumage with deep black throat — have the foreneck and sides of neck between light-drab and drab, while in the remaining individual these parts are just as buffy as in podiceps. Wing, (females) 125, 126, (males) 136, 136; bill, (females) 21, 22, (males) 23, 23; depth of bill, 15, 16, 16, 17. Probably a local race of P. podiceps. Four additional specimens from Lake Atitlan examined. 2 Dr. Hellmayr unfortunately did not investigate the subspecific status of the specimens from Lake Duenas, where Salvin found breeding colonies of the Pied- billed Grebe.— B.C. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 41 Albatrus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 54; 6, p. 126, 1760 — type, by monotypy, "Atoa- trus" ~Brisson= Diomedea exulans Linnaeus. Phoebastria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853) — type, by monotypy, Diomedea brachyura Temminck= Diomedea albatrus Pallas. Thalassarche Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, "1852" (=1853)— type, by monotypy, Diomedea melanophris Temminck. Thalassogeron Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 13, pp. 345, 357, 1884 — type, by orig. desig., Diomedea culminata Gould. Nealbatrus Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 274, Sept. 20, 1912— type, by orig. desig., Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. Diomedella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 275, Sept. 20, 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Diomedea cauta Gould. Rhothonia Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861, Dec. 10, 1917— type, by orig. desig., Diomedea (Rhotonia) sanfordi Murphy = Diomedea epomo- phora Lesson. *Diomedea exulans exulans Linnaeus. WANDERING ALBATROSS. Diomedea exulans Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 — primarily based upon "The Albatross" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Uncom. Bds., 1, p. 88, pi. 88; "intra tropicos Pelagi et ad Cap. b. Spei"=Cape of Good Hope (ex Edwards); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 157, 1891— Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 441, 1896 (in part, excl. of Australian and New Zealand waters) ; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906— Bay of Islets, South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 — South Georgia (breeding); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 563, pis. 48, 49, and 50 (fig. 1), 1929— South Georgia (nesting, life hist.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., 4, p. 162, 1930 (plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part). Diomedea spadicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 — based on "Choco- late Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 308; South Seas, lat. 37° S., long. 50° W.=off Montevideo (cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 544). Diomedea adusta Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 157, 161, 1856— lat. 33° 21' S., long. 89° W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (no type extant). Diomedea exulans exulans Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 333, 1926 — South Georgia (monog.); Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 815 (synon.); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 152, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 538, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 — coast off Arica, Tacna, Chile. Diomedea exulans georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 214, May 27, 1933 — South Georgia (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires); idem, Ibis, 1934, p. 816— South Atlantic; idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934— South Georgia. Range. — Breeds on northerly antarctic islands, such as South Georgia (the Prince Edward and Crozet Islands, Kerguelen, etc.) and visits the waters of both coasts of southern South America. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Cape Horn, Magallanes, 1). 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews.1 TRISTAN WANDERING ALBATROSS. Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi (not Thalassogeron chrysostoma alexanderi Mathews, 1916) Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 338, Aug., 1926—100 miles off coast of Buenos Aires Province, lat. 38° 30' S., long. 56° W. (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires). Diomedea dabbenena Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 50, p. 11, Oct. 31, 1929 — new name for Diomedea chionoptera alexanderi Dabbene, preoccupied. Diomedea exulans dabbenena Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 571, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on Gough Island and Tristan d'Acunha, and ranges widely to near the Atlantic coast of South America. Diomedea epomophora2 epomophora Lesson. ROYAL ALBA- TROSS. Diomedea epomophora Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, p. 95, 1825 — no locality indicated, but probably Australian waters;3 Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 166, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 42, 1931 (in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 575, 1936 (monog.; in part); Philippi, El Hornero, 8, p. 17, 1941— Bay of San Vicente, Talcaguano, Chile. Diomedea epomophera Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, pp. 156, 161, 1856 — lat. 33° 21' S., long. 89° W.=west of Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile. Diomedea regia Buller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 23, "1890," p. 234, May, 1891— Otago and Campbell Island, New Zealand (in part); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 443, 1896— New Zealand seas. Diomedea (Rhothonia) sanfordi Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 861, Dec. 10, 1917 — forty miles off Corral, Chile (type in Brewster-Sanford Collection, American Museum of Natural History, New York). Diomedea epomophora epomophora Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 (synon., range). 1 Diomedea exulans dabbenena Mathews: Differs from the nominate race in smaller size, notably in much shorter bill. Wing, 607-616; tail, 171-188; bill, 144-150. 2 Diomedea epomophora Lesson, in spite of general likeness, appears to be specifically distinct from D. exulans. Its principal characters are the rounded naricornes, the much more prominent nasal tubes, the shape of the nostrils (circular in outline and directed forward instead of obliquely upward), the posteriorly somewhat pointed culminicorn, the white (not brownish gray) downy plumage, and the suppression of all juvenile or immature stages of plumage (cf. Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 165, 166, 1930). 3 Lesson's description was evidently based on field observation, no type being in existence. The species does not figure in the catalogue of the birds collected by Lesson during the voyage of La Coquille (cf. Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, pp. 633- 785). Mathews suggests Campbell Island as type locality. However, this island had not been visited by the Coquille. Lesson's description is none too good and misses the salient character of the nostrils, but as the author was well acquainted with the allied D. exulans, it probably refers to the Royal Albatross. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 43 Range. — Breeds in New Zealand (Campbell Island, Forty-four Islands, Adams Island) and flies east to within Chilean waters (once taken forty miles west of Corral). Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews.1 LONG-BILLED ROYAL ALBATROSS. Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 112, March 7, 1934 — South Atlantic Ocean (location of type not stated); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 — Atlantic Ocean (Tropic of Capricorn to Cape Horn); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938— near Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo. Diomedea regia (not of Buller) Berg, Commun. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1, p. 284, 1901— Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires (March, 1900). Diomedea epomophora subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 340, 1926 — coast of Buenos Aires Province, Mar del Plata, and Cape Horn (descr., crit.). Diomedea epomophora (not of Lesson) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 575, 1936 — part, South Atlantic and Fuegian region. Range. — Atlantic Ocean, from the coast of Brazil (Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) to Cape Horn; breeds probably in the interior of Tierra del Fuego. *Diomedea irrorata Salvin. GALAPAGOS ALBATROSS. Diomedea irrorata Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 — Callao Bay, Peru (type in coll. of British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 445, pi. 8, 1896— Callao Bay; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 192, 1899 — Hood Island, Galapagos (breeding; descr.; eggs); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 — Hood Island; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 240, 1904 — Hood Island (eggs descr.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 330, pi. 93, 1910 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 75, pis. 6-12, 1918— Hood Island (distr., habits, meas., eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 184, 1916— La Plata Island, Ecuador, and off Talara, Peru; Loomis, Auk, 36, p. 370, pis. 14-16, 1919 (variation); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 26, 1931— Hood Island; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 33, 1931— Hood Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 530, 1936 (monog.). Phoebastria irrorata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range). 1 Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews is stated to differ from the nominate race by its longer bill (178-182 mm., according to the describer). How- ever, the bill varies a good deal in typical birds from New Zealand waters, Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930) giving its length for a breeding adult from Campbell Island as 183, while in one from New Zealand it measures even 185 mm. On the other hand, the type of D. sanfordi, from off the Chilean coast, has a bill-measurement of only 150 mm. It would thus appear that the variation is individual rather than geographical. This conclusion is also supported by Murphy's figures (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 583) for good series from both the South Atlantic and the New Zealand regions. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds on Hood Island in the Galapagos Archipelago and ranges to the coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Galapagos Islands (Hood Island, 1); Peru (Talara, 1). *Diomedea albatrus Pallas. SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS. Diomedea albatrus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 28, 1769 — off Kamchatka, Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 444, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 74, 1918 — coasts of California, Lower California, and Alaska (Atka); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Diomedea chinensis Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 1, p. ex, 1820 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 963; China Sea. Diomedea brachiura Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 75, Genus Diomedea, p. [11], 1827— based on "Albatros de la Chine" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 963. Phoebastria albatrus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 6, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 — waters around Lower California; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1934 (syn., range). Range. — North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, east to the coast of North America from Alaska (Norton Sound) to Lower California (breeding on Sulphur Island, Bonin Group, and [?]Wake Island). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Mexico (San Martin, Lower Cali- fornia, 2). Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild. LAYSAN ALBATROSS. Diomedea immutabilis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. xlviii, June 1, 1893 — Laysan Island (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Avif. Laysan, p. 57, pis., 1893 — Laysan; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 446, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 83, 1918 — high seas off southern California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928 — between San Ger6nimo and Guadalupe Islands, off Lower California (Mar. 19, 1897); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range); idem, Condor, 40, p. 90, 1938— San Nicolas Island, California. Phoebastria immutabilis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 9, 1922 (life hist.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range). Range. — Central North Pacific east to the coast of California (San Nicolas Island) and Lower California (breeding on Laysan and Midway Islands). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 45 *Diomedea nigripes Audubon. BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. Diomedea nigripes Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 327, 1839 — Pacific Ocean, lat. 30° 44' N., long. 146° W. (type apparently lost);1 Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 31, 1877 (crit., plumages); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 445, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 71, 1918 (disc, plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928— off coast of Lower California; Miller, Condor, 42, p. 229, 1940 (plumages, food, terr.). Diomedea gibbosa Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 361, 1844 — North Pacific (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London ;= adult). Phoebastria nigripes Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 1, 1922 flife hist.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (syn., range). Range. — North Pacific Ocean, mainly north of the Tropic of Cancer, east to the coast of North America, from the Alaska Penin- sula to Lower California (breeding on the outer Hawaiian Islands). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Washington (Clallam County, 1); California (Cortez Banks, 1; Monterey County, 1); Mexico, Lower California (Guadalupe Island, 1; unspecified, 1). Diomedea melanophrys Temminck. BLACK-BROWED MOLLY- MA WK. Diomedea melanophris* Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 77, pi. 456, Apr. 23, 1828 — "Cap, Nouvelle Hollande, et mers antarctiques" (type, from "mer de 1'he'misphere australe," in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 34, 1863); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 505, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea melanophrys Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 148, 1865 — Chile; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 — Valparaiso, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 430 — Talcaguano, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 — South Georgia; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 447, 1896 — Chile (Valparaiso, Corral, Tarapaca, Talcaguano), etc. (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 — Cavancha and Talcaguano, Chile; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, 1917— western Falkland Islands (breeding); Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 16, 1921 — Mas A Tierra Island; Mathews, Dis- covery Rep., 1, p. 568, pi. 45, figs. 1-2, pi. 50, figs. 2-4, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. 'Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 59, 1941 — off Sukkertoppen, Greenland (Aug.). Diomedea gilliana Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 181 — locality unknown (type in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, l.c., 1899, p. 24); Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 144, 1937 (crit.;=D. melanophrys, immature). 1 Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note 17). 1 Corrected to melanophrys in Tabl. M6th., livr. 102, p. 103, Jan. 29, 1839. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassarche melanophris richmondi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 272, Sept. 20, 1912 — "west coast of South America" (no type specified); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934— Ildefonso Island, Chile (breeding); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936— Arica to Valparaiso, Chile. Thalassarche melanophris Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489 — South Georgia (breed- ing); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 317 — Falkland Islands (breeding); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 167, 1930 (crit., meas.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35 — near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 91 — Cape Horn region (said to breed on Evout Island). Thalassarche melanophrys melanophrys Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 330, 1926 — coasts of Buenos Aires and Patagonia, breeding in South Georgia and Falkland Islands (full synon., descr.). Diomedea melanophris melanophris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Diomedea melanophris richmondi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 43, 1931 (range). Thalassarche melanophris melanophris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 18, 1938— Santos, Sao Paulo. Diomedaea melanophrys Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935 — Isla la Mocha, Chile. Range. — Southern oceans from the Tropic of Capricorn to about 60° or 65° S. lat. (common on the coast of Argentina from Buenos Aires Province southward); in South America breeding in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, Staten Island and on the San Ildefonso and Diego Ramirez Islets, near Cape Horn, southern Chile.1 Diomedea bulleri Rothschild. SNARES ISLAND MOLLYMAWK. Diomedea bulleri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4, 1893— New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ,25, p. 448, 1896— New Zealand seas; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898 — Cavancha, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 524, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea platei Reichenow, Orn. Monatschr., 6, p. 190, 1898 — Cavancha, Tarapaca, Chile (type in Berlin Museum ;= immature). Thalassarche bulleri Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 6, 1930 — Canete, Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 (range); idem, Ibis, 1934, p. 811 (char., crit.). Range. — South Pacific Ocean east to the coast of Peru (off Canete, June 26) and Chile (Cavancha, near Iquique, Tarapaca; off Val- 1 There is considerable individual variation in the length of the bill. While South Georgian birds have the longest bills, those from the Falklands, on this score, are hardly distinguishable from specimens taken off the coasts of Chile and Peru (Lobos de Tierra). On the basis of the measurements given by Lowe and Kinnear for a large number of skins, there is no possibility of maintaining any of the races proposed by Mathews. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 47 paraiso, March 9; breeding on Snares and Chatham Islands, New Zealand). Diomedea cauta salvini (Rothschild). SALVIN'S WHITE-CAPPED MOLLYMAWK. Thalassogeron salvini Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Iviii, July 4, 1893— New Zealand (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 346, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thalassogeron layardi Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 450, 1896 — Cape Seas (type in British Museum). Diomedella cauta platei (not Diomedea plalei Reichenow) Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 324, 1926— South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° 44' S., long. 53° W. (descr.). Thalassarche cauta salvini Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, pp. 2, 3, 1930 — Peru (west of Canete; Ballestas Islands; Lobos de Tierra Island) and Valparaiso, Chile (char.). Diomedella cauta peruvia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 185, May 5, 1933— "Western Peru" (type in the British Museum). Diomedella cauta atlantica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 213, May 27, 1933 — South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° 44' S., long. 53° W., about 120 miles off coast of Buenos Aires Province (type in National Museum, Buenos Aires); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range). Diomedella cauta salvini Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 157, 1934 (range). Diomedea cauta salvini Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 526, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on the Bounty Islands, New Zealand; wanders eastward across the Pacific to the coast of South America (Peru, Chile) and westward across the Indian Ocean to the South Atlantic (off Buenos Aires Province). Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin. PINK-FOOTED ALBATROSS. Diomedea chlororhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 — based on "Yellow-nosed Albatross" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 309, pi. 94; Cape of Good Hope and southern oceans outside the tropics; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 518, 1936 (monog.). Thalassageron eximius Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 440, pi. 8, 1895 — Gough Island (type in coll. of G. E. Verrill); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 272, pi. 5, 1922 — Angel Etcheverry, Buenos Aires Province (descr., crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 328, 1926 (descr.). Thalassogeron chlororhynchus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1895 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 19, 1922— off Machias Bay, Seal Island, Maine (Aug. 1, 1913) (life hist.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318 — Falkland Island seas. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassarche chlororhynchos Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 — off the coast of Maine; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 177, 1930 (disc., meas.). Nealbatrus chlororhynchos Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 810 (disc., char.). Nealbatrus chlororhynchos chlororhynchos Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1934 (full synon., range). Range. — South Atlantic, Indian and Australian seas, breeding on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands, probably also upon St. Paul Island;1 accidental on the coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (October, 1921), near the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick (Aug. 1, 1913), and off the coast of Maine (near Seal Island, off Machias Bay, Aug. 1, 1913). 2 Diomedea chrysostoma I. R. Forster. YELLOW-NOSED ALBA- TROSS. Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, Mem. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, p. 571, pi. 14, 1785 — "dans toutes les mers du Sud, 1'Ocean Atlantique, celui des Indes, et le Pacifique, cependant . . . tres peu dans le voisinage du cercle polaire antarctique et dans 1'Ocean Pacifique;3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 291, 1935 — off coast of Chiriquf, Panama (one record); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 514, 1936 (monog.). Diomedea culminata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 107, Dec., 1843 — southern Indian and southern Pacific oceans (type, from "Australian Seas," in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Mathews and Stone, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 138, 1913). Thalassogeron culminatus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 451, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 439, 1904 — Bay of Panama; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 — seas around Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 45, fig. 3, pi. 51, figs. 1-2, 1929— South Georgia (nesting). Thalassogeron desolationis Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 26, No. 638, p. 2, March 15, 1911 — Desolation Island, Straits of Magellan (type in Turin Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 44, 1931 (ex Salvadori). Thalassarche culminata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1918 (disc., American records). 1 Vallentin (Me"m. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 31, 1904) lists D. chlororhyncha as breeding in the Falkland Islands (Keppel, West Point, New Island, the Beauchenes), a record that has not since been confirmed. The author evidently had only eggs, and they probably pertained to D. m. melanophrys, known to breed in the Falklands but not mentioned by Vallentin. 2 No races are distinguishable. Cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 345-346, 1926. 3 Mathews (Ibis, 1937, p. 871) suggests as type locality Staten Island, where Forster (Descr. Anim., ed. Lichtenstein, p. 313, 1844) met with it on January 4, 1775. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 49 Thalassogeron chrysostomus culminatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., 121, p. 16, 1922 (life hist., American records). Thalassarche chrysostoma Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 — South Georgia (nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 198 (fig.), 1922 — South Georgia (nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 173, 1930 (disc., meas.). Thalassogeron culminatus chrysostoma Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 318 — West Point Island, Falkland Islands (visitor), and South Georgia (breeding). Thalassogeron chrysostoma chrysostoma Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 326, 1926 — South Georgia (descr., synon.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1934 (range). Thalassarche chrysostoma desolationis Mathews, Ibis, 1933, p. 543 (disc, of type, char.); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on South Georgia (Kerguelen, Marion Island, the Crozets, Campbell Island) and the Diego Ramirez Islands south of Cape Horn;1 ranges over the southern oceans; accidental in Canada (mouth of Moisie River, Aug. 20, 1885) and Panama (Bay of Chiri- qui).2 Genus PHOEBETRIA Reichenbach Phoebetria Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin= Diomedea palpebrata I. R. Forster. Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata (I. R. Forster). LIGHT- MANTLED SOOTY ALBATROSS. Diomedea palpebrata Forster, Me"m. Math. Phys. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10, p. 571, pi. 15, 1785 — "depuis le degr6 quarante-septieme de latitude australe jusqu'au soixante-onzieme et dix minutes" = south of Prince Edward and Marion Islands. Diomedea fuliginosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 568, 1789 — "in maris austra- lis latitudine 47° et omni circulo antarctico" (ex Forster); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 23, 1885 — South Georgia (eggs and downy young descr.). Phoebetria fuliginosa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 453, 1896 (monog.). Phoebetria palpebrata cornicoides Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 71, 1906— South Georgia. 1 We cannot but agree with Messrs. Lowe and Kinnear that none of the five or six races admitted by Mathews can be maintained. Even the separation of the South Georgian birds, which, as a rule, have deeper bills, seems impracticable, since similarly large-billed individuals occasionally occur in other regions. The whiter color of forehead, cheeks, and neck all around, given by Mathews for the type of T. desolationis, has no significance in view of the head varying from white to gray in specimens from other localities. That character evidently depends largely on age. 2 The records from Oregon (mouth of Columbia River) and California (Golden Gate) are uncertain. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phoebetria palpebrata antarctica (Solander MS.) Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 302, Sept. 20, 1912— South Georgia; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177— Falk- land Islands to within sixty miles of the South Orkneys; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Seas and (breeding) South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1926, p. 488— South Georgia (breeding); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 318— Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and Graham Land. Phoebetria palpebrata murphyi Mathews and Iredale, Man. Bds. Austr., p. 50 (in text), March 9, 1921 — new name for P. p. antarctica Mathews, believed to be preoccupied; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 321, 1926 (descr., synon.); Mathews, Ibis, 1932, p. 523 — South Georgia (soft parts); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 158, 1934— South Georgia. Phoebetria palpebrata Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 570, pi. 51, figs. 3-4, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting). Phoebotria palpebrata Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 180, 1930 (disc.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 497, 1936 (monog.). Phoebetria palpebrata palpebrata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 45, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds on South Georgia1 (and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges over the South Atlantic Ocean to the Falkland Islands.2 Family PROCELLARIIDAE. Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels Subfamily FULMARINAE. Fulmars Genus MACRONECTES Richmond Ossifraga (not of Wood, 1835) Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 356, March, 1844 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria gigantea Gmelin. Macronectes Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 76, 1905 — new name for Ossifraga Hombron and Jacquinot, preoccupied. Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). GIANT FULMAR. Procellaria gigantea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 — based on "Giant Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 396, pi. 100, etc.; "in oceano, 1 Birds from South Georgia (antarctica= murphyi) do not seem to be certainly separable from those of Kerguelen Island. 2 The admittance to the American fauna of P. palpebrata auduboni Nichols and Murphy (Auk, 31, p. 531, 1914 — new name for Diomedea fusca [not of Hilsen- berg, 1822] Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 116, 1838) rests exclusively on the specimen said to have been obtained by J. K. Townsend "at the mouth of the Columbia River," Oregon, and now preserved in the U. S. National Museum (cf. Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 86, 1918). However, no reliance can be placed upon Townsend's Tubinares records, as has been shown by Stone (Auk, 51, pp. 225-226, 1934), and the specimen is far more likely to have originated in the South Pacific, since it proved to be referable to P. p. huttoni Mathews, the breeding form of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. The occurrence of P. p. fusca (Hilsenberg) within our region remains to be proved, although Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 318) believes it is "seen" in the waters about the Falkland Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 51 potissimum australi, circa Staatenland, Terra del Fuego, insulam desola- tionis etc."=Staten Island (as designated by Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 186, 1912); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164— East Falkland Island. Procellaria ossifraga J. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 343, 1844 — "in terra del Fuego et australi parte maris pacifici ac atlantici." Ossifraga gigantea Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 19, 1885 — South Georgia (disc, color phases, eggs descr.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 158, 1891— Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Port Maxwell, New Year Sound); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 422, 1896— Falk- land Islands, Magellan Straits (Tom Bay), and Chile (Valparaiso, Coquim- bo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 — Coquimbo and Tumbes, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, pp. 70, 78, 1906— South Georgia (nest and eggs); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 172, pi. 11, fig. 2 — South Orkney Islands (breeding, habits); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 147, 1910 — Patagonia (descr.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile. Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 187, July 31, 1912 — Falkland Islands (no type specified); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 145, 1917— Port Stephens, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 141, 1923 — Falkland Islands, etc. (char., synon.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316— Falkland Islands (breeding). Macronectes giganteus forsteri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 189, July 31, 1912 — Valparaiso Bay, Chile (type probably in British Museum). Macronectes giganteus Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 488 — South Georgia (breeding); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 20); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 571, pi. 45, fig. 4, pi. 52, figs. 1-3, 1929— South Georgia (nesting; monog.); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. An tar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 147, 1930 (disc, color phases, meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 46, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35— near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, I.e., 1935, p. 93 — Cape Horn region (not breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 584, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 358, 1936— South Orkneys (color phases); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938 — Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Jan.); Serventy, Emu, 42, p. 167, 1943 (ratio of white and dark phases); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 300, 1945— Palmer Peninsula (breeding 65° S.; white phase discussed). Macronectes giganteus giganteus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 138, 1923 — Antarctic Continent to the South Shetland, South Orkney, and South Georgia Islands (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 — South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (crit.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 158, 1934 (range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936— coast of Aconcagua, Chile. Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands (locally), South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (and extralimitally on Graham Land, Gough Island, Kerguelen, etc.) ;l ranges all over the 1 Said to have bred formerly on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia (Sea Lion Islet in the estuary of the Rio Santa Cruz). Its nesting on GuambTin Island, south of Chiloe, remains to be proved. ILL 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII southern oceans and into the tropics on the coast of Peru (off Payta, July).1 Genus DAPTION Stephens Daption Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 239, 1826 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria capensis Linnaeus. Calopetes Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 142, 1873— substitute name for Daption Stephens. Petrella Mathews,2 Auk, 31, p. 91, 1914 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria capensis Linnaeus. *Daption capensis (Linnaeus).3 CAPE PIGEON. Procellaria capensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 — based primarily on "The white and black Spotted Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 90, pi. 90 (right figure), Cape of Good Hope; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 6, 1853 — coast of California (opposite Mon- terey); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870— off Ilha do Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Aug. 11). Procellaria pardela Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, Zool., p. 533, 1816 — Cape Seas. Daption capense(is) Salvin, Ibis, 1875, pp. 372, 377 — Juan Fernandez and Mas Afuera, Chile; Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22, 1885— South Georgia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 159, 1891— Tierra del Fuego (Lemaire Channel) and coast of Patagonia; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 428, 1896 — South Atlantic (off Cape Corrientes), Straits of Magellan, Chile (off Tres Montes, Juan Fernandez Islands, Valparaiso, off San Ambrose Island), Peru (off Payta), etc. (monog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 77, 1906— South Georgia (crit.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 174 — South Orkney Islands (nest, eggs, downy young, plumages, habits); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 — Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul; Iguape and Ilha Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo) and Patagonia (Santa Cruz); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 205, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 150, 1910 — coast of Patagonia (descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 49, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 — South Georgia; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 — Falkland Islands (visitor); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 575, pi. 52, fig. 4, pi. 53, fig. 1, 1929— South Georgia (not found nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 159, 1930 1 As clearly set forth by Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 148-159), there is no means of maintaining, either on size or on the basis of color characters, any of the various races into which the Giant Fulmar has been split by Mathews. Its occurrence off the coast of Oregon (Audubon's record ex Townsend) is almost certainly due to confusion of localities. 2 Ex Zimmermann, in Bartram, Trav. Carolina, German ed., p. 293, 1793 (not binomial). 3 The alleged New Zealand race, D. capensis ausiralis Mathews, is not main- tainable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 53 (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 51, 1930 — between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 94 — Deceit Island, Beagle Channel; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1935 — Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (July); idem, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 — coast of Chile north to Arica; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 601, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 361, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938— Iguape", Sao Paulo, and Santa Cruz, Patagonia. PetreUa capensis Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 91, 1918 — off Monterey, California. Daption capensis capensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 147, 1923 (descr., range) ; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 159, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (Graham Land, and Kerguelen Island) ; ranges over the southern oceans north to the Tropic of Capricorn (coasts of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the west coast north to Payta, Peru; accidental on the coasts of California (Monterey) and Maine (Harpswell, Casco Bay, Sept., 1876). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Chile (Cape Horn, 2). Genus FULMARUS Stephens Fulmarus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 233, 1826 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 129, 1855), Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Halohippiis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828— type, by mono- typyf Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus (cf. Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 42, 48, 1913). Rhantistes Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 105, April, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. Wagellus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus. *Fulmarus glacialis glacialis (Linnaeus). ATLANTIC FULMAR. Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, Fauna Svec., ed. altera, p. 51, 1761 — founded primarily on "Mallemucka" Martens, Spitzberg. oder Greenland. Reise, p. 68, pi. N, fig. c, 1675; "in man septentrional! intra circulum arcticum"= Spitsbergen (ex Martens); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 429, 1843 — Greenland. Procellaria gronlandica Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finnmarkens Lapper, p. 273 (note 121), 1767— based upon "Hav-hesten" Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, pp. 182-202, pi. 1, 1761; Greenland. Procellaria hyemalis Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 20, 1824 — Greenland (no type extant). 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria minor Kjarbolling, Orn. Dan., Suppl., 2, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1854; idem, Journ. Orn., 2, 1855, Erinnerungsschr. 8th Jahresvers., p. lix, 1855 — Greenland.1 Fulmarus glacialis a. auduboni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857 — "Terra Nova" = Newfoundland (location of type not stated). Fulmarus glacialis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 425, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 141, 1898— Greenland; Mathews, Ibis, 1934, p. 173 (synon.). Fulmarus glacialis glacialis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 31, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Roberts, Ibis, 1934, p. 258— Iceland (color phases); Bertram, Lack, and Roberts, I.e., 1934, p. 820 — Greenland (color phases); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 270, 1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 846 — Jan Mayen (breeding); Gross, Auk, 54, p. 15, 1937 — Labrador (co!or phases); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 128, (2), p. 72, map, 1942— northeast Greenland (breeding places); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 15, 1946 — east coast, Baffin Island (breeding). Range. — Breeds from eastern Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound) to Greenland (extralimitally in Iceland, Norway, Faroes, British Isles, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, and Novaya Zemlya) ; winters on the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Franklin Territory (Resolution Island, Baffin Land, 4); Greenland (Denmark Strait, 1; lat. 64° long. 39°, 3; Cape Farewell, 1; between lat. 62° and 63°, 2; lat. 62° 46' long. 39°-30', 3; Holstenborg, 1; unspecified, 1); Labrador (Rama, 1). *Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii Cassin. PACIFIC FULMAR. Procellaria pacifica (not of Gmelin, 1789) Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 331, 1839— North Pacific (cotypes lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17X2 Fulmarus rodgersii(i) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 326, Oct. 28, 1862— "Indian Ocean," errore,= North Pacific (type in U. S. National Museum); Coues, I.e., 1866, p. 29 (monog. of type spec., locality corrected); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896— St. George's, Alaska (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 43, 1922 (life hist.). 1 The author speaks only of the smaller size and different shape of the eggs, without characterizing birds from Greenland. The type of the plate probably was in the author's private collection. 2 Audubon's two original types were once in the collection of S. F. Baird (cf. Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 826, 1858). As Loomis (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 90, 1908) claims to have examined, several years previous to his writing, Audubon's "type" in the U. S. National Museum, one of these specimens would seem to have been preserved after all. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 55 Fulmarus glarialis glupischa Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 234, 1884 — new name for Procellaria pacifica Audubon preoccupied; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 91, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2, 1885 — Bering and Copper Islands (variation, dichromatism); Bent, I.e., 121, p. 38, 1922 (life hist., range). Fulmarus glacialis columba Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 105, 1895 — off San Diego, California (cotypes now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932;= female). Fulmarus glupischa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 427, 1896 — San Diego, California, etc. (monog.). Fulmarus glacialis (not Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 87, 1918— Point Pinos, California, and off Lower California (crit., color phases, meas.). Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii(i) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 — Bering and Copper Islands (breeding) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 38, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 64, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 47, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. Ill, 1944 — Semidi Islands, Alaska (nesting colony). Range. — Breeds on Wrangel and Herald Islands, islands in the Bering Sea, Commander Islands, Semidi Islands, Alaska, coasts of Kamchatka, and Kurile Islands; winters from the Aleutian Islands south to northern Lower California and Japan. Field Museum Collection. — 54: Alaska (Bering Strait, 1; Morz- hovoi Bay, 1; St. George's Island, Bering Sea, 1); Washington (Pacific coast, 2; Gray's Harbor, 3); California (Pacific coast, 1; Monterey Bay, 4; Pacific Grove, 23; Carmel Bay, 4; Cypress Point, 1; San Francisco, 1; Hyperion, 2; El Secundo, 2; Pacific Beach, 7; Santa Barbara, 1). Genus PACHYPTILA Illiger1 Pachyptila Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 274, 1811 — type, by subs. desig. (Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types Birds, p. 49, 1840), Procellaria forsteri Latham = Procellaria vittata Forster. Priori (not of LacSpede)2 Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 399, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., "Le pe'trel bleu" '= Procellaria vittata Forster. 1 This genus is involved in great confusion. Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, pp. 199, 233, 1912) attempted to disentangle the nomenclature and geographical variation of the several species, assigning each to a separate genus, and has since described a number of additional races. The results of his studies are, however, far from satisfactory, and until good series of properly sexed specimens in different stages become available from the various breeding colonies, it will be impossible to get a clear insight into the significance of the observable variation. Three forms come within the limits of our region, but their taxonomic status is altogether uncertain. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, pp. 612-615, 1936) recently gave an excellent account of the distribution and characters of the four recognizable species; cf. also Falla, Emu, 40, p. 218, 1940, and Fleming, I.e., 41, p. 134, 1941. 2 Prion LacSpede (Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 14, 1799), is clearly indeterminable; cf. Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, pp. 25-27, 1913. 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pseudoprion Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 164 — type, by orig. desig., "Prion turtur Gould " = Procellaria turtur Kuhl. Fulmariprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 215, July 31, 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris Mathews. Heteroprion Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 222, July 31, 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Heteroprion belcheri Mathews. Attaprion Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, Oct. 31, 1933— type, by orig. desig., Procellaria desolata Gmelin. Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews).1 SOUTH GEORGIAN DOVE PRION. Heteroprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 52, p. 147, June 28, 1932 — Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum). Pachyptila vittata georgicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 214, May 27, 1933 — Stromness Bay, South Georgia (type in British Museum). Prion turtur (not Procellaria turtur Kuhl) Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 23, 1895 — South Georgia (breeding; soft parts, crit.). Prion banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 177 — Coronation Island, South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. HandL, 40, No. 5, p. 75, 1906— South Georgia (breeding; crit.; young and egg descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 — Santos, Sao Paulo; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 53, fig. 2, 1929— South Georgia (nesting). Pachyptila vittata keyteli (not Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews) Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 — South Orkney Islands (breeding); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 133, 1923 — South Georgia (synon., descr.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316— Pembroke Lighthouse, Falkland Islands (Aug., 1912). Pachyptila forsteri keyteli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 49, 1931 — part, South Georgia. Pachyptila desolata banksi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 366, 1936 — Signy Island, South Orkney Islands (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938— Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Attaprion desolatus georgia Mathews, Nov. ZooL, 39, p. 173, 1934 (range). Pachyptila desolata (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 620, 1936 (monog., in part). 1 Pachyptila desolata georgia (Mathews) is very doubtfully separable from P. d. desolata (Gmelin), of Kerguelen Island, and its distinctive characters have never been indicated. Mathews, within a year's time, based two different names on the very same specimen in the British Museum. At first it was separated, on account of its wider bill, from H. d. crozeli, of the Crozet Islands, which he sub- sequently synonymized with P. vittata salvini, while in the second place P. vittata georgicus is compared to P. v. keyteli, of Tristan d'Acunha. According to the width of the bill at the base (14-16 mm.), as given by Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 214, 1933), and Lonnberg's remarks on a number of breeding specimens, the South Georgian Dove Prion clearly pertains to the desolatus complex, but in what particulars it differs from the nominate form remains to be determined by comparison of adequate series. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 621, 1936) states that birds from South Georgia and Heard Island may possibly have slightly larger bills than those from Kerguelen (typical). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 57 Range. — Breeds in South Georgia, South Orkney and (?)South Shetland Islands, and ranges north to the Tropic of Capricorn (Santos, coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil).1 *Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews).2 FALKLAND THIN- BILLED PRION. Heteroprion belcheri falklandicus Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 104, Mar. 15, 1939 — Falkland Islands (type in British Museum). Prion desolatus (not Procellaria desolata Gmelin) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 164, 1891— Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego (May). Prion ariel (not of Schlegel) Ihering, ReV. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 362, 1905 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Heteroprion desolatus banksi (not Pachyptila banksi Smith) Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — coast of Montevideo, Uruguay. Heteroprion belcheri subsp. Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 135, 1923 — Falkland Islands and Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego to Montevideo (descr.). Pseudoprion turtur brevirostris (not Prion brevirostris Gould) Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317— near Stanley, Falkland Islands (March 11, 1917). Pachyptila belcheri (not Heteroprion belcheri Mathews) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 — part, east coast of South America and Falkland Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 629, 1936 (monog.). Heteroprion belcheri Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 — Falkland Islands (breeding); Mathews, Ibis, 1931, p. 571 — New Island, Falkland Islands (nest and eggs descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 174, 1934 — part, east coast of South America and Falkland Islands. Pachyptila belcheri solanderi (not Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews) Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 20, 1938— Iguape and Ilha Santo Amaro (Santos), Sao Paulo. Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands,3 and ranges on the Atlantic coast of South America from Tierra del Fuego north to Sao Paulo, Brazil, and on the Pacific coast probably to central Chile. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1). 1 We do not know where to place Prion vittatus Ihering (Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 38, 1907), said to have occurred at Porto Seguro, Bahia, Brazil. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 617, 1936) suggests it might be P.forsteri (Latham), known to breed upon Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Island. 1 Pachyptila belcheri falklandica (Mathews) : Nearest to "P. b. solanderi (Mathews)," but larger in all its dimensions. Wing (average of seven skins), 188; tail, 94-95; tarsus, 32^; bill, 25>i; its width at base, 11 mm. (Mathews, I.e.). Murphy unhesitatingly unites this alleged race to P. belcheri Mathews, originally based on birds from Victoria, Australia, and does not admit any subspecies at all. *It is possible that Prion vittatus (not Procellaria vittata Forster) Darwin (Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841), said to breed on Landfall Island, west coast of Tierra del Fuego, was intended for this species, but as no specimens were procured, its identity is an open question. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews).1 SOLANDER'S THIN- BILLED PRION. Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 220, July 31, 1912 — "west coast of South America" (type, from "the extreme south of Chile"; cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 253, 1935); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 — eastern Pacific. Prion arid (not of Schlegel) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 436, 1896— part, spec, o, "W. coast of S. America." Pachyptila turtur solanderi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 50, 1931 (listed). Range. — "West coast of South America (extreme south of Chile)." Subfamily PUFFININAE Genus PRIOCELLA Hombron and Jacquinot Priocella Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357, March, 1844 (generic characters only, the only species mentioned, Pr. garnotti, being a nomen nudum); Jacquinot and Pucheran, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., Atlas, Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844— type, by mono- typy, Priocella garnotii Jacquinot (and Pucheran)2=.FttJraaras antarcticus Stephens. *Priocella antarctica (Stephens). SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR. Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 236, Feb. 18, 1826 — based on Procellaria gladalis, var. /3. Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 823, 1790; "Antarctic Ocean pretty far to the south." Procellaria tenuirostris (not of Temminck, 1835) Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 333, 1839 — "mouth of the Columbia River," Oregon, errore= South Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Richmond, in Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., [4], 2, p. 91, 1918). Procellaria gladaloides Smith, 111. Zool. S. Africa, Part 11, pi. 51, July, 1840 — "neighbourhood of the South African coast" (type in British Museum). Priocella garnotii3 Jacquinot (and Pucheran), Voy. Pole Sud, Zool., Atlas, Part 1, pi. 32, figs. 43-56, April, 1844. Thalassoica gladaloides a. polaris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192, 1857 — Louis Philippe Land (type in Paris Museum). 1 Pachyptila turtur solanderi (Mathews): "About the same size as P. turtur turtur (Kuhl), of Australia, but with a longer bill." Measurements of the type, whose location is not stated, are given by Mathews as follows: wing, 184; tail, 87; tarsus, 29 yz; bill, 23 by 10 mm. The status of this form is obscure. There is a specimen (probably the type) said to be from the "west coast of South America" in the British Museum. The locality is perhaps incorrect, and the species (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, pp. 613, 631, 1936) may not deserve a place in the American fauna. 2 The species is identifiable by the drawing of the bill. 3 Priocella garnotti (sic) Hombron and Jacquinot (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 357, March, 1844) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 59 Procellaria smithi Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 22, 1863 — substitute name for Procellaria glacialoides Smith; Cape Horn and coast of Chile. Fulmarus glacialoides Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 — Straits of Magellan. Thalassoeca tenuirostris Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 162, 1891 — Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Bahfa Buen Suceso, Ushuaia). Priocella glacialoides Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 393, 1896 — Straits of Magellan, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Coquimbo), Peru (off Lobos de Tierra), and Mexico (Mazatlan); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 — Cavanche, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 628, 1900 — north of Rio Gallegos, Patagonia; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83, 1906 — South Georgia and off coast of Brazil (breeding on Louis Philippe Land); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170 — Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (not breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 139, 1910 (descr., range in South America); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 574, pi. 45, figs. 7-8, 1929 — South Georgia (rare, not nesting); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938— Arica Bay, Chile. Priocella aniarctica Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 12, 1921 — Santa Clara Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 46, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487— South Georgia; Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 22); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 35— near Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 160, 1934 (synon., range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 364, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 596, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938— coast of Brazil. Priocella antarctica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 142, 1923 (descr., range); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 238, 1936— coast off Arica, Chile. Priocella antarctica glacialoides Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 — Falkland Islands (migratory visitor). Range. — Breeds on Queen Mary Land, Adelie Land, Louis Philippe Land, South Orkney Islands, Heard Island, the Balleny Islands, and other outlying antarctic islands; ranges north in the Atlantic Ocean to Cape Sao Roque, Brazil, and in the Pacific to northern Peru; accidental off Mazatlan, Mexico. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Punta Arenas, 1). Genus THALASSOICA Reichenbach Thalassoica Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853)— type, by orig. desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin. Aeipetes Forbes, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool., 4, pt. 11, p. 59, 1882 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria antarctica Gmelin. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin). ANTARCTIC PETREL. Procellaria antarctica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 565, 1789 — based on "Le Petrel Antarctique ou Damier brun" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 9, p. 311 (ex "Antarctic Peteril" Cook and Forster) ; Antarctic Circle between 31°-61° S. lat.; Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), pp. 60, 202, 1844 (descr.). Thalassoeca antarctica Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 392, 1896 — "Cape Horn" (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 169 — South Orkney Islands; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 82, 1906— South Georgia (August); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 132, 1930. Tha,lassoica antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 145, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 161, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 639, 1936 (monog.). Thalassoeca antarctica antarctica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 — Falkland Islands (visitant). Range. — Breeds on the Antarctic continent and ranges north to South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, and Cape Horn. Genus ADAMASTOR Bonaparte Adamastor Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 594, Sept., 1856 — type, by orig. desig., "Procellaria haesitata des anciens auteurs" (= Forster) =Procellaria cinerea Gmelin (cf. Bonaparte, I.e., p. 995, Nov., 1856, and idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 189, 1857). Adamastor cinerea (Gmelin). BLACK-TAILED SHEARWATER. Procellaria cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 563, 1789 — based on "Cinere- ous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 405; "within the Ant- arctic Circle"=seas south of New Zealand. Procellaria gelida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789— based on "Glacial Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 399; within the Antarctic Circle. Procellaria melanura Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 47, p. 79, 1791 — based on "Cinereous Fulmar" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 405; "within the Antarctic Circle" = seas south of New Zealand. Procellaria haesitata (not P. hasitata Kuhl, 1820) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 208, 1844 — "in lat. 48° Oceani pacifici antarctici"=seas south of New Zealand. Puffinus ? Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 6, p. 5, 1853 — off the coast of California, near Monterey (descr.). Adamastor typus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 187, 1857 — Antarctic seas (co types in Leyden and Paris museums). Puffinus cinereus Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 835, 1858 — California coast (descr.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 61 Procettaria adamastor Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 23, 1863 — substitute name for Adamastor typus Bonaparte. Priofinus cinereus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 390, 1896— Chile (Valparaiso) and off Cape Horn (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 — California, off Monterey (note on specimen in the American Museum of Natural History) ; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 103, 1922 — off Monterey, California (life hist.). Priofinus cinereus cinereus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 7, 1923 (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 (no record from the Falkland Islands). Adamastor cinerea Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 131, 1930; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 51, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 176, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 649, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on Gough Island, Tristan d'Acunha, Kerguelen Island and Macquarie Island; ranges over the southern oceans between 25° and 55° S. lat., north to the Peruvian and Brazilian coasts; accidental on the coast of California (off Monterey). Genus PROCELLARIA Linnaeus Procellaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 — type, by subs. desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 78, 1840), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Priofinus Hombron and Jacquinot, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 18, p. 355, March, 1844 — type, by subs, desig. (Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 4, p. Ill, 1920), Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Majaqueus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Cymatobolus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 363, 1890 — substitute name for Majaqueus Reichenbach. Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linnaeus. CAPE HEN. Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 — based upon "The Great Peteril" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 89, pi. 89 ;l believed to be "from the seas about the Cape of Good Hope"; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487— South Georgia; Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923— off Atico, Peru. Procellaria nigra (not of Pallas, 1769) Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 26, 1844 — substitute name for Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus. Majaqueus aequinoctialis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 — Val- paraiso (Aug.); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431 — Coquimbo (June); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 22, 1885— South Georgia (breeding); 1 Edwards' plate represents an abnormal specimen without white on the chin, but the length of the bill (three inches "from the corner of the mouth to the point") plainly excludes P. parkinsoni. About its variation, cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 355, 1926. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896— Chile (Valparaiso, Co- quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 — Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 — South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 — Patagonia (descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929— South Georgia (nesting). Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 161, 1891— Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30, 1912 — "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated). Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 — Falkland Islands (breeding, Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 — between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938— Iguape, Sao Paulo. Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro). Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray.1 BLACK PETREL. Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 — New Zealand (type in British Museum); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918— near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct. 14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the South Pacific to the Galapagos Islands. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820— type, by subs, desig. (Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279, 1827 — new name for Puffinus Brisson. Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 — new name for Puffinus Brisson. 1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Fa.ber) = Procellaria gratis O'Reilly. Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888— type, by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould = Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson. Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin. Neoneclris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Proce llaria tenuirostris Temminck. Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould. Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould. Calonedris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck. Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus nativiiatis Streets. Puffinus kuhlii1 kuhlii (Boie).2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER. Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 — Corsica. Calonedris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 — off Long Island, New York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters). Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli)3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range). Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off Long Island). *Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER. Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881— off Chatham Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex- amined). 1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. grains. 2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female, 317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore, by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922). 'We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau, is indeterminable. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 395, 1896— Chile (Valparaiso, Co- quimbo) (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 654, 1898 — Cavancha and Coquimbo, Chile; Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 81, 1906 — South Georgia (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 142, 1910 — Patagonia (descr.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 573, pi. 45, figs. 5-6, 1929— South Georgia (nesting). Procellaria (Majaqueus) aequinoctialis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 161, 1891— Ponsonby Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 113, May 30, 1912 — "West coast of South America" (location of type not stated). Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 5, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 — Falkland Islands (breeding, Nov., 1922); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 — between Santos and Montevideo; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 175, 1934 (synon., range); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 641, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 19, 1938— Iguape", Sao Paulo. Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia (Crozet Islands and Kerguelen), and ranges north over the southern oceans to the coasts of Peru and Brazil (Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro). Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray.1 BLACK PETREL. Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray, Ibis, 4, p. 245, 1862 — New Zealand (type in British Museum) ; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 108, 1918 — near Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos (May 4, June 18, and Oct. 14); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 52, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 647, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on North Island, New Zealand; ranges over the South Pacific to the Galdpagos Islands. Genus PUFFINUS Brisson Puffinus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56; 6, p. 130, 1760— type, by tautonymy, "Puffinus"= Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Nectris Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., p. 146, 1820— type, by subs, desig. (Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 46, 1912), Procellaria puffinus Brunnich. Thyellas Gloger, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 279, 1827 — new name for Puffinus Brisson. Rhipornis Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A, 1828 — new name for Puffinus Brisson. 1 Probably conspecific with P. aequinoctialis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Ardenna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus major Reichenbach (not of Faber) = Procellaria grains O'Reilly. Thyellodroma Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 93 (note), 1888— type, by orig. desig., Puffinus sphenurus Gould= Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson. Paranectris Iredale, Austr. Zool., 6, p. 115, Jan. 14, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grisea Gmelin. Neonectris Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 12, Aug. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus brevicaudus Gould = Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck. Hemipuffinus Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 20, Aug. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus carneipes Gould. Alphapuffinus Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus assimilis Gould. Calonectris Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 592, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus leucomelas Temminck. Microzalias Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 597, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., Puffinus nativitatis Streets. Puffinus kuhlii1 kuhlii (Boie).2 MEDITERRANEAN SHEARWATER. Procellaria kuhlii Boie, Isis, 1835, col. 257 — Corsica. Calonectris kuhlii kuhlii Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922 — off Long Island, New York; idem and Chapin, Amer. Mus. Nov., 384, p. 4, 1929 (size characters). Puffinus diomedea diomedea (not Procellaria diomedea Scopoli)3 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 54, 1931 (range). Ardenna kuhli kuhli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on islands in the Mediterranean and ranges across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of the United States (off Long Island). *Puffinus kuhlii borealis Cory. CORY'S SHEARWATER. Puffinus borealis Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 84, April, 1881— off Chatham Island, Massachusetts (type in Field Museum of Natural History, ex- amined). 1 According to Mayaud (Alauda, 4, p. 63, 1932, and Ibis, 1938, p. 343), P. kuhlii has a differently shaped pelvis, and could be generically separated from the group comprising P. assimilis, P. puffinus, P. griseus, and P. gravis. 2 Puffinus kuhlii kuhlii (Boie) is on average smaller (wing, 332-342, female, 317-332; bill, 49-55, female, 45-50) than P. k. borealis, and differs, furthermore, by the conspicuous whitish edges to the feathers of the forehead and the presence of a large white field on the inner webs of the primaries (Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 58, 1922). 3 We agree with Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Nachtr., 1, p. 77, 1923) that Procellaria diomedea Scopoli (Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 74, 1769), named from a single specimen of unknown origin in the collection of Count Thurn-Valsassina at Passau, is indeterminable. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 128, 1910 (descr.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 499 — Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands (breeding); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 314— Falkland Islands (one spec.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 55, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, p. 61, 1932 (osteol.); Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 247, 1935 (field chars., distrib.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 660, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 21, 1938— South Trinidad; H0rring, Medd. Gr0nl., 108, p. 11, 1939— East Greenland. Ardenna gravis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 65, 1922 (life hist.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 12, 1923— Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 27, 1932 — Tristan d'Acunha (breeding, eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 39, p. 177, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on Nightingale and Inaccessible Islands, Tristan d'Acunha group; winters in the North Atlantic Ocean to the Grand Banks, British Isles, and the Arctic Circle; accidental in South Trinidad, Falkland Islands, and Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. — 30: Baffin Land (Resolution Island, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 11); Massachusetts (Chatham Island, 1; Crab Ledge, Monomoy Island, 15). Puffinus pacificus1 chlororhynchus Lesson. WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER. Puffinus chlororhynchus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 613, June, 1831 — no locality given (type, from Shark's Bay, West Australia, in Paris Mu- seum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 62, 1929); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 372, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 141, 1918 — San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (nesting habits, plumages, var., meas.). Puffinus sphenurus Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 365, May 1, 1844 — Houtmann's Abrolhos, West Australia (type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 137, 1913). Puffinus cuneatus (not of Salvin) Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 39, 316, 1898 — off Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and San Benedicto Island, Revilla- gigedo group; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 27, 1899— Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias (descr.); Anthony, Auk, 17, p. 250, pi. 8, 1900— San Benedicto Island (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 432, 1904 — off Cape San Lucas, San Benedicto, Socorro, and 1 Procellaria pacifica Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789— based on "Pacific Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 416) was described from "circa insulam Europa aliasque maris pacifici." Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 80, 1912) designated as type locality Kermadec Islands, although it is pretty certain that the bird described by Latham did not originate in these islands (cf. also Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, pp. 350-351, 1926). This form, for which we reluctantly maintain the designation P. pacificus pacificus, seems to be separable by its more powerful bill, longer wings and tail, etc. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 67 Maria Madre Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286, 1926— San Benedicto Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928 — off Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Puffinus pacificus atteni Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 83, May 30, 1912 — San Benedicto Island, Revillagigedo group (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 351, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thyellodroma pacifica (not Procellaria pacified Gmelin) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 97, 1922 (We hist.). Puffinus pacificus chlororhynchus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 55, 1931 (range). Thyellodroma pacifica alleni Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 — Revilla- gigedo Islands. Range. — Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (San Benedicto Island),1 islands off Australia, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, and many other islands in the Pacific; ranges through the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans. *Puffinus bulled Salvin. NEW ZEALAND SHEARWATER. Puffinus bulleri Salvin, Ibis, (5), 6, p. 354, 1888 — New Zealand (cotype in British Museum);2 idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 371, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 146, 1918— Point Pinos, Cali- fornia (descr., meas.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 352, 1926 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 664, 1936 (monog.). Thyellodroma bulleri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 101, 1922— Chile (Valparaiso, Feb. 24 to March 9) and California (Point Pinos) (life hist.; egg descr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 14, 1930 — Chile (crit.). Thyellodroma pacifica bulleri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 186, 1934 (range). Range.-^-Breeds on small islands off North Island, New Zealand ; migrates to the coast of California (Point Pinos) and south to Chile (Valparaiso). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Talara, 1). *Puffinus griseus (Gmelin). SOOTY SHEARWATER. Procellaria grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 — southern hemi- sphere between 35° and 50°= New Zealand. Nedris fuliginosus a. chilensis Bonaparte,3 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857— Chile (type in Berlin Museum).4 1 The breeding race of these islands is evidently inseparable from the Aus- tralian birds. 'Another cotype is in the Tring Collection (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 352, 1926). 3 Examination of an adequate number of breeding birds from South America shows this form to be inseparable. *Nectris gama Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 202, 1857), described from a Verreaux specimen, presumably of South African origin, in the Paris Museum, 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus cinereus (not Procellaria cinerea Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 137, 1841— Tierra del Fuego, Chile (Chiloe Island), mouth of the La Plata, and Callao Bay, Peru (habits). Nectris amaurosoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 124, pub. June 30, 1864 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 — Coquimbo, Chile (crit.). Puffinus stricklandi Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 390, 1884— "North Pacific Ocean" (type probably in U. S. National Museum). Puffinus (Nectris) fuliginosus var. chilensis Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 162, 1891— Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (November). Puffinus griseus Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 386, 1896— Peru (Callao Bay), Chile (Corral, Coquimbo), and Straits of Magellan (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 384, 1902 — Harberton Harbour, Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 51 — Valparaiso Bay, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 131, 1910 (descr.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 132, 1918 — off California (var., molt, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 85, 1922 (life hist.); (?) Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 32, p. 63, 1924 — Colupito, coast Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 — peninsula of Lower California; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 7, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range in part); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 89, 1934 (osteol., affinities); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 251, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 260, 1935 (winter range in the North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 666, 1936 (monog.); Aguayo and Moreno, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 13, p. 315, 1939— Cuba; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 29, 1945 — Gulf of California. Puffinus griseus chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 9, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 314 — Falkland Islands (breeding); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 92— Wollaston Island, Beagle Channel, Straits of Magellan (breed- ing; eggs descr.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 — Arica to Valparaiso, Chile. Puffinus griseus griseus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926 — Gulf of Jambeli, Ecuador (July 16). Paranectris griseus chilensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 — Chile to the Kurile Islands. Paranectris griseus stricklandi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933 — Falk- land Islands "to the coast of Africa." Range. — Breeds on South Island and Stewart Island, New Zea- land, the Chatham, Auckland and Snares Islands, the Falkland Islands, in the Straits of Magellan (Wollaston and Deceit Islands), and supposedly also in the Cordillera of Antofagasta, Chile; migrates does not seem to belong here at all. We are at a loss to understand Mathews' entry of the name in Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1933. The type unfortunately is lost. Cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 69 into the North Pacific and North Atlantic to Kamchatka, Alaska, Labrador, Greenland, and the Faroes. Field Museum Collection. — 58: Alaska (St. George Island, Bering Sea, 1); Newfoundland (Grand Banks, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 4); California (Carmel Bay, 2; Pacific Grove, 6; Monterey, 9; Moss Landing, 8; Carmel, 2; Carmel River mouth, 1; Westport, 1; Redondo Beach, 1; Hyperion, 1; Pacific Beach, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham Island, 5; Monomoy Island, 10); Peru (Talara, 3; Homi, Arequipa, 1). *Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck). SLENDER-BILLED SHEAR- WATER. Procellaria tenuirostris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 99, text to pi. 587, 1835 — Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays- Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 26, 1863). Puffinus tenuirostris Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 388, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 138, 1918— off Point Pinos, California (plumages, affinities, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 90, 1922 (life hist., distr.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 419, p. 9, 1930 (crit.); idem, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 673, 1936 (monog.); Kenyon, Condor, 44, p. 232, 1942 — off San Diego County, California. Puffinus tenuirostris tenuirostris Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920 — Bering and Copper Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 56, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 — off Naos Island, Bay of Panama (one record). Neonectris tenuirostris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 184, 1934 (synon., range). Range. — Breeds on islands off the Australian coast and on the Bounty Islands, migrates north through the Pacific Ocean to Point Barrow, Alaska, and east to the shores of the American continent from Alaska to California; accidental in the Bay of Panama (one record from Naos Island). Field Museum Collection. — 8: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Unimak Pass, Aleutian Islands, 2); Washington (Pacific coast, 1). Puffinus nativitatis Streets. CHRISTMAS ISLAND SHEARWATER. Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 29, 1877— Christmas Island, Pacific Ocean (type in U. S. National Museum); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902— at sea, 12° 5' N. lat., 107° W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range). Microzalias nativitatis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 185, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on islands in the tropical Pacific (Laysan, Wake, Christmas, Phoenix, Marquesas, etc.); one record from the waters around Clipperton Island. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Puffinus puffinus puffinus (Briinnich). MANX SHEARWATER. Procellaria puffinus Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 29, 1764 — Faroes and Norway. Procellaria anglorum Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 806, 1820 — new name for Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Puffinus major Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn., p. 56, 1822 — new name for Procellaria puffinus Briinnich. Puffinus anglorum Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 377, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 139, 1898— South Greenland (one record). Neclris puffinus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 37, 1907 — Iguap£, Sao Paulo. Puffinus puffinus bermudae Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 195, April, 1916 — Gurnet Head Rock, Bermuda (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Dwight, I.e., 44, p. 243, 1927 (crit., meas.;= P. p. puffinus). Puffinus bermudae Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 206, 1917 — Maine or New Brunswick. Puffinus puffinus puffinus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 71, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 57, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, pp. 43, 57, 1932 (morph., osteol.); idem, I.e., 6, p. 87, 1934 (osteol.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 178, 1934; idem,. Ibis, 1935, pp. 579, 581 (synon., range, char.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 267, 1935 (distrib. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 677, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938— Iguape (Sept.) and Ilha de Sao Sebastiao (Oct.), Sao Paulo, Brazil. Puffinus puffinus Nichols, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 294, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (three records). Range. — Breeds in Iceland (Vestmann's Islands), on the Faroes, the British Isles, on islets off the coast of Brittany, on the Azores, Madeira, and the Salvages, and occasionally in the Bermuda Islands; extends its migrations to the coasts of Brazil (Sao Paulo), Uruguay, and even Argentina (Mar del Plata, Oct. 5-9, 1914); accidental in Greenland and New Brunswick. Field Museum Collection. — 1: New Brunswick (St. John, 1). / *Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Coues.1 BLACK- VENTED SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 139, pub. June 30, 1864 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 114, pis. 14-16, 1918 (plumages, molt, char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 79, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926— Guadalupe Island; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928 — Lower California (breeding on Natividad, Guadalupe, and San Benito Islands); Peters, Bds. World, 1 We agree with Murphy and Mathews that this and the next form are races of the Manx Shearwater. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 71 1, p. 58, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945— Gulf of California (may breed). Puffinus optatus (Hartlaub and Finsch, MS.) Schmeltz,1 Mus. Godeffroy, Cat., 5, p. 15, Feb., 1874 — new name for P. opisthomelas Coues. Puffinus couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 67, 1912 — based on P. opistho- melas Godman, Monog. Petrels, pt. 2, p. 109, 1908, ex Santa Cruz Island, California (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, British Museum). Puffinus puffinus opisthomelas Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range, synon.); idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (synon., range, char.). Range. — Breeds on San Benito, Natividad, and Guadalupe Islands, on the west coast of Lower California, and perhaps in Gulf of California; ranges north to the coast of British Columbia (off Albert Head). Field Museum Collection. — 17: California (Pacific Grove, 3; Monterey Bay, 3; off Carmel Bay, 3; off San Diego, 1; Santa Cruz, 1); Mexico (Natividad Island, Lower California, 6). *Puffinus puffinus auricularis Townsend. TOWNSEND'S SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus auricularis Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 133, Sept. 9, 1890 — Clarion Island, off Lower California (type in U. S. National .Mu- seum); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 380, 1896 (monog.); Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 313, 316, 317, 1898 — San Benedicto, Clarion, and Socorro Islands; idem, I.e., 17, p. 249, 1900 — Revillagigedo Islands (breeding habits); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 414, 1902— Clarion Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 434, 1904 — Revillagigedo Islands and Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 120, 1918— Revillagigedo Islands and vicinity of Clipperton Island (disc., var., downy plumage, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 84, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 285, 1926 — Clarion and Socorro Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 65, 1928— vicinity of Cape San Lucas, Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 58, 1931 (range). Puffinus puffinus auricularis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 179, 1934 (range); idem, Ibis, 1935, pp. 580, 582 (range, chars.). Range.— Breeds on the Revillagigedo group (Clarion, San Bene- dicto, and Socorro Islands) ; wanders to Cape San Lucas and south to Clipperton Island. Field Museum Collection.— 3: Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands (Clarion Island, 2; Socorro Island, 1). 1 Although ostensibly intended for a bird of the Pelew Islands, presumably P. assimilis assimilis Gould, the name, published without any description, stands as a substitute for P. opisthomelas Coues. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus assimilis baroli Bonaparte. ATLANTIC ALLIED SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus baroli (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte,1 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 204, Oct. 1, 1857 — Mediterranean, Desertas near Madeira, and Canary Islands; Desertas designated as type locality by Bannerman, Ibis, 1914, p. 477.2 Puffinus obscurus atlanticus Rothschild and Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 43, Jan. 23, 1911— "North Atlantic Isles" (type, from Porto Santo, near Madeira, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 347, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Puffinus assimilis godmani Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 77, 1922 — Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 5, 1927 — Madeira, Desertas, Dugio Island, and Sable Island, Nova Scotia (char.). Puffinus assimilis baroli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 4, p. 60, 1932 (osteol.). Alphapuffinus assimilis baroli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934 (synon., range). Puffinus godmani Allen, Auk, 25, p. 339, July, 1938 — based on P. bailloni (not of Bonaparte) Godman (Monog. Petrels, p. 138, 1908) from the Island of Madeira. Range. — Breeds in Madeira, the Desertas, the Salvage and Canary Islands; accidental on Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Sept. 1, 1896). *Puffinus assimilis Iherminieri Lesson.3 AUDUBON'S SHEAR- WATER. Pufflnus (sic) Lherminieri Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 102, 1839 — "ad ripas Antillarum"= Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles (type in Rochefort Museum). Puffinus auduboni Finsch, in Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. Ill, pub. June 1, 1872 — Cape Florida (type in Berlin Museum); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, pp. 60, 503— Barbados (breeding); Bonhote, I.e., 1903, p. 315 — Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 435, 1904 — Bahama Islands, Gulf of Mexico, Montserrat. Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 382, 1896 — part, spec, p, Montserrat. 1 Puffinus barolii (Bonelli MS.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 769, 1856) is a nomen nudum. 2 Bonaparte had evidently seen three specimens: (1) Turin Museum, No. 3202, from the "Mediterranean" (ex Bonelli, 1820); (2) one from Desertas (near Madeira) in L. A. F. Baillon's collection at Abbeville; (3) one from the Canary Islands (ex Berthelot) in the Paris Museum. Although Bonelli, Curator of the Turin Museum at one time, clearly employed the term baroli on a Museum label, whence it was adopted by Bonaparte, there is no way of telling which of the three specimens actually served as basis of the diagnosis in the Conspectus and we may therefore accept Banner-man's action as final. 8 P. Iherminieri appears to us conspecific with P. assimilis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 73 Puffinus obscurus auduboni Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 195, 1899 (char., range). Puffinus Iherminieri Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 229, 1905— Barbados (Bird Rock), Grenadines (small islets about Carriacou), and Grenada ("Mouchoir Quarre"," Labaye Rocks) (breeding; egg descr.); Smyth, Wilson Bull., 50, p. 203, 1938— Mona Island, Puerto Rico (nesting). Puffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 74, 1922 (life hist.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 6, 1927 (char.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 275, 1927— Little Saba Island, near St. Thomas (breeding); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 61, 1931 — Hispaniola (no breeding record); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931 — Bermuda (rare breeder); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 — islets off Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 684, 1936 (monog.); Richardson, Auk, 55, p. 119, 1938— Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (Aug. 13, 1937). Alphapuffinus Iherminieri Iherminieri Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 181, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the Bermuda, Bahama, and Virgin Islands (Little Saba), Puerto Rico (Mona), Lesser Antilles (St. Martins, Saba, St. Eustatius, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Grenadines), and islets off Tobago; ranges over the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of Florida and casually to the Atlantic coast of the United States north to Massa- chusetts (Martha's Vineyard);1 accidental off the coast of British Guiana (Dec. 2, 1931). Field Museum Collection. — 24: Bahama Islands (unspecified, 1; Cay Verde, 2; Cay Sal, 2; Bimini, 3; Exuma Sound, 1; Old Provi- dence Island, 10); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles (Saba Bank, 2). *Puffinus assimilis subalaris Ridgway. GALAPAGOS SHEAR- WATER. Puffinus subalaris (Townsend MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 650, Mar. 15, 1897 — Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 — 180 miles south of Balboa, Panama. Puffinus obscurus (not Procellaria obscura Gmelin) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 431 — Charles Island; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 382, 1896 — part, spec, o, Charles Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 122, 1918 — Galapagos Islands (var., molt). Puffinus tenebrosus (not of Pelzeln, 1873) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 142, 1890 — Chatham Island; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 — off Chatham and Wenman Islands. 1 The North American records have been reviewed by Palmer (Auk, 48, pp. 198-208, 1931). 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puffinus obscurus subalaris Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, pp. 194, 195, 1899 — Culpepper, Wenman, Albemarle, Narborough, Jervis Islands, and Kicker Rock, near Chatham Island (chars.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 — Bindloe, Seymour, and Wenman Islands (descr. of downy young); Snod- grass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 241, 1904 — Wenman Islands (breeding; eggs descr.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34, 1931 — Galapagos Islands. Puffinus Iherminieri becki Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 70, May 30, 1912 — "Culpepper and Wenman Islands, Galapagos group" (type, from Culpepper Island, in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 350, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Puffinus Iherminieri subalaris Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 276, p. 7, 1927 (char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 59, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 26, 1931— Tower, Daphne and Hood Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 687, 1936 (monog.). Alphapuffinus Iherminieri subalaris Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 182, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Hood Island, 2; Champion Island, near Charles, 1; Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 5). Genus PTERODROMA Bonaparte Rhantisles (not of Kaup, 1829) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria cookii Gray. Pterodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 — type, by subs, desig. (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 137), Procellaria macroptera Smith. Aestrelata Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 — type, by subs, desig., Procellaria hasitata "Temminck" (=Kuhl). Cookilaria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 994, Nov., 1856 — new name for Rhantistes Reichenbach. Oestrelata Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277 — emendation of Aestrelata Bonaparte. Oestrelatella Bianchi, Faune Russie, Aves, 1, (2), pp. 521, 719, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Oestrelata hypokuca Salvin. Pterodroma brevirostris brevirostris (Lesson).1 GRAY-FACED PETREL. Procellaria brevirostris Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 611, June 11, 1831 — no locality given (type from the seas around the Cape of Good Hope, in 1 As pointed out long ago by Pucheran, P. brevirostris is an earlier name for P. macroptera, the types of both having been obtained in the Cape Seas. Mathews (Ibis, 1935, p. 885) proposed to transfer Lesson's name to the form of the Mascarene 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 75 Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 633, 1858, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929). Procellaria macroptera Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Afr., Part 11, pi. 52, July, 1840 — Cape Seas (location Of type unknown). Procellaria atlantica (not of Bonaparte, 1824) Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 362, May 1, 1844 — "Atlantic between our shores and the Cape of Good Hope" (cotypes, from the South Atlantic, 31° 45' S. lat., 5° 41' W. long., and 35° 19' S. lat., 10° 32' E. long., respectively, in the British Museum). Oestrelata macroptera Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 399, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma macroptera macroptera Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 20, 1923 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 32, 1932— Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 163, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938— Guaruja, Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Aug., 1925). Range. — Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and the Crozet Islands; ranges over the South Atlantic Ocean to the coast of South America (definitely recorded from Guarujd, off Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Pterodroma lessonii lessonii (Garnot). LESSON'S PETREL. ProceUaria Lessonii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 54, pi. 4, 1826 — "dans les parages du Cap Horn et de la mer Pacifique par 52° de lat. sept. [=austr.] et 85° de longit."1 (type, from at sea off the Pacific coast of Patagonia, in the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2), 1, p. 62, 1929); idem, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 12, p. 548, July 4, 1829 — same locality, lat. corrected to 52° S. Puffinus sericeus Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 402, June, 1828 — Pacific Ocean, 52° S. lat., 85° W. long., off the west coast of Patagonia (same specimen as type of P. Lessonii Garnot; cf. Berlioz, I.e., p. 62). Oestrelata lessonii Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 401, 1896 (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315— Falkland Islands (errore); idem, I.e., 1931, p. 12 — East Falkland Islands (Aug. 23, 1925; three specimens). Pterodroma Lessoni Lessoni Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 163, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on Kerguelen Island and ranges over the southern oceans;2 within our limits recorded from the west coast of Chilean Patagonia ("Coquille," 1825) and the Falkland Islands (East Falk- land Island, Aug. 23, 1925). Islands, P. b. aterrima Bonaparte, but this identity is altogether unlikely and should be substantiated by a critical comparison of the types in the Paris Museum. 1 Mathews (List Bds. Austr., p. 37, 1913; Nov. Zool., 39, p. 163, 1934) wrongly quotes "Falkland Islands Seas" as type locality. * A very questionable race, P. lessonii australis (Mathews), breeds on the Bounty, Auckland, and Antipodes Islands, off New Zealand. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel).1 TRISTAN PETREL. Procellaria incerta Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863 — "Mers australes, c6tes de la Nouvelle Z61ande, et Mere de 1'Australie" (co types in Leyden Museum).2 Oestralata incerta Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 405, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma incerta Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 18, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 33, 1932— Tristan d'Acunha (breeding); idem, I.e., 39, p. 164, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 702, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 22, 1938— South Atlantic Ocean. Range. — Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and ranges through the South Atlantic Ocean to the seas off the coast of Argentina and southern Brazil.3 *Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl). BLACK-CAPPED PETREL. Procellaria hasitata Kuhl, Beitr. Zool., Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 142, 1820— "Mer de 1'Inde" (type in coll. of J. C. Temminck, now in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 13, 1863); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 70, pi. 416, Dec. 27, 1826 — "des mers de 1'Inde" (descr. and fig. of type); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 106, 1922 (life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 307, 1929— Moca, Dominican Republic; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 62, 1931— Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 61, 1931 (range); Wetmore, Auk, 49, p. 107, 1932— Moca, Hispaniola (May 14-15, 1928); idem, I.e., p. 456, 1932— Roseau, Dominica (May 2, 1932). Procellaria harlic Voigt, Cuvier's Thierreich, 1, p. 931, 1831 — new name for Procellaria hasitata Kuhl. Procellaria diabolica (L'Herminier MS.) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 168, 1844 — based on "Les diables ou diablotin" Labat, Nouv. Voy. Amer., 2, p. 408; Guadeloupe and San Domingo.4 1 Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel), unknown to the authors, is regarded by certain writers as the juvenile plumage or a color phase of the preceding species. 2 Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934) erroneously quotes Cape of Good Hope as type locality. 3 Procellaria sandaliata (Solander MS.) Mathews (Birds Austr., 2, p. 151, 1912 — 37° S. lat. by 49° W. long.) and Pterodroma satalandia Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 54, p. 25, 1933 — substitute name for P. sandaliata) may possibly refer to the above species. Another species may, for the sake of completeness, be mentioned. This is Oestrelata wortheni Rothschild (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 12, p. 62, April 28, 1902), the type having been secured at sea in 3° S. lat., 118° 45' W. long., thus on the boundaries of our area. Known from the unique type, Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 165, 1934) claims it to be the same as Pterodroma alba (Gmelin), of the tropical Pacific. 4 Lafresnaye does not give any description, and the only way of identifying his P. diabolica is through his reference to Labat's "Diablotin." The specimens 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 77 Procellaria meridionalis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 475, pi. 15, 1848 — Florida= Indian River (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 827, 1858 (descr.). Procellaria rubritarsi (Gould MS.) Newton, Zoologist, 1852, p. 3692 — Swaff- ham, Norfolk (type in Newcome Collection). Procellaria haesitata (not of Forster, 1844) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 13, 1863— "Ocean" (descr. of type). Oestrelata haesitata Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 402, 1896 — Haiti (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 186, pi. 49, 1908 — Haiti; Grieve, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 21, p. 20, 1925— Dominica (hist.). Aestrelata haesitata Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 369, 1916 — Guade- loupe. Aestrelata diabolica Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 370, 1916 — Guade- loupe (crit., meas.). Pterodroma hasitata hasitata Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (synon., range). Pterodroma hasitata Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 692, 1936 (monog.); Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 73, 1939— Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Bond, I.e., 58, p. 365, 1941 — Dominica (nesting). Range. — Bred formerly in Guadeloupe and Dominica, still breed- ing apparently in mountains of Dominica and Hispaniola, Greater Antilles; ranges to the coasts of Florida (also various island records from the United States and [fide Peters] eastern Brazil) ; accidental in England (Swaffham, Norfolk). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Lesser Antilles (somewhere at sea, 1). Pterodroma caribbaea Carte.1 JAMAICAN PETREL. Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 93, pi. 10— Blue Mountains, Jamaica (cotypes in the Natural History Museum of the Royal Dublin Society); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 165, 1934 (range). Oestrelata jamaicensis Salvin,1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 403, 1896 — Jamaica (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, pi. 50, 1908 (monog.). Range. — Extinct. Bred formerly on the island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. listed by Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 173, 1930), therefore, have no claims to be "cotypes." 1 Pterodroma caribbaea Carte, as has been pointed out by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 696, 1936), might have been merely a dark phase of P. hasitata. 2 Procellaria jamaicensis Bancroft (Zool. Joura., 5, p. 81, 1829) is a nomen nudum. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray).1 CAHOW. Aestrelata cahow Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, April, 1916 — south- east side of Castle Island, Bermuda (type in coll. of Bermuda Natural History Society). Aestralata gularis (not Procellaria gularis Peale) Bradlee, Auk, 33, p. 217, 1906— Castle Island, Bermuda. Aestrelata vociferans Shufeldt, Ibis, (10), 4, p. 633, Oct., 1916 — Crystal Cave, Bermuda Islands (based on subfossil bones). Pterodroma cahow Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 112, 1922 (life hist.); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 295, 1931 — Bermuda Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 62, 1931 (listed); Beebe, Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc., 38, p. 187, 1935— Bermuda Islands (probably still breeding). Pterodroma hasitata cahow Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 164, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on Bermuda Islands. *Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia (Salvin). DARK-RUMPED PETREL. Oestrelata phaeopygia Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 507, pi. 88, figs. 1, 2, May, 1876 — Chatham Island, Galapagos (cotypes in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 407, 1896 — part, spec, a, b, Chatham Island; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 207, pi. 56, 1908 (monog.). Aestrelata phaeopygia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 648, 1897 — between James and Indefatigable Islands (descr., crit.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899— Albemarle, Wenman, Indefatigable, and Barrington Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 414, 1902 — Narborough Island; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904 — off Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. Pterodroma phaeopygia Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1918 — Galapagos Islands and from vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of Ecuador (habits, plumages, meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 — off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 184, 1926 — near Cape San Lorenzo and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 34, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 27, 1931— Indefatigable Island (crit.). 1 Pterodroma cahow (Nichols and Mowbray) : "Upper surfaces dark sooty, darkest on the primaries, grayish on the back and nape; tail coverts (partly lost) dark gray, with white bases; rectrices grayish black with white bases, inner web of the two outer feathers white almost to the tip; sides of breast sooty gray; primaries dark beneath; under wing coverts white, with a peculiar oval dark spot just inside the exposed primaries, as in hasitata; tail cuneate; forehead, lores, and under parts white, center of forehead and white region above the eye finely speckled with dark; the dark color from the side of the neck extends narrowly forward under the eye. Bill dark; legs, basal third of foot, and inner toe pale, remainder of foot dark. Wing, 10J4 in.; tail, 6J^; culmen, l3/ie; tarsus, 1%; middle toe with claw, 1%." (Nichols and Mowbray, Auk, 33, p. 194, 1916.) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 79 Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Mathews, Npv. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 697, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on the Galapagos Islands; ranges from the vicinity of Clipperton Island to the coast of Ecuador and Peru.1 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Galapagos Islands (North Albe- marle, 1). Pterodroma externa externa (Salvin). JUAN FERNANDEZ PETREL. Oestrelata externa Salvin, Ibis, (3), 5, p. 373, July, 1875 — Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 411, 1896 — Mas Afuera (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 735, 1898 — Mas A Tierra (breeding; descr.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, pi. 62, 1908 (monog.). Pterodroma externa Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 95, 1918 — twenty miles northwest of Clipperton Island (molt, char., meas.). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) externa Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 13, 1921 — Mas A Tierra and Mas Afuera (breeding, nest and chicks descr.). Pterodroma externa externa Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 700, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds in the Juan Fernandez group (Mas Afuera Island) and ranges to the vicinity of Clipperton Island. Pterodroma inexpectata (I. R. Forster). PEALE'S PETREL. Procellaria inexpectata I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 204, 1844 — Antarctic Ocean. Procellaria gularis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 299, 1848—68° S. lat., 95° W. long, (type in U. S. National Museum). Aestrelata fisheri Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," p. 656, pub. June 26, 1883— St. Paul, Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum). Aestrelata scalaris Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 390, July, 1886 — Livingstone County, New York (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 173, 1930). Oestrelata gularis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 414, 1896 (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 236, pi. 68, 1908 (monog.). Procellaria lugens (Solander MS.) Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 159, 1912 — Antarctic Ocean "to southern Tierra del Fuego." Pterodroma inexpectata Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1918 — Kiska Island, Alaska (crit., var., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1 Replaced in the Hawaiian Islands by a nearly allied form of smaller size, P. phaeopygia sandwichensis (Ridgway). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 121, p. 117, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 166, 1934 (range). Pterodroma gularis Bent, Auk, 35, p. 221, 1918 — Sitka, Alaska. Range. — Breeds on islands off South Island, New Zealand, the Snares, Chatham, and Bounty Islands; ranges through the Pacific to Alaska (Sitka, Kodiak Island, etc.) and the Aleutian Islands (Kiska Island) ; accidental in New York (Mount Morris, Livingstone County, April, 1880). x Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews.2 MAS A TIERRA PETREL. Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 56, p. 59, Jan. 6, 1936 — Mas A Tierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, off Chile (type in Stockholm Museum); idem, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.). Oestrelata neglecta (not Procellaria neglecta Schlegel) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 431 — Juan Fernandez (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 412, 1896 — part, spec, g, h, Juan Fernandez; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 734, 1898 — Mas A Tierra (plumage var.; habits). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) neglecta Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 12, 1921— Mas A Tierra (breeding; crit.). Pterodroma phillipii (not Procellaria phillipii G. R. Gray) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 — part, Juan Fernandez. Pterodroma neglecta Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934 — part, Juan Fernandez Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 704, 1936 — part, Chile (monog.). Range. — Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islands in the Juan Fernandez group, and on San Ambrosio Island, off Chile. Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg.3 EASTER ISLAND PETREL. Pterodroma (Aestrelata) heraldica paschae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 23, 1921 — Motu Nui, Easter Island (type in Stockholm Museum). 1 Pterodroma kidderi (Coues) has been admitted by Dabbene (El Hornero, 3, p. 19, 1923) to the American fauna on the basis of the record of Aestrelata bre- virostris by Paessler (Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 59, 1915) from the Patagonian coast at 43° S. lat., 60° W. long. As no other naturalist ever met with the species in South American waters, the record requires confirmation by specimens. About the nomenclature of the species, cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1935, pp. 884-885. 2 Pterodroma neglecta juana Mathews is stated to differ from P. n. neglecta (Schlegel), of the Kermadec Islands, by slightly larger size (wing of males, 295-303 mm.) and darker, more sooty blackish coloration, nearly uniform above and below. The white-bellied variety, described by Schalow, appears to be rather rare. About the adoption of the specific name neglecta in place of phillipii, cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1932, pp. 524-525. 3 Pterodroma neglecta paschae Lonnberg: Like P. n. heraldica (Salvin), of the western Pacific Ocean, with dark shafts to the primaries, but differs by having 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 81 Pterodroma heraldica paschae Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 63, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, 1934— Easter Island. Pterodroma neglecta paschae Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (char.). (T)Aestrelaia neglecta (?) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902— eastern Pacific Ocean (13° N., 103° 50' W.) (crit.). Range. — Breeds on Easter Island, eastern Pacific Ocean. Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvador!).1 SOUTH TRINIDAD PETREL. Aestrelata arminjoniana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 62, Jan., 1869 — near South Trinidad Island (type in Turin Museum); iidem, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, "1868," p. 452, pub. early in 1869— South Trinidad Island. Aestrelata trinitatis Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 65, Jan., 1869 — near South Trinidad (co types in Turin Museum ;= dark phase).2 Oestrelata arminjoniana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, pp. 234, 252, pi. 31, 1876 (crit., fig. of type); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413, 1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215— South Trinidad; Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 671 (crit). Oestrelata trinitatis Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 253, pi. 32, 1876 (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 413, 1896; Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 215— South Trinidad (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 672 (var.). Oestrelata urilsoni Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 12, p. 49, Feb. 28, 1902— South Trinidad (type in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1904, p. 216 (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 671 (var.; breeding). Aestrelata chionophara Murphy, Auk, 31, p. 13, pi. 2, 1914 — Trinidad Islet (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Aestrellata trinitatis and A. arminjoniana Miranda, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, pp. 179, 180, 1919— South Trinidad (meas.). Pterodroma arminjoniana Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 137, 1930 — South Trinidad (var., color phases, meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (listed); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 168, dark slate gray under tail coverts, with only the bases and fringes white (instead of nearly wholly white) (G. M. Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377). A key to the races of this group of petrels is given by Mathews, Ibis, 1936, pp. 376-377. 1 Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana (Giglioli and Salvadori) differs from P. n. juana by lesser dimensions, smaller bill, and white under tail coverts. As seems now well-established, this form is dichromatic, the various "species" described from South Georgia being mere color phases. lln the account by Giglioli and Salvadori (Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 11, pp. 454-457), A. defilippiana and A. trinitatis, through a typographical blunder, are combined under the heading of A. trinitatis. It thus results that A. defilippiana (p. 453) appears as a nomen nudum, while the Latin diagnosis and general explana- tion relating to this species are placed immediately under the head-line A. trinitatis, which finds itself accompanied by two different descriptions! This confusion was afterwards corrected (Ibis, 1869, pp. 63-66). 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (synon., range); Allen, Univ. State New York, Bull, to Schools, 20, No. 13, p. 134, 1934— Ithaca, New York (Aug. 24, 1933); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 708, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 21, 1938— South Trinidad; Wetmore and others, Auk, 62, p. 437, 1945 (admitted to North American list). Pterodroma neglecta arminjoniana Mathews, Ibis, 1936, p. 377 (chars.). Range. — Breeds on South Trinidad Island and the neighboring Martin Vas Rocks; accidental in New York (Ithaca, Aug. 24, 1933). Pterodroma mollis mollis (Gould). SOFT-PLUMAGED PETREL. Procellaria mollis Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 363, 1844 — South Atlantic from 20° to 40° S. lat. (cotypes in British Museum). Oestrelata mollis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 406, 1896 (monog.). Pterodroma mollis mollis Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 16, 1923 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 64, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 167, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 711, 1936 (monog.). Pterodroma mollis Hamilton, Ibis, 1945, p. 569 — Falkland Islands. Range. — Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha, Gough, and St. Paul Islands, and ranges through the South Atlantic to the seas off the east coast of Argentina, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands. Pterodroma cookii defilippiana (Giglioli and Salvadori). FILIPPI'S PETREL. Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, p. 63, Jan., 1869 — off coast between Callao, Peru, and Valparaiso, Chile (type in Turin Museum). Oestrelata defilippiana Salvin, in Rowley's Orn. Misc., 1, p. 255, pi. 33, 1876 (crit.); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 — San Ambrosio Island, off Chile (July); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 431— coast of Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 417, 1896 — San Ambrosio, coast of Chile (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 245, pi. 70, 1908 (monog.). Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki defilippiana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 — Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernandez group (breeding; egg descr.). Pterodroma cookii defilippiana Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 7, 1929 — Mas A Tierra (breeding), 100 miles west of Valparaiso, and offshore Peru (200 miles west of Callao; 80 miles west of Ancon); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 717, 1936 (monog.). Cookilaria cookii defilippiana Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds on Mas A Tierra and Santa Clara Islet, Juan Fernandez group, and at San Ambrosio and San Felix Islands; ranges to the waters off Chile and Peru. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 83 *Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy.1 MURPHY'S PETREL. Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, Sept. 6, 1929 — 200 miles west of Callao, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 65, 1931 (range); Anthony, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 — vicinity of Adak Island, Alaska (Aug., 1933); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 714, 1936 — Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, and Lower California (monog.); Wetmore and others, Auk, 62, p. 438, 1945 (admitted to North American list). Pterodroma cooki defilippiana (not Aestrelata defilippiana Giglioli and Salvadori) Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 — 35 miles north of Lobos de Tierra Island, Peru. Cookilaria cookii orientalis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934 (range). Range. — Occurs between 40 and 400 miles off the west coast of South America, and between 5° and 34° S. lat. (breeding grounds unknown); accidental in Alaska (Adak Island, August, 1933). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Alaska (off Adak Island, 1); (?)Peru (50 miles west of Ancon, Lima, 1). *Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg.2 MAS AFUERA PETREL. Pterodroma (Aestrelata) cooki masafuerae Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, (1), p. 14, 1921 — Mas Afuera, Juan Fernandez group, off Chile (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 105, 1927). Pterodroma longirostris (not Aestrelata longirostris Stejneger) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 92, 1918— eastern Pacific (33° 6' N.-1340 W.; 35° 40' N.-1330 10' and 14' W.). Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 11, 1929 — Juan Fernandez Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931— Mas Afuera Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 719, 1936 (monog.); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 255, 1938 — eastern Pacific (about 685 statute miles west of Piedras Brancas, San Luis Obispo County, California). Cookilaria leucoptera masafuerae Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 170, 1934 — Mas Afuera Island. 1 Pterodroma cookii orientalis Murphy: Very similar to P. cookii cookii (Gray), of the New Zealand region, but on average larger and with a more pronounced appearance of scalation on the dorsal surface, due to broader and more general white emargination of the feathers. Wing, 234-250; tail, 85-97; bill, 27^-30. From P. c. defilippiana this recently separated race is easily distinguished by its slender and smooth black bill, whereas the Juan Fernandez form has a remark- ably deep, heavy bill, in which the plates of the latericorn and unguis have a strong tendency to be rugose and even to develop a laminated aspect, being thus more or less marked with fine, horny lines (Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 5, 1929). * Pterodroma leucoptera masafuerae Lonnberg: Differs from the nominate form of Australia by somewhat longer tail; much greater width (23 against 12-14 mm.) of the white forehead and correspondingly more restricted extent of the less black- ish crown; grayish black instead of flesh-colored tarsi. Wing, 216-230; tail, 97-105 (against 89-93 in P. I. leucoptera); bill, 24-26. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII • Range. — Breeds on Mas Afuera Island, Juan Fernandez group, off Chile, and ranges to the eastern Pacific (33° 6'-35° 40' N. lat, 133° to 134° W. long.). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Mas A Tierra Island, Juan Fernandez Islands, 1). Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes (Peale). SHORT-FOOTED PETREL. Procellaria brevipes Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 294, 1848—68° S. lat., 95° W. long., Antarctic Circle (type in U. S. National Museum). Pterodroma brevipes Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, 1918 — 4° 20' S. lat., 93° 30' W. long. (=vicinity of Galapagos Islands) (crit., meas.). Pterodroma leucoptera brevipes Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 370, p. 13, 1929 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 66, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 722, 1936 (monog.). Cookilaria leucoptera brevipes Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 169, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the New Hebrides (Aneiteum Island) and in the Fiji Islands; ranges east to the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands and south to the Antarctic Circle. Genus HALOBAENA Bonaparte1 Halobaena Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 768, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gmelin. Zaprium Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 34, 1875 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria caerulea Gmelin. Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin). BLUE PETREL. Procellaria caerulea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 560, 1789 — based on "Blue Petrel" Forster, Voy. round World, 1, p. 91; "in oceano australi"= Ant- arctic Ocean, 58° S. lat. Procellaria similis I. R. Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 59, 1844 — Antarctic Ocean, 58° S. lat. Halobaena caerulea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 431, 1896 — Pacific Ocean near Cape Horn (monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 154, 1910 — off Cape Horn (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 48, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 171, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 123, 1936 (monog.). Halobaena murphyi Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 146, June, 1917 — "Stromness Bay, South Georgia" (type in Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy, Cambridge, Mass.). Halobaena caerulea murphyi Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 126, 1923 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 316 — Falkland Islands (breeding). 1 Although commonly grouped with Pachyptila, this genus is considered by Murphy with good grounds to be nearly related to Pterodroma, from which it is, however, easily distinguished by its squarish tail. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85 Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands (and on Kerguelen Island) and ranges throughout the southern oceans. Genus PAGODROMA Bonaparte Pagodroma Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 17, p. 768, May, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria nivea Forster. Pagodroma nivea (Forster). SNOWY PETREL. Procellaria nivea Forster, Voy. round World, 1, pp. 96, 98, 1777—52° S. lat., 20° E. long. Pagodroma nivea minor Schlegel,1 Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 16, 1863 — "Glaces du P61e Sud" et "Mers antarctiques" (cotypes in Leyden Museum); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21, pi., fig. 4, 1885 — South Georgia (sexual diff., eggs descr.). [Pagodroma] novegeorgica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 21 (in text), 1885 — South Georgia (cotypes in Hamburg Museum).1 Pagodroma nivea Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 419, 1896 — Falkland Islands (July 22, 1850) and Antarctic region (monog.); Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 170, pi. 3, fig. 1 (chick), and pi. 11 — Lauri and Saddle Islands, South Orkney Islands (breeding; downy young descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., 40, No. 5, p. 80, 1906— South Georgia (crit.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 145, 1910— Falkland Islands (descr.); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 28, 1920— South Shetland and South Orkney Islands (breeding) ; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 575, pi. 45, figs. 9-10, 1929— South Georgia (not found breed- ing); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 142, 1930 (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 67, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 161, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 633, 1936 (monog.); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 363, 1936— South Orkney Islands (nesting); Siple and Lindsey, Auk, 54, p. 149, 1937 — Mary Byrd Land, Antarctic (breeding); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 300, 1945— Palmer Land (breeding south to 72° 2' S. lat.- 68° 55' W. long.; life hist.). Pagodroma nivea novaegeorgica Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 13, 1923 — South Orkney, South Georgia, and Falkland Islands (descr.). Pagodroma nivea novageorgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 315 — Falklands (occas. visitor). Pagodroma nivea falklandica Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 76, Feb. 25, 1926 — "new name for P. n. novegeorgica Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 177, 1912;" Falkland Islands. 1 Pagodroma nivea b. minor Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 192, 1857) is a nomen nudum, and so is his other variety, a. major. 2 Pagenstecher, after stating that the South Georgian specimens, while closely approaching Schlegel's measurements of P. n. minor, differ from Gmelin's descrip- tion by white instead of black shafts to the remiges, suggests novegeorgica as an eventual appropriate specific term. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds in the Antarctic region, on the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands, and in South Georgia;1 occasional visitor in the Falkland Islands. Genus BULWERIA Bonaparte Bulweria Bonaparte, Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, 8, Dec. 22, 1842, p. 426, pub. Jan. 14, 1843 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby. Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine and Selby). BULWER'S PETREL. Procellaria bulwerii Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 2, (4), pi. 65, Nov., 1828 — "Madeira or the small islands adjacent" (type now in the British Museum). Procellaria anjinho Heineken, in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sci., 1, No. 9, p. 231, Oct., 1829— Madeira. Procellaria bulweri Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 9, 1863 — Greenland (one spec.). Bulweria bulweri Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 420, 1896 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 120, 1922 (life hist.). Bulweria bulwerii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range). Bulweria bulwerii bulwerii Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 162, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in Madeira, the Salvages, Canary, Azores, and Cape Verde Islands, also on islands off the coast of China, the Bonin and Volcan Islands, the western Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands;2 accidental in Greenland (one record) and England. Family HYDROBATIDAE. Long-legged Storm Petrels Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius Oceanites Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, pp. xciii, 131, 238, 1840 — type, by monotypy,3 "Thalassidroma" (= Procellaria) wilsonii Bonaparte= Procellaria oceanica Kuhl. 1 About the alleged second species, P. confusa Mathews, cf. Hartert (Nov. Zool., 33, p. 354, 1926) and also Lowe and Kinnear (Brit. Antar. [Terra Nova] Exp., Zool., 4, pp. 146-147, 1930). 2 The alleged Pacific race, B. b. pacifica Mathews, is inseparable. 3 The new genus Oceanites was created for Thalassidroma wilsonii Bonaparte. On p. xciii, the authors state, "ferner gehoren dazu Procellaria grallaria Licht. und P. marina Latham." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 87 *Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl). WILSON'S PETREL. Procellaria oceanica Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., 1, p. 136, pi. 10, fig. 1, 1820 — no locality1 = South Atlantic Ocean, off mouth of La Plata River (ex Solander MS.; cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 13, 1912). 2 Procellaria wilsonii Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 231, pi. 9, low fig., pub. Jan., 1824 — "on the coast of North America . . . , less abundant east of the Banks of Newfoundland" (type, ex coll. of R. T. Peale, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930). Thalassidroma oceanica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 141, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay, and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Sept.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870 — coast of Rio de Janeiro between Barra da Guaratiba and Tejucas Islands (May). Thalassidroma ? Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 — Long Island, Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands (said to breed). Oceanites oceanicus(a) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 165, 1891 — Gable Island, Beagle Channel (March), and Straits of Magellan; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 358, 1896 (monog., in part); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 629, 1900— north of Rio Gallegos, Patagonia (Apr. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 383, 1902— Ponsonby Sound, Tierra del Fuego; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 166, pi. 10, fig. 2 — Lauri Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding habits, nest and eggs); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 83, 1906 — South Georgia (probably breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 36, 1917— Santos, Sao Paulo; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 180, 1918 — Monterey, California; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920— coast of Uruguay; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 27, 1920 — South Orkney Islands (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 165, 1922 (life hist., range); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 487 — South Georgia (said to breed); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 577, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 124, 1930; Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 285, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 368, 1936 — South Orkney Islands (nesting); Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, (2), p. 141, pis. 1-7, 1940 (life hist.); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, no. 1, p. 302, 1945— south to 72° 5' S. lat.-70° W. long., in Palmer Land. Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 118, pis. 1-3, 1918 — off Bahia (Brazil), South Georgia, etc. (plumages, molts, meas., migration, habits, food); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 243, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 312 — Falkland Islands and de- pendencies; idem, I.e., 1931, p. 12 — Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding in Jan.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63, 1931 — off coast 1 The type specimen, "in Museo Ridelliano, nunc in Temminckiano," seems to be lost. 2 Murphy (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 128, 1918) did not suggest a type locality, but merely stated that "South Georgia may be positively designated as a nesting station." 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII of Dominican Republic, Hispaniola; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 748, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 23, 1938— Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 481, 1944 — Las Cuevas, Mendoza, Argentina (immature captured in Andes). Oceanites oceanicus subsp. Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94 — Herschel Island, Beagle Channel (crit., meas.). Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Murphy,1 Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 754, 1936 — Wollaston Island, Fuegia, Chile (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sheard, Emu, 42, p. 177, 1943 (status of name). Oceanites oceanicus (?chilensis) Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139 — Grand Jason Island, Falkland Islands (nesting). Oceanites oceanicus magellanicus Roberts, Sci. Rep. Brit. Graham Land Exped., 1, p. 153, 1940 (new name for 0. o. chilensis Murphy, a nomen nudum). Range. — Breeds on islets about Cape Horn (Herschel and Deceit Islands), on the Falkland Islands, South Shetlands, South Orkneys, and South Georgia;2 wintering in the North Atlantic to Labrador, the Grand Banks, and British Isles; accidental to the coasts of Ecuador and even California (Monterey, August 24, 1910). Field Museum Collection. — 17: Nova Scotia (Grand Banks, 3; Dover, 1); Massachusetts (Crab Ledge, Monomoy Island, 1; Spring- •hill, 2; Chatham Island, 1; No Man's Land, Dukes County, 2; Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 1); New York (Montauk Point, 1); Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1); Peru (Callao, Lima, 1); Chile (Santiago, 1); Antarctic Archipelago (Graham Land, 1; Deception Island, 1). *Oceanites gracilis gracilis (Elliot). GRACEFUL STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot, Ibis, 1, p. 391, 1859 — "West coast of America" = coast of Chile (location of type not stated). Oceanites gracilis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 85 — coast of Chile (monog.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896 — Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile (June 19); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658, 1897— part, Chile (descr.). Oceanites gracilis gracilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926 — off Santa Elena, Ecuador (Feb. 11), off Talara, Peru, and south to Valparaiso, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 68, 1931 flisted); Mathews, 1 Oceanites oceanicus chilensis Alexander (Birds Ocean, p. 86, 1928), given as "breeding on islets off Cape Horn," is a nomen nudum. 2 Breeding birds from Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands (0. o. chilensis) are somewhat smaller than those from the South Shetland Islands, South Georgia, etc. (wing of males, 138-139, against 140-145; of females, 134-137, against 152-159) (Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 94). Races have been separated from Antarctica (O. o. exasperatus Mathews) and Kerguelen Island (O. o. parvus Falla). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 89 Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934— coast of Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 757, 1936 (monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945—4° 39' S. lat.-81° 19' W. long. Range. — Occurs on the Pacific coast of South America, from southern Ecuador (Santa Elena) to Chile (Valparaiso); breeding grounds unknown.1 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Talara, 1; Mollendo, Are- quipa, 1). *Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe.2 GALAPAGOS STORM PETREL. Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 140, July 5, 1921 — Charles Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931— Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 29, 1931— Indefatigable, Charles, and Narborough Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 — Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 759, 1936 (monog.). Oceanites gracilis (not Thalassidroma gracilis Elliot) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 658, 1897 — part, Albemarle and James Islands (crit.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899— Albemarle, Nar- borough, Chatham, James, Charles, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 — off Abingdon, Albemarle, Chatham, Bindloe, and Narborough Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 243, 1904 — Albemarle Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 180, 1918 — Galapagos (molt, meas.). Range. — Galapagos Archipelago (undoubtedly breeding, but nest- ing places not yet discovered). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 8; Seymour Island, 1). Genus PELAGODROMA Reichenbach Pelagodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria marina Latham. Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham). WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL. 1 Elliot (Ibis, 1859, p. 392) describes egg and chick, without stating where and by whom they have been collected! He appears to have seen a number of specimens, since he adds that the one "described was taken in May, and is a male." 2 Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Lowe: Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger and decidedly paler, more grayish, especially below, with the white abdominal patch more extensive. Wing, 135-143, (females) 136-145. Eight additional specimens examined. 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria marina Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 826, 1790 — based on "Frigate Petrel" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; off the mouth of the Rio de La Plata, 35° S. lat. (cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, pp. 23-25, 1912). Pelagodroma marina Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 — one hundred thirteen knots off the coast of Uruguay (field observation); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 23, p. 59, 1915— South Atlantic, 46° 8' S. lat., 63° W. long. (May) ; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 1918—2° 40' S. lat., 91° 20' W. long.= south of Galdpagos Islands; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 12, 1920 — off the coast of Uruguay (ex Aplin); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 171, 1923 — off Santa Elena, Ecuador. ' Pelagodroma marina marina Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 246, 1922 (descr., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 38, p. 23, 1932— Nightingale Island (breeding); idem, l.c., 39, p. 192, 1934 (range). Pelagodroma marina subsp. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 770, 1936 — seas around the Galapagos Islands and Point Santa Elena, Ecuador; Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945 — off coast of Chile (April). Range. — Breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and Nightingale Island1 and strays to the waters of South America (off the mouth of the Rio de La Plata; coast of Patagonia; south of Galapagos Islands; off Cape Santa Elena, Ecuador). Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca (Moquin-Tandon). NORTH ATLANTIC WHITE-FACED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma hypoleuca Moquin-Tandon, in Webb, Berthelot, and Moquin- Tandon, Hist. Nat. lies Canar., 2, Orn., p. 45, 1841— Tenerife, Canary Islands (location of type not stated). Pelagodroma marina (not Procellaria marina Latham) Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 386, 1885— off coast of Massachusetts, 40° 34' 18' N. lat., 66° 09' W. long. (Sept. 2, 1885). Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 176, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 69, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 192, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Salvage and Cape Verde Islands; ac- cidental off the coast of Massachusetts (40° 34' N. lat., 66° 9' W. long., Sept. 2, 1885). Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte Fregetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26 (seance du 24 D6c. 1855), p. 1113, Jan., 1856 — type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould.2 1 Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1419, 1920) claims the Australian breeding form, P. m. dulciae Mathews, to be inseparable. * Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 58, pp. 11-12, Nov. 5, 1937) attempts to show that Fregetta Bonaparte was merely a lapsus calami or typographical error 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 91 Cymodroma Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., 2, p. 418, 1884 — substitute name for Fregetta Bonaparte. Fregettornis Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 31, May 30, 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria grallaria Vieillot. Fregodroma Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 145, June 30, 1937 — type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma tropica Gould. Fregolla Mathews, Emu, 37, p. 142, 1937 — type, by orig. desig., Freget ta melano- leuca Salvadori. Fregandria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 59, p. 10, 1938 — new name for Fregolla Mathews (not Fregella Walker, 1854). Fregetta grallaria1 segethi (Philippi and Landbeck).2 WHITE- FRINGED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma Segethi Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 282, 1860 — coast of Chile; iidem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, p. 27, 1861 — coast of Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1867, p. 336 — Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 286, 1868— "Valdivia," Chile. Cymodroma grallaria (not Procellaria grallaria Vieillot) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 366, 1896 — part, spec, k, off San Ambrosio Island, Chile (July 20); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 737, 1898— Santa Clara Island. Thalassidroma (Oceanites) segethi Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 92, pi. 44, 1902— Chile (monog.). for Fregata Lace"pede. However, his argumentation is fallacious. This clearly results from Bonaparte's own words: "Parmi les genres et sous-genres . . . il en est un que j'ai nommS Fregetta dans la partie de mon Conspectus non encore publiee." It will be noticed that Bonaparte nowhere credits it to Lace"pede, and the generic name, consequently, must be regarded as an intentional creation of his own. He was, moreover, well aware of the existence of that other term, since in an earlier paper (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 4, p. 404, 1828) he quotes "Fregata Lac6p., Cuv. Dumeril" in the synonymy of Tachypetes [aquilus L.]. Whatever the specimen examined might have been (cf . Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 11, 1937), and even if the diagnosis is faulty, the genotype, as designated by the author, stands under the Rules. 1 Procellaria grallaria Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 25, p. 418, "1817" [ = Dec., 1818]— "Nouvelle Hollande"), was brought back by the Expedi- tion of the Naturaliste under Captain Baudin, and the type is still preserved in the Paris Museum (cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929). Murphy (Amer. Mus. Nov., 124, p. 11, 1924) restricted the name to the breeding form of the Juan Fernandez Islands, and has been followed by subsequent authors in this application. While not provided with any exact locality, the type, however, certainly did not come from the Juan Fernandez Islands, which were not visited by the Naturaliste, but, like the other material secured on that expedition, un- doubtedly originated in the Australian waters. Its subspecific status requires critical study. At all events, T. Segethi Philippi and Landbeck appears to be the earliest name of unquestionable pertinence for the form of the White-fringed Storm Petrel occurring off the Pacific coast of South America. 2 Fregetta grallaria segethi (Philippi and Landbeck) differs from F. g. insularis (Mathews), breeding on LordJHowe Island, which may prove to be typical grallaria, by smaller size (wing, 151-162; tail, 72-75). 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fregetta grallaria Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 124, 1910 — San Ambrosio Island (descr.); Lonnberg, in Skotts- berg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 10, 1921 — Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernandez group. Fregetta grallaria segethi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 41, 1912 — waters of the west coast of South America (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 415, 1932 — off San Ambrosio Island, Chile (crit.). (?) Fregetta grallaria Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 182, 1918— south of the Galapagos Islands (4° 20' S. lat., 93° 30' W. long.).1 Fregetta leucogastris (not Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922 — part, Santa Clara or Goat Island (eggs and chicks descr.). Fregetta grallaria grallaria Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 — Mas A Tierra Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 760, 1936 (monog.). Fregettornis grallaria grallaria Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 44, 1933 — Juan Fernandez group (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 195, 1934 (range). Fregetta leucogaster leucogaster Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936 — off Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile. Fregettornis grallaria Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 96, 1938 (nomencl. and tax.). Range. — Breeds on Santa Clara or Goat Island, Juan Fernandez group, and apparently at San Felix and San Ambrosio Islets, off Chile; strays to the coast of Chile and (?) the Galapagos Islands.2 Fregetta tropica (Gould).3 BLACK-BELLIED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tropica Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 366, 1844—6° 33' N. lat., 18° 6' W. long., Atlantic Ocean (type in British Museum of Natural History). 1 According to Mathews (Nov. Zool., 39, p. 45, 1933), this specimen approaches the Rapa Island race, F. g. titan Murphy, in length of wing (178 mm.). 1 Lawrence (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 5, p. 117, 1852) described s. n. "Thalas- sidroma fregetta (Sol.) Khul" (sic) a bird taken in the harbor of St. Marks, Florida. Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 769, 1856) renamed it Fregetta lawrencii (misspelt laurencii in Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 198, 1857). As the specimen, which Lawrence presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, has been lost (cf. Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacific, 9, p. 832, 1858, and Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 87), its proper identification will forever remain a puzzle. Bent (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 173, 1922) refers it to "F. leucogastris," a designation which is open to doubt. Records of Fregetta leucogaster from the South Atlantic (cf. Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 248, 1922) are hard to allocate, and may be referable to F. grallaria tristanensis Mathews, of Tristan d'Acunha, which, according to Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 57, p. 144, 1937), is the same as Thalassidroma leucogaster Gould (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844; type, from 36° S. lat., 6° 47' E. long., in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913). 'According to Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936), the race melanogaster Gould cannot be maintained, and the proper name of the Black-bellied Storm Petrel should be Fregetta tropica (Gould). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 93 Thalassidroma melanogaster Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 367, 1844 — South Pacific and Indian Oceans, particularly off the islands of St. Paul's and Amsterdam (probable type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913). Oceanites melanogastra Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 18, 1885 — South Georgia (crit.). Cymodroma melanogaster Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 364, 1896 (in part). Fregetta melanogaster Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 168 — Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (breeding; egg descr.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 85, 1906 — South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 123, 1910— Falkland Islands (breed- ing ?); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 195, 1921 (one egg from the Falklands attributed to the species). Fregetta tropica australis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 86, Sept. 24, 1914 — New Zealand (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews, subsequently in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 33, p. 357, 1926], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194, 1934 (range). Fregetta tropica melanogaster Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 247, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313— South Orkney and South Shetland Islands (breeding), South Georgia, and Falkland Islands; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 136, 1930 (crit.); Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 12 — Deception Island, South Shetland Islands (breeding, Jan. 13, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 70, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 194, 1934 (range); Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 369, 1936 — Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands (nesting). Fregetta tropica Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 764, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on Kerguelen Island, the Crozet Islands, South Georgia, South Orkney and South Shetland Islands (Deception Island)1 and on islands in the New Zealand seas; ranges over the southern oceans to the coast of Peru (near Canete) and Patagonia. Genus GARRODIA Forbes Garrodia Forbes, Coll. Sci. Papers of Garrod, p. 521 (footnote), 1881 — type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma nereis Gould. Garrodia nereis (Gould). GRAY-BACKED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma nereis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 8, "1840," p. 178, pub. July, 1841 — Bass Strait, Australia (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; cf. Stone and Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 136, 1913); idem, I.e., 27, p. 98, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164— Falkland Islands (one spec., March, 1858). 1 The breeding on the Falkland Islands (a single egg, attributed to the species, in the British Museum) requires confirmation. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Procellaria nereis Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 2, p. 31, 1875 — Kerguelen Island (crit., meas., eggs descr.); Kidder, I.e., 3, p. 16, 1876 — Kerguelen Island (nest and egg descr.); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 18, 1885 — South Georgia (egg descr.). Garrodia nereis Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 361, 1896— Falkland Islands, etc. (monog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 84, 1906 — South Georgia (breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 118, 1910 (descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 71, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 746, 1936 (monog.). Oceanites nereis chubbi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912 — Falkland Islands (location of type not stated); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 195, 1921— Falkland Islands; Dabbene, I.e., p. 245, 1922 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 313 — outer islets of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia (breeding); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 193, 1934 (range). Oceanites nereis couesi Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 18, May 30, 1912 — Kerguelen Island (location of type not stated); idem, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 193, 1934— Kerguelen Island. Range. — Breeds on islands off New Zealand, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands, Gough Island and Kerguelen. Genus HYDROBATES Boie1 Hydrobates Boie, Isis, 1822, Heft 5, col. 562, May, 1822 — type, by subs, desig. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Birds N. Amer., 2, p. 403, 1884), Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Thalassidroma Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 7, p. 405, Oct., 1825 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Zalochelidon Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 192, 1828 — type, by mono- , Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus. Hydrobates pelagicus pelagicus (Linnaeus). STORM PETREL. Procellaria pelagica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758 — based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 249, pi. 2, fig. 249, "in albo [sic] Oceano"= coast of Sweden; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 343, 1896 (monog.). Hydrobates pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 125, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 283, 1935 (distr. in the North Atlantic). Thalassidroma pelagica pelagica Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on Iceland (Vestman's Islands), Faroes, small islands off the British Isles and west coast of France;2 extends across the North Atlantic Ocean to southern Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. 1 Hydrobates Boie is by no means preoccupied by Hydrobata Vieillot, 1816. 2 An allied race, H. p. melitensis (Schembri), breeds in the western Mediter- ranean. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 95 Genus OCEANODROMA Reichenbach Oceanodroma Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. iv, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria furcata Gmelin. Cymochorea Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 75 — type, by orig. desig., Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot. Pacificodroma Bianchi, Faune de la Russie, Ois., 1, (2), pp. 516, 559, Jan., 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma monorhis Swinhoe. Bannermania Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, (10), 3, p. 578, July, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., Thalassidroma hornbyi Gray. Telhysia Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 154, March 25, 1933— type, by orig. desig., Procellaria tethys Bonaparte. Loomelania Mathews, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 54, p. 119, March 29, 1934— type, by orig. desig., Procettaria melania Bonaparte. *Oceanodroma tethys tethys (Bonaparte). GALAPAGOS WHITE- RUMPED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte, Tagebl. der 29. Versaml. Deuts. Naturf. Aerzte, Wiesbaden, Beilage, p. 89, Sept. 25, 1852 — Galapagos Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929); idem, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 47, 1853 (reprint of orig. descr.). Procellaria tethys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 662, 1854 — Galapagos Islands (char.); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 507, pi. 88, fig. 2, 1876 — Galapagos Islands (crit.); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 — off Chatham Island; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 — part, Galapagos Islands; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 656, 1897— Wenman Island (descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 199, 1899 — off Wenman, Culpepper, Al- bemarle, and Tower Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 416, 1902 — waters near Bindloe, Albemarle, and Wenman Islands, and at sea 1° N. lat., 89° W. long.; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 242, 1904— Albemarle (Iguana Cove) and Narborough (Mangrove Point) Islands; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931— Galapagos Islands. Procellaria pelagica b. tethys Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 197, 1857 — Galapagos Islands. Oceanodroma tethys Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 151, 1918 — Galapagos Islands (nesting on Tower Island; descr. of egg; var.; meas.). Oceanodroma tethys tethys Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.). Tethysia tethys tethys Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1931 (range). Range. — Seas about the Galapagos Archipelago (breeding on Tower Island). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 1). 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe).1 KELSALL'S WHITE- RUMPED STORM PETREL. Thalassidroma tethys kelsalli Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 6, Nov. 4, 1925 — Ancon, Peru (type in British Museum of Natural History). Procellaria tethys (not Thalassidroma tethys Bonaparte) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896 — part, west coast of Central America; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 427, 1904 — part, west coast of Central America. Hydrobates tethys Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 — ninety miles south of Iquique, Chile (Nov. 27, 1922). Hydrobates tethys kelsalli Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926 — 1° S. lat., off shore, Ecuador (Sept. 13). Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 72, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 731, 1936 (monog.); Moffitt, Auk, 55, p. 256, 1938 — off coast west-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico, and 175 land miles west of Lower California (crit., meas.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945—4° 38' S. lat., 81° 19' W. long. Tethysia tethys kelsalli Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 187, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on islands off the coast of Peru (San Gallan and Pescadores Islands) ; extends north through the North Pacific to the waters of Mexico and Lower California, and south to the coast of Chile. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Pisco, Lima, 1; Mollendo, Arequipa, 1). Oceanodroma castro castro (Harcourt). MADEIRAN FORK-TAIL PETREL. Thalassidroma castro Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, p. 123, 1851 — Desertas, near Madeira (location of type unrecorded). Thalassidroma jabe-jabe Bocage, Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys. Nat. Lisboa, 5, p. 120, 1875 — Raza Island, Cape Verdes (type in Lisbon Museum). Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 350, 1896 — part, spec, b-i, Porto Santo, Great Salvage, Funchal, and Desertas (monog.). Oceanodroma castro Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 77, 1914 — vicinity of Para, Brazil; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 153, 1922— part, Atlantic Ocean, accidental in Indiana and District of Columbia (life hist.); Taverner, Auk, 51, p. 77, 1934 — Rideau River, Ottawa, Canada (Aug. 28, 1933). Oceanodroma castro castro Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 732, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 23, 1938— Angra do Reis, Rio de Janeiro (1932). Cymochorea castro castro Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range). 1 Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe) differs from the nominate race by distinctly smaller size, particularly shorter wings (119-126, against 130-143). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 97 Range. — Breeds on the Desertas and Porto Santo (near Madeira), the Salvage, Azores (Rombos), and Cape Verde Islands (Raza), and ranges across the Atlantic to the coast of Brazil (Para; Angra do Reis, Rio de Janeiro) ; accidental in Indiana (Martinsville, June 15, 1902), District of Columbia (Washington, Aug. 28, 1893), and Ontario (Rideau River, Ottawa, Aug. 28, 1933). l "Oceanodroma castro bangs! Nichols.2 GALAPAGOS FORK-TAILED PETREL. Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols, Auk, 31, p. 389, July, 1914 — 1° N. lat., 93° W. long, (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 172, 1930); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936 (monog.). Oceanodroma cryptoleucura (not Cymochorea cryptoleucura Ridgway) Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 — Wenman Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 654, 1897— part, Wenman and Albemarle Islands (descr., meas.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 198, 1899 — Galapagos Islands; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 243, 1904— Wenman (ex Townsend). Oceanodroma castro (not Thalassidroma castro Harcourt) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902 — near Bindloe, Barrington, and Abingdon Islands (crit.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 156, 1918 — Albemarle, Cowley (breeding), Charles, Chatham, Hood, James, Seymour, and Wenman Islands (nestling descr., meas.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 35, 1931 — Galapagos Islands. Oceanodroma castro cryptoleucura Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 28, 1931— Hood Island (crit.). Cymochorea castro bangsi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 191, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Galapagos Islands and possibly on Cocos Island. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 4). "Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson.3 BEAL'S PETREL. Oceanodroma beali Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 — Sitka Bay, Alaska (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, Calif.). 1 Replaced on St. Helena by O. castro Helena (Mathews), 1925. 2 Oceanodroma castro bangsi Nichols: Differs from O. c. castro by darker, more sooty coloration and slightly smaller size with stouter bill; from O. c. cryptoleucura (Ridgway), of the Hawaiian Islands, by heavier, more strongly hooked bill and less deeply forked tail. 3 Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson: Similar to the nominate race, but decidedly smaller. Wing, 138-152, (female) 143-156. As pointed out by Oberholser, O. beldingi is not properly separable from Alaskan birds. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oceanodroma beldingi Emerson, Condor, 8, p. 54, March 20, 1906 — Netarts Bay, coast of Oregon (type in coll. of H. T. Bohlman). Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 168, 1917 — coast region from Alaska to Oregon (monog., meas., range); Grinnell, Condor, 20, p. 46, 1918 — San Mateo and Humboldt counties, California (breeding, crit., meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 147, 1922 (life hist., range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918— part, Alaska (Sitka), Oregon, and Cali- fornia (crit., meas.). Cymochorea leucorhoa beali Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on Pacific coast islands from extreme southern Alaska along the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, at least to San Mateo County and probably on the Farallones. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Ball Island, 3; Forrester Island, 3; St. Lazaria Island, 1; Laz, 1); Washington (Moclips, 3; Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Pacific City, 2); California (Castle Island, 2). "Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony.1 KAEDING'S PETREL. Oceanodroma kaedingi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 37, Jan., 1898 — at sea near Guadalupe Island, Lower California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum); idem, I.e., 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 — San Benedicte, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 415, 1902— at sea 13° N. lat., 103° W. long.; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 429, 1904 — Revillagigedo Islands. Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 171, 1917 (monog., char., meas.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1918— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 146, 1922 (range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 286, 1926— near Guadalupe Island; Huey, Condor, 32, p. 68, 1930 — near Guadalupe Island (downy birds, var.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 — part, vicinity of Guadalupe Island (meas.). Cymochorea leucorhoa kaedingi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis (not Oceanodroma socorroensis Townsend) van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 11, 1942 — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. 1 Oceanodroma leucorhoa kaedingi Anthony: Similar to 0. I. beali, but even smaller with decidedly shorter tail, the latter being less deeply forked, and the pileum generally more plumbeous. Wing, 137-145, (female) 138-145; tail, 67-72, (female) 69-77. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 99 Range. — Breeds on Guadalupe Island, Lower California; occurs off Lower California south to Clarion and Socorro Islands. Casual off the coast of southern California. Field Museum Collection. — 16: California (Trinidad, 5; Eureka, 1); Mexico (Guadalupe Island, Lower California, 10). *Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa (Vieillot). LEACH'S PETREL. Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 25, p. 422, "1817" (=Dec.f 1818) — "hordes maritimes de la Picardie, se tient sur 1'Ocean, jusqu'au Bre"sil" (type, from shores of Picardy, France, in coll. of L. A. F. Baillon, Abbeville); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 138, 1898— Greenland. Procellaria leachii Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 812, Oct., 1820 — St. Kilda (type in British Museum);1 Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 229, pi. 9, upp. fig., 1824— "on this [viz., American] side of the Bank of Newfoundland" (descr.). Procellaria atlantica Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, (2), p. 230 (in text), Jan., 1824 (alternative name for Procellaria leachii Temminck). Procellaria Bullockii Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 136, 1828— St. Kilda (substitute name for P. leachii Temminck). Thalassidroma leachii Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 430, 1843 — Green- land. Procellaria leucorrhoa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 3, 1863 — Normandy, Mediterranean, and Newfoundland (descr.) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1881, p. 187 — Hundeejland, Greenland (69° N. lat.). Cymochorea leucorrhoa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 (no- mencl.). Oceanodroma leucorrhoa Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 97, 1885 — Copper Island (breeding); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 348, 1896 (monog.). Oceanodroma leucorhoa Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 170, 1915 (range; migr.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918— part, spec, from Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Cape Verde Islands only. Cymochorea leucorhoa Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 86, 1916 — Warima River (Essequibo) and Surinam. Oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 165, 1917 (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920— Copper Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 137, 1922 (life hist., distr.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 — between Colon, Panama, and Cape Maysi, Cuba (June 19, 1922); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 63, 1 Although not indicated as such, spec, c, of the British Museum, from St. Kilda (Old Collection), is without much doubt the type of P. leachii Temminck and also of P. Bullockii Fleming, the latter name being based upon the very same individual. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1931 — Samana Bay, Hispaniola; Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 296, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Tucker's Town, May 1, 1884); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 — Trinidad (Guayaguare", Jan., 1932, and San Fernando); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 279, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Danforth, Auk, 52, p. 74, 1935— off Cayo Frances, Cuba; Allen, I.e., p. 179, 1935 — Pekinese Island, Massa- chusetts (probably breeding); Gross, I.e., p. 382, pis. 18-21, 1935— Bay of Fundy (life hist.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 734, 1936 (monog.). Cymochorea leucorhoa kucorhoa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 139, 1934 (range in part). Range. — Breeds on Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands, coasts of Alaska (south to Forrester Island), Maine, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, southern Greenland, Vestman's Islands, Iceland, and islands off the British Isles; ranges through the Pacific and Atlantic oceans south to California (San Clemente Island), the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands (13° 20' S. lat.), Trinidad, the Guianas, and even to St. Paul's Rocks and the waters off Bahia, Brazil (fide Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 667). Field Museum Collection. — 31: Alaska (St. Lazaria Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Island, 2); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 4; Seal Island, 2; Dover, 15); Maine (Bangor, 1); Massachusetts (Springhill, 2; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (Lakeville, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demarara, 1). *Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis C. H. Townsend. SOCORRO PETREL. Oceanodroma socorroensis C. H. Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 134, Sept. 9, 1890 — Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group (type in U. S. National Museum); Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 140, 1898 — Los Coronados Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 431, 1904 (monog., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928— Los Coronados and San Benito Islands (breeding); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 387, 1934 — 145 miles northwest of San Jose, Guatemala. Oceanodroma monorhis chapmani Berlepsch, Auk, 23, p. 185, April, 1906 — San Benito Islands (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (not Procellaria leucorhoa Vieillot) Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 160, 1918 — part, Los Coronados and San Benito Islands (eggs descr.). Oceanodroma monorhis socorroensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 162, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, p. 314, 1945—4° 40' N. lat.-80° 8' W. long. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 101 Oceanodroma macrodadyla (not of Bryant) Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 6, 1923— Guadalupe Island. Cymochorea leucorhoa socorroensis Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 189, 1934 (range). Oceandodroma (sic) leucorhoa willetti van Rossem,1 Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 — Little Middle Island, Los Coronados Islands, Lower Cali- fornia (type in Dickey Collection, University of California, Los Angeles). Oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 55, p. 10, 1942 — San Benito Islands, Lower California. Range. — Breeds on islands off Lower California (Los Coronados and San Benito Islands) and west coast of Mexico; ranges north to southern California and south to the waters around the Galapagos Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 23: Mexico, Lower California (San Benito Islands, 3; Guadalupe Island, 2; Los Coronados Islands, 18). Oceanodroma macrodactyla W. E. Bryant. GUADALUPE PETREL. Oceanodroma leucorhoa macrodactyla W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2, p. 450, July 25, 1887 — Guadalupe Island, Lower California (cotypes in California Academy of Sciences; cf. Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 155, 1918). Oceanodroma macrodactyla Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 351, 1896 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 155, 1918 — Guadalupe Island (downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 151, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928— Guadalupe Island; McLellan Davidson, Condor, 30, p. 355, 1928 (present status); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (listed). Cymochorea macrodactyla Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (listed). Range. — Formerly bred on Guadalupe Island, off Lower Cali- fornia. Now probably extinct. Oceanodroma markhami (Salvin). MARKHAM'S PETREL. Cymochorea markhami Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 — coast of Peru, 19° 41' S. lat., 75° W. long, (type in the British Museum); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934— Peru to Chile. Oceanodroma markhami Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 354, 1896 — coast of Peru (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 27, pi. 7, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 1918—13° 28' N. lat., 108° 52' W. long., and thirty miles south of Cocos Island 5° N. lat., 87° W. long. 1 This name has been proposed by van Rossem for the birds breeding on the Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. It is said to be like 0. m. socorroensis, but with paler and more plumbeous (less blackish) body coloration and larger dimensions. Our series from Los Coronados Islands show little if any difference in coloration, and their dimensions are smaller than the specimens from the San Benito and Guadalupe Islands. 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (meas.); Wetmore, Condor, 24, p. 28, 1922— off the coast of Peru thirty- five miles north of Callao; idem, I.e., 25, p. 170, 1923 — Peru (opposite Lagarto Head; fifteen miles off Coles Point) and Chile (ninety miles south of Iquique, Tarapaca); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 182, 1926—1° S. lat., offshore Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 739, 1936 (monog.). Oceanodroma markhami markhami Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 73, 1931 (range). Range. — Occurs off the Pacific coast of South America, from the vicinity of Cocos Island and Ecuador south to northern Chile (breed- ing ground unknown).1 *Oceanodroma melania melania (Bonaparte). BLACK PETREL. Procellaria melania Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, No. 14, p. 662, April, 1854 — California2 (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 61, 1929, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 92, 1854 (re- print of orig. descr.). Thalassidroma melania Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 196, 1857 — "ex Pacific. Mexican, a Delattrio, 1853" (descr. spec. typ. in Mus. Paris). Cymochorea melania Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 76 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (monog.). Oceanodroma lownsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 687, Nov. 24, 1893 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum). Oceanodroma melania Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 — off Guaymas, Sonora (March 28, Apr. 21), and off Acapulco, Guerrero (Apr. 12), Mexico; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 353, 1896 (monog.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 28, 1899 — between Isabel and Tres Marias Islands, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 430, 1904 — Lower California (Cape San Lucas, San Benito Islands) and coast of western Mexico (Acapulco; off San Bias to the Tres Marias Islands); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 174, 1918— west of Point Pinos (California), and San Benito Islands (molt, meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 156, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 — off western Peru (near Lobos de Afuera, Sept. 22; five miles off Lobos de Tierra, Nov. 24); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928 — Lower California (breeding stations, etc.). Oceanodroma melania melania Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 — Bay of Panama. Cymochorea melania melania Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (range). Loomelania melania Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 743, 1936 (monog.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 30, 1945 — Gulf of California (summer resident). 1 Oceanodroma owstoni (Mathews and Iredale) is probably conspecific. 2 Vicinity of San Francisco may be regarded as type locality (cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 103 Range. — Breeds on islands off Lower California (Consag Rock, San Luis Islands, Partida Island, San Benito and Los Coronados Islands) and ranges north to the coast of California and south to the waters off the Peruvian coast (Lobos de Afuera, Lobos de Tierra).1 Field Museum Collection. — 14: California (off San Pedro, 2); Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 6; San Benito Islands, 3); Peru (Talara, 3). / *Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues). ASHY PETREL. Cymochorea homochroa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 77 — Farallon Islands, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 262, 1932). Oceanodroma homochroa Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 365, 1896 — San Miguel Island, California (monog.); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 29, pi. 8, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 171, 1918— Southeast Farallon Island (range, molt, meas., eggs); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 159, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 68, 1928— Lower California (three records); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Orr, Condor, 46, p. 125, 1944 (nesting season). Cymochorea (monorhis) homochroa Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 190, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Farallon Islands and some of the Santa Barbara Islands (San Miguel and Santa Cruz), California, and on Los Coronados Islands, Lower California; extends north to Point Reyes, south to Guadalupe and San Benito Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 5: California (Farallon Islands, 3; Monterey County, 1; Santa Cruz Islands, 1). *Oceanodroma hornbyi (G. R. Gray). HORNBY'S PETREL. Thalassidroma hornbyi G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 21, "1853," p. 62, pub. July 25, 1854 — "Northwest coast of America" (type in British Mu- seum). Oceanodroma hornbyi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 195, 1857 — "Pacif. Am. s. occ." (diag. spec, typ.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 356, pi. 3, 1896 (descr. and fig. of type); Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 36, pi. 10, 1907; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 179, 1918 (listed); Murphy, Auk, 39, p. 60, 1922 — coasts of Peru and Chile (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 129, 1922 (life hist.); Wetmore, Condor, 25, p. 170, 1923 — off Lobos de Tierra and Lobos de Afuera Islands, Peru; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 32, p. 61, 1924 — Santa Lufsa, Antofagasta, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 183, 1926— Gulf of Guayaquil (Jan. 16) and offshore, 1° S. lat. (Sept. 13), Ecuador; Strese- 1 A supposedly larger form, 0. melania matsudariae Kuroda, breeds on the Volcan Islands, Japan. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII mann, Orn. Monatsber., 37, p. 80, 1929 — Pampa del Toco, near Tocopilla, Antofagasta, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 74, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 414, 1932— Quilimarf, Valparaiso, to Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 239, 1936— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 741, 1936 (monog.); Friedmann, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, (1), p. 314, 1945 — off the coast of Ecuador and northern Peru. Procellaria (Oceanites) collaris Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 3, Nos. 1-2, p. 11, pi., 1895 — east of Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 31, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 90, pi. 42, fig. 3, 1902 — east of Taltal, Antofagasta. Oceanites collaris Paessler, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 43, 1913 — coast of Chile 32° S. lat., 72° W. long. (=off Quilimarf, Valparaiso). , Oceanites hornbyi Paessler, Journ. Orn., 62, pp. 273, 274, 1914 — off Coquimbo and Iquique, Chile. Bannermania hornbyi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 188, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the North Chilean Andes (Antofagasta) and occurs in the warm-water area of the Pacific coast of South America from Valparaiso, Chile, north to the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador.1 Field Museum Collection. — 6: Peru (Callao, Ancachs, 3; Mollendo, Arequipa, 3). Oceanodroma furcata furcata (Gmelin). NORTHERN FORK- TAILED PETREL. Procellaria furcata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 561, 1789 — based on "Fork- tail Petrel" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 535, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 410; "in glacie maris, Americam et Asiam interfluentis"= Bering Sea. Procellaria orientalis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 315, 1811 — Kurile Islands and Unalaska (co types in Leningrad Museum). Oceanodroma furcata Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 98, 1885 — Copper and Bering Islands (breeding; eggs descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 357, 1896 — part, St. Michaels, Kurile and Aleutian Islands; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 38, pi. 11, 1907 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918 — part, western Alaska (meas.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 135, 1920— Copper Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 132, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 40, 1923— Pribilof Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931— part, Kurile, Commander and Aleutian Islands; Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 188, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Kurile, Commander, and Aleutian Islands. Winters in North Pacific Ocean. 1 The original locality is most probably erroneous. Sight records from north- western North America need substantiation by specimens. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 105 *Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale).1 SOUTHERN FORK- TAILED PETREL. Thalassidroma plumbea Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, Mamm. Orn., p. 292, 1848 — "coast of Oregon"= close off Cape Flattery, Washington (cotypes in U. S. National Museum). Oceanodroma furcata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 194, 1857 — Sitka (descr.); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 357, 1896 — part, Sitka and Vancouver Island; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 177, 1918 — part, California (breeding on Whaler Island and Sugar Loaf Rock); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 — part, islands off coast of southern Alaska, Washington and northern California. Oceanodroma furcata plumbea Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 170, 1939 (name revived; dist. chars.; range). Range. — Breeds on the islands off the coast of southern Alaska, Washington, Oregon and northern California (Whaler Island, Del Norte County and Sugar Loaf Rock, off Trinidad, Humboldt County). Field Museum Collection. — 15: Alaska (Laz, 1; unspecified, 1; Dall Island, 5; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); Oregon (Pacific City, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 2). Genus HALOCYPTENA Coues Halocyptena Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 78 — type, by mono- typy, Halocyptena microsoma Coues. *Halocyptena microsoma Coues. LEAST PETREL. Halocyptena microsoma Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 79 — San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 141, 1890— Panama Bay (March); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 126, 1895 — off Acapulco, Guerrero (Apr. 12); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 346, 1896— Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 — off coast of Ecuador, 1° 30' N. lat. (Febr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 428, 1904 — Lower California (San Benito Islands, San Jose del Cabo), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Panama Bay; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 150, 1918 (meas.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 123, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 66, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 118, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935— Panama Bay (winter); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. 1 Oceanodroma furcata plumbea (Peale) : Similar to the typical race, but smaller, especially in length of wing and tail; general coloration darker (more plumbeous, less ashy) ; throat, lower abdomen and crissum contrasting less with middle region of under parts by being wholly or in part grayer than in O. f. furcata. Wing 141-155, as against 155-165 mm. (Grinnell and Test, Condor, 41, p. 171, 1939). 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Amer., 2, p. 729, 1936 (monog.); van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945 — Gulf of California (breeding). Range. — Breeds on the San Benito Islands and on islands in the Gulf of California, and winters on the Pacific coast of America from Lower California to Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Mexico (San Benito Islands, Lower California, 3). Family PELECANOIDIDAE. Diving Petrels Genus PELECANOIDES Lace'pede Pelecanoides Lace'pede, Tabl. M6th. Ois., p. 13, 1799 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin. Halodroma Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Ois., p. 274, 1811 — type, by monotypy, Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin. Onocralus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 — new name for Pelecanoides Lace'pede. Puffinuria Lesson, Man. Orn., 2, p. 392, 1828 — type, by monotypy, Puffinuria garnotii Lesson. Porthmornis (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, pp. 502 (fig. 2b), 503, 513, Dec. 23, 1921— type, by monotypy, Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews. Pelagodyptes (subgen.) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, pp. 502 (fig. 2c), 503, 519, Dec. 23, 1921— type, by monotypy, Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper. *Pelecanoides garnotii (Lesson). PERUVIAN DIVING PETREL. Puffinuria garnotii Lesson,1 Man. Orn., 2, p. 394, June, 1828 — coast of Peru= between San Gallan Island and Lima2 (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); idem, Voy. Co- quille, Zool., Atlas, Ois., pi. 46, Nov. 29, 1828; idem, I.e., Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 730, May 1, 1830 — coasts of Peru (descr.); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (range). Pelecanoides garnoti(i) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 139, 1841 — Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 472, 1847 — coasts of Peru and Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 432 — Coquimbo Bay, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 439, 1896 — Chile (Valparaiso, Coquimbo Bay) and Peru (Callao); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898 — part, Iquique and Isla de Pajaros (off Coquimbo), Chile; Godman, Monog. Petrels, p. 307, pi. 88, 1910 (monog.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 67, 1918— Chile (Valparaiso) and Peru (Callao, San Gallan Island, Independencia Bay, 1 Puffinuria garnotii Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 6, p. 254, March 22, 1828) is a nomen nudum. 2 Cf. Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 14, p. 611, Jan. 9, 1830. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 107 North Ballestas Island) (meas.); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 462, 1919 — North Ballestas and San Gallan Islands, Peru (breeding habits; chick descr.); Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 505, pi. 21, fig. 1, pi. 22, fig. 1, pi. 24, fig. 1, 1921— Lobos de Tierra, Peru, to Valparaiso, Chile (descr. of plumages and eggs, meas., molt, habits); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 440, 1922 — part, Peru (Callao, Islay), Anto- fagasta (Taltal), and Arauco Bay (Santa Maria Island, Coronel), Chile; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 — Coronel, Arauco Bay, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 75, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 773, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 238, 1936 — Arica and Mejillones, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938— Arica Bay, Chile (Oct.). Halodroma garnoti Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Procellariae, p. 37, 1863 — part, No. 1, coast of Peru (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 336— Chile. Puffinuria garnotii lessoni Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912 — coast of Chile (location of type not indicated). Range. — Coastal waters of South America, from Lobos de Tierra, Peru, to Arauco Bay, Chile; breeds on islands off the Peruvian coast (Pescadores, North Ballestas, San Gallan Islands). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Mollendo, Arequipa, 1). Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews).1 MAGELLANIC DIVING PETREL. Puffinuria garnotii magellani Mathews, Bds. Austr., 2, p. 239, Sept. 20, 1912 — Straits of Magellan (type not designated, probably in the British Museum). Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841— part, Port Famine, Tierra del Fuego (habits). Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 500 — Wood's Bay, Straits of Magellan (April); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 653, 1898— part, Ancud (Chiloe1) and Calbuco Island, Llanquihue, Chile. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12 — part, San Antonio Island, Trinidad Channel; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 167, 1891— part, Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896— part, spec, f, i, j, "Straits of Magellan," Wood's Bay, and San Antonio Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 389, 1902 — Beagle Channel (Febr.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 — Molyneux Sound, Straits of Magellan (Jan.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 143, 1907— Useless Bay 1 Pelecanoides magellani (Mathews), which resembles P. garnotii in shape of bill, differs from the other members of the genus by the possession of white tips to the feathers of back, upper rump, and wing coverts, and a conspicuous falcate whitish area extending from the side of the neck to the occiput, while the upper breast is pure white, not crossed by a mottled collar (Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 514). Four specimens examined. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Sept.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 160, 1910 (in part). Pelecanoides magellani Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 513, pis. 20, 21, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1921— Chile and Argentina (descr., molt, habits); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 30, p. 130, 1922 — Ancud, Chiloe1, and Calbuco, Chile; idem, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441 (note 3), 1922 — coast of Patagonia 49° S. lat., 65° 3' W. long.; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 95 — Navarin Island, Beagle Channel (breeding; soft parts); idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 — Islade los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 779, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides (Porthmornis) magellani Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 231, 1924 (descr., range). Porthmornis magellani Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range). Range. — Southern Chile, from Chilce* Island southward to Cape Horn, and on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia north to Santa Cruz; breeding on islands in the Straits of Magellan (Navarin Island, Beagle Channel). *Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper.1 SOUTH GEORGIAN DIVING PETREL. Pelecanoides georgica(us) Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 66, April 1, 1916 — Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); iidem, I.e., 44, p. 519, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2, 1921— South Georgia and Macquarie Islands (monog.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 579, pi. 47, figs. 1, 2, pi. 53, fig. 3, 1929— South Georgia (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 783, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides urinatrix var. Berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Pagen- stecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 17, 1885 — South Georgia (crit., meas., egg descr.). Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 73, 1906— South Georgia (burrow and egg descr.); Murphy, Auk, 31, pp. 450, 456, 1914 — South Georgia; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 479, 485— South Georgia. Pekcanoides exsul (not of Salvin) Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 74, 1906— Cumberland Bay, South Georgia. 1 Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy and Harper is characterized as being of small size, approximating certain races of P. urinatrix, notably P. u. chathamensis, with the bill proportionately wider at the base and more sharply tapering than in the other members of the genus, and the mottling of the jugulum exceedingly variable in extent. Wing, 104-122; tail, 34-43; bill, 14-16; width of bill, 8-10; depth of bill, 5-6. The variation in the amount of mottling on the foreneck has given rise to the record from South Georgia of P. exsul, of Kerguelen Island. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 109 Pelecanoides (Pelagodyptes^) georgicus Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 234, 1924 — South Georgia (descr.). Pelecanoides urinatrix georgica Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 — South Georgia. Pelagodyptes georgicus Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 198, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on South Georgia and Macquarie Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 3: South Georgia (Cumberland Bay, 3). Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard).1 FALKLAND DIVING PETREL. Procellaria Berard Gaimard, Bull. Ge"n. Univ. Ann. Nouv. Sci., 3, No. 7, p. 53, June, 1823 — near the Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 63, 1929); Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 135, pi. 37, Sept., 1824— Falkland Islands. Procellarius falklandius (Commerson MS.) Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 4, p. 136 (in text), Sept., 1824. Halodroma berardi Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 87, pi. 517, Jan., 1831 — vicinity of Falkland Islands (descr. and fig. of type in Paris Mu- seum). Pelecanoides berardi Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 — part, Falk- land Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164— Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 — part, spec, a-e, Falkland Islands; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441, 1922— Falkland Islands (breeding). Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 44, p. 538, pi. 22, fig. 2, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1921— Falkland Islands north to the coast of Buenos Aires Province (monog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 236, 1924 (descr., range); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317— part, Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (synon., range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 788, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides urinatrix berardi Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 196, 1921 — Falkland Islands. Range. — Breeds on the Falkland Islands; occurs off the coast of Buenos Aires Province north to the latitude of Necochea.2 1 Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard) : Nearest to P. u, urinatrix (Gmelin), of Australia and New Zealand, but with generally smaller bill, longer tail, and longer middle toe and claw, while the mottling of the jugulum is more pronounced, though not so extensive as in P. exsul. Wing, 117-125; tail, 40-46; bill, 15-16. Eight specimens examined. 1 A very nearly allied race, P. u. dacunhae Nicoll, breeds on Tristan d'Acunha and Gough Islands. It is separable by smaller size (wing, 108-113; tail, 36-37) and by having the cheeks, sides of neck, and jugulum conspicuously streaked with dusky. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews.1 COPPINGER'S DIV- ING PETREL. Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews, Birds Austr., 2, p. 238, Sept. 20, 1912 — Straits of Magellan (type, from Cockle Cove, Pilot Island, Trinidad Channel, in British Museum examined) ; Murphy and Harper, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 44, p. 543, 1921 (monog.); Stresemann, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 441 (note 3), 1922—30 km. off Cape Tres Montes, Taytao Peninsula, Chile (Oct. 11); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 76, 1931 (range); Mathews, Nov. Zool., 39, p. 197, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 791, 1936 (monog.). Pelecanoides berardi (not Procellaria berard Gaimard) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 138, 1841 — part, west coast of Patagonia north to the Chonos Archipelago. Pelecanoides garnoti (not Puffinuria garnotii Lesson) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 739 — Cove Harbour, Messier Channel. Pelecanoides urinatrix (not Procellaria urinatrix Gmelin) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12— part, Cockle Cove; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 437, 1896 — part, spec, h, k, 1, Cockle Cove, Trinidad Channel, and Cove Harbour, Messier Channel. Pelecanoides urinatrix berard Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 317 — part, Magellan region. Range. — Southern Chile from Magallanes (Trinidad and Messier Channels) north to the Chonos Archipelago, Province of Chilce"; breeding grounds unknown. Order PELECANIFORMES Suborder PHAETHONTES Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic-Birds Genus PHAETHON Linnaeus Phaethon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 80, 1840), Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. Phaeton Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 219, 1766 (emendation). Lepturus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 479, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Lep- turus" Moehring= Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. 1 Pelecanoides urinatrix coppingeri Mathews: Exceedingly similar to P. u. berard, but smaller. Wing, 107 (female) to 116 (male); tail, 36-38 (female), 41 (male); bill, 15-16. A very doubtfully separable race. The three available specimens resemble P. u. berard in coloration, but have somewhat shorter wings. It is to be noticed, however, that the wing length (122 mm.), given by Stresemann for a female from off the Taytao Peninsula, Chiloe", falls well within the measurements of the Falk- land form. Until more material from breeding colonies comes to hand, the status of P. u. coppingeri must be left in abeyance. One specimen from Cockle Cove and two from Cove Harbour examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 111 Tropicophilus (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 124, 1826 — substitute name for Phaeton Linnaeus (cited in synonymy). Scaeophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Phaethon rubricauda westralis Mathews. Leptophaethon Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 56, Oct. 23, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Phaethon lepturus dorotheae Mathews. *Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus. RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Phaethon aethereus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758 — "in Pelago inter tropicos"= Ascension Island (ex Osbeck, Dogbok Ostind. Resa, p. 291); Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846— San Lorenzo Island, off Callao, Peru (breeding); Philippi, Reise Wtiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860— Bay of "Tartal" (=Taltal), Antofagasta, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 651 — part, Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 276 — Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding); Cory, l.c., 1886, p. 474— La Desirada; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890 — Abrolhos Islands, off Bahia, Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890— Fernando Noronha; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 500— Anguilla (nesting); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 457, 1898— El Salvador (Acajutla), Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya), Anguilla, Redonda, Guadeloupe, Santa Lucia, Brazil (Maranhao, Fer- nando Noronha), and Ascension Island; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 28, 1899 — Isabel and Tres Marias Islands, and islets near San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 180, 1899 — Tower, Hood (breeding), Culpepper, and Daphne Islands, Gala- pagos; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 138, 1901 — Mexico (Revillagigedo Islands; Tres Marias; rocky islets off San Bias), Salvador (Acajutla), and Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 409, 1902 — Wenman, Hood, and Daphne Islands (breeding), Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230, 1905— Barbados (Chancery Lane, 1877), St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, and Balliceaux Islands, and some islets between Carriacou and Grenada (breed- ing); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 81, 1907 — Maranhao and Fernando Noronha; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 327 — Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela (breeding) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 440, 1910 — Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913— Daphne, Hood, Tower, and Onslow Islands, Galapagos (breeding, soft parts); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 — Fernando Noronha; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 187, 1922 (lite hist., range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926— La Plata Island (breeding) and Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 279, 1927 (no authentic record from Puerto Rico) ; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 — Gulf and Cape district, Lower California; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 293, p. 1, 1928 — Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama (breeding); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 361, 1931 (no authentic record from Bermuda Islands); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932— Taltal, Antofagasta, Chile. Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 116 — Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (T)Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261, Apr. 15, 1930 — Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935— Swan Key, Bocas del Toro, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 798, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 65, 1938— Acajutla, El Salvador; Bond, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 13, p. 1, 1939— Saba Island; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943— Cockroach Cay, Water Island, Virgin Islands (nesting); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 31, 1945— Gulf of California (breeding). (l)Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 261, Apr. 15, 1930 — Tower Island, Galapagos (type in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range). Phaethon aethereus aethereus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 77, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 797, 1936 — Ascension, St. Helena, and Fernando Noronha (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24, 1938 — Fernando Noronha and Maranhao, Brazil. Range. — Breeds within our limits on Fernando Noronha; locally in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, Water Island), Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, Becquia, Battowia, Balliceaux, and some islets between Carriacou and Grenada); on Los Hermanos Islands off Venezuela; on Swan Key (Almirante Bay), Panama; on the Tres Marias Islands, on San Pedro Mdrtir Island, and in the Gulf of California, Mexico; in the Galapagos Islands; and on certain islands on the coast of Ecuador (La Plata Island) and Peru (San Lorenzo); accidental in California (San Pedro Channel, Aug., 1916), on the Newfoundland Banks (August, 1876), in Jamaica, off the Brazilian coast (Maranhao), and in Chile (Taltal, Antofagasta).1 Field Museum Collection. — 18: Mexico, Lower California (Georges Island, 5; Cape San Luis Island, 1); Galdpagos Archipelago (Cham- 1 While we have not attempted to subdivide the Red-billed Tropic-Bird, we do not mean to deny the propriety of separating the birds of the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern tropical Pacific from those inhabiting the South Atlantic islands (Ascension, St. Helena, Fernando Noronha), to which Peters restricted typical P. aethereus. The northern form, P. a. mesonauta Peters, seems to differ by slightly smaller size and by having the dark areas, including the transverse bars, black rather than gray, with the deep black greater primary coverts some- times slightly tipped, but never edged, with white. However, material from the assigned range of P. aethereus is scarce in collections and might have undergone some post-mortem change through age, so that its proper characters are hard to define. The second Galapagos race, P. a. limatus Peters, supposedly with slenderer, yellowish-horn bill, said to be restricted to Tower Island — those from Daphne Island are supposed to be mesonauta — would seem to be the bird of the year (cf. Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 104, 1913). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 798) mentions a specimen with long, yellow bill from Hood Island. The existence of two races on the Galapagos Islands thus appears to be proble- matical.—C.E.H. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 113 pion Island, 4; Tower Island, 2);1 Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2); Lesser Antilles (Desirade, 1; St. Eustatius, 2); Venezuela (between Trinidad and Guaira, 1). Phaethon rubricauda rothschildi (Mathews). ROTHSCHILD'S RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. Scaeophaethon rubricauda rothschildi Mathews, Birds Austr., 4, p. 303, 1915 — Laysan and Niihau Islands (type, from Laysan, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 276, 1925). Phaethon rubricaudus (not Phaeton rubricauda Boddaert) Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 38, 1898— Guadalupe Island, Lower California (July 23, 1897). Phaethon rubricauda Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 410, 1902 — 600 miles west of Clipperton and north of Clarion Island. Scaeophaethon rubricaudus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 190, 1922 (life hist.). Phaethon rubricaudus rothschildi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928— Guadalupe Island; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 78, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Bonin and Hawaiian Islands; on migration in the waters around Clipperton and Clarion Islands; accidental on the coast of Lower California (one record from Guadalupe Island, July 23, 1897). *Phaethon lepturus catesbyi Brandt. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC- BIRD. Phaethon Catesbyi Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe*tersb., 4, No. 7, col. 98, May 10, 1838; idem, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci. Nat., 3, livr. 2, p. 270, 1840— based exclusively on "The Tropick Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 2, App., p. 14, pi. 14; Bermuda Islands (breeding) and some little islands at the east end of Puerto Rico (type locality, as restricted by Mathews, Auk, 32, p. 196, 1915, Bermuda Islands).1 Phaethon Edwardsii Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Imp. St. Pe"tersb., 4, No. 7, col. 98, May 10, 1838; idem, Me~m. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., (6), Sci. Nat., 3, livr. 2, p. 271, 1840 — based on "The Tropick Bird" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 149, pi. 149; no locality stated.3 1 These Tower Island birds have red bills, perhaps slenderer than those of Lesser Antilles ones, but not more slender than those of specimens from Champion Island or Lower California. — B.C. 1 It is with some reluctance that we accept Brandt's term for the Yellow-billed Tropic-Bird of the American shores. Catesby's description and figure indicate a bird with red bill and curved black lines across the back, characters that do not fit it at all. On the other hand, the outer primaries distinctly show the white ends, and as it has been established that the Yellow-billed Tropic-Bird is the only species nesting in the Bermuda Islands, where Catesby "shot them at the time of their breeding," the name may be retained. 1 There is little doubt that Edwards' bird, the basis of P. Edwardsii Brandt, refers to the species separated by Ogilvie-Grant as P. americanus. The figure 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phaet(h)on flavirostris (not of Brandt) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 128, 1859 — Long Rock (near Exuma), Water Bay Kay, and Kay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 403, 1875— Punta Inglez, Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878— Puerto Rico (breeding habits); Scott, Auk, 8, pp. 249, 253, 1891— Jamaica (breeding); Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., 8, p. 320, 1892— Dominica (breeding). Phaethon americanus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., No. 49, p. xxiii, Dec. 29, 1897 — "East and south-east coast of North America, from Bermuda to the West Indies" (cotypes, from Bermuda Islands, in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 456, 1898 — Bermuda Islands, Dominica, and St. Vincent (Feb. 3, 1890); Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900 — Tobago; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 137, 1901 (descr., range); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 230, 1905 — St. Vincent; Gross, Auk, 29, pp. 49-71, pis. 3-11, 1912— Bermuda Islands (life hist.). Phaethon Upturns catesbyi Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 556, 1919 (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 277, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Mona, Culebra (Louis Pena), and Congo Cay (near St. Thomas); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 489, 1928— north coast of Tortuga, His- paniola; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 297, 1931— Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 64, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577— islets (Giles Rocks), off Tobago (breeding); Marble, Auk, 56, p. 176, 1939— Wood- stock, Vermont; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 89, p. 530, 1941— Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Leptophaethon lepturus catesbyi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 181, 1922 (life hist.). Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin) Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802, 1936 — part, Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and Antilles (life hist.). Phaeton lepturus americanus McAtee, Auk, 62, p. 139, 1945 (should be name used for white-backed bird; also cf. Bond, Auk, 62, p. 660, 1945). Range. — Breeds in the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and locally in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and adjacent islets), Lesser Antilles (Martinique, Dominica, and probably other islands), and on islets (Giles Rocks), off Tobago; occasional in Florida (Dry Tortugas, 1832; Merritt's Island, April 21, 1886); accidental in New York (Knowlesville, Sept. 1876), Nova Scotia (off the coast, Sept. 4, 1870) and Vermont (Woodstock, after a hurricane). Field Museum Collection. — 46: Bahama Islands (Highborn Cay, 1; Samona Cay, 4; Inagua, 3; Atwood Cay, 1; Eruna Cay, 1; French Kay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1); Jamaica (Priestman's shows a plain white back and black blotches on the scapulars, and, while the bill is painted red, Edwards states that "the legs and bill appear yellowish in the dried bird, but I am informed they are red in the living bird." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 115 River, 2); Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 17); Bermuda (Castle Island, 2; Coney Island, 2; Harrington Sound, 6; Bailey Bay, 1). Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews).1 ASCENSION ISLAND YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. Leptophaeihon lepturus ascensionis Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 311, 1915 — Ascension Island (type in the British Museum). Phaethon flavirostris (not of Brandt) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 651 — Fernando Noronha and Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 277 — Boatswain Island, Ascension (breeding; eggs descr.). Phaethon lepturus (not of Daudin, 1802) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 453, 1898 — part, spec, a-i, Fernando Noronha, Ascension Island, Sao Tome1, and Ilha das Cabres; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 39 — Fernando Noronha; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 80, 1907 — Fernando Noronha; Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 46, 1915 — Fernando Noronha (nesting); idem, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 802, 1936 — part, Ascension and Fernando Noronha. Phaethon lepturus ascensionis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 79, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 24, 1938— Fernando Noronha. Range. — Breeds on Ascension and Fernando Noronha Islands, off Brazil, and also on the Ilha dos Cabres, Gulf of Guinea. Suborder PELECANI Superfamily PELECANOIDEA Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans Genus PELECANUS Linnaeus Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 132, 1758 — type, by tautonymy, "Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus. Onocrotalus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 519, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Onocrotalus" = Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus. Cyrtopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham=Pekcarms erythro- rhynchos Gmelin. Leptopelicanus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. vii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin = Pelecanus occidentalis Linnaeus. *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin. AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 — based on "Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson 1 Phaethon lepturus ascensionis (Mathews) : Similar in coloration to P. I. lepturus Daudin, of the Indian Ocean, but smaller. Wing, 256-267; bill, 47-51. Birds from Fernando Noronha appear to be inseparable from those of Ascension Island. 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bay and New York; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 282, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Moreno, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 14, p. 95, 1940— Cuba; Behle, Condor, 46, p. 198, 1944— Great Salt Lake, Utah (breeding colony); Ball, Auk, 61, p. 471, 1944— Connecticut (records); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 — Sonora (Colorado delta to Guaymas in winter). Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 884, 1790 — based on "Rough-billed Pelican" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 586, Hudson Bay and New York; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379, 1869 — Mazate- nango, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463, pi. 46 (breeding plumage) — Mexico. Onocrotalus Hernandezii Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1233 — based on "Atototl Alcatraz, Onocrotalus mexicanus dentatiis" Hernandez, Nov. Hisp. Thes., p. 672 (fig.); Mexico. Pelecanus americanus Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 88, 1838 — Grande Terre, Louisiana (type not extant). Pelicanus erythrorhynchus Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197 — Huamachal, Pacific Guatemala. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874 — Rio Mazatlan, Sinaloa; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 50, 1876— San Mateo, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 481, 1898 — North America and Guatemala (Huamachal); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 143, 1901 — Mexico (Rio Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, San Mateo, Orizaba) and Guatemala (Mazatenango, Huamachal); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928 — Lower California (winter visitant); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 148, 1932— Guatemala. Pelecanus occipitalis Ridgway, Amer. Sportsman, 4, p. 297, 1874 — Pyramid Lake, Nevada (type in U. S. National Museum). Pelecanus brachyrhynchus (lapsu) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 442, 1884 — based on P. trachyrhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 463, pi. 46. Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia and Great Slave Lake to central Manitoba, south to southern California and Texas; winters from California to Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala (Huama- chal, Mazatenango); accidental in Cuba (one record).1 Field Museum Collection. — 15: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 8; Big Steele Lake, 1); Manitoba (Lake Winnipeg, 1); North Dakota (Sweetwater Lake, 1); California (Carmel, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Florida (Banana River, 1; Cedar Keys, 1). 1 More or less questionable records of the White Pelican exist from Isle of Pines and Antigua (field identification). The bird is not known to occur in Trinidad or anywhere south of Guatemala, though both Bent and Peters give its winter range as extending to Panama. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 117 *Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Linnaeus. WEST INDIAN BROWN PELICAN. Pekcamts Onocrot[alus] ft. occidentalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed.f 1, p. 215, 1766 — based chiefly on "The Pelican of America" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 93, pi. 93 (West Indies); "Onocrotalus s. Pelecanus fuscus" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 322; Pelecanus No. 1, Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 480, etc. (Jamaica accepted as type locality).1 Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 570, 1789— part, West Indian references; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 409, 1847 — Jamaica (breeding); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849 — coast region (visitant); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 122, 1859 — Bimini and Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 397, 1875— Cuba (breeding); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 308, 326, 336— Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895 — Margarita Island, Venezuela; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 475, 1898— part, spec, n-d', Honduras, British Honduras (Glover's Reef), Cozumel Island, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Union Island, Grenada, and British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 — part, Mexico (Ventosa Bay, Tehuantepec; Santa Ana, Vera Cruz; Progreso, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (Greytown, Bluefields, San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (La Palma de Nicoya), Panama, British Guiana, and West Indies; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902— Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322— Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria, Venezuela (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910 — mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Gilford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 107, 1913 — Galapagos Islands (breeding). Pelecanus californicus (not of Ridgway) Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900— Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 441, 1910 — Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Pelecanus occidentalis Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 232, 1905— Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenadines (visitant); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 203, 209, 215, 220, 229, 235, 1909— Aruba, Bonaire, Curagao, Los Roques, Tortuga, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 204, 1916 — seacoast; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 173, 1916 — Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (plumages disc.); idem and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 132, 1922— Buritaca, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 — Santa Elena, Jambeli, and Santa Clara Island (breeding), Ecuador, and Punta Talara, Piura, Peru; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 36, 1931— Galapagos Archipelago (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 361, 1931 — coast and Ci6naga Grande, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932— Guatemala; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 810, 1336 (life hist.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 180, 1939— La Guaira and Ensenada de Ocumare, Aragua, Venezuela. 1 While "Le Pelican brun" of Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 524, 1760), described from an "American" specimen in the Reaumur Collection, may be P. o. carolinensis, most of Linnaeus' other references pertain to the Antillean form. 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus relictus G. H. Thayer, The Sentry (Kingstown, St. Vincent), Jan. 9, 1925 — Kingstown Harbor, St. Vincent. Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 280, 1927— Puerto Rico (breeding); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 299, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (accidental); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 — Greater and Lesser Antilles; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 65, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding on Pelican Keys and Catalinita Island); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 — Trinidad and Tobago (breeding; egg descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935 — Caribbean coast of Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936— Antilles (crit.); (?)Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938— Rio Uraricuera, Brazil (ex Shattuck);1 Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 66, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (crit.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 578, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range in part); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 292, 1935— Pacific coast of Panama. Range. — Breeds locally in the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Trinidad, Dutch West Indies, along the coasts of Central America, Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Gulf of Paria), and Colombia (Magdalena), off western Ecuador (Santa Clara Island), and in the Galdpagos Archipelago; on migration to British Guiana and northwestern Peru (Punta Talara, Piura).2 Field Museum Collection. — 17: Bahama Islands (Inagua, 1; Andros, 1); Cuba (Cayos de la Lena, Pinar del Rio, 2); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 5) ; Guatemala (San Jose*, Escuintla, 1); Panama (Brija Point, Canal Zone, 1); Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Rio San Antonio, 1; Isla Silva Sur, 3). *Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin.3 BROWN PELICAN. 1 The record, evidently based upon a field observation, of this coastal bird from an inland locality such as Rio Uraricuera, Brazil, should be substantiated by specimens. 2 Birds from Pacific coast localities between Costa Rica and northwestern Peru are considered by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808-810, 1936) to pertain to P. o. carolinensis. — C.E.H. It is now established that neither birds from Central America nor those from the Galapagos Islands are californicus, to which they had been referred by various authors. The first-named are either occidentalis or carolinensis, whereas those from the Galapagos, being larger than occidentalis but smaller than californicus, represent a separable race, Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 582, Oct. 19, 1945— Hood Island, Galapagos Islands [type in U. S. National Museum]). — B.C. 3 Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin differs from the nominate race by reason of larger size. The southward extension of its breeding range remains to be determined. Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 808, 809, 1936) indeed 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 119 Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 571, 1789 — based on "Charlestown Pelican" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 580, 1785, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 585, 1785; Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Pelecanus albicollis Maynard, Amer. Sportsman, 3, p. 379, 1874 — Cedar Keys, Florida (type formerly in coll. of C. F. Maynard, now probably lost). Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 475, 1898— part, spec, a-m, Florida (Tarpon Springs) and Texas (Corpus Christi). Pelecanus occidentalis occidentalis (not P. occidentalis Linnaeus) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 294, 1922 (life hist.; range in part). Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 (crit.); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 33, 1938 — Louisiana (crit.); Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 19, 1943 — Cuba (specimens banded in central Florida taken later in Cuba); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 579, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Pelecanus occidentalis Schorger, Auk, 61, p. 305, 1944 — Wisconsin (two re- cords); Longstreet, Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., 7, p. 185, 1944 — Florida (movements on east coast). Range. — Breeds locally on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southern United States from North Carolina to Texas; accidental in Wisconsin. In migration to Cuba. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Louisiana (Buras, Plaquemines County, 1); Florida (Eau Gallic, 2; Sebastian River, 1; Nassau County, 1). *Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway..1 CALIFORNIAN BROWN PELICAN. Pelecanus (fuscus?) californicus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 143, 1884— La Paz, Lower California (type advances good reasons for referring birds from the Pacific coast of Central America, and as far south as northwestern Peru (Talara, Piura) to P. o. carolinensis rather than P. o. occidentalis. According to his figures, specimens from these countries agree in dimensions with others from the Gulf coast of Florida and Texas, whereas birds from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Thomas are decidedly smaller (wing of males, 465-490 against 503-531; of females, 447-466 against 476-499). However, certain exceptions to this rule require further study. — C.E.H. Recently, the brown Pelicans from the Pacific coast of Colombia, Ecuador and northwestern Peru (Talara) have been separated from the Central Amer- ican populations as Pelecanus occidentalis murphyi Wetmore (Auk, 62, p. 583, Oct. 19, 1945 — Pelado Island, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador [type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York]). The size is similar to carolinensis but the color is darker above and more extensively streaked with lighter below (Wet- more, I.e.). — B.C. 1 Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway, in breeding plumage, may be distinguished by the dark brown to blackish (instead of reddish) nape and the flesh-colored basal portion of the pouch; its dimensions, sex for sex, are decidedly larger. 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 815, 1932). Pelecanus californicus Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 83, 1889 — Todos Santos and San Martin Islands (habits, nest and eggs descr.); Bryant, I.e., p. 257, 1889 — Cape region (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 32, 1899— Isabel Island, Tres Marias (breeding); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 38, 1902— Lower California (crit.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 290, 1926— San Martin and Tres Marias Islands (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, Isabel Island). [Pelecanus fuscus] subsp. a. P. californicus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 478, 1898 — part, spec, a-n, California (San Diego, Monterey) and Lower California (Mulege"). Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 142, 1901 — part, Pacific coast of North America, Revillagigedo Islands, and northwestern Mexico (Guaymas, Mazatlan). Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 301, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range in part); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 808, 1936 — California and Lower California (crit., meas.); Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 581, 1945 (dist. chars., range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 — Gulf of California (common resident). Range. — Pacific coast of North America from southern British Columbia to northwestern Mexico (Lower California, Sonora, Sina- loa, Tres Marias Islands) ; breeding on islands from the Santa Barbara Islands to the Tres Marias. Field Museum Collection. — 21: California (Hyperion, 11; Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; San Diego, 3; San Francisco, 1). *Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina.1 MOLINA'S PELICAN. Pelecanus thagus Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 240, 344, 1782— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847— Chile (ex Molina); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 206, 1855— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 480, pi. 5b, 1898— Peru (Payta) and Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso, Coronel); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902— Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 52— Valparaiso Bay; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909— Chile (from Coquimbo northwards, in winter at Corral); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910— Isla Picton (Tierra del Fuego) and "Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires);" Forbes, Ibis, 1914, p. 403, pi. 13 — Lobos de Tierra, Ancon, and Chincha Islands, Peru (plumages, habits); 1 Pelecanus occidentalis thagus Molina, though distinguished by larger size, stronger as well as longer bill, and white-striped under parts, is clearly a geograph- ical representative of the Brown Pelican. Its variation and sequence of plumages have been described at length by the late H. 0. Forbes (Ibis, 1914, pp. 403-420, pi. 13). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 121 Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, p. 486, 1919— "Tumbez" to Mollendo, Peru (plumages, habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 294, 1932— Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233, 1936— coast of Arica, Chile. Pelecanus thayus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Per., Orn., p. 312, 1846 — islets off the Peruvian coast. Pelecanus fuscus (not of Gmelin) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 494, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513— Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — coast of Atacama, Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427— part, Payta, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Atacama; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 228, 1899— central provinces of Chile. Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 — "Chile, Bolivia, Ins. Gallapag.";1 Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 — Chorillos, Lima, Peru. Pelecanus molinae* Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 269 — based on Onocrotalus thagus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 164, 1857 — Chile; Elliot, I.e., 1869, p. 588, pi. 44 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1892, p. 399— Callao and Ancon, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896— Bay of Valparaiso; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185 — Coronel and Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 690, 1898 — Iquique, Tarapaca, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 224, 1899— Chile (monog.). Pelecanus ihygus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— coast of Chile and Peru. Pelecanus barbieri Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (7), 2, p. 211, 1878— Ancon, Peru (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Salvin, Ibis, 1879, p. 98— Iquique, Chile (crit.;= adult). Pelecanus fuscus var. molinae Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. Belg., 2, p. 11, 1883 (crit.). Pekcanis molinae Meyer, Journ. Orn., 38, p. 165, 1890 — island near Callao, Peru (crit.). Pelecanus nigricollis (Philippi MS.) Albert,1 Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 226, 1899 — Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young). Pelecanus landbecki F. Philippi,8 Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 1, No. 3, p. 63, 1909— Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile ;= young); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Pelecanus occidenlalis thagus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 81, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 819, 1936 (monog., life hist.) ; Philippi, 1 Bonaparte's description is clearly based on Chilean specimens. Birds from the Galapagos Islands belong to another form, while "Bolivia" doubtless refers to Tacna Province, once part of that republic. 1 Pelicanus molinae G. R. Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 189, 1844; Gen. Bds., 3, p. [668], 1845) and Pelecanus molinae Pelzeln (Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 158, 1865— Chile) are nomina nuda. * Pelecanus nigricollis Albert and P. landbecki F. Philippi were based on the very same specimen, a young bird, in the Chilean National Collection. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile; Wetmore, Auk, 62, p. 585, 1945 (dist. chars., range). Range. — Coasts of Peru and Chile, from Point Parinas, Piura,1 south to Chiloe" Island (breeding in the central part of this area), and occasionally to Tierra del Fuego (one record from Isla Picton, Ushuaia).2 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Cape Blanco, 2). Superfamily SULOIDEA Family SULIDAE. Gannets Genus MORUS Vieillot Morus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 63, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Fou de Bassan" Buff on = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. Sulita Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 123, Jan. 28, 1915 — type, by orig. desig., "Sula" bassana Linnaeus = Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. *Morus bassanus (Linnaeus). GANNET. Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 — based on "Anser Bassanus" Willoughby, Orn., p. 247, pi. 63, etc.; "Scotia, America" (restricted type locality, Bass Rock, off Scotland). Pelecanus maculatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 — based on "Fou tachet6" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 375, and "Fou tachete", de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 986 (=young). Sula major LacSpede, Tabl. Meth. Mamm. Ois., p. 303, 1799; idem, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. (Didot ed.), Quadr., 14, p. 318, 1799 (pub. 1802)— based on I.e., Ois., 16, p. 298, 1799 — "se trouve sur les c6tes de la Florida, et sur les grandes rivieres de cette contr6e." Sula alba Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 582, 1810 — substitute name for Pelecanus bassanus Linnaeus. Sula leucophea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 106, 1826 — based on "Brown and White Booby" Latham, Gen. Hist. Bds., 10, p. 441; supposed to inhabit Cayenne. Sula americana Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. N. Amer., p. 60, 1838 — based on Sula bassana Audubon, Orn. Biog., 4, p. 222, pi. 326; "Central coast"= Great Gannet Rock, near Magdalena Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Sula bassana Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 425, 1898 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 245, 1898— Davis Straits, Greenland; Salvin 1 Forbes's statement (Ibis, 1914, p. 413) that this form occurs at certain sea- sons even as far north as the Guayaquil River, southwestern Ecuador, is no doubt due to confusion with P. o. carolinensis. 1 Venturi's sight record from Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, needs confirma- tion. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 123 and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901 (range); Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 299, 1931— Ferry Point, St. George, Bermuda Islands (Dec. 12, 1930); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 291, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Fisher and Vevers, Journ. Anim. Ecol., 12, p. 173, 1943 (breeding); iidem, I.e., 13, p. 49, 1944 (distr., hist., pop.). Morus bassanus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 216, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 82, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds locally on islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off Newfoundland,1 also extralimitally in the British Isles and Iceland; in winter south to the Gulf of Mexico (Vera Cruz; Cuba),2 the eastern Atlantic islands (Madeira, Canary Islands, Azores), and northern Africa; accidental in Greenland (Davis Straits). Field Mtiseum Collection. — 17: Labrador (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Gulf of St. Lawrence, 2; Magdalen Islands, 8); Nova Scotia (St. Margaret's Bay, 2); Maine (Matinicus, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Florida (St. Augustine, 1). Genus SULA Brisson Sula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 494, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Sula"= Sula leucogaster Boddaert. Dysporus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 279, 1811 — substitute name for Sula Brisson. Disporus Agassiz, Ind. Univ., p. 127, 1846 — emendation of Dysporus Illiger. Abeltera Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 351, 1890 — new name for Sula Reichenbach, 1883; type, Pelecanus Sula Lin- naeus. Parasula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913— type, by orig. desig., Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews. Hemisula Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 55, Oct. 23, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Sula leucogaster rogersi Mathews. *Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards. BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY. Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 37, pi. 14, 1882 — "cote Pacifique de 1'Ame'rique" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 596, 1897— Galapagos Islands (descr., crit., range); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 31, 1899 — Isabel and Tres Marias Islands (breeding habits); Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 44, 1915 (juv. plumage); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 197, 1922 (life hist.); 1 An account of the North American gannetries has been given by Wynne- Edwards (Ibis, 1935, pp. 584-594). 1 The record from Cayenne (Daubenton) is open to doubt. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 288, 1926— Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, and Isabel Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928— Gulf of California (San Pedro Martir and Ildefonso Islands [breeding]; San Benito Islands; La Paz, etc.); Clary, Condor, 32, p. 160, 1930— Salton Sea, California (Nov. 1, 1929); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 31, 1931 — Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932— Tiburon, San Pedro Nolasco Island (breeding), San Pedro Martir, and Estrada de Tasiola, Gulf of California; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935— "Pearl Islands (breeding);" Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 829, 1936 (monog., life hist.) ; Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 287, 1938 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July 8); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 32, 1945 — Gulf of California (common resident). Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 — Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Sula gossi (Ridgway MS.) Goss, Auk, 5, p. 241, July, 1888— San Pedro Martir Island, Gulf of California (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890— Chatham Island (crit.). Sula nebouxi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 435, 1898 — Tres Marias Islands, Charles Island, and "coast of Chile;" Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 — Galapagos Islands (egg descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 148, 1901 (range in Mexico); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 407, 1902— Wenman, Seymour, Daphne, and Indefatigable Islands (excl. descr. first plumage); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 248, 1904 — Albemarle, Narborough, and Hood Islands (breeding); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, 1905 — Gorgonilla Peninsula, Gorgona Island, Colombia; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 93, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1913— Galapagos Islands (crit., plumages, eggs); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 471, 1919 — coast of Peru south to Guanape Islands (breeding habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926— Pelado (Santa Elena Bay), Santa Clara, Jambeli, and La Plata Islands, Ecuador; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18, 1927— off San Bias, Nayarit. Range. — Breeds on islands off the coasts of Mexico (San Pedro Martir, San Pedro Nolasco, Ildefonso, Isabel, Tres Marias, Clarion), Panama (Pacheca and Galera, Pearl Islands), Colombia (Gorgona), Ecuador, northern Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Guanape), and in the Galapagos Islands; migrating occasionally as far south as Ancon, Lima (fide Chapman) j1 accidental in California (Salton Sea, Nov. 1, 1929). 1 No authentic record appears to exist for the occurrence of the Blue-footed Booby in Chile. The original specimen obtained by Neboux during the voyage of the Venus in 1839 has no exact locality, and Milne-Edwards merely surmised that it might have come from Chile. The British Museum has a skin, presented by C. Crawley, said to be from "the coast of Chile." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 125 Field Museum Collection. — 13: Mexico (Ildefonso Island, Lower California, 1 ; Isabella Island, 2) ; Galapagos Islands (Daphne Island, 1; Charles Island, 1; Gardner Island, 4; Champion Island, 1; Hood Island, 2; unspecified, 1). *Sula variegata (Tschudi). PERUVIAN BOOBY. Dysporus variegatus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 — "in littoribus et insulis Oceani Pacifici" (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 — islands off Peruvian coast; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856— same locality (descr.). Sula (— ?) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 120, 1843— Chilean coast, from Chilo6 Islands to Copiapo; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512 — Valdivia, Chile. Sula variegata Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 316, 1844— Peru; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 — Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865— Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868— coast of Chile to Peru; Pelzeln, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 161, 1873— Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 — Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 34, 1882— Callao1 (crit.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 — Callao Bay and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 185— outside Coquimbo and south to Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 689, 1898— Isla los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 434, 1898— Peru (Callao, San Lorenzo Island, Chorillos) and Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaiso); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 929, 1898— Chile (monog.); Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909 — from Coquimbo northward, common at Antofagasta, Chile; Roths- child, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, pp. 42, 44, 1915 — Peruvian guano islands (crit., plumages); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 466, pis. 56-59, 1919 — coastal islands of Peru (nesting habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 — near Puna Island, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 295, 1932— Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 838, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 233, 1936 — Arica, Tacna, and near Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile (breeding); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 63, 1938 — Bay of Arica, Tacna, Chile (resident). Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 488, 1847— Chilo6 (excl. descr.); Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 165, 1860— coast of Atacama, Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Atacama. 1 The other localities mentioned ("Santa Cruz," d'Orbigny; "Magellan," Sabatier) cannot possibly be correct. Oustalet (Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 303, 1891), indeed, points out that the origin of these specimens preserved in the Paris Museum is altogether uncertain and that they probably were secured on the Peruvian coast off Lima. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Pacific coast of South America, from the Gulf of Guaya- quil, Ecuador, south to Chiloe" Island, Chile (breeding on islands from Punta Talara, Piura, Peru to Quintero, Aconcagua, Chile). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Peru (Talara, 1); Chile (Concep- cion, 1). *Sula dactylatra dactylatra Lesson. ATLANTIC BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula dactylatra "Lesson,1 TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831— 1'ile de 1'Ascen- sion" (descr. of adult male; type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 66, 1929); Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 125, 1859 — Santo Domingo Kay, Bahama Islands (breeding; descr.); Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 13, art. 4, p. 35, pi. 13 (fig. of type), 1882— Ascension Island (crit.); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 258, 1915— South Trinidad; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 510 — Ascension Island; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 846, 1936 — part, Atlantic localities (life hist.). Dysporus cyanops Sundevall, Physiogr. Sallsk. Tidskr. Lund, 1, No. 3, p. 218 (footnote), pi. 5, 1837 — "ad aequatorem maris Atlant." (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 95, 1927); idem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 19, p. 236 (footnote), 1847 — same locality (descr.). "Sula dactylatra (nigrodactyla Less.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1114, 1855; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 165, 1857— Ascension Island (descr.). [Sula] ekgans Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 125, 1859 — Santo Domingo Kay, Bahama Islands (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 184, 1930). Sula cyanops Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 — Ascension Island (breeding); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890 — Abrolhos Islands, off Bahia, Brazil; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 430, 1898— part, spec, a-c, Ascension Island; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 — Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908— Cayenne; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 324 — Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909— Los Hermanos Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 193, 1922 — part, Lesser Antilles, Los Hermanos Islands, Yucatan (Alacron Reefs), and formerly Bahama Islands. Parasula dactylathra [sic] Miranda-Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 182, 1919— South Trinidad Island (August). Sula dactylatra dactylatra Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, 1915 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 — part, Fernando Noronha; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 36, 1938 — Grand Gosier Island (July 28, 1929); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 25, 1943— Cockroach Cay, Virgin Islands (nesting). lSula dactylatra Lesson (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 11, p. 494, May 30, 1829) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 127 Range. — Breeds locally in the Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay), Lesser Antilles (Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines);1 on Los Hermanos Islands, off Venezuela; on the Alacron Reefs, Yucatan; on Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, the Abrolhos Islands, possibly also on South Trinidad (and extralimitally on Ascension Island); formerly in the Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo Kay); accidental in Louisiana (Grand Gosier Island, July 28, 1929). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Bahama Islands (Santo Domingo Cay, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 6); Venezuela (Los Hermanos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 1). *Sula dactylatra californica Rothschild.2 CALIFORNIAN BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula dadylatra californica Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 35, p. 43, Jan. 27, 1915 — "coasts of California and Central America" (type, from San Bene- dicto Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 467, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 69, 1928 — Alijos Rocks, off Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 83, 1931 (range). Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 302, 1872— Socorro Island; Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 — San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 145, 1901— part, Revillagigedo Islands; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 406, 1902— Alijos Rocks, off Lower California; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 512, 1902— Clipperton Island (eggs descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 84, 1913 — San Benedicto Island (nesting) and Clip- perton Island. Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 287, 1926 — Alijos Rocks, Clarion Island (nesting), and San Benedicto Island (breeding). Range. — Breeds on islands off the west coast of Mexico (Alijos Rocks, Clarion Island, the Revillagigedo group, and Clipperton Island). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Mexico (Clarion Island, 2). Bryant's record from "Haiti" is questionable (cf. Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 70, 1931). tSula dactylatra californica Rothschild: Similar to the nominate race, but distinguished by its much larger, stouter bill and differently colored soft parts, the bill being bright yellow instead of horny blue-gray, while the feet and legs are orange rather than yellow. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sula dactylatra grant! Rothschild.1 GRANT'S BLUE-FACED BOOBY. Sula granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 13, p. 7, Oct. 31, 1902— Galapagos Islands (type, from Culpepper Island, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Dysporus cyanops Sundevall (not of 1837), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 — Galapagos Islands. Sula variegata (not Dysporus variegatus Tschudi) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 178, 1899 — Wenman, Culpepper, Hood, Gardner (near Charles), and Tower Islands (crit., eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 407, 1902 — Culpepper, Chatham, Bindloe, Daphne, Indefatigable, and Wenman Islands (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 244, 1904— Galapagos Islands (habits); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 89, 1913 — Galapagos Islands (habits, eggs); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931— Tower Island. Sula cyanops Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900— Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador. Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 44, 1915 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; Bond and Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938— Malpelo Island. Sula dactylatra (not of Lesson) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 — La Plata Island, Ecuador; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 846, 1936 — part, Pacific localities (monog., life hist.). Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador (La Plata Island), on the islets of San Felix and San Ambrosio, off Chile, and probably on Malpelo Island, Colombia. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Hood Island, 7); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1). *Sula sula websteri Rothschild.2 WEBSTER'S RED-FOOTED BOOBY. Sula websteri Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. lii, May 25, 1898— "Clarion Island, Galapagos, and neighbouring seas" (type, from Clarion Island, Revillagigedos group, off Mexico, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898— San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands (habits); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 29, 1899 — Isabel Island (ex Grayson); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 147, 1901 — Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands. 1 Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild: Precisely like S. d. calif ornica, but bill red, legs and feet bluish green. Even in juvenile plumage, this race is recognizable by its dull purplish-pink bill. 2 Sula sula websteri Rothschild differs from the nominate race by having longer wings and the tail nearly always grayish-brown, very rarely mixed with white or partly white. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 129 Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 598, 1897 — part, Indefatigable, Tower, and Wenman Islands, Galapagos Archipelago; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 211, 1922— part, Revillagigedo and Galapagos Islands (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926— Clarion and San Benedicto Islands (breeding); idem, I.e., (4), 16, p. 17, 1927 — Labrados, Sinaloa. Sula piscatrix websteri Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 177, 1899 — Clarion and Tower Islands (breeding; crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 406, 1902 — Culpepper, Wenman, and Bindloe Islands (habits) ; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 515, 1902 — Galapagos, Clarion, and Cocos Islands; iidem, I.e., 5, p. 246, 1904 — Galapagos Islands. Sula piscatrix Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 85, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1913— San Benedicto, Cocos, Culpepper, Tower, and Wenman Islands (crit., meas., habits). Sula piscator websteri Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 37, 1931— Galapagos Islands. Sula sula websteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 — Galapagos Islands. Range. — Breeds in the Revillagigedo (San Benedicto, Socorro, Clarion), Cocos, and Galapagos Islands (Culpepper, Wenman, Tower, etc.). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Mexico (Clarion Island, 1); Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 1); Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 2; Cul- pepper Island, 1). *Sula sula sula (Linnaeus). RED-FACED BOOBY. Pelecanus Sula Linnaeus,1 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 — "in Pelago indico"1 (descr. of adult); Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 121, 1905 (nomencl.). Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 — principally based on "Le Fou brun" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 499, pi. 43, fig. 1; "in Oceano Africano, Americano" J (=grayish phase). Sula Candida Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 103, 1826 — new name for Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766 (in part). 1 While all of the references, except Browne (Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481) in part, pertain to S. leucogaster, Linnaeus' description ("corpore albido, remigibus primoribus apice nigricantibus, facia rubra" and again "remiges non tantum primores, sed et secundariae extrorsum nigricantes," etc.) is clearly referable to the Red-faced Booby. 1 Though Ascension Island was designated by Mathews (Bds. Austr., 4, p. 216, 1915), Grant and Mackworth-Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, pp. 185^187, 1933) explain at length that this procedure is inadmissible, and suggest, in its place, Barbados, Lesser Antilles, as an appropriate type locality (p. 187) for S. sula sula. a The bird described by Brisson was in the Reaumur Collection, no precise locality being specified. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sula erythrorhyncha Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 — locality un- known (possibly only a substitute name for Pelecanus piscator Gmelin, 1789= P. piscator Linnaeus, 1766, not of Linnaeus, 1758). Sula piscator (not Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus, 1758 ;)* Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 200 — Half Moon Cay, British Honduras (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163— South Trinidad Island; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 72, 1888— West Indian localities (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 578, 1888— Swan Island; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 531, 1893— off Greytown, Nicaragua; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 432, 1898 — part, spec, c'-l', South Trinidad, Redonda, St. Vincent, Jamaica, and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 146, 1901 (localities in Central America); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 588 — Little Cayman (soft parts, plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905 — St. Vincent and Grenadines (Kick 'em Jenny, Battowia; breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 672— South Trinidad (nesting); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 ("not recorded from French Guiana"); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 316, 325, 333— Los Testigos (breeding), Los Hermanos (breeding; crit.), and eastern Swan Island (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 226, 229, 1909— Los Her- manos and Los Testigos (ex Lowe); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 211, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 284, 1927 — Desecheo Island, near Puerto Rico (breed- ing; plumages disc.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526, 1928 — off Grenadines and Trinidad; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 69, 1931 — Navassa Island, Hispaniola; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931— Little Swan Island (breeding); Wetmore, I.e., 81, art. 2, p. 10, 1932 — Navassa Island (breeding). Dysporus Hernandezi Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 298, 1878 — Matanzas, Cuba (type in coll. of J. Gundlach, now in Habana Museum); idem, I.e., 29, p. 401, 1881 (crit.). Sula piscatrix Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36, 1882— Cayenne (Martin) and Haiti (Ricord); Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 214— South Trinidad Island (breeding); Lowe, I.e., 1911, p. 148 — Little Cayman. Sula cyanops (not Dysporus cyanops Sundevall) Cory, Auk, 6, p. 31, 1889 — Little Cayman and Cayman Brae. Sula coryi Maynard, Contrib. Sci., 1, No. 1, p. 40, April, 1889 — Little Cayman (cotypes in coll. of C. J. Maynard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185, 1930); idem, I.e., No. 2, pp. 51-57, pi. 5, July, 1889 (habits); idem, I.e., 1 Pelecanus piscator Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 134, 1758), according to description and references, is an indeterminable composite of some form of S. sula and of S. leucogaster, and even though Linnaeus subsequently (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 217, 1766) used the name for one of the races of the Red-faced Booby (cf. Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 168-170, 1919), such a procedure does not seem to be admissible under the Rules. Moreover, there would be no means of ascertaining its racial pertinence, as the type is no longer extant (cf. Lb'nnberg, Bihang Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 28, 1896). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 131 No. 3, p. 142, pi. 11, Oct., 1889 (notes on young); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 14, p. 65, 1904 (habits). Piscatrix sula Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 183, 1919 — South Trinidad Island (plum. disc.). [Piscatrix sula] autumnalis Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 186 (in text), with plate, 1919 (name proposed for the white-rumped, brown-backed variety). Sula sula Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, p. 184, 1930— South Trinidad; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 861, 1936 (monog., life hist.; distrib. excl. of Revillagigedo, Cocos, and Galapagos Islands). Sula sula sula Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 — Giles Islets, off Tobago (breeding; nest and eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 25, 1938 (range). Range. — Breeds locally in the West Indies (Navassa Island, Hispaniola; Desecheo, near Puerto Rico; Little Cayman, south of Cuba; Dominica; Kick 'em Jenny and Battowia, Grenadines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), off the coast of Venezuela (Los Testigos and Los Hermanos Islands) and British Honduras (Half-Moon Cay and Little Swan Island), on Fernando Noronha and on South Trinidad in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.1 Field Museum Collection. — 20: Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 2); Western Caribbean (Saint Andrews, 6; Little Swan, Swan Islands, 1); Jamaica (Cayman Brae, 1; Little Cayman, 6); British Honduras (Half Moon Cay, 3); Venezuela (Los Hermanos Island, Nueva Esparta, 1). *Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert). WHITE-BELLIED BOOBY. Pekcanus leucogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, Dec., 1783 — based upon "Le Fou, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 973; Cayenne.* 1 The plumages of the Red-faced Booby are very puzzling, and the one with white rump, tail coverts, and tail in contrast to the remaining dark gray plumage, described as S. coryi, has been the subject of much speculation. Birds of this type, however, are not confined to the Cayman Islands, as has been pointed out by Nicoll (Ibis, 1904, p. 588). They occur even on Fernando Noronha, so that it can hardly be anything else but a plumage phase, the significance of which is yet to be determined. Another variety, with the head, upper parts, breast, and abdomen brown with a slight gloss, the rump, tail coverts, vent, thighs, and tail white, was regarded by Maynard and Nicoll as an immature or intermediate plumage of "S. coryi," and as it has no range of its own, this interpretation is probably correct. It has been named (Piscatrix sula) autumnalis by Ribeiro, from South Trinidad, and more recently described as a distinct species, S. nicolli, by Grant and Mackworth- Praed (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 118, Feb. 22, 1933— type, from Glorioso Island, north of Madagascar, in the British Museum). * The White-bellied Booby is recognizably figured by Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 322, pi. 271, fig. 2) as well as by Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 87, pi. 87). The latter naturalist stated that he found it breeding in the Bahamas. 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus parvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 579, 1789 — based on "Le Petit Fou" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 374, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 973; Cayenne. Sula brasiliensis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 83, pi. 107, 1825 — "in insulis maritimis urbis Rio de Janeiro" (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 716, 1906); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 458, 1856 — bay of Rio de Janeiro and Ilha do Santa Catharina, Brazil. Sulafusca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, p. 194, pi. 277, l 1826— part, Antilles, Isla de Aves, Cayenne (roc du Grand Conne'table), coast of New Spain (= Venezuela), Bahama Islands, and "Carolina" (no type specified) ; Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 417, 1847 — Jamaica; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 156, 1865 — Jurujuba Bay, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 — Bay of Rio de Janeiro and Paranagua, Parand, Brazil. Sula fulica Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 601, 1831 — emendation of Sula fulca Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi. 277. Dysporus sula Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 890, 1833— bay of Rio de Janeiro. Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 123, 1859 — San Domingo Cay, Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 — Half-Moon Cay, British Honduras; Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 191, 1880 — Bahama Islands; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 369, 1899— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo. Sula leucogastra Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 651 — part, Ascension and St. Paul's Rock; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 281 — Ascen- sion Island (breeding); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 578, 1888— Swan Island; idem, I.e., 12, p. 130, 1890— Abrolhos Islands, off Bahfa, Brazil; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 480, 1890 — Fernando Noronha (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 149, 1901 — part, Swan Island, Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 31, 38— St. Paul's Rock (breeding) and Fer- nando Noronha; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 231, 1905— Grena- dines (Battowia, Kick 'em Jenny, Little Martinique; breeding); Chapman, Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 2, p. 143, 1908— Cay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 214, 227, 229, 1909— Islas de Aves, Los Hermanos, and Los Testigos; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 — Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (breeding on Uvita Island and on rocky islets at mouth of Moina River) ; Ltiderwaldt and Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, pp. 471, 490, 1922 — Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 — off Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Dysporus fiber Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 402, 1875 — Cuba (Cayo Mono Grande, near Cardenas; breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 191, 1878 — Desecheo Island, Puerto Rico. Sula leucogaster Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 532, 1893— kays off Caribbean Nicaragua (breeding) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 — 1 Misspelt "fulca" on the plate. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 133 Cayenne; Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 47, 1915 — Fernando Noronha; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 201, 1916— Georgetown; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 478, 510 — St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island. Sula sula Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 436, 1898— part, spec, a-q, Half-Moon Cay, Panama (Lion Hill Station), Grenada, St. Vincent, Nevis, Brazil (Bahia, Fernando Noronha), St. Paul's Rock, and Ascension Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 315, 324, 333— Los Testigos (breeding), Los Hermanos, and eastern Swan Island (breeding); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 — Bahia, Brazil. Sula leucogastris (sic) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 200, 1922 (life hist.). Sula leucogastra leucogastra Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 281, 1927 — Puerto Rico (breeding on Desecheo and Mona Islands); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 526, 1928— off Grenadines and Santa Lucia; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 449, 1928 — Almirante Bay, Panama; Bradlee and Mowbray, I.e., 39, p. 298, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (occasional autumn visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 68, 1931— Hispaniola; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 3, 1931— Little Swan Island (breed- ing); Wetmore, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 17, 1933— Alta Vela Island, Hispaniola (probably breeding); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 37, 1938 — Louisiana (Mississippi River below New Orleans, Sept., 1884; Grand Isle, April, 1929). Sula leucogaster leucogaster Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 71, p. 307, 1931 — Swan Key, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 84, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 577 — Giles Islets, off Tobago, and Soledade Rock, Gulf of Paria (breeding) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 78, p. 293, 1935 — Almirante and Colon Harbour, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 854, 1936 (monog., life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 26, 1938 — Rio de Janeiro (Bahia da Guanabara), and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Santos); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 181, 1939— Ensenada de Ocumare, Venezuela. Range. — Breeds on Florida Keys (formerly), in the Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, Santo Domingo Key, Berry Islands, etc.), on islands off the Caribbean coast of Central America, locally in the West Indies (Cay Mono Grande, Cuba; Desecheo and Mona Islands, Puerto Rico; Grenadines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), on islands off the coast of Venezuela (Isla de Aves, Los Testigos, Los Hermanos, Soledade Rock), Guiana (Grand Conne"table Rock, Cayenne), and Brazil (Fernando Noronha; Rocas Reef; Sao Sebastiao, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo) ; also in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island) ; straying to Santa Catharina, and even to Buenos Aires;1 casual in Massachusetts (Cape Cod, Sept. 17, 1878), Bermuda Islands, and Louisiana (Sept., 1884; April, 1929). 2 1 A specimen in the Geneva Museum. 2 Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 329) admits S. leucogaster to the Falkland Islands with the caption: "an accidental visitor. Seen and reported by Garnot." How- 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 32: Bahama Islands (Marypaivo Island, 2); western Caribbean (Old Providence Island, 12; Little Swan Island, 3); Puerto Rico (Mona Island, 8); Virgin Islands (Cockroach Cay, 2; St. Thomas, 2); Venezuela (Los Aves, Colon, 3). *Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss.1 BREWSTER'S BOOBY. Sula brewsteri Goss, Auk, 5, p. 242, July, 1888 — San Pedro Martir Island, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890— Georges Islands, Gulf of California (breeding); Ridgway, I.e., 19, p. 597, 1897 (descr. of type); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 440, 1898— part, Gulf of California; Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898— San Benedicto, Socorro, and Rocco Partida Islands, Revillagigedo group (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 — part, Lower California and Revillagigedo Islands; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 34, 1902 — Lower California; Thayer, Condor, 13, p. 106, 1911 — San Ildefonso Island, Gulf of California (breeding); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913— part, San Benedicto Island; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 289, 1926— San Benedicto (breeding) and Rocca Partida Islands; Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 192, 1927— Consag Rock and San Luis Island, Gulf of California (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 78, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 129, 1932— about Tiburon Island, Gulf of California. Sula leucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 352, 1883 — near Pichalinque Bay, La Paz (January). Sula sula (not Pelecanus sula Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 253, 1889— near Pichalinque Bay (ex Belding). Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 2, 1939— Lower California to Revilla- gigedo Islands (char., meas.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 33, 1945 — Gulf of California (common resident). Range. — Breeding on islands in the Gulf of California (Georges, San Pedro Martir, Ildefonso, Consag Rock, San Luis Island, etc.) and in the Revillagigedo Islands (San Benedicto, Socorro, Rocca Partida). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 2; Consag Rock, 3). ever, it is pretty certain that the Pelecanus fiber Garnot (Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 12, p. 550, July 4, 1829), described as "entierement brune, quelques in- dividus . . . sans nul doute . . . des yariete's d'age, off rent quelques taches blanches sur le corps," is something quite different and may not even belong to the genus Sula (cf. also Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 302, 1891). 1 Sula leucogaster brewsteri Goss: Male with head partly light in color, the paler area confined mainly to the face; female with upper surface, head and neck brown- ish, uniform in shade (not unlike S. I. plotus, of the western Pacific, but lighter). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 135 *Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass.1 CLIPPERTON BOOBY. Sula nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 75, May, 1901 — Clipperton Island (type in coll. of Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto); iidem, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 514, 1902— Clipperton Island (descr.). Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899—100° W. long., 11° 20' N. lat. (crit.); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 29, 1899— Isabel Island, Piedra Blanca Rock (off San Bias, Nayarit), and islet off Maria Cleofa, Tres Marias (breeding; plumages descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 150, 1901 — part, Tres Marias Islands and coast of Mexico (Jalisco and off San Bias); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 380, 1906— White Rock, off San Bias, Nayarit (breed- ing); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913— part, Clipperton Island (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 208, 1922 (life hist.; range in part); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 18, 1927 — Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands. Sula brewsteri nesiotis (sic) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 408, 1902—200 miles south of Clarion and at 107° W. long., 12° 15' N. lat. (crit.). Sula leucogaster brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (in part). Sula leucogastra attriceps van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 9, Nov. 21, 1938 — Isabel Island, western Mexico (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles). Sula leucogaster nesiotes Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, pp. 1, 3, 1939 — Clipperton Island (char., range). Range. — Breeding on Clipperton Island and on various islands off the coast of Nayarit, western Mexico (Isabel Island, Tres Marias, White Rock, etc.); straying to the coast of Jalisco and Colima (Manzanillo). Field Museum Collection. — 3: Mexico (Tres Marias Islands, 2); western Pacific (Clipperton Island, 1). *Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs.2 GORGONA BOOBY. Sula etesiaca Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 92, June, 1905 — Gorgona Island, Colombia (type in Bangs Collection, now in 1Sula leucogaster nesiotes Heller and Snodgrass: Similar to S. I. brewsteri, but male with head and neck much lighter, sometimes almost white, and with back and breast more grayish (less brownish); female with upper parts, foreneck, and breast darker, more sooty gray and less brownish. Breeding birds from Isabel and the Tres Marias Islands (albiceps) were found by Wetmore, on comparison, to be identical in coloration with a topotypical series from Clipperton Island, and while their bills are on average (though not constantly) slightly shorter and slenderer, this trifling divergency is not considered worthy of recognition in nomenclature. *Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs: Nearest to S. I. brewsteri, but darker; male with light color restricted to anterior part of the head; female with 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 185, 1930); iidem, I.e., p. 141, 1905— San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 439, 1910 — off mouth of Rio Grande de TeVraba, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 10, 1920— Pacheca and Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago (breeding); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 — off coast of northern Ecuador. Sula fusca (not of Vieillot) Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151— Bird (= Pajaro) Island, Bay of Fonseca, Honduras (nesting); idem, I.e., 1860, p. 316 — Pajaro Island, Honduras, and on way from Panama to La Union, El Salvador. Sula fiber (not Pelecanus fiber Linnaeus) Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 379, 1869 — Puntarenas, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. (l)Dysporus leucogaster (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125— Galapagos. Sula kucogastra (not Pelecanus leucogaster Boddaert) Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 405, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 378, 1883— San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 149, 1901 — part, Honduras (Bird Island, Fonseca Bay), Nicaragua (San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (Puntarenas, La Palma), and Pearl Islands; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 596, 1938— coast of Salvador. Sula sp. Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895 — Cocos Island; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899— near Pearl Islands (crit.). Sula brewsteri (not of Goss) Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 513, 1902— Cocos Island (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 97, 1913— part, Cocos Island (egg descr.). Sula leucogaster etesiaca Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 85, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 — Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 859, 1936 (monog.); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 287, 1938 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica (July); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 4, 1939 (char., range). Sula leucogastra plotus (not Pelecanus plotus Forster) Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 30, 1931— Cocos Island. Range. — Breeds off the Pacific coast of southern Central America (Pajaro Island, Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras; Cocos Island; San Miguel, Saboga, Pacheca, and Chepillo Islands, Pearl Archipelago; Taboguilla Island, Panama) and Colombia (Gorgona Island); stray- ing to the coast of Costa Rica, Ecuador, and (?)the Galapagos Islands.1 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Costa Rica (Cocos Island, 1). head and neck darker sooty brown and closely similar to S. I. plotus, though slightly darker and more uniform. Birds from Cocos, Gorgona, and Pearl Islands appear to be the same, though those from the first-named locality are very slightly paler. 1 The only specimen ever taken within the waters of the Galapagos Islands (without precise locality) is the one listed by Sundevall as Dysporus leucogaster 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 137 Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson Phalacrocorax Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 511, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, " Phalacrocorax" '= Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Carbo Lace'pede, Tabl. Me"th. Mam. Ois., p. 15, 1799 — type, by tautonymy, Pelecanus carbo Linnaeus. Halieus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Aves, p. 279, 1811 — type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 144, 1884), Hydrocorax melanoleucus Vieillot. Carbonarius Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 72, 1815 — substitute name for Carbo Lace'pede. Stictocarbo Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1115, Dec., 1855 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331, 1898), Pelecanus punctatus "Gmelin" (=Sparrman). Urile Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 175, 1857 — type, by tautonymy, Pelecanus Urile Gmelin. Leucocarbo Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 — type, by subs. desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 331, 1898), Carbo bougainvillii Lesson. Compsohalieus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 145, 1884 — type, by monotypy and orig. desig., Carbo penicillatus Brandt. *Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). WHITE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Carbo cincinatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55, Nov. 16, 1837 — Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinnatus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 150, 1884 (monog.). [Phalacrocorax auritus] subsp. a. P. cincinatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 373, 1898 (in part). Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 255, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island south to Washington (the Olympiades) ; in winter occasionally to California. Field Museum Collection. — 2: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 2). (cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899), provided it was correctly identified. Another questionable record is that of Sula parva by Milne-Edwards (Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, art. 4, p. 36, 1882) from "les cdtes du Chili" (spec, in Paris Museum, collector not stated). 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway. FARALLON CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax dilophus albociliatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2, p. 94, Apr. 10, 1884 — "Pacific coast of the United States from California to Cape San Lucas" =Farallon Islands, California1 (no type extant; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 36, 1902 — near San JosS Island, Lower California (breeding). Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 257, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926— San Martin Island, Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 70, 1928 — coasts of Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932— Gulf of California; idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 33, 1945 — Gulf of California (common resident). Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from Ore- gon to Lower California, and on inland waters in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California. Field Museum Collection. — 20: Oregon (Agate Beach, Lincoln County, 2); California (Farallon Islands, 1; Monterey, 3; Carmel River, 1; Pacific Grove, 1; Kern County, 1; San Diego, 1; Hyperion, 8; San Clemente Island, 2). *Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson). DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. Carbo auritus Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 605, 1831 — based on Hydrocorax dilophus (not of Vieillot, 1817) Vieillot (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., 2, pi. 275; no locality stated (no type extant). Phalacrocorax auritus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898 (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901 — part, eastern North America; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 16, 1946 — Baffin Island. Phalacrocorax auritus auritus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 243, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); Behle, Condor, 38, p. 77, 1936; idem, I.e., 43, p. 288, 1941— Great Salt Lake (breeding); Hagar, Auk, 58, p. 567, 1941 — vicinity of Boston, Mass, (breeding); Gross, I.e., 61, p. 513, 1944 — Maine coast (nesting status). Range. — Breeds from central Saskatchewan, northern Ontario, and Newfoundland south to northern Utah, middle Mississippi Valley, and Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to the Gulf coast and southern Mexico. Accidental on Baffin Island. Field Museum Collection. — 31: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 6); Utah (Bear River marshes, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 10; 1 As designated by the A.O.U. Check List, ed. 3, p. 63, 1910. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 139 Towner County, 1); Minnesota (Rocky Point, Lake of the Woods, 1; Heron Lake, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1; Fox Lake, 2); Illinois (Hamilton, 1; McHenry, 1); New Brunswick (Lepreaux, 2); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); Connecticut (Branford, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon).1 FLORIDA COR- MORANT. Carbo floridanus Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 252, 1835; idem, Orn. Biogr., 3, p. 387, 1835— Florida (type probably lost). Graculus floridanus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 128, 1859 — Bimini Islands, Bahama Islands (breeding); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 400, 1875 — Cuba and adjacent islets (breeding); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 312 — Andros Island, Bahama Islands (breeding). Phalacrocorax floridanus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 374 — Turneff Lagoon, British Honduras; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 200 — Man-o'-War Cay, British Honduras; idem, I.e., 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island. Phalacrocorax auritus (not Carbo auritus Lesson) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 370, 1898 — part, spec, f-r, Florida (Tarpon Springs), Texas (Corpus Christi), British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon), Yucatan (Cozumel), and Cuba (Bemba); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 152, 1901 — South Atlantic and Gulf states, British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon, Man-o'-War Cay), and Cozumel Island. Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 171, 1916 — Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 251, 1922 Qife hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 70, 1931— Hispaniola (occurrence doubtful); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States from North Carolina south to Florida and coastal Louisiana, on some of the Bahama Islands (Great Abaco, Andros, Bimini, etc.), in Cuba (formerly), and on the Isle of Pines; winters in the greater part of its breeding range and on the coast of Texas, Mexico (Cozumel Island, Contoy Island), and British Honduras (Turneff Lagoon, Man-o'-War Cay).2 Field Museum Cottection. — 25: North Carolina (Craven County, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 1; unspecified, 1; Punta Rassa, 1; Bassenger, 2; Kissimmee River, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 3; Interior Lake, San Salvador, 4; Great Bahama Island, 5); Cuba 1 Phalacrocorax auritus floridanus (Audubon) resembles the typical race in coloration but is smaller. Wing about 300 mm. 1 Its reputed occurrence in Hispaniola rests on the doubtful record by Des- courtilz. "Guadeloupe," as cited by Ogilvie-Grant (I.e., p. 373, spec. 5), refers to Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, where Captain Markham obtained an immature cormorant (cf. Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427), doubtless P. a. albociliatus. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Pinar del Rio, 1; Isle of Pines, 3); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 1). Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka. SONORA CORMORANT.1 Phalacrocorax olivaceus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 9, Feb. 4, 1939 — Dow Ranch (seven miles east of Tesia), lower Mayo River, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 — Sonora (Tobari Bay, Agia- bampo, Camoa, and Tesia). Graculus mexicanus (not Carbo mexicanus Brandt) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 316, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 — part, spec. 1, m, Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Phalacrocorax mexicanus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 155, 1901 — part, Mazatlan and Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa. (?) Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 17, 1927 — Labrados (Sinaloa) and San Bias (Nayarit), Mexico. Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 — part, northwestern Mexico. Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in states of Sonora (Te"sia, Guay- mas), and Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio). *Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt).2 MEXICAN CORMORANT. Carbo mexicanus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 56, Nov. 16, 1837 — Mexico (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax mexicanus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 207, 1857 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 65, 1859 — Lake Peten, Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 378, 1883— San Juan del Sur, Nica- ragua; idem, I.e., 6, p. 396, 1884 — Island of Omete'pe, Lake Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 169, 1886 — Santa Anna, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. 1 Phalacrocorax brasilianus chancho van Rossem and Hachisuka: Similar to P. b. mexicanus (Brandt), of eastern and southern Mexico and northern Central America, but black of under parts, head and neck glossed with brownish instead of greenish or violaceous; upper parts duller, paler, and more grayish slate with the feather margins duller black and distinctly narrower. Size, particularly of bill, tarsi, and feet, distinctly smaller. Type just losing the last of the breeding plumes (van Rossem and Hachisuka, I.e.). 2 Phalacrocorax brasilianus mexicanus (Brandt), a rather ill-defined race, differs from the nominate form by rather smaller size and by the somewhat paler central areas of the upper wing coverts and scapulars, which show more contrast with the black borders. Several specimens from Lake Nicaragua agree perfectly with others from Mexico and Texas. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 141 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 155, 1901 — Mexico (excepting Presidio de Mazatlan and Mazatlan) and Guatemala. Graculus mexicanus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 401, 1875 — Cuba (breeding). Phalacrocorax vigua mexicanus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 (crit.); Nelson, Condor, 5, p. 139, 1903— Lake Chapala, Jalisco (breeding habits); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 350, 1905— Watlings Island, Bahama Islands; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 409, 1911 — Watlings Island, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 172, 1916 — Bibijagua, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 261, 1922 (life hist.). Phalacrocorax vigua subsp. a. P. mexicanus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 381, 1898 — part, spec, a-k, n-y, Texas (Brownsville, Aransas Bay, Corpus Christi), Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosf; Tampico; Santana and Chapala, Jalisco; Cozumel Island), and Guatemala (Chiapam, Duenas, Lake Peten). Phalacrocorax olivaceus mexicanus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 413, 1929— Toloa, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range excl. of northwestern Mexico); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 146, 1932 — Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 67, 1938— El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.; breeding habits); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 40, 1938— Louisiana. Range. — Breeds in southern Louisiana (Vermilion Bay to Cameron Parish), southeastern Texas (lower Rio Grande Valley), and south through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador to northern Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua); in the Bahama Islands (Watlings Island), Cuba, and the Isle of Pines. Field Mtiseum Collection. — 17: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Browns- ville, 7; Cameron County, 3); Mexico (Tampico, 2; unspecified, 2); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 2). *Phalacrocorax brasilianus brasilianus (Gmelin). BRAZILIAN CORMORANT. Procellaria brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 564, 1789 — based on "Majagu6" Piso, Ind. utriusque Re Nat. Med., p. 83, 1658; northeastern Brazil.1 1 Gmelin's description rests exclusively on Piso's account, all his references (Brisson, Buffon, Raius) going back to the same source. His name has been rejected by Ridgway (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890) and subsequent authors as not applicable to the present species. While Piso's description and crude drawing are admittedly unsatisfactory, his statement "colli tantum parte anteriori flavis plumis decorata" can easily be construed as referring to the naked gular skin (dark yellow in life), which Piso, who made up his description from a drawing, might have mistaken for feathers. Moreover, we are informed by Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 83, 1938) that the original pictures in the Mentzel Collection at Berlin, inscribed "Miguajuba, Majaja," and "Migua" respectively, which formed the basis of Piso's diagnosis, represent indeed the Brazilian Cor- morant. Aside from the aforesaid discrepancy, there is nothing in Piso's account that could not be applied to the bird. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt, Rec. Obs. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, livr. 1, p. 47 (footnote), 1805 — Banco, Rio Magdalena, Colombia (type lost); idem, Beob. Zool., livr. 1, p. 10, 1806 — same locality (cf. Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 39, p. 142, 1926). Hydrocorax vigua Vieillpt, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 8, p. 90, 1817 — based on "Zaramagull6n negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 4, p. 395, No. 423; Paraguay and Rio de la Plata. Halieus brasilianus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 86, 1823 — Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 895, 1833— eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849— British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 460, 1856— Brazil. Phalacrocorax niger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April to July, p. 101, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type lost). Carbo mystacalis Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 — Brazil (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 628, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929). Halieus gracilis Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios., 16, Suppl., p. 113, pi. 23, 1834— San Fernando, Colchagua, Chile (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 323, 1868 (crit.). Phalacrocorax brasiliensis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 — Los Guauros, Valdivia Bay, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 304 — Cashiboya, upper Ucayali, and Maran6n, Peru; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207— Callao Bay, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B. 142, 1891— Patagonia (Isla de los Leones, 45° 6' 20" S. lat.; Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; Packsaddle Bay), Magellan Straits (Port Churrucha), and New Year Sound, False Cape Horn. Graculus brasiliamis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 490, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513— Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860— Chile (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 22, 1863— Brazil, Cayenne, and "C6te ferme" (= Venezuela); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo), and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553 — Junin, Peru; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 24, 1877— Conception Bay, Chile. Phalacrocorax gracilis Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853— coast of Chile. Phalacrocorax brasilianus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853 — Corral Bay, Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 205, pi. 28, 1855— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile; idem and Salvin, l.c., 1868, p. 146 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 601— Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Goods Bay, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 219— Castillo, Veraguas; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 282, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 358, 1876 — Carapata, Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 17— 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 143 Laguna de Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — Flores Island, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, pp. 40, 188— Chubut Valley and Prov. Buenos Aires (Barade>o); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745— Tumbez, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 398— Sengel and Sengelen rivers, Chubut, Patagonia; Doering, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881— Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624— Salto, Buenos Aires; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 427— Paracas Bay, Peru; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 270, 1884 — Concepci6n del Uru- guay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 173, 1885 — Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 — Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 429, 1886 — Peruvian localities; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Zeleddn, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 132, 1887— Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889— Lake Titicaca; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144— Parana, Paraguay and lower Pilcomayo rivers; Hartert, I.e., 1893, pp. 302, 326 — Aruba and Curagao Islands; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 147, 1893— Rio Grande de TSiraba, Costa Rica; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 197 — Uruguay; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 206, 1896— Corral, Valdivia, and the whole coast of Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 186 — Laraquete, Arauco, and Corral, Valdivia, Chile (habits); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898— Isla dos Pajaros (Co- quimbo), Vfllarrica, and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 842, 1899— Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 370, 1899— Iguape", Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231— Paraguay (Villa Concepci6n; Riacho Verde; Chaco); Goodfellow, I.e., 1902, p. 226 — upper Napo, Ecuador; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 335— Tebicuari and Monte Alto, Paraguay; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 207, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Carbo brasilianus(l) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197— Rio Truando, Colombia. Halieus brasiliensis Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861— Rio Parana. Graculus brasiliensis Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 158, 1865 — Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20— Lagoa Santa and Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. clxxiii, 1894 — San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; iidem, I.e., 5, p. be, 1895 — Penaflor, Santiago, Chile. Phalacrocorax vigua Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1890— Port Otway, Chile (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 378, 1898 — part, spec, a-n, r-d', Chubut, Buenos Aires (Santa Elena), Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Bahla), Cayenne, British Guiana (Camacusa), Costa Rica, Veraguas (Castillo), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Laguna de Langui, Paracas Bay), and Chile; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 13, 1899 — Rio Coconati and Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama; iidem, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 — Rio Zamora and Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 627, 1900— Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124, 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1900 — Bonda, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 154, 1901 — part, Costa Rica and Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 — Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 — Ingapirca and La Merced, Junin, Peru; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; Lillo, I.e., p. 206, 1902— Rio Calera and Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 453— San Luis, near Tarija, Bolivia; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 47— Gray's Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape") and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908 — Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 241, 1909 — C6rdoba (Cosquin) and Buenos Aires (Est. San Martmo Monte; Barracas al Sud); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 234, 1909 — Aruba and Margarita Islands; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 102, 1909— Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 — Jacopita, Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 118, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval), Brazil; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 508, 1915 — Patagonia (descr.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 367, 1916 — Orinoco Valley as far as the falls of Atures, Venezuela; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 11, 1917 — Puerto Deseado, Patagonia; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 478, 1919— Lobos de Tierra Islands, Peru (breeding); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 — San Lorenzo Island, Callao, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 — Uruguay (Colonia, San Jose", Montevideo, Canelones); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 — northern Venezuela; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 114, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Phalacrocorax sp. inc. Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 168 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires. Phalacrocorax vigua vigua Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 141, 1905 — San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 — vicinity of San Jose, Matina River, and Guacimo, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 236, 1917— Cali (Cauca), Magdalena Valley, and Cie"naga, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 248, 1918— Gatun Lake, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 11, 1920— San Elmo and Pacheca Islands, Pearl Islands (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 46, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 174, 1921 — Rio Aconcagua, Aconcagua, Chile; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Car- negie Mus., 14, p. 132, 1922 — Bonda and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 53, 1926— Paraguay, Chaco, Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 — Bariloche, Rio Negro; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 213, 1926 — Puna Island, Ecuador; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 147, 1927— Santa Elena Island, Santa Fe\ Carbo vigua Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 28, 1907 — Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1209 — Noanama, Choco, Colombia; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 466, 494, 1912 — 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 145 Vera Guarany, Parana; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 29, 1922 — Yaguarcocha, San Pedro, Chillo, and Santo Domingo, Ecuador. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 500, 1929 — coast of Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 48, 1930— San Jose", Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 86, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 — Manati and Western rivers, Almirante, Panama; idem, I.e., p. 361, 1931 — Ci6naga Grande and Rio Frio, Mag- dalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 310, 1932 — Perme, Panama; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 297, 1932— Chile grange);1 Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 578 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (visitor); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 80 — Wollaston Islands, Cape Horn region; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 — Panama; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 909, 1936 (monog.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 — Arica, Tacna, Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 26, 1938— Para (Lago CuipSua), Bahfa (Barra do Rio Grande, Ilha Madre de Deus), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Cananea, Ilha do Cardoso), and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo). Phalacrocorax olivaceus hornensis Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 915, 1936 — Bertrand Island (south of Navarino Island), Chile (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Coasts, lakes, and rivers of Central and South America from Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region.2 Field Museum Collection. — 33: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Venezuela (Paramo Culata, Merida, 1; Lake Valencia, 6; Margarita Island, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1; Piedras, 1; Pucayacu, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay, Chaco (Guachalla, Ric Pilcomayo, 580 km. west of Ascuncion, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; Resistencia, Chaco, 1; Concepcion, Tucuman, 8; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1); Chile (Malinka, Ascension Island, Chilce", 1). *Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). NORTH ATLANTIC COR- MORANT. Pelecanus Carbo Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 133, 1758 — based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 116; Sweden (restricted by Hartert, 1 Phalacrocorax promaucanus Philippi (Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 674, 1899 — central provinces of Chile; idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 107, pi. 51, 1902 — type, from Matanzas, coast of Colchagua, in National Museum, Chile) cannot be made out with certainty. Possibly based upon a juvenile specimen of P. b. brasilianus. 2 Birds from the southern end of South America (Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, Cape Horn region) are on average slightly smaller (wing, 265-285; 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1387, 1920, to the "rock-nesting form of the North Atlantic Ocean"). Carbo glacialis Brehm, Ornis, I, p. 53, 1824; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 817, 1831 — Greenland to the Faroes, in winter to Iceland and the German coast of the North Sea (type evidently lost);1 Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 294, 1916 (crit.). Carbo macrorhynchos Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 — "Terre Nueve"= Newfoundland (type formerly in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 637, 1850 [crit.], and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 65, 1929). Graculus americamis Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, pi. cccl (=xxxve), figs. 2746-49, 1850 — no locality given, but presumabfy North America. Phalacrocorax carbo Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 243, 1898 — Greenland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 236, 1922 (life hist.); Buchheister, Audubon Mag., New York, 46, p. 14, 1944 — Maine (status). Phalacrocorax carbo carbo Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 87, 1931 (range); Lewis, Auk, 58, p. 360, 1941— Canada (breeding localities). Range. — Bred formerly from western Greenland (Godhaven) and Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound) south to Newfoundland, southern Labrador, and Nova Scotia (extralimitally breeding in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, British Isles, and northern Scandinavia east to the Kola Peninsula); in winter south to New York (Long Island), Maryland (Chesapeake Bay), and Virginia. Field Mmeum Collection. — 9: Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1); Nova Scotia (Cape Breton, 2) ; New Brunswick (St. Johns, 1 ; White Horse Island, 2); Maine (Brewer, 1; Bangor, 2). *Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt). BRANDT'S CORMORANT. Carbo penicillatus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersb., 3, No. 4, col. 55, Nov. 16, 1837 — no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 2, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 150, 1839— mouth of Columbia River (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, P. 17). Phalacrocorax penicillatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 363, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 265, 1922 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 290, 1926 — Guadalupe Island (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 70, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Trans. bill, 46-52 mm.), but the divergency is too insignificant to warrant recognition in nomenclature. The earliest name for this disputable form is P. niger King, based on an example from the Straits of Magellan. 1 Not listed by Hartert among the types in the Brehm Collection (Nov. Zool., 25, pp. 4-63, 1918). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 147 San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 130, 1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 34, 1945 — Sonoran coast (resident). Range. — Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska (Forrester Island) to Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Field Museum Collection. — 36: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); California (Bear Valley, 1; Trinidad, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; La Patera Point, 2; Eureka, 1; Monterey, 12; Carmel Bay, 3; Carmel River, 1; San Diego, 1; San Clemente Island, 4; Hyperion, 8). *Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Pallas. PELAGIC CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 303, pi. 76, 1811 — East Kamtchatka and the American [=Aleutian] Islands; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 187, 1885 — Bering and Copper Islands (plumages) ; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 360, 1898 (in part). Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 160, 1884— coast of Alaska '(type in U. S. National Museum) ; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 40, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (Sealion Rock, St. Paul and St. George Islands). Phalacrocorax pelagicus pelagicus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 271, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 18, 1934 — Nunivak Island (breeding); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 85, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering). Range. — Breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Kamchatka, the Commander, Kurile, and Aleutian Islands, and on the coast and islands of northwestern North America, from Bering Strait to southern Alaska and the coastal islands of British Columbia; south in winter to Japan, China, and Washington (Puget Sound). Field Museum Collection. — 10: Alaska (Diomede Island, 2; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; St. Lazaria Island, Sitka Bay, 3); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon. BAIRD'S COR- MORANT. Phalacrocorax resplendens Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio ed.), 4, pi. 412, fig. 1, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 148, 1839— Cape Disappointment, Wash- ington (type lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17). Graculus bairdii (Gruber MS.) Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 5 — Farallon Islands, California (no veritable type identifiable; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 263, 1932). Phalacrocorax pelagicus (not of Pallas) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 360, 1898 — part, spec, w-z, California (San Francisco, Monterey, 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Santa Barbara and Farallon Islands); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 151, 1901 — part, Mazatlan, Lower California, etc. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 276, 1922 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 71, 1928— sea coast of northwestern Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 89, 1931 (range). Range. — Pacific coast of North America, from extreme southern British Columbia (Sidney Island, near Victoria) to Lower California and Sinaloa (Mazatlan).1 Field Museum Collection. — 20: British Columbia (Victoria, 1); California (Point Reyes, 2; Westport, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Grove, 4; Monterey, 8; Castle Island, 1). *Phalacrocorax urile (Gmelin). RED-FACED CORMORANT. Pelecanus urile Gmelin,2 Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789 — based on "Red- faced Cormorant" Pennant (Arct. Zool., 2, p. 584, C), "Red-faced Shag" Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 601, No. 17), and "Urile" Steller (Hist. Kamtschatka, p. 157); Kamchatka. Phalacrocorax bicristatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 301, pi. 75, fig. 2, 1811— Kamchatka; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 358, 1898 (monog.). Phalacrocorax urile Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 181, 1885— Copper Island (nomencl., crit., eggs descr.); Palmer, in The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands, 3, p. 377, 1899 — Pribilof Islands (downy and juv. plumages, habits); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 148, 1920— Bering Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 279, 1922 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 113, 1944— Bogoslof and Pribilof Islands, Alaska (nesting). Range. — Breeds on the Aleutian, Pribilof, Bering and Copper Islands, as well as on the Kamchatkan coast and in the Kurile Islands, northeastern Asia. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; Walrus Island, 1; Bering Sea, 1). *Phalacrocorax magellanicus (Gmelin). MAGELLANIC COR- MORANT. Pelecanus magellanicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 576, 1789 — based on "Magellanic Shag" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 604, Tierra del 1 The extinct Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas, of Bering Island, has never been found on American territory. 2 As fully explained by Stejneger, all the references quoted by Gmelin pertain to the Red-faced Cormorant. On the other hand, Pelecanus violaceus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 575, 1789) is wholly undeterminable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 149 Fuego and Staten Island; Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 356, 1844 — Isla Ano Nuevo and Staten Island. Phalacrocorax sarmientonus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 — Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost). Phalacrocorax erythrops King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 30, March 2, 1831 — Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum). Carbo leucotis (Cuvier MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831— Falkland Islands (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 536, 1850, and Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 65, 1929). Carbo ater Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 — "de la baie des Chiens marins, a la Nouvelle Hollande," errore,= probably Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627, 1850 (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 350, 1927 (=young). Graculus sarmientonus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 490, 1847 (ex King). Graculus magellanicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 492, 1847 — Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513— Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 — Chiloe Archipelago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Pelecani, p. 21, 1863 — Falkland Islands; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, 1865 — Chilo6 Islands, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— Chiloe". Phalacrocorax magellanicus Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 128, pi. 31 bis, fig. 1 (adult), 2 (young), 1853; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 167— Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 499— Port Chur- ruca and Port Tamar, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 — Trinidad Channel, Magellan Straits; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B. 150, 1891— Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay; Romanche Channel), Cape Horn Archipelago (Maxwell Bay; Hermit Island), and Straits of Magellan (Port Famine; Magdalena Island); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 681, pi. 37, 1898— Chile (Valparaiso; Isla Lagartiza, Calbuco, Llan- quihue); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 388, 1898— Staten Island, Straits of Magellan (Trinidad Channel, Port Tamar), and Falkland Islands; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 836, 1899— Llanquihue and Chilo6 (monog.) ; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 628, 1900 — Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 396, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, 1902— ChiloS Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904— Falkland Islands (breeding); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48 — Churruca Bay and Puerto Dixon, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 236, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 512, 1915 (monog.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 328— Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 90, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 300, 1932— Melinka, 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range in Chile); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 349, 1934— Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80— Wollaston and Hermit Islands, Cape Horn (nesting); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 895, 1936 (monog.). Urile magellanicus(a) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 177, 1857 (diag.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890— San Martin Island, Straits of Magellan. Carbo magellanicus Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. Orn., p. 370, 1858 — Orange Harbour, Tierra del Fuego. Haliaeus penicillatus (not Carbo penicillatus Brandt) C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 249, 1888 — Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Phalacrocorax eumegethes Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 673, 1899 — Reloncavi Bay, Llanquihue, Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago); idem, Arch. Naturg., 65, (1), p. 173, 1899 — Calbuco, Reloncavf Bay. Phalacrocorax gracilis (not Halieus gracilis Meyen) Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 105, pi. 49, 1902— Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Valdivia. Range. — Coasts of southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, and Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia, south to the Cape Horn region, and the Falkland Islands; accidental as far north as Valparaiso and Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, 2; Isla Hermita, Cape Horn, 1). Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (Lesson). BOUGAINVILLE'S COR- MORANT. Carbo bougainvillii Lesson, Journ. Navig. The'tis et Espe"rance, 2, p. 331, 1837 — Valparaiso, Chile (location of type unknown). Carbo albigula Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 3, No. 4, col. 57, Nov. 16, 1837 — Chile (type in Leningrad Museum). Phalacrocorax albigula Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 187, 1844 — Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, "1844," 1845 — coast of Chile. Haliaeus albigula Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 — Islay (Arequipa), Peru, and Arica (Tacna), Chile. Graculus bougainvillii Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847— Valparaiso (ex Lesson); Philippi, Anal. Unfv. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868 (ex Lesson); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874,' p. 554 — Chorillos, Lima, Peru. Graculus albigula Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847— Chile (ex Brandt); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— Chile (ex Brandt). Urile bougainvillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 176, 1857 — Peru (diag.). Phalacrocorax bougainvillii(ei) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 430, 1886 (Peruvian 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 151 localities); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 — Chile; Ogilvie- Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 387, 1898— Peru and Chile (Valparaiso); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 474, pis. 61-63, 1919— Lobos de Tierra, Ballestas, and Chincha Islands (breeding habits); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 138, 1926 — San Felipe and Los Andes, Aconcagua, Chile; Murphy, Bird Islands of Peru, p. 73, 1925 — Peru south to Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 213, 1926— Guayaquil (Feb. 28) and Santa Clara Island (Feb. 26), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 299, 1932— Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 — coast of Arica and Atacama (Chanaral), Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 899, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax albigula Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 845, 1899 — Prov. Santiago, Chile (monog., crit.). Phalacrocorax ventralis Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 106, pi. 50, 1902 — Santiago, Chile (descr. of young; cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago de Chile, 13, p. 28, 1930). Range. — Pacific coast of South America from southwestern Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil) to Valdivia (Corral), Chile; breeding on islands off the coast of Peru (Lobos de Tierra, Ballestas, Chinchas, etc.) and Chile (Alacran Islet, Arica; Isla Muerta, near Mocha Island). *Phalacrocorax gaimardi (Lesson and Garnot). GAIMARD'S COR- MORANT. Carbo gaimardi Lesson and Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., Atlas, livr. 7, pi. 48, June 21, 18281 — "Lima, au Perou"=San Lorenzo Island, off Callao (cf. Pekcanus Gaimardi Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 14, p. 602, Jan., 1830, type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 64, 1929); Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., p. 605, 1831— "cdtes du Pe>ou, la rade de Lima sur 1'ile San Lorenzo;" Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 133, 1858— Valparaiso, Chile. Pelecanus gaimardi Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 373, June, 18281 — "les bords de la rade de Callao," Peru. Phalacrocorax cirriger King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 3, April-July, p. 103, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 506, 1912 — Patagonia. Phalacrocorax gaimardii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 — Valparaiso Bay; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 132, 1853— Algodon Bay, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 219, 1853— Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 206, 1855— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, p. 365, 1871— near Chiloe 1 It is impossible to ascertain whether the plate of the Coquille or Lesson's account in the Manuel was published first. We notice, however, that the plate is quoted by Lesson. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Island and Messier Channel, Chile; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427 — San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 431, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 — Callao Bay, Peru; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 156, 1891 — Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 187— Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 353, 1898— Peru (San Lorenzo Island), Chile (Iquique, Valparaiso, Corral), Straits of Magellan, and Patagonia (Puerto San Julian); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 688, 1898— Chile (Cavancha and Iquique, Tarapaca; Tumbes, Concepcion); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 839, 1899— from Chiloe" northward (monog.); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899— ChilcS and Algarrobo, Chile; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909— Chile (Arica, Tacna; Caleta Buena, Tara- paca; Taltal, Antof agasta) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 236, 1910— Rio Deseado (ex Oustalet); Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 11, 1917 — Puerto Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 480, 1919 — coast of Peru north to Callao Bay (breeding habits); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 — Isla del Canadon, Rio Deseado, Patagonia (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 91, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 296, 1932— Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla La Mocha, Chile (nesting); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936— Arica, Tacna, Chile (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 873, 1936 (monog.). Haliaeus gaimardii(i) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 313, 1846 — San Lorenzo Island, Peru; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 190, 1856 — coast of middle Peru (soft parts). Graculus gaimardi Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 489, 1847 — southern Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513 — Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wxiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — coast between Coquimbo and Caldera, Atacama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 158, 163, 1865— Chiloe" Island; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868— Chiloe to central Chile; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 161, 1873— Callao, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 553— Chorillos, Peru. Sticticarbo gaimardi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 174, 1857 — Chile (diag.). Graculus gainsardii (sic) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 — Chiloe" (breeding habits). Phalacrocorax criniger (lapsu) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 278 — San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Range. — Coasts of Peru (from the Guanape Islands southward) and Chile south to Chiloe" Island (breeding), rarely to the Straits of Magellan (two records), and likewise breeding on the coast of Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Isla de Canadon, estuary of the Rio Deseado; San Julian). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 153 Field Museum Collection. — 4: Chile (Concepci6n, Conception, 2); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 2). *Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps King. IMPERIAL CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax atriceps King,1 Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, April-July, p. 102, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost);1 Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 390, figs. 4, 5, 1898— Chile (Corral, Chiloe" Island) and Straits of Magellan (Cove Harbour, Messier Channel); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627, 1900 — Isla de Leones, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902— Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 48— Puerto Dixon and Molineux Sound, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 — "Patagonia (San Julian)," Tierra del Fuego, and Staten Island; Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 516, 1915 — near Mount Tigre, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 33, 1916 — Corral, Chile (crit., char.). Phalacrocorax imperialis King,1 Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, "1830," p. 30, pub. March 2, 1831 — "in sinubus inferioribus orae occidentalis"=west entrance of Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 652 — Cove Harbour, Messier Channel; iidem, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 120, pi. 25, fig. 1, 1880— Cove Harbour (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541— Straits of Magellan and Chile (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 — Chile. Graculus albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847— part, Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513— Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— Corral, Valdivia. Graculus cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 513— Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 291, 1868— Chiloe" and Corral, Valdivia, Chile. Graculus elegans Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 24, (1), p. 305, 1858 — Chiloe" Island, Chile (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 29, 1930). Graculus cristatus (lapsu) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 — Chiloe1 Archipelago (breeding habits). Graculus carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 159, 163, pi. 6, fig. 16 (egg), 1865— Chiloe" Island. 1 King appears to have described the same species under two different names within a few years. P. atriceps was seemingly based on an immature bird without any white on wings and back, whereas the diagnosis of P. imperialis (crested head; purple-glossed upper parts; white band across wings; white patch on middle back) describes an adult in nuptial plumage. 1 Unless spec, d of P. atriceps, Straits of Magellan (Captain P. P. King), in the British Museum, be the type. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phalacrocorax cirrhatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340 — Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 — Straits of Magellan; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 683, 1898— Calbuco (Llanquihue) and Straits of Magellan (crit.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 833, 1899— Chiloe" and southern Chile (monog.); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 65, p. 172, 1899 — Chiloe"; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 104, pi. 48, 1902— Chile. Phalacrocorax carunculatus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Santa Magdalena Island, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, pp. 499, 500 — Mayne Harbour, Port Churruca, Straits of Magellan (crit.); Newton, I.e., 1870, p. 504 — Santa Magdalena Island (egg descr.); Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Str. Magellan, pp. 191, 271, 1871— Tierra del Fuego (Quarter- master Island) and Santa Magdalena Island (breeding habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Zool., p. B. 144, pi. 6, small fig., 1891 — part, Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego (Bahfa Orange, Bahfa Lort, Bahia Buen Succeso, Bahia Stockwell), Staten Island, New Year Sound, and Button Island. Phalacrocorax verrucosus (not Halieus verrucosus Cabanis) Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 — Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (crit.); idem, I.e., 18, p. 237, 1910— Tierra del Fuego. (?) Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson?) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 241, 1909— Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego. Phalacrocorax atriceps atriceps Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range in part, excl. of "South Shetlands"); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 301, 1932 — Valdivia to Straits of Magellan; Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — Woodcock Island, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 349, 1934 — Isla de los Conejos and Lake Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 80 — Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn (crit.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 881, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on the coast of southern Chile, from Mocha Island to the Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and the Cape Horn Islands; straying, outside the breeding season, to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, eastern Patagonia and Graham Land in the Ant- arctic Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas, 1); Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1); Antarctic Archipelago (Wilhelmina Bay, Graham Land, I).1 *Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson).2 WHITE-BELLIED CORMORANT. 1 This specimen has the facial markings and the white patch on the back that are characteristic of P. a. atriceps. Its bill length is the same as that of the speci- men from Chile, but the bill looks somewhat heavier. 2 Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer (Lesson), in adult plumage, differs from the nominate race by its longer, fuller, apically recurved crest and the larger caruncles at the base of the upper mandible, while the purple-black color of the pileum 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 155 Carbo albiventer Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 604, 1831 — Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 627, 1850).1 Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 145, 1841 — Puerto San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding; soft parts); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166— East Falk- land Island (breeding); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 144, pi. 6, front fig., 1891 — part, Missioneros and Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Pata- gonia. Phalacrocorax cirrhatus (not Pelecanus cirrhatus Gmelin) Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 186, 1844 — part, spec, b, c, i, Falkland Islands and San Julian, Patagonia. Graculus albiventer Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. 'Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 491, 1847— part, Falkland Islands. Phalacrocorax albiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 310 — Falk- land Islands (eggs); idem and Salvin, Rep. Challenger, Zool., 2, Birds, p. 121 (in text), pi. 25, fig. 2, 1880 — Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 540 (crit.). Phalacrocorax imperialis (not of King) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 11 — Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 32, 1904— West Point Island, Falkland Islands (eggs descr.). Urile albiventer 1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1890 — San Martin Island, Magellan Straits (crit.). Phalacrocorax albiventer Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 392, fig. 7, 1898 — Falkland Islands, Patagonia (San Julian), and Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 627, 1900 — Penguin Rookery and Puerto Cook, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 395, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 237, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 520, 1915 — Coy Inlet and Cape Fairweather, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 33, 37, 1916— Coy Inlet (crit.); Brooks, Bull. extends down over the greater part of the auriculars. Besides, there is no white dorsal patch at any time of the year. This well-characterized race replaces the nominate form in the Falkland Islands as well as on the coast of Santa Cruz in southeastern Patagonia. Darwin found it breeding at Puerto San Julian and the members of the Princeton Expedition found it between the estuary of the Coy River and Cape Fairweather. While we have not been able to study a good Patagonian series, two specimens from that region seem to be identical with birds from the Falkland Islands. Reynolds (Ibis, 1935, p. 81) states positively that albiventer does not breed anywhere in Tierra del Fuego where atriceps is abundantly met with, and suggests that the few specimens recorded from the Straits are merely stragglers or vagrants. On the other hand, P. a. atriceps has never been found nesting either in the Falklands or on the coast of Santa Cruz, so that it would seem to be established that these two cormorants replace each other geographically during the breeding period. 1 Not listed by Berlioz (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, pp. 63-65, 1929) among the types of cormorants in the Paris Museum. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 157, 1917 — Falkland Islands; Doello-Jurado, El Hornero, 1, p. 15, 1917 — Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, in winter in Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago); Wace, I.e., 2, p. 202, 1920— Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 265, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (winter); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 164, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 328— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926 — San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 4, p. 17, 1927 — Carrasco (near Montevideo), Uruguay (Aug. 20, 1926); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 891, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax albiventer albiventer Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 (range). Range. — Breeds in the Falkland Islands and on the coast of Santa Cruz, southeastern Patagonia, from Puerto Deseado to the mouth of the Rio Gallegos; straying in winter south to Staten Island, Straits of Magellan (Tom Bay, San Martin Island), and north to the coast of Buenos Aires Province (Punta Lara, Rio Santiago, Rosas, Zelaya) and Uruguay (Carrasco, near Montevideo; Aug. 20, 1926). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1). Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg.1 SOUTH GEORGIAN CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., i 40, No. 5, p. 69, pi. 2 (upper figures), 1906 — Boiler Harbour, Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 96, 1927); Shufeldt, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 95, pis. 17, 18, 1914 (anatomy); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 489— South Georgia; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 328 — South Georgia; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 885, 1936 (monog.). Phalacrocorax carunculatus (not Pelecanus carunculatus Gmelin) Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 27, 1885— South Georgia (crit.). Phalacrocorax georgianus Murphy, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, pp. 34, 38, 39, 1916 — South Georgia (descr., crit., life hist.); Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 5-7, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting). Phalacrocorax albiventer (not Carbo albiventer Lesson) Carcelles, El Hornero, 4, p. 400, 1931 — Cooper Harbour, Holmestrand, and Rosita Bay, South Georgia. Phalacrocorax (albiventer) georgianus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 92, 1931 — South Georgia. Range. — Island of South Georgia.2 1 Phalacrocorax atriceps georgianus Lonnberg is stated by Murphy to resemble P. a. albiventer in long, recurved crest and strongly developed caruncles, but to differ by decidedly shorter bill, while in extent of black on sides of head it occupies an intermediate position between atriceps and albiventer. We are not acquainted with the South Georgian Cormorant. 1 The status of the cormorants breeding on the South Orkney and South Shetland Islands remains to be determined. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 328) refers 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 157 Genus NANNOPTERUM Sharpe Nannopterum Sharpe, Handlist of Birds, 1, p. 235, 1899 — type, by monotypy, Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild. *Nannopterum harrisi (Rothschild). FLIGHTLESS CORMORANT. Phalacrocorax harrisi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. Hi, May 25, 1898 — Narborough Island, Galapagos Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 655, 1898 (repr. orig. descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 179, 1899 — north side of Narborough Island; Gadow, I.e., 9, p. 169, pis. 14, 15, 1902 (wings and skeleton descr.); Rothschild and Hartert, l.c., p. 408, pi. 10 (fig. of type), 1902— south side of Narborough Island (crit., female, eggs descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 249, 1904 — Narborough and Albemarle Islands (habits, eggs descr.). Nannopterum harrisi Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 80, pi. 4, 1913 — Albemarle and Narborough Islands (habits, soft parts, meas.); Shufeldt, Emu, 15, p. 86, pis. 15-19, 1915 (osteology); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 38, 1931— Narborough and Albemarle (Tagus Cove) Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 94, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 32, 1931— Narborough Island (eggs descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 916, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Coasts of Narborough and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, Mangrove Point, 2; Narborough Island, 2; Albemarle Island, 1). Family ANHINGIDAE. Water-Turkeys Genus ANHINGA Brisson Anhinga Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 60; 6, p. 476, 1760 — type, by tautonymy and monotypy, " Anhinga" =Plotus anhinga Linnaeus. to them as being similar to P. a. georgianus, but much larger. Clarke (I.e., 1906, p. 184, pi. 13, fig. 2) had called South Orkney birds P. atriceps, but Murphy (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 39, 1916) pointed put that they were evidently much closer to georgianus. Other references pertaining to this unsettled form are P. georgianus Bennett (El Hornero, 2, p. 32, 1920 [South Orkney and South Shetland Islands]), P. albiventris Carcelles (I.e., 4, p. 83, 1927 [South Orkney Islands]), P. atriceps Ardley (Discovery Rep., 12, p. 374, 1936 [South Orkney Islands]), and P. atriceps Eklund (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945 [64° 42' S.-630 25' W.]). Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 888, 1936), under the heading of P. atriceps subsp., states that South Shetland birds resemble P. a. atriceps and P. a. georgianus, but have a longer bill than the latter, larger caruncles than the former, and a longer tail (128-138) than either, while the demarcation line between dark and white on the sides of the head is more as in the continental form. Murphy (p. 889) publishes Bennett's MS. name brans- fieldensis, which will become available should the race prove to be valid. We have no material. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plotus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766— type, by monotypy, Plotus anhinga Linnaeus. Plottus "Klein" Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat., p. 474, 1777 (emendation). *Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus). SOUTH AMERICAN DARTER. Plotus anhinga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 218, 1766 — based on "Anhinga" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218; northeastern Brazil) and Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 476; Cayenne); type locality, Brazil (as designated by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 900, 1833— eastern Brazil (Lagoa Feia, Rio Belmonte, Rio Itahype); Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 — "coast of Peru (nesting on sandy islands)"; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 764, 1849— rivers up to 1,200 ft. (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 461, 1856— Rio Chipato (Rio Belmonte), Brazil; Tschudi, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 188, 1856 (habits); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197— Rio Truando and Rio Atrato, Colombia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 325, 1870— Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Marabitanas, Rio Negro; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. -Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 — Rio Taquarugu, Sumidouro, and Ribeirao do Mato, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 304 — eastern Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Maran6n); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876— Marajo, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 28, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 100, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, pp. 157, 162 — near Counany and Amapa, northern Para; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898 — part, specimens i'-w' (monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900— Rio Peripa, western Ecuador; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 — Villa Conception, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 127, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 — Rio Capim, Para, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 79, 1907— Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 311, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909 — Ledesma, Jujuy, Argentina; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910 — Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba) and Piauhy (mouth of Tedra-Farada and above Sao Estevao, Rio Parnahyba); Dab- bene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 237, 1910 — Chaco Argentine; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336 — Tebicuari and Mortero, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 119, 1914 — Dunas, Marajo, Brazil; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 29, 1922— La Carolina (Quito) and Rio Curaray, Ecuador. Plotus tupinambis Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 40, 1791 (substitute name for Plotus anhinga Linnaeus). Plotus cayennensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 26, p. 1115, Dec., 1855 — based on Plotus melanogaster var. y Gmelin, Syst. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 159 Nat., 1, (2), p. 580, 1789, which, in its turn, rests on "Anhinga noir, de Cayenne" Buffon (=Daubenton), PI. Enl., pi. 960. Anhinga anhinga Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 2, p. Ill, 1889 — lower Beni River, Bolivia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 — Cano Vagre, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 — lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 199, 1916 (numerous localities); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 237, 1917— Cauca and Magdalena rivers, Colombia; Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 182, 1920 (soft parts); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 131, 1922 — Palenque, Santa Marta, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 144 — Apure and Portu- guesa rivers, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 214, 1926 — Chone and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 121, 1926— Porto Xavier da Silva, Parana, Brazil; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 54, 1926— Riacho Quia, near Las Palmas, Chaco; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 148, 1927 — Parana River, near Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 100, 1930 — Palmiras, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 49, 1930— Mision Tacaagte, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 — part, South America; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 — Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 535 — Rupununi River, British Guiana (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 27, 1938 — Amazonas (Manacapuru), Para, Bahia (Rio Gongogy), Sao Paulo (Pirituba), and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre). Anhinga anhinga anhinga Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, p. 103, 1941 (disc, races, type locality restricted to Rio Tapajos, Para, Brazil); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 22, 1945 — Igarape do Gordao, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Range. — Tropical South America from Colombia and Venezuela to western Ecuador (Rio Peripa, Chone) and east of the Andes1 to northern Argentina (Ledesma, Jujuy; Chaco Argentine; Entre Rios), Bolivia (lower Beni River), Paraguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). Also the islands of Tobago and Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1); Ecuador (Montes del Suno, Loreto, 2; Concepcion, Pato Paqual, 1); British Guiana (Abary Creek, 2; Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Chaco, 1); Argentina (Resistencia, Chaco, 1). * Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vieillot).2 NORTH AMERICAN DARTER. 1 South of Ecuador, the Darter has been found only east of the Andes, there being but a few records from Amazonian Peru (Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Maraft6n) and Bolivia (lower Beni River). Tschudi's statement that it breeds on sandy islands along the Peruvian coast is due to confusion with some other bird. 2 A. a. kucogaster (Vieillot) differs from the typical race by its somewhat smaller size and narrower, darker, less buffy tail tips. 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plains kucogaster Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 1, p. 545, 1816 — Florida (descr. of immature; location of type not stated). Plotus anhinga Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 405, 1875 — Cuba (breeding habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 419, 1898— part, specimens a-h' (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 156, 1901 (Central American references and localities). Anhinga anhinga Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 77, 1887; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 438, 1910 — Bolson and mouth of Matina River, Costa Rica; Todd, I.e., 10, p. 171, 1916— Isle of Pines, Cuba; Rendahl, Ark. ZooL, 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 — Nicaragua (Rio Ometepe, Chano Verde; San Juan del Norte); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 229, 1922 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 — part, North and Central America; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 147, 1932 — Rio Polochic and near Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 — Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 69, 1938— El Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, etc.). Anhinga anhinga minima van Rossem,1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 439, Oct., 1939 — Acaponeta, Nayarit, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection). Anhinga anhinga leucogaster Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, p. 103 (in text), 1941 (recognized as distinct northern race); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 232, 1943 (descr. races; a northern and a southern one recognized). Range. — Southern United States, from Texas, southern Illinois and North Carolina southward through Mexico and Central America to Panama; Cuba (including Isle of Pines). Intergrading with the typical race in Colombia. Field Mmeum Collection. — 26: Florida (Wens Creek, 1; Ockla- waha River, Marion County, 1; Cabbage Bay, 1; Anclote, 1; Lake Flirt, 2; Bassenger, 2; Palm Beach County, 4; Enterprise, 1; Seminole County, 1); Louisiana (A very Island, Iberia County, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 6; Nueces County, 1); Cuba (Artemisa, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 1; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). Suborder FREGATAE Family FREGATIDAE. Man-o'-War Birds Genus FREGATA Lac<§pede Fregata Lace'pede, Tabl. M6th. Mam. Ois., p. 15, 1799 — type, by subs, desig. (Daudin, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., e"d. Didot, Quadr., 14, p. 317, 1802), Pelecanus aquila Linnaeus. 1 A. a. minima van Rossem is said to differ from the typical race by smaller size and paler tail tips. Wetmore states (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 93, p. 232, 1943) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 161 Tachypetes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. El&n., pp. 63, 70, 1816 — type, by mono- typy, "Fregata" BuSon=Fregata minor magnificens Mathews. Fregatta Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 119, 1826 — emendation, type as in Fregata Lace'pede. Atagen "Mochrine" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 101, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Pelecanus aquila Linnaeus. Parvifregata Mathews, Bds. Austr., Suppl., 1, p. 64, 1920 — type, by orig. desig., Atagen ariel G. R. Gray. Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro.1 SOUTH TRINIDAD MAN-O'-WAR BIRD. Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 192 (in text), 1919 — South Trinidad Island (type in Museo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 97, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 939, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 28, 1938— South Trinidad. Fregata ariel (not Atagen Ariel G. R. Gray) Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 214 — South Trinidad (crit.); Nicoll, I.e., 1906, p. 673— South Trinidad; Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 189, 1919— South Trinidad. Fregata ariel subsp.? Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 346, 1915 — South Trinidad Islet. Fregata ariel wilsoni Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 311, Oct., 1924 — South Trinidad Island (type in British Museum). Fregata wilsoni Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 186, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1930— South Trinidad (crit.). Range. — South Trinidad Island and Martin Vas Islets, South Atlantic Ocean. *Fregata magnificens Mathews.2 AMERICAN MAN-O'-WAR BIRD. Fregata minor magnificens Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 120, Dec. 19, 1914 — "Barrington, Indefatigable, Albemarle Islands, etc.," Galapagos that the type is an immature and doubts the validity of the form. He suggests withholding recognition until a series of adults can be examined. 1 Fregata ariel trinitatis Ribeiro: Similar to the extralimital F. a. ariel (Gray), of the western Pacific Ocean, but immature plumage with the head brown and the white of the flanks running well back into the axilla. 2 Fregata magnificens Mathews: Male, like the extralimital F. aquila, of Ascen- sion Island, without any brown wing-bar, but chiefly distinguished by the greenish- purple head and iridescent purple mantle and scapulars; female recognizable by the conspicuous brown band along the cubital edge of the wing, while the breast is white, in strong contrast to the black color of throat, foreneck, abdomen, and under tail coverts. Immature birds have the head, neck, and throat white with no trace of buff or rusty. Authors differ as to the possibility of subdividing this species. Mathews attempted to separate the birds breeding in the Caribbean Sea from those of the Galapagos Islands, but as has been pointed out by Rothschild the only character is their seemingly shorter tail, a feature in study skins that is largely dependent on mode of preparation. Swarth (Condor, 35, pp. 148-150, 1933) and Murphy would restrict magnificens to the Galapagos, referring those from Lower California 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (type, from Harrington Island, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 274, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Tachypetes aquila (not Pelecanus aquilus Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 885, 1833— eastern Brazil (Caravellas, Villa Vicoza, Mucuri, Alcobaca, and Bahia); Tschudi, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 314, 1846 — islands off Peruvian coast; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 763, 1849— coast of British Guiana; Bry- ant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 126, 1859— Booby Kay and Seal Island, Bimini (breeding); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 326, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba (Rio), Paranagud (Parana), and Cajutuba (Para), Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 368, 1899— Sao Sebastiao and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 312 — Little Abaco, Bahama Islands. Fregata aquila Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 150 — Bird (Pajaro) Island, Bay of Fonseca, Honduras (breeding); idem, I.e., 1860, p. 316 — same locality; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 427— Payta, Peru (Jan.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 308, 326, 336— Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 590, 1897— Tower and Barrington Islands, Gala- pagos; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 443, 1898 (in part); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 33, 1899 — Isabel Island, Mexico (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 175, 1899 (in part); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 49, 1900— Rio Daule and Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador ^Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 139, 1901 (range, exc. of Revillagigedo Islands); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 589— Little Cayman; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905 — Lesser Antilles (breeding on Battowia, Grenadines); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, pp. 96, 141, 1905 — Gorgona Island (Gorgonilla Peninsula), Colombia, and San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 382, 1906 — Isabel Island, Nayarit, Mexico (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908 — Cayenne; Chapman, Pap. Tortugas Lab. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 2, p. 149, 1908— Cay Verde, Bahama Islands (breeding habits); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 317, 325, 333 — Los Testigos, Los Hermanos, and eastern Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (breeding); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 195, 203, 209, 215, 220, 227, 229, 235, 1909— Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Los Roques, Tortuga, Blanquilla, Los Her- manos, Los Testigos, and Margarita Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 440, 1910 — Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica (bibliog. ref.); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 409, 1911 — Great Inagua Island, Bahamas; Lowe, Ibis, 1911, p. 148— Little Cayman (breeding); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 — Ciste Island, Omete"pe River, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 13, No. 4, p. 11, 1920 — Bayoneta and Cangrejo Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding). Fregata magnificens Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915 (crit., char.); Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 280, 1915 — Galapagos Islands (monog.); and western Mexico to rothschildi, while Peters and Griscom call the Pacific birds magnificens, the Caribbean rothschildi. Wetmore denies any racial variation and, from the material we have seen, we are inclined to agree with him. The subject requires further investigation with the help of extensive material of breeding birds. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 163 Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 174, 1916— Bird Island, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 364, 1916— Tete Anglaise, Guadeloupe Island (breeding); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 286, 1927 — Puerto Rico (breeding on Desecheo Island) and Virgin Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 72%, 1928— Lower California; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 71, 1931 — Hispaniola; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 300, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (occasional visitant); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 38, 1931— Galapagos (Indefatigable, Albemarle, Duncan, Hood Islands); Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 148, 1933 — Galapagos Islands (crit.). Fregata minor rothschildi Mathews, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 280, 1915— Aruba, Dutch West Indies (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 275, 1925). Fregata minor januaria Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 186, 1919 — coast of Brazil from Rio de Janeiro to Santos (type in Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro).1 Fregata minor (not Pelecanus minor Gmelin) Liiderwaldt and Fonseca, Rev. Mus. Paul., 13, pp. 464, 491, 1922— Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo (breeding; meas.; eggs descr.).2 Fregata magnificens rothschildi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 121, p. 306, 1922 (life hist.); Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 303, 1924 (crit., range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 215, 1926 — Santa Elena, Jambeli, and Santa Clara Island (breeding), Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 96, 1931 (range); Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 150, 1933— Lower California and Isabel Island, Nayarit, Mexico (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 — Giles Islets, off Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 — off Caribbean coast of Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 927, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 28, 1938— Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Piassaguera, Santos, Ilha dos Alcatrazes); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 71, 1938 — El Salvador (coast and Lake Olomega); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 181, 1939— Ensenada de Ocumare (islet of El Morro), Aragua, Venezuela; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 35, 1945 — Gulf of California (status). Fregata magnificens magnificens Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 303, pis. 22, 23, 1924 — Galapagos Islands to Mexico and California (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 95, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 293, 1935 — Pacific coast of Panama (breeding in the Pearl Islands); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 920, 926, 1936— Galapagos Islands. 1 The description of the adult male, notably "cabeca pescoco e dorso . . . de brilho metallico que cambia do azul purpurescente, na cabeca, para a purpureo violaceo no dorso," together with the author's failure to mention any brownish wing-band, indicates that F. m. januaria is synonymous with F. magnificens. The white-headed female is a young bird. 1 At my request, Dr. O. M. de 0. Pinto very kindly re-examined these speci- mens and found them to be unquestionably referable to F. magnificens. 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds on some of the Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, Bimini Seal Key, Atwood's Key, etc.), Cuba (Puerto Escondido; Isle of Pines, Bird Island), Puerto Rico (Desecheo Island), in the Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe; Battowia and Carriacou, Grena- dines; Giles Islets, off Tobago), on islands off the coast of Venezuela (Margarita Island, Los Hermanos, Los Testigos), and Brazil (Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Sao Paulo), in the Caribbean Sea (Little Cayman and Swan Islands), off the coast of Mexico (Isabel Island, Nayarit) and Honduras (Pajaro Island, Gulf of Fonseca), Panama (Pearl Islands), Colombia (Gorgona Island), Ecuador (Santa Clara Island), and in the Galdpagos Archipelago; straying to the coasts of Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Bermuda glands, California, northern Peru (Payta, Talara), the Guianas, and eastern Brazil (Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul). Field Museum Collection. — 42: Florida (Cape Roman, 1; Maximo Point, 1); Bahama Islands (Cay Verde, 2; Man o' War Cay, 1; Whale Cay, 1; Great Bahama, 2); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Jamaica (Grand Cayfnan, 1); Dominican Republic (Samana, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 3); Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 1); Texas (Aransas County, 3; Corpus Christi, 1); western Caribbean (St. Andrews, 2; Old Providence, 2; Little Swan, 4); California (Orange County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; San Luis Island, Lower California, 1 ; Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 2) ; British Hon- duras (Half Moon Cay, 3); Guatemala (Puerto Barrios, Izabal, 1); Panama (Panama Bay, 1); Galapagos Islands (Gardner Island, 1; Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island, 1) ; Dutch West Indies (Bonaire, 1) ; British Guiana (Buxton, 2). * *Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews.1 RIDGWAY'S MAN-O'-WAR BIRD. Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 120, Dec. 19, 1914 — Galapagos Islands (Culpepper and Wenman) (type, from Culpepper, in the Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 275, 1925], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915 (crit., char.); Lowe, I.e., 31, p. 308, pis. 22, 23, 1924 — Galapagos Islands (Wenman and Culpepper) ; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 39, 1931— Galapagos Islands (Hood and Brattle) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 96, 1931 (range) ; Swarth, Condor, 1 Fregata minor ridgwayi Mathews: Differs from F. magnificens, sex for sex, by lesser size and smaller bill, and by having, in both sexes, a broad brown band on the lesser upper wing coverts; male with back and scapulars iridescent green instead of mainly purple; female with throat and foreneck by no means black, but whitish or gray, shafts and edges of*the feathers only dusky, producing a mottled appearance. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 165 35, pp. 149, 150, 1933 — Clarion and San Benedicto Islands, Revillagigedo group (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 937, 1936— Galapagos Islands (monog.). Fregata aquila minor (not Pekcanus minor Gmelin)1 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 591, 1897— Tower Island, Galapagos (crit.). Fregata aquila (not Pekcanus aquilus Linnaeus) Anthony, Auk, 15, pp. 314, 316, 317, 1898 — San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clarion Islands (breeding); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 175, 1899— part, Culpepper Island, Galapagos; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 139, 1901 — part, Revillagigedo Islands; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 291, 1926 — Clarion and San Benedicto Islands (breeding). Fregata minor palmerstoni (not Pekcanus Palmerstoni Gmelin) Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 469, 1916 — coast of California and Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 72, 1928— Lower California (ex Oberholser); van Rossem and Orr, Auk, 58, p. 399, 1941 (believe birds from west coast of North America referable to Hawaiian race). Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago (Culpepper, Wen- man, Brattle, Hood, and probably other islands),2 and on the Revilla- gigedo Islands (San Benedicto and probably Clarion Island) ; straying to the coast of Lower California and California. Field Museum Collection. — 6: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 6). Fregata minor nicolli Mathews.3 NICOLL'S MAN-O'-WAR BIRD. Fregata minor nicolli Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 118, Dec. 19, 1914 — South Trinidad Island (type in British Museum); idem, Bds. Austr., 4, p. 272, 1915 (crit.); Rothschild, Nov. Zool., 22, pp. 145, 146, 1915 (char.); Murphy, Auk, 32, p. 346, 1915— South Trinidad; Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 187, 1919 — South Trinidad Island (plum., meas.); Lowe, Nov. Zool., 31, p. 309, 1924— South Trinidad (meas.); idem and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Zool., 4, p. 187, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1930— South Trinidad (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 97, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, pp. 921, 939, 1936 (monog.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 28, 1938 — South Trinidad. Fregata aquila (not Pekcanus aquilus Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 163— off South Trinidad Islet; Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. 1 Pekcanus minor Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 572, 1789), based on "Man of War Bird" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 209, pi. 309), though applied by Mathews (Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 118, 1914) to the West Indian Frigate Bird (F. magnificens rothschildi) , is clearly the form of the Indian Ocean, as has been pointed out by Rothschild (Nov. Zool., 22, p. 145, 1915) and Lowe (I.e., 31, p. 300, 1924), throat and foreneck in Edwards' plate being represented as white. 2 Breeding range in the Galapagos Islands remains to be determined by future field-work. It has been claimed that F. m. ridgwayi and F. magnificent replace each other on different islands, but proof in the affirmative or negative is yet lacking. 3 Fregata minor nicolli Mathews: Similar to F. m. ridgwayi, but bill decidedly longer, and the brownish band across the lesser wing coverts wider as well as paler; female, besides, with much lighter, less blackish brown upper parts. 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Brit. Mus., 26, p. 443, 1898— part, spec, u', South Trinidad; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 673— South Trinidad. Range. — Breeds on South Trinidad Island and Martin Vas Islets, South Atlantic Ocean. Order CICONIIFORMES Suborder ARDEAE Family ARDEIDAE. Herons and Bitterns Subfamily ARDEINAE. Herons Genus ARDEA Linnaeus Ardea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 141, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 60, 1840), Ardea cinerea Linnaeus. Audubonia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 722, April, 1855 — type, by monotypy, Ardea occidentalis Audubon. Ardea cinerea cinerea Linnaeus. EUROPEAN HERON. Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 133; type locality, as restricted by Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1229, 1920), Sweden; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9— Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 243, 1878 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 242, 1898— Greenland (several records). Ardea cinerea cinerea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 131, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range) ; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 56, 1941— Greenland records. Range. — Breeds in the greater part of Europe and Asia to western China, locally in Africa, and on the Canary Islands; accidental in Greenland (Nenortalik, 1856; Godthaab, Jan. 14, 1877; Nunarsuit, 1888; etc.). * Ardea herodias fannini Chapman.1 NORTHWEST COAST HERON. Ardea herodias fannini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 14, p. 87, April 15, 1901 — Skidegate, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21, p. 40, 1901 — Skidegate and Cumshewa Inlets, Queen Charlotte Islands; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 554, 1913— Pacific coast from Alaska to Washington (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 114, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range). 1 Ardea herodias fannini Chapman differs from the nominate race by darker upper parts and neck. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 167 Range. — Resident on the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska to Washington (Nisqually Flats, etc.). Field Museum Collection. — 7: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6). *Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser.1 CALIFORNIA HERON. Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 550, 1913 (pub. Dec. 12, 1912)— Baird, Shasta County, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 127, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 81, 1928 — northwestern Lower California (seacoast and nearby islands); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range). Ardea herodias oligista Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 553, Dec. 12, 1913 — San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara Islands, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 264, 1932 (crit.;=young-of-the- year). Range. — Resident on the Pacific coast of North America from Oregon to northwestern Lower California (north of lat. 27°). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Oregon (Blaine, Tillamook County, 1); California (Sacramento, 2; Bridgeport, Mono County, 1; Eureka, 2; Moss Landing, 2; Irvine, Orange County, 1). *Ardea herodias treganzai Court.2 TREGANZA'S HERON. Ardea herodias treganzai Court, Auk, 25, p. 291, July, 1908 — Egg Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah (type in U. S. National Museum); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 545, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 123, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range, except west of Cascades and Sierra Nevada); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 81, 1932 — Lower California; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 35, 1945 — northern Sonora. Range. — Breeds in the western United States from the Cascades and Sierras east to the Great Plains and south to northeastern Lower California (Colorado delta), southern New Mexico and western Texas; winters from Arizona to Texas and northwestern Mexico. Field Museum Collection. — 5: California (Palo Verde, Imperial County, 1); Utah (Bear River Bay, 1; Brigham, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 2). 1 Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser: Similar in coloration to A. h. herodias, but larger. Distinguished from A. h. fannini by larger dimensions and paler upper parts and neck. 1 Ardea herodias treganzai Court: Nearest to A. h. herodias, but upper parts and neck paler; size on average slightly larger. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs.1 SAN LUCAS HERON. Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 83, Feb. 23, 1912 — Espiritu Santo Island, Lower California (type in coll. of J. E. Thayer, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 180, 1930); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 548, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 130, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 82, 1932— Lower California; van Rossem, Occ. Paps. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 36, 1945 — southern Sonora. Range. — Resident on the coasts and islands of Lower California southward from 27° N. lat., and the coast of southern Sonora. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Mexico, Lower California (San Luis Islands, 1; San Jose" del Cabo, 1). *Ardea herodias cognata Bangs.2 GALAPAGOS HERON. Ardea herodias cognata Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 100, Feb. 6, 1903 — Indefatigable Island, Galapagos (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 180, 1930); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 549, 1913 — Indefatigable, Duncan, and Albemarle Islands (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 41, 1931 — Indefatigable, South Seymour, and Albemarle Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 34, 1931 — Galapagos Islands. Ardea herodias (not of Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 — Galapagos Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable Island; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 497, 1876 — Indefatigable Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890 — Duncan and Indefatigable Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 601, 1897— same localities; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 80, 1898— part, spec. iMi3, Indefatigable Island; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 180, 1899 — Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands (crit.; nesting); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 254, 1904 — Narborough Island (breeding); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 58, 1913— Albemarle, Charles, Chatham, Duncan, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, and Seymour Islands. Range. — Resident in the Galapagos Archipelago (central and southern islands). Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Galapagos Islands (Elizabeth Bay, Albemarle Island, 1). 1 Ardea herodias sancti-lucae Thayer and Bangs: Very close to A. h. treganzai, but larger throughout and with decidedly paler neck. 2 Ardea herodias cognata Bangs: Nearest to A. h. sancti-lucae, but with shorter wings and tarsi, and thicker bill. From A. h. treganzai it may be separated by paler neck, shorter wings and tarsus, and stouter bill. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 169 *Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus. GREAT BLUE HERON. Ardea herodias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based on "The Ash-colour'd Heron from North America" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 135, pi. 135; Hudson Bay; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 — delta of the Rio Atrato, Colombia (Dec.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 511 — vicinity of Caracas, Vene- zuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 237, 1878 (monog.; in part); Nutting, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 — San Juan del Sur, Nica- ragua; Ridgway, I.e., 7, p. 177, 1884 — Curasao Island, Caribbean Sea; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 — Curacao Island; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 80, 1898 (in part); Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 519— New Provi- dence, Bahama Islands (Dec.; winter visitant); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 — Laguna Pita, Darien, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 159, 1901 — Mexican and Central American references and localities; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 304 — Andros, Bahama Islands (May 10); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, Carriacou, and Grenada Islands (winter visitor); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (Jan. 6); Delacour, I.e., 1923, p. 142 — plains of Venezuela (Guarico and Apure); Bleitz, Nat. Hist., New York, 53, p. 160, 1944 (nesting). Ardea hudsonias Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 238, 1766 — based on "The Ash-cplour'd Heron from North America" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 135, pi. 135, and "Le Heron de la'Baye de Hudson" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 407 (ex Edwards, pi. 135); Hudson Bay. Ardea lessonii Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 531 — Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined). Ardea herodias herodias Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 412, 1910 — El Hogar, Costa Rica; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 534, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 101, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 133, 1929— Corn Islands; Austin, I.e., p. 371, 1929— Belize River, British Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 99, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 309, 1931— Bermuda Islands (winter visitant); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931 — Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama (crit.); Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 311, 1932 — Perme" and Obaldia, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932— Guatemala (winter) ; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama (winter); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 72, 1938— El Salvador (winter visitant); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 57, 1941 — near Egedesminde, Greenland (immature); Cooke, Auk, 63, p. 254, 1946 — winter records of birds banded in north from Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama. Ardea herodias lessonii Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 555, 1913 — Mexico to Panama and Venezuela (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 — Mexico from Chihuahua to Campeche. Ardea herodias adoxa Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 544, 1913 (pub. Dec. 12, 1912) — Curasao Island, Caribbean Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 9, p. 288, 1927 — Puerto Rico (not found breeding); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 73, 1931— Hispaniola (not found breeding); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 — Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago (winter visitant); Bond, Auk, 52, p. 76, 1935 (crit.;=herodias). Ardea herodias subsp. Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 133, 1922 — Bonda, Colombia. Range. — Breeds from Alberta east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands), southeast through eastern North and South Dakota, central Iowa, northern Illinois, southern Indiana, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern South Carolina; winters from the southern United States through Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies to Panama, Colombia (Rio Atrato; Bonda), Venezuela, Tobago, and Trinidad.1 Accidental in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 29: Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Nova Scotia (Seabright, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, 1; Towner County, 1; Adler, 1); Minnesota (Ottertail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6; Woodruff, 1); Illinois (unspecified, 1); Massa- chusetts (Mansfield, 1); Connecticut (Black Hall, 1; Guilford, 2; New Haven, 4; North Haven, 3; Seymour, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1). *Ardea herodias occidentalis Audubon.2 FLORIDA HERON. Ardea occidentalis Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 3, pi. 281, 1835; idem, Orn. Biogr., 3, p. 542, Dec. 1, 1835 — keys near Key West, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum ;= white phase); Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 670, 1858— part, Florida (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 227, 1878— Florida (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. 1 It is now fairly well established that the Great Blue Heron does not breed anywhere in Central America or in the West Indies (excepting certain Greater Antilles tenanted by the little-known A. h. repens) and merely visits these regions during the winter months. The occasional summer records no doubt relate to stragglers, mostly immature birds, and do not denote a resident form. Whatever the ultimate status of a possible breeding race in Mexico may be, one thing is certain, viz., that the name A. lessonii is not applicable to it. Wagler's type in the Munich Museum is absolutely indistinguishable, in color and size, from birds taken in the eastern United States (New York) and was evidently a migrant from the north. As to the supposed West Indian race, we cannot but concur with Bond (Auk, 52, p. 76, 1935) in rejecting A. h. adoxa. Specimens from various islands of the Lesser Antilles as well as two from Venezuela are, to all intent, typical herodias, and even the palest individuals can be matched by others from the eastern United States. As stated above and confirmed by Bond, not a single authentic breeding record exists for any of the West Indian islands. Sztolcman's record of Ardea herodias (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926) from Affonso Penna, Parana, southern Brazil, cannot possibly refer to this species. 1 Ardea herodias occidentalis Audubon differs from the nominate race by larger dimensions, and, in the gray phase, by lighter upper parts and neck. The entirely white form (A. occidentalis) and the white-headed variety (A. wurdemanni), which 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 171 Nat. Mus., 135, p. 93, 1926 (life hist.); Holt, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. N. H.f 1, No. 1, pp. 1-35, 1928 (monog.); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 150, 1944— South Carolina (white phase). Ardea vriirdemannii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 669, 1858 — South Florida (type in U. S. National Museum ;= intermediate phase). Ardea herodias wardi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 5, 1882 — Oyster (=Estero) Bay, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum ;= gray phase); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 43, p. 539, 1913 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 118, 1926 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 100, 1931 (range). Ardea occidentalis occidenlalis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 — extreme southern Florida and Florida keys. Range. — Breeds from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas to the middle Mississippi Valley in southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, east to southeastern Carolina, south to southern Mexico (Yucatan) and the Florida keys. Field Museum Collection. — 24: Texas (Padre Island, 1; Cameron County, 6); Florida (Wilson, 2; Cape Sable, 2; Anclote, 5; Sanford, 1; Tampa, 2; Florida Bay, 2; unspecified, 1); Mexico (Contoy Island, Quintana Roo, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, I).1 *Ardea herodias repens Bangs and Zappey.2 CUBAN BLUE HERON. Ardea repens Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 186, April, 1905 — Ci£naga, Isle of Pines, Cuba (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930;=white phase). Ardea herodias (not of Linnaeus) March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 63 — Jamaica (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 296, 1875 — Cuba (descr., breeding habits); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 186, 1905— Isle of Pines. Ardea occidentalis (not of Audubon) and A. vnirdemannii (not of Baird) March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, pp. 63, 64— Jamaica (crit.). Audubonia occidentalis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 298, 1875 — Cuba (descr., habits). occur only on the Florida keys and in the swamps of extreme southern Florida, are clearly but local dichromatisms of the ordinary gray color-type (A. h. wardi). Cf. also Bangs, Auk, 32, pp. 481-484, 1915, and Bond, I.e., 52, p. 76, 1935. Even Holt's observations lead to the same conclusion, although this author takes the opposite view. 1 Some race, yet to be determined, breeds on the coast of Yucatan. 1 Ardea herodias repens Bangs and Zappey: Similar to A. h. occidentalia, but much smaller. Wing, (two females) 413, 440; tail, 152, 156; tars., 154, 172; bill, 121, 144. Like the form of the Florida Heron found in southern Florida and on the Florida keys, this little-known race presents itself in a white (occi- dentalis) and in a gray (wardi) phase. March, in his paper on Jamaican birds, describes a third variety that would seem to correspond to the so-called wurde- mannii. Todd states that a bird in immature dress is more strongly suffused with rufescent underneath than any herodias or wardi seen by him. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea occidentalis repens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 176, 1916 — El Bobo Lagoon, Isle of Pines (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 101, 1931 (range). Ardea herodias adoxa (not of Oberholser) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 178, 1916 — Los Indies, Isle of Pines (crit.); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 26, 1943— St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (nesting). Ardea herodias repens Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 27, 1923 — Cuba (crit.). Range. — Resident on the Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands (St. Thomas and St. Croix). Field Museum Collection. — 4: Bahama Islands (Inagua, 2); Vir- gin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix, I).1 *Ardea cocoi Linnaeus. Cocoi HERON. Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 237, 1766 — based chiefly on "Le He"ron hupe" de Cayenne," Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 400, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 598, 1833 — coast of southeastern Brazil; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 409, 1847— Laguna de Campeche, Quillota, Chile; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 503, 1848 — Demerara; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, p. 752, 1849 — rivers of British Guiana; Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), p. 13, 1855 — Cordillera and Lake Aculeo, Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 509 — Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 192, 1855— interior of Chile; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 415, 1856 — Rio Sao Francisco and Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 264, 1860 — ParanS. and Cordoba, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 508, 1861 — Parana, Tucuman, and Cordoba; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 6, 1863— Brazil (crit.); Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 401, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— lower and upper Rio Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., p. 979 — Pebas, Peru; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Parana (Castro), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco, Barra do Rio Negro) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 28— Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Lake Paturia, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — upper and lower Rio Ucayali, Rio Huallaga, and Pebas, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 269, 1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — Uruguay and Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 189 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 560, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 244, 1878— Chile, Buenos Aires (Conchitas), Paraguay, and Patagonia (monog.) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 399 — Patagonia (Chubut, Sengel, Sengelen); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 158 — Cape San Antonio, *Two Bahama females measure (wing), 440, 447; a female from St. Thomas, 445; a male from St. Croix, 455. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 173 Buenos Aires (breeding); Doering, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, ZooL, 1, p. 52, 1881 — Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 47— Corral, Peru; White, I.e., 1883, p. 41— Cosquin, Cordoba; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 — Arroyo Tandileufu and on the road from Buenos Aires to Ayacucho, Prov. Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 29, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (crit.); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 470 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 144 — Rios Parana, Paraguay, Bermejo, and Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 204— Est. Espartillar; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 197— Uruguay (descr.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 — Rio Bueno, Pilmaiguen, Valdivia, and Laguna Llan- quihue, Chile; Goeldi, I.e., 1897, p. 163 — Lago Grande do Amapa, Para, Brazil; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 680, 1898 — Sotaquf, Coquimbo, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 72, 1898— Patagonia (St. Joseph Bay), Buenos Aires (Belgrano, Lomas de Zamora), Brazil (Bahia), and Peru (Pebas); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 239, 1899— Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 374, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 — Villa Conception and Chaco Paraguayo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 — Lules, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461 — Tatarenda, Bolivia; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil (breeding); Ber- lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908— Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 245, 1909 — Est. San Martino Monte and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 423, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 — Parnagua, Piauhy, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336 — Tuyu (Ajo), Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 375, 1912 (monog.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913— Cano Corosal, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 106, 1914 — Pacoval and Pacovalinho, Marajo, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 362, 1916— Orinoco River; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917— Malena and Villa- vicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 — Braamspunt and Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 271 — Omotape, Piura, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay; Wace, I.e., p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922— Rio Mindo, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142— Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 205, 1926— upper Santa Rosa, Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 58, 1926 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco to Villa Concepci6n), Buenos Aires (Lavalle, Guamini), Uruguay (Lazcano, Rocha), and Mendoza (Tunuyan); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 413, 1926— Rio Fetaleufu, near Cholila, Chubut; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324— Falkland Islands; Sztolc- man, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926— Rio Ivahy, Salto 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII de Cobre, Parana; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 150, 1927 — Bovril Islands, Santa F6; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Para, Brazil; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 777— coast of British Guiana; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 200, 1929— Rio Malleco, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 90, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 63, 1930 — Mision Tacaagte, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 101, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 302, 1932— Quellon, Chilo6 Island (range in Chile); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 — Trinidad; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 366, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Davis, Ibis, 1935, p. 531— British Guiana (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 29, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Para (Pataua, Lago Cuipeva), Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Mayrink), Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, San Carlos, Bebedouro, "Ypiranga"), and Rio Grande do Sul (Colonia Hansa); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 22, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 37, 1945— Beni (Bresta; Orion) and Tarija, Bolivia. Ardea coerukscens (not of Latham, 1790) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 413, 1817 — based on "Garza Aplomada" Azara, No. 347, Paraguay. Ardea soco Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 423, 1817 — based on "Le Soco" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 379 (ex "Cocoi" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 209), and "Soco" Mauduyt, Enc. Meth., Hist. Nat. Ois., 2, p. 446, 1784, "Guiane." Ardea plumbea Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. Kiinste, 5, p. 177, 1820 — based on "Garza Aplomada" Azara, No. 347, Paraguay; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 264, 1877 (diag.). Ardea maguari (not of Gmelin, 1789) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 71, pi. 90, 1825 — "ad ripas fl. Amazonum," Brazil (cotypes in Munich Mu- seum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711, 1906). "Ardea major ? Mol. (Ardea Cocoi 1 Linn.)" Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, Dec., 1843 — southern provinces of Chile. Ardea paranensis Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 13, Jan., 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. W. de Bertoni; descr. of young). Ardea socoi Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 450, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 65, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Barretos), Santa Catharina (Colonia Hansa), and Amazonas (Rio Jurua). Range. — The greater part of South America from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and the Guianas south to Chiloe" Island, Chile, and Chubut, Patagonia; accidental on the Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Venezuela, Zulia (Encontrados, 1; Rio Catatumbo, 1) ; British Guiana (Pairima Camp, New River, 1) ; Dutch Guiana (Tyger Bank, Maroni River, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 2; Rio Surutu, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1); Chile (Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 1). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 175 Genus PILHERODIUS Bonaparte Pilherodius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855 — type, by monotypy, Ardea pileata "Latham" =Boddaert. Pilerodius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 171, 1898 (emendation). Pilherodias Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 (emendation). *Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert). CAPPED HERON. Ardea pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Heron blanc hupp^, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 907, Cayenne; Wied, Abbild. Naturg. Bras., livr. 4, pi. [1], 1823 — Brazil; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 617, 1833 — Rio Itabapuana, Espirito Santo, Brazil (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 406, 1856— Rio de Pomba, Minas Geraes, Brazil; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 36, 1863 — "Chile" (errore), Guiana, and Cuyaba (crit.). * Nycticorax pileatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 — rivers (habits); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 749 (note), 979— Nauta and Pebas, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 26 — Lagoa Santa, Andrequece, and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Rio Serapo, Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Puritis, Cuyaba, Pari, Villa Maria, Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Manaqueri), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305— Nauta, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 271, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Reichenow, I.e., 25, p. 240, 1877 (diag.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 408, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 — Reyes, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 378, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 — below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, Brazil. Pilherodius pileata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 139, 1857 — Cayenne (diag.). Pilherodius pileatus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1895 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 176, 1901 — Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 — Venezuela (Altagracia, Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and El Fraile, Orinoco) (soft parts) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 68, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916— Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 174, 1916 (various localities); Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 193, 1922 — Jesusito, Darien, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 — Cinto and Tucurinca, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — near Calobozo, at Camaguan, and near San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930— Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso; 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 66, 1930 — Sierra de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 102, 1931 (range); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 362, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Laubmann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 288, 1933 — Puerto Casado (Chaco) and Centuri6n (Apa region), Paraguay; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 303, 1933 — Rio Chepo, Darien, Panama; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama (Canal Zone and Darien); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 30, 1938— Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Rio Sao Domingos), Sao Paulo (Bauru, Rio Tiet6; Porto Epitacio, Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Corumba, Aqui- dauana), and Amazonas (Manacapuru); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 — Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa and Lago Grande), Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 37, 1945 — Victoria, Beni, Bolivia. Pilerodius pileatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 171, 277, 1898— British Guiana (Rio Rupununi), Brazil (Bahia; "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul;" Rio de Janeiro), and Peru (Pebas); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232— Rio Verde, Paraguay; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914 — Mexiana and Monte Alegre, Brazil. Pilherodias pikatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917 — Rio Sinu, Colombia; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 365, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Eastern Panama (from the Canal Zone eastward), northern Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and, east of the Andes, south to eastern Bolivia (Reyes, Sierra de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Santa Catharina).1 Field Museum Collection. — 12: Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 2; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 2); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 4; Rio Palometillas, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus BUTORIDES Blyth Butorides Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. Asiat. Soc., p. 281, "1849" (or June, 1852)1— type, by monotypy, Ardea javanica Horsfield. Ocniscus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 343, 1856 — substitute name for Butorides Blyth (on grounds of purism). *Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns).3 ANTHONY'S GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens anthonyi Mearns, Auk, 12, p. 257, July, 1895 — Seven Wells, Salton River, northern Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum) ; 1 The locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" is doubtless erroneous. 2 Cf. Mathews, Bds. Austr., Suppl. No. 4, p. 10, 1925. * Butorides virescens anthonyi (Mearns) differs from the nominate race by markedly larger size, more cinnamomeous foreneck, paler posterior under parts, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 177 Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 54, 1902 — Cape region of Lower California (crit.). Butorides virescens anthonyi Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 22, p. 162, 1906 — Rio Sestin, Durango (breeding); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 543, 1912 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 195, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928— Lower California (visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 427, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Oposura) and Chihuahua, Mexico (crit.); idem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 326, 1937— Sonora (Tecorina, Saric, Pilares); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 79, 1938— San Salvador (Mar. 12, 14); Larrison, Murrelet, Seattle, 21, p. 1, 1940 — Washington (range and status in state); Slipp, Condor, 46, p. 35, 1944 — Thurston County, Washington; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 36, 1945 — Sonora (distrib. map). Butorides virescens eremonomus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 546, Aug. 29, 1912 — San Diego, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). (l)Butorides virescens maculatus Davis, Condor, 46, p. 9, 1944 — Acapulco, Mexico. Range. — Breeds in the arid regions of the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, etc.) and northwestern Mexico; winters south to Lower California, western Mexico, and even El Salvador (San Salvador, Mar. 12-14). Occasionally wanders north to state of Washington. Field Museum Collection. — 14: California (Monterey County, 4; Preston, 1; Calipatria, 1; Eldorado County, 1; San Diego County, 2; Los Angeles County, 3); Arizona (Tucson, 2). *Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster).1 FRAZAR'S GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 83, Jan., 1888 — La Paz, Lower California (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 53, 1902— La Paz. Butorides virescens frazari Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 542, 1912 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 194, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range). and the slightly lighter green plumage. Intergrades with B. v. virescens have been named B. v. eremonomus. Wing, 190-202; tail, 70-78; bill, 60-64. 1 Butorides virescens frazari (Brewster) is much like the nominate race, but darker, more purplish (less maroon) on hind neck, sides of neck, and foreneck, while both upper and under parts are somewhat darker. Wing, 175-188; tail, 63-70; bill, 60-65. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Resident in southern Lower California (north to about 27° 20' N. lat.). Field Museum Collection. — 13: Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 6; San Jose* del Cabo, 1; San Lucas, 3; San Ignacio, 1; San Bruno, 1; Puerto Volando, 1). *Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus). GREEN HERON. Ardea virescens Linnaeus,1 Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 — based upon "The Small Bittern" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 80, pi. 80; coast of South Carolina (as restricted by Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, pp. 534, 537, 1912); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 169, 1901 (in part). Ardea chloroptura Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Crabier de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 909; Louisiana. Ardea ludovidana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 630, 1789 — based on Dauben- ton, PL Enl., pi. 909, and "Crabier roux a tete et queue verte," Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 407; Louisiana. Butorides virescens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 186, 1898 (in part); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Bonda, Colombia; idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 — Bonda; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 275, 1905— Bonda (Oct. 20). Butorides saturatus Ridgway,2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 577, Aug. 6, 1888— Swan Island, Caribbean Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 141, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 4, 1931— Swan Island (crit.;=B. v. virescens). Butorides virescens virescens Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 533, 1912 (monog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 135, 1922 — Bonda, Playa Concha, Trojas de Cataca, and Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 185, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 295, 1927— Puerto Rico (Fajardo, Feb. 16); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928 — Almirante, Panama (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 82, 1931— Hispaniola (winter visitant); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 311, 1931— Bermuda Islands (visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 141, 1932— Nebaj, Panajachel, and Ocos, Guatemala (winter visitor); idem, Bull. Mus. 1 Although Linnaeus also quotes "Ardea stellaris minor" of Sloane (Voy. Jam., 2, p. 315, pi. 263, fig. 2; Jamaica) and Raius (Syn. Av., p. 189), which seem to refer to Ixobrychus exilis, his diagnosis is clearly based on Catesby's plate. 2 The supposed Swan Island race (saturatus) has been shown by Fisher and Wetmore to be based on North American migrants, partly of abnormal coloration. In dimensions, the three specimens taken on that island, where the species is merely an occasional visitor, agree with individuals from the eastern United States. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 179 Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama (winter); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 37, 1945 — Sonora (distrib. map). Butorides virescens saturatus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 552, 1912— Swan Island (crit.). Range. — Breeds in central and eastern North America from north- eastern South Dakota, central Minnesota, southern Ontario, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Mexico and Florida; winters from the southeastern United States through Mexico and Central America to Panama, northern Colombia (Santa Marta region; Medellin, Antioquia) and northern Venezuela (Escorial, Merida); occasionally to Puerto Rico (Fajardo, Feb. 16, 1899) and Hispaniola. Field Museum Collection. — 82: North Dakota (Nelson County, 1; Dickinson, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 3; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Fox Lake, 1; Chicago, 1; Grand Chain, 2; Joliet, 1; Grand Tower, 1; Olive Branch, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 3; Guilford, 3; Westville, 1; North Haven, 2; Orange, 1; Warren, 3); New York (Shelter Island, 3; Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 2); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 1); Alabama (Hollins, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1; Milton County, 1); Florida (Wilson, 4; Nassau County, 3; Mary Esther, 1; East Pass, 2; Monroe County, 3; Palm Beach County, 19); Mexico (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, 2; Tampico, 1; Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 1; Pacaitan, Campeche, 1 ; San Felipe, Yucatan, 1) ; Venezuela (Escorial, Merida, 1). *Butorides virescens bahamensis (Brewster).1 BAHAMA GREEN HERON. Ardea bahamensis Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 83, Jan., 1888 — Watlings Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, I.e., 17, p. 287, 1900 — New Providence Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 306 — New Providence, Andros, and Little Abaco Islands (crit.). Butorides virescens bahamensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 410, 1911 — New Providence, Great Inagua, and Watlings Islands (crit.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 555, 1912— Bahama Islands (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range). Range. — Resident in the Bahama Islands. 1 Butorides virescens bahamensis (Brewster), a very poor race, seems to differ fromB. v. maculatus merely by its paler general coloring. As most of the specimens examined are in rather poor condition, we are not certain that the divergency will prove to be of any real value, though Todd insists on the distinctness of the Bahaman form. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 25: Bahama Islands (Mayaguana, 5; Andros, 1; Auklin Island, 1; Berry Island, 1; Bimini, 2; Eleuthera, 2; Great Bahama, 1; Inagua, 9; Long Island, 1; New Providence, 2). *Butorides virescens maculatus (Boddaert).1 WEST INDIAN GREEN HERON. Cancroma maculata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Crabier tachete, de la Martinique" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 912; Martinique. Ardeola virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 376, 1847— Tobago. Ardea brunescens (sic) (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Av. Isla Cuba, p. 84, pi. 12, 1850 — Cuba (type in Habana Museum; descr. of erythristic variety). Ocniscus brunnescens Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 344, 1856 — Cuba (descr.); Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 308, 1875— Cardenas, Cuba. Butorides virescens Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 186, 1898 — part, spec. i^-a6, West Indies and Central America (in part). Butorides virescens maculata(us) Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 278, 1904 — Barbuda and Antigua (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 234, 1905 — Barbados, Bequia, Carriacou and Grenada (crit., meas.); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905 — Bibyhagua and Santa F6, Isle of Pines (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 432, 1910 — Azahar de Cartago, San Jose, Guapiles, Cuabre, and El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 564, 1912— Martinique (monog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 364, 1916 — Guadeloupe (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 296, 1927 — Puerto Rico to Virgin Gorda (crit., breeding) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929— El Real, Tuyra Valley, Darien, Panama (Jan. 18); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 83, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 103, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931 — Almirante Bay, Panama (crit., var., meas.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 — Ocos, Guatemala; (?)Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 579 — Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — coast of Panama; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 355, 1936 — Utila and Bonacca Islands; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 76, 1938— El Salvador (crit.); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, 1 Butorides virescens maculatus (Boddaert) differs from the nominate race solely by its smaller size. Wing, 160 (male) to 173 (female). Birds from various islands in the West Indies, though presenting considerable individual variation, seem to belong to a single form, as has already been pointed out by Bangs, Peters, and Wetmore. Eight specimens from Tobago (tobagensis) are inseparable from Martinique birds, a fact that renders the existence of local races on the intervening islands, to say the least, extremely unlikely. The so- called B. brunescens from Cuba and the Isle of Pines is now admitted to be merely an erythristic variety of local occurrence. The inhabitants of Central America, while varying in a somewhat different way, are not satisfactorily distinguishable from those of the West Indies. Two adults from Managua, Nicaragua (mesatus) are practically similar to others from Martinique, Guatemala, and Tobago. Ninety-four specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 181 p. 292, 1938 — Costa Rica (races discussed); de Schauensee, Not. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 144, p. 2, 1944— Rio Baudo, Colombia (first record from South America). Butorides brun[n]escens Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905 — Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 185, 1916 — Los Indies and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines. Butorides virescens mesatus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 548, Aug. 29, 1912 — Managua, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 — western Nicaragua. Butorides virescens hypernotius Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 549, Aug. 29, 1912 — Rio Indio, near Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1918 — Gatun, Panama. Butorides virescens cubanus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 557, Aug. 29, 1912 — Palmarito, Cuba (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 182, 1916 — Los Indies, Nueva Gerona, Jackson- ville, and Siguanea, Isle of Pines (crit.). Buiorides virescens christophorensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 561, Aug. 29, 1912 — St. Christopher (=St. Kitts), Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens dominicanus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 562, Aug. 29, 1912 — Roseau, Dominica, Lesser Antilles (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 182, 1930). Butorides virescens lucianus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 565, Aug. 29, 1912 — Port Castries, Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens barbadensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 567, Aug. 29, 1912 — Joe's River, Barbados (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 182, 1930). Butorides virescens grenadensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 568, Aug. 29, 1912 — Grenada, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Butorides virescens tobagensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 571, Aug. 29, 1912 — Tobago (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.). Butorides virescens brunescens Bangs, Auk, 32, p. 481, 1915 (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 305, 1916 — Grand Cayman. Range. — Breeds in the West Indies from Cuba and the Virgin Islands to Tobago1 and throughout Central America from Guatemala south to the Canal Zone of Panama; straying to Colombia (Rio Baudo, one record). 1 The breeding in Trinidad requires confirmation by critical study of speci- mens. Belcher and Smooker's record may possibly be due to confusion with B. s. striatus. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 72: Guatemala (Lago de Atitlan, 2; Los Amates, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1; San Sebastian, La Paz, 2); Honduras (Ruatan, Bay Islands, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (Garza, Limon, 1; Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 1; Bebedero, 1); western Caribbean (Old Providence, 1; St. Andrews, 3); Dominican Republic (Aguacate, La Vega, 1; Catarey, 1); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 12; Little Cayman, 2; Cayman Brae, 1; Priestman's River, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 5; Virgin Gorda, 2; Anegada, 1; Tortola, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Christopher, 2; Antigua, 3; Guade- loupe, 7; Desirade, 1; Dominica, 5; Martinique, 1; Santa Lucia, 5; Barbados, 1; Tobago, 4). Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser.1 PEARL ISLAND GREEN HERON. Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 553, Aug. 29, 1912 — San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 14, 1920— Chapera Island (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931— Pearl Islands; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Pearl Islands. Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 25, 1901— San Miguel Island. Butorides virescens maculata (not Cancroma maculata Boddaert) Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905 — San Miguel Island (crit.). Range. — Resident in the Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama. *Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser.2 CURACAO GREEN HERON. Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 42, p. 573, Aug. 29, 1912 — St. Patrick, Curacao Island (type in Carnegie Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931— Curacao Island. 1 Butorides virescens margaritophilus Oberholser: Very similar toB. v. maculatus, but darker throughout with the median white stripe on throat and breast greatly reduced, often obliterated posteriorly; center of throat frequently tinged with ochraceous instead of white. Specimens resembling the erythristic Cuban variety (brunescens) are not rare. About the extraordinary variation exhibited by this insular race, cf. Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905. 2 Butorides virescens curacensis Oberholser is stated by the describer to differ from B. v. "tobagensis" (=maculatus) by darker (less rufescent, more purplish) sides of head and neck, much darker (less fulvescent) foreneck, and narrow barring of the breast-feathers. The supposed smaller size (wing of type, 157J/6 mm.) does not hold, for a male from Curacao examined by us has the wing fully as long (163 mm.) as numerous Antillean specimens. The study of a satisfactory series from the Dutch West Indies is required to establish beyond doubt the claims of this form to recognition. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 183 Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 325, 334— Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire (crit.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 204, 209, 1909— Curasao and Bonaire (ex Hartert). Butorides virescens subsp. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 — Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire. Butorides virescens robinsoni (not B. robinsoni Richmond) Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 196, 1909— Aruba (crit.). Range. — Islands of Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire, in the southern Caribbean Sea. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 2). *Butorides striatus robinsoni Richmond.1 ROBINSON'S STRIATED HERON. Butorides robinsoni Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 655, Aug. 12, 1896 — Margarita Island, off Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 117— Blanquilla Island (crit.). Butorides virescens robinsoni Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 — Margarita Island (crit.); idem, I.e., 1909, p. 322 — Laguna del Obispo, Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 216, 223, 236, 1909 — Los Roques, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands. Butorides striatus robinsoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range). Range. — Los Roques, Blanquilla, and Margarita Islands, and northeastern Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Cariaco Peninsula). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Los Roques Islands, Colon, 1). Butorides striatus patens Griscom.2 PANAMA STRIATED HERON. Butorides striatus patens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 156, April, 1929 — near Panama City, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative 1 Butorides striatus robinsoni Richmond: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but decidedly smaller. Wing, 155 mm. As pointed out by Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922), the color character used to separate the Margarita Island Heron is by no means diagnostic, birds with vinous-brown sides of head and neck occurring likewise in the range of typical striatus. However, the only specimen which we have been able to examine is so much smaller that it seems advisable to recognize robinsoni for the present, on the basis of size. A good series from the range given above is needed to settle the status of this little-known form. * Butorides striatus patens Griscom is described as differing from typical B. s. striatus by the less rufous, more ochraceous brown markings on throat and fore- neck, and much darker gray posterior under parts (wherein it is said to resemble B. virescens). We are not acquainted with this race, and cannot venture any opinion on its merits. Still, we would like to observe that the brown coloration of the neck and the sides of the head, another character insisted upon by the describer, is of no importance, since similar examples are not infrequently met with in the range of B. «. striatus. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931— Canal Zone; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935— Canal Zone. Butorides striata (not Ardea striata Linnaeus) Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 214, 1906 — savanna of Panama. Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 308, 1924 — Canal Zone of Panama. Range. — Said to breed in the Canal Zone, Panama. *Butorides striatus1 stria tus (Linnaeus). STRIATED HERON. Ardea striata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 — Surinam (ex Rolander MS.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 376, 1899— Iguape", Sao Paulo. (l)Ardea noevia I. F. Miller, Var. Subj. Nat. Hist., Part 6, pi. 35, 1782— "South America." Cancroma grisea Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Crabier de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 908; Cayenne. Ardea chalybea Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 582, 1819 — based on ["Le Crabier Chalybe" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 404, and "Le Crabier du Bre'sil" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 479, ex] "Ardeola" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210, Brazil (cf. Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 86, 1938). Ardea scapularis (not of Lichtenstein) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 623, 1833 — southeastern Brazil (habits); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 — coast regions; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 411, 1856 — Areas, lower Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 42, 1863 — Surinam and Caracas; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 123, 1865 — Rio de Janeiro (soft parts); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 27 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Saco da Franca, Rio Paraopeba; Lagoa dos Vitos; Sete Lagoas); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, Taixera), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare", Borda do Matto), Paran£ (Paranagua), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Marabitanas), Brazil; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589— Trinidad. Butorides scapularis Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 — Cayenne; idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 128, 1857 — Brazil (diag.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— Rio Ucayali, Peru. Butorides grisea Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 — Cartagena, Colombia. Ardea grisea Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 421, 1866 — Trinidad. 1 If we follow Peters and Griscom in according the Striated Heron specific rank, it is not that we are convinced of the correctness of such procedure, but that it has been impossible to assemble the necessary series for a thorough study of the rather complicated interrelations between the Green Heron and the Striated Heron. Besides, breeding specimens from the critical regions, where representa- tives of the two groups are supposed to approach or even to overlap each other, viz. the Panama- Canal Zone and the islands off northern Venezuela (Aruba to Margarita), are too scarce in collections to permit of final conclusions. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 185 Butorides virescens (not Ardea virescens Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 253 — Lake Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 746 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 243 — Pacasmayo, Peru; Me"n6gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 — Ouanary, French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907— Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 219, 1925— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (spec, examined). Butorides cyanurus (not Ardea cyanura Vieillot) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Lake Paturia and savanna of Bucaramanga, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 270, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 206 — Santa Marta region (=Valle d'Upar), Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 — Remedios and Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 355 — Recife and Estancia, Pernambuco, Brazil; Berlepsch, I.e., 1884, p. 439 — Angostura and Rio ApurS, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Cachoeira, Matto Grosso; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 226 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 337 — Rabicho, Matto Grosso. Butorides scapulatus (lapsu) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — Rio Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru. Butorides striata Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, I.e., 37, p. 318, 1889 — Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895— part, Corumba, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 175, 279, 1898— part, spec, a-d', h', Colombia (Medellin, Valle d'Upar), Ecuador (Quito, Sarayacu), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), and Brazil (Mexiana, Pernambuco, Recife, Bahia, Chapada, Pelotas, Rio de Janeiro, Ypanema, Parana Boyassu); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898— Cachavi, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 — Bonda, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 — Rio Daule, Rio Peripa, and Vinces, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902— Orinoco River (Alta- gracia, Caicara) and Caura River (Suapure, La Union) ; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 94, 1905 — Gorgona Island, Colombia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 68, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal, Iguape, Rio Mogy-Guassu), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 411, 1907— Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908 — Cayenne and Ouanary, French Guiana; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 — Bahia (Rio Vermelho, Joazeiro, Barra do Rio Grande), Maranhao (Barra do Galiota), and Piauhy (coast near Amaragao), Brazil; Chros- towski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 494, 1912— Vera Guarany and Rio Ivahy, Parana, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 — Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914 — Una das Oncas, Braganca Railroad, Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Capim (Resacca), Rio Moju, Marajo (Rio Arary, Pacoval), Cunany, Monte Alegre, and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 365, 1916 — Orinoco region (nest and eggs 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917— Sinu, Atrato, Quindio, Barbacoas, Tumaco, Call, La Palma, Chicoral, Honda, La Olanda, Villavicencio, and La Morelia, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 273— Eten, Reque, and Trujillo, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922 — Mamatoco, Bonda, Santa Marta, Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, and Don Diego, Colombia (crit., var.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 — La Carolina and Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926 — Esmeral- das, Rio de Oro, Chone, Bucay, Santa Rosa, Fund Island, Zamora, and Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 780— coast of British Guiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Para, Brazil; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 487, 1929— Sao Bento, Maranhao, and Ibiapaba, Piauhy, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930 — part, Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso. Ardea cyanurus (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana. Ardea virescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 — Reyes, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 376, 1899— "Sao Paulo." Butorides striatus striatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929 — El Real, Darien, Panama (one spec.); Darlington, I.e., p. 362, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 — Trinidad (breeding); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 366, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935— Darien, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 30, 1938— Ama- zonas (Manacapuru), Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Rio Gongohy, Aratuhype, Ilha de Madre Deus, Ilha Bimbarro), Rio de Janeiro (Sao Joao da Barra), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), Sao Paulo (numerous localities), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy), Matto Grosso (Rio Parana), Goyaz (Inhumas, Canna Brava), and Colombia (Cauca); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 37, 1945— Beni (Reyes and Bresta), Bolivia. Range. — Tropical South America, from eastern Panama (one record from El Real, Darien), Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad south to western Ecuador, Peru, eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil.1 Field Museum Collection. — 40: Colombia (Rio Atrato, Antioquia, 1; unspecified, 2; La Holanda, Cundinamarca, 1); Venezuela (Rio 1 While birds from eastern Brazil as far south as Sao Paulo and Parand are identical with others from the Guianas, Venezuela and Colombia, those from Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul are so variously intermediate to B. s. fusd- collis that their reference to one rather than to the other race is largely a matter of personal preference. Seventy-two specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 187 Catatumbo, Zulia, 2; Encontrados, Zulia, 1; La Ceiba, Trujillo, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 3); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio Pimocha, 2; Tunguragua, 1); Peru (Lower Huallaga, Loreto, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; Buxton, 5); Brazil (Murutucu, Pard, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Quixada, Ceard, 5; Barra do Rio Dourado, Sao Paulo, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 2; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1). *Butorides striatus fuscicollis (Vieillot).1 SOUTHERN STRIATED HERON. Ardea fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 410, 1817 — based on "Garza cuello pardo" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 180, No. 359; Paraguay (descr. of young). Ardea cyanura Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 14, p. 421, 1817 — based on "Garza cuello aplomado" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 177, No. 358; Paraguay (descr. of adult). Ardea scapularis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 77, 1823 — based on Azara, No. 359; Paraguay. Butorides cyanurus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 — Rio Gato, Entre Rios; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 62 — Lujan Bridge and Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 101, 1889— Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 198 — Uruguay (habits); Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 522 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding). Butorides grisea (not Cancroma grisea Boddaert) Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 — Sierra de las Animas, Buenos Aires. Butorides striata (not Ardea striata Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895 — part, Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 30, 1897— Caiza, Bolivian Chaco; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 175, 279, 1898 — part, spec, e'-g', Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, and Santa Elena, Uruguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902— Rio Salt, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 205, 1904— Oran, Salta; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, 1 Butorides striatus fuscicollis (Vieillot): Differs from the nominate race by decidedly paler under parts, the neck and throat being lighter, ochraceous rather than rufescent, with the dusky streaking reduced or even absent, and the abdomen pearly gray instead of slate gray. Examination of a dozen skins from Tucuman, Formosa, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires shows this form to be fairly distinguishable. Bolivian skins and a single one from Paraguay are evidently the same. Ardea fuscicollis, based on a young bird, has page priority over A. cyanura. 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1909 — Entre Rios (La Soledad), Buenos Aires (Est. San Martino Monte, Barracas al Sud), and Santa Fe (Mocovi); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Serie" and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios (breeding) ; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 164, 1923— Zelaya and San Isidro, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 353, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930— part, Rio Negro, Paraguay. Butorides striatus cyanurus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 55, 1926 — Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay, and Lazcano, San Vicente, etc., Uruguay (crit., nomencl.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 149, 1927 — Rio de Gastone, Tucuman, and Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 155 (in text), 1929 (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 64, 1930 — San Jose and Lapango, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 105, 1931 (range). Range. — Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz; Caiza), Paraguay, northern Argentina south to La Pampa and Buenos Aires Province, and Uruguay. Field Museum Collection. — 7: Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Rio Yapacani, 3; Rio Surutu, 2); Argentina (Caraguatay, Misiones, 1); Uruguay (Arazati, San Jose", 1). *Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow).1 PLUMBEOUS HERON. Ardea plumbea (not of Merrem, 1820) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 125, 127 — James Island, Galapagos Archipelago (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931). Ardea sundevalli Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 253, 1877 — new name for Ardea plumbea Sundevall, preoccupied. Butorides javanicus (not Ardea javanica Horsfield) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable Island. Butorides plumbeus Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 497, 1876 — Indefati- gable and James Islands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 — Charles Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890— Hood, James, Duncan, and Abingdon Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 602, 1897 (monog.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 181, 1899 — Chatham, Bindloe, Jervis, Hood, Indefatigable, Wenman, Abingdon, Albemarle, and Barrington Islands (crit.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 411, 1902 — Narborough and Indefatigable Islands (note on young) ; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 255, 1904 — Albemarle Island (eggs descr.). 1 Butorides sundevalli (Reichenow) differs from the other American members of the genus by stouter bill, larger size, and much darker coloration. The edges to the wing coverts are deep rufous brown; there is no white edging to the inner primaries; the under parts are very dark with mere traces of rufous on neck, but with very distinct longitudinal patches of black. The orange-red legs would seem to place this heron next to B. s. striatus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 189 Butorides sundevalli Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 185, 1898 (monog.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 62, 1913 (plum., var., habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 104, 1931 (range); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 35, 1931 — Tower and Duncan Islands. Range. — Resident in the Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Galapagos Islands (Indefatigable Island, 1; Tower Island, 1; Albemarle Island, 3). Genus FLORIDA Baird Florida Baird, Pvep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xxi, xlv, 671, 1858— type, by monotypy, Ardea caerulea Linnaeus. Glaucerodius Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 307, 1890 — substitute name for Florida Baird. *Florida caerulea (Linnaeus).1 LITTLE BLUE HERON. Ardea caeruka* Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based prin- cipally on "The Blew Heron" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 76, pi. 76; "in America septentrionali"= Carolina (ex Catesby); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 604, 1833 — southeastern Brazil; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860— Mercedes, Rio Negro, Uruguay; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 — Trinidad (Caroni River) and Orinoco; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 122, 1865 — Brazil (plumages); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypa- nema), and Parana (Rio Boraxudo, Paranagua); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Lake Paturia and CiSnaga, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 198 — banks of the Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 165, 1901 — Central American localities and references. Ardea caerulescens Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 690, 1790 — Cayenne. Herodias poucheti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 123, 1857 — South America (type in Paris Museum). Herodias coeruka Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 — Cayenne. Florida caerulea Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 671, 1858 (descr.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 305, 1875 — Cuba (plumages; breeding habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 100, 1898 (monog.); Salvadori 1 Ardea cyanopus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 644, 1789) has been quoted in the synonymy of this Heron. It is based on "Le He>on cendr6 d'Ame'rique" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 406) and "Le Crabier cendr6" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 401), both accounts going back to "He>on ou Calidris leucophaea" of Feuill6e (Journ. Obs. phys., 6d. 1725, p. 287) from "New Spain," a very ambiguously described bird, not much larger than a pigeon. 1 Frequently spelled "coeruka." 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 46, 1900— Vinces, Rio Peripa, and Rio Daule, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 — Caicara, Rio Orinoco, and Mato River, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., p. 605, 1902 — Vaqueria, Ecuador; M6ne"gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904— Mahury, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906— Trinidad (Caroni) and Tobago; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907— Mexiana Island, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 65, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Iguape"), Parana (Curytiba), and "Amazonas"; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908— Cayenne and Mahury, French Guiana; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 — "northern provinces" (Holmberg) and Mercedes, "Prov. Buenos Aires (Burmeister)" [errore,= Uruguay]; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 — Braganca Railroad, Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento), and Mexiana, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 179, 1916 — Los Indies and Majagua River, Isle of Pines (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917— Noanama (Choc6) and Malena (Magdalena), Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 — Braamspunt, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Cerro Largo, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 — Gaira, Bonda, Cinto, Trojas de Cataca, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 — La Carolina, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142— Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 217, 1925— Bahfa (Pedro do Ernesto, Rio Sao Francisco), Piauhy (Amaragao), and Maranhao (Miritiba); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 177, 1926 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 205, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Chone, and Pun£ Island, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 778 — Abary Savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 107, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 — Finca Sepacuite and Ocos, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 — Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 31, 1938— Para (Ilha Grande, Ilha Marajo, Patana, Lago CuipeVa), Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), and 'Sao Paulo (Iguape", Canane"a, Ilha do Cardoso). Florida caerulea caerulescens Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 279, 1904 — Barbuda and Antigua (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 234, 1905 — St. Vincent, Grenadines (Carriacou), and Grenada (breeding); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 293, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, and Tortola (crit.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 80, 1931— Hispaniola; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 75, 1938— El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Florida caerulea caerulea Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 429, 1910 — Rancho Redondo, Guanacaste, Guapiles, and El Pozo de TeVraba, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Hagar, Auk, 58, p. 568, 1941 — Marshfield, Massa- chusetts (nesting). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 191 Range. — South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America, coasts of Mexico and Central America, the West Indies, and coasts and rivers of South America south to northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez) in the west, and to Uruguay (Mercedes, Rio Negro;1 Cerro Largo) in the east.2 One nesting record for Massachusetts. Field Museum Collection. — 103: Texas (Padre Island, 1; Browns- ville, 2); Connecticut (Guilford, 1); North Carolina (New Inlet, Dare County, 4; Raleigh, 2); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Montezuma, 1; Chatham County, 1; Camden County, 3); Florida (New River, 1 ; Wilson, 1 ; Duval County, 3 ; Manatee County, 1; Enterprise, 4; Anclote, 2; Oklawaha River, 1; Amelia Island, 2; Bassenger, 1; Palm Beach County, 8); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Dominican Republic (Catarey, 1); Virgin Islands (Tortola, 1; St. Croix, 2); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Antigua, 22; Saint Eustatius, 1; Santa Lucia, 3); western Caribbean (Saint Andrews, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Tampico, 3; Tamaulipas, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 1; Filadelfia, Guanacaste, 1); Panama (Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 2); Colombia (Magdalena, 1; unspecified, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Maracaibo, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 7; Buxton, 3). Genus BUBULCUS Bonaparte Bubulcus (Pucheran MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 722, April, 1855 — type, by tautonymy, Ardea ibis "Hasselquist" (= Linnaeus) —Ardea bubulcus Audouin. *Bubulcus ibis ibis (Linnaeus). BUFF-BACKED HERON. Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 144, 1758 — Egypt (ex Hassel- quist, It. Palaest., p. 248, 1757). 3 1 Burmeister's locality "Mercedes, Rio Negro," Banda Oriental [=Uruguay], was wrongly attributed by Dabbene to "Buenos Aires Province," while Scott and Sharpe (Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., pp. 382, 387, 1912) even identified the river with the Rio Negro of Patagonia! F. caerulea has never been found either in Argentina or Paraguay, and it may be taken for granted that Holmberg's record from the "northern provinces" was caused by his confusing this species with the White Heron. 1 In agreement with Todd we are quite unable to see any constant difference between North American specimens on one side and those from the West Indies and tropical America on the other. 1 Linnaeus' diagnosis is taken from Hasselquist's account, which clearly refers to the Buff-backed Heron. The reference to Raius (Syn. M6th. Av., p. 98) under var. 0. does not belong here, however. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bubulcus ibis ibis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 108, 1931 (range); Blake, Auk, 56, p. 470, 1939— near Buxton, British Guiana (May 27, 1937). Bubulcus ibis Phelps, Auk, 61, p. 656, 1944 — San JosS de Tiznados, west of Calabozo, Guarico, Venezuela (possibly a captive bird). Range. — Iberian Peninsula; Africa to Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Aldabra, and the Seychelles; western Asia from the Caspian Sea and Arabia to Persia; accidental in England, Italy, Madeira, on the Canary Islands, in British Guiana (near Buxton, east of Georgetown, May 27, 1937) l and (?) Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. — 1: British Guiana (near Buxton, 1). Genus DICHROMANASSA Ridgway Dichromanassa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 224, 246, Feb. 5, 1878 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea rufa Boddaert= Ardea rufescens Gmelin. *Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (Gmelin). REDDISH EGRET. Ardea rufa (not of Scopoli, 1769) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783— based on "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 902, Louisiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901— part, Gulf States and West Indies (descr.). Ardea rufescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 628, 1789 — principally based on "L'Aigrette rousse, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 902, Louisiana. Ardea pealii Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3, p. 154, pub. Feb., 1827 — "Florida and probably the analogous climates of America" (descr. of white phase; type probably lost); idem, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 96, pi. 26, fig. 1, 1833— Florida. Ardea cubensis (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Av. Isla Cuba, p. 84, pi. 13, fig. 1, 1850 — Cuba (descr. of young; type in coll. of J. Gundlach, Havana Museum). Herodias rufescens Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 341, 1856 — Cuba (crit.); idem, I.e., 10, p. 82, 1862— Cuba (crit.). Demiegretta pealii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 661, 1858— Florida (crit.); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 63— Jamaica (descr.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 301, 1875 — Cuba (crit.; breeding). Demiegretta rufa Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 662, 1858— Mata- moros and Texas (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 302, 1875 — Cuba (Punta-Maya near Matanzas; Cayo Galindo; Ensenada de Cochinos). Herodias pealii Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 82, 1862 — cayos of north coast and mouth of Rio Cauto, Cuba (breeding). 1 An extraordinary occurrence. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 193 Dichromanassa rufa Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 60, 1878— Corpus Christi Pass, Texas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 — part, spec, from Florida (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa) and Texas (Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Aransas Bay). Dichromanassa rufescens Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 157, 1926 (life hist.). Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 78, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range in part); Oberholser, Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, Bull., 28, p. 56, 1938— Louisiana. Range. — Breeding (and mainly resident) in the Gulf States, Bahama Islands (Great Bahama, Abaco, New Providence, Great Inagua, etc.), and in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola); occasionally straying to southern Mexico (Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, Oct. 20, 1923); accidental in Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. — 32: Texas (Brownsville, 4; Green Island, 10; Padre Island, 4; Corpus Christi, 7; Port Lavaca, 1); Florida (Tarpon Springs, 1; unspecified, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Inagua, 1; Caicos Bank, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1). *Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem.1 LOWER CALI- FORNIA REDDISH EGRET. Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 246, Sept., 1926 — San Luis Island, Gulf of California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 83, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 326, 1937 — Guaymas and Tobari Bay, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 74, 1938— Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (April 2); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Demiegretta pealii (not Ardea pealii Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 192 — Chiapam, Pacific Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 196 — Chiapam. Demiegretta rufa (not Ardea rufa Boddaert) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 310, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Dichromanassa rufa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 — part, spec, from Mexico (Presidio de Mazatlan) and Guatemala (Istan, Chiapam). 1 Dichromanassa rufescens dickeyi van Rossem : Similar to the nominate race, but head and neck decidedly darker, between cameo brown and chocolate. The other differences claimed by the describer do not seem to hold. A single adult from Presidio, Sinaloa, and one from Istan, Guatemala, are markedly darker on the head and neck than any in a series of twelve from Texas and Florida, so that we cannot but recognize this form as distinct. Griscom (Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 9, 1926), however, strongly questions its validity. 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea rufa Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901 — part, Mexico (Lower California; Mazatlan)1 and Guatemala (Chiapam, Istan). Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens (not Ardea rufescens Gmelin) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range in part). Range. — Breeds in Lower California; migrates along the Mexican coast (Mazatlan, Presidio) to Pacific Guatemala (Istan, Chiapam) and El Salvador (Barra de Santiago). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico, Lower California (San Luis Island, 1). Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom.2 YUCATAN RED- DISH EGRET. Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 9, Nov. 18, 1926 — Culebra Key, Ascension Bay, eastern Quintana Roo, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 109, 1931 (range). Demiegretta rufa (not Ardea rufa Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869— Progreso, Yucatan. Ardea rufa Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 167, 1901 — part, Yucatan (Progreso) and Cozumel Island. Ardea peali (not A. pealii Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island. Dichromanassa rufa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 106, 1898 — part, spec, from Cozumel Island. Range. — Yucatan Peninsula and adjacent islands. Genus CASMERODIUS Gloger Casmerodius Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., Heft 6, p. 412, 1842— type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Orn. Pap., 3, p. 349, 1882), Ardea egretta Gmelin. "Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin). AMERICAN EGRET. Ardea Egretta Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 — based principally on "La Grande Aigrette" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 377; "in insulis S. 1 Without re-examination of the respective specimens, it is impossible to allocate properly the localities in Oaxaca (San Mateo, Ventosa). 1 Dichromanassa rufescens colorata Griscom: Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger, with a proportionately shorter bill; adults in nuptial plumage with head and neck on an average paler and browner, less chestnut; ornamental plumes strongly tinged with vinaceous instead of uniform slaty blue, the feathers more or less vinaceous at their bases. Wing, 342, (female) 311; bill, 103, (female) 93. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 195 Dominici, insulis Falkland et America austral! ad Louisianam usque" (Cayenne [ex Buffon] designated as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 607, 1833— eastern Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Port Otway, Gulf of Penas, Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Parand (Rio de Boraxudo, Paranagua), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazon River, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 265, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876— Santare"m, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 399 — Chubut and Sengel River, Patagonia; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 156 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881— Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 — Punta Lara, Buenos Aires, and Oran, Salta; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 89, 1884— Tandfl, Arroyo Tandfl, and La Tinta, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding), and Prov. Buenos Aires (south to Carhue") ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 29, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; idem, I.e., 37, p. 100, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425—-Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 144— Rio Parana and Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 204 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389— Lima, Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895— Paraguay (Paraguari) and Matto Grosso (Corumba); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 30, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 — Villa Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 161, 1901 — Central American references and localities; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 — Faz. do Estreito, Rio Grande, Bahia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 336— Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 519— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardea leuce (Illiger MS.) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 77, 1823 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 752, 1849 — marshes of the savannas; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 416, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 118, 1865— Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 29 — Sumidouro and Venda Nova, Minas Geraes. Egretta Americana Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 354, July, 1837 — based on Ardea egretta Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 106, pi. 61, fig. 4, 1813. Egretta leuce Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 — Maldonado (Uru- guay) and Patagonia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador. Herodias egretta var. californica Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 667, 1858 — San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 264, 1982). Herodias egretta March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 63 — Jamaica; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — lower and upper 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 305 — Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 299, 1875 — Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 187, 1878— Puerto Rico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 95, 270, 1898 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 97— Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902— Tucuman (Vipos; Rio Calera); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 462 — Colonia CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905— Barbados (one record); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 65, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Itapura); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 — Margarita Island, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908— French Guiana; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 246, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 223, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 428, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guanacaste; Pozo Azul de Pirris; Guapiles); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 379, 1912 — Patagonia (descr.); Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. Biol. Surv., 45, p. 40, 1913 (range; migr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 106, 1914 — Mexiana Island and Rio Jamauchim, Para, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 179, 1916 — Pasadita, Isle of Pines; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916— Orinoco Valley; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917 — Cauca Valley, Magdalena River, and La Morelia, Colombia. Egretta egretta Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, .1918 — Tijgerbank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142 — Apure district, Vene- zuela; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324 — Falkland Islands (rare visitor). Casmerodius egretta Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 271 — Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922— La Carolina, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 205, 1926 — Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 133, 1926 (life hist.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 777 — Abary savannas and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 42, 1931— Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932 — Guatemala; Davis, Ibis, 1935, p. 533 — Rupununi River, British Guiana (breeding). Casmerodius albus egretta Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Maldonado and Rocha, Uruguay; Wace, I.e., p. 199, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 57, 1926— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay (Carrasco), and Chaco; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 413, 1926 — Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 290, 1927 — Puerto Rico and Vieques; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 149, 1927 — La Noria, Santa Fe"; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 91, 1930— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 64, 1930 — Mision Tacaagl6 and Lapango, Formosa; Fisher and Wet- more, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 34, 1931— Tower Island, Galapagos; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 110, 1931 (range); Wetmore and 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 197 Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 75, 1931— Hispaniola; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 302, 1932— Chile (range, full bibliog.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 — Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 32, 1938 — Amazonas (Manacapuru; Sao Gabriel; Rio Negro), Para (Patana), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Itapura, Ypiranga), Matto Grosso (Aqui- dauana), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 73, 1938— El Salvador; Stonor, Univ. State New York Bull, to Schools, 24, p. 119, 1938— Albany region, New York (status and occ.); Gabrielson, Wilson Bull., 51, p. 240, 1939— Trempealeau County, Wisconsin (breeding); Mitchell, Passenger Pigeon, 5, (2), p. 49, 1943 — Horicon, Wisconsin (nesting); Harlan, Iowa Bd. Life, 13, p. 59, 1943 — Jackson County, Iowa (nesting colony); Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 27, 1943— St. Thomas, Virgin Islands (nesting); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. HandL, (3), 22, p. 23, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua; idem, I.e., 23, p. 38, 1945 — El Beni (Reyes; Bresta), Bolivia; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 38, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Casmerodius alba egretta Hicks, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 169, 1944 — Ohio (nesting). Range. — Breeds from the temperate United States (Oregon, Wisconsin, New Jersey), Mexico, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), Virgin Islands (St. Thomas), Central America, and South America, including the Galapagos Islands, south to the Gulf of Penas, Chile, and western Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Lago Buenos Aires) ; accidental on the Falkland Islands. Wanders north in summer to southern Canada. Field Museum Collection. — 47: California (Los Angeles County, 2) ; Texas (Brownsville, 2; Cameron County, 3); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Mississippi (Rosedale, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); Georgia (Sapelo Island, 1); Florida (Enterprise, 1; Pilot Town, 1; Bade County, 3; Bassenger, 2; Anclote, 4; Jupiter, 3); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Caicos Bank, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Mexico (Santa Engracia, Tamaulipas, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 3); Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 2); Colombia (un- specified, 1); Ecuador (Totoral, Occidente, 1); Peru (Rio Ucayali, Loreto, 1); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3); Argentina (Tres Posos, Salta, 3; Santa Cruz, Tucu- man, 1). Genus LEUCOPHOYX Sharpe Leucophoyx Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 3, p. xxxix, Apr. 30, 1894 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea candidissima Gmelin=Ard«a thula Molina. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Leucophoyx thula brewsteri (Thayerand Bangs).1 BREWSTER'S EGRET. Egretta candidissima brewsteri Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 40, April 29, 1909 — San Jose" Island, Lower California (type in coll. of J. E. Thayer, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 181, 1930); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 156, 1926 (life hist.). Egretta thula brewsteri Bailey, Auk, 45, pp. 430-436, pis. 13-15, 1928 (crit., meas., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 83, 1928 — Lower California. Leucophoyx thula brewsteri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 39, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Range. — United States west of the Rocky Mountains from Great Salt Lake, Utah, southward, and Lower California; migrating in winter as far as Guerrero, Mexico. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Utah (Salt Lake City, 4). "Leucophoyx thula thula (Molina). SNOWY EGRET. Ardea thula Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782— Chile. Ardea nivea (not of S. G. Gmelin, 1770) Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 18, 1784 — Cartagena, Colombia; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849— coast; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 417, 1856 — southeastern Brazil. Ardea Ohula Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 633, 1789— Chile (ex Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 208; doubtless pen-slip for A. thula). Ardea candidissima Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 633, 1789 — based on Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 18, No. 13, Cartagena, Colombia; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 612, 1833 — eastern Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 28 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 300, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapi- tiba, Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Pansecco), and Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Lake Paturia, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 267, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Santarem, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 745— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189— Prov. Buenos Aires; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. jSoc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 — Cauca, Colombia; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 158 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Forbes, l.c., 1881, p. 355 — Parahyba River, Brazil; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624— Banado de Flores, 1 Leucophoyx thula brewsteri (Thayer and Bangs) differs from the nominate race by longer tarsi and bill. Birds from the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, though not fully attaining the measurements of topotypes, are shown by Bailey to be much nearer to brewsteri than to the eastern form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 199 Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 — Angostura, Orinoco, Vene- zuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 169 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 30, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— Reyes, Bolivia; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1891, p. 16 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 144 — Rio Paran& and lower Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205 — Est. Espar- tillar; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 231 — Riacho Verde and Paraguayan Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 162, 1901 — Central American references and localities; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 — Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco, near Sam- baiba) and Piauhy (Pedrinha); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 521 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardea carolinensis Ord, ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 125, pi. 62, fig. 4, 1825 — isthmus of Darien to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Egretta candidissima Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 336, 1847 — Jamaica; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 233, 1905— St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada Islands (casual visitor); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 — Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917— Cauca Valley, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 205, 1926 — Jambeli and Santa Rosa River, Ecuador; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 142 — southern part of Venezuelan llanos. Garyetta candidissima Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857— Cayenne; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I860, p. 196 — Cartagena and Rio Atrato, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 305 — Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 304, 1875 — Cuba (breeding); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 — Arroyo Tandileufu and Rio Salado, Buenos Aires; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 655, 1895 — Margarita Island, Venezuela. Leucophoyx candidissima Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 124, 273, 1898 (monog.); Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900— Tobago; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902— Rio Vipos, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 — Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907— Mexiana Island, Brazil (visitor); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908— Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 246, 1909— Est. San Martino Monte and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 — Magoary, Marajo, Brazil. Egretta candidissima candidissima Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910— Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 146, 1926 (life hist.). Egretta thula thula Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 180, 1916— Isle of Pines; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 291, 1927— Puerto Rico (breeding); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 91, 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1930— Matto Grosso; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 76, 1931 — Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932— Rio Polochic, Guatemala; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 303, 1932— Tarapacd to Nuble, Chile (full bibliog.); McDonald and others, Auk, 57, p. 106, 1940 — Cape May County, New Jersey (nesting again). Egretta thula Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 272— Eten, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Maldonado, Uruguay. Leucophoyx thula Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 778 — Abary Savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana. Leucophoyx thula thula Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 411, 1929 — Toloa, Honduras (gen. char.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580 — Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938— Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), and Sao Paulo (Cananea, Ypiranga, Piassaguera) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 73, 1938— El Salvador; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 38, 1945— Bresta, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), and South America south to Nuble, Chile, and Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Formerly bred north to southern Illinois and Cape May, New Jersey, where it now seems to be re-establishing itself. Field Museum Collection. — 24: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Cameron County, 6) ; North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 2) ; Florida (Mayport, 1; Cape Sable, 1; Kissimmee, 3; southern part, 1; Manatee County, 2); Bahama Islands (Inagua, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Cercado, 1; Buena Vista, 1). Genus HYDRANASSA Baird Hydranassa Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 660 (in text), 1858— type, by orig. desig., Ardea ludoviciana Wi\son=Egretta ruficollis Gosse. Hydronassa Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 (emendation). *Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse). LOUISIANA HERON. Egretta ruficollis Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 338, 1847 — Burnt Savanna River and Bluefields Creek, Jamaica (type now in British Museum) ; idem, Illust. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 93, 1849 (fig. of type). Herodias ruficollis Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 342, 1856 — Cuba (descr., soft parts, crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 201 Ardea leucoprymna (Lichtenstein)1 G. R. Gray, Hand-List Gen. Spec. Bds., 3, p. 29, 1871— based on Ardea ludoviciana (not of Gmelin, 1789) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 13, pi. "61" (=64), fig. 1, andE. ruficollis Gosse. Demiegretta ruficollis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 303, 1875 — Cuba (breed- ing; descr.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 187, 1878 — Boqueron, Puerto Rico. Hydranassa tricolor (not Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Miiller) Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 60, 1878 — Brownsville, Texas (breeding). Ardea cyanirostris Cory, Bds. Bahama Islands, p. 168, pi. [5], 1880 — Great Inagua Island, Bahama Islands (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum). Ardea tricolor ruficollis Cory, Auk, 3, p. 502, 1886 — Grand Cayman and Little Cayman; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 305 — Andros and New Providence, Bahama Islands (breeding). Ardea tricolor Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 334 — Aruba and Bonaire Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 164, 1901 — part, Mexican and Central American references and localities; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 — Aruba and Bonaire Islands. Hydranassa ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 127, 274, 1898 (monog.). Hydranassa tricolor Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 — Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 — Vaqueria, Ecuador; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 187, 1905 — Cienaga, Isle of Pines; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 275, 1905— Don Diego, Colombia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, 1906 (crit., meas., range); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 196, 236, 1909— Aruba and Margarita Islands; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910 — Costa Rica (one record from Puntarenas); Todd, l.c., 7, p. 409, 1911 — Great Inagua Island, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 181, 1916 — Los Indies and Bird Island, Isle of Pines (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917— Sinu River, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 6, 1919 — San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 134, 1922 — Don Diego, Gaira and Ci6naga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 206, 1926— Chone and Jambeli, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 167, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 292, 1927— Puerto Rico (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 411, 1929 — Martinez Creek and Toloa swamp, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 305, 1931— Almirante, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 79, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 294, 1935— Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 74, 1938 — El Salvador (San Sebastian, Lake Olomega, etc.); Oberholser, 1Egretta kucoprymna Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 89, 1854 — Mexico) is a nomen nudum. 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bird Life Louisiana, p. 56, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding) ; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 27, 1943— Steven Cay, Virgin Islands (nesting); Beatty, Auk, 61, p. 146, 1944— St. Croix, Virgin Islands; Scharff, Condor, 46, p. 124, 1944— Oregon; Huey, I.e., p. 201, 1944— California; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 39, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Hydranassa tricolor ocddentalis Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 5, p. 83, Oct. 10, 1927 — Scammon Lagoon, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Range. — Breeds from Lower California, Arizona, the Gulf states and North Carolina to the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), the Virgin Islands (Steven Cay; St. Croix), Central America, Colombia, western Ecuador, and northern Venezuela, including Aruba, Bonaire, and Margarita Islands.1 Field Museum Collection. — 70: Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2; Cameron County, 6 [2 downies]; Corpus Christi, 2; Rockport, 1; Seadrift, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 5; Brunswick County, 1); South Carolina (Mt. Pleasant, 2); Florida (Bradford County, 1; De Soto County, 1; Duval County, 1; Marion County, 1; Monroe County, 1; Anclote, 4; Enterprise, 1; Bassenger, 1; Palm Beach County, 6); Bahama Islands (Berry Island, 1; Caicos Bank, 2; Inagua, 2; Mayaguana, 1; San Salvador, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 4; Surrey, 1); western Caribbean (St. Andrews, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, 2; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 2; Laguna Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 1; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 1) ; Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Province de los Rios, 1) ; Vene- zuela (Maracaibo, Zulia, 1; Margarita Island, 3); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 4). Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr.2 TRINIDAD HERON. Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50, Feb., 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (type in Tring Collection, now in the American 1 As stated by Cory, birds from Aruba and Margarita agree well with West Indian examples, from which we are likewise unable to separate a single adult from Ecuador (Vaqueria). The supposedly larger form from Lower California (ocddentalis) is now admitted to be untenable (cf. van Rossem, in Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 84, 1928). 2 Hydranassa tricolor rufimentum Hellmayr: Agreeing in small size with H. t. tricolor, but upper parts and foreneck much darker, blackish instead of slate gray; the elongated feathers on the rump darker, more umber-brown; chin not white, but chestnut like middle line of throat, the chestnut being decidedly darker than in the nominate race. Wing, (adult male) 214; tail, 73; bill, 85. The type is the only specimen that we have seen of this seemingly well-marked race. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 203 Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 580— Trinidad (breed- ing). Range. — Breeds on the island of Trinidad. *Hydranassa tricolor tricolor (P. L. S. Miiller). TRICOLORED HERON. Ardea tricolor P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. Ill, 1776 — based on "He>on bleuatre a ventre blanc de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 350; Cayenne. Ardea leucogaster Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 21, 1783 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 350, Cayenne; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849— coast districts; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 — Praia do Cajutuba, Para, Brazil. Ardea Griseo-Alba Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792— Cayenne (type lost). Hydranassa tricolor Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 126, 273, 1898— Guiana (Ourumee, Savana) and Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, pp. 66, 407, 1907 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (crit.; meas.; range in part); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908 — Cayenne, Roche-Marie, and Mahury, French Guiana; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 779 — Abary savanna and flats of Corentyne River, British Guiana. Hydranassa (Ardea) tricolor Mene"gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 184, 1904 — Mahury, French Guiana. Hydranassa tricolor tricolor Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 50 (in text), 1906 — Cayenne and Surinam (meas.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 — Fort Nieuw Amsterdam, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 486, 1929— Tury-assu, Maranhao, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 113, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938 — Primeira Cruz and Boa Vista, Maranhao. Florida tricolor Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil; idem, I.e., p. 217, 1925— Amaracao, Piauhy. Hydronassa tricolor Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 107, 1914 — Capanema, Para, Brazil. Range. — Coast districts of British, Dutch, and French Guiana,1 and northeastern Brazil (Capanema and Praia do Cajutuba, Para; Tury-assu, Primeira Cruz, and Boa Vista, Maranhao; Amaracao, Piauhy).2 1 Delacour (Ibis, 1923, p. 142) records H. tricolor from "the southern llanos of Venezuela," rather a singular habitat for this coast-land species. We doubt this identification. 2 Birds from Brazil average slightly larger (wing, 215-240 against 205-225; bill, 84-90 against 78-86), but agree in coloration with those from the Guianas. Additional material examined. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 2. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 7; Roche-Marie, 1; Mahury, 2. — Brazil: Praia do Cajutuba, Par&, 2; Amaragao, Piauhy, 2. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 11: British Guiana (Georgetown, 4; Kitty Seawall, 2; Buxton, 4); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1). Genus AGAMIA Reichenbach Agamia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Agamia picta Reichenbach =Ardea agami Gmelin. Doryphorus (not of Cuvier, 1829) Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 259, 1877 — substitute name for Agamia Reichenbach (on grounds of purism). Doriponus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 308, 1890 — substitute name for Doryphorus Reichenow. *Agamia agami (Gmelin). AGAMI HERON. Ardea Agami Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 629, 1789 — based on "Le Heron Agami" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, and Daubenton, PL EnL, pi. 859, Cayenne; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 297, 1846 — wooded region of Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 — coastal forests; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 214, 1856 — northern Brazil (Amazonas), Guiana, and Colombia; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 11, 1863 — Cayenne, Surinam, and Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 — eastern Peru (=Nauta); iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 754 — Yurimaguas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Villa Maria, Caicara, Villa Bella) and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — Nauta and Yurimaguas, Peru; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 — Para; Salvin and Godman, I.e., 1880, p. 178— Santa Marta, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 47 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 396, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170 — Camacusa, British Guiana; idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 171, 1901 — Mexico (Rio Coatzacoalcos; Tuxpango, near Orizaba), British Honduras, Guatemala (PetSn), Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris), and Panama (Veraguas; San Miguel Island). Ardea fusca Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 700, 1790 — Cayenne (descr. of young). Agamia picta Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) — substitute name for Ardea agami Gmelin; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862, p. 369 — Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 233, 1881 — Rio Coatza- coalcos and Tuxpango (near Orizaba), Vera Cruz, Mexico; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 131, 1887— Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica. Agamia agami Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 135, 274, 1898 — British Honduras, Guatemala (Pete'n), Panama (Veraguas), Colombia (Santa Marta), British Guiana (Takutu River, Camacusa, Carimang River), Cayenne, Brazil (Para, Barra do Rio Negro), and Peru (Yurimaguas); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Mamatoco and Bonda, Colombia; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 25, 1901 — San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, and Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., 9, p. 605, 1902— Pambilar, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 205 p. 450, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 142, 1905— San Miguel, Pearl Islands; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 517, 1908— Rio Purus (Bom Lugar) and Rio Tapaj6z (Itaituba), Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 423, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 — Laguna de Ochomogo and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914— Para, Marajo (Dunas), Monte Alegre, Rio Tapajoz (Itaituba), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 363, 1916 — Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917— Rio Salaqui and Rio Atrato, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, pp. 206, 736, 1926— Curaray-Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 91, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932— Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 — Trinidad; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 33, 1938 — Rio Juru& and Manacapuru, Amazonas, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 38, 1945 — Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia. Doriponus agami Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 — near Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 133, 1922— Bonda, Colombia. Range. — Locally in eastern Mexico (states of Vera Cruz and Chiapas), Guatemala (Pete*n), British Honduras, Costa Rica (Laguna de Ochomogo; Pozo Azul de Pirris), and Panama (Veraguas; San Miguel, Pearl Islands), and widely distributed in tropical South America from Colombia, Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south to Ecuador (both sides), and through Amazonia to western Matto Grosso, Brazil1 and Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Field Museum Collection. — 4: British Guiana (Rio Potaro, 1; unspecified, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 1). Genus SYRIGMA Ridgway Syrigma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 224, 247, Feb. 5, 1878 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea sibilatrix Temminck. *Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck). WHISTLING HERON. Ardea cyanocephala (not of Molina, 1782) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 14, p. 411, 1817 — based on "Flauta del sol" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 169, No. 356; Paraguay. 1 Two adults from Trinidad (Caroni Swamp) are rather larger than any of the fifteen other examples examined. Material from Mexico or Central America has not been available. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea sibilatrix Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 46, pi. 271, May 22, 1824 — Paraguay and Brazil (type, from Brazil, in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 36, 1863); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 407, 1856 — Paraguay and Montevideo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 301, 1870— Itarare", Sao Paulo; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137— Rio Gato, Entre Rios; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 — Oran, Salta; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 438 — Rio Apure, Venezuela; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 85, 1889— Est. Ytanu, Paraguay (eggs descr.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 100, 1889 — Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 337— Tebicuarl, Paraguay. Nycticorax sibilatrix Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 379, 1899— Sao Paulo (Iguape, Itarare"). Nycticorax sibilator Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 — San Jose, Villa Rica, and Paraguari, Paraguay. Syrigma cyanocephalum(a) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 170, 277, 1898 — Uruguay (Paysandu), Brazil (Santa Catharina), and Chaco (Rio Pilcomayo); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 462— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, pi. 3, fig. 14 (egg), 1909 — Mocovi, Santa Fe; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argentina). Syrigma sibilatrix Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Villa Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (soft parts); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape", Rio Parana, Itapura); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 493, 1912 — Chapeo de Sol, Parana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 365, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 188, 1918 — Asunci6n, Paraguay (food); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920 — Cerro Largo, Uruguay; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; ScriS, I.e., p. 100, 1923 (food); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143— Rio Apure, Vene- zuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 56, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Uru- guay (San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 66, 1930— Formosa (San Jos6) and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija; San Jose1, Santa Cruz); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 58, 1935— Buenos Aires (Escobar), Entre Rios (Gualeguachu), Misiones, Chaco (Mocovi), and Salta (Rosario de la Frontera); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 34, 1938 — Sao Paulo (Iguape1, Itapura, Bebedouro) and Paran& (Castro, Faz. Monte Alegre); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 39, 1945— El Beni (Reyes; Bresta) and Tarija (Tata- renda), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 207 Range. — Southern Brazil, from Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina, from Salta and Tucuman south through the Chaco to Santa F6" and Entre Rios, rarely to Buenos Aires Province (Godoy, Escobar, Conchitas); Venezuela (valleys of the Orinoco and Apure rivers).1 Field Museum Collection. — 13 : Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1 ; Fazenda Morungaba, Parana, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 5; Cercado, 2; San Carlos, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1); Argentina (Bompland, Misiones, 1); Uruguay (Passo Correntino, Rio Negro, 1). Genus NYCTICORAX T. Forster Nyciicorax T. Forster,2 Syn. Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 59, 1817 — type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Nycticorax infuusius T. Forster= Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. Nyctiardea Swainson, Classif. Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 354, July, 1837 — sub- stitute name for Nycticorax T. Forster. Scotaeus Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, p. Ixxx, 1840 — type, by monotypy, Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. Nycterodius Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Bds., 2, p. 126, 1842-v-type, by mono- typy, Nycterodius nycticorax Macgillivray = Ardea nycticorax Linnaeus. *Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin). BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea naevia (not of T. F. Miller, 1782) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 56, 1783— based on "Le Pouacre de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 939. Ardea Hoactli Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 630, 1789— based on "Le He>on hup6 du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 418, and "L'Hocti" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 382, ex Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., pp. 13 ("Hoac- ton";=young), 26 ("Hoactli" ;= adult), lakes of Mexico. Ardea gardeni Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 645, 1789— based on "Le Pouacre de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 939, and "Gardenian Heron" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 450, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 71, South Carolina; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 405, 1856— Brazil. Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 437, 1817 — based on "Tayazu-Guira" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 173, No. 357, Paraguay. 1 It remains to be ascertained by the study of an adequate series whether Venezuelan birds are really quite the same. A single adult from the Rio Apure is slightly larger with longer tarsus and bill, while the upper wing coverts are more predominantly yellowish and more narrowly streaked with blackish. The diver- gencies are, however, insignificant. 1 Nycticorax Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 71, 1815) is a nomen nudum. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea nycticorax (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 646, 1833 — Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ardea discors Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2, p. 54, 1834— North America. Nycticorax americanus Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. and N. Amer., p. 48, 1838 — based on Ardea nycticorax Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 236, "America generally"; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 555 — Junin, Peru. Nycticorax vulgaris d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 208, 1839 — part, North and South America, West Indies (no type specified). Nycticorax gardeni Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 199 — lower and upper Ucayali River, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba; Rio de Janeiro), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), Parana (Curytiba), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 329— Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 542 — Medellin, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881— Choele-Choel, Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 — Pacheco, Buenos Aires, and Sauce Redondo, Salta; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 — foot of Sierra de las Animas, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 — Angostura, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios. Nycticorax naevius L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 431, 1866 — Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — upper and lower Ucayali River, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Empexa, Tarapaca, Chile; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 308 — Lees River, Andros, Bahama Islands; Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 272— Talaon, Cajamarca, Peru; Delacour, I.e., 1923, p. 143— rivers of Venezuelan llanos. Nycticorax obscurus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 — Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (spec, examined); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 — Moho, Bolivia; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189 — Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 63 — Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 158 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624 — Pacheco, Buenos Aires, and Sauce Redondo, Salta; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 — Est. Espartillar; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199— Monzon River, Uruguay; Lane, I.e., 1897, p. 188 — part, Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 525 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Nycticorax griseus (not Ardea grisea Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 25 — Lagoa dos Pitos and Sumidouro, Minas Geraes; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897— Bolivia (Caiza) and Salta (Tala, Cara-huassi) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 172, 1901 — Central American references and localities. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 209 Nycticorax griseus naeviits Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 31, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 — lower Beni River, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 379, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Bonda, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 51, 1906— Caroni, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907— Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Hamburgo), and Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 — Cayenne; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910— Costa Rica (winter resident); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 411, 1911— Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914 — Para, Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento, Arary), and Mexiana, Brazil; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 186, 1916 — Los Indios, Isle of Pines; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 — Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 229, 1917— Cali, Rio Frfo, La Morelia, and La Olanda, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 30, 1918 — near Paramaribo, Surinam (crit.); Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 137, 1922 — Bonda and Mamatoco, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 206, 1926— Chone and San Pablo, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 197, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 54, 1926— Lavalle, Buenos Aires; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 299, 1927— Puerto Rico; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 148, 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa Fe~; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928— Lower California; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 488, 1929— Piauhy (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930— Matto Grosso; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 141, 1932— Rio Polochic and Ocos, Guatemala. Nycticorax tayazu-guira Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 155, 275, 1898 — part, spec, a-n, w, x, Peru (Tinta, Lake Titicaca), Bolivia, Tarapaca (Sacaya), Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Est. Espartillar), and Uruguay (Santa Elena, Monzon River); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 46, 1900 — Lake Yaguarcocha, Ecuador; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902— Rio Salf, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 447, 462 — San Antonio, Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 — Mexiana, Brazil; Me"n£gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909— Lake Titicaca and Pazna, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 246, 1909 — La Soledad, Entre Rfos, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910 — Joazeiro, Bahia, and Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 387, 1912— part, Buenos Aires to Patagonia (descr.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922— La Carolina and Chilco, Ecuador. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 — Ingapirca and La Merced, Junin, Peru. Nycticorax nycticorax Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 236, 1905 — Grenada, Carriacou (Harvey Vale), and St. Vincent (records from the West Indies). Nycticorax nycticorax tayazu-guira Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921 — Peru (Calca, La Raya, Puno) (crit., meas.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 306, 1932— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 — Erizera, Arica, Tacna; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 51, 1938 — Valle de Chacalluta and Morro de Arica, Tacna, Chile; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 39, 1945— El Beni (Bresta; Orion; San Lorenzo), Bolivia (disc.). Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vo'gel, p. 65, 1930 — Lapango and Tacaagle, Formosa (nomencl.); Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 265, 1930 (char., range, nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 114, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 85, 1931 — Hispaniola; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 303, 1933 — Rio Chepo, Darien, Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581 — Trinidad (breeding) and Tobago (ex Kirk); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 367, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 — Canal Zone and Rio Chepo, Panama; Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 240, 1936 — Argentina from northern boundary to Buenos Aires (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 34, 1938— Para (Lagoa Grande), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Hamburgo), and Buenos Aires; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 79, 1938 — El Salvador (Lake Olomega, etc.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 40, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Cooke, Bd. Banding, 17, p. 64, 1946 — Santa Clara Province, Cuba (banded in Michigan). Range. — Breeds locally in North America from northern Oregon, southern Wyoming and Manitoba, northern Quebec and Nova Scotia south through the West Indies, Central America, and South America to extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) on the west and Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, on the east.1 1 South American birds average slightly smaller, but the difference is alto- gether too trifling for such a large bird to justify the recognition of an additional race (tayazu-guira), which we at one time have maintained. While specimens from extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) are quite typical in coloration, they are, like others from Tinta (Cuzco), Peru, somewhat larger than a series from Mexico and Brazil. Though all the night herons seen by us from the Andes of Peru and Bolivia belong to the pale-bellied form, it has been shown by Chapman and Peters that in those regions individuals of the "obscurus" coloration and intermediates are not infrequent. On the other hand, two adults and two young birds from Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, in the distributional area of obscurus, are just as light-colored below as any from the eastern United States, Mexico, or Tarapacd! As Chapman also mentions a Panama adult of the "obscurus" style, it is quite evident that the difference between the two races is bridged by the occurrence of aberrant individuals in their respective ranges. Seventy-eight specimens from the area circumscribed above were examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 211 Field Museum Collection. — 78: California (Monterey County, 2; Los Angeles County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 1); North Dakota (Ramsey County, 3; Towner County, 1; Nelson County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 11; Milton, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Cook County, 2; Henry, 1); Quebec (St. Andre, 2); Massachusetts (Great Island, 1; Monomoy Island, 5);»Connecticut (East Hartford, 1; Essex, 1; New Haven County, 4); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 2); Florida (New River, 1; Pilot Town, 1; Shark River, 1; Amelia Island, 2; Bassenger, 1; Anclote, 1; Palm Beach County, 2); Mexico (San Jose" del Cabo, Lower California, 1); Ecuador (San Pablo, Imbabura, 1; Quito, 1; Quevedo, Rio Palenque, 1); Venezuela (Pampas, Merida, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 1; Margarita Island, 1); Dutch Guiana (Para- maribo, 1); Peru (Junin, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Peres, Pacajes, La Paz, 3; Colomi, Cochabamba, 7; Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Capinota, Cocha- bamba, 2; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1; Cercado, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1). *Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte.1 CHILEAN NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte,2 Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 141, 1857 — part, Chile and Patagonia (type, from Chile, collected by C. Gay in Paris Museum); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 — Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; idem and 1 Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte: Differs from N. n. hoactli by the adults having the whole under parts including sides of head nearly uniform sooty or smoky brown, with only the chin and middle of upper throat white or brownish white. Also the juvenile plumage is much darker above with large deep buffish spots, the sides of the head are densely streaked with blackish brown and buff, and the lower parts are strongly suffused with buff and much more heavily streaked with a deeper, more blackish brown. The dimensions, however, do not seem to be constantly larger, as has been claimed. Chilean birds from Concepcion south to the Straits of Magellan are quite con- stant in their dark coloring, those from the latter region showing the racial charac- ters perhaps most strongly pronounced. However, on proceeding into Patagonia, a variation analogous to that observed in the Andes of Peru and Bolivia is encoun- tered, for, as we have noted under N. n. hoactli, a number of examples from western Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) are just as light-colored as the average North American specimen. The same variability appears to exist among breeding birds of Tierra del Fuego, where, according to Reynolds, the pale-bellied individuals are even in preponderance. Nevertheless, if such be the case, we cannot well call them N. n. tayazu-guira (=hoactli), mainly on geographic grounds. The large per- centage of light-colored birds may indicate an approach to the Falkland Island race. Fifteen specimens from Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue), five from the Straits of Magellan, five from western Chubut, and two from Tierra del Fuego examined. 1 Nycticorax obscurus "Licht." Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855) is a nomen nudum. 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 — Oazy Harbour, Straits of Magellan; iidem, l.c., 1869, p. 284 — part, Even Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 40— Chubut Valley; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 399— Rio Sengel, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436— part, Tom Bay and Puerto Bueno, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 12— Cockle Cove and Neesham Cove, Trinidad Channel; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 137, 1890— Port Otway, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 137, 1891— part, Bahia Orange, Ushuaia, Isla Gable, and Isla Wollaston; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 6, p. Ixvii, 1896— Chile (plumages); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 — part, central and southern Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898— Coquimbo, Calbuco (Puerto Montt), Chile, and Rio de los Patos, Patagonia; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 626, 1900— Staten Island (Penguin Rookery, Puerto Cook) and Magellan Straits (Punta Arenas, Possession Bay); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 393, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 201, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Ardea nycticorax (not of Linnaeus) Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg., Vogel, Part 3, p. 26, pi. 35, fig. 1, 1833— Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 215, 1848— Chile (crit.); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 122, 1858— San-Tome, Con- cepcion, Chile. Nycticorax americanus (not of Bonaparte) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841— Valparaiso, Chile. Nycticorax cyanocephalus (not Ardea cyanocephala Molina)1 Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 156, 1898— Chile (Rio Contra; Frutillar, Llanquihue) and Straits of Magellan (Cockle Cove, Neesham Cove, Tom Harbour, Puerto Bueno); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 224, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 391, 1912— head of Rio Chico de Santa Cruz and Lake Pueyrredon, Santa Cruz (descr.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 54, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 173, 1921— Precordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 445, 1922 — Coronel, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 299, 1923— Huanuluan and Maquinchao, Rio Negro; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile; Housse, I.e., 28, p. 52, 1924 — Isla La Mocha, Arauco, Chile; idem, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 412, 1926— Rio Negro (Camp Pilcaniyeu, Bariloche), Chubut (Valle Frio), and Mendoza (Guanacache) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. 1 Ardea cyanocephala Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) described as having "la testa e il dorso turchini, le ali nere orlato di bianco, il venire giallo verdiccio, la coda yerde, il beco nero e le gambe gialle," is one of those undeterminable or even fictitious birds that are found in the Chilean naturalist's work. It is the type (by monotypy) of Syricter Heine (in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 309, 1890). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 213 Nycticorax naevius (not Ardea naevia Boddaert) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 412, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510— Valdivia; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868— Chile; Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 4, pp. Ixxxviii, clxxxiii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso, Chile. Nycticorax gardeni (not Ardea gardeni Gmelin) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853— Valdivia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 193, 1855— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860— Santiago (nesting habits). Nycticorax nyclicorax cyanocephalus Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 267, 1930 (crit., in part); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 115, 1931 (range in part). Nycticorax nycticorax obscurus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 304, 1932— Atacama to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile (resident); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 241, 1936 — Chubut and Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz (crit.); Trimble, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 29, p. 416, 1943 (note on two races in Chile). Nycticorax nycticorax tayazu-Guira (not Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot) Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934— Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 82 — Freycinet, Deceit, Jerdan, and Wollaston Islands, Cape Horn region (crit.). Range. — Chile, from Atacama southward to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro and in the Andean districts to Mendoza. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Chile (Conception, 1; Isla Hermita, Magallanes, 1). Nycticorax nycticorax falklandicus Hartert.1 FALKLAND NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax cyanocephalus falklandicus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 15, Nov. 4, 1914 — Falkland Islands (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 272, 1925); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 152, 1917— Falkland Islands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 325— Falkland Islands. Nycticorax obscurus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 141, 1857 — part, Falkland Islands (not descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— part, Tyssen Island, Falkland Islands; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436— part, Falkland Islands; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 142, 1 Nycticorax nycticorax falklandicus Hartert: Very similar to N. n. hoactli, but somewhat smaller. Wing, 307-322 mm. In coloration, this insular form is somewhat variable. Among fifteen specimens, twelve— ^both in adult and juvenile dress — are of the light-colored "hoactli" type, two are intermediate, and only one adult represents the dark "obscurus" type, being hardly distinguishable from Temuco birds. Under these circumstances, we cannot well follow Peters in uniting falklandicus to obscurus, and prefer to keep it separate. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1891 — part, Falkland Islands (Edwards and French Bay); Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 33, 1904— Falkland Islands. Nycticorax gardeni (not Ardea gardeni Gmelin) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859— Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 387, I860— Berkeley Sound; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157— Hope Place, Falkland Islands (breeding). Nycticorax iayazu-guira (not Ardea tayazu-guira Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 155, 1898 — part, spec, o-u, Falkland Islands. Nycticorax nycticorax cyanocephalus (not Ardea cyanocephala Molina) Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 267, 1931— part, Falkland Islands; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 115, 1931— part, Falkland Islands. Range. — Resident in the Falkland Islands. Genus NYCTANASSA Stejneger1 Nyctherodius (not Nycterodius Macgillivray, 1842) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, 1852 (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Nyctanassa Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 295 (note), 1887 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea violacea Linnaeus. Nyctinassa Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 (emendation). *Nyctanassa violacea violacea (Linnaeus). YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 143, 1758 — based on "The Crested Bittern" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 79, pi. 79; Carolina and Bahama Islands (Carolina accepted as type locality). Ardea jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 625, 1789 — based on "Jamaica Night-Heron" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 54; Jamaica. Ardea callocephala Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 12, Ardea, sp. 34, 1827 — sub- stitute name for Ardea violacea "auct.," inclusive of the Guianan race. Nyctherodius violaceus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, 1852; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 311, 1875 — Cuba (breeding); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899— Rio Lara and Punta de Sabana, Darien, Panama. Nyctanassa violacea Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 295 (note), 1887 (nomencl.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 130, 1898 — part, spec, a-x, e'-w', c"-b3, United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and West Indies (Cuba, Santa Lucia, Dominica, Nevis, Virgin Gorda, St. Vincent, Grenada, Mustique, Grenadines); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 174, 1901 — references and localities in eastern Mexico 1 Mathews (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 13, 1937) claims that "Maridus is used by Wood (Ornith. Guide, p. 201, June [?], 1836) for the 'Bihoreau de Cayenne,' which Wood calls Maridus bahamensis, and this is the type of the genus Maridus by present designation." This statement is by no means clear, and not having access to Wood's publication at present, we cannot decide if Maridus is validly proposed. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 215 and Central America; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 236, 1905— Barbados (Sept. 12), St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada (breeding); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 141, 1905— San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (breeding) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 430, 1910— Costa Rica (Bolson, Limon, (?)E1 Pozo de Te>raba); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 411, 1911— Great Inagua and Watlings Islands, Bahama Islands; idem, I.e., 10, p. 187, 1916 — Los Indies, Majagua River, and Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 213, 1926 (life hist.; range in part); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932— Perme" and Obaldia, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932— Guatemala (part, Rio Polochic); Wyman, Auk, 58, p. 569, 1941 — Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Nycticorax violaceus Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel and Ruatan Islands; Bonhote, I.e., 1899, p. 519— New Providence; idem, I.e., 1903, p. 307— Andros, Hog Cay (Great Abaco), and Little Abaco, Bahama Islands (breeding). Nyctanassa violacea jamaicensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918— West Indies (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea violacea Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 300, 1927— Puerto Rico, Mona Island, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Virgin Gorda (crit., meas.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 86, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 116, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931— Almirante, Bocas del Toro, and Changuinola, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 295, 1935 — Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 80, 1938 — Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (migrant). Range. — Breeds from eastern Kansas, southern Illinois and Indiana, and South Carolina south through eastern Mexico, eastern Central America to Panama1 and throughout the West Indies to Grenada; winters in the southern part of its range.2 Casual in summer as far north as Colorado, Wisconsin, Ontario, and Nova Scotia. / Field Museum Collection. — 50: Texas (Tarpon Springs, 1; Browns- ville, 2); Mississippi (Rosedale, 1); Florida (East Pass, 2; Marion 1 Wetmore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 59, p. 49, March 11, 1946) has recently separated the birds from the Pearl Islands, off Panama, under the name Nyc- tanassa violacea caliginis, type from Isla San Jose", Archipelago de las Perlas, Pana- ma, in the U. S. National Museum. It is said to differ from the typical race by its thicker, heavier bill and the decidedly darker gray color of the adult. It is similar to N. v. bancrofti Huey in size of bill but decidedly darker. 2 On comparing an ample series of West Indian and Bahama specimens with an equally good one from the southeastern United States, we fail to see any constant difference either in size or coloration, and are unable to recognize jamaicensis. Twenty-two specimens from the Antilles, nine from the Bahamas, twenty- three from the United States, twenty from eastern Mexico, and two from Costa Rica were examined. No material from Panama or the Pearl Islands has been available for study. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII County, 4; Monroe County, 3; Amelia Island, 1; Bassenger, 6); Bahama Islands (Mira por vos Island, 1; Andros, 2; Eleuthera, 1; Inagua, 4; Mayaguana, 6); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1; Surrey, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 2; St. Chris- topher, 3; Martinique, 1; Tobago, 1); Guatemala (Escobas, Izabal, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey.1 PACIFIC YELLOW- CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey, Condor, 29, p. 167, May, 1927 — Scammon Lagoon, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 85, 1928— Lower Cali- fornia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 116, 1931 (range); van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 327, 1937— Tobari Bay, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 80, 1938— Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, etc., El Salvador (breed- ing; crit.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 40, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1855, p. 191 — Chiapam, Pacific Guatemala; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 135, 1890 — Socorro Island, off Mexico; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 33, 1899— Isabel Island, Mexico. Nyctherodius violaceus Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, pp. 285, 301, 1872 — Tres Marias and Socorro Islands; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 311, 1874— Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Colima (Rio "Coahuana"), Tres Marias and Socorro Islands; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 379, 1883 — San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. Nyctanassa violacea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 130, 1898 — part, spec, y-d', x'-b", Mexico (Presidio and Mazatlan, Sinaloa) and Guatemala (Chiapam); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 174, 1910 — part, western Mexico (Socorro Island, Tres Marias, Mazatlan, Rio de Coahuayana) and Guatemala (Chiapam); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 292, 1926— Socorro Island and Maria Magdalena, Tres Marias; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 140, 1932— Guate- mala (part, Ocos). Range. — Resident in southern Lower California and in the Pacific coast region of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and northwestern Nicaragua: also on Socorro,2 Isabel, and the Tres Marias Islands. 1 Nyctanassa violacea bancrofti Huey: Similar to the nominate race, but larger and the bill heavier as well as longer. Wing, 295-305; bill, 75-82. Though there is no topotypical material at hand, we have no hesitation in referring four adults from Mazatlan and two from Chiapam (Pacific Guatemala) to this form, whose breeding as far south as El Salvador has been ascertained by van Rossem. A single specimen from Managua, Nicaragua, evidently belongs here, too. * Van Rossem has recently separated the birds from Socorro Island under the name Nyctanassa violacea gravirostris (Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 15, p. 266, Nov. 22, 1943 — Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 217 Field Museum Collection, — 3 : Mexico, Lower California (La Paz, 1; San Luis Island, 1) ; El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin).1 GUIANAN YELLOW- CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Ardea cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 626, 1789 — based on "Bihoreau de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 439, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 899, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 652, 1833— coast of Rio de Janeiro (Cabo Frio, Rio Iritiba) and Bahia (Rio Belmonte). Ardea cayanensis Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792— Cayenne. Ardea sexsetacea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 436, 1817 — chiefly based on "Bihoreau de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 899. Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 — marshes of the savanna and rivers; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 — Oropuche Lagoon, Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 433, 1866 — Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Parand (Paranagua), and Para (Caju- tuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 378, 1899— Sao Paulo. Ardea violacea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 407, 1856 — eastern Brazil (ex Wied). Nyctanassa violacea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 130, 274, 1898 — part, spec, c3, d3, g3, h3, Brazil (Bahia, Santa Catharina) and British Guiana (savannas); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 — Vaqueria, Ecuador; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 66, 1907 — Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 302, 1908— Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., pp. 214, 236, 1909 — Isla de Aves and Margarita Island, Vene- zuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— Amaracao, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 108, 1914— Maraj6 (Pacoval, Livramento, Magoary) and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916— Corosal, Orinoco delta (ex Stone); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 779 — Abary River (near Blairmont) and Abary Savanna, British Guiana. type in California Academy of Sciences). They are said to have a heavier bill, shorter, thicker tarsi and the crown of the head overlaid with brown even in the adults. 1 Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin) : Similar in coloration to the nomi- nate race, but smaller. Wing, 250-275. The few specimens that we have been able to examine (two from Venezuela, two from Trinidad, one from British Guiana, and four from Brazil) are indeed somewhat smaller than North American and West Indian birds, though the largest individuals closely approach the latter. We do not find any difference in coloration. Mr. Todd pronounces Colombian examples to be inseparable from the North American form, while Chapman refers a single adult from Ecuador (wing, 264) to cayennensis. The race appears to require confirmation by larger series. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nyctanassa violacea violacea Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 — Caroni Swamp and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 138, 1922 — Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Gaira, Colombia (crit.). Nyctinassa violacea Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 — Corosal (Orinoco delta) and Cariaquito, Venezuela. Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 — Braamspunt, Surinam (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926— Jambeli, Ecuador (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 117, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581— Trinidad and Tobago (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 35, 1938 — Maranhao (Miritiba), Bahia (Caravellas, Ilha Madre de Deus), and Sao Paulo. Range. — Coasts (rarely inland) of Colombia, Venezuela (Isla de Aves; Margarita Island; Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula; Corosal, Orinoco delta), Trinidad, Tobago, the Guianas, and Brazil south to Santa Catharina, and also the Pacific coast region of Ecuador (Babahoyo, Jambeli) and northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Venezuela (Culata, Merida, 1; Emigrante de los Pampas, Merida, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 2; Isla de Aves, Colon, 1; Testigos Islands, Nueva Esparta, 1; Mar- garita Island, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Brazil (Miritiba, 1). *Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater and Salvin).1 GALAPAGOS YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT HERON. Nycticorax pauper Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 323, 327 — Indefatigable Island (descr. of young; cotypes in British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 498, 1876— Indefatigable Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1890— Hood and Indefatigable Islands. Nycticorax violaceus (not Ardea violacea Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841— Galapagos Islands. Ardea violacea (var. ?) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. 125, 128 — Galapagos Islands (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 606, 1897 — Galapagos Islands (monog., crit.) ; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 182, 1899 — Charles, Chatham, Bindloe, Tower, Albemarle, and Hood Islands (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 255, 1904 — Indefatigable Island (eggs descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2", p. 59, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1931— Abingdon, Albemarle, Bindloe, Brattle, Champion, Charles, Chatham, Duncan, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, In- 1 Nyctanassa violacea pauper (Sclater and Salvin) differs from the continental races by markedly darker coloration, this being particularly noticeable on under parts and neck. In dimensions, it seems to be rather variable. Wing of adult males, according to Gifford, 264-290 mm. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 219 defatigable, James, Jervis, Narborough, Seymour, and Tower Islands (crit., plumages, nest, descr., meas.). Nyctanassa pauper Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 134, pi. Ic, 1898 Indefatigable Island (descr. of young). Nyctanassa violacea paupera Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 411, 1902— Narborough Island (crit.). Nyctanassa violacea pauper Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 117, 1931 (range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 43, 1931— Galapagos Islands (crit.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 36, 1931 — Tower, Daphne, and Indefatigable Islands. Range. — Galapagos Islands.1 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 1; Gardner Island, 1). Genus TIGRISOMA Swainson2 Tigrisoma Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec. 31, 1827, p. 362, 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea tigrina "Latham" (=Gmelin)= Ardea lineata Boddaert. Tigriosoma Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 5, p. xii, Dec. 30, 1895 (emendation). Heterocnus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 5, p. xiv, Dec. 30, 1895— type, by orig. desig., Tigrisoma cabanisi Heine =Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson. Tigribaphe Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 20, p. 61, April, 1912 — type, by monotypy, Tigribaphe leucolaema Reichenow =Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater and Salvin. *Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum (Boddaert). GUIANAN TIGER HERON. Ardea lineata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 52, 1783— based on "L'Onore" raye", de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 860; Cayenne (=adult); Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 117, 1792— Cayenne. Ardea tigrina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 638, 1789— based on "L'Onore"" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 431, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 790; Cayenne (= young). 1 A yet undetermined race inhabits Cocos Island. According to Gifford (I.e., p. 60) and Swarth (I.e., p. 44), three birds from that island are remarkable for their very heavy bills, which are even stronger than those of N. v. bancrofti. 2 The three species are not quite alike in structural details. T. mexicana (type of Heterocnus) has the throat entirely bare and, in addition to the dorsal tract, a narrow patch of powder-downs on each side of the interscapular region, which is absent in T. lineatum. These interscapular powder-downs are also present, though less highly developed, in T. salmoni (type of Tigribaphe), which differs, however, from the other two members of the genus by its stouter, smaller bill with more decidedly curved culmen, giving the bill a more Nycticorax- like appearance. As has been justly remarked by Miller (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 50, p. 328, 1924), either three monotypic genera will have to be admitted, or else the three species have to go together in a single generic group. We prefer to take the latter alternative. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tigrisoma tigrinum Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 753, 1849 — coastal forests; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 25, p. 268, 1857— Rio Javarrf; idem, I.e., 26, p. 461, 1858— Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 — delta of the Rio Atrato, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 12, 1863— Lion Hill, Panama. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus)1 Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 — coastal forests; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 268, 1857 — Rio Javarrf; idem, I.e., 28, p. 72, 1860— Pallatanga, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196 — delta of the Atrato River, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 301, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 426, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— upper Ucayali River, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 979— Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870— part, Barra do Rio Negro (=Manaos), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384— Lake Paturia, Magdalena, Colombia; Layard, I.e., 1873, p. 396 — near Para, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — Rio Javarrf, upper Ucayali near Cashiboya and Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 — Rio Apure, Venezuela; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 401, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 170— Merume" Mountains and Camacusa, British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 318, 1889 — Shanusi (Yurimaguas), Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1889 — lower Beni River, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 161, 1891— Santarem, Brazil; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 502, 1898 — Paramba, Ecuador; Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904 — Lunier River (Carsevenne), French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 50, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil. Ardea brasiliensis Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589 — Trinidad. Tigrisoma excellens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 595, 1888 — Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum); Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 527, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 178, 1901 (ex Ridgway); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 259, 1910— Juan Vinas, Costa Rica. Tigrisoma lineatum Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 194, 281, 1898— British Guiana (Merume' Mountains), Surinam (Maroni River), Ecuador (Sarayacu, Yanayacu), Peru (Pebas), and Panama (Lion Hill); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 2, p. 15, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 178, 1901 — Lion Hill, Panama; Berlepseh and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, 1902 — Venezuela 1 Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 239, 1766) is based on "Le He>on du Brfeil" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 441, and "Soco" Marcgraye, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 199. The latter is T. 1. marmoratum, the form of Tiger Bittern of the Brazilian highlands. Brisson, who had a specimen from Cayenne sent by Arthur to the Reaumur Collection, also refers to Marcgrave, and his description is by no means clear. From Linnaeus' short diagnosis it cannot even be guessed which of the two references he used as principal basis, and we agree with Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 126, footnote, 1902) that the name brasiliensis had better be dropped as ambiguous. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 221 (Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco; Nicare, La Pricion, and Cangrejo, Caura Valley); Hartert, I.e., p. 602, 1902 — Paramba, Ecuador; Hellmayr, I.e., 14, p. 411, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908 — Cayenne and Lunier River, French Guiana; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 — Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, Brazil; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 433, 1910 — El Hogar, Costa Rica; M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, B. 10, 1911 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 83, 1912— near Bele"m, Para; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913 — Guinipa River, Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Sneth- lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 110, 1914 — part, Para, Ilha das Ongas, Marajo (Magoary, Boa Vista), and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 177, 1916 (var. local); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917— Rio Salaquf, Rio Atrato, Malena, and Puerto Berrio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 136, 1922 — Don Diego, Las Vegas, Fundacion, and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia (plumages descr., disc.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — near Camaguan and Apure district, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926 — Rio Suno, Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 781 — Blairmont and Abary River, British Guiana; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932 — Obaldia and Ranchon, Panama. Tigrisoma sp. Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 11, 1899 — Laguna della Pita, Darien (young descr.). Tigrisoma marmoratum (not Ardea marmorata Vieillot) Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 — Vinces and Rio Peripa, Ecuador (crit.). Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 118, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,^71, p. 307, 1931— Changuinola, Quebrada Nigua, and Cricamola, Almirante, Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 581— Trinidad (ex Leotaud);1 Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 36, 1938— Manaos and Sao Gabriel, Rio Negro, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 23, 1945 — Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua and Santo Antonio, Rio Eiru; idem, I.e., 23, p. 41, 1945 — El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. Range, — Central America, from the Segovia River, Honduras, to Panama, and northern South America south to western Ecuador and Amazonia as far south as northeastern Bolivia (lower Beni), the northern confines of Matto Grosso (Rio Machados), and in the east to the Para region, Brazil;2 accidental in Trinidad (one record). 1 The eggs described do not seem to be those of the Tiger Heron. 1 Birds from various parts of the range present no constant differences so far as we can see. The color type described by Ridgway as T. excellens has been shown by Todd to be merely an intermediate stage between the juvenile and the adult plumage. Nineteen specimens examined. 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 13: Costa Rica (Juan Vinas, Cartago, 1) ; Colombia (unspecified, 1) ; Ecuador (Sarayacu, Napo Pastaza, 1) ; Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 2); British Guiana (Rockstone, 3; New River Depot, New River, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Rio Counany, Para, 1). Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot).1 MARBLED TIGER HERON. Ardea marmorata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 415, 1817 — based on "Garza jaspeada" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 160, No. 353; Paraguay (descr. of young). Ardea lineata (not of Boddaert) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 634, 1833 — Rio de Janeiro (lagoons of Marica, Sagoarema, Ponta Negra, Araruama, etc.). Tigrisoma tigrinum (not Ardea tigrina Gmelin) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 27 — Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 — part, Goyaz (Ponte Alta, Rio Araguay), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Pari, Caigara), and Sao Paulo (Taipa, Ypanema); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1870 — Itapura, Sao Paulo, and Vargem Alegre, Minas Geraes; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 624— Rio Parana, near Corrientes City, Corrientes. Tigrisoma fasdatum (not Ardea fasciata Such) Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 — Salta (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso. Tigrisoma marmoratum Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 30, 1887 — Rio Pilco- mayo, Chaco (char., nomencl.); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 130 — Fortin Page, lower Rio Pilcomayo; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 21, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897— 1 Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum (Vieillot) differs principally by larger size, longer tarsi, wider black crown-streaks, and generally by more extensive feathering at the base of the lower mandible. In juvenile plumage only distinguishable by greater dimensions. Wing, 330 (female), 360 (male); bill, 110-120. Birds from Matto Grosso, Piauhy, Paraguay, and the Chaco agree well together. T. bahiae proves to be an intermediate stage between juvenile and adult plumage, corresponding to the one in the northern T. L lineatum, which was described by Ridgway as T. excellens. Study of adequate material, furthermore, tends to indicate that H. bolivianus (erroneously placed by the describer in the genus Heterocnus) is merely an individual mutant of the present form. The dimensions of the type agree with marmoratum, and the only character of im- portance is its blackish, instead of chestnut, upper part of the head. However, two adults from the Bolivian Chaco are just as rufous-headed as any from Paraguay and Argentina, whereas a black-crowned specimen has been recorded by Wetmore from Corrientes, in the heart of the range of marmoratum. Moreover, individuals with blackish forehead are occasionally met with in the distributional areas of lineatum as well as marmoratum, which also speaks for the mutational nature of this character. Material examined. — Brazil: Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, 1; Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy, 4; Bahia, 1; Matto Grosso, 4. — Bolivia: Caiza, 1; Alto Paraguay, 1. — Chaco: Fortfn Page, 1. — Paraguay: Riacho Verde, 1; Colonia Risso, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 223 Caiza (Tarija), Bolivia, and San Lorenzo, Jujuy; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 195, 281, 1898 — Salta and Fortin Page, Rio Pilcomayo; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 377, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232— Riacho Verde, Paraguay; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, p. 462— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco (young descr.); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 13 (egg), 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, p. 93, 1910 — Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 338 — Alto Paraguay, Bolivia; M£n6gaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 26, 1917 — Caceres, Matto Grosso; Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 42, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 219, 1925— Rio Sao Francisco, Rio Preto, Bahia, and Piauhy (crit., plumages); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 58, 1926 — west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (crit., habits). Tigriosoma bahiae Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 5, p. xiv, Dec. 30, 1895 — Bahia, Brazil (type in British Museum examined; descr. of intermediate stage). Tigrisoma bahiae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, pi. 2A, 1898— Bahia. Heterocnus bolivianus Lonnberg, Ibis, (8), 3, p. 462, Oct., 1903 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivian Chaco (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 98, 1927 [crit.]). Tigrisoma lineatum Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1907 — Barretos, Sao Paulo. Tigrisoma bolirianum Wetmore, El Hornero, 2, p. 292, 1922 — Corrientes, Rio Parana (crit.); Zotta, I.e., 6, p. 244, 1936 — Corrientes (ex Wetmore). Tigrisoma lineatum marmoratum Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 488, 1929 — Lake Parnagua, Piauhy, and Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 93, 1930— Matto Grosso and Fazenda do Sao Joao, Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 67, 1930— San Jose", Tapi- kiote, Lapango, and Tacaagle, Formosa (crit., meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 367, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso (plumages); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 242, 1936 (descr., range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 36, 1938 — part, Minas Geraes (Mayrink, Pirapora, Vargem Alegre, Rio Pandeiro), Sao Paulo (Barretos, Itapura, Rio Parana, Valparaiso), and Matto Grosso (Porto Sap4, Coxim); idem, Pap. Avul. Dept. Zool. Sec. Agric., Sao Paulo, 7, p. 45, 1946 (pis.). Tigrisoma (lineatum?) bolivianum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Range. — Highlands of Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy south to Bahia, Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso; Paraguay; southeastern Bolivia (Cochabamba; Santa Cruz; Tarija); north- eastern Argentina east of the Andes south to Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. — 7: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Yungas del Palmar, Cocha- 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII bamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2; San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1). Tigrisoma lineatum fascia turn (Such).1 BLACK-CROWNED TIGER HERON. Ardea fasciata Such, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 5, p. 117, April, 1825 — "Brazil" (location of type unknown). Tigrisoma fasciatum Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 183, pi. 92, 1869 — southeastern Brazil ("vicinity of Rio de Janeiro"); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 196, 1898— southeastern Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 69, 1907 (range in part) ; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926— Salto do Cobre, Porto Xavier de Silva, and Ilha do Mutum, Parana, Brazil; Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 106, 1935 — Bonpland, Misiones; idem, I.e., p. 245, 1936 — Misiones (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 37, 1938— Blumenau, Santa Catharina. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870— part, Curytiba, Parana. Tigrisoma (lineatum?) fasciatum Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931. Range. — Extreme southeastern Brazil, from Parand to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent districts of Argentina (Bonpland, Misiones). Tigrisoma salmoni salmoni Sclater and Salvin. SALMON'S TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma salmoni Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1875, p. 38 — Medellin, Colombia (cotypes in British Museum); Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 242 — Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 542- — Cauca and Medellin, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Minca (2,000 ft.), Santa Marta, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 212— Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 47— Huambo, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 577 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Tac- zanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 402, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 197, 1898— Colombia (Cauca Valley, Medellin, Minca) and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 — Valparaiso, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 47, 1900 — Gualaquiza and Rio Santiago, Ecuador (plumages descr.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 Tigrisoma lineatum fasciatum (Such) agrees with T. I. marmoratum in dimen- sions and extent of feathering on the throat, but differs in that the upper parts of the head and neck are black instead of chestnut. This character is quite constant in the twelve adults from Parand, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul that we have examined. It is, however, some- what significant that a black-crowned mutation (bolivianus) sporadically reappears in the range of T. I. marmoratum, such individuals being hardly distinguishable from fasciatum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 225 Lond., 1902, (2), p. 48, 1902— La Merced, Junfn, Peru; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 164, 1902— Macuto (near La Guayra), Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 231, 1917— Salento and Juntas de Tamana, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 137, 1922 — La Tigrera, Santa Marta, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922— Gualea, Mindo, Rio San Pedro, and Rio Guaillabamba, below Zambiza, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926 — Mindo, Chimbo, Las Pinas, Guainche", below San Jose", lower Sumaco, and Palmira (east of Banos), Ecuador. Tigribaphe leucolaema Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 20, p. 61, April, 1912 — "Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria," errore,= Colombia (type in Berlin Museum; cf. Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 50, p. 328, note 1, 1924). Tigrisoma salmoni salmoni Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 203, 1926 (plumages descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (Macuto, near La Guayra), Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru south to Junin (La Merced). Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Ecuador (Pajar Vaca, Rio Cotapino, 1). Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman.1 SZTOLCMAN'S TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 206, Dec. 31, 1926 — Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range). Tigrisoma salmoni (not of Sclater and Salvin) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 125, 1906 — Idma (Urubamba) and Rio Cadena (Mar- capata), Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 273 — Charuplaya, La Paz, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 131, 1920 — Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru, and Chungamayo Valley, La Paz, Bolivia. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and Puno) and western Bolivia (Dept. La Paz). Tigrisoma mexicana mexicana Swainson. MEXICAN TIGER HERON. Tigrisoma mexicana Swainson, in Murray's Encl. Geog., p. 1383, July, 1834 (Am. ed., 3, p. 315, fig. 1034, 1839)— Real del Monte (Hidalgo), Mexico (cf. van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942). 1 Tigrisoma salmoni brevirostre Sztolcman differs from the nominate race merely by shorter, less elevated bill. Length of bill, 74-80, against 86-95 mm. One adult male from Chaquimayo, Peru, and three adults from Bolivia (Charuplaya and Chungamayo Valley, Dept. La Paz), compared to four from Colombia, have indeed decidedly smaller bills, so that we cannot but recognize this recently separated race. 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tigrisoma tigrinum (not Ardea tigrina Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 359, 1858— Tigre" Island, Honduras; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151— near Tigre1 Island, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 226 — same locality; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 191 — Lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. ZooK Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 1869— Orizaba, Mexico. Tigrisoma Cabanisi Heine, Journ. Orn., 7, p. 407, 1859 — Mexico (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 280 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 95, pi. 48, 1868 — southern Mexico to Veraguas; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 142, 1868— San Carlos, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 376, 1869 — Rio Macho (near Orosi) and Rio San Carlos, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218— Laguna del Castillo, Veraguas; Sclater, Ibis, 1873, p. 373— Chontales, Nicaragua; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 49, 1876 — Oaxaca (Tapana, Chihuitan, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec City) and Puebla (Venta Salada), Mexico; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 406, 1882— La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 — San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 170, 1886 — Vega de Alatorre, Vera Cruz; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893— Boca Mala, Rio Diquis, Costa Rica; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 788, 1894— Rio Verde (Hac. Angostura), San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 179, 1901 — Mexico to Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala. Tigrisoma brasiliense (not Ardea brasiliensis Linnaeus) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 1859 — Aloor River and Omoa, Honduras. Heterocnus cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 198, 1898 — part, Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Nuevo Leon; Tampico and above Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; Vega del Casadero and Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tizimfn, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Belize), Guate- mala (Chiapam; Juntecholol, Pete"n), Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica, Veraguas, and Panama (Lion Hill); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 433, 1910 — Guapiles, Miravalles, and Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 7, 1919— San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 13, No. 4, p. 17, 1920 — Bayoneta Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 412, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 119, 1931 (range, except Sonora and Sinaloa); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 210, 1932— Banbana River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 298, 1932— Cantarranas and Toloa Lagoon, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 311, 1932— Perme", Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 295, 1935— Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 81, 1938 — Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, and Colima, El Salvador (habits, plumages); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 292, 1938 — Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Bebedero, Waldeck); Davis, Condor, 46, p. 9, 1944 — Rio Aguacatillo, Guerrero, Mexico. Heterocnus mexicanus mexicanus van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942 (mexi- canus Swainson must replace Cabanisi Heine). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 227 Range. — Mexico, from Nayarit and southern Tamaulipas south through Central America to northwestern Colombia (Rio Atrato). Field Museum Collection. — 8: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 2; Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1); El Salvador (La Paz, San Sebastian, 2) ; Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1) ; Colombia (Rio Atrato, Antioquia, 1). Tigrisoma mexicana fremitus (van Rossem and Hachisuka).1 SONORAN TIGER HERON. Heterocnus cabanist (sic) fremitus van Rossem and Hachisuka, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 161, Sept. 30, 1937 — Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles). Botaurus cabanisi Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 357, 187Q — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Tigrisoma cabanisi Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 311, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa. Heterocnus cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 198, 1898 — part, Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 428, 1934 — Alamos, Sonora; idem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 327, 1937— Tesia, Sonora, Mexico. Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus van Rossem, Auk, 59, p. 572, 1942 (mexicanus Swainson must replace Cabanisi Heine). Range. — Southern Sonora and probably Sinaloa, Mexico. Subfamily BOTAURINAE. Bitterns Genus ZEBRILUS Bonaparte Zebrilus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., Addenda, 1855),2 Ardea undulata Gmelin. Microcnus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 249, 1877 — type, by orig. desig., Ardea pumila Boddaert. Zebrilus undulatus (Gmelin).3 UNDULATED BITTERN. Ardea pumila (not of Lepechin, 1770) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783— based on "Crabier des Philippines" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 898 (= rufous phase). 1 Tigrisoma mexicana fremitus (van Rossem and Hachisuka) : Adults of this form are said to have the barring on the upper back, neck and upper chest notably wider and the blackish streaks on the foreneck paler. Size larger. Immatures and juveniles are not distinguishable from the typical race. 1 Cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1929, pp. 650-652. 3 The dichromatism in this species is by no means sexual, as the senior author formerly thought. 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ardea undulata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 637, 1789 — based on "Le Petit Butor de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 430, and Daubenton, PI. Enl, pi. 763 (=dark phase), Cayenne; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 56, 1863 — Guiana and Surinam (crit.). Ardea philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 644, 1789 — based on "Le Crabier des Philippines" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 474, pi. 37, fig. 2) and Dau- benton (PI. Enl., pi. 898), and "Le Petit Crabier" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 395; "Philipine Islands," errore (=rufous phase). Zebrilus undulatum Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, No. 14, p. 723, April, 1855 (listed). Zebrilus undulata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 138, 1857 — Brazil and Cayenne (descr.). Tigrisoma undulatum Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 — Caigara and Engenho do Cap Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Botaurus pumilus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 249, 1877 (diag.). Zebrilus pumilus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 318, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru (descr.); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 161, 1891 — Santare"m, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 241, 1898— Cayenne and British Guiana; Forbes, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 3, p. 61, 1901 (crit.); Hellmayr, Ornis, 13, p. 56, 1905 — Matto Grosso (dichromatism) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 412, 1907— Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 303, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910— Humaytha, Rio Madeira; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. Ill, 1914 — Para, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Cussary, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916 — Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar and Caicarita (Caigara), Orinoco, Venezuela. Zebrilus undulatus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 180, 1916 — Abary, Coren- tyne, and upper Berbice rivers; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 736, 1926 — junction of Rios Curaray and Napo, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 95, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 120, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 37, 1938— Silves, Amazonas, and Belem, Para, Brazil. Range. — From southern Venezuela (Orinoco Valley), the Guianas and eastern Ecuador (junction of Rios Curaray and Napo) south through eastern Peru (Yurimaguas), and Amazonian Brazil to western Matto Grosso (Engenho do Cap Gama, Rio Guapore"; Caigara, Rio Paraguay).1 Genus IXOBRYCHUS Billberg Ixobrychus Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 166, 1828— type, by subs, desig. (Stone, Auk, 24, p. 192, 1907), Ardea minula Linnaeus. 1 Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Dutch Guiana: vicinity of Paramaribo, 4. — British Guiana: Maccasseema, 1. — Peru: Shanusi, near Yuri- maguas, 1. — Brazil: Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Caigara, Matto Grosso, 1; Engenho do Cap Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. — "South America," 3. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 229 Ardetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., Appendix, p. 13, 1842 — type, by mono- typy, Ardea minuta Linnaeus. Erodiscus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1, livr. 6, p. 410, 1842 — type, by monotypy, Ardea minuta Linnaeus. *Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot).1 VARIEGATED BITTERN. Ardea variegata (not of Scopoli, 1769) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 14, p. 424, 1817 — based on "Garza varia" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 185, No. 361; Rio Paraguay. Ardea involucris Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1127, 1823— based on "Garza varia" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 185, No. 361; Rio Paraguay. Ardea erythromelas (not of Vieillot) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 663 — part, descr. of adult ex Montevideo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 629, 1833— Rio de Braganza, Rio de Janeiro (descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 413, 1856 (part, descr. of "young"); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 — part, Chile (spec, examined). Ardeola exilis Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 1, 1845 — Chile. Ardea exilis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 411, 1847— Chile (part, excl. of descr.); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 — Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868— Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 5, p. Ixii, 1895 — Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble, Chile. Botaurus exilis Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 — Chile. Ardetta exilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898— Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 103, p. 247, 1899— Chile (monog.). Ardetta involucris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.); Hudson, I.e., 1875, p. 625 — Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 560, 1877 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durn- ford, Ibis, 1877, p. 189— Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 62— Prov. Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 159 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos, and Carhue, Buenos Aires; Holm- berg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 89, 1884 — Arroyo Collon- gueyu, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 470 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (nest descr.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 101, pi. 17 (fig. inac.), 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, near Ranches, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 205 — same locality (breeding); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 235, 1Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot) is characterized by the long rufous apical parts of the remiges. This area has the least extent on the outer primaries and gradually increases toward the inner wing-feathers. The pileum is dull ochreous yellow with a median stripe of black, laterally edged with rufous toward the fore- head. Argentine birds agree well with others from Chile. 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 284, 1898 — Buenos Aires (Lomas de Zamora, Punta Lara), Uruguay, Patagonia (Rio Negro), Chile, and British Guiana (savanna); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 381, 1899— IguapS, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 — Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 — Iguap6, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 5 (egg), 1909 — Buenos Aires (Est. San Martfno Monte, Barracas al Sud), Tucuman (Laguna de Malvinas), and Santa Fe (San Vicente); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 338 — Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires (egg and young descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 400, 1912— Rio Negro, Patagonia (descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 524— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Ardetta erythrolaema Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 308, 1890— Chile. Ardetta erythromelas Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 679, 1898 — Puerto Montt, Llanquihue, Chile (eggs descr.). Ixobrychus involucris Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 92, 1918 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Cerro Largo); Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 446, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 264, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 164, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 353, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, CarhuS) and Uruguay (Laguna Castillos, near San Vicente); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 150, 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa F6; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 361, 1931 — Ci&iaga, Magdalena, Colombia (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 303, 1932— Santiago to Llanquihue, Chile; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 — Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Zotta and Fonseca, El Hornero, 6, p. 246, 1936 — Montevideo and Buenos Aires (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 38, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguape") and Buenos Aires (Saladillo). Egretta involucris Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso, Chile. Range. — Southern Brazil (Rio de Braganza, Rio de Janeiro; Iguape", Sao Paulo; Rio Grande do Sul); Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina south to the Rio Negro; southeastern Bolivia (Caiza, Tarija) ; Chile, from Santiago to Llanquihue (Puerto Montt) ; also recorded (winter visitant?) from Venezuela, British Guiana, Trinidad,1 and Colombia (Ci£naga, Magdalena). Field Museum Collection. — 8: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 3); British Guiana (Mon Repos, 4; unspecified, 1). 1 Belcher and Smooker describe the nest and eggs from Trinidad, but it is not certain from their account that breeding specimens have actually been taken. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 231 *Ixobrychus exilus hesperis Dickey and van Rossem.1 WESTERN LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem, Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci., 23, (1), p. 11, Feb. 20, 1924— Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, Cali- fornia (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 81, 1928— Lower California (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range) ; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932— San Lucas, Lake Atitlan, Guatemala (breeding; crit. disc.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945— Sonora (Tobari Bay, April 28; Kino Bay, May 16). Ardetta exilis (not Ardea exilis Gmelin) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — part, Lake Dueiias, Guatemala (breeding); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389— Lima, Peru (Oct. 10, 16, 1889; spec, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 231, 1898 — part, spec, q', t'-z', California and Guatemala (Lakes Dueiias and Atitlan); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901 — part, Guatemala (Lakes Duenas and Atitlan). Ixobrychus exilis hesperus Carriker, Auk, 53, p. 323, 1936 — Huacho, Lima, Peru (Febr.). Range. — Breeds in western North America from southern Oregon to Lower California (Purisima; east of Cerro Prieto, Colorado River delta) and, according to Griscom, in western Guatemala (Lakes Duenas and Atitlan); migrates in winter to western Peru (Huacho, Lima). Field Museum Collection. — 4: California (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 2); Mexico, Lower California (San Ignacio, 1); Costa Rica (Ballena, Guanacaste, 1). Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem.2 SONORAN LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 227, Nov. 28, 1930 — Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of 1 Ixobrychus exilis hesperis Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race in coloration, but larger in all dimensions. Wing of males, 120-131 (against 106-119); tail, 42^-47 (against 38-42 M); tarsus, 38^-44 (against 37-42); bill, 45-52 (against 41-46). Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 64, p. 143, 1932) finds breeding birds from Lake Atitlan, Guatemala, to be inseparable from Lower Californian specimens. Two adults from Lima, Peru (October) — with bills of 50 1A and 51 mm., respectively — that we have examined, seem decidedly referable to the larger western race. 1 Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem: Agreeing in small size with /. e. exilis, but upper parts in both sexes decidedly darker than in the two North American races, the rufous of the hindneck being almost chocolate-brown and the wing coverts brownish gray, almost concolorous with the rest of the wing, instead of being conspicuously contrasted; under parts with ground color white or white 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Donald R. Dickey, University of California, Los Angeles); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945 — Sonora (distr.; status; disc.). Range. — Coastal mangrove swamps of the Arid Tropical zone of southern Sonora, Mexico, from Kino Bay south at least to T6bari Bay. "Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin).1 LEAST BITTERN. Ardea exilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 645, 1789 — based on "Minute Bittern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 66; Jamaica. Ardetta exilis March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 64 — Jamaica; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — part, Coban, Guatemala; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 308, 1875— Cuba (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 231, 284, 1898 — part, spec, a-s', bff-e", United States, Canada, Bermuda Islands, and Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901 — part, Mexico and Coban, Guatemala; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 308 — New Providence, Bahama Islands; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 188, 1905— Isle of Pines (winter). Ardetta neoxena Cory, Auk, 3, p. 262, 1886— Florida (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum ;=melano-erythrism); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 233, 1898 (monog.). Ixobrychus exilis exilis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 175, 1916 — Siguanea, Isle of Pines; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 84, 1926 (life hist., range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 303, 1927— Puerto Rico (breeding); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 481, 1928— Black River, Jamaica; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 88, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (occasional transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 142, 1932 — San Lucas, Guatemala (winter); (?) Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 84, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (breeding?); Beatty, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting). Ixobrychus exilis Davidson, Flicker, Minneapolis, 16, (2), p. 19, 1944 (nesting notes). tinged with grayish clay color; females broadly streaked below, from bill to tail, with dark brownish gray, these markings broken up into mottlings posterior to the breast; males much less conspicuously marked below, but variously clouded and streaked with gray or brownish gray on neck, chest, and flanks. Wing, (males) 111-114, (females) 108-109; tail, 37-42, (females) 37-39; bill, 45-47^, (females) 43-47. Based on eight breeding individuals. 1 Ardea spadicea Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 641, 1789 — based exclusively upon "Ardea mexicana seu avis Xoxonquihaoctli" Seba, Thes., 1, p. 100, pi. 64, fig. 2 — Mexico) seems to be unidentifiable. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 233 Range. — Breeds in . central and eastern North America1 from southern Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia south to Florida, the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), eastern Mexico (Tampico) and south- eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos).2 Field Museum Collection. — 68: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); North Dakota (Benson County, 4; Ramsey County, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 2); Minnesota (Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Dodge County,' 3; Milton, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Cook County, 5); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 2); Massachusetts (Boston, 1); Connecticut (Nor- walk, 1; East Hartford, 1; Middlesex County, 1; New Haven County, 4); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2; Raleigh, 2) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2); Florida (Brevard County, 6; Duval County, 7; Fort Myers, 6; Marion- County, 2; Kissimmee River, 1; Anclote, 5); Bahama Islands (New Providence, 1); Cuba (Tapaste, 1). Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman.3 BOGOTA LEAST BITTERN. Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 171, March 19, 1914 — Suba marshes, Bogota, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 231, 1917 — Bogota savanna; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range). Range. — Savanna of Bogota, Colombia. 1 Birds from the United States appear to be on average darker, more buffy below, but there is so much individual variation that the possibility of separating a continental race — for which Cory's term neoxenus, based on a melano-erythristic mutation of frequent occurrence in Ontario and Florida, would be available — seems problematical. 2 Breeding birds from Mexico (Tampico) and Nicaragua (Los Sabalos) are stated by Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 143, 1932) to approach /. e. bogotensis by their richly colored under surface and wings, but they have the larger dimensions of /. e. hesperis. Dickey and van Rossem, on the other side, refer breeding specimens from Lake Olomega, El Salvador, to /. e. exilis, though Griscom records hesperis as nesting in western Guatemala! With the scanty Central American material in collections this puzzling state of affairs can hardly be settled. Records of this form from South America are due to confusion with 7. e. erythromelas. 3 Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman: Similar to /. e. exilis, but breeding adult male with under parts more richly colored, breast, abdomen, flanks, under wing and under tail- coverts warm buff; median and lesser upper wing coverts richer, mainly ochraceous-buff more or less margined with tawny-russet; female also deeper buff on posterior under parts, and back slightly darker. Wing, (adult male) 116, (female) 113; tail, 42-43; tarsus, 37-38; bill, 40, (female) 37. The female, by its clove-brown instead of rich chestnut back, is stated to differ conspicuously from that of 7. e. exilis. Known only from three specimens, this form requires corroboration by adequate material. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot).1 SOUTHERN LEAST BITTERN. Ardea erythromelas (err. typ.) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 14, p. 422, 1817 — based on "Garza roxa y negra" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 182, No. 360; Rio Paraguay. Ardea erythromelas Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 124, 1865 — part, Lake Paratininga, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Goyaz (Rio Araguay), and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil (re-examined by M. Sassi). Ardea variegata (not of Vieillot) L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 419, 1866 — Trinidad. Ardetta erythromelas Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 234, 284, 1898— part, spec, a-d, f, Brazil (Bahia) and British Guiana (Georgetown, River Carimang, savanna); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Paraguayan Chaco; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 — Misiones; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 110, 1914— Para, Maraj6 (Rio Arary), Monte Alegre, and Cussary, Brazil. Ardetta exilis (not Ardea exilis Gmelin) Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 380, 1899 — Iguape", Sao Paulo (descr.); Me'ne'gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 186, 1904 — French Guiana (spec, examined). Ixobrychus erythromelas Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908 — French Guiana (ex Me'ne'gaux); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 95, 1930— "Matto Grosso." Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 489, 1929 — Sao Bento, Maranhao, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 122, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582— Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 94, 1935 — Cahype, Bahia; idem, I.e., 22, p. 38, 1938 — Amazonas (Itacoatiara), Bahia (Cahype), and Sao Paulo (Iguape), Brazil. Range. — Island of Trinidad and the Guianas south through the eastern half of Brazil to Paraguay and Misiones (fide Dabbene).2 Field Museum Collection. — 5: British Guiana (Mon Repos, 1; Hoorabea Creek, 1); Brazil (Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1). 1 Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot) mainly differs by having the cheeks and auriculars rufous like the superciliary stripe, not ochraceous as in the more northern races. Birds from Trinidad, Surinam, and Sao Paulo agree well together. 2 Birds from Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia (Fundaci6n; Cauca Valley), and western Peru (Pacasmayo, Trujillo) have been identified as /. e. erythromelas, but if /. e. bogotensis be a valid form, this can hardly be correct. The synonymy of this disputable form is as follows: Ardetta exilis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 12, 1863 — Lion Hill, Panama; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 231, 1898— part, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 235 Genus BOTAURUS Stephens Botaurus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 11, (2), p. 592, 1819 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 66, 1840), Botaurus stellaris Stephens= Ardea stellaris Linnaeus. *Botaurus lentiginosus lentiginosus (Montague). AMERICAN BITTERN. Ardea lentiginosa Montague, Suppl. Orn. Diet., unpaged text and plate, 1813 — Piddletown, Dorsetshire, England (type in British Museum). Ardea minor Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 35, pi. 65, fig. 3, 1814 — "seacoast of New Jersey; Seneca Lake; Severn River at Hudson's Bay" (type lost). Ardea mokoho Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 440, 1817 — breeds in Hudson Bay and migrates in winter to Louisiana (no type extant). Ardea Hudsonias Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 5, p. 175, 1820 — based on "The Bittern from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 136, pi. 136; Hudson Bay. Butor Americana Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Birds, 2, p. 354, July, 1837 — based on Ardea minor Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, pi. 65, fig. 3. Botaurus kntiginosus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 478, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — Duenas and Coban, Guate- mala; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 309, 1875— Cuba (Oct. to April); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 102, 1897 — Reventazon, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 259, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 243, 1898 — Egedesminda, Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 182, 1901 — Mexican and Central American localities; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 434, 1910 — Cariblanco and Turrucares, Costa Rica; Chapin, Auk, 39, p. 196, pi. 6, 1922 (function of esophagus in booming); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 31, 1923— Cuba (winter); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 72, 1926 (life hist.; range in part); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 302, 1927— Puerto Rico (winter visitant); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 124, 1931 (range in part); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 87, 1931 — Hispaniola (visitor); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., spec, a', Lion Hill; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 181, 1901— part, Lion Hill. Ardetta involucris Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 399, 1886 — Pacasmayo, Peru, (?)Cochabamba, Bolivia, and (?) Chile. Ardea erythromelas Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 234, 1898 — part, spec, e, Lion Hill. Ixobrychus exilis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 247, 1908 — Mount Hope, Panama. Ixobrychus erythromelas Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 231, 1917 — Rio Frio, Cauca, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 272— Trujillo, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 132, 1922 — Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia. Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama. 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 64, p. 144, 1932 — Ocos and Rio Polochic, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 — Panama (one record); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser.,'23, p. 84, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Feb. 3). Ardea freti hudsonis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 49, 1863 — North America (Pennsylvania and Wisconsin). Botaurus mugitans Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, p. 353 — new name for Ardea lentiginosa Montague (ex Bartram, Trav. N. and S. Carol., p. 293, 1791). Range. — North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from southern Mackenzie and southern Ungava south to Kansas, the Ohio Valley, and Delaware Bay; winters from the southern part of its breeding range south to Mexico,1 Guatemala,1 El Salvador1 (one record from Lake Olomega), Panama1 (one record from Lion Hill), Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola (one record), and Puerto Rico;2 accidental in Greenland, Great Britain (many records), and on the Channel Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 71: Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 3; Ramsey County, 1; Towner County, 4); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Minnesota (Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Cook County, 10); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2) ; Maine (New Vineyard, 2) ; New Hampshire (Holderness, 1); Massachusetts (Yarmouth, 2; Monomoy Island, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 2; Essex, 1; Lyme, 2; New Haven County, 15); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 5; Bodie Island, 1); Florida (Brevard County, 2; Buffalo Bluffs, 1; Putnam County, 1; Peniel, 1). *Botaurus lentiginosus peeti Brodkorb.3 WESTERN AMERICAN BITTERN. Botaurus leniiginosus peeti Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 333, p. 2, May 26, 1936— Black Point Cutoff, Sonoma County, California (type in Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 1 Some of these records may pertain to the western race (B. I. peeti). 2 We can hardly believe that B. lentiginosus of Cabanis (in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849) from the swamps of British Guiana, really refers to the American Bittern, which, as far as we know, has never been found in South America. Needless to say, the South American range attributed to the American Bittern by Burmeister (Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 409, 1856) is altogether imaginary. 3 Botaurus lentiginosus peeti Brodkorb: Similar to the nominate race, but top of head and malar stripe more reddish brown, less mixed with blackish; sides of head brighter; buffy markings of remaining upper parts lighter and brighter; markings of remiges orange-cinnamon rather than hazel; lower neck and breast 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 237 Botaurus kntiginosus (not Ardea kntiginosa Montague) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 259, 1898 (in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 124, 1931 (range in part); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 41, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Range. — Western North America, from British Columbia to California, east to the Great Basin; winters south to Lower California, Mexico, and perhaps to Central America (winter range yet to be worked out). Field Museum Collection. — 10: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); California (Alameda County, 1; Orange County, 1; Riverside County, 1; Los Angeles County, 3); Idaho (Coeur d'Alene, 1; Payette, 1); Mexico, Lower California (San Jose* del Cabo, 1). *Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler).1 NEOTROPICAL BITTERN. Ardea pinnata (Lichtenstein MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 6, col. 662, June, 1829 — Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 408, 1856 — Bahia (descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 49, 1863— Guiana (diag.). Ardea brasiliensis (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 642, 1833 — southeastern Brazil (descr.). Botaurus pinnatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 754, 1849 — swamps of the savanna; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 184, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 429, 1866 — Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 181, pi. 91, 1869 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 302, 1870— Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 81, 1894— Trinidad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 262, 1898— British Guiana (Annai), Cayenne, and Brazil (Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 380, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900— Vinces, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1900 — Cayenne; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 183, 1901 — Greytown, Nicaragua; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 70, 1907 — Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, with tawny rather than clay-colored stripes; posterior under parts on average warmer buff; tarsus somewhat longer. Judging from the few California specimens that we have seen, this would seem, to be rather an ill-defined race. 1 Ardea flava Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 638, 1789) may possibly be an earlier name. All the bibliographic references (Brisson, Buffon, Raius, Willoughby) quoted by Gmelin have as basis "Alia Ardeae species" of Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210. His description, while corresponding to the Bittern in various respects, contains certain discrepancies. Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 101, 1938), when revising Marcgrave's original drawings, has unfortunately transposed the entries in the fourth column of his concordance, as far as this species is con- cerned, but it appears that no figure exists of the bird in question. Under these circumstances we do not advocate the adoption of Gmelin's name. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 247, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Mocovf, Santa F6"; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 — Tucuman, Santa F6 (Mocovf), and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 181, 1916 — Bonasika, Alary, and Berbice rivers; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 5, 1919 — Rio Menco, Nicaragua; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Canelones and Maldonado, Uru- guay; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 208, 1926— Vinces, Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 96, 1930 — "Matto Grosso"; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582— Trinidad (breeding); Daguerre, El Hornero, 5, p. 399, 1934 — Las Flores, Buenos Aires; Zotta and Fonseca, I.e., 6, p. 248, 1936 — Buenos Aires (Zelaya, Las Flores, Las Rosas, La Plata) (descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 38, 1938— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo. Range. — Nicaragua (Greytown and Rio Menco) ; western Ecuador (Vinces) ; Venezuela (Aragua) ; island of Trinidad (breeding) ; British Guiana (Annai, etc.); French Guiana (Cayenne); eastern and central Brazil (Bahia; Rio de Janeiro; Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz); Uruguay (Canelones, Maldonado); northern Argentina (Tucuman; Cordoba; Mocovi, Santa FC"; Barracas al Sud, Zelaya, Las Rosas, La Plata, Las Flores, Buenos Aires).1 Field Museum Collection. — 3: Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). Family COCHLEARIIDAE. Boat-billed Herons Genus COCHLEARIUS Brisson Cochlearius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 506, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Cochlearius" =Cancroraa cochlearia Linnaeus. Cancroma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 — type, by monotypy, Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus. Cymbops Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 9, 1827 — substitute name for Cochkarius Brisson. "Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni (Ridgway). ZELEDON'S BOAT- BILLED HERON. Cancroma zeledoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 93, 1885 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 165, 1898 — part, spec, a-b', Mexico (Tampico, Tamau- lipas; La Antigua, Atoyac, Plan del Rio, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Tehuan- 1 The range of this well-marked species, whose characters have been clearly pointed out by Sclater and Salvin (Exot. Orn., p. 181, pi. 91), is very imperfectly known. Birds from Trinidad, British Guiana, Brazil, and Argentina seem to be alike, as far as we can ascertain from the scanty material available for study (eight skins in all). No Central American specimens have been seen by the authors. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 239 tepee, Oaxaca; Yucatan; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Grassy Cay), Guatemala (Las Salinas), and Nicaragua (Momotombo, Rio Escondido); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 185, 1901 — part, descr. male and young, Mexico to Costa Rica (Rio Frio). Cancroma coMearia (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, pp. 206, 230, 1857— San Andres, Tuxtla and Cateman, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, p. 369, 1859 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 227— Atlantic coast of Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 387— Grassy Cay, British Honduras; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 376, 1869 — Costa Rica; Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 358, 1870 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 310, 1874— Mazatlan; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1876— Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 406, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 458— Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 396, 1884— Island of Ometepe, Lake Nicaragua; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376 — Cozumel Island. Cochlearius zeledoni Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886 — Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 527, 1893 — Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 627, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 219, 1899 — San Jose", Guatemala; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 75, 1907 — Gualan, Rio Motagua, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 — part, Cimmarones, Costa Rica; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1915 — Sinaloa (Escui- napa, Hacienda Island, Juanna Gomez River); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 7, 1919 — Rio Omot^pe, Nicaragua. Cochlearius zeledoni zeledoni Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, pp. 10, 11, 1926 — Culebra Key, Yucatan (range, char.). Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 141, 1932— Hacienda California and Ocos, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 84, 1938 — San Sebastian, Lake Olomega and Zapotitan, El Salvador (plumages, habits); Sassi, Temminckia, 3, p. 293, 1938 — Bebedero and Waldeck, Costa Rica (crit.); Sutton and Pettingill, Auk, 59, p. 8, 1942 — Rio Sabinas, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Range. — Mexico, from Sinaloa (Mazatlan) and Tamaulipas (Tampico, Alta Mira) south through Central America to Costa Rica (excepting southwestern portion). Field Museum Collection. — 6: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1; Laguna Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 2; State of Vera Cruz, 1); Guate- mala (Gualan, Zacapa, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1). *Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom.1 PANAMA BOAT- BILLED HERON. 1 Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom: Adult male differing from C. c. zeledoni in being darker above, light grayish olive rather than lavender gray; 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cochlearius cochlearius panamensis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 11, Nov. 18, 1926 — Corozal, Canal Zone, Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 305, 1931— Fruitdale and Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 311, 1932— Perm6, Panama (crit.); idem, I.e., 75, p. 295, 1935— Panama. Cancroma cochlearia (not of Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 478, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 9, p. 142, 1868— Rio Grande, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 — Mina de Chorcha, Chiriquf; (?)Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902— Salidera, western Ecuador. Cochlearius zeledoni (not Cancroma zeledoni Ridgway) Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 130, 1887 — part, Las Trojas and Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 15, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 431, 1910 — Bolson, Pozo Azul de Pirris, and Las Ajuntaderas de Te>raba, Costa Rica; (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 207, 1926— Rio Blanco, Ecuador (ex Lonnberg and Rendahl). Cancroma zeledoni Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fls.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893— Boca Mala, delta del Diquis, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 165, 1898 — part, spec, c', d', Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 185, 1901 — part, southern Costa Rica (Rio Grande, Pozo Azul de Pirris) and Panama; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 193, 1922 — Jesusito, Darien; (?)L6nnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 26, 1922 — Rio Blanco, below Mindo, Ecuador. Range. — Southwestern Costa Rica and Panama; (?) western Ecuador (Salidera, Prov. Esmeraldas; Rio Blanco, below Mindo).1 Field MuLseum Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Boca Rio Matina, Limon, 1; Boca Mala, Puntarenas, 1); Panama (Colon, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2). *Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus). BOAT-BILLED HERON. Cancroma cochlearia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 — based on "La Cuilliere" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 506 — Cayenne (type in Reaumur Collection); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 660, 1833— Rio Ilhe"os and Caravellas, Bahia, Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849 (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 404, 1856— Brazil; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 3, Ardeae, p. 62, 1863 — Surinam; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 436, 1866 — Trinidad; foreneck more olive, less cinnamon; sides of neck light grayish olive, passing through brownish drab into fawn color on throat and breast; adult female much darker, nearest deep quaker drab above, and quaker drab on foreneck; immature also darker above. 1 The subspecific status of the West Ecuadorian form remains in doubt, as only immature birds appear to exist in collections. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 241 Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 — Lagoa Santa, Bicudo (Rio Doce), and Rio da Casca, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 303, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Engenho do Pari, Rio do Cabacal, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Rio Branco, south of Serra Carauman; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 589— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 305 — Cashiboya, Rio Ucayali, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Marajo Island, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 542 — Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 409, 1886— Cashiboya; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 151, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 82, 1894— Trinidad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 163, 1898— Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Engenho do Pari), Cayenne, British Guiana (Takutu River, Carimang River), Colombia (Remedios), and eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 381, 1899— Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 124, 1900 — Minca and Bonda, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 125, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 450, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Amazonas, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 51, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 67, 1907— Sao Paulo and Rio Jurua; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 49, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 303, 1908— Cayenne; Hell- mayr, I.e., 17, p. 424, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 93, 1910— Ilha do Meio, Lagoa do Parnagud, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 — Pasage de Bugre, Matto Grosso; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 109, 1914— Para, Marajo (Dunas), Mexiana, Rio Tocantins (Cam eta), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Brazil. Cancroma cancrophaga Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 233, 1766 — based on "La Cuilliere Brune" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 509, which, in its turn, rests on "Cancrofatus major" Barrere, Essai Hist. Nat. France Equin., p. 128 (French Guiana) and "Tamatia itidem Brasiliensis" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 208 (northeastern Brazil); Brazil (ex Marcgrave) (descr. of young; cf. Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 99, 1938). Cochlearius cochlearius(a) Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 364, 1916 — Ciudad Bolivar up to Caicara and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 230, 1917— La Olanda, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 138, 1922 — Mamatoco and Trojas de Cataca, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — Apure, Venezuela; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, pp. 207, 736, 1926 — junction of Curaray and Napo rivers, Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Utinga Lake, Para; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 92, 1930 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 368, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 39, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Para (Utinga, Lago Cuip6ua), Maranhao (Miritiba), and Minas Geraes (Pirapora); Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 177, 1942 — Rio Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina (one example). 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cochlearius cochlearius canerophaga Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 31, 1918— Brazil (crit.). Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 125, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 582 — Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 — Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Range. — Northern South America, from Colombia, Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south through eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, Amazonia, and Brazil to Matto Grosso,1 Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro.2 One record from northern Argentina (Rio Iguazu, Misiones). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Venezuela, Zulia (Encontrados, 1; Empelado Savanna, 1). SUBORDER Ciconiae SUPERFAMILY Ciconioidea Family CICONIIDAE. Storks and Wood Ibises Subfamily MYCTERIINAE. Wood Ibises Genus MYCTERIA Linnaeus Mycteria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — type, by monotypy, Mycteria americana Linnaeus. Tantalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — type, by monotypy, Tantalus loculator Linnaeus. Tantalides Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (=1853)— type, by orig. desig., Tantalus loculator Linnaeus=Mj/c/m'a americana Linnaeus. Tantalops Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 653, 1884 — type, by mono- typy, Tantalus loculator Linnaeus = Mycteria americana Linnaeus. *Mycteria americana Linnaeus. WOOD IBIS. Mycteria americana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based on "Jabiru-guagu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil;3 Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, pp. 32, 124, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 427, 1910 — lagoons of Guanacaste and marshy lowlands of western and northern Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. 1 Though Graham Kerr (Ibis, 1901, p. 232) noticed that the head of the Boat-billed Heron was among the objects carried by the Gran Chaco Indians in their network-bags, the bird has not yet been actually collected either in Paraguay or northwestern Argentina. 2 On comparing a series, we do not find Brazilian birds (canerophaga) to be larger than those from the Guianas. 3Cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711, 1906; Allen, Auk, 25, p. 37, 1908; Schneider, Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 243 Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 — Orinoco River, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 140, 1922 — Cacagualito and Fundacion, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 — Camaguan to San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 55, p. 204, 1926 — western Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 — Buenos Aires (between Lavalle and Santo Domingo) and Uruguay (San Vicente); Bent, I.e., 135, p. 57, 1926 (life hist.); Fried- mann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 150, 1927— La Noria, Santa Fe; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928— Lower California (visitant); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 776 — Abary savannahs, British Guiana; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 67, 1930 — Lapango and Miss. Tacaagle, Formosa; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930— Rio Taquary, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 126, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 89, 1931 — Dominican Republic, Hispaniola (resident); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 363, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 138, 1932 — Ocos and Rio Motagua, Guatemala; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 — Trinidad (visitant); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 40, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Minas Geraes (Pira- pora), and Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Olympia); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 75, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 86, 1938— El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 — Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, l.c., 23, p. 41, 1945— El Beni (El Consuelo; Orion), Bolivia. Tantalus loculator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based primarily on "The Wood Pelican" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 81, pi. 81, Carolina; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 267, 1828— between Payta and Golan, Peru; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 682, 1833— eastern Brazil; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 — Prov. Maynas, Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 756, 1849; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 420, 1856— Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 — Panama Railroad; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 17, 1864 — Surinam and Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— upper Ucayali River, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 23 — Rio Sao Francisco and Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 305, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Caicara), and Amazonia (Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 305 — upper Ucayali River and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 313, 1875— Cuba (Zapata, Cardenas; habits); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 48, 1876 — Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca, Mexico; Reiche- now, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 161, 1877 (diag.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882— La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883— San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 439 — 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886 — Jalapa and Vega de Alatorre, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 376— Cozumel Island; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 9, 1892— Jamaica; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — lower Rio Pilcomayo; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 527, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 — Arroyo Grande, Rio Negro, Uruguay; Underwood, I.e., 1896, p. 449 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Christy, I.e., 1897, p. 338 — mouth of the Yuna, Dominican Republic; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 321, 1898 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 383, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232— Chaco Paraguayo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 188, 1901 — Mexico (Santa Efigenia, Mazatlan, Presidio, San Bias, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, Jalapa, Vega de Alatorre, Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Chiapam, Huamachal, Coban), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, San Juan del Sur), Costa Rica (San Jose, Rio Frio, La Palma de Nicoya, Miravalles), and Panama; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 — Manantidl and Rio Calera, Tucuman; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 451, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 — Mexiana, Brazil (breeding); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— Boa Vista, near Brejao, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 340 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 366, 1912 — "northern Patagonia" (sight record); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 103, 1914— Pacoval, Marajo, Brazil; Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 528 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (soft parts descr.); Lonn- berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 214, 1925 — Bahia and Piauhy. Ibis nandapoa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 20, 1816 — based chiefly on Mycteria americana, var., Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 670, 1790, ex "Jabiru-guagu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200; northeastern Brazil. Tantalus plumicollis Spix, Av. Nov. Spec. Bras., 2, p. 68, pi. 85, 1825 — "in insula St. Francisci," Brazil (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906). Tantalus americanus(a) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 63, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga) and Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 247, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910— Cordoba, Tucuman, and Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Canelones, Maldonado, Rocha, and Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; Daguerre, l.c., 2, p. 264, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (breeding). Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States from South Car- olina to Florida and west to Texas, in the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and ? Jamaica), in Mexico, Central America, and South America, south to western Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 245 (Cordoba and Buenos Aires); occasional visitor in other parts of the United States, in Trinidad, and probably in northern Patagonia. Field Museum Collection. — 21 : California (Los Angeles County, 1) ; Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 2; Aransas County, 2); Florida (St. John's River, 1; Nassau County, 2; Fort Denaud, 1); Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rey, 1); Mexico (San Felipe, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Tiquisate, Escuintla, 2); Venezuela (Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; San Cristobal, Tachira, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Cercado, 1; Buena Vista, 1). Subfamily CICONIINAE. Storks Genus EUXENURA Ridgway Euxenura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, No. 1, pp. 249, 250, Feb. 5, 1878 — type, by monotypy, Ardea maguari Gmelin. *Euxenura maguari (Gmelin).1 AMERICAN STORK. Ardea Maguari Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 623, 1789 — based on "Maguari" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204; northeastern Brazil. Ciconiajaburu Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 71, pi. 89, 1825 — "in locis . . . insulae St. Joannis, Rio de Janeiro, etc." (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711, 1906). Ciconia maguari Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 677, 1833 — eastern Brazil (Rio Belmonte, etc.); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 28, 1848— Rio Takutu; Cabanis, I.e., 3, "1848," p. 752, 1849— Rio Takutu; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 419, 1856 — Brazil (descr.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 104, 1857 — Brazil and Montevideo (diag.); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Entre Rios (Parana) and Uruguay; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 509, 1861 — same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 8, 1864 — Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 125, 1865 — Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 304, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Irisanga), Matto Grosso (Caigara, Villa Bella), and Amazonia (Forte do Rio Branco); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 — Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco, Sumidouro, etc.); Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. Ardea gaUata Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 235, 344, 1782) and Tantalus pillus Molina (I.e., pp. 243, 344) refer in part to the American Stork, in part to the Egret. Characters of the two species are, however, so badly mixed up in the descriptions that both names should be discarded as indeterminable. In the interest of nomenclatorial stability it is objectionable to replace a name of unquestioned pertinence like Ciconia maguari by one of Molina's terms, about which no universal agreement will ever be reached, although such procedure is advocated by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 61, 1926) as well as by Deautier and Steullet (Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 475, 476, 1929). 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 189 — Punta Lara and Barade>o, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 399 — Chubut Valley at mouth of Rio Sengel, Patagonia; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 153 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 271, 1884 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre RIos; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 90, 1884— Prov. Buenos Aires (Rio Salado to Ayacucho and Tandfl); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282— Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887 — Rio Pil- comayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895 — Ajos, Paraguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 382, 1899— Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Ciconia pillus (not Tantalus pillus Molina) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843— Colchagua, Chile (habits); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 156, 1855— Chile. Ciconia maguaria Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 415, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868— Colchagua, Chile. Ciconia dicrura Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 168, 1877 — substitute name for Ciconia maguari Gmelin. Euxenura maguari Sclater and Salvin, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 106, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Reed, I.e., 1893, p. 596— Chile (resident); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199— Uruguay (Porongos, Santa Elena); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Albert, I.e., 104, p. 991, 1899— Chile (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 297, 1898— British Guiana and Colchagua, Chile (descr.); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 — Famailla and Monteros, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 50, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (nesting habits, young descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 64, 1907 — Itapura, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 (not recorded from French Guiana); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 225, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 339 — Buenos Aires (Luiconia, Tuyu, and Los Ynglases, Ajo) and Paraguay (Tebicuari); Scott ^and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 370, 1912— La Plata, Buenos Aires (descr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 104, 1914 — Marajo (Livramento, Teso de Acar&) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916— Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (seen); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 527 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Uruguay (Maldonado, Rocha, Cerro Largo); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 776 — Abary savannah, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 88, 1930— Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 68, 1930— Lapango, Formosa; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 308, 1932— Chile; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 — El Beni (El Consuelo; Bresta; San Lorenzo), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 247 Euxenura galeata (not Ardea galeata Molina)1 Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 61, 1926 — Chaco Argentine, Buenos Aires, and Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 413, 1926 — Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 151, 1927— La Noria, Santa Fe"; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 129, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 40, 1938— Sao Paulo (Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Corumba), Brazil; Nice"foro, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 369, 1945 — Llanos del Meta and Arauca, Colombia. Range. — From eastern Colombia, Venezuela and British Guiana (Rio Takutu, Abary savannah) south through Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina as far as the Chubut Valley, and also central Chile (Colchagua Province). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 1). Genus JABIRU Hellmayr Jabiru Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 711 (in text), May, 1906 — type, by orig. desig., Ciconia mycteria Liechtenstein. *Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein) . JABIRU. Ciconia mycteria Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Phys. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin for 1816-17, p. 163, 1819 — based on "Jabiru" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 200, northeastern Brazil; idem, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 76, 1823 (ex Mycteria americana Latham [not of Linnaeus], Ind. Orn., 2, p. 670, 1790) ;2 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 418, 1856— Surinam and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) (descr.). Mycteria americana (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 675, 1833— Rio Belmonte, Bahia; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 — Pacchapata, Montana de Vitoc, and highlands between Cahuarmayo and Cerro de Pasco, Junin, Peru; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 152, 1848— Rio Mahu and Rio Takutu; idem, I.e., 3, p. 751, 1849 — savannas; Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exped. Ame>. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., p. 79, 1856 — Rio Araguay, Brazil; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ciconiae, p. 11, 1864 — Surinam and Brazil (Cuyaba, Matto Grosso); Sal- vin, Ibis, 1865, p. 197, and 1866, p. 196— Huamachal, Guatemala; Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 24 — Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco and Rio das Velhas); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 305, 1870— Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Retiro de Barra, Caicara, Villa Bella), and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira; Forte do Rio Branco) (soft parts); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306— Rio Ucayali, Peru; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica (descr. of young); idem, I.e., 6, p. 389, 1884 — Sucuya, Nicaragua; Holmberg, Act. Acad. 1 Cf. footnote, page 245. 2 Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908) suggested Cayenne as type locality. This is, however, inadmissible since Lichtenstein, in 1819, based his Ciconia mycteria exclusively on Marcgrave's account. 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 — Arroyo Tandileufu, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — Rio Parana, Rio Paraguay, and Rio Pilcomayo; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 450 — Hac. Miravalles, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 314, 1898 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 382, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Chaco Paraguayo (Caraya Vuelta, Riacho Verde, etc.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 187, 1901 — Guatemala to Costa Rica; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902— Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464— Fortfn CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 51, pi. 3 (nest), 1907 — Mexiana, Brazil (nesting habits). Mycteria mycteria Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 64, 1907 — Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909— Chaco Santafecino (breeding); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 — Mar Chiquita, Cordoba, and Mocovi, Santa Fe~; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920— Rocha and Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Jabiru mycteria Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 428, 1910 — Bolson and Palo Verde, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916— Orinoco Valley from the delta up to the Rio Meta, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917 — lower Magdalena and Rio San Jorge, Co- lombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — Tijgerbank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 — San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 60, 1926 — Riacho Pilaga, Formosa, and Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Bent, I.e., 135, p. 66, 1926 (life hist.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 776— Abary savannah, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 89, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931— Cricamola, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 130, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 139, 1932— Guatemala; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 368, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 295, 1935 — Cricamola, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 41, 1938 — Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco) and Sao Paulo; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 86, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945 — El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. Jabiru americanus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 104, 1914 — Marajo, Brazil. Range. — Southern Mexico (Rio Cosamaloapam, Vera Cruz), Guatemala (Huamachal), El Salvador (Lake Olomega), Nicaragua (Sucuya, Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (Rio Frio, Miravalles, Bolson, Palo Verde, La Palma de Nicoya), Panama (Cricamola, Almirante Bay), and South America from Colombia (Rio San Jorge and Magdalena Valley), Venezuela (Orinoco region), and the Guianas through eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali; Pacchapata, etc., Junin), eastern 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 249 Bolivia and Brazil to Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina (south to northeastern Cordoba and Buenos Aires); accidental in Texas (Austin). Field Museum Collection. — 3: Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Bebedero, 1); Brazil, Matto Grosso (Conceicao, Rio Paraguay, 1; Vaccaria, 1). Super-family THRESKIORNITHOIDEA Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE. Ibises and Spoonbills Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE. Ibises Genus HARPIPRION Wagler Harpiprion Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1840), Ibis plumbeus Temminck=/6is caerulescens Vieillot. Molybdophanes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, 1852 (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Ibis caerulescens Vieillot. *Harpiprion caerulescens (Vieillot). PLUMBEOUS IBIS. Ibis caerulescens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 16, p. 18, 1817 — based on "Curucau aplomado" Azara, No. 363, Paraguay south to the Rio de la Plata; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 9, 1863 — Brazil (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 635— Con- chitas, Buenos Aires; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 155, 1877 (diag.). Ibis plumbeus(a) Temminck, NouVi Rec. PI. Col., livr. 40, pi. 235, Nov., 1823 — Paraguay and Brazil (type, from Brazil, in the Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 10, 1863); Wagler, Syst. Nat., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 14, 1827 — Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 311, 1844 — "Peru"; idem, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 — "Peru (wood region and along the coastal rivers)"; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 422, 1856 — southern Brazil and Paraguay (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Banda Oriental (=Uruguay) and Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 510, 1861 — same localities. Harpiprion plumbeus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232. Molybdophanes caerulescens Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 154, 1857 — Brazil (diag.); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 503 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 24, 265, 1898 (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 — Rio Calera, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461— Fortin CreVaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 60, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 — Tucuman and Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Cerro Largo and Rocha, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 63, 1926— west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay 250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (soft parts; habits); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 — Bocaina de Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 716, 1932 — Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; Zotta, El Hornero, 5, p. 380, 1934 (food). Geronticus coerulescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 — Villa Maria and Caicara, Matto Grosso, Brazil. Harpiprion caerulescens Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 159 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 419, 1886 — "Peru" (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 112, 1889 — Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — Fortin Nueve, lower Pilcomayo River, Chaco; idem, I.e., 1901, p. 232— Paraguayan Chaco; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 534 — Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires; Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 255, 1930 (nomencl.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 369, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 31, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 41, 1938— Aquidauana and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945— El Beni (Bresta; Orion) and Tarija (Fortin Crevaux), Bolivia. Range. — Southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (in provinces of Salta, Tucuman, Chaco, Entre Rios, occasionally Buenos Aires).1 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Paraguay (83 km. west of Puerto Casado, Chaco, 1); Argentina (Rio Bermejo, Chaco, 1). Genus THERISTICUS Wagler Theristicus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1231 — type, by monotypy, Tantalus melanopis Gmelin. *Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert). WHITE-THROATED IBIS. Scolopax caudatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, 1783— based on "Courly a col blanc de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 976; Cayenne. Tantalus albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 653, 1789— based on Dau- benton, PI. Enl., pi. 976; Cayenne. Ibis albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 17, 1817 — Cayenne and Paraguay (descr.); Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 169, 1821 — southern Bahfa; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 693, 1833 — interior of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 — savanna; Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 510, 1861— Tucuman, Parana, and (?)Mendoza. Tantalus mandurria "Lath." Drapiez, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat., 8, p. 490, 1825 — 'TAme'rique me'ridionale." 1 The reputed occurrence of the Plumbeous Ibis in Peru, where Tschudi claims to have seen it on the coast as well as in the wooded region, has never been confirmed. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 251 Ibis alba "Vieill." Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., p. 567, 1831— based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 976; Tantalus albicollis Gmeliri; "Curigaca" Marcgrave, etc. Ibis melanopis (not Tantalus melanopis Gmelin) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 421, 1856— part, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Parana, Tucuman, and (?)Mendoza; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 7, 1863 — part, spec. Nos. 3, 4, Brazil and Cayenne ("plumage imparfait"); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 — Paracatu, Rio Sao Francisco, Minas Geraes; Ernst, Cat. Aves Mus. Caracas, p. 42, 1887 — Zulia and Orinoco, Venezuela. Theristicus albicollis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 155, 1857 — Brazil and Cayenne (diag.). Geronticus albicollis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Itarare", Murungaba), Parana (Jaguaraiba, Tayacocca), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Zamambaya, Caicara, Villa Bella), Brazil. Theristicus melanopis Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Marajo Island, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1880, p. 424 — Rio Pasaje, Salta; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884— Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Paraguay (Villa Conception, near Caraya Vuelta, etc.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 — La Ramada, Dept. of Burruyaco, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Onus, 12, p. 230, 1904— La Criolla, Tucuman (nesting); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 46, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (habits, nest, and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 — part, Tucuman. Theristicus caudatus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 (in part); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 110, 1889 — Argentina (in part); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — Fortln Page, lower Pilcomayo River; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 392 (diag., synon., range); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1895— Cara-huassi, Salta; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 23, 265, 1898— Rupununi and Annai, British Guiana; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 385, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 24, 1899 — Cayenne and Matto Grosso (Caicara) (crit.); Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 506 (monog., synon., range); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 122, 1902 — Altagracia and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 60, 1907— part, Sao Paulo (Itararg, Faxina); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 301, 1908— Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 — Buritf (near Parnagua) and Faz. Enseada, Piauhy; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 100, 1914 — Marajo (Magoary) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 — lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco River; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 146, 1916 — Annai and Rupununi Savanna; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917 — La Manuelita (Cauca) and Barrigon, Colombia; Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Treinta y Tres, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 — around Camperucho, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, 252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 64, 1926 — west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco (crit., habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 484, 1929— Piauhy; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 383, 1931 — Sierra Grande, Cordoba (descr. spec, ex Oran, Salta); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 716, 1932— Aquidauana, Matto Grosso. Ibis caudata(us) Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 (diag.); Frenzel, I.e., 39, p. 124, 1891— Cordoba. Theristicus columbianus Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 23, 1899 — Colombia= "Bogota" (type in Leyden Museum examined ;= immature). Theristicus caudatus caudatus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 68, 1930 — Miss. TacaaglS, Formosa, and San Ignacito (La Crecencia, Santa Cruz), Bolivia (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 42, 1938 — Sao Paulo (Itarare, Bebedouro, Faxina), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Matto Grosso (Aquidauana), Goyaz (Rio Sao Domingos), Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), and Pard (Lago Cuipe'ua), Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 42, 1945— El Beni (Bresta; Orion), Bolivia (disc, races). Range. — Colombia (Cauca Valley; Antioquia; Camperucho, Santa Marta; Barrigon, east foot of eastern Andes), Venezuela (Zulia; Orinoco Valley), the Guianas, and southward through Brazil, eastern Bolivia (Cochabamba; Santa Cruz), Paraguay, and Uruguay to northern Argentina as far as Tucuman, Cordoba, the Chaco, and Entre Rfos.1 Field Museum Collection. — 12: Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1; Monte Alegre, Para, 1; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2) ; Bolivia (Tin Tin, Cochabamba, 1 ; Nueva Moka, Santa Cruz, 3; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3). "Theristicus caudatus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann.2 « BRANICKI'S IBIS. Theristicus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 404, July, 1894 — Maraynioc, Pariayacu, Dept. Junin, Peru (cotypes in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum [cf. Salvador!, Ibis, 1900, p. 505], 1 All specimens examined by us from northern Argentina are caudatus. Six birds from Colombia (columbianus} agree well with others from Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil, the alleged character of the type being due to immaturity, as has been recognized by the late T. Salvadori. No material from Mendoza has been available for study. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Cauca Valley, 3; Antioquia, 1; "Bogota," 3. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 2. — British Guiana, 3. — Brazil: Pacoval, Marajo, 1 ; Buriti, Piauhy, 1 ; Fazenda Enseada, Piauhy, 1 ; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 2; Itarare", Sao Paulo, 1; Murungaba, Sao Paulo, 1. — Bolivia: Valle Grande, Santa Cruz, 1. — Argentina: Cara-huassi, Salta, 1; La Criolla, Tucuman, 1; lower Pilcomayo, Formosa, 2. 1 Theristicus caudatus branickii Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Similar to T. c. caudatus in possessing a conspicuous feathered stripe along middle of throat, but bill and tarsi much shorter; tail also shorter and-less rounded; lower breast (below 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 253 and in Warsaw Museum [cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 98, 1927]); Finsch, Not. Leyden Mus., 21, p. 25, 1899 — Pitumarca, Peru (crit.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 — Vallevicioso, Ecuador; Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 515, pis. 9 (adult), 10 (young) — Peru and Ecuador (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47— Maraynioc (Pariayacu), Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 226 — Vallevicioso, Ecuador (habits); Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 270 — Lagunillas, La Paz, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921— Occobamba Pass, Cuzco, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— Lake Mica (Antisana), Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 203, 1926— Antisana, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 466, 647 — between Lircay and Huanca- velica, and Lake Junfn, Peru. Ibis albicollis (not Tantalus albicollis Gmelin) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 105, 1834— part, highlands of southern Peru. Ibis melanopis (not Tantalus melanopis Gmelin) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846— puna of Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 600— Pitumarca, Cuzco, Peru. Theristicus melanopis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562 — Junfn, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 356, 1876— Conima (Lake Titicaca), Puno, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 21, 1898 — part, spec, g, Pitumarca. Theristicus caudatus (not Scolopax caudata Boddaert) Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 — part, Peru (Pitumarca); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 417, 1886 — part, Puna, Junfn, Huanta, and Maraynioc. Theristicus caudatus branickii Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930— Cotopaxi, Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Puna zone of Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Bolivia (Lagunillas, Dept. La Paz). Field Museum Collection. — 7: Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichincha, 6); Peru (Tirapata, Carabaya, Puno, 1). *Theristicus caudatus melanopis (Gmelin). BLACK-FACED IBIS. Tantalus melanopis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 653, 1789— based on "Black- faced Ibis" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 108, pi. 79; New Year's Island, near Staten Land (ex Forster); Poeppig, in Froriep's Not. Geb. the gray pectoral band) and middle of abdomen white; upper breast paler rufes- cent; sides of head and neck rufescent instead of white; upper wing coverts gray instead of white, etc. Wing, 400-420; tail, 190-210; tarsus, 65-70; bill, 120-130. From T. c. melanopis, the present form may be distinguished by more feather- ing on the throat, longer wings and tail, shorter bill, white (instead of black) median posterior under parts, less rufescent chest, gray (not white) upper wing coverts, etc. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cuzco region, 6. 254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Natur-und Heilkunde, No. 502 (=23, No. 18), p. 279, 1829— Rio Colorado, Santiago, Chile. Ibis albicollis (not Tanlalw albicollis Gmelin) Lesson, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 242, 1828— St. Vincent, Concepci6n, Chile; Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 105, 1834 — part, southern Chile (crit.). Theristicus melanops Darwin, Zool., Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841 — plains of Patagonia; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 — interior of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189— Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 389— lea, coast of Peru (Dec.) (crit.). Ibis melanopsis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, 1842 — Valparaiso, Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— northern Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510 — Pampa de Negr6n, Rio Bueno, Arique, etc., Valdivia, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Tantalum melanops Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 332, 1844 — Isla Ano Nuevo, Staten Island. Ibis melanopis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 417, 1847 — Chile to Straits of Magellan; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 — Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855— mountains of Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 — Cordillera of Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Cachinal de la Costa, Atacama, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 7, 1863 — part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Chile ("plumage parfait"); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339 — Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 549 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 — Chile (descr.); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Cachinal de la Costa, Atacama, Chile; Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 — Valcheta, Rio Negro; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894— Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, Chile. Theristicus melanopis Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 127, 1865 — Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; Newton, I.e., 1870, p. 502 — Elizabeth Island (egg descr.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 8 (egg); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 190— Buenos Aires (winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 400— Sengel and Chubut valleys, Patagonia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 436 — Sandy Point; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 — lagoons of the Rio Colorado; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 391 (descr., synon., range); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 21, 1898— part, spec, a-f, Chile and Magellan Straits (Sandy Point); Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus., 21, p. 25, 1899 — Santiago, Chile (crit.) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1900, p. 511 (monog., synon., range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 392, 1902 — Ushuai'a, Tierra del Fuego; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 86, 1907 — Useless Bay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 226, 1910 — part, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia; Scott and Sharpe, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 255 Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 349, 1912— Rio Chico, Patagonia; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 298, 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro (summer resident); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1926— Bariloche, Rio Negro (crit.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 — Johnson's Harbour, Falkland Islands (Apr., 1917) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927— Quebrada de la Madera, Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Barros, I.e., 33, p. 356, 1929 — Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 13— Falkland Islands (Apr. 28, 1928). Geronticus melanopis Sclater and Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 261 — Prov. of Buenos Aires (visitor; habits). Theristicus caudatus (not Scolopax caudata Boddaert) Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 498 — part, Chile, Rio Negro, Buenos Aires, and Straits of Magellan; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 417, 1886 — part, Chorillos, Lima; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (May to August); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 678, 1898— Villarica, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 104, p. 1001, 1899— Chile (descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 533— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor; April to July); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 127, 200, 1929— Cerro del Nahuelbuta, Bio-bio, Chile. Ibis (Theristicus) caudatus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 140, 1891— Patagonia (Isla da los Leones, 45° 6' 20" S. lat.) and Wollaston Island (Gretton Bay), Cape Horn. Ibis menalops (sic) Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Theristicus caudatus melanopis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930 (char., range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 309, 1932— Chile (Atacama to Magellan Straits); Rey- nolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 — Lago Yewin, Tierra del Fuego (breed- ing); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 242, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile (resident); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 — Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Theristicus melanops melanops Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 — Snipe and Wood- cock Islands, Beagle Channel. Range. — Temperate zone of Peru (Chorillos, Lima; lea), Chile, and southern Argentina from the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro to the Cape Horn region; in winter occasionally migrating to the southern part of the province of Buenos Aires; accidental on the Falkland Islands (two records). Field Museum Collection. — 7: Chile (Temuco, Cautin, 1; Rio Pehuenco, Cautin, 1; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 1; Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, 1 ; Chilo6 Island, 1 ; La Senda, Guaitecas Islands, 1) ; Argentina (Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). 256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus CERCIBIS Wagler Cercibis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232 — type, by monotypy, Ibis oxycercus Spix. *Cercibis oxycerca (Spix). ROUND-TAILED IBIS. Ibis oxycercus(a) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 87, 1825 — "in pro- vincia Para" = Amazonia (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 15, 1827 (descr.); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 48, 1848 — Tenette, Rio Takutu; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 — same locality; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 424, 1856 — upper Amazon, Rio Negro, and British Guiana (Takutu) (descr.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863— Rio Branco, Brazil (crit.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 153, 1877 (crit.). Cercibis oxycerca Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232; Bonaparte, Comp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857— Guiana (diag.); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 497 — Amazons west to Bogota (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 471 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 28, 1898 — British Guiana (Rupununi River, Annai), Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 — Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 101, 1914 (listed); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 149, 1916 — Annai and Rupununi River; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 — Orinoco region (soft parts); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 86, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 42, 1938 (range). Geronticus oxycercus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Estivao do Formigueiro, Rio Guapore") and Amazonas (Rio Amazon; Forte do Rio Branco; Barra do Rio Negro), Brazil. Range. — British Guiana west through the Orinoco region to the east base of the east Colombian Andes and south through Brazilian Amazonia to western Matto Grosso (Estivao do Formigueiro, Rio Guapore*).1 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Brazil (Boa Vista, Sierra da Lua, Amazonas, 2). Genus MESEMBRINIBIS Peters Mesembrinibis Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 256, Feb. 24, 1930— type, by orig. desig., Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin. , 1 Eight specimens from the Orinoco Valley, two from British Guiana, and seven from Brazilian Amazonia (Rio Branco; Manaos; Rio Guapore) examined. The species has not yet been found in Lower Amazonia proper. "Provincia Para," in Spix's time, included almost the whole of the State of Amazonas. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 257 *Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin). CAYENNE IBIS. Tantalus cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 652, 1789 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne. Ibis sylvatica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 16, p. 16, 1817 — based on Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 702, 1833 — Espirito Santo (Rio Itabapuana) and Bahia (Rios Itahype, Catol6, and Ilhe'os). Ibis dentirostris Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 7, 1827 — Brazil and Cayenne (cotypes in Paris and Munich museums). Harpiprion cajennensis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1232. Ibis cayanensis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 102, Tabl. Meth., p. 95, Jan. 29, 1839 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 820, Cayenne. Ibis cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 — forest and savanna rivers; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 423, 1856 — Brazil and Guiana (descr.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 154, 1877 (diag.). Harpiprion cayennensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 197— Rio Nercua, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 479, 1862 — Panama Railroad; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863— Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 372— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 306 — Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1879, p. 543 — Rio Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 420, 1886— Chamicuros, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 172— Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 25, 1898 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Ecuador (Rio Cotapaza), Colombia (Nech6), and Panama (Lion Hill); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 386, 1899— IguapS, Sao Paulo; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902— Rio Orinoco (Altagracia; Quiribana de Cai?ara) and Rio Caura (Cangrejo), Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 195, 1902 — Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Rio Nercua); Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 185, 1904— French Guiana; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Rio Mogy-Guassu, Rio Grande, Barretos); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 47, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 517, 1908— Rio Purus (Bom Lugar) and Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 423, 1910 — Rio Madeira (Calama) and Rio Machados (Jamarysinho; Maroins), Brazil; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 464, 493, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914— Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 100, 1914 — Mexiana, Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), and Rio Purus (Bom Lugar); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 532, 1915 — Bonpland, Misiones; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 147, 1916 (various localities); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916 — Orinoco region, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917— Rio Atrato, Malena (Rio Magdalena), and Villavicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. 258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Wood, Condor, 25, p. 199, 1923 — Essequibo, British Guiana (nesting notes); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 204, 1926— Rio Napo, Ecuador (ex Sclater); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 774 — Blairmont, British Guiana; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 — Matto Grosso. Geronticus cayennensis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Matto- dentro, Ypanema, Irisanga), Parana (Castro), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caigara), and Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro). Harpiprion cayanensis Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 502 (monog.). Mesembrinibis cayennensis Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 256, 1930 (nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 136, 1931 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 304, 1931 — Changuinola Canal and Chiriquicito, Almirante Bay, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 296, 1935 — Panama (Canal Zone; Almirante Bay); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 369, 1936 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 45, 1936— Inhumas, Goyaz, Brazil; idem, I.e., 22, p. 43, 1938— Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-Guassu; Rio Grande, Barretos; Ituverara) and Goyaz (Crixas, Inhumas); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945— Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa; Lago Grande), Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 43, 1945 — El Beni (Victoria; Bresta; San Lorenzo; Orion), Bolivia. Range. — Panama and South America, from Colombia (Rio Nercua; Rio Atrato; Rio Neche"; Malena, Magdalena; Villavicencio), southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin), and the Guianas through eastern Ecuador (Rio Cotopaza; Rio Napo), eastern Peru (Chami- curos), eastern Bolivia (El Beni), and Amazonia to southern Brazil (Parana and Matto Grosso), Paraguay (Colonia Risso), and north- eastern Argentina (Bonpland, Misiones). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Coca Azul, Rio Napo, Napo Pastaza, 1); British Guiana (Berbice River, 1); Brazil (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus PHIMOSUS Wagler Phimosus Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1233 — type, by monotypy, Ibis nudifrons Spix. *Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr.1 VENEZUELAN BARE-FACED IBIS. 1 Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr: Similar to P. i. nudifrons, but bare part of the head deep carmine (instead of brick-red), and bill much darker, reddish liver brown (instead of chamois or clay-color). Ten specimens from the Orinoco Valley, three from near Me'rida (Rio Chaura), and two native Bogota skins examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 259 Phimosus berlepschi Hellmayr, Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 247, 1903— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela (type, from Altagracia, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 361, 1916— middle stretches of the Orinoco (soft parts); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 227, 1917 — Barranquilla, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 — Fundacion, Santa Marta, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Ibis nudifrons (not of Spix) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 503, 1848 — Demerara River. Ibis infuscata (not of Lichtenstein) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 756, 1849 — forest and savanna rivers up to 1,500 feet; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1865 — part, spec. No. 3, Colombia; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Lake Paturia, Magdalena, Colom- bia. Phimosus infuscatus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 495 — part, Co- lombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898— part, spec, e, f, Colombia. Phimosus nudifrons Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902 — Altagracia and Caigara, Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.). Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485 (in text), 1929 — Venezuela (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 43 (note), 1938— Rio Urari- cuera, Brazil. Range. — Northern South America, from northern Colombia (Barranquilla, Lake Paturia, and Fundacion, Magdalena Valley; "Bogota") through Venezuela (Rio Chaura, Me*rida; Orinoco Valley) east to British and Dutch Guiana and the adjoining stretches of extreme northern Brazil (Rio Uraricuera). Field Museum Collection. — 3: Venezuela (Encon trades, Zulia, 2; Emigrante, Merida, 1). Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons (Spix). BRAZILIAN BARE-FACED IBIS. Ibis nudifrons Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 69, pi. 86, 1825 — "ad litora lacuum St. Francisci"=Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 6, 1827 (descr. of type). Ibis infuscata (not of Lichtenstein) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 699, 1833 — Lagoa Feia, Rio de Janeiro; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 423, 1856 — part, Rio de Janeiro to "Santa Catharina"; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 8, 1863 — part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 — Lagoa dos Pitos, Minas Geraes; Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 153, 1877 (diag.). 260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phimosus infuscatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857 — part, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898— part, spec, d, Caicara, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 385, 1899 — Iguap6 and Piracicaba, Sao Paulo. Geronticus infuscatus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 307, 1870 — Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), and Matto Grosso (Caicara). Phimosus nudifrons Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 61, 1907 (range). Plegadis nudifrons Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— Piauhy (Parnagua) and Bahia (Barra do Rio Grande; Caesara das Cabres, Rio Grande); idem, I.e., p. 212, 1925 — Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco; Rio Grande; Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Lake Parnagua; Lagoa do Rio Fundu; Rio Parnahyba) (soft parts). Phimosus infuscatus nudifrons Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485, 1929— Piauhy (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 85, 1930 — Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 717, 1932— Aquidauana, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 20, p. 45, 1936 — Jaragua, Rio das Almas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 43, 1938 — Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Pandeiro), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas), Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso (Corumba, Aquidauana). (?) Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 43, 1945— El Beni (Reyes; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia (disc.). Range. — Tableland of Brazil, from Piauhy south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso,1 and (?)northeastern Bolivia (El Beni). *Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Liechtenstein).2 AZARA'S BARE-FACED IBIS. Ibis infuscata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, 1823 — based on "Afeytado" Azara, No. 365, Paraguay;3 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 422, 1856 — part, Paraguay; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860— Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 511, 1861— Parana. Phimosus infuscatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 156, 1857 — part, Paraguay; Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 495 (in part); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 63 — two hundred miles south of Buenos Aires (breeding); Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363— Salta; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 32, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 113, 1889 — 1 Ten specimens from Bahia, Piauhy, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso examined. 2 Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus (Lichtenstein) differs from P. i. nudifrons by having the more elongated feathers of the hind neck strongly glossed with purplish, and a varying amount of corrugations on the naked portion of the head. No information is available concerning the coloration of bill and face in life. Material examined. — Paraguay: Rio Pilcomayo, 2. — Argentina: Salta, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3; Est. San Martino Monte, Buenos Aires, 2. » Cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485 (note 1), 1929. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 261 Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 — Timbo (Rio Paraguay) and mouth of the Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 206— Est. Espar- tillar, Buenos Aires (May to August); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 — Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 22, 1895— Paraguari, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 26, 1898 — part, spec, a-c, Salta, Buenos Aires (Belgrano), and Rio de la Plata; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 232 — Villa Concepcion and Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 341 — Santa Rosa, Paraguay; Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 534 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 151, 1927 — Deniz Island, Santa Fe. Phimosus azarae Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 123, 1902 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfurt Museum, examined). Phimosus nudifrons azarae Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 — Barracas al Sud and Est. San Martino Monte, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920— Uruguay (ex Aplin); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 5, p. 398, 1934 — Las Flores, Buenos Aires (breeding). Phimosus nudifrons subsp. azarae Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina). Phimosus infuscatus infuscatus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 69, 1930 — Lapango, Formosa (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range). Range. — Southeastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), northern Argentina (south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires), Paraguay, and Uruguay. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2). Genus GUARA Reichenbach Guara Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (=1853)— type, by orig. desig., Scolopax rubra Linnaeus. Leucibis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xiv, "1852" (= 1853)— type, by orig. desig., Scolopax alba Linnaeus. *Guara alba (Linnaeus). WHITE IBIS. Scolopax alba Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — based on "The White Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 82, pi. 82 (= adult); Carolina. Scolopax fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — based on "The Brown Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 83, pi. 83 (=young); Carolina. Tantalus coco Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 13, 1784 — "auf den Karibaischen Inseln" (no type extant). 262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ibis longirostris Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 760 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Ibis alba Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 426, 1856 (descr., range); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 5, 1863 — Mexico (crit.); Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 — Santa Luzia, Tumbez, Peru (Sept. 25-Dec. 20). Eudocimus albus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 315, 1875 — Cuba (breeding; habits); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 508 (monog.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882— La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883 — San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., p. 389, 1884— Sucuya, Nicaragua; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 39, 1898 — Florida, Texas, Mexico (Presidio; Tampico; Tamesi; La Antigua, Vera Cruz; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Grassy Key), Guatemala (Chiapam), Nicaragua (Momotombo), and Costa Rica (Nicoya); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899— Rio Sabana, Darien, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 191, 1902 — southeastern United States to Panama; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 — Vaqueria, Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 144, 1905 — San Miguel and Pacheca Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 — "Guiana" (ex Buffon). Guara alba Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 426, 1910 — P6zo Azul de Pirris and Coronado de Te"rraba, Costa Rica; Todd, I.e., 10, p. 188, 1916— Los Indies, Bibijagua, and Siguanea, Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 204, 1926— Chone, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 23, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 305, 1927 — Puerto Rico (accidental); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928 — southern Lower California (resident); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 91, 1931— Hispaniola (resident); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 298, 1932— Puerto Castilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 62, p. 138, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 296, 1935 — Panama; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 88, p. 355, 1936— Utila Island, off Honduras (breed- ing); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 88, 1938— El Salvador; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 183, 1939 — Independencia, Aragua, Venezuela (Oct. 29-30); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 144, 1944 — South Carolina (extension of breeding range) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Guara alba longirostris Bailey, Bull. Bailey Mus. and Libr. Nat. Hist., No. 4, p. [1], 1930 (no type specimen or type locality designated). Range. — Breeds locally on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States (north to South Carolina), in southern Lower California, Mexico, Central America, on the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola), and apparently on the Pacific coast of Ecuador south to northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Dept. Tumbez); accidental in the eastern and middle-western United 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 263 States, and in Venezuela (two records, Lake Valencia, Carabobo, and Independencia, Aragua).1 Field Museum Collection. — 35: Texas (Bloomington, 3; Victoria County, 2; Brownsville, 6; Cameron County, 1); Florida (Bade County, 1; Osceola County, 2; Anclote, 2; Tampa, 1; Seminole County, 2; Palm Beach County, 8); Cuba (Isle of Pines, 1); Domin- ican Republic (Samana, 1); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 5). *Guara rubra (Linnaeus). SCARLET IBIS. Scolopax rubra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — based principally on "The Red Curlew" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 84, pi. 84; coast of Bahama Islands.2 Tantalus minutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 241, 1766 — based on "The Lesser Ibis" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 303, pi. 356; Surinam (type in coll. of Dr. Fothergill;= young). Ibis rubra A. de Saint-Hilaire, M6m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 9, p. 353, 1822 — Guaratuba, Parana, Brazil (breeding); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 756, 1849 — coast and estuaries of rivers (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 425, 1856 — northern Brazil (Amazon); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 6, 1863 — Surinam and Cayenne (descr.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 95 — Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 306, 1870 — Parana (Paranagua; Rio Boraxudo) and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876— Marajo, Brazil. Ibis leucopygus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 70, pi. 88 (=young), 1825 — Brazil, locality not specified (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 710, 1906). Eudocimus ruber Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 509 (monog.) ; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317 — Maccasseema, Rio Pomeroon, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 41, 1898 (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 124, 1902 — Caigara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 49, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 47, 1907 — Caviana (breeding) and Mexiana, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907— Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908— Cayenne; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 76, 1909— Cano San Juan, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 102, 1914 — Para, Maraj6 (Magoary, Pacoval), Mexiana, and Amapa, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 150, 1916 — Berbice River, Maccasseema, and Mora Passage; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — Tijgerbank, Motkreek, Pomonakreek, Nieuw Amsterdam, 1 Buffon's record from "Guiana" needs confirmation, while Burmeister's surmise that the range of the White Ibis might extend into Amazonia as far as the Rio Negro seems to be without any foundation. 2 As Linnaeus' description was clearly based upon Edwards' figure, the Bahama Islands may be regarded as type locality, although the Scarlet Ibis occurs there merely as a casual straggler. 264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Herminabank, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 — llanos of Venezuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 774 — coast of British Guiana (soft parts). Guara rubra Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 384, 1899 — coast of Sao Paulo; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 235, 1909— Margarita Island, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910— coast of Piauhy; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 138, 1912 — Marajo (Faz. Diamantina and Faz. Menino Jesus); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913— Manimo River (Isla Morocotico and Isla Plata), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 362, 1916 — delta region and (rare) along the middle Orinoco; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 33, 1926 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 485, 1929— Mangunga Island, Maranhao; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 137, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 — Trinidad (resident) ; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 44, 1938 — Par& (Marajo) and Maranhao (Primeira Cruz). Range. — Breeds on the northeast coast (rarely inland) of South America from Trinidad and eastern Venezuela south to the State of Parana, Brazil; casual in the West Indies (Jamaica), Bahama Islands, Central America (Honduras), and allegedly on the Gulf coast of Louisiana and Texas.1 Field Museum Collection. — 16: Honduras (unspecified, 1); Vene- zuela (Margarita Island, 1); British Guiana (Berbice, 1; Mahaica Front, 1; Mon Repos, 4; Dusignan, 1; unspecified, 3); Dutch Guiana (Tigerbanks, Maroni River, 3) ; Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 1). Plegadis Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 82, 1829— type, by monotypy, Tantalus falcinellus Kaup. Tantalides Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1231 — no type specified. Falcinellus (not of Illiger, 1816) Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1841— type by orig. desig., "F . igneus (Gmelin)"=Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus. Plegadornis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 290 — substitute name for Plegadis Kaup. *Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (Linnaeus). GLOSSY IBIS. Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 241, 1766 — based on "Numenius rostro arcuato, corpore castaneo, pedibus obscure viren- tibus" Kramer (Elench. Veget. Anim. Austr. inf., p. 350), "Le Courly 1 About the unsatisfactory nature of the United States records, cf. Penard, in Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, pp. 34-35, 1926. The occurrence of the Scarlet Ibis in Cuba, even as a straggler, is denied by Gundlach (Journ. Orn., 23, p. 317, 1875). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 265 verd" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 326, pi. 27, fig. 2 [= immature]), etc.; "Austria, Italia." * Ibis ordi Bonaparte, Geogr. Comp. List Bds. Eur. and N. Amer., p. 49, 1838 — based on Tantalus mexicanus? (not of Gmelin)* Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, No. 4, p. 53, Aug. 1817 (Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey) and Ibis falcinellus Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 387.3 Ibis erythrorhyncha Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 5, "1837," p. 127, pub. June 14, 1838 — Haiti, Greater Antilles (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, present location unknown). Falcinellus erythrorhynchus(a) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 349, 1856 — Cuba (crit.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 159, 1857 — Haiti and Cuba (diag.). Falcinellus ordii Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 352, 1866 — Cuba (resident); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 318, 1875 — Cuba (Cardenas, Rio Hanabana, etc.) (crit., plumages, soft parts). Ibis falcinellus var. Ordii Coues, Bds. Northwest, p. 517, 1874 (syn., range). Falcinellus igneus Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 503 (monog.). Plegadis autumnalis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 124, 1896 — (diag., range); Bagnard, Wilson Bull., 25, pp. 103-117, 1913— Orange Lake, Florida (breeding habits). Plegadis falcinellus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 29, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 45, 1926 (life hist.). Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 304, 1927 (occurrence doubtful); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 90, 1931— Hispaniola (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range); Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Coot Pond, St. George, Oct. 20, 1900); Holt, Auk, 50, p. 351, 1933 — Cameron Parish, Louisiana (breeding); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 77, 1938 — southern Louisiana (breeding); Campbell, Auk, 61, p. 471, 1944 — Toledo, Ohio. Range. — Breeds in North America only in Louisiana (Cameron Parish) and Florida (Micanopy and Bird Island, Orange Lake), and in the Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba and Hispaniola); also widely distributed in the Old World from southern France (Camargue), Austria (Lake Neusiedl), and the Danube Valley to 1 We suggest as type locality Lake Neusiedl, Lower Austria (ex Kramer: "ad lacum Nischiteriensem"). 1 Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 652, 1789— based on "Le Courly vari6 du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 333, which, in its turn, goes back to Hernandez's "Acacalotl") may possibly refer to an Ibis of this genus, but it is so poorly described (the dimensions, particularly, being much too large) that identification will always remain problematical. * Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, may be regarded as type locality. The whereabouts of the specimen described by Ord is unknown. 266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tropical Africa and Asia; casual in the eastern United States, eastern Canada, the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, and Jamaica. Field Museum Collection. — 11: Florida (Orlando, 1; Fellsmere, Indian River County, 5); Cuba (San Cristobal, Pinar del Rio, 5). *Plegadis (falcinellus?) chihi (Vieillot).1 WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS. Numenius chihi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 8, p. 303, 1817 — based on "Cuello jaspeado" Azara, No. 364; Paraguay and campos of Buenos Aires. Numenius chichi Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., II, p. 253, 1818 — based on "Cuello jaspeado" Azara, No. 364. Ibis guarauna (not Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus)2 Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay; Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 24, Genus Ibis, sp. 8, 1827 (descr.); Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— northern Chile; Cassin, hi Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855— Chile; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 424, 1856— Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, and Paraguay (descr.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1870, p. 23 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Ibis Guaranna (sic) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 759 (descr.). Tentalus (sic) chalcopterus (not Ibis chalcoptera Vieillot, 1817) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 511, Sept. 4, 1830— Chile (type in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 5 [spec. No. 26], 1863). Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi (not Ibis ordi Bonaparte) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Rio Negro and swampy plains between Bahia Blanca and Buenos Aires. "Harpiprion cayanensis (Ibis (Falcinellus) ordi, Bonap.") (sic) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— Chile. 1 Plegadis (falcinellus?) chihi (Vieillot) differs from P. f. falcinellus by smaller size, the possession, in adult plumage, of a conspicuous white border to the bare facial space, and lake-red instead of blackish loral area. In spite of the fact that both the Glossy Ibis and the White-faced Glossy Ibis have been found breeding in Louisiana as well as in Florida, the differences separating the two birds are not such as to suggest specific distinctness, and the matter requires further investigation, notably in the field. The breeding range of the White-faced Glossy Ibis is discontinuous, for it is practically absent from Central America and northern South America. Birds from the United States average slightly larger, but the divergency appears too insignificant to justify the recognition of a northern race. 2 As we have pointed out (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., (1), 13, No. 1, p. 301 [footnote], 1942), Scolopax guarauna Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 242, 1766) proves to be referable to Aramus scolopaceus (Gmelin). The earliest available designation for the White-faced Glossy Ibis is evidently Numenius chihi Vieillot, since Tantalus mexicanus Gmelin seems to be unidentifiable as to species. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 267 Ibis falcinettus (not Tantalus falcinellus Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 416, 1847— Chile (descr. of nuptial plumage); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, Ibis, p. 2, 1863— part, spec. Nos. 26-31, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay, and Mexico; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 125, 1865— Chile (crit., meas.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 — Chile; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 799 — Prov. Buenos Aires (habits; breeding at Gualicho, 170 miles south of Buenos Aires); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 306, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema) and Matto Grosso (Pansecco, Caicara), Brazil; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Antofagasta, Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 3, p. cxvi, 1894 — road to Chilian, Stable, Chile. FalcineUus guarauna Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 418, 1847 — vicinity of Valparaiso, Chile (descr. of young and winter plumage) ; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 159, 1857 — Brazil (diag.); Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 — Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 505— Columbia River to Chile and Buenos Aires (monog.); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 56, 1878 — Brownsville, lower Rio Grande, Texas (habits, nest and eggs descr.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 — Rio Salado and Tandfl, Buenos Aires. Ibis breviroslris Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped., 8, p. 219, 1848 — Rio Rimac, Lima, Peru (type formerly in U. S. National Museum ;= young).1 Ibis chilensis (Sturm MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 21 (for Nov. 24), p. 993, 1856— California and Chile (diag.).1 Ibis chalcoptera Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Mendoza and Pampa; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 511, 1861 — Mendoza and Parana. Ibis thalassinus Ridgway, Amer. Natur., 8, No. 2, p. 110, Feb., 1874 — "Pacific coast of America, from California to Chili; western portion of the Great Basin (Humboldt River)" (no type designated). Falcinellus igneus (not Numenius igneus S. G. Gmelin) Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — neighborhood of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 189 — Prov. Buenos Aires (Baradero, April); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877— Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile (breeding); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 — lagoons of the pampa According to Wetmore and Zimmer (in litt.), the type has been lost. It is not in the U. S. National Museum, nor is it listed by Stone and Bangs among Peale's specimens now preserved in the collections at Philadelphia and Cambridge respectively. Cassin (U. S. Expl. Exp., Mamm. Orn., p. 304, 1858) refers it to P. guarauna auct., and in the absence of the type we are compelled to accept his identification, although it might have been a young P. ridgwayi, for the two species are not certainly separable in juvenile plumage. 1 Bonaparte states that he received from California numerous specimens, "a large capistrum blanc, a bee rougeatre depuis la base" of a species common in ChUe, which bears at Frankfurt the name Ibis chilensis Sturm, and in other collections the unpublished term "albifacies." The birds referred to by Bonaparte are doubtless the three from Chile listed as P. guarauna by Hartert (Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. Ges., p. 206, 1891), but what has become of those from California we are unable to say. 268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII south to the Rio Colorado; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 625— Punta Lara, Buenos Aires. Falrinellus thalassinus Ridgway, Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Paral., 4, p. 615, 1877— Humboldt River, Nevada; Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 507 — Pacific coast of America from California to Chile and "Straits of Magellan" (monog.;= immature). Plegadis guarauna Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 160 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 171, 1886— Laguna de Epatlan, Puebla (Dec.), and Laguna de Rosario, Tlaxcala (Jan.), Mexico; Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 481, 1886 — Lake Washington, Florida (breeding); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 109, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 145— Fortfn Page, lower Pilcomayo River; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 205— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (resident); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 146, 1893— El Pozo de TSiraba, Costa Rica; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Chile; Holland, Ibis, 1896, p. 318— Santa Elena (near Media Luna), Buenos Aires (breeding in November); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897— Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, pp. 34, 266, 1898 (monog.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 104, p. 996, 1899— Chile (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 384, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 — Paraguayan Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 194, 1902 — Mexico (numerous localities) and South America; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 211, 1902 — Rio Sail and Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 447, 461 — Argentina (Quinta and Moreno, Jujuy) and Bolivia (Carapari and Tatarenda, Tarija); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 230, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907 — Iguap6, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 426, 1910— El Pozo de Te>raba, Costa Rica; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 340 — Los Ynglases, Aj6, Buenos Aires, and Tebicuari, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 1912, p. 276 (winter plumage descr.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped., Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 355, 1912 — Patagonia (descr.); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — Jocoli, Mendoza; Gibson, Ibis, 1919, p. 529 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nesting habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie" and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 42, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 354, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 65, 1926— Buenos Aires (Berazategui, Lavalle, Santo Domingo, etc.), Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa, Mendoza (Tunuyan), and Uruguay (San Vicente) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1926— Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 52, 1926 (life hist.) ; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 152, 1927— Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe"; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 80, 1928— Lower California; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930 — Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 384, 1931 — Rio 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 269 Gualeguaychu, Entre Rlos, and Las Lagunas, Cordoba; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 428, 1934 — Jesus Maria, Chihuahua, Mexico; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 79, 1938 — coastal region of southern Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 88, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (transient). Plegadis falcinellus Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 155 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. to March); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (resident) ; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 112, 1927— Marga-Marga, Chile. Plegadis falcinellus guarauna Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 248, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 70, 1930 — Fortfn Esteros, Tarija, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 308, 1932— Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 44, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguap6, Rio Pinheiros) and La Plata; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 — Chacalluta, Tacna (Aug.), and Rio Paicavi, Arauco (Jan.), Chile. Egatheus guarauna Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — Rio Apure, Venezuela. Plegadis (falcinellus?) guarauna Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range). Plegadis mexicanus (not of Gmelin, see note 2, page 265) van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 42, 1945 — Sonora (status, distr.). Range. — Breeds in North America, from Oregon and Utah south to Mexico (exact limit undetermined), east occasionally to Louisiana (Cameron Parish, Lake Charles, Lake Arthur) and Florida (Lake Washington); and again locally in Venezuela (Rio Apure), Bolivia, Chile, southern Brazil (from Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina south to the Rio Negro; casual in British Columbia, Washington, Costa Rica (a single record from El Pozo de TeVraba), and Peru (one record from Rio Rimac, Lima).1 Field Museum Collection. — 50: Utah (Box Elder County, 3; Cali- fornia (Los Banos, 2; Pacific Beach, 6); Arizona (Calabasas, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 5; Brownsville, 9); Mexico (Todos Santos, Lower California, 1; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 2; Tampico, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (Islapoi= Villa Militar, 3); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 1; Colomi, 7); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucu- man, 7; Quilines, Buenos Aires, 1). *Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen).2 RIDGWAY'S IBIS. 1 The record from "Straits of Magellan (Capt. King)" is open to doubt, while the claimed occurrence of "P. guarauna" in French Guiana (cf. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908 — ex "Buffon"=Brisson) refers to the Limpkin. 2 Plegadis ridgwayi (Allen) differs from the other members of the genus by shorter, stouter tarsus with the frontal scutellae irregular; darker, deep chestnut 270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Falcinellus ridgwayi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, Nos. 15-16, p. 355, July, 1876 — Moho, Conima, and Vilquechico, Lake Titicaca, Peru (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 179, 1930); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 506 — Peru (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 416, 1886— Peru (Junm, Lake Titicaca, etc.); MSnegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 218, 1909 — Argentina (Volcan, Jujuy) and Bolivia (Lake Titicaca). Ibis ordi (not of Bonaparte) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 311, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846 — puna zone of Peru. Ibis falcinellus (not Tantalum falcinellus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 — Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru. Falcinellus ordi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562 — Junm, Peru. Plegadis ridgwayi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 37, 1898— Peru (Tunga- suca, Langui, Junfn) and Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 47 — Banos and Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906— Puno, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 51, 1921 — Huaracondo, Urubamba, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 138, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 647— Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru. Egatheus ridgwayi Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 260, 1913 — Volcan, Jujuy; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 271 — El Cabrada, Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Range. — Puna zone of Peru (from Junin southward), Bolivia, and northwestern Argentina (Salta and Jujuy). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Peru (Junin, Junin, 1); Bolivia (Viacha, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 3; Colomi, Cochabamba, 4). Subfamily PLATALEINAE. Spoonbills Genus PLATALEA Linnaeus Plataka Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 67, 1840), Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia Linnaeus. SPOONBILL. Platalea Leucorodia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139, 1758 — based on Fauna Svec., No. 87, Europe. Plataka leucorodia leucorodia H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 58, fig. 4, 1941— Itivdleq, Julianehaab District, Greenland (Oct. 4, 1936). Range. — Breeds locally in Holland, southern Russia, southern Spain, Rumania, Balkan countries, Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. Winters in Africa. One record for Greenland. brown rather than rich chestnut head and upper neck; dark metallic green back; metallic green lesser wing coverts with bronze purple reflections; violet-blackish, instead of chestnut, lower neck and remaining under parts except the reddish tibial feathers. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 271 Genus AJAIA Reichenbach Ajaia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Ajaia rosea Reichenbach =Plalaka ajaja Linnaeus. Mystrorhamphus Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 313, 1890 — substitute name for Ajaia Reichenbach. * Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus). ROSEATE SPOONBILL. Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — based on "Platea incarnata" Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 316 — salt ponds of Jamaica) and "Aiaia" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 204 — Rio Sao Francisco, eastern Brazil);1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 668, 1833— Prov. Rio de Janeiro (Goaytacases) and Bahia; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 — south of Valparaiso, Chile; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 298, 1846— Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 755, 1849 — coastal rivers and Takutu River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 427, 1856— Ilha do Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Parana and Men- doza, Argentina; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 — near Kidney Cove, Falkland Islands (July, 1860); Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 438, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200— lower Ucayali River, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 274, 1868 — provinces of Santiago and Colchagua (Hacienda de Larma- hue), Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 304, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Parana (Rio do Boraxudo), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Caigara, Rio Guapore nas Laranjeiras), Amazonas (Forte do Rio Branco), and Para (Cajutuba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22 — Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, Rio Sao Francisco, etc.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 306 — lower Rio Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 311, 1875 — Cuba (breed- ing; habits); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Anjos, Marajo, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 190 — Prov. Buenos Aires (winter); Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 746 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 58, 1878— lower Rio Grande, Texas; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to April); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 90, 1884 — Rio Salado, Tandil, and Arroyo Tandileufu, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 — Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 412, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 33, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 163— Lago Grande do Amapa, Para, Brazil; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 190, 1901 — Mexico to Panama (Veraguas); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 461— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908— Cayenne; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 92, 1910 — near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia. 'Eastern Brazil (=Rio Sao Francisco) (ex Marcgrave) given as restricted type locality by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 301, 1908. 272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Plataka al'ai'a Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 267, 1828 — between Payta and Golan, Piura, Peru. Platea mexicana Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (n.s.), 1, (3), p. 222, July, 1849 — substitute name for Platalea ajaja Linnaeus. Ajaja rosea Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xvi, "1852" (=1653) — new name for Platalea ajaja Linnaeus; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 407, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 379, 1883— San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 114, 1889 — Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 145— lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., p. 205— Est. Espartillar; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 199 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233— Villa Concepcion, Paraguay; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 341— Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses; Los Violetas, Monsalvo) and Paraguay (Tebicuari); Gibson, I.e., 1919, p. 535 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding; habits). Ajai(j)a ajaja Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 52, 1898 (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 210, 1902 — Concepcion and Famailla, Tucuman; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 49, 1906— Caroni River, Trinidad; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 48, 1907 — Caviana (breeding) and Mexiana, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 62, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 100, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 248, 1909 — Barracas al Sud and San Vicente, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 227, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 427, 1910 — Bolson, Palo Verde de Guanacaste, and Bebede"ro, Costa Rica; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 361, 1912 — Ensenada, Buenos Aires (descr.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 193, 1913— Isla Plata, Manimo River, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 102, 1914— Salvaterra and Marajo (Pindobal, Pacoval), Para, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 360, 1916 — Orinoco Valley (from the delta region to the mouth of the Apure River); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 188, 1916 — Los Indies, Isle of Pines, Cuba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 228, 1917— Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 32, 1918 — Braamspunt, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 15, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, San Jos6, Florida, Maldonado, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 139, 1922 — Neguangue and Punto Caiman, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 141 — Calabozo, Venezuela; Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324 — near Stanley, Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 65, 1926— Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (crit.); Bent, I.e., 135, p. 13, 1926 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 79, 1928 — Colorado Delta, Lower California; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 87, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 140, 1931 (range); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 93, 1931 — Hispaniola (breeding); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 138, 1932— Guatemala (Ocos, Lake Yzabal); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, 9. 310, 1932— central provinces of Chile (Val- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 273 paraiso, Santiago, Colchagua); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 298, 1932— Honduras (Puerto Castilla, Tela); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583 — Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 45, 1938 — Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Cidade da Barra), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Iguape", Porto Epitacio, Tabatinguara), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy); Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. Louisiana, 28, p. 81, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 89, 1938— El Salvador; Maslowski and Kock, Nat. Hist., New York, 45, p. 108, 1940 (general habits); Bull, Eisenmann and Komorowski, Auk, 61, p. 475, 1944 — South Carolina; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 44, 1945— El Beni (Bresta; Orion), Bolivia; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 43, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Range. — Breeds in the southern United States (Gulf states and Florida), Bahama Islands (Great Inagua), Cuba, (?) Jamaica, His- paniola (rare), and from Mexico south to Chile, Argentina (south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires), and Uruguay; casual in various parts of the United States, Straits of Magellan, and Falkland Islands (three records). Field Museum Collection. — 44: Texas (Brownsville, 3; Corpus Christi, 2; Aransas County, 4; Victoria County, 2; Bloomington, Victoria County, 2); Florida (St. John's River, 1; Tampa, 1; Cape Sable, 3; Saint Augustine, 1; Sarasota County, 2); Bahama Islands (Inagua, 8); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; Sagarterra, Tabasco, 2); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 4); Paraguay (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2) ; Argentina (near Moreno, Buenos Aires, 1). Suborder PHOENICOPTERI Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE. Flamingos Genus PHOENICOPTERUS Linnaeus Phoenicoptems Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 139, 1758 — type, by monotypy, Phoenicoptems ruber Linnaeus. Phoenicorodias G. R. Gray, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, pp. 441, 443, Oct., 1869— type, by monotypy, Phoenicoptems ruber Linnaeus. *Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Linnaeus. AMERICAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 139, 1758 — based on various references, the diagnosis being evidently taken from the colored plate of "The Flamingo" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 73, pi. 73; 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII /'they breed on the coasts of Cuba and the Bahamas" (ex Catesby);1 Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 — coast and Bird Island (visitant); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 65— Jamaica (visitant); Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. 15, fig. 7 (head) — Bahama Islands, Florida, Mexico, Jamaica, Cuba, and Santo Domingo (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 318, 1870 — Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March 3); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 368, 1875— Cuba; Reichenow, I.e., 25, p. 229, 1877 (diag.); Gundlach, I.e., 26, p. 190, 1878— Puerto Rico (Boqueron and salt-marsh of the south coast) ; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 458 — Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 186— Cozumel Island; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 9, 1895 (monog.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 608, 1897— James and Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago (crit., meas.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 182, 1899 — Albemarle, Charles, and James Islands, Galapagos Archipelago (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 196, 1902— Yucatan; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 306, 1902 — Bonaire (breeding) and Aruba (visitant); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, pp. 53-77, 1905— Bahama Islands (life hist.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907 (range); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 550— Margarita Island, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 215, 218, 1909— Los Roques and Orchilla, Caribbean Sea; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 409, 1911 — Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 112, 1914 — Island of Caviana and Macapa, Para, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 185, 1916— Waini Creek (breeding), Barima River, and Marooka; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 135, p. 1, 1926 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 305, 1927 — Puerto Rico (Boqueron), Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, and St. Thomas (formerly); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 308, 1931— Bermuda Islands (accidental visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 94, 1931 — Hispaniola (locally resident); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 45, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Danforth, Auk, 55, p. 667, 1938— El Faro de Cabo Roja, Puerto Rico. Phoenicopterus bahamensis Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., p. 589, 1831 — based on "Phoenicopterus bahamensis" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 73, [pi. 73]; 'TAme'rique du nord." Phoenicopterus americanus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 364, July, 1837— based on Ph. ruber Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, [p. 45], pi. 66, fig. 4; on the southern frontier of the United States, peninsula of East Florida, etc. Phoenicopterus glyphorhynchus G. R. Gray, Ibis, (n.s.), 5, No. 20, p. 442, pi. 14, fig. 5, Oct., 1869 — Galapagos Islands (type in British Museum; cf. Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 498, 1876; crit.). Phoenicopterus sp. inc. Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 — Aruba and Bonaire Islands. Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 46, 1937 — estuary of Amazon (Para). 1 Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 312, 1908) designates Bahama Islands (ex Catesby) as type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 275 Range. — Breeding locally in the Bahama Islands, Cuba, His- paniola, Yucatan, on islands in the Caribbean Sea (Bonaire; Los Roques) and (?) on the coasts of Guiana, and on the Galdpagos Islands;1 formerly on the Florida Keys; occasional visitor to the estuary of the Amazon River, Brazil (Caviana Island; Macapa; Praia de Cajutuba, Para). Field Museum Collection. — 9: Bahama Islands (Abaco, 1; Inagua, 3; unspecified, 3); Cuba (unspecified, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 1). *Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Molina. CHILEAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina,1 Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 242, 344, 1782 — Chile; Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 8, 1829 — Andes of Chile (descr.); Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 — southern provinces of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— northern Chile; Reiche- now, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 228, 1877— Chile (diag.); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 16, 1895 — Chile and Chubut (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902— Famailla, Cruz-alta, and Val- derrama, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (egg, descr.); iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906— Puno, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907— Rio Grande do Sul (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909 — Salado, Est. San Martlno Monte, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, I.e., 18, p. 234, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 403, 1912— Possa de la Reina (50 miles north of Punta Arenas), Patagonia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Zocolf, Mendoza; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 274— Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 — Canelones and Rocha, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 134, 1920 — San Julian, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (breeding); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 300, 1923— Neluan and Laguna Blanca, Rio Negro; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926— delta of the Tumbez River, Peru; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 67, 1926— Prov. of Buenos Aires and Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 414, 1927— Paja Alta and Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 152, 1927— Aj6 River, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range). Phoenicopterus ignipalliatus d'Orbigny and I. Geoffrey St.-Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat., 17, pp. 454, 455, 1829 — "commun dans la province de Bu6nos Ayres jusqu'a la Bahia Blanca, extremement rare a Corrientes" (type in Paris Museum); iidem, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, pi. 2, text [p. 2], 1832— Buenos 1 It is now established that birds from the Galapagos (glyphorhynchus) cannot be separated. 1 The description is erroneous in so far as the remiges are called "white" instead of black, doubtless a pen-slip. 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aires, Corrientes, Patagonia, and Chile (Santiago) ; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 313, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 304, 1846— Peru; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 441, 1847— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855— Rio Maule, Chile; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 430, 1856 (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 265, 1860 — Mendoza and Parana; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 136, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868— Cordilleras of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 442, pi. 14, fig. 4 (head) — Chile (crit.); Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 364 — Mendoza and Buenos Aires; Hudson and Sclater, I.e., p. 549 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 562— Junin, Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330— delta of the Rio Tumbez, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 561, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 41 — Chubut Valley; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 400— Lake Colguape" and Rio Sengel, Chubut; Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 45, p. 160, 1879 — source of the Rio Maule, Chile (eggs descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 52, 1881 — CarnuS (Lag. Epecuen), Puan (Lag. de Marra-C6), Salinas Chicas, etc., Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 91, 1884 — Rio Salado, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 — Puan, Buenos Aires; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, pi. 2, fig. 2 (head), 1887 — Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Antofagasta, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 117, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; 1892, p. 206 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 124, 1891 — lagoons and salt marshes of Cordoba; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 — Maldonado, Uruguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— southern Chile; Albert, I.e., 108, p. 557, 1901— Chile (monog.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 342— Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 1 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Phoenicopterus ruber chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 311, 1932 — twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 46, 1938 (range). Range. — Southern South America from Peru on the west and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) on the east south to Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. — 8: Peru (Cailloma, Arequipa, 2; Pico- tani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1); Argentina (Abra Pampa, Jujuy, 1). Genus PHOENICOPARRUS Bonaparte Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 992, 1856 — type, by orig. desig., Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi. Lipocentrus Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 145, 1872 — substitute name for Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 277 Phoenicoparra Stejneger, in Riverside Nat. Hist., 4, p. 154, 1885 — emendation for Phoenicoparrus Bonaparte. *Phoenicoparrus andinus (R. A. Philippi). ANDEAN FLAMINGO. Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, Aug., 1854, p. 337 — salt lake below Altos de Pingo Pingo, Antofagasta, Chile (type in Museo Nacio- nal, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 23, fig. 10, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), p. 12, 1855 (German version of orig. descr.); idem, Reise Wiiste Atacama, pp. 57, 164, pis. 4, 5, 1860 — near Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 334, 339 — part, "Cordilleras of Copiapo"; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 279, 1868 — Atacama; Burmeister, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 364 — northwestern extremity of Argentina; Leybold, Excurs. Pamp. Arjent., p. 96, 1873 — Salar de Ola, Atacama (eggs descr.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 229, 1877 — Chile (in part); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 45, (1), p. 160, 1879— Atacama (eggs descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 399 — Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (eggs descr.); Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 — Maricunga (east of Copiapo), Atacama, to Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888 — Antofagasta; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 119, 1889 — Argentina; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136 — salt-marshes of "Canchosa" (= Cancosa), Tara- paca, Chile; (?)Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 125, 1891— near Cordoba (sight record); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896 — Atacama; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 189 — Huasco and Cancosa, Tarapaca; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 74, pis. 33, fig. 3 (bill), 34, 1902— Bolivia to Copiapo; Allen, Auk, 38, p. 342, 1921— Lake Poopo, Bolivia. Phoenicoparrus andinus Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 21, 1895 — Huasco and Cancosa, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 560, 1901 — northern Chile (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 — Quebrada de las Lagunas and Cumbres Calchaquies, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 235, 1910 — same localities; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 141, 1931 (range); Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 405, 1931 — Laguna Colorado, Jujuy; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 312, 1932 — central Tarapac& to Atacama, Chile, and Esperanza (Sajama), Bolivia. Range. — Puna zone of southwestern Peru (Salinas, Arequipa), northwestern Bolivia (Lake Poopo and Esperanza, Sajama, Dept. Oruro), northern Chile (central Tarapaca to Atacama), and north- western Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Tucuman, and Los Andes).1 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Salinas, Arequipa, 1). Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater).2 JAMES'S FLAMINGO. 1 In addition to a series from Tarapaca (Huasco, Cancosa), we have examined specimens secured by Otto Garlepp at Esperanza, Sajama, Dept. Oruro, Bolivia. The sight record from "C6rdoba" needs confirmation by specimens. 2 Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Sclater), though related to P. andinus, may be distinguished by decidedly inferior size and considerably smaller as well as dif- ferently colored bill. The black terminal portion is much less extensive, and is 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phoenicopterus jamesi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. for June, 1886, p. 399, pi. 36 — Sitani, at the foot of the Volcano "Tsluga" (=Isluga), Tarapaca, Chile (type in coll. of Mrs. Berkeley James, probably at the Oaks, near Carshalton, Surrey); Rahmer, Anal. Univ. Chile, 69, (la secc.), p. 753, 1886 —foot of Volcan Isluga; idem, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 160, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1887— salt lake at the foot of Volcan Isluga, Tarapaca; Cabanis, I.e., 37, p. 76, 1889— "Arica," Tacna, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 207, 1896— Tarapaca; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 74, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2, 1902— Tarapaca; MenSgaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 222, 1909— Abrapampa, Jujuy. Phoenicopterus andinus (not of Philippi) Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 1854, p. 338— part, Tarapac£ (coll. Bollaert); idem, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), "p. 12, 1855— part, Tarapaca (coll. Bollaert); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 334— part, Tarapaca (coll. Bollaert); Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 443, pi. 15, figs. 9, 10 — "Peruvian Andes" =Parinacota Lagoon, Tara- pac& (descr. of Bollaert's spec.). Phoenicoparrus jamesi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 22, 1895 — Parinacota and Sitani, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 563, 1901 — Tarapaca (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 131, 1906— Puno, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 312, 1932— northern Tarapaca, Chile (char., range). Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (Puno, Lake Titicaca), extreme northern Chile (northern Tarapaca), western Bolivia (Oruro), and northwestern Argentina (Abrapampa, Jujuy). Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANHIMIDAE. Screamers Genus ANHIMA Brisson Anhima Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 518, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "An- hima"= Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus. Palamedea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 71, 1840), Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus. *Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus). HORNED SCREAMER. succeeded by an orange yellow area occupying the whole basal portion, while the narrow rim at the base of the forehead, the lores, and the naked skin around the eye are carmine red. There is, besides, a red spot terminating the orange yellow at the front of the upper mandible. The external secondaries and scapulars are bright rosy-red and elongated into filiform plumes, extending about two inches beyond the tips of the primaries; the legs and feet are dark brick-red instead of pale yellowish; the naked loral space is wider and differently shaped. This bird appears to be specifically distinct from P. andinus, both having been found in western Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. We have examined three specimens from Tarapacd, Chile, and a very large series from Bolivia, Department of Oruro (Esperanza and Sajama). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 279 Palamedea cornuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 232, 1766 — based chiefly on Marcgrave's "Anhima" (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 215) and Brisson's "Kamichy" (Orn., 5, p. 518, Cayenne); "Brasilia, Guiana;"1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 585, 1833— Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (habits); Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 457, 1848 — Asecota River; idem, I.e., 3, p. 751, 1849; Gervais, in Castelnau, Exp&I. Ame>. Sud, Zool., 1, 2eme mem., p. 74, pi. 15, figs. 1-5, 1855 (osteol.); Des Murs, I.e., Ois., p. 85, 1856 — Lac des Perles and Miranda, Matto Grosso; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 396, 1856 (descr.); SchJegel, Mus. Pays- Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865— Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 — upper Rio Ucayali, Peru; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 488, 1866— Trinidad; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 22— Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Cap Gama, Rio Guapor6), and Amazonas (Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Madeira; Cara-raucu, Rio Amazonas); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 304 — upper Rio Ucayali and lakes on the Rio Huallaga, Peru; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 3, 1895 — upper Rio Ucayali, Peru, and "Balzar Mts.," Ecuador (monog.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 110, 1899— lower Rio Beni, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 422, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 78, 1907— Itapura, Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 312, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 426, 1910 — Cachoeira da Bananeira, Rio Madeira; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— Remanso de Coco, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 112, 1914 — Rio Maracana and Peixe-Boi, Para; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 182, 1916 — Abary River; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 366, 1916— Las Bar- rancas, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 232, 1917 — near Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922— lower Catatumbo River, Zulia, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 233, 1925 — Lagoa do Parnagud and Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Rio Madeira, Para, Brazil. Palamedea bispinosa Humboldt, Rec. d'Observ. Zool. Anat. Comp., 1, fasc. 1, p. 5, 1805 — banks of the Cauca River, Colombia (based on "Le Kamichi de Buffon" [Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 335]). Anhima cornuta Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 194, 1913 — Manimo River, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926— Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929— Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy and Maranhao; Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 243, 1930 — San Enrique, lower Rio Ucayali, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 96, 1930— Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 583— Nariva Swamp, Trinidad (formerly); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 48, 1936— Inhumas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 47, 1938 — Sao Paulo (Itapura), Minas Geraes 1 Eastern Brazil (ex Marcgrave) designated as type locality by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908). 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Rio Pandeiro, Pirapora), Goyaz (Inhumas), and Matto Grosso (Coxim); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 44, 1945— Puerto Salinas, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. — Tropical South America from Colombia (Cauca Valley), Ecuador (one record from Balzar), Venezuela,1 eastern Peru and the Guianas south through Amazonia to central-eastern Bolivia (Rio Surutu), Matto Grosso, and Sao Paulo. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Venezuela (lower Catatumbo River, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Peru (San Enrique, Ucayali River, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus CHAUNA Illiger2 Chauna Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 253, 1811 — type, by monotypy, Parra Chavaria Linnaeus. Opistolophus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., pp. 60, 70, 1816 — type, Parra Chavaria Linnaeus. Chaja Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, (2), p. "939" (=639), 1816— type, by mono- typy, Chaja torquata Oken. Ischyrornis Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xxi, "1851" (=1852) — type, by orig. desig., Chauna derbiana G. R. Gray. Ischyornis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 598, 1856 — emendation of Ischyrornis Reichenbach. "Chauna chavaria (Linnaeus). NORTHERN SCREAMER. Parra Chavaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766 — lakes near Rio Sinu, south of Cartagena, Colombia. Palamedea chavaria Geoffroy, Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil. Paris, No. 7, p. 50, 1797 — Rio Sinu, Colombia (crit.). Opistolopus (sic) fidelis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 206, 1816 — based on Parra Chavaria (Latham ex) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766; Rio Sinu, Colombia.* Chauna derbiana Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [591], pi. 160, 1846 — no locality specified; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75 (the type, in coll. of Lord Derby [now in the Liverpool Museum], said to be from "Pete"n, Guatemala"); Moore, I.e., 1866, p. 368 (type a cage-bird, locality erroneous); Sclater, I.e., 1866, p. 369 — northern littoral of Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 417 — "San Fernando, Trinidad" (crit.); idem, I.e., 1871, p. 102— "Santa Marta." Formerly on the island of Trinidad. 1 Chavaria Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. nomen nudum without standing. Azara's account, likewise quoted by Vieillot, refers to Chauna torquata (Oken). * Chavaria Rafinesque (Anal. Nat., p. 70, 1815), quoted by certain authors, is a nomen nudum without standing. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 281 Chauna chavaria Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 377 — Dekke River, near Cartagena, Colombia (habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 4, 1895 — Venezuela and Colombia (Cartagena); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 232, 1917 — Magdalena River, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922— Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 363, 1931 — Aracataca and Tucurinca rivers, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range). Chauna nigricollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75, pi. 11 — Dekke River, near Cartagena, Colombia (type in Zoological Gardens, London, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 369 (crit.;=C. derbiana). Palamedea derbyana Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865 — "Bogota." Range. — Tropical zone of northern Colombia (from the lower Magdalena west to Cartagena, Rio Dekke, Rio Sinu, etc.) and north- western Venezuela (Zulia).1 Field Museum Collection. — 5: Colombia (unspecified, 1); Vene- zuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 4). *Chauna torquata (Oken). SOUTHERN SCREAMER. Chaja torquata Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3, (2), p. "939" (=639), 1816— based on "Chaja" Azara, No. 341; "in Paragai, um Plata" = Paraguay and banks of the La Plata River. Opistholophus fidelis (not of Vieillot, 1816) Vieillot and Oudart, Galerie Ois., 2, p. 156, pi. 262, ca. 1825 (synon. in part). Palamedea chavaria (not Parra chavaria Linnaeus) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 37, pi. 219, Aug. 30, 1823— Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 584 (in text), 1833— Rio Grande do Sul; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 397, 1856 — southern Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860 — Parana, Uruguay, and other rivers; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Ralli, p. 72, 1865— Sao Paulo and "Chile" (errore); Sternberg, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 277, 1869 — Buenos Aires (habits). Palamedia (sic) cristata (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 351, 1837 — based on Palamedea chavaria Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., pi. 219, 1823; Brazil. Chauna chavaria Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 75 — southern Brazil and Paraguay (diag.); idem, I.e., 1866, p. 370 — same localities; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 314, 1870— Cuyaba, Villa Maria, Rio de Cabacal, Villa Bella, and Rio Guapore", Matto Grosso; Dur.nford, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 — Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 190 — Baradero, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); idem, l.c., 1878, p. 63— Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 165— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 53, 1881 — between Olovarris and Lavalle, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 625— Punta Lara, 1 The reported occurrence in Trinidad has not been confirmed. 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 272, 1884 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 88, 1884 — Buenos Aires (Ayacucho to Tandll, Rio Salado, etc.); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 85, 1889— Est. Itaftu, south of Asunci6n, Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1890, pp. 425, 427— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 125, 1891— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146— lower Rio Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 206— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 200 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 2 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits). Chauna cristata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 6, 1895 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 422, 1899— Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 — Concepcion and Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 209, 1902 — Lules and Alto de las Salinas, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 78, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909— Buenos Aires (La Plata, Barracas al Sud, Est. San Martino Monte) and Entre Rfos (La Soledad); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 342— Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); M6ne"gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 5, p. 26, 1917 — Corumba, Matto Grosso. Chauna torquata Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 597, 1908 (crit.); Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 200, 1917 (nomencl.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 16, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Maldonado, Minas, Rocha, Treinte y Tres, Cerro Largo, Flores); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 264, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serte and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 43, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 79, 1923— La Rioja; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 67, 1926— Chaco (Riacho Pilaga, Puerto Pinasco, etc.), Buenos Aires (Lavalle), and Uruguay; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 25, 1927— Islas del Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 153, 1927— La Noria, Santa F6 (habits); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 96, 1930 — Rio Sao Lourengo, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 51, 1930 — Lapango, Formosa; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 142, 1931 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 370, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 47, 1938— Matto Grosso (Sao Luiz de Caures, Caceres, Corumba, Rio Piquiry) and Argentina (Saladillo); Pereyra, El Hornero, 7, p. 378, 1940 (notes); MacDonagh, Notas Mus. La Plata, Zool., 5, p. 31, 2 pis., 1940 (habits); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 45, 1945— El Beni (Bresta; San Lorenzo), Bolivia. Chauna salvadorii Brabourne and Chubb, Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 53, Dec., 1912 — new name for Palamedia cristata Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 351, 1837; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 77, 1918— San Pedro, near Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes; Dabbene, I.e., p. 93, 1918 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Sanzin, I.e., p. 148, 1918 — Potrerillo, Mendoza; Renard, I.e., 2, p. 59, 1920 — Canuelas, Buenos Aires. Range, — Southern Brazil, from Matto Grosso and western Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Bolivia; Paraguay; Uruguay; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 283 northern Argentina south to provinces of Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection. — 9: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay (25 km. east of Rosario, 2); Argentina (Tres Pozos, Salta, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 1; Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2). Suborder ANSERES Family ANATIDAE.1 Ducks, Geese, and Swans Subfamily CYGNINAE. Swans Genus CYGNUS Bechstein Cygnus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 404, note, 1803 — type, by monotypy, Anas olor Gmelin. Olor Wagler, Isis, col. 1234, 1832 — type, by subs, desig., Anas cygnus Linnaeus. Cycnus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 4, p. 526, 1840 — type, by monotypy, Cygnus musicus Bechstein. Sthenelus Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 185, 1882 — type, by mono- typy, Anas melancorypha Molina. Sthenelides Stejneger, in Kingsley Stand. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 143, 1885 — emenda- tion. Clangocygnus Oberholser, Emu, 8, p. 3, 1908 — type, by monotypy, Cygnus buccinator Richardson. Euolor Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 117, 1917 — type, by orig. desig., Anas olor Gmelin. Cygnus cygnus cygnus (Linnaeus). WHOOPER SWAN. Anas Cygnus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 122, 1758 — "in Europa, America septentrionali"= Sweden. Cygnus cygnus Wilke, Auk, 61, p. 655, 1944— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (one record). Range. — Northern Europe and Asia. Accidental on Pribilof lands (one record). 'Cygnus cygnus islandicus C. L. Brehm. ICELAND WHOOPER SWAN. Cygnus Islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 832, 1831 — Iceland (type not extant). Cygnus musicus (not of Bechstein) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 81, 1898 — southern Greenland. 1 Some radical innovations in the grouping of the Anatidae have recently been suggested by Delacour and Mayr (Wilson Bull., 57, pp. 1-55, 1945). 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cygnus cygnus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 278, 1925 (life hist.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 11, 1941 (Greenland records). Cygnus cygnus islandicus Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 143, 1931 (range); Salo- monsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 13, 1935 — Sukkertoppen and Nassak, Greenland (also other Greenland records). Cygnus cygnus (islandicus?) Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 133 — northeastern Greenland (meas.). Range. — Formerly bred in southern and eastern Greenland. Now probably confined to Iceland. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Greenland (Sukkertoppen, 1). *Cygnus columbianus (Ord). WHISTLING SWAN. ' Anas Columbianus Ord, in Guthrie's Geog., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815 — The Dalles, Oregon, ex Lewis and Clark Exp., 2, p. 192, 1814. (Cygnus) Americanus Sharpless, Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist., 1, No. 8, p. 185, 1830 — North America. Olor columbianus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 144, 1886 — Yukon District (nesting); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 91, 1887— St. Michaels (nesting); Fleming, Auk, 25, p. 306, 1908 (destruction at Niagara Falls); idem, I.e., 29, p. 445, 1912 (further destruction); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 256, 1918 (habits, etc. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 180, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting). Cygnus columbianus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 32, 1895 — Corpus Christi, Texas; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 281, 1925 (life hist.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 206, 1925— Prince of Wales, Alaska (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., (2), 12, sec. 2, p. 25, pi. 12, 1932— Southampton Island (nesting); Moffitt, Condor, 41, p. 93, 1939 (distrib. in California); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 21, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 114, 1944— Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 16, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Range. — North America, breeding chiefly north of the Arctic Circle from the Alaska Peninsula (Bristol Bay), St. Lawrence Island and Point Barrow east to Hudson Bay (Southampton Island). Winters principally along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts from Chesapeake Bay to Currituck Sound and southern Alaska to Cali- fornia. In the interior during migration. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; Nome, 1; Bethel, 1); Oregon (Portland, 2); North Dakota (Grand Harbor, 1; Towner County, 1); Minnesota (100 miles north of Duluth, 1); Iowa (Knoxville, 1); Illinois (Orland Park, 1); Michigan (Custer, 1); Indiana (Vera Cruz, 1); Maryland (Chesapeake Bay, 1); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 285 Virginia (Back Bay, 2); North Carolina (Currituck County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Alaska (Chipp River, near Barrow, 2); North Dakota (Grafton, 1); North Carolina, Currituck Sound (Seagull, 1; Waterlily, 1). *Cygnus buccinator Richardson. TRUMPETER SWAN. Cygnus buccinator Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 2, p. 464, 1831 (1832)— Hudson Bay; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 33, 1895 (descr.); Fleming, Condor, 21, p. 124, 1919 (comp. meas. juv. C. buccinator and C. columbianus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 293, 1925 (life hist.); Brooks, Condor, 28, p. 129, 1926 (status) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range) ; Cottam and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 142, 1939 (food); Chapman, I.e., 59, p. 100, 1942— British Columbia (wintering notes and conservation); Dambach, Wilson Bull., 56, pp. 178, 220, 1944 (conservation). Cygnus Passmori Hincks, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 8, Zool., pp. 1, 5, 1864 — Toronto (location of type not stated) ; Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 8 (crit.). Olor buccinator Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 93, 1887 — Fort Yukon, Alaska (one record, ex Dall); Lano, Auk, 13, p. 78, 1896 — western Minne- sota; Coale, I.e., 32, p. 82, pis. 7-10, 1915 (status); Bowles, Condor, 18, p. 171, 1916 — Washington; Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 253, 1918— (life hist. California); Henninger, Auk, 36, p. 564, 1919— Ohio (overlooked record); Skinner, Condor, 22, p. 72, 1920— Yellow- stone Park (breeding); Edson, I.e., 28, p. 43, 1926 — state of Washington (records). Range. — Formerly bred throughout the interior of North America from James Bay and Alaska (Fort Yukon) south to Indiana, Missouri and Nebraska. Now known to breed only in Alberta, British Co- lumbia, Montana, and Wyoming (Yellowstone Park). Formerly wintered from the central Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. Now winters from west-central British Columbia (Skeena River) south to the Gulf of Mexico and southern California. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Montana (Upper Still water Lake, 1; unspecified, 1); Illinois (Lacon, 2).1 Conover Collection. — 1: North Dakota (unspecified, 1). Cygnus olor (Gmelin). MUTE SWAN. Anas olor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789— Russia (cf. Oberholser, Emu, 8, p. 9, 1908). Cygnus olor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range). Sthenelides olor Urner, Auk, 49, p. 213, 1932 (naturalized in New Jersey). 1 Captive birds. 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Extralimital. Breeds in southern Scandinavia, Denmark, east, central and southern Russia, lower Danube Valley, Asia Minor, Persia, and east through Turkestan to Mongolia. Winters in northern Africa, Black Sea, northwestern India and Korea. Naturalized in Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley. Strays to the coast of New Jersey. "Cygnus melancoryphus1 (Molina). BLACK-NECKED SWAN. Anas melancorypha1 Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782 — Chile. Anas nigricollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789 — Falkland Islands, La Plata River, and Straits of Magellan. Anas melanocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 502, 1789 — Chile (based on Molina). Cygnus nigricollis Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860 — Chile (nesting dates) ; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 — Choele-choel and Rio Negro; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 124, pi. 18, 1889 — pampas, Prov. of Buenos Aires and Patagonia; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 185, 1891 — Skiring Water, Magellan Straits; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 90, 1907 — Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego. Cygnus melancoryphus Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 39, 1895 — Chile (Rio Pilmaiquen and Hugh Bay), Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 408, 1912 (gen. ace.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 300, 1923— Huanuluan and Neluan (breeding), Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 314, 1932— Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 5, distrib. map, 1933 (range and habits); idem, I.e., 8, p. 525, 1944 — San Juan, Argentina (nesting habits). Cygnus melanocoryphus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 390, (1898), 1899 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899 — Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 206, 1902 — Cruz Alta, Tucuman; Ihering, As Aves do Brazil, p. 71, 1907 — IguapS, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul. Cygnus melancoriphus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 69, 1926 — Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha) and Argentina (Lavalle, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 415, 1926 — Valcheta, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 144, 1931 (range). Range. — Southern Brazil (Iguape", Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay (San Vicente, Rocha), Falkland Islands, Argentina and Chile south to Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay). Conover Collection. — 5: Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 5). 1 Melancoripha on page 234, but correctly spelled on page 344. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 287 Subfamily ANSERINAE. Geese Genus CHEN Boie Chen Boie, Isis, 10, col. 563, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Chionochen Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 — type, by monotypy, Anser hyperboreus Pallas. Exanthemops Elliot, Bds. N. Amer., 2, (9), pi. 44, 1868 — type, by monotypy, Anser rossii Cassin. *Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus). BLUE GOOSE. Anas caerulescens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — based on "Blue-winged Goose" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 152, pi. 152, Hud- son Bay. Chen caerulescens Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 82, 1895 — Canada (Repulse Bay) and Texas (Corpus Christi); Grinnell, Condor, 22, p. 76, 1920— Gridley, Butte County, California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 178, 1925 (life hist.); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 44, p. 1, 1930— Bowman Bay, off Fox Basin, southwest Baffin Island (nesting); idem, The Blue Goose, Dept. Int., N. W. Terr, and Yukon Branch, pp. 1-64, col. pi., 1930 (monog.); Sutton, Auk, 48, p. 335, 1931 — breeding ground on Southampton Island (account of hybridization with Chen hyperborea); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 49, p. 279, pis. 9-11, 1932 (migr. dates, habits in winter home); Sutton, Mem. Car- negie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 51, pis. 12, 24, fig. 2, 1932— Cape Kendall, Bay of God's Mercy, Southampton Island (nesting); Cottam, Auk, 52, p. 432, 1935 (records for eastern United States; food habits); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 54, p. 129 (in text), 1940— Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102° W. long, (nesting); Manning, Auk, 59, p. 158, pi. 7, 1942— Southampton and Baffin Islands (breeding colonies; disc, specific status); Soper, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 42, p. 121, pis. 15-25, 1942 (life hist.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 510, 1943 — Bay of God's Mercy, Southampton Island (breeding); Du Mont, I.e., 60, p. 109, 1943 (small numbers wintering on Atlantic coast 1941-42); Manning, I.e., 61, p. 147, 1944 — Southampton Island (breeding at 63° 35' N. lat. 84° 15' W. long.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 20, 1946 — Bowman Bay, Baffin Island (breeding). Range. — Known to breed on southwestern Baffin Island (Bow- man Bay), Southampton Island (Bay of God's Mercy) and in the vicinity of the Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102° W. long. Mi- grates chiefly down the Mississippi Valley, wintering mainly on Gulf coast of Louisiana. Straggler elsewhere.' Field Museum Collection. — 19 : Baffin Island (Camp Kungovik, 3) ; Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 2) ; Minnesota (Steele County, 1) ; Illinois (Lacon, 1); North Dakota (Lac aux Morts, 2; Towner County, 2); Iowa (Keokuk, 1); Louisiana (Cameron Parish, 1; Grand Chenier, 3); Texas (Skidmore, 1; High Island, Galveston County, 2). 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 7: Manitoba (Regent, 3); Louisiana (Ver- milion Bay, 4). *Chen hyperborea (Pallas). LESSER SNOW GOOSE. Anser hyperboreus Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 31, 1769 — northeastern Siberia. Anas nivalis Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, p. 413, 1772 — Severn River, southwest Hudson Bay. Anser albatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 41, 1856 — no type specified.1 Chen hyperborea Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 138, 1886— St. Michaels (spring migr. only); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 82, 1887— St. Michaels (migr. only); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range); Tcherniakofsky, L'Ois. Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 9, p. 338, 1939 — Cape Hope, East Greenland; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 43, 1945 — Colorado River Delta, Sonora, Mexico. Chen nivalis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 86, 1895 — part, spec, a-d, arctic regions east of Mackenzie River and Mississippi Valley. Chen hyperboreus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 84, 1895 — Yokohama, Corpus Christi, and Chicago (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 201, 1903 — part, northeast Asia, Alaska, Pacific coast to Mississippi Valley, and Guanajuato, Mexico; Alpheiaky, Geese of Eur. and Asia, p. 12, pis. 1, 22, 1905 (range in Siberia). Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 210, 1918 (life hist. California). Chen hyperborea hyperborea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 164, 1925 (life hist.); Sutton, Auk, 48, p. 349, 1931 (breeding on Southampton Island; hybridism with Chen caerulescens); idem, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 44, pi. 12, 1932— Southampton Island (nesting); Bailey, Brower and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 20, 1933 — Chipp River, near Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Manning, Auk, 59, p. 158, pi. 7, 1942 — Southampton and Baffin Islands (breeding habits; disc. spec, status); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 22, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 509, 1943 — Bay of God's Mercy, Southamp- ton Island (breeding); Manning, I.e., 61, p. 146, 1944 — Bear Cove, 63° 35' N. lat.-84° 15' W. long., Southampton Island (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 18, 1946— Bowman Bay, Baffin Island (breeding). Anser caerulescens caerulescens Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 92, (5), p. 9, 1933 — Greenland records (considers hyperborea as color phase); idem, I.e., 93, (6), p. 12, 1935 — Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. Range. — Breeds in arctic North America from western Alaska (Point Barrow) east to Southampton Island and Baffin Land and on the islands to the north. Probably also breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula). Migrates south in winter on the coast 1 Described from four specimens bought in the Philadelphia market and now in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and a specimen from Oregon now in the U. S. National Museum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 289 of Asia to Japan and throughout temperate North America, but casual east of the Mississippi Valley. Winters from California, Texas, and Louisiana south to central Mexico (Tamaulipas and Jalisco). Occasional straggler to Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 31: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1 downy; Sledge Island, 1); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 1) ; Montana (Columbia Falls, 1) ; Nevada (Lake Tahoe, 1) ; California (Los Banos, 5; near San Francisco, 1; Red Bluff, 1; Colusa, 2); Texas (Rockport, 1); North Dakota (Cando, 2; Towner County, 4; Lac aux Morts, 4) ; Kansas (Pierceville, 1) ; Illinois (Adams County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. — 4: Alberta (Tofield, 1); South Dakota (Kings- bury County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1). *Chen atlantica Kennard. GREATER SNOW GOOSE. Chen atlantica Kennard, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 9, p. 93, 1927— Princess Anne Club, Back Bay, Princess Anne County, Virginia (type in the col- lection of F. H. Kennard, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 306, 1927— Puerto Rico(?); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range). Chen nivalis (not of Forster) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 86, 1895 (Atlantic coast, only). Chen hyperborea nivalis Dionne, Ois. Prov. Quebec, p. 109, 1906 — St. Joachim, lie d'Orleans and Loups Marins, Quebec. Chen hyperboreus nivalis Gibson, Auk, 39, p. 359, 1922 — Five Glacier Valley, northern Greenland (breeding); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 173, 1925 (We hist.). Chen hyperborea atlantica Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 50, 1932 — Pond's Inlet, Navy Board Inlet and Bylot Island, northeast Baffin Island; White and Lewis, Auk, 54, p. 440, 1937 (probable nesting, north- east Baffin Island; migr., eastern Canada); Dery, Rep. Prov. Soc. Nat. Hist. Quebec, p. 120, 2 maps, 1938 (fall migr.); Nichols, I.e., p. 132, 1938— New Jersey; Howard, Auk, 57, p. 523, 1940 (winter range) ; Fremont, Lewis and Lincoln, I.e., 59, p. 301, 1942 (1940 southward migr.); Adams, I.e., 61, p. 639, 1944— Quebec (occurrence before 1870). Anser caerulescens atlantica Salomonsen, Medd. Grpnl., 92, (5), p. 10, 1933 — Thule and Inglefield gulf, northwest Greenland (breeding). Range. — Breeds in northern Greenland (McCormick and North Star Bays) and probably also in Ellesmere Land and perhaps north- east Baffin Island. Migrates across the Labrador Peninsula to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from there across New England to its wintering grounds on the Atlantic coasts of Maryland, Virginia and 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII North Carolina, from Chesapeake Bay to Core Sound. Puerto Rico(?). Field Museum Collection. — 16: Labrador (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Isle aux Grues, 1; Cap Tourmente, 1; St. Joachim de Montmorency, 3; Beaupre', 3); Virginia (Back Bay, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 3). Conover Collection. — 4: Quebec (St. Joachim de Montmorency, 4). *Chen rossii (Cassin). Ross's GOOSE. Anser rossii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 73, 1861 — Great Slave Lake (type in U. S. National Museum). Chen rossi Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 88, 1895 — San Joaquin Fall, San Francisco and Stockton, California (full bibliog.); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 125, 1918 (habits in California) ; Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 54, p. 127, 1940— Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102° W. long, (nesting; eggs); idem, Auk, 58, p. 92, 1941 — Perry River, Northwest Terr, (nesting); Cartwright, Chicago Nat., 4, p. 67, map, 1941 — Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf (breeding); idem, Frontiers, Phila., 5, p. 103, 1941; Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 33, 1942— Peace River and Athabaska Delta (migrant). Exanthemops rossii Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 185, 1925 (life hist.). Chen rossii Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 146, 1931 (range). Range. — Known to breed only on the Perry River, Queen Maud Gulf, 102° W. long. Migrates through Alberta and Montana to its wintering grounds in the interior valleys of California (Sacramento and San Joaquin). Casual elsewhere. Field Museum Collection. — 17: British Columbia (Frazer River, 1) ; California (Rio Vista, Solano County, 10; Antioch, 1; Colusa, 3; Los Banos, 1; Merced County, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Alberta (Tofield, 2); California (Willows, Glenn County, 3). Genus ANSER1 Brisson Anser Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 58; 6, p. 261, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Anser" =Anas anser Linnaeus. Marilochen Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 — type, by monotypy, "brevirostris" (1= Anser brevirostris C. L. Brehm). *Anser albifrons albifrons (Scopoli). WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. Branta albifrons Scopoli, Annus I. Hist. Nat., p. 69, 1769 — no locality given, probably northern Italy (type in coll. of F. A. Turriani). 1 Anser fabalis fabalis (Latham) has been dropped from the American list because the Greenland records are invalid (cf. Jourdain, Auk, 50, p. 202, 1933). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 291 Anser frontalis Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 762, 1858— "interior of North America" (Selkirk Settlement and Fort Thorn)1 (=young). Anser albifrons gambeli(lli) (not Anser gambelli Hartlaub) Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 138, 1886— Yukon Delta (breeding); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 83, 1887 — Alaska shore of Bering Sea and Arctic coast at Point Barrow (nesting; descr. pullus); Bryant, Condor, 16, p. 95, 1914 (albino); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 218, 1918 (life hist. California), p. 219, footnote (dist. chars.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 202, 1925 — Wainwright, Alaska (nesting); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 173, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; weights; meas.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, (6), p. 39, 1932 — Greenland (no breeding record) ; ida, Venezuela; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 117, pi. 11, distr. map 11, 1922 (monog.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — Guarico and Apure, Venezuela (common); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 72, 1926 — Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 499, 1929— Piauhy; Laubmann, Gran Chaco Exped., Vogel, p. 50, 1930 — Formosa (San Jose1; Yunca Viejo), Bolivia (Santa Cruz); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 319 60, p. 98, 1930 — Bocaina de Descalvado, Fazenda do Sao Joao, and Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 153, 1931 (range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 97, 1931— Haina, Hispaniola (rare); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 370, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 1, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 48, 1938— Bahia (Barra do Rio Grande), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Inhumas), Matto Grosso (Caceras), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 23, p. 45, 1945— Bresta, El Beni, Bolivia. Range. — From Costa Rica (Bebedero), south through Panama (Canal Zone), Colombia (Cartagena, Bogota), Venezuela (MeYida), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), and Paraguay to Argentina (Jujuy, Tucumdn, Formosa, Cordoba, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay. Occasionally in Cuba and Hispaniola (Haina), Greater Antilles. Also found in tropical Africa. Field Museum Collection. — 20: Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guana- caste, 4); Colombia ("Bogota," 2; Rio Sinio, 1; Monteria, 1); Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 3; Municipio de Luis, Sao Paulo, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5). Conover Collection. — 31: Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 5); Venezuela (MeVida, 1); Brazil (Manacapuru, Amazonas, 2); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 3); Paraguay (Molinasque, 1; Horqueta, 3; Chaco, 200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 10; Laguna General Diaz, Chaco, 1; 60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 4); Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1). Subfamily ANATINAE. Shoal-water Ducks Genus NEOCHEN Oberholser Neochen Oberholser, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 571, 1918 — type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anser jubatus Spix. *Neochen jubata (Spix). ORINOCO GOOSE. Anser jubatus Spix, Av. Bras., 2, p. 84, pi. 108, 1825 — "Ad ripam fl. Solimoens in insula Praya das Ongas" (cotypes in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 716, 1906). Anser polycomos Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 627, 1831 — "Brazil" (type, from Cayenne, in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 67, 1929). Chenalopex jubatus(a) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 319, 1870 — Matto Grosso (Caigara, Villa Bella) and Amazonas (Rio Guapor6; Barra do Rio Negro); 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 468, 1886 — lower Ucayali, Santa Cruz; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 169, 1895 — Peruvian Amazonas, Bolivia, Brazil; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 464 — Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 56, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil. Alopochen jubalus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 283, 1902 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 71, 1907 — Iguape", Sao Paulo and Amazonas; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 230, 1910 — Oran, Salta; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916 — Orinoco region (nesting habits); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 200, pi. 15, distr. map 21, 1922 (monog.). Alopochen jubata Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 192, 1916 — lower Takutu River; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 143 — Rio Apure and Portuguesa, Vene- zuela; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range). Neochen jubata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 154, 1931 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 50, 1938 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Dugand, Caldasia, 1, p. 54, 1941 — Rio Meta, Colombia; Griscom and Green way, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, (3), p. 109, 1941— Santarem, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 46, 1945— Orion, El Beni, Bolivia. Neochen jubatus Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 155, pi. 2, fig. 2, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits). Range. — Found locally throughout the Orinoco and Amazon basins, the Guianas, southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), Bolivia (Santa Cruz and the Chaco), and northern Argentina (Salta). Field Museum Collection. — 2: Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 2). Conover Collection. — 6: Brazil (Labrea, Rio Purus, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Yapacini, 3; Nueva Moka, 1). Genus SARKIDIORNIS Eyton Sarkidiornis Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 20, 1838 — type, by orig. desig., Anser melanotos Pennant. *Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering. SOUTH AMERICAN COMB DUCK. Anas carunculata (not of Vieillot, 1816) Lichtenstein, Abhandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1816-17, p. 176, 1819— based on "Ipecati Apoa" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 218, and Azara, No. 428 (Paraguay). Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering and Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 — new name for Anas carunculata Lichtenstein, preoccupied (Iguape, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires, Argentina); iidem, I.e., p. 408, 1907 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910 — Tucuman, Salta, Pilcomayo, Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Pennard, Auk, 36, p. 564, 1919 — east coast of British Guiana; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929— lower Parnahyba; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 98, 1930 — range in Brazil; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 321 Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 50, 1938 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao (range in Brazil). Sarkidiornis regia (not Anas regia Molina) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 319, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Matto Grosso (Caicara), and Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro). Sarcidiornis carunculata Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 128, 1889 — Tucuman; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 59, 1895 (full bibliog.); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Tucuman (ex Burmeister); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 96, 1910— Rio Sao Francisco, near Sambaiba, Bahia, Brazil; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 77, pi. 5, distr. map 4, 1922 (monog.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 648 — Ucaqui, Junin, Peru. Sarcidiornis sylvicola Crandall, Auk, 36, p. 419, 1919 — Barcelona, Venezuela. Sarkidiornis carunculata Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 155, 1931 (range); Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 154, pi. 2, fig. 1, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits); Leh- mann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 — Cali, Colombia; Borrero, I.e., 3, p. 230, 1944 — Boyaca, Colombia. Range. — Found locally in South America east of the Andes from northern Venezuela (Barcelona) south through the Guianas to Paraguay (Chaco) and northern Argentina (Tucuman, Salta, Pilco- mayo, and Buenos Aires). Also west of the Andes in Colombia (Cali, Boyaca). One record for Ucaqui, Junin, Peru. Conover Collection. — 6: Colombia (Cali, Valle, 1; Santander, Cauca, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (100 km. east of Orloff, 1; 170-195 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; Rio Pilcomayo, 15 miles west of Rio Paraguay, 1). Genus CAIRINA Fleming Cairina Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Anas moschata Linnaeus. Moschatus (subgenus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 416, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Anas moschata Linnaeus. Gymnathus (subgenus) Nuttall, Man. Orn., 2, p. 403, 1834 — type, by mono- typy. Anas moschata Linnaeus. Hyonetta Sundevall, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent., p. 146, 1872 — new name for Cairina Fleming, 1822. *Cairina moschata (Linnaeus).1 MUSCOVY DUCK. Anas moschata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., I, p. 124, 1758 — "India" (Brazil substituted by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902). 1 Anas iopareia Philippi (Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 24, 1860 — Chile) is Cairina moschataXAnas domestica (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 315, 1932). 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas regia Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782— "Chile." Cairina sylvestris Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 79, pi. 46, 1824 — South America. Cairina moschata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 320, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Itarare, Ypanema) and Matto Grosso (Nos Puritis, Caicara); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 472, 1886 — between Lurin and Chorillos, Rio Ucayali (ex Tschudi), Rio Huallaga (ex Bartlett) and Pebas (ex Hauxwell); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 129, 1889 — Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 51, 1895 (descr.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 391, (1898) 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 233— Paraguayan Chaco (Villa Conception; Caraya Vuelta; Riacho Verde); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Tucuman (Tucuman and La Ramada); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465 — Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 198, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan, Presidio) to Panama (Laguna de Pita); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 54, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (breeding, habits); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 242, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 434, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bolson, Palo Verde, Bebede>o, Bagaces, Miravalles) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 228, 1910— Tucuman, Salta (Oran), Chaco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 114, 1914 — Marajo (Magoary) and Cunani, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 186, 1916 — British Guiana (Abary, Berbice, Yuruani and Cotinga rivers; Annai; Rupununi savannas; Roraima; Mora Passage); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916— Venezuela (Las Barrancas; San Feliz River); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917— Rio Frio, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 274— Charuplaya, Bolivia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 44, 1922— Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 1, p. 57, pi. 3, distr. map 2, 1922 (Inonog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 70, 1926 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Argentina (Riacho Pilago, Formosa) ; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 209, 1926 — Ecuador (Yaguachi and headwaters of Santa Rosa River); Hell- mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 498, 1929— Brazil (Piauhy); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 49, 1930 — Mis. Tacaagle1, Formosa, and San Ramon, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 97, 1930 (range in South America); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 155, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 144, 1932 — Hacienda California, Guatemala; Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 4, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 51, 1938 — Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, Itapura), Parana (Jacarezinho), Matto Grosso (Rio Pardo, Porto Sap6, Rio Parana, Coxim), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 91, 1938 — San Salvador (Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, Colima); Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 24, 1945 — Rio Jurua (Joao Pessoa; Igarape do Gordao), Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 46, 1945 — El Beni (Puerto Salinas; Bresta; Orion), Bolivia. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 323 Range. — From Mexico (Mazatlan and central Tamaulipas) south through Central and South America to western Peru (near Lurin), eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina (Tucuman, Formosa, Santa F6*, and Buenos Aires). Mostly found in the tropics. The records from the highlands of Peru and the Rio Negro, Argentina, probably are of feral domesticated stock. Field Museum Collection. — 11: Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1; Alvarado, Vera Cruz, 1); British Guiana (Itabu Creek, 2; Phantom Falls, Courantyne, 2; unspecified, 2); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Bolivia (Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (45 km. west of Puerto Rosario, 1). Conover Collection. — 26: Mexico, Sinaloa (Rio las Canas, 1; Chele, 3); Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Miravalles, 1; BebedeYo, 2); Colombia (Sautata, Rio Atrato, 2) ; Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1) ; Brazil (Labrea, Rio Purus, 2; Canutama, Rio Purus, 1; Lago Cuipeua, Para, 1; Caxiricatuba, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Resacca, Rio Capim, 2; Tome*-assu, Rio Acara, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Ichilo, 1; Rio Surutu, 1); Paraguay (Capitan Bado, Cerro Amambay, 1; Puerto Rosario, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 2). Genus COSCOROBA Reichenbach Coscoroba Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. x, 1852, (1853) — type, by orig. desig. and tautonymy, Anser candidus Vieillot=Anas Coscoroba Molina. Pseudolor G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 122, 1855 — type, by orig. desig., Anas Coscoroba Molina. Pseudocycnus Sundevall, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent., p. 147, 1872 — type, by monotypy, Anas Coscoroba Molina. *Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina). COSCOROBA SWAN. Anas Coscoroba Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 234, 344, 1782— Chile. Anser candidus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 23, p. 331, 1816 — based on "Ganso bianco" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 406, No. 426; Paraguay and lagoons of La Plata River. Cygnus analoHdes King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, pub. Jan. 16, 1831 — "southern South America" (type in Eyton Collection, now in British Museum). Coscoroba chionis (Illiger MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 648, 1856 — new name for Anas coscoroba "Gmelin"= Molina. Cygnus coscoroba Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 — pampa lake of Rio Negro. Coscoroba Candida Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 126, 1889 — Patagonia; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 143, 1899— Rio Grande 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII do Sul; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 42, 1895 — Chile, Buenos Aires, Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 92, 1907 — Gente Grande Lagoons, Tierra del Fuego; Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 50, pi. 1, 1912 (pullus). Coscoroba coscoroba Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Tucuman and Famailla, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 72, 1907 — Rio Grande do Sul; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 413, 1912 (gen. ace.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 73, 1926 — Lavalle, Buenos Aires and San Vicente, Uruguay; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 156, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 315, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Casares, El Hornero, 5, p. 146, pi. 2, fig. 4, distr. map, 1933 (range; habits). Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (San Vicente), Paraguay (including the Chaco), all of Argentina, Chile, Tierra del Fuego (Gente Grande Lagoons), and the Falkland Islands. Conomr Collection. — 10: Paraguay, Chaco (20 km. east of Islapoi, 1; 100 km. east of Orloff, 8); Argentina (Arroyo del Saladillo, Buenos Aires, 1). Genus CASARCA Bonaparte Casarca Bonaparte, Comp. List Bds. Eur. N. Amer., p. 56, 1838 — type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Anas rutila Pallas=Anas casarca Linnaeus= Anas ferruginea Pallas. Nettalopex Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 343, 1890 — substitute name for Casarca. Casarca ferruginea (Pallas). RUDDY SHELDRAKE. Anas ferruginea Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat., Adumbr., p. 5, 1764 — no type locality given =Tartary. Casarca rutila Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 177, 1895 (descr., full bibliog.). Tadorna casarca Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 81, 1898 — Greenland (three records). Casarca ferruginea G. B. Grinnell, Auk, 36, p. 561, 1919 — Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and Currituck Sound, North Carolina(?); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 130, 1923 — straggles to Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 156, 1931 (range). Range. — Extralimital. Breeds from southeastern Europe and central Asia east to Manchuria and China and south to the Tibetan plateau, Iran, and rarely to Algeria and Morocco. Winters over most of its breeding range, in Japan, and south to Formosa, Ceylon, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 325 India, southern Arabia, Ethiopia, Algeria and Morocco. A straggler to Greenland, and one record from New Jersey (Barnegat Bay).1 Genus TADORNA Boie Tadorna Boie, Tageb. Reise Norwegen, pp. 140, 351, before May, 1822 — type, by tautonymy, Tadorna familiaris Eoie=Anas tadorna Linnaeus (cf. Ibis, 1939, p. 522). Vulpanser Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., pp. Ixxxiv, 225, 1840 — type, by monotypy, Vulpanser tadorna (Linnaeus). Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus). COMMON SHELDRAKE. Anas tadorna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 122, 1758 — based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 93; "in Europae maritimis"= Gotland, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Tadorna cornuta Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 171, 1895 (full bibliog.). Tadorna tadorna Morse, Bull. Essex County Orn. CL, p. 68, 1921 — Ipswich Bay, off Annisquam, Massachusetts; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 132 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 157, 1931 (range); McAtee, Auk, 61, p. 148, 1944 — supposed North Carolina record. Tadorna casarca (not Anas casarca Linnaeus) Forbush, Auk, 39, p. 104, 1922 — Ipswich Bay, Essex County, Massachusetts. Range. — Extralimital. Temperate and southern portions - of Europe and Asia, breeding in the northern and wintering in the southern parts of its range. A record for Massachusetts and (?)an- other for North Carolina. Genus ANAS Linnaeus Anas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 122, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. (Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 417, 1828), Anas boschas Linnaeus=Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Boschas Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 442, pub. Feb., 1832— type, by tautonymy, Anas boschas Linnaeus= Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus. Lophonetta Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 100, 1914 — type, by orig. desig., Anas cristata Gmelin=Anas specularioides King. Speculanas Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 1, p. 14, March 10, 1929 — type, by orig. desig., Anas specularis King. *Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Linnaeus. MALLARD. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 — based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 103; Europe, restricted type locality, 1 In 1916 a single specimen, possibly an escaped captive, was taken in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and identified by Dr. Witmer Stone. Another example was supposed to have been taken at Waterlily, North Carolina (Auk, 36, p. 561, 1919) in 1886, but the evidence, to say the least, is very circumstantial. 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sweden; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 92, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Robertson, Condor, 30, p. 321, 1928 (returns from band- ings at Moiese, Montana). Anas boschas Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 — Europe; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 — Yukon, Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 67, 1887— St. Michael (nesting); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 189, 1895 — part, except Greenland (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 207, 1903 — Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Rio San Pedro; Mazatlan; Guadalajara; Valley of Mexico; Jalapa), Panama, West Indies; Bigelow, Auk, 24, p. 382, 1907 (hybrids in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 3, pi. 20, distr. map 28, 1923 (monog.). Anas (Boschas) domestica Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 442, 1832— Saskatchewan River. Anas platyrhyncha Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 34, 1923 (life hist.). Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 159, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama (2 records); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 22, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (nesting) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 45, 1945 — Sonora, Mexico (status). Anas boschasX Nettion carolinensis Stone, Auk, 20, p. 209, 1903. Range. — Largely in northern portion of the northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from the Aleutian Islands, northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), the Mackenzie Delta, and the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill) south to northern Lower California (San Pedro Martir Mountains), southern New Mexico, central Missouri, southern Ohio, and northern Virginia (upper James River). Winters mainly from the Aleutian Islands, central Utah, Colorado, Missouri, central Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay, south to southern Mexico (Jalapa and Colima), the Gulf coast and Florida. Wanders occasion- ally to Panama and Grenada, and in favorable localities small groups winter as far north as central Alaska. Field Museum Collection. — 45: Yukon Territory (Carcross, 3); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3) ; Alberta (Walsh, 1) ; Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2); California (Colusa, 1; Corona, 1); Wyoming (Laramie, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Ramsey County, 3; Nelson County, 4); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Wisconsin (Washington County, 1; Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Worth, 4; Browning, 2; Henry, 1; Sparland, 3; Quincy, 1); Indiana (Starke County, 1); Connecticut (Quinnipiac Marshes, 3; North Haven, 1; New Haven County, 1); Maryland (Chesapeake Bay, 2). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 327 Conover Collection. — 39: Alaska (Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 1) ; British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 8); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 3; Camrose, 4); Manitoba (Indian Bay, Shoal Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 5); Wyoming (Du Bois, Fremont County, 1); South Dakota (Eden, 5); Illinois (Henry, 8); Louisiana (Calcasieu Parish, 1). *Anas platyrhynchos conboschas C. L. Brehm.1 GREENLAND MALLARD. Anas conboschas C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 865, 1831 — Greenland (type not extant). Anas boschas (not of Linnaeus) Salvadori, Cat. Eds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 189, 1895 — part, Greenland. Anas ftoscas Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 78, 1898— Greenland. Anas boschas spilogaster Schioler, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., Kj0ben- havn, 1905, pp. 127, 144, pis. 2-4 — Greenland (type in Copenhagen Museum). Anas platyrhyncha conboschas Hartert, Vogel Palaearkt. Fauna, 2, p. 1312, 1920 (dist. chars.; range); Bertelsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 4, p. 6, 1932 (range in western Greenland). Anas boschas conboschas Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 43, 1923 (dist. char.). Anas platyrhyncha conboscas Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 395 — Greenland (breed- ing; field notes). Anas platyrhynchos conboschas Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 159, 1931 (range). Range. — Resident in Greenland. Breeds north to Upernavik on the west coast, and to Angmagsalik on the east. Conover Collection. — 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Anas rubripes Brewster. BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura (not of Linnaeus, 1761) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 541, 1789 — based on "Dusky Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 564, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 545, New York; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 201, 1895 — New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (Halifax), Con- necticut (New Haven), Bermuda Islands (Peniston's Pond) (full bibliog.). Anas obscura rubripes Brewster, Auk, 19, p. 184, 1902 — shore of Lake Um- bagog (New Hampshire shore), (type in collection of William Brewster, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; cf . Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 183, 1930). JAnas plalyrhynchos conboschas C. L. Brehm differs from the typical race in the male sex by having the upper surface generally grayer, less brown; the vermiculations on the scapulars duller, less evident; the gray and white vermicula- tions of the under side coarser; the center of the abdomen darker; and the tips of the red breast feathers nearly always marked with good-sized dark spots or cross bands. Females are said to have the upper side grayer and the under side strongly spotted, similar to young of the typical race. 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas rubripes tristis Brewster,1 Auk, 26, p. 176, 1909 — new name for Anas obscura Gmelin, preoccupied; Townsend, I.e., 29, p. 177 (in text), 1912 (disc.); Oberholser, I.e., 34, p. 194, 1917 (dist. chars.; range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 50, 1923 flife hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 88, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas rubripes rubripes Dwight, Auk, 26, p. 422, 1909 (disc.) ; Brewster, Auk, 27, p. 323, 1910 (disc.); Oberholser, I.e., 34, p. 193, 1917 (dist. chars.; range); idem, I.e., 35, p. 350, 1918 — Minto, Walsh County, North Dakota; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 64, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 88, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas tristis Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 299, 1912 (disc.). Anas rubripes Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 68, pi. 23, distr. map 31, 1923 (monog.); Cartwright, Canad. Field Nat., 55, p. 78, 1941 — western Canadian records; Pirnie, Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 26, p. 251, 1941 (migration of birds banded in Michigan); Shortt, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 1, col. pi., 1943 (disc, of supposed northern race; colors of bill and legs due to age) ; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 20, 1946 — southwestern Baffin Island. Range. — Breeds in eastern North America from the west coast of Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill) and northern Labrador south to northwestern Iowa (Spirit Lake), northern Illinois, northern Ohio, and North Carolina (Pamlico Sound). Winters from southern Wisconsin, northern Ohio, central New York and the coast of Nova Scotia (Chignecto Bay) south to central Florida and the Gulf coast as far west as Corpus Christi, Texas. Of late years has been gradually extending its range westward. Field Museum Collection. — 44 : Wisconsin (Horicon Marsh, Wash- ington County, 1); Illinois (Henry, 3; unspecified, 1); Ontario (Long Point Club, Lake Erie, 2) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4) ; Newfound- land (Hopedale, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Massachusetts (Duxbury, 3; West Yarmouth, 1); New Hampshire (Holderness, 1); Connecticut (Stony Creek, 1; Hamden, 3; North Haven, 2; Guilford, 1; East Haven, 1; West Haven, 4; New Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 8; Bodie Island, 2); Florida (Banana River, 1; Amelia Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 24: South Dakota (Eden, 1); Illinois (Henry, 11); Michigan (Augusta, 1); Ontario (Bradley's Marsh, Kent County, 3) ; Quebec (St. Anne de la Perade, 1) ; Nova Scotia (Wolf- 1 The characters that have been given for this race by different ornithologists seem mostly to be due to age or individual variation. Some of its most enthusiastic proponents have admitted that there were probably more intermediates that could not be classified than typical examples of both alleged subspecies. Like females of Anas platyrhynchos, this species seems to be quite variable in coloration. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 329 ville, 4); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2); Florida (Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 1). *Anas fulvigula Ridgway. FLORIDA BLACK DUCK. Anas obscura var. fulvigula Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. Ill, 1874 — St. John's River, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). Anas maculosa Sennett,1 Auk, 6, p. 263, 1889 — Nueces Bay, Texas (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 203, 1895 — San Antonio and Corpus Christi, Texas (full bibliog.). Anas fulvigula Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 202, 1895— Lake Hichpoochee, Florida (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 60, pi. 22, distr. map 30, 1923 (monog.). Anas fulvigula maculosa Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 297, 1912 (not distinct); idem, I.e., 33, p. 432, 1916 (distinct); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 72, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Anas fulvigula fulvigula Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 68, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Range. — Florida, mainly in the southern portion, from the St. John's River on the east to St. Mark's on the west, and the Gulf coast from Louisiana to the Mexican border. Possibly also the Gulf coast of Alabama and Mississippi. Accidental as far north as Colorado (Loveland).2 Field Museum Collection. — 36: Texas (Brownsville, 10; Nueces County, 2; Corpus Christi, 3; Padre Island, Cameron County, 1); Louisiana (Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, 2) ; Florida (unspecified, 2; Canaveral Club, Brevard County, 1; Tampa, 1; Indian River, 1; Persimmon Hammock, Brevard County, 2; Lake Okeechobee, 1; Kissimmee River, 1; Lake Kissimmee, 1; Indian Prairie, Glades County, 2; Bassenger, 1; Naples, 3; East River, near Everglades, 1; Orlando, 1). Conover Collection. — 9: Texas (Laguna Larga, Kleberg County, 1; Eagle Lake, Wharton County, 1); Louisiana (Vermilion Bay, 1; Cameron Parish, 1); Florida (Lake Okeechobee, 1; Glades County, 1; Indian Prairie, Okeechobee County, 3). 1 Specimens from Louisiana and Texas do not seem to differ enough from Florida examples to justify recognition of this race. While Florida birds have a tendency toward unstreaked cheeks, this character is not very constant and appears in many of the western specimens. The black spot at the base of the bill, very evident in eighteen out of nineteen Florida examples, is plainly present in five out of seventeen from Louisiana and Texas and faintly indicated in others. 2 Specimen in Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Anas diazi Ridgway. MEXICAN BLACK DUCK. Anas diazi Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 332, 1886 — San Ysidro, Puebla, Mexico (type in collection of the Mexican Geographical and Exploring Com- mission, National Museum of Mexico); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 204, 1895— Puebla, Mexico (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 208, 1903 — Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, and San Ysidro, Puebla; Phillips, Auk, 29, p. 296 (in text), pi. 15, 1912 (disc. plum, and char.); idem, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 55, pi. 22, distr. map 29, 1923 (monog.). (T)Anas aberti (not of Ridgway) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 208, 1903 — part, Mexico (Tepic, Valley of Mexico, Guanajuato, Guadalajara). Anas novimexicana Huber,1 Auk, 37, p. 273, 1920 — Rio Grande, west of Las Cruces, Dona Ana County, New Mexico (type in collection of Wharton Huber); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 48, 1923 (life hist.). Anas diazi novimexicana Conover, Auk, 39, p. 412, 1922 — Dad's Lake, Cherry County, Nebraska; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 56, 1923 (disc.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range); Lindsey, Auk, 63, p. 483, pis. 12-13, 1946 (nesting notes, New Mexico). Anas diazi diazi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 161, 1931 (range). Range. — From the upper Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico (Albuquerque) south through the highlands of Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Valley of Mexico) to the state of Puebla. Wanders north occasionally to Iowa, Nebraska, and Colorado. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Mexico (Babicora, Chihuahua, 3). Conover Collection. — 8: Nebraska (Dad's Lake, Cherry County, 1); New Mexico (Hot Springs, Sierra County, 1; Hidalgo County, 2); Mexico (Patos, Durango, 4). Anas wyvilliana Sclater. HAWAIIAN DUCK. Anas wyvilliana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 350 — Hawaiian Islands (type in the British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 196, 1895 (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 44, pi. 21, 1923 (monog.). Anas aberti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 250, 1878— Mazatlan, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 204, 1895 (full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 47 (in text), 1923 (disc, of type). Range. — Extralimital. One specimen taken at Mazatlan, Mexico. 1 As in the other two species of American Black Ducks, there is great variation in plumage. From the series examined, however, all of it would seem to be either individual or due to age or season and not to locality. Additional material examined. — Colorado: Henderson, 1. — New Mexico: Las Cruces, 6. — Mexico: Ocotlan, Jalisco, 1; Patzcuaro, Michoacan, 1; Lerma, Mexico, 5; Ixtacalco, Mexico, 1; near Mexico City, 4. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 331 ?Anas specularis King. SPECTACLED DUCK. Anas specularis King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 215, 1895— Rio Pilmaiquen, central Chile, and Straits of Magellan (full bibliog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 230, 1910 — Lago General Paz, Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 443, 1912 — Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 301, 1923 — Lake Nahuel Huapi and Huanuluan, Rio Negro, Argentina; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 129, pi. 26, distr. map 38, 1923 (monog.); idem, I.e., 4, p. 314, 1926 (habits); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, pi. 12, 1926 — Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 322, 1932— Chile (Llanquihue [Balseo, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales; Estancia Aisen, Rio Coihaique; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau]; Cautin [Huillo, Temuco]); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 — Spion Kop, Tierra del Fuego; Casares, I.e., 6, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 6, distr. map, 1935 — Neuquen (Lago Traful, Chos-Malal and Collon- Cura), Rio Negro (Lago Nahuel-Huapi), Santa Cruz (Lago Argentina). Anas chalcoptera Kittlitz, Me"m. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb. (sav. 6tr.), 2, p. 471, pi. 5, 1835 — Valparaiso, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostow- ski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 20, 1921). Range. — Chilean and Argentine slopes of the Andes from about 35° S. lat.1 to the Straits of Magellan. North in winter to the vicinity of Valparaiso, Chile. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Cucao, Chiloe" Island, 3). Conover Collection. — 13: Chile (Temuco, 1; Estancia Aysen, Rio Coihaique, Aysen, 6; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3; Balseo, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales, Aysen, 2) ; Argentina (Bella Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). *Anas specularioides alticola Me'ne'gaux.2 BOLIVIAN CRESTED DUCK. Anas cristata alticola Me"negaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 224, 1909— Lake Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum); idem, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909— Lake Poopo; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921— Cedrobamba, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 137, 1923 (dist. char.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 243, 1930 — Huanuco Viejo, Peru (disc, cristata and alticola'); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 324, 1932 — near San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile; Casares, El 1 Dr. Philippi (in litt.) found this duck breeding in the Cordillera de Chilian, Province of Nuble, Chile. The nests were found on islands in swift rivers and contained four or five eggs. *Anos specularioides alticola M6n6gaux: Under side more uniform, with a rather washed out appearance; spotting of breast almost obsolete; light dull grayish color of forehead extending higher toward crown; chin and throat slightly more buffy. Size larger, wings of adult males over 280 mm. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hornero, 6, p. 17, pi. 1, fig. 8, 1935 — Laguna Grande, Calchaquies, Tucu- man; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1937 — Laguna de Parinacota, Tarapaca, Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 466 — Huancavelica, Peru; Philippi, Pub. Ofic. No. 12 del Jardin Zool. Nac. Chile, p. 17, 1939— Chile (Tarapaca, Coquimbo, Santiago), Argentina (Salta, Jujuy). Anas cristaia (not of Gmelin) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 473, 1886 — Lake Junin (ex Jelski), central Peru (ex Whitely); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 216, 1895— part, Salinas and Tinta, Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 275 — Aricoma Lake, Puno, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 132, distr. map 39, 1923 — part, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Chile (monog.). Anas specularioides alticola Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 466, 648 — Lira, Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru (breeding dates). Range. — Highland lakes in the Andes from Huanuco, Peru, south through Bolivia to the Province of Santiago, Chile, and San Juan, Argentina. Occasionally in winter to the central valley of Chile. Field Museum Collection. — 14: Peru (Junin, Junin, 4; Huanuco Viejo, Hudnuco, 1; Salinas, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 7; San Benito, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. — 18: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Picotani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 4; Mount Sajama, Oruro, 1; Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 2; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 5). *Anas specularioides specularioides King.1 CRESTED DUCK. Anas cristata (not of J. B. Fischer, 1778) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 540, 1789— based on "Crested Duck" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 543, Staten Island; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860— Chile (nesting habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 199, 1891— Bahfa Orange, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 216, 1895 — part, central Chile to Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands (full bibliog.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 102, col. pi., 1907 — Useless Bay Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 446, 1912 — Mount Tigre, Patagonia; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 154, 1917— San Carlos, Falkland Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 132, pi. 26, distr. map 39, 1923— part, Chile, Argentina, Falkland Islands (monog.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 326— Falkland Islands. Anas specularioides King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 98, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type [or cotype] in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 274, 1930). 1 This species is a very aberrant member of the genus and from the colora- tion and pattern of its downy young is probably more closely related to the Shel- drakes (cf. Delacour and Mayr, Wilson Bull., 57, p. 15, 1945). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 333 Anas pyrrhogastra Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol.' Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 119, pi. 25, 1834 — Maipo, Santiago, Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Dafila pyrogaster Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 113, 1838 — Chile. Anas lophyra Forster, Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 340, 1844 — Magellan Straits. Anas cristata cristata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 136, 1923 (dist. char.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 301, 1923 — Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 416, 1926— Lago Carilaufquen, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 324, 1932 — Arroyo Verde, Chubut, near Chilean boundary; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 7, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits); Philippi, Pub. One. No. 12 del Jardin Zool. Nac. Chile, p. 17, 1939— Chile (Nirehuau, Aysen; Magallanes). Anas specularioides specularioides Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range). Range. — From central Chile (Colchagua) and west central Argen- tina (Mendoza) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1); Chile (North Arm Station, Rio Ciaike, 1). Conover Collection. — 9: Argentina (Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 6; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1; Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1; Estancio Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Genus QUERQUEDULA Stephens Querquedula Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 142, 1824— type, by tautonymy, Anas circia Linnaeus= Anas querquedula Linnaeus. Cyanopterus (not of Haliday, 1835) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 38, 1838 — type, by orig. desig., Anas rafflesii King = Anas cyanoptera Vieillot. *Querquedula discors (Linnaeus). BLUE-WINGED TEAL. Anas discors Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 205, 1766 — based chiefly on "The White-Face Teal" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 100, pi. 100; North America= Carolina; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 373, pi. 43, distr. map 62, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 — Panama. Cyanopterus inornatus Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 402, 1847 — Spanish Town, Jamaica (descr. of female; type in British Museum).1 Querquedula discors Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 299, 1895 — Bermuda, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Mexico, Guatemala, Veragua, etc.; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 215, 1903 — West Indies, Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Trinidad; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 1 Specimen h*, adult female, Jamaica, P. H. Gosse, though not indicated as such, is doubtless the type. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 436, 1910 — San Jose", Azahar de Cartago, Tenorio, Las Concovas, and Guapiles, Costa Rica; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 195, 1916— Abary River, Rupununi savannas, and Cotinga River, British Guiana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917— Cali and Puerto Valdivia, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 120, 1918 (life hist. California); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. Ill, 1923 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 210, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Chone, and Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; » Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 311, 1927 — Puerto Rico; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931— Changui- nola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Moffitt, Condor, 33, p. 247, 1931 — Cali- fornia (nesting); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 312, 1932 — Obaldia, Darien, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 93, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo and Lake Olomega, El Salvador; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 183, 1939— Inde- pendencia, Venezuela; idem, Auk, 59, p. 104, 1942 — Monte Christi, Dominican Republic; Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 35, 1942 — southern Wood Buffalo Park; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota (abundant). Querquedula discors albinucha Kennard,1 Auk, 36, p. 459, pi. 17, 1919 — Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, Louisiana (type in collection of F. H. Kennard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Arthur, I.e., 37, p. 126, 1920 (not valid). Querquedula discors discors Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 364, 1931 — Ctenaga, Magdalena, Colombia (Nov. 10 and March 9). Range. — Breeds mainly in central North America east of the Rocky Mountains from Great Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg south to New Mexico, Louisiana, and southwestern Indiana. Known to breed sparingly west of the Rocky Mountains from central British Columbia (Lac la Hache and Cariboo) south to Oregon, Nevada, and probably California (southern San Joaquin Valley) ; also casually from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Islands) and New Bruns- wick (St. John County) south to central Ohio and southern West Virginia. Winters from southern California, Texas, Louisiana, and South Carolina south to Peru (Lake Junin) on the west and Cayenne on the east; also in the Bahama Islands and Greater and Lesser Antilles. Field Museum Collection. — 60: Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 8; Towner County, 8) ; New Mexico (Carrizozo, 1) ; Texas (Brownsville, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Worth, 2); Ohio (Columbus, 1; Licking Reservoir, 1); Connecticut 1 Querquedula discors albinucha Kennard: The characters of this alleged race are due to individual variation. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 335 (West Haven, 1; Guilford, 1; Lyme, 1; New Haven County, 1; North Haven, 3; Westville, 1); North Carolina (Brodie Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Banana River, 6); Bahama Islands (Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (San Cristobal, 2; Lake Atitlan, 1); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, 1); Costa Rica (Ballena, Guanacaste, 3); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 28: Alberta (Edmonton, 4; Tofield, 2); South Dakota (Eden, 2); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Wheaton, 3; Warrenville, 2; Henry, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 1); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 2); Ecuador (Antisana, 1; Latacunga, 2; Iliniza, Pichincha, 2; Chigchi Cocha, Pichincha, 1; Lago San Pablo, Imbabura, 1). *Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera (Vieillot). CINNAMON TEAL. Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 104, 1816 — based on "Pato alas azules" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 437, No. 434, La Plata River and Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 390, pi. 43, distr. map 63, 1923 (monog.). Anas rafflesii King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 97, Suppl., pi. 29, July, 1828— Magellan Straits (type in British Museum).1 Querquedula caerulata "Eyton" Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — "found in lakes and rivers" (of Chile) (new name for Anas rafflesii "Vig."=King). Querquedula cyanoptera Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 53, 1881 — common south to Rio Colorado; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 203, 1891 — Suzanne Cove, Patagonia (June); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 303, 1895 (full bibliog.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 — Quebrada de Lules, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 217, 1903 — Sonora, Sinaloa, Vera Cruz, rivers and lagoons of both coasts of Mexico; Brewster, Auk, 24, p. 154, 1907 (records in South Atlantic states not valid); Rhoads, I.e., p. 436, 1907 (a valid Florida record); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 472, 1912 (gen. account); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 234, 1917— Cali, Palmira, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 123, 1918 (life hist. California); Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 476, 1918— Cherry Lake, Kidder County, North Dakota; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 141, 1922 (sight record, Santa Marta); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 122, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 390, pi. 43, distr. map 63, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1 Spec, s', female, Straits of Magellan, Captain King, is, without much doubt, the type. 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro (not common) ; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 80, 1926 — Lavalle, CarhuS, General Roca, and Tunuyan, Argentina; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 211, 1926 — La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador. Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 401, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 296, 1935 — Canal Zone (one record), Panama; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 46, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 331, 1932 — Talcaguano, Cauquenes, near Santiago, and Casa Richards, Llanquihue, Chile; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota (resident). Range. — In western North America breeds from southern British Columbia (Okanagan) and western Montana (Missoula County) south to northern Lower California (San Rafael Valley) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua) and from the Pacific coast east to eastern Wyoming (Lake Como), southwestern Kansas (Meade County) and south central Texas (Marathon). Winters from central California (Stockton), southern Arizona (Tucson), central New Mexico and southern Texas south to south central Mexico (Michoacan and Vera Cruz) and probably sparingly through Central America to Colombia and perhaps Ecuador. In southern South America it is found from central Chile (Co- quimbo), western Argentina (Tunuyan), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to the Straits of Magellan; Falk- land Islands. Occurs regularly in Colombia (Cali) and Ecuador (near Quito), but whether as resident or migrant from North America is not known.1 Field Museum Collection. — 26: California (Witch Creek, 3; Red- lands, 3; Thermal, 1; Los Banos, 2; Lakeside, 1; Playa del Rey, 2; Mount Pinos, 1; Riverside, 2); Nevada (Carson City, 1); Utah (Salt Lake County, 1); Colorado (Larimer County, 2); Arizona (Tucson, 2); New Mexico (Fort Bayard, 1; Albuquerque, 1); Texas (Skidmore, 2); Colombia (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 45: Utah (Brigham, Box Elder County, 16); California (Buena Vista Lake, 4; Yermo, 6; Playa del Rey, 4); 1 A letter from Mr. F. C. Lincoln has informed the junior author that a Cinna- mon Teal banded at Burns, Oregon, on September 27, 1938, was recovered on April 8, 1939, on the Magdalena River near Sitio Nuevo, Magdalena, Colombia. However, no other returns from birds banded in North America have been received from farther south than Jalisco and Vera Cruz, Mexico. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 337 Colombia (Puerto Tejada, Cauca, 4); Ecuador (Lago San Pablo, Imbabura, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2); Chile (Province of Santiago, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3). *Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Oberholser.1 ANDEAN CINNAMON TEAL. Querquedula orinomus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 93, 1906 — "Puna" (=Puno), Lake Titicaca, alt. 12,250 feet, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum). Querquedula cyanoptera (not Anas cyanoptera Vieillot) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 474, 1886 — Chorillos (ex Jelski), Santa Lucia (ex Stolzmann), Laguna de Tungasuca (ex Whitely). Anas cyanoptera orinomus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 401, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 162, 1931 (range). Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 332, 1932— Sacaya and Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile. Range. — Puna zone of the Andes from Lake Titicaca, Peru, south through Bolivia to Antofagasta, Chile. Conover Collection. — 5: Peru, Puno (Puno, 1; Lake Titicaca, 1; Puerto Arturo, 3). Genus SPATULA Boie Spatula Boie, Isis, col. 564, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Rhynchaspis (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 114, 1824 — type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 40, 1838), Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Spathulea Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 123, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Anas clypeata Linnaeus. Clypeata Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 416, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Anas clypeata Linnaeus. *Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). SHOVELLER. Anas clypeata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 102; coast of Europe = southern Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas mexicana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 519, 1788 — based on "Le Souchet du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 337 (ex "Yacapatlahoac" Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., p. 42); Mexico. 1 Querquedula cyanoptera orinomus Oberholser differs from the typical race by being considerably larger. The color differences spoken of by the describer do not seem to hold in a series. Wings in the highland race measure 215-226 (males), 205-223 (females) as against 180-206 in typical cyanoptera. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spatula clypeata Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 — St. Michaels (rare); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 69, 1887— Kotzebue Sound to mouth of Kuskoquim River (breeding sparingly); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 307, 1895— British Columbia to Medellin, Colombia (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 218, 1903 — Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and West Indies; Deane, Auk, 22, p. 408, 1905 (an albino brood); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 436, 1910 — Las Concovas, Costa Rica; Swarth, Condor, 17, p. 115, 1915 (hybrid with Querquedula) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 129, 1918 (life hist. California); McAtee, Auk, 39, p. 380, 1922 (food habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 135, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 10, pi. 47, distr. map 67, 1925 (monog.) ; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 312, 1927— Puerto Rico and St. Thomas; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 169, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 — Divala, ChiriquI, Panama (one record); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., p. 94, 1938 (uncommon in El Salvador); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 36, 1942 — Peace River and Athabaska marshes; Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (fairly rare breeder); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (12), p. 230, 1944 — Savanna de Bogota, Colombia (Oct., Nov., March); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 48, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 409, 1945— Sabana de Bogota. Range. — Northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from Kotzebue Sound, Mackenzie Delta, and lakes Athabaska and Winni- peg south to central California, northern New Mexico, Kansas, and Indiana. Winters from Puget Sound, the lower Mississippi Valley, and Chesapeake Bay south to Honduras, Greater Antilles (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, Barbados, Trinidad) ; occasionally to Panama and Colombia (Sabana de Bogotd). Field Museum Collection. — 58: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1; Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Hay Creek, 4; Prince Albert, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 4; Towner County, 7; Nelson County, 2); South Dakota (Harrison, 2); Colorado (New Castle, 1); Cali- fornia (Corona, 3; Colusa, 2; Witch Creek, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Texas (Padre Island, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Cook County, 1; Sparland, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Indiana (English Lake, 2); Louisiana (Grand Chenier, Cameron Parish, 2); Con- necticut (Quinnipiac Marshes, New Haven County, 1); New York (Albion, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Anclote, 1; Banana River, 7); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 35: Alberta (Tofield, 2); California (Santa Ana River, Riverside County, 1; Yermo, 1); Utah (Brigham, 13); Wyoming (Dubois, Fremont County, 1); Texas (Norias, Kenedy 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 339 County, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); South Dakota (Eden, Marshall County, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 5; Warren ville, 1; Henry, 6). *Spatula platalea (Vieillot). RED SHOVELLER. Anas platalea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 5, p. 157, 1816 — based on "Pato espatala" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 427, No. 431; Buenos Aires and Paraguay. Anas jaspidea Vieillot,1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 5, p. 162, 1816 — based on description of male ducks in Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 439; Rio de la Plata. Rynchapsis maculatus (Gould MS.) Jardine and Selby, 111. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 147, 1835 — South America (type from the Rio Plata, cf. Gould, in Darwin's Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841). Rhynchaspis maculatus Gould, in Darwin's Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 — Rio Plata. Dafila caesio-scapula Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvog., Natatores, pi. 51, fig. [180], between 1845 and 1848 — no locality (type in Dresden Museum). Dafila caesioscapulata Bibra, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 — lakes around Santiago. Spatula platalea Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 480, 1886 — Laguna de Tunga- suca (ex Whitely); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 136, 1889 (range); Salvador!,' Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 316, 1895— Chile (Tarapaca, Rio Bueno, Rio Pilmaiquen, and Santiago), Argentina (Mendoza, Conchitas, and Moreno, Buenos Aires), Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan and Falk- land Islands; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 — Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 447, 453 — Jujuy (Moreno and Abra Pampa) and Bolivia (San Luis, near Tarija) ; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 477, 1912 — Rio Coy, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923— western Rio Negro (locally common) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 36, pi. 48, distr. map 69, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926 — Lavalle, Buenos Aires; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926 — Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 169, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 333, 1932 — Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 6, p. 10, pi. 1, figs. 4-5, distr. map, 1935 (range; habits). Range. — From southern Peru (Tungasuca), northern Chile (Tarapaca), Bolivia (Desaguadero River and the Chaco), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to the Straits of Magellan and northern Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. 1 Salvador! lists Anas jaspidea Vieillot in the synonymy of Querquedula cyanop- tera with a question mark. There is not much doubt, however, from the descrip- tion, "head and upper neck brown spotted with black, rest of the neck and sides of the body a clear russet sprinkled with round black spots," that it refers to the male of the Red Shoveller. 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Los Ingleses, Buenos Aires, 1). Conover Collection. — 9: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2) ; Chile (Laguna de Vichuquen, Tacna, 1; Laguna Salinas, Santiago, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 3). Genus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte Chaulelasmus Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, p. 56, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus. Ktinorhynchus Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 137, preface, p. 2, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Anas strepera Linnaeus. Ctenorhynchus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool, Ind. Univ., p. 198, 1846 (emendation). Chauliodus (not of Bloch, 1901) Swainson, Journ. Roy. Inst. Great Britain, 2, p. 19, 1831 — type, "the well known Gadwall Duck"=Anas strepera Linnaeus. Chauliodous Olphe-Gaillard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ., 1, (4), p. 49, 1888 (emendation). *Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus). GADWALL. Anas strepera Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 101; "in Europae aquis dulcibus;" restricted type locality, Sweden; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886— Unalaska Island and Yukon Delta; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 138, pi. 27, distr. map 40, 1923 (monog.). Anas cinerea S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russl., 2, p. 184, t. 17, (male), 1774 — south- ern Russia. Anas (Chauliodus) strepera Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 440, 1831— North America. Chaulelasmus americanus "Gray," Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 374, 1855 — North America. Chaulelasmus streperus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 221, 1895 — Bering Straits, Vancouver Island, Oregon, Nevada, Texas, California and Mexico (Presidio and Zacatecas); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 209, 1903 — Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Valley of Mexico and Vera Cruz) and West Indies; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 103, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 77, 1923 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 33, 1938— Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 48, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Range. — Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. In North America breeds from central Alaska (Mount McKinley), central Alberta (Lesser Slave Lake), and Hudson Bay (Churchill) 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 341 south to southern California (Riverside County), northwestern New Mexico (Lake Burford), southwestern Kansas and southern Wiscon- sin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, Colorado, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay south to southern Lower California (San Jos£ del Cabo), south central Mexico (Gua- dalajara), Florida, and rarely the West Indies. Field Museum Collection. — 35: British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Many Island Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 2; Maple Creek, 2; Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 3; Nelson County, 1; Towner County, 6); Iowa (Rockwell City, 1); California (Colusa, 2); Arizona (Tucson, 2); Texas (Brownsville, 1; Padre Island, 1); Connecticut (Norfolk, 1; Quinnipiac Marshes, New Haven County, 1; North Haven, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3; unspecified, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1). Conover Collection. — 25: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Camrose, 1; Ed- monton, 2); Utah (Brigham, 7); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 5); Illinois (Henry, 6); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Mexico (Patos, Durango, 1). Genus MARECA Stephens Mareca Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 130, 1824 — type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 33, 1838), Mareca fistularis Stephens= Anas penelope Linnaeus. Penelops Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 31, 1829— type, by monotypy, Anas "penelops"=Anas penelope Linnaeus. *Mareca penelope (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN WIDGEON. Anas Penelope Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 105; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas penelope Deane, Auk, 12, p. 292, 1895 — English Lake, Indiana (third record); idem, I.e., 16, p. 270, 1899 — English Lake, Indiana; Herrick, I.e., 19, p. 284, 1902— Munroe Marsh, Michigan; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 167, pi. 29, distr. map 42, 1923 (monog.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 9, 1941 — Greenland records. Mareca penelope Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 227, 1895 — New- foundland (full bibliog.); Deane, Auk, 20, p. 303, 1903— Ohio, Michigan, Indiana; idem, I.e., 28, p. 254, 1911 — Illinois, Wisconsin; Fuertes, I.e., 32, p. 367, 1915 — Virginia, North Carolina; Nichols and Griscom, I.e., 33, p. 75, 1916— Long Island; Griscom, I.e., p. 320, 1916— New York; 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Palmer, Condor, p. 187, 1918 (complete Pacific Coast records); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. Ill, 1918 (life hist. California); Phillips, Auk, 37, p. 288, 1920 (Massachusetts records); Widmann, I.e., 39, p. 250, 1922— Texas; Walker, Condor, 25, p. 70, 1923— Oregon; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 86, 1923 (life hist.); Jewett, Condor, 26, p. 32, 1924— Oregon; Stone, Auk, 41, p. 338, 1924— North Carolina; Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 168, 1925 — King Island, Alaska; Lewy, Auk, 47, p. 552, 1930— Wolf Lake, Illinois; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Huber, Auk, 48, p. 256, 1931— Georgia; Abbott, Condor, 35, p. 204, 1933 — Descanso, Lower California; Norton, Auk, 50, p. 354, 1933 — Maine; Lynch, I.e., 52, p. 78, 1934 — Rhode Island; McClanahan, I.e., 54, p. 532, 1937 (all Florida records); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 146, 1939 (food habits in North America); Cutler, I.e., 58, p. 570, 1941— Leipsic, Delaware; Hasbrouck, I.e., 61, p. 93, 1944 (disc, of hist, in North America and possibility of breeding); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 124, 1945 (seven records of Iceland birds recovered in eastern North America, pointing to more or less regular migration from there). Anas penelops (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 77, 1899 — Greenland. Range. — Europe and Asia south in winter to northern Africa and India. Found frequently in autumn and winter on the Atlantic coast of North America from New England to Florida, and there are numerous instances of its occurrence throughout the interior, on the Pacific coast, and in Alaska; casual in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Alaska (Bering Sea, 1); California (Brawley, Imperial County, 1); Connecticut (Grove Beach, 1). Conover Collection. — 1: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1). *Mareca americana (Gmelin). BALDPATE. Anas americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 526, 1789 — based on "Le Canard Jensen, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 955, and "American Wigeon" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 567 (New York), Louisiana and New York; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886— St. Michaels; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 68, 1887— St. Michaels (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 189, pi. 29, distr. map 43, 1923 (monog.). Mareca americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 233, 1895 — North America, Mexico, Guatemala (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 210, 1903 — Mexico, Guatemala, and Trinidad; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 106, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 89, 1923 (lite hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 308, 1927— Puerto Rico (Cartagena Lagoon) and Virgin Islands (St. Thomas; St. Croix); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 343 78, p. 297, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama (one record); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 34, 1942— Wood Buffalo Park; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 47, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 407, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Range. — Breeds from the Yukon and Mackenzie valleys east to Hudson Bay and south to eastern Oregon, northern Utah, South Dakota, and formerly southern Wisconsin and northern Indiana. Winters from British Columbia, the central Mississippi Valley, and Maryland south to Costa Rica, rarely to Panama (one record), Colombia (Sabana de Bogota), and the West Indies. Field Museum Collection. — 47: Alaska (Bethel, 2); British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnston, 1); Quebec (Isle aux Rheaux, 1); Oregon (Prineville, 1; Salem, 2; Tillamook, 1; Burns, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Witch Creek, 1; Wasco, 1; San Diego County, 1) ; Utah (Bear River Marshes, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Towner County, 2; Rolette County, 1); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1); Kansas (Pierceville, 1); Illinois (Sparland, 1; Canton, 1); Massachusetts (Barnstable County, 2); Connecticut (Branford, 1; North Haven, 3; West Haven, 1; Grove Beach, 1; Clinton, 1; Quinnipiac Marshes, 1); Virginia (unspecified, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); Florida (Banana River, 3; Canaveral Club, Brevard County, 1); Colombia (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 33: Alaska (Alaktak River, near Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6) ; Alberta (Camrose, 2; Tofield, 3); Manitoba (Churchill, 4); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 4); Illinois (Wheaton, 1 ; Henry, 8) ; North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). *Mareca sibilatrix (Poeppig). CHILOE WIDGEON. Anas sibilatrix Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur.- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 10, July, 1829— Talcaguano, Conception, Chile (location of type not stated); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 203, pi. 29, distr. map 44, 1923 (monog.). Anas chiloensis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, Jan. 6, 1831 — "in insula Chilo6" (type apparently lost). Anas parvirostris Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 43, 1841 — based on "Pato pico pequefto" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 434, No. 432, Buenos Aires. Mareca sibilatrix Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — Rio Sauce (Chico), Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Sclater and "344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 135, 1889 (range); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 210, 1891 — Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 236, 1895— Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Falk- land Islands, and Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 104, 1907 — San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 450, 1912— Rio Coy, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923 — western Rio Negro (common); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 80, 1926 — Cape San Antonio, Carhue and General Roca, Argentina; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 354, 1926 — southern Santa F£ (nesting) ; Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1928 (food); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 168, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 325, 1932— Cucao, Chiloe' Island and Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 347, pi. 3, fig. 8, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. — Southern South America from northern Chile (Co- quimbo), northern Argentina (Tucuman), Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego (San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay); Falkland Islands. Found in the northern part of its range only in winter. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Cucao, Chilo£ Island, 1; Riesco Island, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Rio Neuquen, Neuquen, 1). Conover Collection. — 19: Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 2; Galvarino, Cautin, 2; Cucao, Chilo£ Island, 8; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 4); Argentina (Province Buenos Aires, 1; Chos Malal, Neuquen, 2). Genus EUNETTA Bonaparte Eunetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 650, 1856 — type, by subs, desig., Anas falcata Pallas. Eunetta falcata (Georgi). FALCATED TEAL. Anas falcata Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich., 1, p. 167, 1775 — Asiatic Russia; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 159, pi. 28, distr. map 41, 1923— St. George, Pribilof Islands (monog.). Eunetta falcata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 218, 1895 (fulfbibliog.) ; Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 250, 1920 — St. George, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 75, 1923— St. George, Pribilof Islands (life hist.); Brooks, Murrelet, 13, p. 92, 1932 — Swan Lake, British Columbia. Range. — Extralimital. Northeastern Asia. Rare straggler to Alaska (Pribilof Islands) and British Columbia (Swan Lake). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 345 Genus NETTION Kaup Nettion Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 95, 196, 1829 — type, by raonotypy (p. 196), Anas crecca Linnaeus. Sibirionetta Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 11, 1929 — type, by orig. desig., Anas formosa Georgi. Amazonetta Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 12, 1929 — type, by orig. desig., Anas brasiliensis Gmelin. Aixopsis Delacour, L'Oiseau, 6, p. 376, 1936 — type, by orig. desig., Anas brasiliensis Gmelin. Callonetta Delacour, L'Oiseau, 6, p. 369, 1936 — type, by orig. desig., Anas leucophrys Vieillot. Dafilonettion Boetticher, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, p. 406, 1937 — type, by orig. desig., Anas flavirostris Vieillot. Nettion crecca crecca (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN TEAL. Anas Crecca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 109; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden. Anas crecca Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 132, 1886 — Aktha Island, Aleutian Islands (June 28); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 211, pi. 31, distr. map 45, 1923 (breeding in California [?]; North American records). Nettion crecca Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 243, 1895 (full bibliog.) ; Brewster, Auk, 18, p. 135, 1901 — Massachusetts; Brock, I.e., 24, p. 94, 1907— Maine; Norton, I.e., 28, p. 255, 1911— Maine; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 119, 1918 (one supposed record); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 45, 1923— St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, (May 4, Sept. 20); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 98, 1923 (lite hist.); Huber, Auk, 44, p. 95, 1927 — North Carolina; Griscom, I.e., 49, p. 79, 1932— Massachusetts; Edwards, I.e., p. 460, 1932— New Jersey; Kuerzi, I.e., 50, p. 429, 1933— Long Island; Stone, I.e., 51, p. 227, 1934— South Carolina; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 20, 1934 — Akutan Island; Murray, Auk, 53, p. 208, 1936 — Virginia; Cruickshank, I.e., p. 321, 1936 — New York (rather regular migrant); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 149, 1939 (food of, in North America); Gabrielson, I.e., 61, p. 116, 1944 — Aleutian Islands. Nettion crecca crecca Schioler, Dansk. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 — eastern and western Greenland (accidental). Anas crecca crecca Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 164, 1931 (range); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 5, 1941 — Greenland records. Range. — Widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Breeds in North America on the Aleutian Islands east to Unalaska and possibly on the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island). Has been recorded fairly regularly in winter on the Atlantic coast from Labrador to South Carolina. Several records for western and eastern Greenland. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Nettion crecca carolinense (Gmelin). AMERICAN GREEN- WINGED TEAL. Anas carolinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, (2), p. 533, 1789 — based on "American Teal" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 569, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 554, Carolina to Hudson Bay = South Carolina; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 132, 1886— Alaska (common); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 68, 1887— St. Michaels (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 231, pi. 31, distr. map 46, 1923 (monog.); Beatty, Auk, 61, p. 654, 1944 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 46, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 — Newfoundland (rather common nester). Anas migratoria Bartram, Travels, p. 295, 1791 — Pennsylvania. Anas sylvatica Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 167, 1816 — North America between Hudson Bay and Louisiana. Querquedula Americana (not Anas americana Gmelin) Brehm,1 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 887, 1831— near New York (type in Tring Collection; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 47, 1918). Querquedula Groenlandica Brehm,1 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 887, 1831 — Greenland (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 47, 1918). Nettion carolinense Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 250, 1895 — Canada, United States, and Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Presidio and Zacatecas); Johnson, Auk, 32, p. 469, pis. 27-29, 1915 (four-winged specimen); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 113, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 102, 1923 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Mcllhenny, I.e., 51, p. 331, 1934 (longevity, at least eight years); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Peters, Bird Banding, Boston, 15, p. 72, 1944 (banded in California, recovered in Labrador). Anas crecca var. carolinensis Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 76, 1898 — Greenland (crit.). Nettium carolinense Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 212, 1903 — Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Guadalajara, Valley of Mexico, and Vera Cruz), Honduras (Aloor River), West Indies. Nettion crecca carolinensis Schioler, Dansk. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 — Greenland. Anas crecca carolinensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 164, 1931 (range); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 7, 1941 — Greenland records. Range. — Breeds from northern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound), northern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson), Great Slave Lake, north- eastern Manitoba (Churchill), and James Bay south to central California (Tulare Lake), northern New Mexico, northern Nebraska (Cherry County), southern Minnesota, and rarely to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Winters from southern British Columbia, Arizona, 1 Nomen nudum in Isis, 1830, p. 998. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 347 New Mexico, Arkansas, and Chesapeake Bay south to British Honduras, the Gulf coast, and the Lesser Antilles; accidental in Bermuda (several records) and southern Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 58: Alaska (Cape Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1; Maple Creek, 1); Ontario (Point Rowan, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Eddy County, 1; Ramsey County, 2; Rolette County, 1); California (Wasco, 1; Redlands, 1; Red Bluff, 1; Corona, 1; Santa Ana River, 4; Los Banos, 1; San Clemente Island, 1); Arizona (Bobocomari River, 1); Texas (El Saug, Willacy County, 1; Corpus Christi, 1; Tivoli, 1); Kansas (Garden City, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2; Horicon Marsh, Washington County, 1); Illinois (Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 1; Putnam, 2; Worth, 2; Henry, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Quebec (Beaupre", 1; Magdalen Islands, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 5; Clinton, 2); New York (Rock- land County, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3; Enterprise, 1); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1). Conover Collection. — 26: Alaska (near Barrow, 2) ; Alberta (Tofield, 1); Wyoming (Du Bois, Fremont County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 11); South Dakota (Eden, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Wheaton, 1; Henry, 5); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1). Nettion formosum (Georgi). BAIKAL TEAL. Anas formosa Georgi, Bemerk. Reise Russ. Reich, 1, p. 168, 1775 — Lake Baikal. Nettion formosum Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 240, 1895 (full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924— Wainwright, Alaska; Moffitt, l.c., 34, p. 193, 1932 — Brentwood, Contra Costa County, California; Swarth, I.e., p. 259, 1932 (above record probably a captive); Bailey, Auk, 50, p. 97, 1933— King Island, Alaska; Gabrielson, I.e., 58, p. 400, 1941 — Savoonga, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Range. — Extralimital. Northeastern Asia. Straggler to western North America (Alaska, three records; California, one doubtful record). *Nettion brasiliense (Gmelin). BRAZILIAN TEAL. Anas brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 517, 1789 — based on "Mareca alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214, northeastern Brazil; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 295, pi. 39, distr. map 55, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Dugand, Caldasia, 1, p. 54, 1941 — Llanos del Meta, Colombia; Griscom and Green way, Bull. Mus. 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Comp. Zool., 88, p. 109, 1941— Rio Capim, Rio Acara, Rio Tapajoz, near Obidos, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 23, p. 46, 1945— El Beni, Bolivia (Reyes; Bresta). Anas mareca Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 1, livr. 38, p. 152, 1790 — based on "Mareca alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 214; Brazil. Anas ipecutiri Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 120, 1816 — based on "Ipecutiri" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 445, No. 437; Paraguay. Anas paturi Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 85, fig. 109, 1825 — Rio Sao Francisco, Bahla, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 717, 1906. Querquedula erythrorhyncha (not Anas erythrorhyncha Gmelin) "Spix" Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 127, 1838 — South America; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 — Buenos Aires and (?)Straits of Magellan. Querquedula novae hispaniae (not Anas nopae hispaniae Gmelin) Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmvogel, pi. 110, figs. 981-982, 1845 (or later)— no locality stated (type in Dresden Museum). Querquedula brasiliensis Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 133, 1889 — Buenos Aires and La Plata; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 242, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Nettion brasiliense Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 266, 1895 — New Granada (vicinity of Bogota), British Guiana (Annai), Brazil (Bahia and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul), Bolivia (Salinas), Monte Video, and Buenos Aires; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 393, (1898) 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 — Mundo Nova, Rio Grande, Rio Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Tucuman (ex Burmeister); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 131, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465 — Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 116, 1914— Para and Marajo, Brazil; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 193, 1916 — British Guiana (upper Takutu Mountains and Annai); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916 — Venezuela (Altagracia; Caicara); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 79, 1926 — Uruguay (Rio Negro) and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 499, 1929 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 17, (2), p. 718, 1932— Aqui- dauana, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 22, p. 53, 1938 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Olympia, Itatiba), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), Matto Grosso (Aquidauana), Goyaz (Inhumas, Rio das Almas), and Bahfa (Barra do Rio Grande); Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 339, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1940 — Entre Rfos, Corrientes, Buenos Aires (Aj6). Nettium brasiliense Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910 — Tucuman, Salta (Oran), Chaco. Nettium brasiliensis Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 355, 1926— Santa Fe" (rare). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 349 Amazonetta brasiliensis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 50, 1930 — Tacaagle", Tapikiole", and Lapango, Formosa. Amazonetta vittata Derscheid, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 60, Feb. 5, 1938 — described from live birds in the possession of Dr. J. M. Derscheid; Zimmer and Mayr, Auk, 60, p. 250, 1943 (=dark phase of Nettion brasiliense). Range. — South America east of the Andes from eastern Colombia, the Orinoco Basin (and probably Lake Maracaibo) and British Guiana south through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay to northern Argentina (Tucuman, Cordoba, Formosa, Buenos Aires). Field Museum Collection. — 32: British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Quixada, Ceara, 4; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 10); Uruguay (Passo Correntino on Rio Negro, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 8; Nueva Moka, 2; San Carlos, 2). Conover Collection. — 36: Brazil (Lago Javary, Para, 4; Pinhel, Para, 3; Aveiro, Para, 6; Obidos, Para, 1; Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 4); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Paraguay (Borja, 1; Molinasque, 5; Horqueta, 2; Chaco, 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; 60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 1; Laguna General Diaz, 3); Argentina (Isla Ella, Delta Rio Parana, 1). *Nettion leucophrys (Vieillot). RING-NECKED TEAL. Anas torquata (not of Gmelin, 1774) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 110, 1816 — based on "Pato collar negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist: Nat. Pax., 3, p. 452, No. 441; Paraguay (descr. of male). Anas leucophrys Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 156, 1816 — based on "Pato ceja blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 453, No. 442; Paraguay (descr. of female); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 302, pi. 39, distr. map 56, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range). Querquedula manillensis (not Anas manillensis Gmelin) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 125, 1838 — "inhabits the Manillas" (type in Liverpool Museum). "Anas rubidoptera Dubois, Orn. Gal., p. 90, pi. 57 (male and female), 1839." l Anas rhodopus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 45, 1841 — based on Azara, Nos. 441, 442; Paraguay. Querquedula torquata Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 132, 1889 — Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Waikthlatingmayalwa, Paraguayan Chaco; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 243, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Nettion torquatum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 268, 1895 — Buenos Aires; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 32, 1897— Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899— 1 This work has not been accessible to the authors. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — "Tucuman en el Manantial"; Lonn- berg, Ibis, 1903, p. 465— Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco. Nettium torquatum Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910— Tucuman; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 164, 1923— La Region Riberena, Buenos Aires. Netlion leucophrys Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 78, 1926— Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 343, pi. 3, figs. 2-3, distr. map, 1940 — C6rdoba and Buenos Aires (range; habits). Range. — South America from southern Bolivia (Tarija), south- western Matto Grosso (Urucum) and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, south through Paraguay and Uruguay to northern Argentina (Tucu- man, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires). Conover Collection. — 27: Paraguay, Chaco (Orloff, 8; 83 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; 195-265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 16); Argentina (Miraflores, Oran, Salta, 1). *Nettion andium altipetens Conover.1 MERIDA TEAL. Nettion andium altipetens Conover, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash., 54, p. 143, Sept. 30, 1941 — Paramo San Antonio, Culata Mountains, alt. 12,000 ft., Me>ida, Venezuela (type in the Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago). Nettion andium (not Querquedula andium Sclater and Salvin) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 263, 1895 — part, spec, g, Venezuela (Sierra Nevada of M6rida); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922 — Culata Mountains, Me>ida, Venezuela. Anas andium Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 285, pi. 37, distr. map 53, 1923 — part, Venezuela and northeastern Andes, Colombia (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 — part, Venezuela and northeastern Andes, Colombia. Range. — Paramo zone in the Andes of western Venezuela (Cor- dillera of MeYida) and the eastern Andes of Colombia (Boyaca), south at least to Bogotd. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Venezuela (Culata, Me*rida, 1). 1 Nettion andium altipetens Conover: Differs from N. a. andium by lacking, or having only faintly indicated, the strong metallic bronze reflection seen in certain lights in the speculum of the typical race. Differs also by having a generally lighter appearance, the upper back, scapulars and tertials being browner, less blackish green, with grayer, less buffy edges. The head and neck are less heavily speckled and barred with dusky, and the chest is less heavily blotched with the same color. Additional material examined. — Venezuela, M6rida: La Culata, 4; San Antonio, 1; Merida, 3; Quintero, 3; Conejos, 1; Paramo de Santo Domingo, 3. — Colombia: Lagunillas, Boyaca, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 351 Conover Collection. — 8: Venezuela (Culata Mountains, 3; Paramo Frias, 4; Teta de Niquitao, 1). *Nettion andium andium (Sclater and Salvin). ANDEAN TEAL. Querquedula andium Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 1873 — high Ecuador between Riobamba and Mocha (type in British Museum). Nettion andium Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 263, 1895 — part, spec, a-f, Ecuador (between Riobamba and Mocha, Sical, and Rio Blanco); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 233, 1917— Santa Isabel, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 210, 1926 — Ecuador (Papallacta, Antisana, Urbina, Antisanilla, and Besti6n). Nettium andium Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 275 — Sinche, Guaranda, Ecuador. Anas andium Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 285, pi. 37, distr. map 53, 1923 — part, Colombia (except northeastern Andes) and Ecuador (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 — part, Colombia (except northeastern Andes) and Ecuador. Range. — Paramo zone in the central Andes (and perhaps the southeastern Andes) of Colombia and the Andes of Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Ecuador (Llanganate, Tungurahua, 4). Conover Collection. — 14: Colombia (Paramo de Purace", Cauca, 6; Palatera, Cauca, 1; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Antisana, Pichin- cha, 3; Ilinesa, Pichincha, 1; Mount Cotopaxi, 2).1 *Nettion flavirostre oxypterum (Meyen). SHARP- WINGED TEAL. Anas oxyptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 121, pi. 26, 1834 — eastern slope of the south Peruvian Andes toward Lake Titicaca (type in Berlin Museum) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 279, pi. 37, distr. map 52, 1923 (monog.). Querquedula angustirostris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 21, p. 439, Nov., 1862 — Laguna "Cucullata," Tacna=Laguna de Chacalluta on coast 15 km. north of Arica2 (type in National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile); idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 202, 1863 (German version of orig. descr.). Querquedula oxyptera Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 477, 1886 — Lake Titicaca (ex Meyen), Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Arequipa (ex Whitely), near Tacna (ex Frobeen), Cutervo (ex Stolzmann). Nettion oxypterum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 262, 1895 — Peru (Tinta, Salinas and Laguna de Lanjui), Chile (Cueva negra, Sacaya, Sitani, and Huasco, Prov. Tarapaca); Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, 1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, 1. * Cf. Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 210, 1937. 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. [137], 1909 — Pazna Bastide, Lake Poopo; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921— Occobamba Pass, Peru. Nettion fiavirostre Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 447 — puna of Jujuy. Nettium oxypterum Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 231, 1910— Salta and Jujuy. Nettion flavirostris oxypterum Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 244, 1930— Huanuco Viejo, Peru. Anas flavirostris oxyptera Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 467, 649 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin (Ucaqui), Peru. Nettion flavirostre oxypterum Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 327, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 210, 1937 — Punta del Cobre, Rio Copiapo, 40 km. from coast at Caldera; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 336, pi. 3, fig. 1, distr. map, 1940 — Salta and Jujuy. Range. — The Puna zone of the Andes from northern Peru (Cutervo) south through western Bolivia to Antofagasta, Chile, and northern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. — 29: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 3); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 6; Vacas, Cochabamba, 14; Colomi, Cochabamba, 2; Incachacha, Cocha- bamba, 2); Chile (Chungara, Tarapaca, 1). Conover Collection. — 33: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Junin, Junin, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 1; Sorapa, Puno, 1; Juli, Puno, 1; Puerto Arturo, Puno, 2; Occomani, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 4; Vacas, Cochabamba, 4; Tiraque, Cocha- bamba, 8; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 2); Chile (Rio Loa, Anto- fagasta, 1); Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 2). *Nettion flavirostre flavirostre (Vieillot). YELLOW-BILLED TEAL. Anas flavirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel, 5, p. 107, 1816 — based on "Pato pico amarillo y negro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 448, No. 439; Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 273, pi. 37, distr. map 51, 1923 (monog.). Anas creccoides King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 99, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type in the British Museum). Querquedula creccoides Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 — Rio Plata and Straits of Magellan. Anas azarae Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 27, 1841 — based on Azara, No. 439; Buenos Aires. Querquedula flavirostris Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 175, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 205, 1891— Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Straits of Magellan (Eden, Port Famine), and Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 353 Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 107, 1907— Rio McClelland Settle- ments; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 54, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Chile (nesting). Nettion flavirostre Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 261, 1895 — Chile, Patagonia, Straits of Magellan, Hermit Island, Falkland Islands, and Buenos Aires; idem, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 31, 1897 — Cara-huassi, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 — Mundo Nova, Rio Grande and Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Lules, Tucu- man; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923— Huanuluan, Maquinchao and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 77, 1926 — Argentina (Buenos Aires, Tunuyan, and Rio Negro), Uruguay (Carrasco) (nesting habits); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 — Valcheta, Rio Negro. Nettium flavirostre Scott -and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 456, 1912 — Mount Tigre and Rio Coy, Patagonia; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. Ill, 1918 — Ajo and Juancho, Buenos Aires (nesting habits); Serie" and C. H. Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 43, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos. Anas flavirostris flavirostris Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range). Nettion flavirostre flavirostre Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 326, 1932— Chilo6 Island (Cucao, Rio Inio, Lago Huillinco), Aysen (Rio Nirehuau), Chile; Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 331, pi. 3, fig. 4, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. — The southern part of South America from central Chile (Santiago), northwestern Argentina (Salta, Tucuman) and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Uruguay (San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 1). Conover Collection. — 18: Chile (Lautaro, Cautin, 2; Lago Huillinco, Chilce", 1; Cucao, Chilce", 5; Rio Inio, Chilce", 5; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Collon Cura, Neuquen, 1). Genus PUNANETTA1 Bonaparte Punanetta Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 — type, by monotypy, "leucogenys Tsch[udi] (A. puna Lichtenstein)." Adelonetta Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 346, 1890 — new name for Punanetta Bonaparte. 1 The two species included in this genus have generally been put in the genus Querquedula along with the three species querquedula, discors, and cyanoptera. However, as has been pointed out by Phillips, Delacour, Mayr, and others, versi- 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Punanetta versicolor versicolor (Vieillot). GRAY TEAL. Anas versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 109, 1816 — based on "Pato pico de tres colores" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 450, No. 440, Paraguay; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 402, pi. 44, distr. map 64, 1923— part, north of 40° S. lat. (monog.). Anas maculirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 84, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum). Anas muralis Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 42, 1841 — based on "Pato pico de tres colores" Azara, No. 440; Paraguay. Querquedula versicolor Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 291, 1895 — part, Montevideo, Buenqs Aires, Chile (full bibliog.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 — Pedras Brancas and Rio Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902— Tucuman (Lules and Famailla); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923— western Rio Negro; Seri6 and C. H. Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 43, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios. Querquedula versicolor versicolor Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926 — Lavalle and Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 1932— part, central provinces of Chile. Anas versicolor versicolor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 — part, from about 40° S. lat. northward. Range. — From the central provinces of Chile (Santiago), the Bolivian Chaco, Paraguay, and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) south to about 40° S. lat. Conover Collection. — 5: Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). *Punanetta versicolor fretensis (King).1 SOUTHERN GRAY TEAL. color and puna have little in common with the other three. The downy young lack all trace of the yellow tint found in the young of the genus Querquedula as restricted in this work and resemble more closely those of Dafila acuta and Dafila spinicauda. The males of versicolor (and without much doubt those of the closely related puna) have an expansion of the trachea (cf. Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 405, 1923) lacking in discors, etc. The bills of both species also are much deeper and heavier. 1 As stated by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81, 1926) and Morrison (Ibis, 1940, p. 253), specimens from the southern part of Chile and Argentina and the Falkland Islands are very different from birds taken farther north. The southern birds, Punanetta versicolor fretensis (King), are darker, the light barrings to the feathers of the mantle being narrower and the dark barrings of the upper tail coverts, flanks, abdomen, and under tail coverts much wider, while the chest and breast are more heavily spotted. They are also considerably larger, with wings of males running from 204-219 mm. (against 180-197) and oilmen 49-52 (against 43-45), while a female has a wing of 210 (against 186) and a culmen of 49 (against 40-41). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 355 Anas fretensis King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, pub. Jan. 16, 1831 — Magellan Straits (type probably in British Museum).1 Querquedula versicolor (not Anas versicolor Vieillot) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 207, 1891 — Suzanne Cove, Patagonia (June); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 291, 1895— part, Straits of Magellan, Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 109, 1907— Useless Bay Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 468, 1912— Arroyo Eke, Rio Chico. Anas versicolor Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 402, distr. map 64, 1923 — part, south of 40° S. lat. and the Falkland Islands. Querquedula versicolor fretensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 81 (in text), 1926 — Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan (dist. char.); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 253 — Aysen (Rio Nirehuau), Chubut (Valle delLago Blanco), Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands (dist. chars.). Anas versicolor versicolor Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 — part, from about 40° S. lat. to Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands. Querquedula versicolor versicolor Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 — Arroyo Las Bayas, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 1932— part, Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llan- quihue (Straits of Magellan). Range. — Chile and Argentina from about 40° S. lat. to Tierra del Fuego; the Falkland Islands. Conover Collection. — 12: Argentina (Huanuluan, Rio Negro, 1); Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 11). *Punanetta puna (Tschudi).2 PUNA TEAL. Anas Puna (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 315, 1844 — Peru=Dept. Junin (type in Berlin Museum). Punanetta leucogenys "Tsch." (errore) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 — based on Anas Puna (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 315, 1844— Peru. Querquedula puna Sclater and Salvin, Exotic Orn., p. 197, pi. 99, 1869 — Tungasuca, Peru; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 — Junin; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 478, 1886 — Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Tungasuca, Cuzco (ex Whitely); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 293, 1895— Peru (Yunoca, Laguna de Tungasuca, and Laguna de Tangui) and Chile (Prov. Tarapaca) (full bibliog.); M6negaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909— Lake Titicaca. 1 Spec, g, Straits of Magellan, presented by the Admiralty, is probably the type described by King. 1 Punanetta puna (Tschudi): Males differ from Punanetta versicolor versicolor by having the crown of the head blacker; the sides of face and throat purer white; the mantle and upper back duller, the dark blotchings being much lighter and the light barrings less distinct; the rump uniform brown gray with no light barrings; the upper tail coverts with the dark markings duller and the light markings reduced to vermiculations rather than barrings. Below, the dark blotches on the chest and breast are much duller and less numerous, and the dark barrings of the flanks and abdomen much narrower. The bill is plain dark blue. The size is 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas puna Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 408, pi. 44, distr. map 65, 1923 (monog.). Anas versicolor puna Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 165, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 466— Huancavelica, Peru; idem, I.e., 1939, p. 649— Lake Junin (not race of versicolor). Querquedula versicolor puna Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 330, 1932—20 miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta (range, Chile). Range. — Puna zone of the south-central Andes from Lake Junin, Peru, south through Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba) to northern Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta). Field Museum Collection. — 3: Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 2; Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. — 13: Peru (Cazo Pato, Lake Junin, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Chucuito, Puno, 2; Puerto Arturo, Puno, 3); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1). Genus DAFILA Leach Dafila (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 126, 1824— type, by monotypy, Dafila caudacuta Stephens=Anas acuta Linnaeus. Trachelonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 115, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Anas acuta Linnaeus. Phasianurus Wagler, Isis, col. 1235, 1832 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 391), Anas acuta Linnaeus. Paecilonitta Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 32, 1838 — type, by orig. desig., Anas bahamensis Linnaeus. Poecilonitta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 74, 1840 — emendation. Poecilonetta Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Aves, p. 61, 1846 — emendation. Daphila "Swainson" Coues, Bds. North West, p. 562, 1874 — emendation. *Dafila acuta (Linnaeus). PINTAIL. Anas acuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 96; Europe, restricted type locality, Sweden; Winge, larger, wings measuring 219-231 mm. as against 185-197 in typical versicolor and 204-219 in fretensis. Females differ from the males by having the mantle duller; the breast more uniform with the dark blotchings fewer and less clearly denned; and the speculum not nearly so bright, the metallic bluish reflection being entirely absent and the green much less brilliant. Wing 215-224 mm. as against 185-186 in typical versi- color and 210 in fretensis. While Punanetta puna is undoubtedly related rather closely to Punanetta versicolor, because of the distinct color differences between the two and especially the fact that the female of the Puna Teal differs in plumage from the male (in the Gray Teal the two sexes are the same), it would seem best to separate them specifically. The downy young of the two also are quite different, that of the Gray Teal being much darker above with a much wider dark stripe through the eye and in addition a dusky wash from the gape to below the eye which is lacking in the young of the Puna Teal. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 357 Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 78, 1898— Greenland; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 306, pi. 40, distr. map 57, 1923 (monog.). Anas Izitzihoa Vieillot,1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 163, 1816 — based on "Tzitzihoa" Hernandez, Hist. Av. Nov. Hisp., p. 35; Mexico. Anas caudata Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 869, 1831— North America (no type extant). Dafila acuta a. americana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 650, 1856 — based on Anas acuta Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 72, pi. 63, fig. 3, 1814; North America. Dafila acuta Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886— St. Michaels and Unalaska Island; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 69, 1887— Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (nesting); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 270, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 213, 1903 — Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, Valley of Mexico, and Vera Cruz), British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Greater Antilles; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 435, 1910 — Azahar de Cartago and Las Concovas, Costa Rica; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 134, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (common breeder); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 8, 1941 — Greenland (tzitzihoa a doubtful race). Dafila acuta tzitzihoa Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 144, 1923 (life hist.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 169, 1925— Alaska (range); Lincoln, I.e., 29, p. 115, 1927 (longevity); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 309, 1927 — Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico; Lincoln, Condor, 30, p. 359, 1928— Belize, British Honduras; idem, Auk, 59, p. 433, 1942— Cali, Colombia; Wetmore, I.e., 59, p. 104, 1942 — Monte Christi, Dominican Republic; Lincoln, Condor, 45, p. 232, 1943 — Palmyra Island, Central Pacific (banded in Utah); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 410, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota (abundant). Anas acuta tzitzihoa Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 329, 1923 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama (one record); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 125, 1945 — Indian Point, Siberia (banded in California); idem, I.e., p. 106, 1945 — Bogota, Colombia (taken Jan. 9, 1944, banded in Texas Oct. 14, 1943) ; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 47, 1945— Sonora (distr.); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946— Foxe Peninsula, Baffin Island. Dafila acuta acuta Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 169, 1925 (range, Alaska). 1 The American Pintail is supposed to differ from the European and Asiatic bird by its larger size, longer bill and tail, and more greenish speculum. A series of twelve adult males from Europe and Asia give wing measurements of 254-287 (average, 267.4), compared with 261-281 mm. (average, 270.7) for eighteen males from North America. Bills measure 50-56 (average, 51.2) against 50-59 mm. (average, 52.3) and tails 183-193 against 164-195 mm., respectively. As regards the color of the speculum, there appears to be an occasional American bird (two in eighteen) which lacks the bronzy reflection, but the great majority are indis- tinguishable from European specimens. It would not seem, therefore, that an American race should be recognized. 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anas acu/a acula Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 136 — Myggleukta, northeastern Greenland (June 20, 1937); Cooke, Bird Banding, 16, p. 125, 1945 (recovery in Quebec of bird banded in Iceland). Range. — Breeds from the Arctic coast of Alaska and Canada west of Hudson Bay, and James Bay (both coasts), south to southern California (Los Angeles County), northern Colorado (Barr Lake), central Iowa, northern Illinois, and southern Ontario (Rondeau, Lake Erie). Winters from southern British Columbia (Okanagan), Colorado (Barr Lake), Oklahoma, southern Illinois, southern Ohio and Chesapeake Bay south to Panama (one record), Colombia (Cali; Bogota), and the West Indies; casual in Greenland. Found also in Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. — 70: Alaska (Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 3); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Big Steele Lake, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Ontario (Long Point Club, 1); Oregon (Prineville, 1; Tillamook Bay, 1) ; California (Corona, 3; Dos Palos, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 2); Wyoming (Laramie County, 1); Utah (Bear River Marshes, 1); Colorado (Rocky Ford, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Rockport, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 9; Nelson County, 7; Ramsey County, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Min- nesota (Steele County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Warsaw, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 4; West Haven, 1; Quin- nipiac Marshes, 2) ; New York (Rockland County, 1) ; North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Jacksonville, 2; St. John's River, 3; Banana River, 3); Colombfe (unspecified, 5). Conover Collection. — 32: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 1; Camrose, 1); California (Los Banos, 1; Buena Vista Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 5) ; Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3) ; Illinois (Waukegan, 1 ; Wheaton, 2; Henry, 3) ; North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). *Dafila spinicauda (Vieillot). BROWN PINTAIL. Anas spinicauda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &!., 5, p. 135, 1816 — based on "Pato cola aguda" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 421, No. 429, Buenos Aires; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 330, pi. 40, distr. map 58, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 649 — Lake Junin, Peru. Anas oxyura Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 122, 1834 — Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Dafila urophasiamts (not Anas urophasianus Vigors) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 389— Falkland Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 359 Dafila spinicauda Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — junction of Rio Negro and Rio Neuquen; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 481, 1886— Lake Junin (ex Jelski), Tinta and Tangasuca (ex Whitely), Rumucucha (ex Stolzmann); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 134, 1889 (range); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 209, 1891— Patagonia (Rio Santa Cruz) and Falkland Islands (Edwards Bay); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 279, 1895— Peru (Tinta), Chile (Rio Bueno), Uruguay (Montevideo), Falkland Islands; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899 — Camaquam and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902 — Famailla, Tucuman; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 106, 1907 — Useless Bay Settlement and Sara Settlement, Tierra del Fuego; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 1, p. [137], 1909 — Rio Pazna, Lake Poopo; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 460, 1912— Mount Tigre, Patagonia; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 302, 1923— western Rio Negro (very common); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 417, 1926 — Valcheta and Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 73, 1926— Argentina (Guaminf and Lavalle, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro; Bahia Blanca; Tunuyan, Men- doza) and Uruguay (San Vicente); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 210, 1926 — Lago San Pablo, Ecuador; Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 — Paramo do Cumbal, Narino, Colombia. Paecilonitta spinicauda Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 88 (in text), 1918 (Paecilonitta, not Dafila); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 328, 1932 — Rio Loa, Antofagasta and Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, Chile. Paecolinitta (sic) spinicauda Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 244, 1935 — Isla la Mocha (common resident). Range. — The Andean highlands from southern Colombia (Narino), and1 Ecuador south to northern Chile (Tarapaca) and the lowlands of southern South America from north central Chile (Antofagasta), the Bolivian Chaco, and southeastern Brazil (Sao Paulo; Rio Grande do Sul) south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Probably only summers in the extreme southern part of its range. Field Museum Collection. — 7: Peru (Cajamarca, Cajamarca, 1); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 1); Uruguay (San Carlos, Maldonado, 1); Chile (Lago Ranco, Valdivia, 1; Cucao, Chilce", 2; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 35: Colombia (Cumbal, Narino, 4); Ecuador (Laguna Negra, Salvador, 1; Latacunga, Leon, 1; Antisana, Pichin- cha, 1; Cerro Puntas, Pichincha, 1; Nudo Sabanilla, Loja, 1; Laguna Mica, Antisana, 1); Peru, Puno (Chucuito, 1; Occomani, 1; Puerto Arturo, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1; Colomi, Cocha- bamba, 1; Tarija, Tarija, 1); Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1; Bucalemu, Santiago, 1; Batuco, Santiago, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 8); Argentina (Conception, 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2; Chos Malal, Neuquen, 1). Dafila niceforoi (Wetmore and Borrero).1 NICEFORO'S PINTAIL. Anas niceforoi Wetmore and Borrero, Caldasia, 4, No. 16, p. 68, pi., May 10, 1946 — Laguna de Tota, Boyaca, Colombia, altitude 3,070 meters (type in Institute de Ciencas Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia). Anas rubripes subsp. Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 407, 1944 — Sabana de Bogota and Valle de Cauca. Dafila spinicauda (not of Vieillot) Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, p. 370, 1945 — Laguna de la Herrera, Sabana de Bogota. Range. — Eastern Andes of Colombia (Laguna de Tota and Laguna de Fuquene, Boyaca; the Bogota savanna and Cundina- marca); also Cali, Valle de Cauca. Dafila georgica (Gmelin).2 SOUTH GEORGIAN TEAL. Anas georgica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 516, 1789 — based on "Georgia Duck" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 478; "Georgia australi America;" Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 281, pi. 37, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 166, 1931 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 948, 1936 — Bay of Isles and Possession Bay, South Georgia (descr.; life hist.). Anas xanthoryncha Forster,3 Descr. Anim. (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 342, 1844 — South Georgia. Querquedula antarctica Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 36, p. 118, pi. 1, 1888 — South Georgia (type in Berlin Museum). Nettion georgicum Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 264, 1895 (descr.; full bibliog.); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 66, 1 Dafila niceforoi (Wetmore and Borrero) : Very similar to Dafila spinicauda (Vieillot) but coloration much darker throughout. Dark shaft streaks on feathers of sides of face, throat and neck much wider and darker; crown dark fuscous in- stead of light rufescent brown; speculum dull black without green reflections. Wing 240-242, (female) 226-230. As pointed out by the describers, the most striking difference is in the bill, which is longer and has the line of the culmen straighter, less convex, and the nail much smaller, both actually and proportionately. The outline of the frontal feathering is rounded instead of pointed and does not reach nearly as far forward. In the specimen examined, the distance between the anterior edge of the frontal feathering and the posterior end of the nostril was about twice that in spinicauda, but the feathering was somewhat worn. While niceforoi and spinicauda are undoubtedly closely related, as pointed out by Wetmore and Borrero, the differences in the bills appear to indicate that they should be kept specifically distinct. The relationship between the two is probably something like that between Querquedula versicolor and Querquedula puna. Material examined. — Colombia: Sabana de Bogota, 1. 1 Dafila georgica (Gmelin), autoptically unknown to the authors, is said by Murphy to be more closely related to D. spinicauda than to any other duck. 3 Preoccupied by Anas xanthoryncha Forster, I.e., p. 45. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 361 1906 (descr.; breeding); Murphy, Auk, 33, p. 270, 1916 (affinities, monog.); Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 490 — South Georgia; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 583, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting; habits). Nettium georgicum Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 326 — South Georgia (resident). Range. — Island of South Georgia. *Dafila bahamensis bahamensis (Linnaeus). BAHAMAN PINTAIL. Anas bahamensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — based on "The Ilathera" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 93, pi. 93, Bahama Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 344, pi. 41, distr. map 59, 1923 (monog.); Gromme, Auk, 47, p. 73, 1930 — Lake Winneconne, Wisconsin. Anas ilathera Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., 1, livr. 47, p. 151, 1791 — based principally on "The Ilathera" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 93, pi. 93, Bahama Islands and Brazil. Anas urophasianus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 357, 1829 — "Northwest America" (type apparently lost); idem, Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 31, pi. 14, 1839. Phasianurus vigorsii Wagler, Isis, col. 1235, 1832 — based on Anas urophasi- anus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 357, 1829, "Northwest America." Poecilonetta bahamensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 282, 1895 — part, Antigua, West Indies (full bibliog.); Brooks, Auk, 30, p. 110, 1913— Cape Canaveral, Florida; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 194, 1916 — Abary River; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 156, 1923 (life hist.). Paecilonitta bahamensis bahamensis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 89, 1918 (dist. chars.; range). Anas bahamensis bahamensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 350, 1923 (dist. chars.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Dafila bahamensis bahamensis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 309, 1927— Puerto Rico, Culebra, Culebrita and St. Thomas; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 101, 1931 — Hispaniola (numerous localities); Dugand, Rev. Acad. Colomb. Ciencias, 3, p. 60, 1939 — Lower Magdalena, Colombia; idem, Caldasia, 3, No. 13, p. 337, 1945 — Barran- quilla, Colombia. Dafila bahamensis Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 40, 1936 — West Indies (range). Range. — The Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Colombia (Lower Magdalena Valley), Dutch West Indies (Curasao), the Guianas, and northeastern Brazil, probably as far south as the Amazon. Accidental in Florida. Field Museum Collection. — 13: Bahama Islands (Caicos Bank, 4; Mathews Town, 3); Hispaniola (Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix, 2); British Guiana (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 5: Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4); Curasao Island (St. Patrick, 1). 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Dafila bahamensis rubrirostris (Vieillot).1 SOUTHERN BAHAMAN PINTAIL. Anas rubrirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 108, 1816 — based on "Pato pico aplomado y roxo" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 436, No. 433, pampas of Buenos Aires. Anas fimbriata Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 35, 1841 — based on Azara, No. 433, pampas near Buenos Aires. Dafila urophasiamis (not Anas urophasianus Vigors) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 — Bahia Blanca, northern Patagonia. Dafila Bahamensis (not Anas bahamensis Linnaeus) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 (nesting dates in Chile). Dafila bahamensis Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 243 — Tumbez, Peru; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — Laguna de Carhue'; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 482, 1886 — Tumbez (ex Stolzmann); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 135, 1889 — Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 243, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Poecilonetta bahamensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 282, 1895 — Brazil (Cajutuba), Buenos Aires, and Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 144, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 207, 1902— Tucuman (ex Dinelli); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 464, 1912 — La Plata and Chascomus, Argentina. Paecilonitta bahamensis rubrirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 89, 1918 (dist. char.; range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 76, 1926 — Carhue, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 328, 1932 (range in Chile); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1937 — Chinchorro, Tacna, Chile. Anas bahamensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 344, pi. 41, distr. map 59, 1923 (monog.). Anas bahamensis rubrirostris Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 350, 1923 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Range. — Southeastern Brazil from Bahia south to the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and west through Paraguay to eastern Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz) ; the central provinces of Chile. Has been taken also on the west coast of Peru from Tumbez to Chorillos. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. — 14: Bolivia (Pulquina, Santa Cruz, 5); Paraguay, Chaco (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 5; 235 km. west on the Riacho Negro, 1; Islapoi, 3). 1 Dafila bahamensis rubrirostris (Vieillot) is much larger than the typical race and perhaps averages slightly darker. Wings of males run 225-231 mm. and females 219-220, as against 205 and 195-198, respectively, in the northern race. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 363 *Dafila bahamensis galapagensis (Ridgway). GALAPAGOS PIN- TAIL. Paecilonitta Bahamensis (not Anas bahamensis Linnaeus) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 135, 1841 — Galapagos Archipelago. Poecilonetta galapagensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 115, 1889 — Charles Island, Galapagos Islands (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 284, 1895— Charles and Indefati- gable Islands, Galapagos Islands (full bibliog.). Anas galapagensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 2, p. 351, pi. 41, 1923 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 167, 1931 (range). Paecilonetta galapagensis Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 45, 1931 — Galapagos Islands. Range. — Galapagos Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Galapagos Islands (Charles Island, 2). Conover Collection. — 2: Galapagos Islands (Charles Island, 2). Genus AIX Boie Aix Boie, Isis, 21, col. 329, 1828 — type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 35, 1838), Anas sponsa Linnaeus. Lampronessa Wagler, Isis, col. 282, 1832 — type, by subs, desig. (Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 72, 1895), Aex sponsa Sal vadori= Anas sponsa Linnaeus. Aia (errore) Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 35, 1838— type, by orig. desig., Aia sponsa Eyton = Anas sponsa Linnaeus. *Aix sponsa (Linnaeus). WOOD DUCK. Anas sponsa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 128, 1758 — based on "Summer Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 97, pi. 97, and Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 101, pi. 101 (Hudson Bay), "North America" = Carolina (ex Catesby). Aex sponsa Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 73, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 199, 1903 — Cuba, Jamaica, Bermuda, Mexico (Mazatlan, Valley of Mexico). Aix sponsa Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 140, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 158, 1923 (life hist.); Dixon, Condor, 26, p. 41, 1924 (nesting); Miller, Auk, 42, p. 41, 1925 (comp. with Dendronessa galericulata); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 170, 1931 (range); Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 41, 1936— Cuba (accidental in Jamaica; doubtful in Hispaniola). Lampronessa sponsa Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 46, pi. 50, distr. map 72, 1925 (monog.). Range. — In eastern and central North America breeds from southern Nova Scotia and Lake Winnipeg south to Cuba, Florida, 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and south central Texas. On the Pacific coast breeds from British Columbia to California. Winters in the southern half of its breeding area and in Mexico (Mazatlan, Valley of Mexico). Accidental in Bermuda, Jamaica, and perhaps in Hispaniola. Field Museum Collection. — 61 : California (Rio Vista, 1) ; Arkansas (Tillar, 1); Iowa (Hillsboro, 1; Manchester, 1); Minnesota (Lake View, 1); Wisconsin (Alden, 1; Meridean, 1; Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Worth, 2; Olive Branch, 2; Sangamon River, 2); Indiana (English Lake, Starke County, 1); Ontario (Coboconk, 2); Maine (Otis, 1); Massachusetts (Randolph, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (New London, 1; Jewett City, 1; East Hartford, 1; Westville, 2; North Haven, 1; Madison, 1; New Haven County, 1; Black Hall, 2; Litchfield, 2; Westchester, 1); New York (Long Island, Queens County, 1; Oneonta, 3); Virginia (unspecified, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Bassenger, 3; Mud Lake, Orange County, 1; Orlando, 2; Freshwater Lake, Palm Beach County, 2; St. John's River, 1; Amelia Island, 1; Lake Wekiwa, Orange County, 2; Lake Worth, 1; Loxahachee Swamp, Palm Beach County, 4); Cuba (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 22: Alberta (Leduc, 3); Ontario (Port Rowan, Norfolk County, 2) ; Arkansas (Tillar, 1) ; Illinois (Warren- ville, 2; Henry, 11); Florida (Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 3). Genus HETERONETTA Salvadori Heteronetta Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 374, 1865 — type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anas melanocephala (not of Gmelin) Vieillot=.Anas atricapilla Merrem. *Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem). BLACK-HEADED DUCK. Anas melanocephala (not of Gmelin, 1789) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 163, 1816 — based on "Pato cabeza negra" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 447, No. 438, Buenos Aires. Anas atricapilla Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 35, p. 26, 1841 — based on "Pato cabeza negra" Azara, No. 438, Buenos Aires. Heteronetta melanocephala Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 130, 1889 — Alvear, Buenos Aires. Heteronetla atricapilla Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 325, 1895 — Argentina (Alvear, Buenos Aires, and Mendoza) and Chile (Santiago and Rio Pilmaiquen); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 — Famailla, Tucuman; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 61, 1920 (parasitic 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 365 nesting habits); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 192, 1923 (parasitic nesting habits); Daguerre, I.e., p. 194, 1923 (parasitic nesting habits) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 94, pi. 53, distr. map 76, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 83, 1926 — Los Yngleses and Lavalle, Prov. Buenos Aires (habits); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 172, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 322, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Fried- mann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, (18), p. 1, 1932 (parasitic habits). Range. — From central Chile (Santiago), northern Argentina (Tucuman), Paraguay (170 km. west of Puerto Casado) and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), south in Chile to Valdivia (Rio Pilmai- quen) and in Argentina to the provinces of San Juan, Mendoza, and Buenos Aires. Conover Collection. — 15: Paraguay, Chaco (170-200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 6; 60 km. east of Orloff, 2; 235 km. west on the Riacho Negro, 2); Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). Subfamily AYTHYINAE. Deep-water Ducks Genus NETTA Kaup Netta Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 102, 196, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Anas rufina Pallas. Callichen Brehm, Isis, 1830, col. 999 — type, by monotypy, Callichen ruficeps "Brehm"=Anos rufina Pallas. Mergoides Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 77, 1836 — type, by monotypy, Mergoides Rufina (Linnaeus) =Anas rufina Pallas. Netta rufina (Pallas). RUFOUS-CRESTED DUCK. Anas rufina Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, 2, p. 713, 1773 — Caspian Sea and lakes of Tartarian Desert. Netta rufina Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 328, 1895 (full bibliog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 171, 1923 (account of supposed capture on Long Island; life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range). Range. — Extralimital. Included because a mounted specimen in the Smithsonian Institution, purchased in the Fulton Market, New York, was supposed to have been shot on Long Island. Genus METOPIANA Bonaparte Metopiana Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 649, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Anas peposaca Vieillot. Metopias Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 347, 1890 — type, by monotypy, Anas peposaca Vieillot. 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Metopiana peposaca (Vieillot). ROSY-BILLED DUCK. Anas peposaca Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 132, 1816 — based on "Pato negrizco ala blanca" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 423, No. 430, Paraguay and Buenos Aires. Anas metopias Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, No. 529 (=25, No. 1), p. 9, 1829 — "rarissima in Chile" (location of type not stated). Metopiana peposaca Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 137, 1889 — Paraguay to Patagonia; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 332, 1895 — Uruguay (Montevideo) and Chile (Santiago and Rio Pilmaiquen); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 145, 1899 — Jaguarao and Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 234 — Waikthlatingmayalwa, Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 — Famailla, Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 482, 1912 — Ensenada, Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina; Rodriguez, El Hornero, 1, p. 185, 1918 (habits); Daguerre, l.c., 2, p. 61, 1920 (nesting habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923— Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 114, pi. 55, distr. map 78, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 82, 1926— Argentina (Lavalle and Carhu6, Prov. Buenos Aires; General Roca, Terr. Rio Negro) and Uruguay (Lazcano, Rocha); Aravena, El Hornero, 4, p. 154, 1928 (food); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 334, 1932 (distr. in Chile); Moffitt, Auk, 49, p. 214, 1932 (downy plumage); Casares, El Hornero, 7, p. 351, pi. 3, figs. 6-7, distr. map, 1940 (range; habits). Range. — From central Chile (Santiago), northern Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman), Paraguay (200 km. west of Puerto Casado), and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), south in Chile to Valdivia (Rio Valdivia) and in Argentina to the province of Rio Negro (Huanuluan, Neluan, and General Roca). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 1); Paraguay, Chaco (170 km. west of Puerto Casado, 3); Chile (Yumbel, Concepci6n, 1). Conover Collection. — 21: Paraguay, Chaco (200 km. west of Puerto Casado, 11; Orloff, 4) ; Argentina (Concepci6n, Tucuman, 4; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 1). Genus AYTHYA Boie Aythya Boie, Tagebuch Reise durch Norwegen, pp. 308, 351, before May, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Aythya marila=Anas marila Linnaeus (cf. Ibis, 1939, p. 522). Nyroca Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, after June 28, 1822— type, by tau- tonymy, Anas nyroca Gtildenstadt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 367 Fuligula Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 187, 1824— type, by tautonymy, Anas fuligula Linnaeus. Fulix Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 1835, p. 129, 1836— type, by subs, desig. (Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 17, 1884), Anas marila Linnaeus. Mania Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. viii, 1852 — type, by tautonymy, Anas marila Linnaeus. Nettarion Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 790 (in text), 1858— substitute name for Fulix Sundevall. Aristonetta Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 793 (in text), 1858— type, by orig. desig., Anas valisneria Wilson. Perissonetta Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1920, p. 110, 1921— type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Anas collaris Donovan. Phaeonetta (not Phoeonetta Stone, 1907) Delacour, L'Oiseau, (n.s.), 6, p. 377, 1936 — type, by orig. desig., Anas erythrophthalma Wied. Phoeoaythia Delacour, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 57, p. 157, June 30, 1937— new name for Phaeonetta Delacour, preoccupied. *Aythya valisineria (Wilson). CANVASBACK. Anas valisineria Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 103, pi. 70, fig. 5, 1814 — eastern United States (type apparently lost). Anas Vallisneriana Sabine, App. Frankl. Journ., p. 699, 1823 — "waters con- nected with the Chesapeake." Nyroca vallisneria Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 342, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 221, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan and Valley of Mexico), Guatemala (Duenas), and West Indies. Aythya vallisneria Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 278, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage of downy). Marila valisineria Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 150, 1918 (life hist. California). Aristonetta valisineria Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 189, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca valisneria Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (affinities). Nyroca valisineria Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 121, pis. 56, 57 and 59, distr. map 79, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 173, 1931 (range); Hochbaum, The Canvasback on a Prairie Marsh, 1944 (life hist.). Range. — Breeds from central Alaska (Fort Yukon), central British Columbia (Lac la Hache), Great Slave Lake, and central Manitoba (Lake Manitoba), south to central Oregon, northern Utah, northern New Mexico, and southern Nebraska. Rarely to southern Minnesota (Heron Lake) and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, Colorado, northeastern Arkansas, and Chesapeake Bay south to central Mexico, the Gulf coast and Florida. Casually as far north as lakes Erie and Ontario and rarely south to Cuba and Guatemala. 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 29: British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2; Quill Lake, 1); Quebec (Batucan, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Hope, 3; Towner County, 3; Devil's Lake, 1); Minnesota (Marshall County, 2); Illinois (Warsaw, 1; Meredosia, 1; Henry, 2); Connecticut (West Haven, 2); Virginia (Back Bay, 1; Norfolk, 1); North Carolina (Currituck Sound, 1); California (Pacific Grove, 1; Colusa, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2). Conover Collection. — 24: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 9); Saskatchewan (Imperial, 1; Simpson, 1); Ontario (St. Clair Flats, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 4); Iowa (Audubon, 1); Illinois (Henry, 3); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 2). Aythya ferina (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN POCHARD. Anas ferina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 107; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Marila ferina Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 17, 1913 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group. Aithyia ferina Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 185, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (life hist.). Nyroca ferina Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (relationship with A. valisineria and A. americana). Range. — Extralimital. One record from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Bering Sea. *Aythya americana (Eyton). REDHEAD. Fuligula americana Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 155, 1838 — North America. Nyroca americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 340, 1895 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 220, 1903 — Chihuahua (Boca Grande, Janos and Conalitos rivers), Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Valley of Mexico, and Jalisco (Guadalajara), Mexico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 175, 1923 (life hist.); Brooks, Ibis, 1924, p. 474 (affinities); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 163, pis. 45, 56, 57, and 59, distr. map 81, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 174, 1931 (range); Low, Wilson Bull., 52, p. 153, 1940— Iowa (nesting); Monson, Condor, 46, p. 20, 1944 — lower Colorado River, California (nest- ing); Williams, Auk, 61, p. 251, 1944 (map, migration route from Utah); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945— Sonora (distr.). Marila americana Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 146, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 354, 1920 (albinism in females). Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia (Lac la Hache), northern Alberta (Lake Athabasca), central Saskatchewan, and 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 369 south central Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis) south to southern Arizona (near Yuma), southern California (Los Angeles County), Utah, northern New Mexico, central Nebraska, and Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Winters from southern British Columbia, southern Arizona, northern Texas, Arkansas and Chesapeake Bay south to central Mexico, the Gulf coast, Florida, Cuba and Jamaica. Field Museum Collection. — 32 : British Columbia (Okanagan, 2) ; Manitoba (Lake Winnipegosis, 1); North Dakota (Benson County, 1; Ramsey County, 1; Towner County, 1; Nelson County, 3); California (Point Reyes, 1; Colusa, 2); Colorado (Rocky Ford, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Illinois (unspecified, 2); Connecticut (Bran- ford, 1; Norfolk, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 12; Currituck Sound, 1). Conover Collection. — 27: Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 2); Saskatchewan (Imperial, 3; Simpson, 1); California (Buena Vista Lake, 1); Utah (Brigham, 11); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Henry, 1); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Texas (Shamrock Bay, Nueces County, 2). *Aythya collaris (Donovan). RING-NECKED DUCK. Anas collaris Donovan, Brit. Bds., 6, pi. 147 and text, 1809 — Lincolnshire, England, from specimen found in Leadenhall Market, London. Anas rufitorques Ord, ed. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 61, 1824 — based on Anas fuligula (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 66, pi. 67, fig. 5, 1814 — Delaware River. Aythya collaris Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 — St. Michaels (not common), (?)Attu Island (winter); Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage of downy); Fisher, Condor, 6, p. 25, 1904— Monte Bello, California; Squires, Auk, 63, p. 600, 1946 — New Brunswick (breeding records dating from 1874). Fuligula coUaris Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 370, 1895 (full bibliog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 206, 1897 (on type locality and earlier dis- covery by Lewis and Clark); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 224, 1903 — West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala. Marila collaris Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 164, 1918 (life hist. California); Hollister, Auk, 36, p. 400, 1919 (syst. position); Brooks, I.e., 37, p. 355, 1920 (nearest to Marila americana). Perissonetta collaris Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 224, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca collaris Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 183, pis. 58, 59, distr. map 82, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 313, 1927— Puerto Rico (accidental); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 174, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 51, p. 330, 1934 (age records); Todd, I.e., 53, p. 440, 1936 — Pymatuning Lake, Pennsylvania (breeding); Swanson, I.e., 54, p. 382, 1937 (breeding in Maine); Mendall, I.e., 55, 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 401, 1938 (breeding range eastern North America); Griscom, I.e., 56, p. 134, 1939 (migr. New England); Peters, I.e., 58, p. 401, 1941— Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (breeding); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 37, 1942— Wood Buffalo Park; Wellein, Auk, 60, p. 600, 1943— Quebec (breeding); Gabrielson, I.e., 61, p. 117, 1944— Kenai Peninsula, Alaska (June 11); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945— Santa Cruz River, Sonora (Oct.). Range. — Breeds locally from southern British Columbia (Chilli- wack and Cariboo districts), northern Alberta, and Saskatchewan southeastward to Manitoba and south to northern California (Lassen County), northern Utah (Salt Lake County), Arizona (White Moun- tains), northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong). Has recently been found breeding in Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Maine (Piscataquis, Aroostook and Washington counties), and Pennsylvania (Pymatuning Lake). Winters from southern British Columbia, New Mexico, Arkansas and Chesapeake Bay south to Guatemala, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and rarely the Greater Antilles. Field Museum Collection. — 21: California (Pacific Grove, 1; Colusa, 3); Texas (Brownsville, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 1; Turtle Mountains, Rolette County, 1); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Nebraska (Lincoln, 1); Minnesota (Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County, 1 downy) ; Wisconsin (Horicon Marsh, Washington County, 1); Iowa (Big Neck, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Connecticut, New Haven County (Quinnipiac Marshes, 3; Lake Saltonstall, 1); Virginia (Back Bay, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Mississippi (Vancleave, Jackson County, 1). Conover Collection. — 22: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Fawcett, 4); North Dakota (Graf ton, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 1); Wisconsin (Delavan, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 1; Henry, 9); Ontario (Kent County, 2); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 1); Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 1). *Aythya erythrophthalma (Wied). BROWN POCHARD. Anas erythrophthalma Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 929, 1832— Lagoa do Braco, Villa Belmonte, southern Bahia, Brazil (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 269, 1889); Salvadori, Ibis, 1896, p. 99 (disc.). Fuligula nationi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 522 — Lima, Peru (type in British Museum); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 484, 1886— Lima (ex Nation); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 203— near Arica (Tacna), Chile, and inside of Mollendo (Arequipa), Peru. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 371 Nyroca nationi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 353, 1895 — Lima, Peru (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276— Eten, Lambayeque, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 27, 1922— La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador. Nyroca erythrophthalma Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 353 (footnote), 1895 (disc., full bibliog.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 220, pi. 61, distr. map 86, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 175, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 334, 1932— Arica, Tacna, Chile; Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 231, 1944— Sabana de Bogota, Colombia; idem, I.e., p. 409, 1945 — Sabana de Bogot&. Marila nationi Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917 — Cali marshes, Colombia (crit.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 46, 1922— Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela. Range. — Western South America from Venezuela (Lake Mara- caibo) to northern Chile (Arica, Tacna). Has been taken twice on the east coast of Brazil (Santa Luzia, Alagoas; Villa Belmonte, Bahia). Also found in central and southern Africa. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Brazil (Santa Luzia, Alagoas, 1). Conover Collection. — 3: Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 3). Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus). TUFTED DUCK. Anas fuligula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 128, 1758 — based mainly on Fauna Svec., No. 99; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Marila fuligula Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 17, 1913 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group. Fuligula fuligula Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 202, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (life hist.). Range. — Extralimital. One record from St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Bering Sea. *Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger.1 AMERICAN SCAUP DUCK. Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 161, 1885 — North America (type in U. S. National Museum); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 133, 1886 — St. Michaels and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 71, 1887 — mouth of Yukon River to northern Kotzebue Sound; Bishop, Auk, 12, p. 293, 1895 (disc, of subsp. chars.). (F. nearctica) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 357, 1895 (full bibliog.). Fuligula marila (typica) Winge, Medd. Grtfnl., 21, p. 83, 1898— Nanortalik, Greenland. 1 Aythya marila nearctica Stejneger differs from the typical race by the coarser black barring on the upper parts of the adult males, this being especially noticeable on the scapulars, which are very finely barred in the European birds. From A. TO. mariloides it differs in the same way and also by its larger size. 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fuligula mania (not Anas mania Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 222, 1903 — Mazatlan, Mexico;1 Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 97, 1910— Stormkap, Greenland (June 21, 1907). Marila mania Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 156, 1918 (life hist. California); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 165, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (breeding). Fulix mania neardica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 207, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca marila Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 249, pis. 62, 64, distr. map 88, 1925 (monog.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (nesting); (?)Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 86, 1946— Attu Island, Aleutian Islands (wintering). Nyroca marila neardica Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 271, 1925 (dist. chars.; range); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 170, 1925 — Wainwright, Alaska (not nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931. Aythya marila marila H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 12, 1941 — Greenland records. Range. — Breeds from Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands east through the interior of Alaska to the Mackenzie Basin and Lake Athabasca. Probably casually to the west shore of Hudson Bay. Farther south there are scattered records from the interior of western Canada, but most of these, perhaps, belong to Aythya affinis. Winters chiefly on the sea coasts of North America from the Aleutian Islands and Maine south to the Mexican border and the Gulf of Mexico. Casually in the interior, especially on the Great Lakes; accidental in Greenland (Nanortalik, Godhavn, Stormkap). Field Museum Collection. — 36: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Nome, 1; Tocatna, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3; White Swan Lake, Kootenay Range, 1); Washington (Bainbridge Island, 1; Port Townsend, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Connecticut (Branford, 1; Stony Creek, 21); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. — 38: Alaska, Bering Sea (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, 4; Igiak Bay, 10); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 4); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 1; Comox, Vancouver Island, 9); Alberta (Tofield, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Illinois (Henry, 4); Connecticut (Branford, 1; Stratford, 2). *Aythya affinis (Eyton). LESSER SCAUP DUCK. Fuligula affinis Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 157, 1838 — North America (type in British Museum); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 360, 1895 1 This record is very questionable and probably refers to Aythya affinis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 373 (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 223, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan and Yucatan), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. Fuligula marila var. affinis Winge, Medd. Grjzfnl., 21, p. 83, 1898 — Greenland (Egedesminde; Julianehaab). Aythya affinis Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 278, pi. 10, 1903 (plumage, downy young). Marila affinis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 — San Antonio, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917— Cali Marshes, Colombia; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 159, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 354, 1920 (variations in plumage). Fulix affinis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 217, 1923 (life hist.). Nyroca affinis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 272, pis. 62, 64, distr. map 89, 1925 (monog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 312, 1927— Puerto Rico, St. Thomas and Culebra; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 307, 1931 — Cider Creek and Changuinola, Almirante Bay, Panama; idem, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 (range); Mcllhenny, Auk, 51, p. 330, 1934 (age records); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 — Veraguas and Canal Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 94, 1938— Lake Olomega and Lake Chanmico, El Salvador; Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 35, 1938— Mt. McKinley Nat. Park (breeding); Cruttenden, Auk, 59, p. 304, 1942— Churchill, Manitoba (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 23, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (nesting); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 49, 1945 — Sonora (distr.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, p. 408, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Range. — Breeds from central Alaska (Fort Yukon; Mount McKinley), the Mackenzie Delta, and Hudson Bay (Churchill) south (east of the Cascades) to Oregon, Utah, northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong), but not commonly south of the Canadian border. Winters from southern British Columbia, southeastern Arizona, northeastern Arkansas, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay, south to northern Colombia (Cali Marshes, Sabana de Bogota) and the Greater and Lesser Antilles; accidental in Greenland (Egedesminde; Julianehaab). Field Museum Collection. — 83: Alaska (Bethel, 1); British Co- lumbia (Okanagan, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); California (Hyperion, 2; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 1; Rio Vista, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 19; Brownsville, 7); North Dakota (Nelson County, 2; Towner County, 6; Stump Lake, 6; Cannonball River, 1; Rolette County, 1; Ramsey County, 3); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Wisconsin (Milton, 1; Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Mo- mence, 1; Sparland, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 1); Massachusetts (Dux- bury, 1) ; Connecticut (East Hartford, 1; Stony Creek, 3; Branford, 1; 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Quinnipiac Marshes, 1; Guilford, 1); New York (Hindsburgh, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Banana River, 2; unspecified, 1; Mary Esther, 2); Bahama Islands (Caicos Bank, 3); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; Virgin Gorda, 2). Conover Collection. — 23: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 2; Edmonton, 2); Utah (Brigham, 1); North Dakota (Graf ton, 2); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 2; Henry, 6); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck Sound, 4). Genus TACHYERES Owen Tachyeres Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 254, 1875 — type, by monotypy, Anas brachyptera Latham. Tachyeres brachypterus (Latham).1 FALKLAND ISLAND STEAMER DUCK. Anas cinerea (not of S. G. Gmelin, 1774) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 506, 1789 — based on Pernetty, "Loggerhead Goose" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 439, etc., 1785, Falkland Islands (excl. of Staatenland). Anas brachyptera Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 834, 1790 — new name for Anas cinerea Gmelin, Falkland Islands. Tachyeres cinereus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895 — part, Falkland Islands; W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 155, 1917— part, Falkland Islands (non-flying individuals); Phillips, Ibis, 1917, p. 116 — part (non-flying individuals); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921 (disc.) ; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, pi. 65 (female of gray phase, red phase and downy young, only), 1925 — part, Falkland Islands (non- flying individuals only) ; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 327 — Falkland Islands. Tachyeres brachyptera Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 — part, Falkland Islands. 1 Tachyeres brachypteriis (Latham) : Differs from the Flying Steamer Duck, T. patachonicus, by having a larger and higher bill with a wider, heavier, more hooked nail on the upper mandible; a shorter wing (relatively) with narrower primaries and heavier and longer tarsus and toes. In the male the head is whiter (less grayish), and in the female much darker (more reddish) than in the corre- sponding sex of T. patachonicus. Differs from the mainland non-flying form, T. pteneres, by having a smaller bill, with a narrower, less hooked nail and lighter and shorter tarsus and toes (in these respects brachypterus is midway between patachonicus and pteneres); by having the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flanks darker, more conspicuous; and the feathers of the chest more reddish at base. The male has a whiter head, with a darker and more extensive red throat patch which runs from near the base of the bill to the lower throat (not from below eye to upper throat). The female has a much darker and redder head, neck, and chest. Murphy gives the dimensions of adults as follows: Males, wing 272-282 (276), culmen 53-60.8 (55.3), tarsus 63.1-67 (65.4), middle toe and claw 96.8 mm.; females, wing 251-274 (261), culmen 52-58.3 (54.8), tarsus 55.2-62.8 (59.5) mm. Material examined. — Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 375 Tachyeres brachypterus Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11 — part, Falkland Islands (non-flying individuals) (comp. with T. patachonicus); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 964, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.). Range, — Falkland Islands. Tachyeres pteneres (Forster).1 MAGELLANIC STEAMER DUCK. Micropterus brachypterus (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 136, 1845 (habits). Anas pteneres Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 338, 1844 — Tierra del Fuego. Micropterus cinereus (not Anas cinerea Gmelin) Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 315, 1860— Chiloe (nesting data); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 212, pi. 4, 1891— Straits of Magellan (Port Churrucha, Molyneux Harbor, Beagle Channel), Staten Island, and Tierra del Fuego (crit., meas.). "Micropterus macropterus Giglioli, Viaggio Magenta, p. 934, 1876." 2 Tachyeres cinereus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895 — part, Chile and Straits of Magellan; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 49— Smythe's Channel, Chile; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 110, 1907 — part (flightless individuals); Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 47, 1912 — part (non- flying individuals), Smith Channel (dist. chars.); idem, Ibis, 1916, p. 488, pi. 14 — Smith Channel and Melinka, Chonos Archipelago, Chile (comp. with T. patachonicus); idem, I.e., 1917, p. 274 (disc, chars.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921 (disc.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, pi. 65 (male gray phase only), distr. map 90, 1925 — part, except Falkland Islands and interior lakes and rivers (flightless individuals only). Tachyeres brachyptera (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 — part, except Andean Lakes and Falkland Islands (flight- less individuals only). 1 Tachyeres pteneres (Forster) : Differs from T. patachonicus by having a much heavier, higher bill with a larger, thicker and more hooked nail; a shorter wing with narrower primaries; longer, much heavier tarsus and toes; the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flank feathers lighter, less conspicuous; and the reddish throat patch paler and not so extensive (from below eye to upper neck). In addition the chest feathers of the females are less reddish toward the base. Differs from T. brachypterus by having the bill larger and deeper, with a broader, more hooked nail on the upper mandible; the tarsus and toes longer and somewhat heavier; the dorsal plumage more uniform; and the scapulars and flank feathers with the dark margins less noticeable. In the male the head is grayer (less whitish), the crown darker, and the red of the throat lighter and less extensive (from below eye to upper neck). In the female the head and upper neck are gray with a light reddish patch on the throat (not dark reddish throughout), and the chest is lighter gray with little of the hidden wine color toward the base of the feathers. Two juvenile examples which are fully feathered except for the primaries lack the reddish throat patch and are a uniform light gray except for the white abdomen and under tail coverts. Murphy gives the dimensions of adults as follows: males, wing 260-288 (275), culmen 55.2-64.5 (60), tarsus 66-78.6 (71.7) mm.; females, wing 255-271 (263), culmen 53.9-60.7 (58.6), tarsus 63.4-70.6 (66.5) mm. 2 This work has not been consulted by the authors. 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tachyeres brachypterus (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 335, 1932— Chiloe" Island (Rio Inio), Guaitecas Islands, Ascension Island (Canal Lagreze and Melinka) ; Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11, fig. 2 — part, Chile and Straits of Magellan (comp. with T. patachonicus); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 350, 1934 — Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 36, 1935 — Isla de los Estados, Tierra del Fuego; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 84 — Cape Horn. Tachyeres pteneres Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 957, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.); Bullock, Comm. Mus. Concepcion, 1, (8), p. 132, 1936 — Penco, Chile. Range. — The coast of southern South America from Concepcion, Chile, south and east to the east entrance of the Straits of Magellan; Tierra del Fuego, except the east side from the Straits to Cape San Diego. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Chiloe", 1). Conover Collection. — 7: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe* Island, 4; Ascen- sion Island, Chiloe", 1; Hermit Island, Cape Horn, 2). Tachyeres patachonicus (King).1 FLYING STEAMER DUCK. Oidemia patachonica King, Zool. Journ., 4, p. 100, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan = western part of the Straits (cf. King, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1, p. 15, 1831).2 Micropterus patachonicus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. 229, pi. 5, 1891 — Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and Hermit Island (crit., meas.). Tachyeres cinereus (not Anas cinerea Gmelin) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 373, 1895— part; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 110, 1907— 1 Tachyeres patachonicus (King) : Differs from both T. brachypterus and T. pteneres by having a flatter, lighter bill with a much narrower, thinner, less hooked nail on the upper mandible; a longer wing with wider primaries; and shorter, more slender tarsus and toes. The differences enumerated above are greater between patachonicus and pteneres than between patachonicus and brachypterus. From pteneres, males differ by being generally darker throughout, with the dusky edgings to the scapulars and flank feathers darker, more conspicuous, and the throat more reddish. Females differ by having the reddish throat patch darker and larger, extending from base of bill to base of neck (not from below eye to upper neck), and by having the dark chest feathers more reddish at base. From brachypterus, males differ by having the head darker, more grayish; females by having the head and upper neck lighter, much less reddish. A juvenile example not fully fledged is dark gray except for the white abdomen and under tail coverts, but has the reddish patch on the throat, and the feathers of the chest, flanks, and scapulars with dusky edges, giving a scaled appearance. Murphy gives dimensions of adults as follows: Males, wing 287-316 (300), culmen 48.2-56.8 (52.4), tarsus 55.4-69.3 (60.8), middle toe and claw 90-95.2 (92) mm.; females, wing 276-301 (285), culmen 50-59.3 (52.3), tarsus 50.3-60.7 (56.4), middle toe and claw 80-87 (84.1) mm. 2 The type is supposed to be in the Edinburgh Museum (cf. Gibson, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 4, pp. 185-186, 1877). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 377 part (flying individuals); Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 47, 1912 — part (flying individuals) (dist. chars.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 487, 1912 — part, Rio Negro, Patagonia; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 201, 1921— Falkland Islands (disc.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 287, distr. map 90, 1925 — part, red phase; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926— Lago Fetalaufquen, Chubut. Tachyeres patachonicus Blaauw, Ibis, 1916, p. 491 — northwestern Tierra del Fuego (dist. chars.); Phillips, I.e., 1917, p. 116 — part (flying individuals); Bennett, El Hornero, 3, p. 280, 1924— Falkland Islands (dist. chars.); idem, Ibis, 1926, p. 327— Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 336, 1932— Chile (Llanquihue, junction Rios Simpson and Maniuales) and Argentina (Chubut, Arroyo Verde, near Chilean boundary) (comp. with T. pteneres); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 351, 1934— Yewin, Tierra del Fuego; Lowe, Ibis, 1934, p. 467, pi. 11, fig. 1 (comp. with non-flying species); Reynolds, I.e., 1935, p. 85 — Grevy Island, Cape Horn; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 968, 1936 (dist. chars.; life hist.); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 254 — Lake Todos los Santos, Rio Peulla, and Laguna de Encanto, Chile. Tachyeres brachyptera (not Anas brachyptera Latham) Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 176, 1931 (range in part). Range. — Coasts, rivers, and interior lakes of southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, on the west, and Puerto Deseado, Argentina, on the east, south to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Chile (Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2). Conover Collection. — 9: Chile (Cucao, Chilce* Island, 1; Balseo, Aysen, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 4; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 1). Genus GLAUCIONETTA Stejneger Glaucionetta Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 409, 1885— type, by orig. desig., Anas clangula Linnaeus. *Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte).1 AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. Clangula Americana Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 58, 1838 — based on Anas clangula (not Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 62, pi. 67, fig. 5, and Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 342; America, restr. type locality, eastern United States. Clangula glaucion (Clangula americana) Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 376, 1895 — Alaska (Nulato), Canada (Godbout and Nova Scotia), New York (Lyons Falls and Adirondacks), Massachusetts (Cape Cod), Illinois (Chicago), Bermuda (Peniston's Pond). Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte) differs from the typical race by its larger size and heavier bill. 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Clangula clangula americana Brewster, Auk, 17, p. 207, 1900 (nesting and departure of young) ; Townsend, I.e., 27, p. 177, 1910 (courtship); Brewster, Condor, 13, p. 22, 1911 (courtship); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 167, 1918 (life hist. California); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 33, p. 57, figs., 1919 (comp. with C. islandica). Clangula glaucion Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 225, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan), Cuba. Glaudonetta clangula americana Townsend, Bull. Essex Co. Orn. Cl., Salem, Mass., (1922), 1923, p. 6 (voice); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 1, 1925 (life hist.); Munro, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 22, (2), p. 298, pi. 2, 1939 (life hist.; dist. chars.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Wright, Condor, 46, p. 126, 1944 (feeding on salmon eggs). Bucephala clangula Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 299, pis. 66, 68 and 69, distr. map 91, 1925 — part, America (monog.). Bucephala clangula americana Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 323, 1925 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range). Glaudonetta clangula (not Anas clangula Linnaeus) Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 38, 1942— Wood Buffalo Park; Button and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 86, 1946— Attu Island (wintering). Range. — Breeds in North America from the limits of heavy timber (Yukon Valley, southern Mackenzie Delta, southern Hudson Bay, and northeast Labrador), south to the northern United States. Winters from the Aleutian Islands, the Canadian border and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to southern California (San Diego), the Gulf of Mexico and South Carolina; (?)Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island).1 Field Museum Collection. — 62: Alaska (Tocatna Forks, 2); British Columbia (Victoria, 2; Okanagan, 3); Oregon (Crook County, 1); California (San Rafael, Ij Colusa, 3); Colorado (Larimer County, .1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 3); Iowa (Linn County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Sparland, 1); Indiana (Miller, 1); Labrador (Kegashka, 1; Jack Lane's Bay, 5); Nova Scotia (Dartmouth, 1; Cole Harbor, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 1; Magalloway River, 1; Bucksport, 2); Massachusetts (Great Island, 2; Chatham Port, 5; East Marshfield, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 3; East Haven, 1; Branford, 2; Guilford, 1; Stratford, 1; Wood- bridge, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1; Queens County, 3); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 6); Florida (Mary Esther, 1). Conover Collection. — 39: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 10); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 5); Alberta (Tofield, 4; 1 A female, taken on St. Paul Island, has been referred, on what would seem to be rather questionable characters, to the typical race inhabiting Europe and Asia (cf. Hanna, Auk, 33, 1916, p. 400). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 379 Leduc, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); South Dakota (Waubay, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 3; Henry, 2); Michigan (Augusta, 3); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 3); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Plymouth, 1); North Carolina (Waterlily, Currituck Sound, 1; Hatteras, 2). *Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin). BARROW'S GOLDEN-EYE. Anas islandica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 541, 1789 — based on "Hravn Oend" O. F. Muller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 16, No. 131; Iceland. Clangula barrovii Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 456, pi. 70, pub. Feb., 1832 — Rocky Mountains (type probably in University Museum, Cambridge, England). Clangula islandica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 383, 1895— North America, Canada (Godbout), west side of Rocky Mountains (Alkali Lake), Vancouver Island (Orcas Island), Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 90, 1898— Greenland; Munro, Condor, 20, p. 4, 1918 — Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (nesting habits); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 173, 1918 (life hist. California); Taverner, Canad. Field Nat., 33, p. 57, figs., 1919 (dist. chars, from G. c. americana); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 356, pis. 15, 16 (fig.), 1920 (dist. char, of females and immatures from G. c. americana). Glaucionetia islandica Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (pullus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 14, 1925 (life hist.); Sawyer, Wilson Bull., 40, p. 1, pis., 1928 (courtship); Linsdale, Condor, 35, p. 38, 1933 (dist. char, pullus); Skinner, Wilson Bull., 49, p. 3, 1937 (status in Yellowstone Park); Hasbrouck, Auk, 61, p. 544, 1944 (status in eastern United States); Griscom, I.e., 62, p. 401, 1945 (Massachusetts records). Bucephala islandica Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 324, pis. 66, 68 and 69, distr. map 92, 1925 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range). Glaucionetta Islandica Munro, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 22, (2), p. 263, pis. 2-6, 1939 (life hist.; dist. chars.). Range. — Breeds in the mountains of western North America (including the islands off the coast south to the Canadian bound- ary) from the Alaska Peninsula south to northern Colorado (Boul- der County); in Labrador and in southwestern Greenland (to 70° N.). Winters on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska (Portage Bay) to San Francisco Bay and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence regularly to Maine (Washington County) and occa- sionally to Long Island; rarely on the open waters of the interior. Resident in Greenland and Iceland. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Tocatna, 1; near Ket- chican, 1); British Columbia (Bird Island, 1; Nahmint Bay, 1; Okanagan, 4); Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); Quebec (Bonaventure Island, 2); New Brunswick (Oak Bay, 1); Maine (Bucksport, 1; 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lincoln, 1; unspecified, 1; Bar Harbor, 1); North Carolina (unspeci- fied, 1). Conover Collection. — 23: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 6; head- waters of Rose River, 3); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 4; Stuie, Bella Coola area, 4; Okanagan, 3; Hopkins Landing, 3). Genus BUCEPHALA Baird1 Bucephala Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., p. 795, 1858 — type, by orig. desig., Anas albeola Linnaeus. Charitonetta Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 163, 1885— type, by orig. desig., Anas albeola Linnaeus. *Bucephala albeola (Linnaeus).2 BUFFLEHEAD DUCK. Anas Albeola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — based on the "Little Black and White Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 100, pi. 100, 1747; " America" = Newfoundland (Edwards). Anas bucephala Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 200 (male), 1766 — based on "Buflfel's Head Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 95, pi. 95 (male), 1754; Carolina. Anas rustica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201 (female), 1766 — based on "Little Brown Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 98, pi. 98 (female), 1754; Carolina. Charitonetta albeola Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886 — Unalaska (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 72, 1887 — interior Alaska; Townsend, Auk, 33, p. 16, 1916 (courtship); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, (3), p. 314, 1927— Puerto Rico and Cuba (Havana); Soper, Trans. Roy. Canad. Inst., 24, p. 38, 1942— Wood Buffalo Park. Clangula albeola Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 385, 1895 — Canada (Semiahmoo Bay, Vancouver Island; Fort Reliance, Upper Yukon; Little Musquash Harbour, New Brunswick, etc.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p; 91, 1898 — Greenland (Godhavn; Frederikshaab); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 226, 1903 — Mexico (Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, and Guanajuato) and Cuba; Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 279, pi. 10, 1903 (desc. nestling); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 177, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 24, 1925 (life hist.); Pearse, Condor, 30, p. 251, 1928 (nuptial display); Linsdale, I.e., 35, p. 38, 1933 (dist. char, nestling). Bucephala albeola Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 335, pis. 67-69, distr. map 93, 1925 (monog.) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 177, 1931 (range); van Rossem, 1 Bucephala Baird under the International Rules is not preoccupied by the earlier Bucephala Baer, 1827. 2 Bucephala albeola, besides other characters, has a very different trachea than the two species of the genus Glaucionetta Stejneger (vide Miller, Auk, 42, p. 49 [footnote], 1925). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 381 Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 50, 1945 — Sonora, Mexico (rare). Glaucionetta albeola Brooks, Auk, 62, p. 518, 1945 (disc, generic chars.; diving habits). Range. — Breeds from central Alaska east to the southwest shore of Hudson Bay and south through central British Columbia to north- ern Montana (casually to northern California, Wyoming, and Iowa) and the Canadian border east to south central Ontario. Winters mainly in the United States from southern Lake Michigan east to Maine and south to northern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico; less commonly to central Mexico and Lower California. On the Pacific coast north in winter to the Commander and Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Accidental in Greenland (Godhavn; Frederiks- haab), Puerto Rico and Cuba. Field Museum Collection. — 38: Alaska (Tocatna, 2); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2; Hope, 2; Carpenters Mountain, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Towns- end, 2); Oregon (Salem, 1); California (Coronado Beach, 1; Pacific Beach, 4); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Lacon, 1); Massa- chusetts (East Marshfield, 1); Connecticut (Black Hall, 3; West Haven, 1; Guilford, 1; New Haven County, 1); Virginia (Broad- water Bay, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 8; Bodie Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 32: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1; Big Salmon Lake, 2); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 6); Alberta (Leduc, 8; Fawcett, 2; Tofield, 1); Oregon (Tillamook Bay, 2); Utah (Brigham, 1); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 3); Illinois (Henry, 3); Massachusetts (Newbury, 1); North Carolina (Poplar Branch, Currituck County, 2). Genus CLANGULA Leach Clangula Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc., App., p. xlviii, 1819 — type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus = Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Harelda (Leach, MS.) Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool., 12, (2), p. 174, 1824— type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Pagonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 66, 196, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Crymonessa Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 185, 1842 — type, by mono- typy, Anas glacialis Linnaeus=.Anas hyemalis Linnaeus. Melonetta Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 149, 1872=substitute name for Harelda Stephens. 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus). OLD SQUAW DUCK. Anas hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 126, 1758 — based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 95; Arctic Europe and America; restr. type locality, northern Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Anas glacialis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 203, 1766 — based on "The Long-tailed Duck" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 146, pi. 280; "insula terrae novae" = Newfoundland. Anas miclonia Boddaert's Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, 1783 — based on "Canard de Miclon" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 1008 (=male). Platypus faberi Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 1004, 1824— Green- land and Iceland (type, from Iceland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 48, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Harelda glacialis Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 389, 1895 — numerous localities (full bibliog.). Pagonetta glacialis Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 87, 1898 — Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 97, 1910 — northeastern Greenland (breeding). Clangula hyemalis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886 — St. Michaels (nesting), Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 72, 1887 — Alaska coast of Bering Sea (nesting); MacKay, Auk, 9, p. 330, 1892 (habits in New England); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 347, pi. 67, distr. map 94, 1925 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 32, 1925 (life hist.); Blanchet, Canad. Field Nat., 39, p. 52, 1925— barrens northeast of Great Slave Lake, 64° N.-1060 12' W. (common nester); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 166, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (migration, plumage, nesting); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 396 — Greenland (field notes); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Sutton, Auk, 49, p. 42, 1932 (molt, plumage); idem, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 58, 1932 — Southampton Island (nesting); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 21, 1934 — Nunivak Island, Alaska (breeding); Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 89, p. 282, pis. 3, 4, 1941 (molt, plumages); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeds east and north of); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering); Murie, I.e., p. 253, 1946— McKinley National Park, Alaska (nesting). Harelda hyemalis Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 181, 1918 (life hist. California). Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of Arctic America from the Aleutian Islands north to Point Barrow and east to northern Hudson Bay and northern Labrador; coasts of Greenland. Also breeds in the interior of northern North America in favorable locali- ties south to about 60° N. Lat. (McKinley National Park, Alaska, and barrens northeast of Great Slave Lake). Winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands south to northern California, on the Atlantic from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Chesapeake Bay and more 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 383 rarely to South Carolina; the Great Lakes, and southern Greenland. Also found in northern Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. — 81: Alaska (Barrow, 5; Point Hope, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1; Nome, 3; Bethel, 2; St. Michaels, 4); British Columbia (Saturna Island, 4); Baffin Land (Cumberland Sound, 1); Greenland (Sukkertoppen, west coast, 1; Muskox Fjord, Hudson's Land, east coast, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, Tikkerradauk, 4); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3) ; Nova Scotia (Halifax, 2) ; Washington (Port Townsend, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 1); Colorado (Larimer County, 1); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 5); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 2; Kouts, Porter County, 1); Maine (Pine Point, Cumberland County, 3) ; Massachusetts (Cohas- set, 1; Boston Harbor, 1; Buzzard's Bay, 1; Duxbury, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 4; Guilford, 2; West Haven, 4; New Haven, 7; Stony Creek, New Haven County, 8); New York (Miller Place, Suffolk County, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. — 43: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Wales, 1; Wain- wright, 4; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 13; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 8); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Henry, 1); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 2); Massachusetts (Lanesville, 1; Plymouth, 1); Connecticut (Stratford, 5; Bridgeport, 1). Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson Histrionicus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 415, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Cosmonessa Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 46, 1829 — type, by virtual monotypy, Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Cosmonetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 196, 1829 — emendation. Phlyaconetta Brandt, Me"m. Acad. St. Petersb., (6), Sc. Nat., 6, (6), p. 9, 1849 — type, by orig. desig., Anas histrionica Linnaeus. Phylaconetta Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 798, 1858— emendation. *Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus). HARLEQUIN DUCK. Anas histrionica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 127, 1758 — based on "The Dusky and Spotted Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 99, pi. 99 (=male); " America" = Newfoundland (ex Edwards). Anas minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 127, 1758 — based on "Little Brown and White Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 157, pi. 157 (=female); " Canada" = Hudson Bay (ex Edwards). 384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cosmonetta histrionica Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 395, 1895 — part, Greenland (Liskenasset), Labrador, Canada (Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay, Godbout), Maine (Hancock County); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 84, 1898— Greenland. Histrionicus histrionicus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 367, pi. 70, distr. map 95, 1925 — part (monog.). Histrionicus histrionicus histrionicus Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 382, 1925 (dist. chars.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 50, 1925 (life hist.); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 397— Greenland (field notes); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 21, 1946— southeastern Baffin Island (nesting). Range. — Breeds in southern Greenland (north to Scoresby Sound on the east and Upernavik on the west coast), southeastern Baffin Island, and probably sparingly in northern Quebec (Lake Manuan), the Labrador Peninsula and perhaps Newfoundland. Winters in southern Greenland and on the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland south to Long Island and casually on the Great Lakes. Resident in Iceland and casual in western Europe. Field Museum Collection. — 20: Greenland (Godthaab, 1) ; Labrador (Nachvak, 1; Nain, 2; Okkak, 1; Bowdoin Harbor, 4); Newfoundland (Codroy, 1); Nova Scotia (Digby County, 1); New Brunswick (Wolves Island, 2; Grand Manon Island, 1); Maine (Isle au Haut, Knox County, 3; Bangor, 1; unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks.1 PACIFIC HARLEQUIN DUCK. Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393, 1915 — Cape Shipunski, Kamchatka (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 51, 1923— Pribilof Islands; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 383, 1925 (dist. chars.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 58, 1925 (life hist.); Jewett, Condor, 27, p. 241, 1925— Wallowa River, Oregon (nesting); idem, I.e., 32, p. 128, 1930 — Wallowa Mountains, Oregon (nesting); idem, I.e., 33, p. 255, 1931 — Mount Hood, Oregon (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 178, 1931 (range); Button and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering). 1 Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus W. S. Brooks differs from the typical race by having a much heavier bill. The chestnut stripes on the sides of the crown of the male do not appear to extend quite as far forward, but from the ser- ies examined there does not seem to be any difference in coloration nor is the Pacific bird larger, as mentioned by the describer. Middendorff (Reise Sibirien, 2, (2), pi. 22, fig. 3, 1853) figures a chick of the present form s.n. "A. histrionis" L[innaeus], but as he quotes Linnaeus as author and uses A. histrionica L. in the text (p. 237), this spelling can only be regarded as a misprint. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 385 Histrionicus histrionicus (not Anas histrionica Linnaeus) Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 134, 1886— St. Michaels (rare), Aleutian Islands (abundant); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 74, 1887— Unalaska; Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911— Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu; Atka; Unalaska); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 186, 1918 (life hist. California); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 3, p. 367, pi. 70, distr. map 95, 1925 — part (monog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 167, 1926— Point Dall and False Pass, Alaska. Cosmonetta histrionica Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 395, 1895 — part, Alaska (Kegiktowik, St. Michaels), Columbia River, Fort MacPher- son, Vancouver Island, St. Juan Island, eastern Asia. Range. — Breeds in the mountain streams of both the islands and the mainland from the Alaska Peninsula east probably to the Mackenzie Valley and south to central California (west slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains) and Colorado (Blue River near Breckenridge). Also found in summer on the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands, where it may breed. Winters along the Pacific coast of North America from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands south to central California (Monterey Bay), and casually in the interior. Found also in eastern Siberia. Field Museum Collection. — 21: Alaska (Nome, 1; Bethel, 2; Kuskokwim River, 1; Tocatna, 1; Saginaw Bay, Kuiu Island, 1; Nulato, 2; Morzhovoi Bay, 3; Seward, 1; Kodiak Island, 1; unspeci- fied, 1); British Columbia, Vancouver Island (James Island, 1; Sidney Island, 1; Comox, 1; Victoria, 3); Washington (Kitsap, Eagle Harbor, 1). Conover Collection. — 18: Alaska (Kootznahoo Inlet, 1); Yukon Territory (Big Salmon Lake, 6) ; British Columbia, Vancouver Island (Sidney Island, 1; Comox, 8); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1; Fox Island, Pierce County, 1). Genus SOMATERIA Leach Somateria Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc., 2, p. 154, App., p. xlviii, 1819 — type, by monotypy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus. Ganza Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 3, p. 471, 1819— based on "Die Eider" (Ganza, Plin. hist, nat., lib. 10, cap. 23); type, by subs, desig., Somateria mollissima (cf. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 423, 1895). Platypus Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 805, 1824 — new name for Somateria Leach. Erionetta Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 709, 1884 — type, by mono- typy, Anas spectabilis Linnaeus. 386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Somateria mollissima mollissima (Linnaeus). COMMON EIDER. Anas mollissima Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 124, 1758 — based principally on Fauna Svec., No. 94; "Europa boreali pelagica," restricted type locality, Island of Gothland, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Somateria Islandica C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 895, 1831— Iceland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Somateria mollissima Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 101, 1910 — northeastern Greenland (breeding); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, p. 80, pi. 81, distr. map 101, 1926 (monog.). Somateria mollissima mollissima Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. Ill, 1926 — part, eastern Greenland (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 — eastern Greenland. Somateria mollissima islandica Schi01er, Danm. Fugle, 2, pp. 44, 208, 1926 (char.; range); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 398 — Greenland; Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 137 — northeastern Greenland (crit.; breeding). Range. — Iceland, Scotland, the coast of northwestern Europe, southern and eastern Greenland.1 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Greenland (Andre's Land, east coast, 2). *Somateria mollissima borealis (C. L. Brehm).2 NORTHERN EIDER. Platypus borealis C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 813, 1824— coast of Baffin Bay and Davis Strait and west coast of Greenland, etc. (no type extant). Platypus leisleri C. L. Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 28, 1824 — Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). (Somateria borealis) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 428, 1895 — Cape Fraser, Dobbin Bay, Franklin Pierce Bay, Ungava, Godbout, Greenland. Somateria mollissima borealis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 231, 1899 (plumages; dist. chars.) ; Visher, Auk, 29, p. 535, 1912— Lake County, South Dakota; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 79, 1925 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. Ill, pi. 82, 1926 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 66, 1932 — Southampton Island (nesting); Gross, Auk, 54, p. 18, 1937 (weights of birds and eggs); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 22, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding on south coast). 1 Birds from Iceland, southern and eastern Greenland (S. m. islandica) have been distinguished by Schi01er, Millais, and others on account of having on average shorter wings, but the divergency seems too insignificant to be expressed in nomenclature. Cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, pp. 1368, and Erganz., p. 440. 2 This is a rather unsatisfactory race, the one constant character seeming to be the deep yellow color of the bill in the male of borealis as against an olive green color in typical mollissima. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 387 Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pi. 81, distr. map 101, 1926— part (monog.). Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of North America from 100° W. long, north to Ellesmere Island, east to the west coast of Greenland (to 82° N. lat.) and south to Hamilton Inlet, Labrador (but not the shores of Hudson Bay). Winters wherever there is open water from Greenland south to Maine and occasionally Massachusetts. At the south edge of its breeding range intergrades with S. m. dresseri. Field Museum Collection. — 28: Greenland (Sukkertoppen, west coast, 5); Northwest Territories (Nachvak, District of Franklin, 1); Labrador (Indian Harbor, 2; Draw Bucket Tickel, 2; Mullen Bay, 1; island off Port Manvers, 1; Hopedale, 9); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); New Brunswick (Orkney, 4); Maine (Eastport, 1). Conover Collection. — 7: Greenland (Nanortalik, 1); Labrador (Red Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, 6). *Somateria mollissima dresseri Sharpe. DRESSER'S EIDER. Somateria Dresseri Sharpe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 8, p. 51, fig. 2, 1871 — North America (location of type not stated). Somateria dresseri Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 424, 1895 — Bay of Fundy; Norton, Auk, 14, p. 303, 1897 (noteworthy plumages); DeVine, I.e., 26, p. 426, 1909— Chicago, Illinois (im. male). Somateria mollissima dresseri Beetz, Auk, 33, p. 286, pi. 15, 1916 — Gulf of St. Lawrence; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 94, 1925— part, except Hudson and James Bay (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926 — part, except Hudson and James Bay (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 — part, except Hudson and James Bay. Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pis. 80, 81, distr. map 101, 1926— part, except Hudson and James Bay (monog.); Gross, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 16, 1944 — Maine coast (status). Range. — Breeds along the Atlantic seacoast from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, south to Penobscot Bay, Maine. Winters from New- foundland south to Massachusetts (Nantucket). At the north edge of its range intergrades with S. m. borealis. Field Museum Collection. — 26: Labrador (Kegaska, 2; Indian Harbor, 1; Nain, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1; St. Andre, 1); Nova Scotia (unspecified, 1) ; New Brunswick (Wolves Island, Bay of Fundy, 2; Grand Manan, 1); Maine (unspecified, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4; Boston, 1; Nantucket Island, 6; Woods Hole, 1); Rhode Island (Providence, 3). 388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 12: Labrador (Battle Harbor, 8); Massa- chusetts (Monomoy, 3; Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 1). *Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder.1 HUDSON BAY EIDER. Somaieria mollissima sedentaria Snyder, Occ. Pap. Roy. Ont. Mus. Zool., 6, p. 3, May 5, 1941 — Churchill, Manitoba (type in Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto); Hawksley, Auk, 59, p. 436, 1942— Churchill, Mani- toba (nesting). Somateria mollissima dresseri (not Somateria dresseri Sharpe) Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 94, 1925— part, Hudson and James Bay flife hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926— part, Hudson and James Bay; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 — part, Hudson and James Bay. Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, pis. 80, 81, distr. map 101, 1926 — part, Hudson and James Bay (monog.). Range. — Breeds on both coasts of Hudson and James Bay, north to Cape Fullerton on the west and Cape Dufferin on the east. Winters in the open waters of the same territory. Conover Collection. — 1: Manitoba (Churchill, 1). *Somateria mollissima V-nigra G. R. Gray. PACIFIC EIDER. Somateria V-nigra G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 212, pi. 107, pub. Feb. 2, 1856 — Kotzebue Sound (type in British Museum). Somateria v-nigra Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 136, 1886 — Norton Sound to Aliaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 78, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1887 — Aleutian Islands to coast east of Point Barrow; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 470 (summer molts); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911— Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 200, 1925 (migr. Alaska); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 102, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 169, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (migr.; nesting; weights); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeds on islands and coast to eastward); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 118, 1944 — Semidi and Aleutian Islands (breeding). Somateria v-nigrum Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 430, 1895 — Alaska, Arctic coast east of Fort Anderson. Somateria mollissima v-nigrum Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 112, pi. 82, 1926 (dist. char.). 1 Somateria mollissima sedentaria Snyder: Like dresseri in having the frontal processes of the bill large and rounded terminally, but differs in having the lateral feathering on the sides of the culmen extending only as far as the posterior end of the nostril, in which respect it resembles the race borealis. Downy young and females are said to be paler than other races. Additional material examined. — Manitoba: Churchill, 3. — Hudson Bay: Belcher Islands, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 389 Somateria mollissima (not Anas mollissima Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 80, distr. map 101, 1926 — part (monog.); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering). Somateria mollissima v-nigra Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 179, 1931 (range). Range. — In North America breeds along the northwest coast from Kodiak Island and Cook Inlet west to the Aleutian Islands, north to Point Barrow and east to Victoria Island and Coronation Gulf. Winters mainly in the vicinity of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula. Also breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of northeast Siberia. Field Museum Collection. — 15: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 2; St. George Island, 3; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 27: Alaska (Point Barrow, 15; Wainwright, 2; Wales, 1; Hooper Bay, 8; Igiak Bay, 1). *Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus). KING EIDER. Anas spectabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 123, 1758 — based on Rudbeck's unpublished figure of a Swedish specimen1 and "The Grey- headed Duck" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 154, pi. 154 (Hudson Bay); Canada, Sweden. Anas beringii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 508, 1789 — based on "Bering Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 548, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 465; Bering Island. Platypus altensteinii Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vog., 2, p. 999, 1824 — Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 49, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Somateria spectabilis Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 — St. Michaels (rare breeder) and Aleutian Islands (wintering); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 79, 1887— Unalaska (wintering), St. Michaels (rare) and St. Lawrence Island (common); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 432, 1895— Greenland, Canada, Alaska; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 108, 1898— Greenland; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 12, p. 236, 1899 (plumages) ; Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 103, 1910 — Storm Kap, Greenland (breeding); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 192, 1918 — San Francisco and Suisun Marsh, Solano County; Wilson, Auk, 38, p. 454, 1921— St. Clair River, Michigan; Praeger, I.e., 39, p. 104, 1922— Barry County, Michigan; Hill, Condor, 25, p. 103, 1923— Synuk, Alaska (spring migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 107, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 171, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (migr.; weights); idem, I.e., p. 171 (footnote), 1926 — Marsh Lake, Yukon Territory; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 114, pis. 80, 81, 82, distr. map 102, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 180, 1931 (range); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, pi. 12, fig. 2, pi. 22, fig. 16, 1932 — Southampton Island (nesting); Gromme, Auk, 51, p. 367, 1934 — Muskego Lake, Wisconsin; Wheeler, I.e., 54, p. 203, 1937 — Henry, Illinois; 1 Cf. Fauna Svec., p. 40, No. 112, 1746. 390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Moffitt, Condor, 42, p. 305, 1940— Tomales Bay, California; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 139 — Germania Land, Greenland (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 513, 1943— Melville Peninsula (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 23, 1946 — Baffin Island (breeding on west coast). Range. — Breeds in North America on the Arctic coasts and islands from St. Lawrence Island north to lat. 76° and east to northern Labrador; both coasts of Greenland north to 82° 30". Winters from the limits of open water south to the Aleutian, Kodiak, and Shumagin Islands on the west and the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Newfoundland on the east; rarely to Massachusetts, Virginia and North Carolina. Frequently on the Great Lakes. One record for California. Found also on the Arctic coasts of Europe and Asia. Field Museum Collection. — 39: Alaska (Barrow, 10; Nome, 10; St. George Island, 1; Unalaska, 1); Labrador (unspecified, 1; Nain, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Connecticut (Stratford, 4; Milford, 1; West Haven, 2); Virginia (Princess Anne County, 2); North Carolina (Currituck Sound, 1; Pea Island, Dare County, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1); California (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 46: Alaska (Point Barrow, 17; Wainwright, 7; Wales, 9; Hooper Bay, 4); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Greenland (Godthaab, 2); Labrador (Red Bay, Straits of Belle Isle, 2) ; Maine (Casco Bay, 2) ; Massachusetts (Barnstable County, 2). Genus ARCTONETTA Gray Ardonetta G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 212, pub. Feb. 5, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Fuligula fischeri Brandt. *Arctonetta fischeri (Brandt). SPECTACLED EIDER. Fuligula (Lampronetta) Fischeri Brandt, Fuligulam Fischeri Novam Avium Speciem, p. 18, pi. 1, 1847 — St. Michael, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Ardonetta fischeri Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 136, 1886 — St. Michaels, Bristol Bay, (?)Aleutian Islands (breeding) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 2, p. 76, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1887— Point Barrow (rare breeder) and Norton Sound south to the Kuskokwim (common breeder; nesting habits); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 422, 1895— "Northern Sound," St. Michaels, Andreffsky and Stewart's Islands, Alaska; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 471 (plumages); Buturlin, Condor, 12, p. 46, 1910 (true breeding ground northeast coast of Siberia between 148° and 172° E. long.); Bailey, I.e., 27, p. 199, 1925 (migr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 74, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 168, 1926 — Point Dall and Igiak Bay (nesting; migr.; weights); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 73, pis. 79, 80, 82, distr. map 100, 1926 (monog.); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 391 Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 180, 1931 (range); Bailey, Brower, and Bishop, Progr. Act. Chicago Acad. Sci., 4, p. 22, 1933 — Barrow, Alaska (nests sparingly); Moffitt, Condor, 42, p. 309, 1940— San Benito County, Cali- fornia. Range. — Breeds on the New Siberian Islands and on the Arctic coast of Siberia from the Yana River to Bering Strait and on the Alaskan coast from Point Barrow east to Barter Island and south to the Kuskokwim River. Very little has been recorded as to the winter range, but it is known to be found on the Pribilof Islands, the Near Islands, and the Aleutian chain. It may also winter in the northern part of Bering Sea. Field Museum Collection. — 20: Alaska (Barrow, 9; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; Bering Strait, 5; Pikmiktalik River, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Yukon Delta, 1; unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 37: Alaska (Point Barrow, 12; Chipp River, near Barrow, 2; Icy Cape, 1 ; Wainwright, 6; Wales, 3; Metlatavik, 1; Hooper Bay, 5; Igiak Bay, 7). Genus OIDEMIA Fleming Oidemia Fleming, Phil. Zool., 2, p. 260, 1822 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 74, 1840), Anas nigra Linnaeus. OEdemia Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 39, 1841 — emendation. *Oidemia nigra americana Swainson. AMERICAN SCOTER. Oidemia Americana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 450, pub. Feb., 1832— Hudson Bay (type in British Museum). Anas vnlsoni Giebel, Thes. Orn., 1, p. 365, 1872 — substitute name lor Oidemia Americana Swainson. Oidemia americana Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 — St. Michaels, Bristol Bay and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 80, 1887 — Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (common nester); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 298, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumage; molts); De W. Miller, I.e., 33, p. 278 (in text), 1916 (gen. chars.); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 194, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 119, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 172, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; weights); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (structural comparison) ; Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 119, 1944 — Bristol Bay and Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska (breeding). OEdemia americana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 404, 1895 — Alaska (St. Michaels, Aleutian Islands), Repulse Bay, Nova Scotia, New York (Lyons Falls), Connecticut (Branford), Illinois (Chicago). Oidemia nigra americana Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 24, 1926 (dist. chars.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range). 392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oidemia nigra (not Anas nigra Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 3, pis. 72, 75 and 77, distr. map 96, 1926 — part, North America (monog.); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 87, 1946 — Attu Island (wintering). Range. — In North America only known to breed along the west coast of Alaska from Cape Lisburne south to the Alaska Peninsula and on the Aleutian Islands; probably also in Labrador and possibly Newfoundland. Winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands to southern California (Santa Barbara Islands), and on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to New Jersey; casually on the Great Lakes and on migration in the interior. Found also in north- eastern Asia south to Japan and China. Field Museum Collection. — 19: Alaska (Bethel, 2); British Co- lumbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 1); California (Hyperion, 1); Maine (Duck Island, York County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 7; Cohasset, 1; Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 1); Connecticut (Stony Creek, 1; Branford, 1; West Haven, 2). Conover Collection. — 23: Alaska (Hooper Bay, 7; Igiak Bay, 6); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 4); Nebraska (Cherry County, 1); Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1); Massachusetts (Lanesville, 1; Pigeon Cove, 3). Genus MELANITTA Boie Melanitta Boie, Isis, col. 564, 1822 — type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 52, 1838), Anas fusca Linnaeus. Macroramphus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 414, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Anas perspicillata Linnaeus. Pelionetta Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 107, 196, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Anas perspiciUata Linnaeus. Melanonelta Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 149, 1872 — emendation of Melanitta Boie. Phoenonetta Stone, Auk, 24, p. 198, 1907 — type, by orig. desig., Anas fusca Linnaeus. *Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus). VELVET SCOTER. Anas fusca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 123, 1758 — based primarily on Fauna Svec., No. 106; "Oceano Europaeo," restricted type locality, coast of Sweden. Oidemia fusca Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. Kj0benh., 1879- 80, p. 7, 1879— Godthaab, southern Greenland; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 92, 1898— Greenland (Godthaab, May, 1878); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 26, pi. 75, distr. map 97, 1926 — part, Europe (monog.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 393 Melanitta fusca Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 128, 1925 (life hist.). Oidemia fusca fusca Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 42, 1926 (dist. chars.). Melanitta fusca fusca Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, (5), p. 12, 1941 — Narssaq, near Godthaab, Greenland. Range. — Extralimital. Accidental in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Greenland (unspecified, 1). *Melanitta deglandi (Bonaparte).1 WHITE-WINGED SCOTER. Oedemia deglandi Bonaparte, Rev. Grit. Orn. Eur., p. 108, 1850 — North America (location of type unrecorded). Fuligula bimaculata Herbert,* Field Sports, 4th ed., 2, App. F, with fig. (imm.), 1848 — Georgian Bay, Lake Huron (no type extant). Oidemia telvetina Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 126, Dec., 1850 — Egg Harbor, New Jersey (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 28). Oidemia deglandi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 — St. Michaels and Unalaska Island (one specimen only); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 81, 1887 — St. Michaels (nesting in small numbers); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 304, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumages and molt); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 197, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 37, p. 366, 1920 (migr. British Columbia). OEdemia deglandi Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 409, 1895— Massa- chusetts, Connecticut (Branford and New Haven), Illinois (Chicago), Great Slave Lake, Fort Simpson, Vancouver Island (full bibliog.). Oedemia deglandi dixoni W. S. Brooks,* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 393, Sept., 1915 — Griffin Point, Arctic Alaska (type in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Oidemia fusca dixoni Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 146 (in text), 1920 (not valid race); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 43, 1926 (disc.). Melanitta deglandi Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 131, 1925 (life hist.); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (trachea differs from 1 Because of the structural differences in their tracheas (De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926), as well as the differences in the feathering at the base of their bills, it would seem best to consider deglandi and fusca as specifically distinct. * Fuligula bimaculata Herbert appears to be a composite description of the immatures of Melanitta deglandi and M. perspicillata. While the date of publication is given by Salvadori (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 409, 1895) as 1848, this is incorrect, as Herbert himself in his description speaks of the first of these birds having been taken in late September of 1849. The duck was described in Ap- pendix F, which, according to Charles Sheldon (Forest and Stream, 86, p. 912, 1916) and Mitchell van Winkle (Henry William Herbert [Frank Forester], A Bibliography of His Writings, 1832-1858, p. 27), first appeared in the fourth edition, which was published by Stringer and Townsend, New York, and bears the date of 1852. 1 An examination of a good series from both coasts and the interior leads to the conclusion that the differences in the length and shape of bill on which the name dixoni is based are merely individual and not geographical variations. 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII M. fusca); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding). Oidemia fusca (not Anas fusca Linnaeus) Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 26, pis. 74-75, distr. map 97, 1926 — part, North America (monog.). Oidemia fusca deglandi Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 42, 1926 (disc.). Melanitta fusca deglandi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range); Salo- monsen, Dansk. Ornith. Foren. Tidssk., 39, p. 254, 1945 — Nugssuaq Peninsula, Umanaq District, western Greenland. Melanitta fusca dixoni Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 181, 1931 (range). Range. — North America. Breeds from northwestern Alaska (Kotzebue Sound) and the Mackenzie Delta south to northern British Columbia (Stikine River), central North Dakota (Devils and Stump lakes) and southern Manitoba (Shoal Lake), east to James Bay and perhaps Labrador. Winters mainly on the seacoasts from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California and the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina. Also found in winter on the Great Lakes, and on migration casually throughout the interior. Field Museum Collection. — 60: Alaska (Bethel, 1); British Co- lumbia (Vancouver, 1; Saturna Island, 1; Okanagan, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 4); California (Monterey, 2; Pacific Grove, 2; Hyperion, 2; Moss Landing, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 8; Devils Lake, Ramsey County, 1); South Dakota (unspecified, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Chicago, 1); Louisiana (Lake Arthur, 1); Nova Scotia (Dartmouth, 1); Massachusetts (Robinson's Hole, 4; Great Island, 1; Duxbury, 2; Gloucester, 1; Brant Rock, 1; Woods Hole, 2); Connecticut (New Haven, 6; West Haven, 1; Stony Creek, 3; Branford, 2; New Haven County, 2; Stamford, 1); New York (Sound Swamp, Suffolk County, 2). Conover Collection. — 34: Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, 1; Comox, Vancouver Island, 18); Alberta (Hastings Lake, 2; Tofield, 3; 60 miles southeast of Edmonton, 3); Manitoba (Delta, 1); North Dakota (Grafton, 1); Illinois (Henry, 1); Prince Edward Island (Summerside, 1); Massachusetts (Annisquam, 2). *Melanitta perspicillata (Linnaeus). SURF SCOTER. Anas perspicillata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 125, 1758 — based on "The Great Black Duck from Hudson's Bay," Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 155, pi. 155; Hudson Bay. Anas latirostris Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 58, fig. 995, 1783— no type locality. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 395 Pelionetta trowbridgii Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 806, 1858 — San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum). Oidemia perspicillata Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 137, 1886 — Yukon District, Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 81, 1887 — St. Michaels (not common nester), Aleutian Islands (winter- ing); Bishop, Auk, 12, p. 295, 1895 (an undescribed plumage); Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 46, 1911— Aleutian Islands (Attu; Agattu); Dwight, Auk, 31, p. 302, pis. 24-30, 1914 (plumage and molt); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 201, 1918 (life hist. California); Widman, Auk, 39, p. 250, 1922— St. Louis, Missouri; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 45, pis. 76-77, distr. map 98, 1926 (monog.). OEdemia perspicillata Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 412, 1895 — Alaska (Kotzebue Sound, St. Michaels and Pt. Constantine), Canada (Bear Lake, Fort Simpson, Big Island, Repulse Bay, Godbout, Bay of Fundy and Vancouver Island), Massachusetts (Boston and Ipswich Bay), Connecticut (Branford), California (San Diego), Bermuda Islands; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 92, 1898— Greenland (Kangerajuk, July; Disco Bay, etc.). Melanitta perspicillata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 143, 1925 (life hist.); De W. Miller, Amer. Mus. Nov., 243, p. 2, 1926 (shape of trachea); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Dixon, Fauna Nat. Parks U. S., 3, p. 40, 1938— Mount McKinley Park (breeding); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 24, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (probably breeding); Todd, l.c., p. 79 (in text), 1943 — James Bay (breeding); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 119, 1944 — Bristol Bay region (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 50, 1945— Sonora (lat. 28° northward). Range. — Breeding range uncertain, but probably from about Bristol Bay and Fort Yukon, Alaska, east through the Mackenzie Basin to the Anderson River and south to northern Alberta (Lake Athabasca) and Saskatchewan; also on Hudson Bay (Churchill), James Bay, central Labrador (Lake Petitsikapan), and perhaps in southern Greenland. Winters on the seacoast from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California (San Quintin Bay) and from Nova Scotia to South Carolina; also on the Great Lakes. Field Museum Collection. — 54: Alaska (Collinson Point, 1; Nome, 1; Tocatna, 1); Yukon Territory (Lake La Barge, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 1) ; Washington (Port Towns- end, 3); California (Carmel Bay, 1; Trinidad, 2; Monterey, 8; Hyperion, 5; Pacific Grove, 4; Redwood, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Zoar, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Woods Hole, 1; Brant Rock, 2; West Yarmouth, 1; Cohasset, 1); Rhode Island (Narragansett Bay, 1); Connecticut (New Haven, 2; Branford, 2; West Haven, 2; Guilford, 3; Stony 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Creek, 4); New York (Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Conover Collection. — 29: Alaska (Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (head of Big Salmon River, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 18); California (Anaheim Landing, 1; Point Magie, 1); Prince Edward Island (Summerside, 1); Massachusetts, Essex County (Pigeon Cove, 3; Lanesville, 1); Connecticut (Stratford, 1). Genus CAMPTORHYNCHUS Bonaparte Camplorhynchus "Eyton" Bonaparte, Geogr. and Comp. List, p. 58, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Anas labradoria Gmelin. Kamptorhynchus Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 57, 1838 — type, by orig. desig., Fuligula Labradora Bonaparte. Camptolaimus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., ed. 2, p. 95, 1841 — type, by mono- typy, Anas labradoria Gmelin. *Camptorhynchus labradorius (Gmelin). LABRADOR DUCK. Anas labradoria Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 537, 1789 — Arctic America, Connecticut and Labrador. Anas labradora Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 859, fig. 67, 1790 — Labrador. Fuligula grisea Leib, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 170, 1840 — neighbor- hood of Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey. Anas labradorica Hall, Canad. Natur. and Geol., 7, p. 427, 1862 — Bay of Laprairie, Montreal District; Dutcher, Auk, 11, p. 176, 1894 (Laprairie specimen added to Dutcher collection). Camptolaimus labradorius Gregg, Amer. Nat., 13, p. 128, 1879 — Chemung County, New York (last record); Meyer, Auk, 9, p. 389, 1892 (female in Dresden Museum); Stone, I.e., 10, p. 363, 1893 (adult male added to collection in Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Dutcher, I.e., 11, p. 4, 1894 (imm. male in Museum of Natural History Society of Montreal); Gurney, I.e., 14, p. 87, 1897 — specimen in Amiens, France. Camptorhynchus labradorius Dutcher, Auk, 8, p. 201, 1891 (revised list of specimens in North America with historical notes); Brooks, I.e., 29, p. 389, 1912 — discovery of juvenal male specimen in Boston Society of Natural History (possess one other); Lloyd, Canad. Field Nat., 34, p. 155, 1920 — Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia (male specimen only; female= Oidemia americana); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 62, 1925 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 57, pi. 78, 1926— list of known specimens (monog.); Gladstone, Ibis, 1927, p. 352 (history of a specimen in the Liverpool Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Renshaw, Bd. Notes and News, London, 19, p. 1, pi. 1, 1940 (notes). Camptolaemus labradorius Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 416, 1895 — North America and Labrador (2 specimens; full bibliog.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 397 Camplolaimus labradoria Rothschild, Extinct Bds., p. 105, pi. 36, 1907 (syn., list known specimens; gen. account). Range. — Extinct. Probably bred formerly in Labrador. Re- corded in winter from Grand Manan to Chesapeake Bay, but chiefly off Long Island, New York. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Maine (near Calais, 2). Genus POLYSTICTA Eyton Polysiicla Eyton, Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 58, 1836 — type, by monotypy, Anas stelleri Pallas. Eniconetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 75, 1840 — type, by orig. desig., Anas stelleri Pallas. Stetteria Bonaparte (nee Stellaria), Nuovi Ann. delle Scienze Nat., Bologna, 8, (2), p. 266, 1842 — type, by monotypy, Stetteria dispar Bonaparte= Anas stelleri Pallas. Heniconetta Agassiz, Ind. Univ. Nom. Zool., p. 178, 1846 — emendation. *Polysticta stelleri (Pallas). STELLER'S EIDER. Anas steUeri Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 35, pi. 5, 1769 — Kamchatka. Anas dispar Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fasc. 1, pis. 7 and 8, 1786 — type locality "Ostrogothico"=0stergotland, Sweden (cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 1363). Anas Occidua Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 1, livr. 47, p. 130, 1791 — based on A. stelleri Pallas and "Western Duck" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 564, pi. 23; Kamtschatka and western part of America. Eniconetta stelleri Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 135, 1886 — Bristol Bay and Aliaska (Alaska Peninsula), Unalaska Island (winter) (descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 75, 1887 — Alaskan coasts and islands of Bering Sea (nesting); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 471 (plumages); Rich, Maine Nat., 10, p. 39, 1930 — coast of Maine. Heniconetta stetteri Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 419, 1895 — Norway, Iceland, Alaska. Somateria dispar Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 93, 1898 — Disco Bay, Greenland (June 15, 1878). Polysticta stelleri Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 67, 1925 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 167, 1926 — Alaska (nesting; plumages; weights); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 64, pis. 79, 80, 82, distr. map 99, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 182, 1931 (range); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 21, 1934 (eclipse plumage). Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Unimak Island north to Point Barrow and east to Barter Island; St. Lawrence Island. Winters in the open waters about the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Peninsula east to the Kenai Peninsula. Breeds also on the 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII coast of Siberia east of the Taimyr Peninsula, wintering south to Kamchatka and west to Norway; accidental in Greenland (Disco Bay, June 15, 1878) and on Atlantic coast of North America. Field Museum Collection. — 24: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Bering Strait, 2; Point Hope, 1; Nome, 9; Sledge Island, 1; Yukon Delta, 2; Unalaska, 1; Kodiak Island, 3); ?California (northern part, 1). Conover Collection. — 30: Alaska (Point Barrow, 4; Wales, 1; Wain wright, 6; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 7). Subfamily OXYURINAE. Lake Ducks Genus NOMONYX Ridgway Nomonyx Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 15, 1880— type, by orig. desig., Anas dominica Linnaeus. *Nomonyx dominicus (Linnaeus). MASKED DUCK. Anas dominica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 201, 1766 — based on "La Sarcelle de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 472, pi. 41, fig. 2; Santo Domingo. Anas spinosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 522, 1789 — based on "Sarcelle a queue 6pineuse" Buff on, Hist. Nat. Ois., 9, p. 282, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 967; Cayenne. Erismatura ortygoides (Hill MS.) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 406 (footnote), 1847 — Jamaica (no type extant). Nomonyx dominicus Fisher, Auk, 12, p. 297, 1895 — Brownsville, Texas; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 438, 1895 — Jamaica, Barbados, Guatemala, Panama, Cayenne, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 395, (1898), 1899— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Howe, Auk, 19, p. 196, 1902 — record from Vermont not good; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902 — Tucuman (ex Dinelli); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 227, 1903 — Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Tepic), Guatemala, and Panama (Laguna de Pita, Veragua); Houghton, Auk, 23, p. 335, 1906— Maryland; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 245, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 — Costa Rica (Laguna de Coris and Las Concovas); Dabbene, Orn. Arg., p. 233, 1910 — Tucuman, Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 196, 1916— Kamuni River; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 235, 1917— Cali, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 — Eten, Lambayeque, Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 47, 1922— Venezuela (Rio Cogollo and Lagunillas, Zulia); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 265, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 161, 1925 (Lite hist. and United States records); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 143, pi. 83, distr. map 104, 1926 (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 399 p. 212, 1926— Chone, Ecuador; Lawrence, Auk, 44, p. 415, 1927— Eagle Nest Lake, Brazoria County, Texas (other United States records); Wet- more, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 317, 1927 — Puerto Rico (rare); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, No. 18, p. 499, 1929 — Inhuma, Rio Parnahyba, Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 99, 1930 (range in South America); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 297, 1935 — Panama (Veragua, Canal Zone, and Darien). Oxyura dominica Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 44, 1936 — Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and Puerto Rico. Range. — Greater Antilles, Costa Rica (Laguna de Coris and Las Concovas), Panama (Veragua, Canal Zone, and Darien), south on the west coast through Colombia and Ecuador (El Oro, Arenillas) to Peru (Sarayacu and Eten) and to the east of the Andes through Venezuela and the Guianas to northern Argentina (Tucumdn and Province of Buenos Aires). Occasional in the Virgin Islands (St. Croix), and Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, Barbados) and Trinidad; also in Mexico (Tepic, Vera Cruz, and Jalisco). Field Museum Collection. — 10: Massachusetts (Maiden, Middle- sex County, I);1 Cuba (unspecified, 2); Jamaica (Priestmans River, Surrey, 1); Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste, 3); Colombia (un- specified, 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 30: Cuba (Tapaste, Havana, 5); Costa Rica (Concovas, Cartago, 2); Panama (Port Obaldia, Darien, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Arenillas, El Oro, 1); Brazil (Boim, Par£, 1; Villa Acara, Para, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2; Horqueta, 2; 265-170 km. west of Puerto Casado, 10; Orloff, Chaco, 1). Genus OXYURA Bonaparte Oxyura Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 2, p. 390, 1828— type, by monotypy, Anas rubidus Wilson. Erismatura Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, 52, p. 208, 1832 — new name for Oxyura. Cerconectes Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 282, March, 1832— no type designated. Gymnura Nuttall, Man. Orn., 2, p. 425, 1834 — substitute name for Oxyura Bonaparte. Erimistura (sic) Degland and Gerbe, Orn. Eur., 2, p. 565, 1867 — emendation of Erismatura Bonaparte. 1 Recorded in the Auk, 6, p. 336, 1889. 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Oxyura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson).1 RUDDY DUCK. Anas rubidus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, pp. 128, 130, pi. 71, figs. 5-6, 1814 — Delaware River, near Philadelphia (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 184, 1930). Anas cyanorostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eVL, 5, p. 165, 1816 — based on "Yacatexotli" Hernandez, Hist. Anim. Nov. Hisp., p. 29; Mexico. Erismatura jamaicensis (not Anas jamaicensis Gmelin) Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 445, 1895 — part, except Jamaica (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 228, 1903 — part, Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Valley of Mexico, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca), Guatemala, and Costa Rica; Brooks, Auk, 20, p. 280, pi. 10, 1903 (pi. nestling); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 437, 1910 — Irazu, Costa Rica; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 52, p. 479, 1917 (secondary sexual chars.); idem, Condor, 20, p. 19, 1918 (on tracheal air sac); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 205, 1918 (life hist. California); van Rossem, Condor, 25, p. 131, 1923 (voice); Henderson, I.e., 26, p. 32, 1924 (voice); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 152, 1925— part, except West Indies (life hist.). Oxyura jamaicensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 159, pi. 84, distr. map 106, 1926 — part, except West Indies (monog.). Oxyura jamaicensis rubida Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 — Sonora (rare). Erismatura jamaicensis rubida Low, Auk, 58, p. 506, pi. 17, 1941 — Iowa (nesting; incub. period). Range. — Breeds from central British Columbia (Cariboo District), Great Slave Lake, and northern Manitoba (York Factory) south to northern Lower California (31° N.), northern New Mexico (Lake Burford), southern Texas (Cameron County), northern Iowa, and northern Illinois; casually and locally east to Ungava and south to Guatemala. Winters from southern British Columbia, northern New Mexico, southern Illinois, and Chesapeake Bay south to Costa Rica, the Gulf of Mexico and Florida. Field Museum Collection. — 53: British Columbia (Victoria, 2); Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 2) ; New Brunswick (St. Croix River, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 8; Benson County, 2; Rolette County, 1; Nelson County, 3); Kansas (Burlington, 3; Blue Rapids, 1); California (unspecified, 1; San Diego County, 1; Wasco, 2; 1 Oxyura jamaicensis rubida (Wilson) is probably not a recognizable race, but the question cannot be definitely settled until a series from Jamaica itself can be examined. It is supposed to differ from the typical race by generally lighter coloration, larger size and the presence of an eclipse plumage. However, according to Wetmore (Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 314, 1927), Puerto Rican specimens (supposedly typical jamaicensis) vary greatly in size and colora- tion and probably also have an eclipse plumage. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 401 Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1; Corona, 1; Riverside, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Texas (Brownsville, I);1 Minnesota (Nobles County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5); Illinois (Monroe County, 1); Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1; Quincy Bay, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 4; Guilford, 2); Virginia (unspecified, 1); Florida (Banana River, 2); Mexico (Cusarare, Chihuahua, 1). Conover Collection. — 37: California (Oceano, 1); Utah (Brigham, 21); South Dakota (Eden, 3); Nebraska (Wood Lake, 2); Illinois (Henry, 2); Massachusetts (Newburyport, 1; Mashpee, 1); North Carolina, Currituck Sound (Seagull, 1; Poplar Branch, 3; Waterlily, 1); Mexico (Galeana, Nuevo Leon, 1). "Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis (Gmelin). ANTILLEAN RUDDY DUCK. Anas jamaicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 519, 1789 — based on "Jamaica Shoveler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 513; Jamaica. Anas recurvirostra Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 167, 1816 — new name for Anas Jamaica Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 857, 1790 — based on "Jamaica Shoveler" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 513; Jamaica. Erismatura jamaicensis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 445, 1895 — part, Mount Eagle,' Jamaica (full bibliog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 228, 1903 — part, West Indies; Wetmore, Bds. of Porto Rico, p. 28, 1916 — Laguna de Guanica (ex Gundlach); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 130, p. 152, 1925— part, West Indies (life hist.). Erismatura alleni Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 558, 1925 — Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico (type in collection of S. T. Danforth, now in Museum of Cornell University, Ithaca; cf. Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 315, 1927). Oxyura jamaicensis Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 159, pi. 84, distr. map 106, 1926— part, West Indies (monog.); Bond, Bds. West Indies, p. 43, 1936 — Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles; Nichols and Bond, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 28, 1943— nesting, Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Dog Island, Saba Cay, Water Island). Erismatura jamaicensis jamaicensis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 314, 1927— Puerto Rico and St. Croix(?) (disc. dist. chars.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 106, 1931— Hispaniola (Moca, Haina, Laguna del Salodillo, Trou Caiman). Oxyura jamaicensis jamaicensis Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 184, 1931 (range). Range. — Resident in the West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Vir- gin Islands, Jamaica, the Grenadines, and Carriacou). (?) Bahama Islands. 1 Partial downy. 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 4: Puerto Rico (Anegada Lagoon, 1; Car- tagena Lagoon, 3). *Oxyura ferruginea ferruginea (Eyton). ANDEAN LAKE DUCK. Erismatura ferruginea Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 170, 1838 — Chile (cotypes in the British Museum examined); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 54, 1881 — Lagunas de Rio Negro; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 484, 1886 — Lake Junfn (ex Jelski) and Lake Titicaca (ex Raimondi); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 138, 1889 — Patagonia; Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 449, 1895— Lake Titicaca, vicinity of Lima, and Laguna de Tambo, Peru; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909— Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923— Neluan, Rio Negro (rare); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 212, 1926— Lago San Pablo, Otavalo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 337, 1932 (distr. in Chile). Erismatura aequaiorialis Salvadori,1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, pp. 441, 442, 450, 1895 — Antisana and Sical, Ecuador (cotypes in British Museum examined). Oxyura aequatorialis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 — Colta, Riobamba, Ecuador. Oxyura ferruginea Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 55, 1921 — La Raya, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 183, pi. 86, distr. map 109, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 185, 1931 (range in part); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 467 — Huancavelica, Peru; idem, I.e., 1939, p. 649 — Lake Junin, Peru (food). Range. — Andean lakes from Ecuador south to Chile (Aysen), Argentina (Chubut), and Tierra del Fuego (Cape Penas). Found also in the central valley and coastal plain of Chile2 and in Argen- tina on the pampas adjoining the Andes from the Rio Negro south. Field Museum Collection. — 14: Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 12); Chile (Lake Malleco, Cautin, 1). Conover Collection. — 17: Ecuador (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Im- babura, 1; Lago Antisana, Pichincha, 1); Peru (Puerto Arturo, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 10); Chile (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 4). 1 Erismatura aequatorialis Salvadori: Birds from Ecuador are inseparable from specimens from Peru and Chile. 2 In a letter to the junior author, Dr. R. A. Philippi writes that this species and O. vittata are found together in the lakes of the valley and coastal plain of Chile. He states that he has a series of about thirty specimens of both species taken on the Lago Penuelas, which is about eighteen miles from Valparaiso. He further states that both species nest there and that there is a great difference in the size of their eggs. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 403 *Oxyura ferruginea andina Lehmann.1 COLOMBIAN LAKE DUCK. Oxyura jamaicensis andina Lehmann, Auk, 63, p. 221, April, 1946 — Laguna del Paramo de Boca-Grande, north of Nevado de Sumapaz, Cundina- marca, eastern Andes of Colombia, el. 4,000 meters (type in the collection of the Institute de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogota, Colombia). Erismatura (Oxyura) ferruginea Lehmann, Caldasia, 2, p. 408, 1944 — eastern and central Cordilleras of Colombia. Range. — Andean lakes of the central (Purace region, Cauca) and eastern (Laguna Fuquene, Cundinamarca, and Boyaca) Cordilleras of Colombia. Conover Collection. — 2: Colombia (Paramo de Purace, Cauca, 2). *Oxyura vittata (R. A. Philippi). ARGENTINE LAKE DUCK. Erismatura vittata R. A. Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 26, 1860— Chile (descr. of juv.; type in the National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 450, 1895 — Chile (Tarapaca; central Chile; Prov. Santiago; Rio Pilmaiquen) and Uruguay (market in Montevideo); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 74, 1907 — Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909 — Coronel Don-ego and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Roca, Rio Negro; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 19, p. 233, 1910 — Cordoba, Rio Negro (Roca), and Chubut; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 501, 1912 (general account); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 30, 1920 — Decepcion Island, South Shetland Islands (ac- cidental); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 79, 1923— Prov. de la Rioja; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 303, 1923 — Huanuluan and Neluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 84, 1926— General Roca, Territory of Rio Negro, Argentina (descr. air sac and trachea); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 418, 1926— Loma Partida and Rio Fetaleufu, Chubut; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 339, 1932 (distr. in Chile). Oxyura vittata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 187, pi. 86, distr. map 189, 1926 (monog.); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 355, 1926 — southern Santa F6; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 185, 1931 (range, in part). 1 Oxyura ferruginea andina Lehmann differs from the typical race by smaller size and has in adult males a greater amount of white on the sides of the head and throat. The drake of the pair listed above has a wing of 149 mm., the same as that of the type, and the female one of 145, while Bolivian specimens run from 158 to 165 and 152 to 155 respectively. In our opinion the Colombian Lake Duck is a form of ferruginea as its bill is similar, being much heavier, wider, and higher at the base, with a broader nail than that of jamaicensis. This gives to the Andean Lake Duck a profile somewhat similar to Aythya valisineria, a line drawn along the top of the bill from the tip to the crown of the head being almost straight, whereas in the North American Ruddy Duck this line is convex, more like that of Aythya americana. In addition the females of andina have the dusky cheeks characteristic of fer- ruginea and lack the whitish stripe under the eye found in both jamaicensis and vittata. 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — The central and southern provinces of Chile from Valparaiso to Valdivia, southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Uru- guay and Argentina from the provinces of Rioja and San Juan south to Tierra del Fuego (Cape Penas). Conover Collection. — 11: Chile (Laguna Huairavo, Santiago, 1; Llolleo, Santiago, 2; Batuco, Santiago, 3; Angol, Bio Bio, 2); Argen- tina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 3). Subfamily MERGINAE. Mergansers Genus MERGELLUS Selby Mergellus Selby, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Types Bds., p. 47, 1840— type, by monotypy, Mergus albellus Linnaeus. Mergellus albellus (Linnaeus). SMEW. Mergus Albellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 — Europe, restricted type locality, Mediterranean Sea near Smyrna. Mergus albellus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 464, 1895 — spec, v", North America; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 30, 1923— North America, Louisiana (life hist.). Range. — Extralimital. Found in Europe and Asia. Admitted to the American check list because of two rather doubtful occurrences, one a specimen of a female in the British Museum purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company and said to have been taken in Canada, the other a record of a female, which Audubon (1840) claimed to have taken in Louisiana. Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach Lophodytes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. ix, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus. *Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus). HOODED MERGANSER. Mergus cucullatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 — based on "The Round-crested Duck" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 94, pi. 94; Virginia and Carolina. (l)Mergus fuscus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 832, 1790 — based on "Brown Merganser" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, Suppl., p. 74; Hudson Bay. Lophodytes cucullatus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 468, 1895— Vancouver Island, District of Columbia, states of New York, Florida, Texas, and Jalapa, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 230, 1903 — Mexico (near Matamoros, Valley of Mexico, Jal- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 405 apa, and Orizaba) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 89, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 22, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 241, pis. 95 and 96 (downy), distr. map 114, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 186, 1931 (range); Bagg, Auk, 50, p. 430, 1933 (courtship display); Sprunt, Auk, 61, p. 306, 1944 — South Carolina (breeding). Range. — Breeds throughout the wooded regions, from south- eastern Alaska (Stikine River) east through British Columbia (Cariboo district), Alberta, and Saskatchewan to Hudson Bay, and perhaps the interior of Labrador, south to Oregon, northern New Mexico, Arkansas (Big Lake), southern Tennessee (near Chatta- nooga), and central Florida (Titusville and Fort Myers). Winters from British Columbia (Vancouver Island and Okanagan), Utah, Nebraska, Lake Michigan, and Massachusetts south to southern Mexico (Orizaba and Jalapa) and Cuba, but mainly in the southern states. Field Museum Collection. — 53: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1; Sumas Lake, 1); California (Colusa, 1); North Dakota (Hope, 1; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1; Lac aux Morts, 1; Towner County, 2; Sheyenne River, Nelson County, 2; Cando, 2); Iowa (Burlington, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5); Illinois (Rondout, Lake County, 1; Fox Lake, 1); Ontario (Point Rowan, 9); Prince Edward Island (Fish Island, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 9); New York (Lakeside, Wayne County, 1) ; Virginia (Norfolk County, 1; Norfolk, 4); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2; Curri- tuck Sound, Currituck County, 1; unspecified, 1); Florida (Banana River, 3). Conover Collection. — 25: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Char- lotte Islands, 1; Stuie, Bella Coola area, 2; Comox, Vancouver Island, 5) ; Alberta (60 miles east of Edmonton, 1) ; Illinois (Deerfield, 1; Warrenville, 1; Henry, 5; Sparland, 1); Massachusetts (Quincy, 1; Plymouth, 2; Mashpee, 1; Newburyport, 1); North Carolina (Sea- gull, Currituck Sound, 2); Florida (Nassau Sound, 1; Homosassa Springs, Citrus County, 1). Genus MERGUS Linnaeus Mergus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 — type, by subs, desig. (Eyton, Monog. Anat., p. 76, 1838), Mergus castor Linnaeus = Mergus senator Linnaeus. Merganser Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 230, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Merganser"= Mergus senator Linnaeus. 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Prister Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 350, 1890 — type, by monotypy, Mergus brasilianus Vieillot. Prionochilus (not of Strickland, 1841) Bertoni, Ann. Cient. Paraguayos, 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1901 — type, by monotypy, Prionochilus brasiliensis Bertoni= Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. Promergus Mathews and Iredale, Ibis, 1913, p. 410 — type, by orig. desig., Mergus australis Hombron and Jacquinot. *Mergus merganser americanus Cassin. AMERICAN MERGANSER. Mergus americanus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 187, 1852 — North America (no type mentioned, based partly on Mergus merganser [not Linnaeus] Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 68, pi. 68) j1 Townsend, Auk, 33, p. 10, 1916 (courtship) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 79, 1918 (life hist. California); Brooks, Auk, 49, p. 462, 1932 (color of iris); White, J. Biol. Board Canada, 3, p. 323, 1937 (food). Merganser americanus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 130, 1886 — Unalaska Island; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 477, 1895 — Canada (Columbia River; British Columbia; 49th Parallel; Vancouver Island), New York (Lyons Falls; Herkimer County; Adirondacks), and Texas (Corpus Christi); Salvin and Godman-, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 229, 1903 — Mexico (Sonora) and Bermuda; Munro and Clemens, Canad. Field Nat., 46, p. 166, 1932 (food). Mergus merganser americanus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 1, 1923 (life hist.); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 256, pis. 96-98, distr. map 115, 1926 (monog.), p. 278 (dist. char.); van Rossem, Auk, 46, p. 380, 1929— Colonia Pacheco, Chihuahua, Mexico (nestling); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 187, 1931 (range); Munro and Clemens, Canad. Field Nat., 48, p. 45, 1934 (food); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 — Sonora (Colorado Delta; San Esteban Island; Guaymas). Mergus mergus americanus Moore, Auk, 51, p. 229, 1934 (serrations of bill). Range. — Breeds from the Alaska Peninsula, the southern Yukon Territory (Teslin Lake), Great Slave Lake, Churchill River, Labrador (probably), the Gaspe" Peninsula, and Newfoundland south in the Rocky Mountains to central California (Tulare County), northern Mexico (Chihuahua), and northern New Mexico, and from South Dakota east in the northern tier of states to central New York and southern Maine. Winters from the Aleutian Islands, the northern United States and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to northern Mexico (northern Lower California and Durango), the Gulf coast and central western Florida (Tampa Bay). Field Museum Collection. — 33: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2; Okana- gan, 2; White Swan Lake, 1); Washington (Nisqually, Thurston 1 Cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 28 (pub. 1900). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 407 County, 1); Oregon (Marion, 1); California (Colusa, 2; Trinidad, 1); Mexico (Colonia Pacheco, Chihuahua, 1 downy); Illinois (Chicago, 7); Labrador (Kegashka, 1); Quebec (Beaupre*, 1; Isle au Gaus, 1); Massachusetts (Concord, 3); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; Stamford, 2; Stratford, 1; East Hartford, 1; Black Hall, 1). Conover Collection. — 24: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 9); Alberta (Jasper Park, 1); Washington (Clallam River, Clallam County, 1); California (Lake Tahoe, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Henry, 5); Michigan (Augusta, 2); Nova Scotia (Wolfville, 2); Massachusetts (Mashpee, Barnstable County, 2). *Mergus serrator serrator Linnaeus. RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. Mergus Serrator Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 129, 1758 — based chiefly on Fauna Svec., No. 114; Europe, restr. type locality, Sweden (ex Fauna Svec.). Merganser serrator Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 131, 1886 — St. Michaels and Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 66, 1887 — Unalaska, St. Lawrence Island and St. Michaels; Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 479, 1895— spec, d'-w", a3-]-3 (full bibliog.). Mergus serrator Townsend, Auk, 28, p. 341, 1911 (courtship); Strong, l.c., 29, p. 479, pis. 21-23, 1912 (notes on life hist.); Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Bds. Calif., p. 84, 1918 (life hist. California); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 126, p. 13, 1923 (life hist.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 164, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 279, pis. 96-98, distr. map 116, 1926 (monog.); Munro, Condor, 32, p. 261, 1930 (killed by sculpin) ; Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 187, 1931 (range); White, J. Biol. Board Canada, 3, p. 323, 1937 (food); idem, J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 4, p. 309, 1940 (food); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 25, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 51, 1945 — coast of Sonora; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 24, 1946 — Baffin Island (breeding, southwest coast). Range. — In North America breeds from Icy Cape, Alaska, the Mackenzie Delta, Great Slave Lake, Hudson Bay (Churchill), central Labrador, and southern Baffin Island south to southeastern British Columbia, central Alberta, and the northern tier of states in the United States. Winters on the Pacific coast from southern British Columbia to Lower California (La Paz), in the interior from the Great Lakes south in the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf coast and on the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to Florida. Also found in Europe and northern Asia. Field Museum Collection. — 60: Alaska (Collinson Point, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Tofield, 1); Washington (Port Townsend, 3); California (Mon- 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII terey, 4); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Ontario (Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior, 2) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4) ; Indiana (Kankakee River, 1; Miller, Lake County, 1); Mississippi (Graveline Bayou, Jackson County, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, 1; Indian Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4; Chat- ham, 2); Connecticut (Woodmont, 1; New Haven County, 1; West Haven, 2; Guilford, 1; Stamford, 1; Middlesex County, 1; Clinton, 2; Westville, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 1; Montauk Point, Long Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 7); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (East Pass, 4; Mary Esther, 1; Pilot Town, 1). Conover Collection. — 28: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Meade River, near Barrow, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 5); Alberta (Tofield, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 4) ; Nebraska (Cherry County, 1) ; Texas (Corpus Christi, 3); Illinois (Waukegan, 3) ; Massachusetts (East Orleans, 1; Mashpee, 1); North Carolina (Seagull, Currituck, 1; Waterlily, Currituck, 1; Hatteras, 2). Mergus serrator major Schiller.1 GREENLANDIC RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. Mergus serrator major Schi01er, Dansk. Orn. Tidskr., 19, p. 115, 1925 — west Greenland (type now in Kopenhagen Museum); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 398 — Greenland (Ilulialik; Kugssuk); Bertelsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 4, p. 17, 1932 (range in western Greenland). Mergus serrator (not of Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 113, 1898 — Greenland. Range. — Coasts of Greenland, north to Upernavik on the west and Scoresby Sound on the east; winters in southern Greenland. Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. BRAZILIAN MERGANSER. Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 222, 1817 — Brazil (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 301, pi. 100, distr. map 118, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 43, p. 121, 1935 (specimens in Berlin Mu- seum); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 58, 1938 — Salto Grande, Rio Parana- panema, Sao Paulo. 1 Mergus serrator major Schiller: Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but with longer wings. Four specimens from Greenland (Holatenbarg, Sukkertoppen, Holsteinborg), when compared with European and American birds, bear out Schi01er's measure- ments. The race thus seems to be valid. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 409 Mergus oclosetaelus Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, livr. 89, p. 351, pi. 236, fig. 3, 1820 — new name for Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot. Mergus fuscus (not of Latham) Liechtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 84, 1823 — Sao Paulo (male and female descr.). Mergus brasilianus Vieillot, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 209, pi. 283, circa 1825 — Brazil (substitute name for Mergus octosetaceus Vieillot). Mergus lophotes (Cuvier MS.) Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 551, 1850 — new name for Mergus octosetaelus and Mergus brasilianus Vieillot. Mergus brasiliensis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 441, 1856 — Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 322, 1870— Sao Paulo (Rio ItararS) and Goyaz (Guardamor), Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 281, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (descr. imm.). Mergus octosetosus (errore?) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 652, 1856 — in syn. of M. brasilianus Vieillot. Merganser brasilianus Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 485, 1895 — Ytarare, Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 395, (1898), 1899— range; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 121, 1926 — Salto da Ariranha, Parana (note on female). Prionochilus brasiliensis Bertoni, Ann. Cient. Paraguayos, 1, No. 1, p. 8, 1901— Alto Parana, lat. 27° S., Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). Merganser octasetaceus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 77, 1907 (range, Brazil); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 — Rio Parana (ex Bertoni) and Misiones. Range. — Only known from widely scattered localities in southern Brazil (Guardamor, Goyaz; Salto Grande, Rio Paranapanema and Rio Itarare", Sao Paulo; Salto da Ariranha, Parand; Blumenau, Santa Catharina) and the Parana River drainage in eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina (Rio Iguazu). Subfamily MERGANETTINAE. Torrent Ducks Genus MERGANETTA Gould1 Merganetta Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, pub. March, 1842— type, by monotypy, Merganetta armata Gould. Raphipterus Gay, Hist. FIs. Pol. Chile, Atlas, Zool., pi. [12], 1844— type, by monotypy, Raphipterus chilensis Gay •= Merganetta armata Gould. 1 The torrent ducks seem to fall into three divisions, a northern and a southern one, each containing a single form, and a central group of four forms. While all the varieties are undoubtedly closely related, the northern and southern ones differ much more from the central group and each other, than the four central varieties do inter se. Since there also appears to be a rather extensive gap in distribution between the northern, the central and the southern divisions, it seems that the relationships are more clearly shown by separating the genus into three species than by including all six forms as races of one species. By doing this we have a northern and a southern monotypic species whose distinguishing characteristics appear to remain constant and a central one comprised of four intergrading races. 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhaphipterus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 458, 1847— emendation. *Merganetta colombiana Des Murs.1 COLOMBIAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta Colombiana Des Murs, Rev. Zool., 8, p. 179, 1845 — no locality= Santa F6 de Bogota, Colombia (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929); idem, Icon. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 6, 1845— Santa Fe" de Bogota (fig. of type). Merganetta leucogenys (not Anas leucogenis Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 408 — part, Colombia and Ecuador. Merganetta columbiana Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 462, 1895 — Colombia ("Santa Marta;" Frontino, Antioquia, Bogotd) and Ecuador (Rio Blanco; Sarayacu); Beebe and Crandall, Zoologica, N. Y., 1, p. 251, 1914 (desc. tail down); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 47, 1922 — Laguna de Pan de Azucar and Rio Alba, M6rida, Venezuela. Merganetta colombiana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 236, 1917 — Salento, Rio Toche, and El Eden, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 277— Papallacta Lake, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 28, 1922 — Rio San Pedro, Amaguno, Cumbaya, and Rio Pita, Ecuador (young descr.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 140, 1922 — "Santa Marta," ex British Museum; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 212, 1926— Antisana, Valle de Cumbaya, upper Rio Pita, San Pedro above Tumbaco, Rio Quijos, Oyacachi, and lower Sumaco, Ecuador; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 219, pi. 93, distr. map 112, 1928 (monog.); Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 346, 1943 (monog.). Merganetta armata colombiana Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). Range. — The northern Andes from Venezuela (Me"rida) south through Colombia (all three ranges)2 to central Ecuador (Chim- borazo and Rio Pastaza). Field Museum Collection. — 1 : Ecuador (Tungaragua, Rio Ambata, 1). 1 Merganetta colombiana Des Murs is nearest to typical leucogenis. From that form the males differ by having the mantle gray (not black) and the dark shaft stripes to the feathers of the breast lighter. Females have the under parts much lighter, the color being more orange than red. The sides of the neck and the face behind the eye are also orange red, not gray finely barred with white as in all other forms of the genus. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: M^rida, 1; La Chuchilla, 2; Nevados, 2; Rio Alba, 1. — Colombia: west of Harmonde, Cauca Valley, 1; Rio Toche, east Quindio Andes, Tolima, 1; Cali, 1; Cauca yalley, 1; "Bogotd," 6; La Plata, Huila, 2; Salento, Cauca, 2; El Roble, Quindio Andes, 1. — Ecuador: Oyacachi River, 2; upper Rio Pita, 4; above Tumbaco, 1; Rio Tumbaco, 2; Mount Chimborazo, 1; Antisana, 1; Cerro Galeras, Rio Pauchsi Yacu, 1; near Tumbaco, Rio San Pedro, 1 ; Rio Quijos, 1 ; Rio Ambato, 1 ; Cumbaya, 1 ; Sumaco, 1 ; Papa- llacta, 1. 2 No authentic record from the Santa Marta Mountains. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 411 Conover Collection. — 23: Venezuela, MeYida (Laguna de Pan de Azucar, 1; Rio Alba, 1); Colombia (Moscopan, Cauca, 4; Paramo de Purace, Cauca, 1; Munchique, Cauca, 3; San Agustin, Huila, 1; La Plata, Huila, 3; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Cerro Mojanda, Imbabura, 1; Rio Shubol, Chimborazo, 1; Rio Guaillabamba, Pichincha, 1; La Palmera, Rio Pastaza, 1; San Francisco, Rio Pastaza, 1; Rio Chalpi, Oriente, 1; Rio Mira, Occidente, 1; Rio Oyacachi, Napo Pastaza, 1). *Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis (Tschudi).1 PERUVIAN TORRENT DUCK. Anas leucogenis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 390, 1843 — "in Antibus Elevatis"=Mana Rimacunan, sources of the Aynamayo, Junin, Peru2 (type in Museum of Neuchatel). Merganetta leucogenys Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 554 — Maraynioc; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 408 — part, central Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 486, 1886 — part, Maraynioc (ex Jelski), Puna Manarimacuman (ex Tschudi); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 461, 1895 (descr., full bibliog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 54 — Acobamba and Maraynioc; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 222, pi. 94, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta armata leucogenis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 244, 1930— Panao, Peru (disc.; descr. imm.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range, except central Ecuador). Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 349, 1943 (monog.). Range. — Andes of Peru, from Amazonas3 (Molinopampa) to Maraynioc, Department of Junin. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Peru (Molinopampa, Amazonas, 1). Conover Collection. — 3: Peru (Panao Mountains, Huanuco, 1; Huanuco Vie jo, Huanuco, 1; Junin, 1). 1 Merganetta leucogenis leucogenis (Tschudi) is closest to colombiana, but in the males differs by having the mantle black (not light gray) and the edges to the scapulars and tertials slightly darker, more reddish. Below, the shaft stripes to the feathers of the breast are blacker, and there is a tendency toward a black line across the upper chest, separating the pure white neck from the streaked breast. Females are indistinguishable from those of turneri, garleppi, and berlepschi, but can be told from the corresponding sex of colombiana by their darker red breasts and the fine gray and white bars marking the sides of the neck and extend- ing to the face behind the eye. Additional material examined. — Peru: Leimebamba, Amazonas, 1; Huanuco, Huanuco, 1; Maraynioc, Junin, 3; Chipa, Junin, 4; Obrajillo, Cant a, 1; Oroya, Rio Mantaro, Junin, 4. 1 Cf. Tschudi, Faun. Per., Orn., p. 312, 1846. * The pullus from "Tumbez" listed by Taczanowski (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 243) can hardly belong here. 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Merganetta leucogenis turner! Sclater and Salvin.1 TURNER'S TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta turneri Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., Part 13, p. 199, pi. 100, Nov. 1, 1869 — Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (type in British Museum); iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 600, pub. 1870— Tinta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1876, p. 407— southern Peru (crit.); Salvador!, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 460, 1895— Tinta, Peru (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 276 — Sumbay, Rio Vitor, Arequipa, Peru; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 216, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta leucogenys (not Ana's leucogenis Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 157— Tinta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1874, p. 679— "upper Andes" (= Cuzco region, Peru); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 486, 1886 — part, Andes of Cuzco (ex Whitely). Merganetta Turneri Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 488, 1886 — Tinta (ex Whitely). Merganetta leucogenys garleppi (not Merganetta garleppi Berlepsch) Mene- gaux, Pvev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. [138], 1909 — Yura, southern Peru. Merganetta leucogenys leucogenys Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 56, 1921 — Occobamba Valley, Lucma, and Huaracondo Canyon, Peru. Merganetta armata turneri Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). (l)Merganetta armata leucogenis Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 467 — Huancavelica. Merganetta leucogenis turneri Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 350, 1943 (monog.). Range. — From the Cuzcan Andes south to Lake Titicaca, west to (?) Huancavelica and the province of Arequipa (Rio Vitor)2 and east to the Bolivian border (Limbani). 1 Merganetta leucogenis turneri Sclater and Salvin is a very dark-breasted form. According to the description of the male type, the chest and flanks are black and the lower breast and abdomen dark reddish gray broadly streaked with black. This is much as in some specimens of berlepschi, but from that form turneri can be told by the rufous brown (not buffy white) edges to the scapulars and tertials and the dark mantle unmarked with white. Females cannot be told from those of garleppi, berlepschi or typical leucogenis. As in berlepschi there seems to be a great variation in the extent of the black on the chest and flanks. Among the specimens examined were four adult males. In all of these specimens the black flanks were lacking, and the black chest was represented simply by a narrow line separating the white foreneck from the darker under parts. The rest of the chest, breast and abdomen were light brownish heavily streaked with black. While some of this difference may be due to inter- gradation with the neighboring forms leucogenis and garleppi, much of it probably is individual variation. Additional material examined. — Peru: Tocopoqueu, Occobamba Valley, 2; Huaracondo Canyon, 4; Lucma, Cosireni Pass, Urubamba Valley, 1; Keatin (Quiton) River, 2; Limbani, Puno, 1. 2 Dr. R. A. Philippi B. in a letter to the junior author states that he has seen a torrent duck in the Quebrada de Putre, el. 4,200 meters, Cordillera de Arica, and that the bird is known to the natives of that region and goes by the name of "Chulyumpi." Unfortunately, he was not able to collect the specimen, but on geographical grounds the birds from that region would appear most likely to belong to the form turneri. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 413 Conover Collection. — 7: Peru, Puno (Limbani, 1; Rio Sandia, 2; Rio Sangaban, 4). Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Berlepsch.1 BOLIVIAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta garleppi Berlepsch, Orn. Monatsb., 2, p. 110, 1894 — Cocotal (Locotal), Bolivia (type in Berlepsch Collection, now in Frankfurt Mu- seum); Salvador*, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 460, 1895 (full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 277— Rio Blanco, La Paz, Bolivia; Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 217, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.). Merganetta armata garleppi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 188, 1931 (range). Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 351, 1943 (monog.). Range. — Andes of Bolivia (except extreme south), intergrading in the north with turneri and in the south with berlepschi. *Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Hartert.2 BERLEPSCH'S TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 244, 1909 — near Tucuman, 1,800 meters (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem, I.e., 32, p. 273, 1925 (note on type=M. turneri berlepschi); Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 218 (in text), 1926— near Tucuman. Merganetta Garleppi (not of Berlepsch) Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 208, 1902— Tucumdn (La Hoyada; Rio Vipos; Ancajuli). Merganetta armata (not of Gould) Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 247, 1904 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910— part, "La Cienaga," Tucuman, and Santa Catalina, Jujuy. 1 Merganetta leucogenis garleppi Berlepsch, in the male sex can be told from the other races of leucogenis by the buffy gray (sometimes almost white) edges to the scapulars and tertials combined with a white or very pale buffy white breast which is fairly heavily streaked with black. The mantle is streaked with white as in berlepschi. The under parts often show a reddish tinge which probably denotes immaturity or, at the edges of its range, intergradation with turneri or berlepschi. Females are indistinguishable from those of berlepschi, turneri or typical leucogenis. Material examined. — Bolivia: Incachaca, Cochabamba, 5; Yungas de Cocha- bamba, 1; Omeja, Yungas, 1; western Bolivia, 1. 2 Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Hartert most nearly resembles turneri, but the males have the mantle streaked with white and the edges of the scapulars and tertials white or buffy white, not reddish buff. Females are indistinguishable from those of turneri. This form is very dark-breasted as is turneri but typical specimens, as far as is now known, seem to come only from Tucuman and Salta (Sierra del Caj6n) and these vary widely, some having the chest black and others reddish brown streaked with black like the breast and abdomen. South of Tucuman and north of Salta the birds seem to get lighter colored. A specimen from Catamarca ex- 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Merganetta garleppi (not of Berlepsch) Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 — La Hoyada, Tucuman. Merganetta Garleppi or Berlepschi Dabbene, El Hornero, 4, p. 34, pis. 3 and 4, 1927 — Tucuman (Aconquija; Ci£naga; Ancajuli; Las Pavas) and Salta (Sierra del Cajon) (desc. variation in males). Merganetta armata berlepschi Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range). Merganetta leucogenis berlepschi Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 352, 1943 (monog.). Range. — Andes of southern Bolivia (Tarija) and northwestern Argentina south to Catamarca (Lago Blanco). Conover Collection. — 1: Bolivia (Rio Narvaes, Dept. Tarija, 1). *Merganetta armata Gould.1 CHILEAN TORRENT DUCK. Merganetta armata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, "1841," p. 95, pub. March, 1842— "Andes of Chile, lat. 34°-35°"=Colchagua (cotypes in British Museum examined); Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 1, pi. 5 (=male), 1845— Chile; idem, I.e., livr. 8, pi. 48 (=female), 1847; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 406— Chilean Andes (ex Bridges, Gay); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 2, 1895— Chilean Andes and Colchagua, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 234, 1910 — part, Lago General Paz, Chubut; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 419, 1926 — Rio Negro (Bariloche; Rio Quemquemtreu) and Chubut (Rio Epuye"n; Rio Cholila); Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 24, p. 353, 1943 (monog.). Raphipterus chilensis Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Atlas, Zool., pi. [12], 1844 — Chile (cotypes in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 68, 1929). amined by the junior author is much lighter than the type, the under parts being light reddish buff streaked fairly heavily with black. It surprisingly appears to be tending toward garleppi, being only redder on the breast, and shows no tendency toward armata in its facial markings. The only specimen of an adult male available from north of Salta was from Tarija, Bolivia. This example has the chest and upper breast very heavily marked with black, only the edges of the feathers being white, and the lower breast and abdomen are rusty white heavily streaked with black. Additional material examined. — Argentina: Tucuman (the type), 1; Rio Norco, Tucuman, 1; Lago Blanco, Catamarca, 2. 1 Merganetta armata Gould, in the male sex, differs from all other forms of the genus by having a black stripe running down the foreneck from the chin to the chest and another transverse black stripe from each eye to the black throat band; also by having broad white edgings to the feathers of the mantle, the scapulars and the tertials. Females cannot be distinguished from the corresponding sex of leucogenis, garleppi, turneri and berlepschi, though ten examples of armata all have the breast very dark red, showing no variation in this feature, whereas in a series from Peru an occasional lighter-breasted (immature?) example occurs. This form has been kept specifically separate from the others because of the very distinct throat and facial markings. (In immature males these markings are the first features of the adult plumage to make their appearance.) Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago, 2; Banos Cauquenes, Rio Claro, 5; Colchagua, 3; unspecified, 5. — Argentina: Bariloche, Rio Negro, 1; Rio Quemquemtreu, Rio Negro, 1; Rio Epuy6n, Chubut, 1; Rio Cholila, Chubut, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 415 Merganetta fraenata Salvadori,1 Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 458, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1895 — "Central Chili" (type in British Museum examined). Merganetta andina Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus., 35, p. 26, December, 1912 — between Puerto Varas and Lake Todos los Santos, Llanquihue. Merganetta armata armata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 211, pi. 91, distr. map 112, 1926 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 340, 1932— Coquimbo (Balala and Quanta, Rio Turbio), Llanquihue (Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau), Colchagua (Colchagua), "Central Chile," "Andes" (of Chile), and Tierra del Fuego (Lago Fagnano). Merganetta armata fraenata Phillips, Nat. Hist. Ducks, 4, p. 214, pi. 92, distr. map 112, 1926 (dist. char.); Peters, Bds. World, 1, p. 189, 1931 (range). Range. — The Andes of Chile and Argentina from Coquimbo (Balala, Rio Turbio) south to Aysen (Rio Nirehuau, 46° S. lat.), Chu- but (Rio Cholila and Rio Epuy&i), and even to Tierra del Fuego.2 Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Quanta, Rio Turbio, Co- quimbo, 1; Villarica, Cautin, 2). Conover Collection. — 20: Chile (Balala, Rio Turbio, Coquimbo, 2; Rio Blanco, Santiago, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 14; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 2); Argentina (Las Lajas, Rio Agrio, Neuquen, 1). 1 The distinctive features of this supposed race appear to be due to individ- ual variation. 1 The British Museum has an adult male obtained by P. W. Reynolds eight miles south of Lago Fagnano on Dec. 22, 1928 (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 342, footnote 2, 1932). INDEX Current names in boldfaced type Abeltera, 123 aberti, Anas, 330 acuta, Anas, 356, 357, 358 acuta, Dafila, 354, 356, 357 ADAMASTOR, 60 adamastor, Procellaria, 61 adamsi, Gavia, 17 adamsii, Colymbus, 17 adamsii, Gavia, 17 adamsii, Urinator, 17 adelia, Dasyramphus, 6 adeliae, Catarrhactes, 4, 6 adeliae, Pucheramphus, 6 adeliae, Pygoscelis, 3, 6 Adelonetta, 353 adoxa, Ardea, 169, 172 adusta, Diomedea, 41 AECHMOPHORUS, 33 aequatorialis, Erismatura, 402 aequatorialis, Oxyura, 402 aequinoctialis, Majaqueus, 61, 62 aequinoctialis, Procellaria, 61 Aestrelata, 74 aethereus, Phaethon, 110, 111 affinis, Aythya, 372, 373 affinis, Fuligula, 372, 373 affinis, Fulix, 373 affinis, Marila, 373 affinis, Nyroca, 373 affinis, Podiceps, 32 agami, Agamia, 204 agami, Ardea, 204 agami, Doriponus, 205 AGAMIA, 204 Aia, 363 aiaia, Platalea, 272 AIX, 363 Aixopsis, 345 AJAIA, 271 ajaja, Ajaia, 271 ajaja, Ajai(j)a, 272 ajaja, Platalea, 271, 272 alba, Guara, 261, 262 alba, Ibis, 251, 262 alba, Pterodroma, 76 alba, Scolopax, 261 alba, Sula, 122 Albatrus, 41 albatrus, Diomedea, 41, 44 albatrus, Phoebastria, 44 albatrus, Anser, 288 albellus, Mergellus, 404 Albellus, Mergus, 404 albeola, Anas, 380 albeola, Bucephala, 380 albeola, Charitonetta, 380 albeola, Clangula, 380 albiceps, Sula, 135 albicollis, Geronticus, 251 albicollis, Ibis, 250, 253, 254 albicollis, Pelecanus, 119 albicollis, Podiceps, 24 albicollis, Tantalus, 250, 251 albicollis, Theristicus, 251 "albifacies," 267 albifrons, Anser, 290, 291, 292 albifrons, Branta, 290 albigula, Carbo, 150 albigula, Craculus, 150 albigula, Haliaeus, 150 albigula, Phalacrocorax, 150, 151 albinucha, Querquedula, 334 albiventer, Carbo, 155 albiventer, Graculus, 153, 155 albiventer, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155, 156 albiventer, Urile, 155 albiventris, Phalacrocorax, 155, 157 albociliatus, Phalacrocorax, 138, 139 albus, Casmerodius, 196 albus, Eudocimus, 262 alexanderi, Diomedea, 42 alleni, Erismatura, 401 alleni, Puffinus, 67 alleni, Thyellodroma, 67 Alphapuffinus, 63 altensteinii, Platypus, 389 alticola, Anas, 331, 332 altipetens, Nettion, 350 amaurosoma, Nectris, 68 Amazonetta, 345 ambiguus, Podiceps, 30 americana, Anas, 342 americana, Aythya, 368, 403 americana, Branta, 295 americana, Bucephala, 378 Americana, Butor, 235 Americana, Clangula, 377, 378 americana, Dafila, 357 Americana, Egretta, 195 americana, Fuligula, 368 americana, Glaucionetta, 377, 378 americana, Mareca, 342 americana, Marila, 368 americana, Mycteria, 242, 244, 247 americana, Nyroca, 368 americana, OEdemia, 391 americana, Oidemia, 391 Americana, Querquedula, 346 americana, Sula, 122 416 INDEX 417 americanus, Chaulelasmus, 340 americanus, Colymbus, 25 Americanus, Cygnus, 284 americanus, Graculus, 146 americanus, Jabiru, 248 americanus, Merganser, 406 americanus, Mergus, 406 americanus, Nycticorax, 208, 212 americanus, Pelecanus, 116 americanus, Phaethon, 113, 114 americanus, Phoenicopterus, 274 americanus, Podiceps, 24, 25 americanus, Tantalus, 244 ANAS, 325 anatoides, Cygnus, 323 andina, Merganetta, 415 andina, Oxyura, 403 andinus, Phoenicoparrus, 277 andinus, Phoenicopterus, 276, 277, 278 andium, Anas, 350, 351 andium, Nettion, 350, 351 andium, Querquedula, 351 anglorum, Procellaria, 70 anglorum, Puffinus, 70 angustirostris, Querquedula, 351 ANHIMA, 278 ANHINGA, 157 anhinga, Anhinga, 158, 159, 160 anhinga, Plotus, 157, 158, 160 anisodactylus, Podiceps, 36 anjinho, Procellaria, 86 ANSER, 290 anser, Anas, 290, 293 anser, Anser, 293 antarctica, Anas, 307, 308 antarctica, Aptenodytes, 4, 5 antarctica, Bernicla, 308, 309 antarctica, Chloephaga, 308 antarctica, Phoebetria, 50 antarctica, Priocella, 58 antarctica, Procellaria, 59, 60 antarctica, Pygoscelis, 3, 5 antarctica, Querquedula, 360 antarctica, Thalassoica, 60 antarcticus, Eudyptes, 5 antarcticus, Fulmarus, 58 antarcticus, Podiceps, 38 antarcticus, Podilymbus, 38 antarcticus, Spheniscus, 5 anthonyi, Ardea, 176 anthonyi, Butorides, 176, 177 anticola, Anser, 307 antillarum, Podilymbus, 37 Apteniodytes, 1 Aptenodita, 1 Aptenodites, 1 Aptenodyta, 1 APTENODYTES, 1 Apterodita, 1 Apterodytes, 1 aquila, Fregata, 161, 162, 165 aquila, Pelecanus, 160, 161 aquila, Tachypetes, 162 arborea, Anas, 317 arborea, Dendrocygna, 317, 318 arctica, Gavia, 15 arcticus, Colymbus, 16, 18 ARCTONETTA, 390 arcuata, Anas, 312 ARDEA, 166 Ardenna, 63 Ardetta, 229 ariel, Atagen, 161 ariel, Prion, 57, 58 Aristonetta, 367 armata, Merganetta, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415 arminjoniana, Aestrelata, 81 arminjoniana, Oestrelata, 81 arminjoniana, Pterodroma, 81 ascensionis, Leptophaethon, 115 ascensionis, Phaethon, 115 assimilis, Puffinis, 71 Atagen, 161 ater, Carbo, 149 aterrima, Pterodroma, 75 atlantica, Anser, 289 atlantica, Chen, 289 atlantica, Diomedella, 47 atlantica, Procellaria, 75, 99 atlanticus, Puffinus, 72 atricapilla, Anas, 364 atricapilla, Heteronetta, 364 atriceps, Phalacrocorax, 153, 154, 155 Attaprion, 56 auduboni, Fulmarus, 54 auduboni, Phoebetria, 50 auduboni, Puffinus, 72, 73 Audubonia, 166 auricularis, Puffinus, 71 auritus, Carbo, 138 auritus, Colymbus, 18, 29 auritus, Phalacrocorax, 138 auritus, Podiceps, 31 auritus, Podicipes, 30 australis, D apt ion, 52 australis, Fregetta, 93 australis, Mergus, 406 australis, Pterodroma, 75 autumnalis, Anas, 314 autumnalis, Dendrocygna, 314, 315, 317 autumnalis, Piscatrix, 131 autumnalis, Plegadis, 265 AYTHYA, 366 azarae, Anas, 352 azarae, Phimosus, 261 bahamensis, Anas, 356, 361, 362 bahamensis, Ardea, 179 bahamensis, Butorides, 179 bahamensis, Dafila, 361, 362 bahamensis, Maridus, 214 bahamensis, Paecilonitta, 361, 363 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII bahamensis, Phoenicopterus, 274 bahamensis, Poecilonetta, 361, 362 bahiae, Tigrisoma, 222, 223 bairdii, Graculus, 147 bancrofti, Nyctanassa, 215, 216, 219 bangsi, Colymbus, 19 bangsi, Cymochorea, 97 bangs!, Oceanodroma, 97 banks!, Heteroprion, 57 banksi, Pachyptila, 56 banksi, Prion, 56 Bannermania, 95 barbadensis, Butorides, 181 barbieri, Pelecanus, 121 baroli, Alphapuffinus, 72 baroli, Puffinus, 72 barolii, Puffinus, 72 barrovii, Clangula, 379 Barnstonii, Bernicla, 302 bassana, Sula, 122 bassanus, Morus, 122 bassanus, Pelecanus, 122 beali, Cymochorea, 98 beali, Oceanodroma, 97 becki, Puffinus, 74 bedouti, Sula, 123 belcheri, Heteroprion, 56, 57 belcheri, Pachyptila, 57 beldingi, Oceanodroma, 97, 98 berard, Pelecanpides, 109, 110 Berard, Procellaria, 109 berardi, Halodroma, 109 Berardi, Pelecanoides, 107, 108, 109, 110 beringii, Anas, 389 berlepschi, Merganetta, 413, 414 berlepschi, Phimosus, 258, 259 bermudae, Puffinus, 70 Bernicla, 294 bernicla, Anas, 294 bernicla, Branta, 295, 296 bicolor, Anas, 312 bicolor, Dendrocygna, 312, 313 bicornis, Colymbus, 33 bicornis, Podiceps, 33 bicristatus, Phajacrocorax, 148 bimaculata, Fuligula, 393 bispinosa, Palamedea, 279 bogotensis, Ixobrychus, 233, 234 bolivianum, Tigrisoma, 223 bolivianus, Heterocnus, 222, 223 borealis, Ardenna, 64 borealis, Calonectris, 64 borealis, Colymbus, 14 borealis, Platypus, 386 borealis, Puffinus, 63, 64 borealis, Somateria, 386 Boschas, 325 boschas, Anas, 325, 326, 327 BOTAURUS, 235 bougainvillii, Carbo, 137, 150 bougainvillii, Graculus, 150 bougainvillii, Phalacrocorax, 150 bougainvillii, Urile, 150 brabournei, Procellaria, 62 brachiura, Diomedea, 44 brachyptera, Anas, 374 brachyptera, Tachyeres, 375, 377 brachypterus, Colymbus, 20, 21 brachypterus, Micropterus, 375 brachypterus, Poliocephalus, 19, 20 brachypterus, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376 brachyrhynchus, Anser, 293 brachyrhynchus, Colymbus, 22 brachyrhynchus, Pelecanus, 116 brachyrhynchus, Podiceps, 22 brachyrhynchus, Podicipes, 22 brachyrhynchus, Poliocephalus, 22 brachyrhynchus, Tachybaptus, 22 brachyura, Diomedea, 41 branickii, Theristicus, 252, 253 bransfieldensis, Phalacrocorax, 157 BRANTA, 294, 295 brasiliana, Procellaria, 141 brasilianus, Carbo, 143 brasilianus, Graculus, 142 brasilianus, Halieus, 142 brasilianus, Merganser, 409 brasilianus, Mergus, 409 brasilianus, Phalacrocorax, 141, 145 brasiliense, Nettion, 347, 348 brasiliense, Nettium, 348 brasiliense, Tigrisoma, 220, 222, 224, 226 brasiliensis, Amazonetta, 349 brasiliensis, Anas, 345, 347 brasiliensis, Aptenodytes, 11 brasiliensis, Ardea, 220, 237 brasiliensis, Graculus, 143 brasiliensis, Halieus, 143 brasiliensis, Mergus, 409 brasiliensis, Nettium, 348 brasiliensis, Phalacrocorax, 142 brasiliensis, Prionochilus, 406, 409 brasiliensis, Querquedula, 348 brasiliensis, Sula, 132 Brenthus, 295 brevicaudus, Puffinus, 63 brevipes, Cookilaria, 84 brevipes, Procellaria, 84 brevipes, Pterodroma, 84 brevirostre, Tigrisoma, 225 brevirostris, Aestrelata, 80 brevirostris, Anser, 290 brevirostris, Ibis, 267 brevirostris, Podilymbus, 38 brevirostris, Procellaria, 74 brevirostris, Pterodroma, 74 brewsteri, Egretta, 198 brewsteri, Leucophoyx, 198 brewsteri, Sula, 134, 135, 136 brunescens, Ardea, 180 brunescens, Butorides, 180 brun[n]escens, Butorides, 181 INDEX 419 brunnescens, Ocniscus, 180 BUBULCUS, 191 bubulcus, Ardea, 191 buccinator, Cygnus, 283, 285 buccinator, Olor, 285 BUCEPHALA, 380 bucephala, Anas, 380 bulleri, Diomedea, 46 bulled, Puffinus, 67 bulleri, Thalassarche, 46 bulleri, Thyellodroma, 67 Bullockii, Procellaria, 99 bulweri, Procellaria, 86 BULWERIA, 86 bulwerii, Bulweria, 86 bulwerii, Procellaria, 86 BUTORIDES, 176 Cabanisi, 227 cabanisi, Botaurus, 227 cabanisi, Heterocnus, 226, 227 cabanisi, Tigrisoma, 219, 226, 227 cabanist, Heterocnus, 227 caerulata, Querquedula, 335 caerulea, Ardea, 189 caerulea, Florida, 189, 190, 191 caerulea, Halobaena, 84 caerulea, Procellaria, 84 caerulescens, Anas, 287 caerulescens, Anser, 288 caerulescens, Ardea, 189 caerulescens, Chen, 287, 310 caerulescens, Florida, 190 caerulescens, Harpiprion, 249, 250 caerulescens, Ibis, 249 caerulescens, Molybdophanes, 249 caesio-scapula, Dafila, 339 caesioscapulata, Dafila, 339 cahow, Aestrelata, 78 cahow, Pterodroma, 78 CAIRINA, 321 cajennensis, Harpiprion, 257 californica, Herodias, 195 californica, Sula, 127 californicus, Colymhus, 31 californicus, Pelecanus, 117, 118, 119 californicus, Podicipes, 31 californicus, Proctopus, 31 caliginis, Nyctanassa, 215 caliparaeus, Podiceps, 28 Calipareus, 19 calipareus, Colymbus, 29 calipareus, Podiceps, 26, 27, 28, 29 calipareus, Podicipes, 27, 29 caliparius, Podiceps, 28 caliparius, Podiceps, 27 caliparoeus, Podiceps, 28 Callichen, 365 callocephala, Ardea, 214 Callonetta, 345 Calonectris, 63 Calopetes, 52 Camptolaimus, 396 CAMPTORHYNCHUS, 396 canadensis, Anas, 305 canadensis, Branta, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305 canagica, Anas, 293 canagica, Philacte, 293 Cancroma, 238 cancrophaga, Cancroma, 241, 242 Candida, Coscoroba, 323 Candida, Sula, 129 candidissima, Ardea, 197, 198 candidissima, Egretta, 199 candidissima, Garyetta, 199 candidissima, Leucophoyx, 199 candidus, Anser, 323 canerophaga, Cochlearius, 242 capensis, Daption, 52 capensis, Petrella, 53 capensis, Procellaria, 52 Carbo, 137 carbo, Pelecanus, 137, 145 carbo, Phalacrocorax, 145, 146 Carbonarius, 137 carneipes, Ardenna, 65 carneipes, Hemipuffinus, 65 carneipes, Puffinus, 65 carolinense, Nettion, 346 carolinense, Nettium, 346 carolinensis, Anas, 346 carolinensis, Ardea, 199 carolinensis, Nettion, 326, 346 carolinensis, Pelicanus, 117, 118, 122 carolinensis, Podiceps, 36 carolinensis, Podilymbus, 38 caribbaea, Pterodroma, 77 carunculata, Anas, 320 carunculata, Sarkidiornis, 321 carunculatus, Graculus, 153 carunculatus, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155, 156 CASARCA, 324 casarca, Anas, 324 casarca, Tadorna, 324, 325 CASMERODIUS, 194 castor, Mergus, 405 castro, Cymochorea, 96 castro, Oceanodroma, 96 castro, Thalassidroma, 96, 97 Catadyptes, 6, 8 Catarractes, 7 catarractes, Aptenodytes, 7 catarractes, Eudyptes, 8 catesbyi, Leptophaethon, 114 catesbyi, Phaethon, 113, 114 caudacuta, Dafila, 356 caudata, Anas, 357 caudata, Ibis, 252 caudatus, Ibis, 255 caudatus, Theristicus, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255 caudatus, Scolopax, 250 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII cauta, Diomedea, 41 cayanensis, Ardea, 217 cayanensis, Harpiprion, 258, 266 cayanensis, Ibis, 257 cayanus, Podiceps, 33 cayennensis, Ardea, 217 cayennensis, Colymbus, 33 cayennensis, Geronticus, 258 cayennensis, Harpiprion, 257 cayennensis, Ibis, 257 cayennensis, Mesembrinibis, 257, 258 cayennensis, Nyctanassa, 217, 218 cayennensis, Plotus, 158 cayennensis, Tantalus, 256, 257 Centropelma, 35 CERCIBIS, 256 Cerconectes, 399 Chaja, 280 chalcoptera, Anas, 331 chalcoptera, Ibis, 267 chalcopterus, Tentalus, 266 chalybea, Ardea, 184 chancho, Phalacrocorax, 140 chapmani, Oceanodroma, 100, 101 Charitonetta, 380 chathamensis, Pelecanoides, 108 CHAULELASMUS, 340 Chauliodus, 340 CHAUNA, 280 Chavaria, 280 chavaria, Chauna, 280, 281 chavaria, Palamedea, 280, 281 chavaria, Parra, 280 CHEN, 287 chichi, Numenius, 266 chihi, Plegadis, 266 chilensis, Colymbus, 23 chilensis, Diomedea, 11 chilensis, Ibis, 267 chilensis, Nectris, 67, 68 chilensis, Oceanites, 88 chilensis, Paranectris, 68 chilensis, Phoenicopterus, 275, 276 chilensis, Podiceps, 24, 33 chilensis, Puffinus, 68 chilensis, Raphipterus, 409, 414 chiliensis, Podiceps, 24 chiloensis, Anas, 343 chiloensis, Aptenodytes, 10 chiloensis, Bernicla, 311 chinensis, Diomedea, 44 chionis, Coscoroba, 323 Chionochen, 287 chionophara, Aestrelata, 81 CHLOEPHAGA, 307 Chloetrophus, 307 Chloophaga, 307 chloroptura, Ardea, 178 chlororhyncha, Diomedea, 48 chlororhynchos, Diomedea, 41, 47 chlororhynchos, Nealbatrus, 48 chlororhynchos, Thalassarche, 48 chlororhynchus, Puffinus, 63, 66 chlororhynchus, Thalassogeron, 47 christophorensis, Butorides, 181 Chrysocoma, 6 chrysocoma, Eudyptes, 8 chrysocome, Aptenodytes, 7 chrysocome, Catarrhactes, 6, 8 chrysocome, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 chrysolophus, Catarhactes, 6, 8, 9 chrysolophus, Eudyptes, 7, 8 chrysostoma, Diomedea, 48 chrysostoma, Thalassarche, 49 chrysostoma, Thalassogeron, 49 chubbi, Oceanites, 94 cincinatus, Carbo, 137 cincinatus, Phalacrocorax, 137 cinerea, Adamastor, 60 cinerea, Anas, 340, 374 cinerea, Ardea, 166 cinerea, Procellaria, 60 cinereus, Micropterus, 375 cinereus, Priofinus, 61 cinereus, Puffinus, 60, 68 cinereus, Tachyeres, 374, 376, 385 circia, Anas, 333 cirrhata, Pinguinaria, 7 cirrhatus, Graculus, 153 cirrhatus, Phalacrocorax, 154, 155 cirriger, Phalacrocorax, 151 Clangocygnus, 283 CLANGULA, 381 clangula, Anas, 377 clangula, Bucephala, 378 clangula, Glaucionetta, 378 clarkii, Aechmophorus, 35 clarkii, Podiceps, 35 Clypeata, 337 clypeata, Anas, 337 clypeata, Spatula, 337, 338 cochlearis, Cancroma, 238, 239, 240 COCHLEARIUS, 238 cochlearius, Cochlearius, 239, 240, 242 coco, Tantalus, 261 cocoi, Ardea, 172 coerulea, Herodias, 189 coerulescens, Ardea, 174 coerulescens, Geronticus, 250 cognata, Ardea, 168 collaris, Anas, 367, 369 collaris, Aythya, 369 collaris, Fuligula, 369 collaris, Marila, 369 collaris, Nyroca, 369 collaris, Oceanites, 104 collaris, Perissonetta, 369 collaris, Procellaria, 104 colombiana, Merganetta, 410 colorata, Dichromanassa, 194 columba, Fulmarus, 55 Columbianus, Anas, 284 INDEX 421 columbianus, Cygnus, 284, 285 columbianus, Olor, 284 columbianus, Theristicus, 252 COLYMBUS, 14, 18 comosus, Colymbus, 30 Compsohalieus, 137 conboschas, Anas, 327 confusa, Pagadroma, 86 cooki, Aestrelata, 82 cooki, Pterodroma, 82 cookii, Procellaria, 74 Cookilaria, 74 cooperi, Podiceps, 32 coopingeri, Pelecanoides, 110 cornicoides, Phoebetria, 49 cornuta, Anhima, 278, 279 cornuta, Palamedea, 278, 279 cornuta, Tadorna, 325 cornutus, Colymbus, 18, 30 cornutus, Podiceps, 30 coryi, Sula, 130, 131 GOSCOROBA, 323 Coscoroba, Anas, 323 coscoroba, Coscoroba, 323, 324 coscoroba, Cygnus, 323 Cosmonessa, 383 Cosmonetta, 383 couesi, Oceanites, 94 couesi, Puffinus, 71 crassirostris, Pseudoprion, 56 creatopus, Ardenna, 64 creatopus, Puffinus, 64 crecca, Anas, 345, 346 crecca, Nettion, 345 creccoides, Anas, 352 creccoides, Querquedula, 352 crestata, Aptenodytes, 6, 7 crestatus, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 criniger, Phalacrocorax, 152 cristata, Anas, 325, 331, 332, 333 cristata, Chauna, 282 cristata, Palamedia, 281, 282 cristata, Pinguinaria, 7 cristatus, Colymbus, 18, 19 cristatus, Eudyptes, 8 cristatus, Graculus, 153 crozeti, Heteroprion, 56 Crymonessa, 381 cryptoleucura, Oceanodroma, 96, 97 crythromelas, Ardea, 234 Ctenanas, 312 Ctenorhynchus, 340 cubanus, Butorides, 181 cubensis, Ardea, 192 cucullatus, Lophodytes, 404 cucullatus, Mergus, 404 culminata, Diomedea, 41, 48 culminata, Thalassarche, 48 culminatus, Thalassogeron, 48, 49 cuneatus, Puffinus, 66 curacensis, Butorides, 182 cyanirostris, Ardea, 201 cyanocephala, Ardea, 205, 212 cyanocephalum, Syrigma, 206 cyanocephalus, Nycticorax, 212, 213, 214 cyanops, Dysporus, 126, 128 cyanops, Sula, 124, 126, 127, 128, 130 cyanoptera, Anas, 333, 335, 336 cyanoptera, Querquedula, 335, 336, 337, 339 Cyanopterus, 333 cyanopus, Ardea, 189 cyanorostris, Anas, 400 cyanura, Ardea, 187 cyanurus, Ardea, 186 cyanurus, Butorides, 185, 187, 188 Cycnus, 283 CYGNUS, 283 cygnus, Anas, 283 cygnus, Cygnus, 283, 284 Cymatobolus, 61 Cymbops, 238 Cymochorea, 95 Cymodroma, 91 Cyrtopelicanus, 115 dabbenena, Diomedea, 42 dactylathra, Parasula, 126 dactylatra, Sula, 126 dacunhae, Pelecanoides, 109 DAFILA, 356 Dafilonettion, 345 Daphila, 356 DAPTION, 52 Dasycelis, 4 Dasyramphus, 4 defilippiana, Aestrelata, 81, 82 defilippiana, Cookilaria, 82 defilippiana, Oestrelata, 82 defilippiana, Pterodroma, 82, 83 deglandi, Melanitta, 393, 394 deglandi, OEdemia, 393 deglandi, Oedemia, 393 deglandi, Oidemia, 393, 394 demersa, Aptenodytes, 11 demersa, Diomedea, 10 demersa, Spheniscus, 11 demersus, Phaeton, 7 demersus, Spheniscus, 12 DENDROCYGNA, 312 dentirostris, Ibis, 257 derbiana, Chauna, 280 derbyana, Palamedea, 281 desolata, Pachyptila, 56 desolata, Procellaria, 56 desolationis, Thalassarche, 49 desolationis, Thalassogeron, 48 desolatus, Prion, 57 diabolica, Aestrelata, 77 diabolica, Procellaria, 76 diadematus, Eudyptes, 9 diazi, Anas, 330 DICHROMANASSA, 192 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII dickeyi, Dichromanassa, 193 dicrura, Ciconia, 246 dilophus, Hydrocorax, 138 DIOMEDEA, 10, 40 dipmedea, Puffinus, 63 Diomedella, 41 discolor, Dendrocygna, 315, 316, 317 discors, Anas, 333 discors, Ardea, 208 discors, Querquedula, 333, 334, 353, 354 dispar, Anas, 397 dispar, Bernicla, 310 dispar, Chloephaga, 310 dispar, Somateria, 397 dispar, Stelleria, 397 Disporus, 123 dixoni, Melanitta, 393, 394 dixoni, Oedemia, 393 dixoni, Oidemia, 393 domestica, Anas, 321, 326 domestica, Boschas, 326 dominica, Anas, 398 dominica, Oxyura, 399 dominicanus, Butorides, 181 dominicensis, Colymbus, 20 dominicus, Colymbus, 20 dominions, Nomonyx, 398 dominicus, Podiceps, 21 dominicus, Podicipes, 20, 22, 23 dominicus, Poliocephalus, 19, 21 dominicus, Tachybaptes, 19, 22 Doriponus, 204 dorotheae, Phaethon, 111 Doryphorus, 204 dresseri, Somateria, 387, 388 dulciae, Pelagodroma, 90 Dysporus, 123 Dytes, 18 Edwardsii, Phaethon, 113 egretta, Ardea, 194, 195 egretta, Casmerodius, 194, 196, 197 egretta, Egretta, 196 egretta, Herodias, 195 elasson, Gavia, 17 elegans, Graculus, 153 elegans, Sula, 126 Eniconetta, 397 epomophora, Diomedea, 41, 42 eremonomus, Butorides, 177 Erionetta, 385 Erismatura, 399 Erodiscus, 229 erythrolaema, Ardetta, 230 erythromelas, Ardea, 229, 234, 235 erythromelas, Ardetta, 230, 234 erythromelas, Ixobrychus, 233, 234, 235 erythropthalma, Anas, 367, 370 erythrophthalma, Aythya, 370 erythrophthalma, Nyroca, 371 erythrops, Phalacrocorax, 149 erythrorhyncha, Ibis, 265 erythrorhyncha, Querquedula, 348 erythrorhyncha, Sula, 130 erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 115 erythrorhynchus, Falcinellus, 265 erythrorhynchus, Pelicanus, 116 etesiaca, Sula, 135, 136 EUDYPTES, 6 Eudytes, 14 Eudyptula, 7 eumegethes, Phalacrocorax, 150 EUNETTA, 344 Euolor, 283 Europaeus, Sylbeocyclus, 19 EUXENURA, 245 Exanthemops, 287 exasperatus, Oceanites, 88 excellens, Tigrisoma, 220, 221, 222 excelsior, Aptenodytes, 3 exilis, Ardea, 229, 232 exilis, Ardeola, 229 exilis, Ardetta, 229, 231, 232, 234 exilis, Botaurus, 229 exilis, Ixobrychus, 178, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235 eximius, Thalassageron, 47 exsul, Pelecanoides, 108 externa, Aestrelata, 79 externa, Oestrelata, 79 externa, Pterodroma, 79 exulans, Diomedea, 40, 41 eytoni, Leptotarsis, 312 fabalis, Anser, 290 faberi, Platypus, 382 falcata, Anas, 344 falcata, Eunetta, 344 Falcinellus, 264 falcinellus, Ibis, 265, 267, 270 falcinellus, Plegadis, 264, 265, 269 falcinellus, Tantalus, 264 falklandica, Pachyptila, 57 falklandica, Pagodroma, 85 falklandicus, Heteroprion, 57 falklandicus, Nycticorax, 213 falklandius, Procellarius, 109 familiaris, Tadorna, 325 fannini, Ardea, 166 fasciata, Ardea, 224 fasciatum, Tigrisoma, 222, 224 ferina, Aithyia, 368 ferina, Anas, 368 ferina, Aythya, 368 ferina, Marila, 368 ferina, Nyroca, 368 ferruginea, Anas, 324 ferruginea, Casarca, 324 ferruginea, Erismatura, 402, 403 ferruginea, Oxyura, 402, 403 ferus, Anser, 293 fiber, Dysporus, 132 INDEX 423 fiber, Pelecanus, 129 fiber, Sula, 132, 136 fidelis, Opistolopus, 280, 281 filholi, Eudyptes, 8 fimbriata, Anas, 362 fisheri, Aestrelata, 79 fischeri, Arctonetta, 390 fischeri, Fuligula, 390 Fischeri, Lampronetta, 390 fistularis, Mareca, 341 flava, Ardea, 237 flavipes, Spheniscus, 11 flavirostre, Nettion, 352, 353 flavirostre, Nettium, 353 flavirostris, Anas, 345, 352, 353 flavirostris, Nettion, 352 flavirostris, Phaet(h)on, 114 flavirostris, Phaethon, 111, 115 flavirostris, Querquedula, 352 FLORIDA, 189 floridanus, Carbo, 139 floridanus, Graculus, 139 floridanus, Phalacrocorax, 139 formosa, Anas, 345, 347 formosum, Nettion, 347 forsteri, Aptenodytes, 2, 3 forsteri, Macronectes, 51 forsteri, Pachyptila, 56 forsteri, Prion, 57 forsteri, Procellaria, 55 fortunatus, Pufnnus, 64 fraenata, Merganetta, 415 frazari, Ardea, 177 frazari, Butorides, 177 Fregandria, 91 FREGATA, 160 Fregatta, 161 FREGETTA, 90 fregetta, Thalassidroma, 92 Fregettornis, 91 Fregodroma, 91 Fregolla, 91 fremitus, Heterocnus, 227 fremitus, Tigrisoma, 227 fretensis, Anas, 355 fretensis, Punanetta, 354, 356 fretensis, Querquedula, 355 frontalis, Anser, 291 fulgens, 316 fulgens, Dendrocygna, 315 fulica, Sula, 132 fuliginosa, Diomedea, 49 fuliginosa, Phoebetria, 49 fuliginosus, Nectris, 67, 68 fuliginosus, Pufnnus, 68 Fuligula, 367 fuligula, Anas, 367, 369, 371 fuligula, Aythya, 371 fuligula, Fuligula, 371 fuligula, Marila, 371 Fulix, 367 Fulmariprion, 56 FULMARUS, 53 fulva, Anas, 312 fulva, Dendrocygna, 312, 313 fulvigula, Anas, 329 furcata, Oceanodroma, 104 furcata, Procellaria, 95, 104 fusca, Anas, 392 fusca, Ardea, 204 fusca, Diomedea, 50 fusca, Melanitta, 392, 393, 394 fusca, Oidemia, 392, 393, 394 fusca, Phoebetria, 50 fusca, Scolopax, 261 fusca, Sula, 125, 132, 136 fuscicollis, Ardea, 187 fuscicollis, Butorides, 186, 187 fuscus, Mergus, 404, 409 fuscus, Onocrotalus, 117 fuscus, Pelecanus, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121 gaimardi, Carbo, 151 gaimardi, Graculus, 152 gaimardi, Pelecanus, 151 gaimardi, Phalacrocorax, 151 gaimardi, Sticticarbo, 152 gaimardii, Haliaeus, 152 gainsardii, Graculus, 152 galapagensis, Anas, 363 galapagensis, Dafila, 363 galapagensis, Poecilonetta, 363 galapagoensis, Oceanites, 89 galeata, Ardea, 245 galeata, Euxenura, 247 gama, Nectris, 67 gambeli, Anser, 291, 292 gambelli, Anser, 292 ganta, Anas, 308 Ganza, 385 gardeni, Ardea, 207 gardeni, Nycticorax, 208, 213, 214 garleppi, Merganetta, 412, 413 garnoti, Halodroma, 107 garnoti, Pelecanoides, 107, 110 garnotii, Pelecanoides, 106, 107 garnotii, Puffinuria, 106, 107 garnotti, Priocella, 58 GARRODIA, 93 GAVIA, 14 gelida, Procellaria, 60 georgia, Attaprion, 56 georgia, Diomedea, 41 georgia, Heteroprion, 56 georgia, Pachyptila, 56 georgianus, Phalacrocorax, 156 georgianus, Plotus, 157 georgica, Anas, 360 georgica, Dafila, 360 georgica, Pelecanoides, 108, 109 georgicum, Nettion, 360 georgicum, Nettium, 361 georgicus, Pachyptila, 56 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII georgicus, Pelagodyptes, 109 georgicus, Pelecanoides, 106, 108, 109 gibbosa, Diomedea, 45 gigantea, Ossifraga, 51 gigantea, Procellaria, 50 giganteus, Macronectes, 50 gigas, Podilymbus, 40 gilliana, Diomedea, 45 glacialis, Anas, 381, 382 glacialis, Carbo, 146 glacialis, Colymbus, 14, 16 glacialis, Fulmarus, 53, 54 glacialis, Harelda, 382 glacialis, Pagonetta, 382 glacialis, Procellaria, 53 glacialoides, Fulmarus, 59 glacialoides, Priocella, 59 glacialoides, Procellaria, 58 glacialoides, Thalassoica, 58 Glaucerodius, 189 glaucion, Clangula, 377, 378 GLAUCIONETTA, 377, 380 glaucogaster, 295 glaucogaster, Branta, 295 glupischa, Fulmarus, 55 glyphorhynchus, 275 glyphorhynchus, Phoenicopterus, 274 godmani, Puffinus, 72 gorfua, Aptenodytes, 7 gossi, Sula, 124 gracilis, Halieus, 142 gracilis, Oceanites, 88 gracilis, Phalacrpcorax, 142, 150 gracilis, Thalassidroma, 88 grallaria, Cymodroma, 91 grallaria, Fregettornis, 92 grallaria, Procellaria, 86, 91 granti, Sula, 128 gravirostris, Nyctanassa, 216 gravis, Ardenna, 66 gravis, Procellaria, 63, 65 gravis, Puffinus, 63, 65 grenadensis, Butorides, 181 grisea, Ardea, 184 grisea, Butorides, 184, 187 grisea, Cancroma, 184 grisea, Fuligula, 396 grisea, Procellaria, 67 grisegena, Colymbus, 18, 32 grisegena, Podiceps, 32 griseigena, Podicipes, 32, 33 Griseo-Alba, Ardea, 203 griseus, Nycticorax, 208 griseus, Puffinus, 63, 67, 68 Groenlandica, Querquedula, 346 gronlandica, Procellaria, 53 GUARA, 261 guarauna, Egatheus, 269 guarauna, Falcinellus, 267 guarauna, Ibis, 266 guarauna, Plegadis, 267, 268, 269 guarauna, Scolopax, 266 gularis, Aestralata, 78 gularis, Oestrelata, 79 gularis, Procellaria, 79 gularis, Pterodroma, 80 Gymnathus, 321 Gymnura, 399 haesitata, Aestrelata, 77 haesitata, Oestrelata, 77 haesitata, Procellaria, 60, 77 Halieus, 137 halli, Aptenodytes, 3 HALOBAENA, 84 HALOCYPTENA, 105 Halodroma, 106 Halohippus, 53 Harelda, 381 harlic, Procellaria, 76 HARPIPRION, 249 harrisi, Nannopterum, 157 harrisi, Phalacrocorax, 157 hasitata, Procellaria, 74, 76 hasitata, Pterodroma, 76, 78 helva, Dendrocygna, 313 Hemipuffinus, 63 Hemisula, 123 Heniconetta, 397 Hernandezi, Dysporus, 130 Hernandezii, Onocrotalus, 116 herodias, Ardea, 169, 170 hesperis, Ixobrychus, 231 Heterocnus, 219 HETERONETTA, 364 Heteroprion, 56 hispaniae, Querquedula, 348 histrionica, Anas, 383, 384 histrionica, Cosmonetta, 384, 385 HISTRIONICUS, 383 histrionicus, Histrionicus, 383, 384, 385 Hoactli, Ardea, 207 hoactli, Nycticorax, 207, 210, 211, 213 holboelli, Colymbus, 32 holbolli, Pedethaithya, 32 holbolli, Podiceps, 32 holbollii, Colymbus, 31 holbollii, Podiceps, 31 holboellii, Podicipes, 32 homochroa, Cymochorea, 103 homochroa, Oceanodroma, 103 hornbyi, Bannermania, 104 hornbyi, Oceanites, 104 hornbyi, Oceanodroma, 103 hornbyi, Thalassidroma, 95, 103 hornensis, Phalacrocorax, 145 hrota, Anas, 295 hrota, Branta, 295 hudsonias, Ardea, 169, 235 hudsonis, Ardea, 236 hullianus, Hemipuffinus, 65 hullianus, Puffinus, 65 INDEX 425 humboldti, Spheniscus, 10, 12 hutchinsi, Branta, 298, 302, 306 Hutchinsii, Anser, 306 hutchinsii, Branta, 298, 300, 301, 302, 306 huttoni, Phoebetria, 50 hybrida, Anas, 307, 308 hybrida, Chloephaga, 308, 309 HYDRANASSA, 200 Hydrobata, 94 HYDROBATES, 94 Hydroka, 36 Hydronassa, 200 hyemalis, Anas, 381, 382 hyemalis, Clangula, 382 hyemalis, Colymbus, 16 hyemalis, Harelda, 382 hyemalis, Procellaria, 53 Hyonetta, 321 hyperborea, Chen, 288, 289, 310 hyperboreus, Anser, 287, 288 hyperboreus, Chen, 288, 289 hypernotius, Butorides, 181 hyperonca, Ardea, 167 hypoleuca, Oestrelata, 74 hypoleuca, Pelagodroma, 90 hypoleuca, Thalassidroma, 90 ibis, Ardea, 191 ibis, Bubulcus, 191, 192 igneus, Falcinellus, 264, 265, 267 ignipalliatus, Phoenicopterus, 275 ilathera, Anas, 361 imber, Colymbus, 14 immer, Colymbus, 14, 16 immer, Gavia, 16 immutabilis, Diomedea, 44 immutabilis, Phoebastria, 44 imperator, 3 imperialis, Phalacrocorax, 153, 155 incerta, Oestralata, 76 incerta, Procellaria, 76 incerta, Pterodroma, 76 inexpectata, Procellaria, 79 inexpectata, Pterodroma, 79 infaustus, Nycticorax, 207 infuscata, Ibis, 259, 260 infuscatus, Geronticus, 260 infuscatus, Phimosus, 259, 260, 261 inornata, Chloephaga, 309, 310 inornatus, Anser, 309 inornatus, Cyanopterus, 333 insularis, Fregetta, 91 interior, Branta, 303, 304 involucris, Ardea, 229 involucris, Ardetta, 229, 235 involucris, Egretta, 230 involucris, Ixobrychus, 229, 230 iopareia, Anas, 321 ipecutiri, Anas, 348 irrorata, Diomedea, 43 irrorata, Phoebastria, 43 Ischyornis, 280 islandica, Anas, 379 islandica, Bucephala, 379 islandica, Clangula, 379 islandica, Glaucionetta, 379 Islandica, Somateria, 386 islandicus, Cygnus, 283, 284 IXOBRYCHUS, 228 jabe-jabe, Thalassidroma, 96 JABIRU, 247 jaburu, Ciconia, 245 jacquini, Anas, 317 Jamaica, Anas, 401 jamaicensis, Anas, 401 * jamaicensis, Ardea, 214 jamaicensis, Erismatura, 400, 401 jamaicensis, Nyctanassa, 215 jamaicensis, Oestrelata, 77 jamaicensis, Oxyura, 400, 401, 403 jamaicensis, Procellaria, 77 jamesi, Phoenicoparrus, 277, 278 jamesi, Phoenicopterus, 278 januaria, Fregata, 163 jaspidea, Anas, 339 javanica, Ardea, 176 javanicus, Butorides, 188 juana, Pterodroma, 80, 81 jubata, Alopochen, 320 jubata, Neochen, 319, 320 jubatus, Alopochen, 320 jubatus, Anser, 319 jubatus, Chenalopex, 319 jubatus, Neochen, 320 juninensis, Colymbus, 26, 27, 29 juninensis, Podiceps, 27 juniensis, Podicipes, 27 kaedingi, Cymochorea, 98 kaedingi, Oceanodroma, 98 Kalipareus, Podiceps, 19, 26, 28 Kamptorhynchus, 396 kelsalli, Hydrobates, 96 kelsalli, Oceanodroma, 96 kelsalli, Tethysia, 96 kelsalli, Thalassidroma, 96 keyteli, Pachyptila, 56 kidderi, Pterodroma, 80 Ktinprhynchus, 340 kuhli, Ardenna, 63 kuhlii, Calonectris, 63 kuhlii, Procellaria, 63 kuhlii, Puffinus, 63 labradora, Anas, 396 Labradora, Fuligula, 396 labradoria, Anas, 396 labradoria, Camptolaimus, 397 labradorica, Anas, 396 labradorius, Camptolaemus, 396 labradorius, Camptolaimus, 396 labradorius, Camptorhynchus, 396 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lampronessa, 363 landbecki, Pelecanus, 121 latirostris, Anas, 394 laurencii, Fregetta, 92 lawrencii, Fregetta, 92 layardi, Thalassogeron, 47 leachii, Procellaria, 99 leachii, Thalassidroma, 99 leisleri, Platypus, 386 lentiginosa, Ardea, 235, 236 lentiginpsus, Botaurus, 235, 236, 237 Leptopelicanus, 115 Leptophaethon, 111 Leptotarsis, 312 Lepturus, 110 Lessoni, Pterodroma, 75 lessoni, Puffinuria, 107 lessonii, Ardea, 169, 170 lessonii, Oestrelata, 75 Lessonii, Procellaria, 75 lessonii, Pterodroma, 75 leuce, Ardea, 195 leuce, Egretta, 195 Leucibis, 261 Leucoblepharon, 295 Leucocarbo, 137 leucogaster, Anhinga, 159, 160 leucogaster, Ardea, 203 leucogaster, Branta, 295 leucogaster, Dysporus, 136 leucogaster, Fregetta, 92 leucogaster, Pelecanus, 131 leucogaster, Plotus, 160 leucogaster, Sula, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 leucogaster, Thalassidroma, 90 leucogastra, Sula, 132, 133, 134, 136 leucogastris, Fregetta, 92 leucogastris, Sula, 133 leucogenis, Anas, 411 leucogenis, Merganetta, 411, 413, 414 leucogenys, Merganetta, 410, 412 leucogenys, Punanetta, 353, 355 leucolaema, Bernicla, 304 leucolaema, Tigribaphe, 219, 225 leucomelas, Puffinus, 63 Leucopareia, 294, 297, 301 leucopareia, Branta, 297, 298, 299, 302 leucopareius, Anser, 297 leucophea, Sula, 122 LEUCOPHOYX, 197 leucophrys, Anas, 345, 349 leucophrys, Nettion, 349, 350 leucoprymna, Ardea, 201 leucoprymna, Egretta, 201 leucopsis, Anas, 294, 296 leucopsis, Branta, 296 leucoptera, Anas, 309 leucoptera, Chloephaga, 309 leucopterus, Podiceps, 33 leucopygus, Ibis, 263 leucorhoa, Cymochorea, 100 leucorhoa, Oceanodroma, 99, 100 leucorhoa, Procellaria, 95, 99 leucorodia, Platalea, 270 leucorrhoa, Cymochorea, 99 leucotis, Carbo, 149 leucotis, Podiceps, 25 leucotis, Rollandia, 19, 23 Iherminieri, Alphapuffinus, 73 Iherminieri, Puffinus, 72, 73 limatus, Phaethon, 112 lineata, Ardea, 219, 222 lineatum, Tigrisoma, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223 lineatus, Podilymbus, 36 Lipocentrus, 276 loculator, Tantalus, 242, 243 longicauda, Aptenodytes, 6 longirostris, Aptenodytes, 2 longirostris, Apterodita, 2 longirostris, Diomedea, 43 longirostris, Guara, 262 longirostris, Ibis, 262 longirostris, Podiceps, 33, 34 longirostris, Pterodroma, 83 Loomelania, 95 Lophaithyia, 19 LOPHODYTES, 404 Lophonetta, 325 lophotes, Mergus, 409 lophyra, Anas, 333 lucianus, Butorides, 181 lucida, Dendrocygna, 315, 316 ludoviciana, Ardea, 178, 200 . ludovicianus, Colymbus, 36 ludovicianus, Podiceps, 38 lugens, Procellaria, 79 Lumme, Colymbus, 14 macrodactyla, Cymochorea, 101 macrodactyla, Oceanodroma, 101 MACRONECTES, 50 macroptera, Oestrelata, 75 macroptera, Procellaria, 74, 75 macroptera, Pterodroma, 75 macropterus, Micropterus, 375 Macroramphus, 392 macrorhynchos, Carbo, 146 maculata, Butorides, 180, 182 maculata, Cancroma, 180 maculatus, Butorides, 177, 180, 182 maculatus, Pelecanus, 122 maculatus, Rhynchaspis, 339 maculatus, Rynchapsis, 339 maculirostris, Anas, 354 maculosa, Anas, 329 magellani, Pelecanoides, 107, 108 magellani, Porthmornis, 108 magellani, Puffinuria, 106, 107 magellanica, Anas, 307, 308, 309 magellanica, Aptenodytes, 11 magellanica, Bernicla, 309 INDEX 427 magellanica, Chloephaga, 309 magellanicus, Carbo, 150 magellanicus, Gracujus, 149 magellanicus, Oceanites, 88 magellanicus, Pelecanus, 148 magellanicus, Phalacrocorax, 148, 149 magellanicus, Spheniscus, 10, 11, 12 magellanicus, Urile, 150 magnificens, Fregata, 161, 162, 163, 164 magnirostris, Aptenodytes, 11 maguari, Ardea, 174, 245 maguari, Ciconia, 245, 246 maguari, Euxenura, 245, 246 maguaria, Ciconia, 246 Majaqueus, 61 major, Aechmophorus, 33 major, Ardea, 174 major, Colymbus, 33 major, Mergus, 408 major, Pagpdroma, 85 major, Podiceps, 33 major, Podicipes, 32 major, Procellaria, 65 major, Puffinus, 63, 65, 70 major, Sula, 122 malvinarum, Chloephaga, 308 mandurria, Tantalus, 250 manillensis, Querquedula, 349 MARECA, 341 mareca, Anas, 348 margaritophilus, Butorides, 182 Maridus, 214 Marila, 367 marila, Anas, 366, 367 marila, Aythya, 366, 372 marila, Fuligula, 371, 372, 373 marila, Marila, 372 marila, Nyroca, 372 Marilochen, 290 mariloides, Aythya, 371 marina, Pelagodroma, 89 marina, Procellaria, 86, 90 • markhami, Cymochorea, 101 markhami, Oceanodroma, 101 marmorata, Ardea, 222 marmoratum, Tigrisoma, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224 masafuerae, Aestrelata, 83 masafuerae, Cookilaria, 83 masafuerae, Pterodroma, 83 masafuerae, Pterodroma, 83 matsudariae, Oceanodroma, 103 maximus, Colymbus, 14 melania, Cymochorea, 102 melania, Loomelania, 102 melania, Oceanodroma, 102 melania, Procellaria, 95, 102 melania, Thalassidroma, 102 MELANITTA, 392 Melancoripha, 286 melancoriphus, Cygnus, 286 melancorypha, Anas, 283, 286 melancoryphus, Cygnus, 286 melanocephala, Anas, 286, 364 melanocephala, Heteronetta, 364 melanogaster, 92 melanogaster, Cymodroma, 93 melanogaster, Fregetta, 93 melanogaster, Plotus, 158 melanogaster, Thalassidroma, 93 melanogastra, Oceanites, 93 melanoleuca, Fregetta, 91 melanoleucus, Puffinus, 64 Melanonetta, 392 melanophris, Diomedea, 41, 46 melanophrys, Diomedea, 45, 46, 48 melanophrys, Thalassarche, 46 melanopis, Geronticus, 255 melanopis, Ibis, 251, 253, 254 melanopis, Tantalus, 250 melanopis, Theristicus, 251, 253, 254, 255 melanops, Tantalus, 254 melanops, Theristicus, 254, 255 melanopsis, Ibis, 254 melanoptera, Bernicla, 307 melanoptera, Chloephaga, 307 melanopterus, Anser, 307 melanotos, Anser, 320 melanura, Procellaria, 60 melitensis, Hydrobates, 94 Melonetta, 381 menalops, Ibis, 255 mendicatus, Spheniscus, 14 mendiculus, Spheniscus, 13 MERGANETTA, 409 Merganser, 405 MERGELLUS, 404 Mergoides, 365 MERGUS, 405 mergus, Mergus, 406 meridionalis, Procellaria, 77 mesatus, 180 mesatus, Butorides, 181 MESEMBRINIBIS, 256 mesonauta, Phaethon, 112 METOPIANA, 365 Metopias, 365 metopias, Anas, 366 mexicana, Anas, 337 mexicana, Platea, 272 mexicana, Tigrisoma, 219, 225 mexicanus, Carbo, 140 mexicanus, Graculus, 140, 141 mexicanus, Heterocnus, 226, 227 mexicanus, Phalacrocorax, 140, 141 mexicanus, Plegadis, 269 mexicanus, Tantalus, 265, 266 meyeni, Spheniscus, 10 miclonia, Anas, 382 Microcnus, 227 Microdyptes, 6 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII micropterum, Centropelma, 36 micropterus, Podiceps, 35, 36 microsoma, Halocyptena, 105 Microzalias, 63 migratoria, Anas, 346 minima, 297, 299 minima, Anhinga, 160 minima, Branta, 298, 300, 301, 306 minor, Ardea, 235 minor, Colymbus, 19 minor, Fregata, 161, 165 minor, Pagodroma, 85 minor, Pelecanus, 165 minor, Procellaria, 54 minuta, Anas, 383 minuta, Ardea, 228, 229 minutus, Tantalus, 263 modestus, Spheniscus, 13 moffitti, Branta, 302 moffitti, Branta, 303, 306 mokoho, Ardea, 235 molinae, Pelecanus, 121 mollis, Oestrelata, 82 mollis, Procellaria, 82 mollis, Pterodroma, 82 mollissima, Anas, 386 mollissima, Somateria, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389 Molybdophanes, 249 monorhis, Cymochorea, 103 monorhis, Thalassidroma, 95 montana, Anser, 307 MORUS, 122 moschata, Anas, 321 moschata, Cairina, 321, 322 Moschatus, 321 mugitans, Botaurus, 236 Mulleri, Colymbus, 14 munrqii, Bernicla, 301 muralis, Anas, 354 murphyi, Halobaena, 84 murphyi, Pelecanus, 119 murphyi, Phoebetria, 50 musicus, Cygnus, 283 MYCTERIA, 242 mycteria, Ciconia, 247 mycteria, Jabiru, 247, 248 mycteria, Mycteria, 248 mystacalis, Carbo, 142 Mystrorhamphus, 271 naevia, Ardea, 207 naevius, Nycticorax, 208, 209, 213 nandapoa, Ibis, 244 NANNOPTERUM, 157 nationi, Fuligula, 370 nationi, Marila, 371 nationi, Nyroca, 371 nativitatis, Microzalias, 69 nativitatis, Nectris, 69 nativitatis, Puffinus, 63, 69 Nealbatrus, 41 nearctica, Aythya, 371 nearctica, Fuligula, 371 nearctica, Fulix, 372 nearctica, Nyroca, 372 nebouxi, Sula, 124 nebouxii, Sula, 123 Nectris, 62 neglecta, Aestrelata, 80, 81 neglecta, Oestrelata, 80 neglecta, Pterodroma, 80 NEOCHEN, 319 Neonectris, 63 neoxena, Ardetta, 232 nereis, Garrodia, 93 nereis, Procellaria, 94 nereis, Thalassidroma, 93 nesiotes, Sula, 135 NETTA, 365 Nettalopex, 324 Nettarion, 367 NETTION, 345 Nexiteles, 36 niceforoi, Anas, 360 niceforoi, Dafila, 360 nicolli, Fregata, 165 niger, Phalacrocorax, 142, 146 nigra, Anas, 391 nigra, Oidemia, 391 nigra, Procellaria, 61 nigricans, Anser, 296 nigricans, Branta, 296 nigricollis, Anas, 286 nigricollis, Chauna, 281 nigricollis, Cygnus, 286 nigricollis, Pelecanus, 121 nigripes, Diomedea, 45 nigripes, Phoebastria, 45 nigrivestis, Eudyptes, 7, 8, 9 nigrodactyla, Sula, 126 nivalis, Anas, 288 nivalis, Chen, 288, 289 nivea, Ardea, 198 nivea, Pagodroma, 85 nivea, Procellaria, 85 noevia, Ardea, 184 NOMONYX, 398 novegeorgica, Pagodroma, 85 novimexicana, Anas, 330 nudifrons, Ibis, 258, 259 nudifrons, Phimosus, 258, 259, 260, 261 nudifrons, Plegadis, 260 NYCTANASSA, 214 Nycterodius, 207 Nyctherodius, 214 Nyctiardea, 207 NYCTICORAX, 207 nycticorax, Ardea, 207, 208, 212 nycticorax, Nycterodius, 207 nycticorax, Nycticorax, 209, 210 Nyctinassa, 214 INDEX 429 Nyroca, 366 nyroca, Anas, 366 obscura, Anas, 327, 328, 329 obscurus, Colymbus, 30 obscurus, Nycticorax, 208, 210, 211, 213 obscurus, Puffinus, 72, 73 occidentalis, Aechmophorus, 35 occidentalis, Ardea, 166, 170, 171 occidentalis, Audubonia, 171 occidentalis, Bernicla, 299 occidentalis, Branta, 298, 299, -300 occidentalis, Hydranassa, 202 occidentalis, Pelecanus, 115, 117 occidentalis, Podiceps, 33, 35 Occidua, Anas, 397 occipitalis, Colymbus, 26, 28 occipitalis, Pelecanus, 116 occipitalis, Podiceps, 27, 28 oceanica, Procellaria, 86, 87 oceanica, Thalassidroma, 87 oceanicus, Oceanites, 87 OGEANITES, 86 OCEANODROMA, 95 Ocniscus, 176 octasetaceus, Merganser, 409 octosetaceus, Mergus, 406, 408, 409 octosetaelus, Mergus, 409 octosetosus, Mergus, 409 OEdemia, 391 Oestrelata, 74 Oestrelatella, 74 Ohula, Ardea, 198 OIDEMIA, 391 oligista, Ardea, 167 olivaceus, Pelecanus, 142 olivaceus, Phalacrocorax, 140, 141, 145 Olor, 283 olor, Anas, 283, 285 olor, Cygnus, 285 olor, Sthenelides, 285 Onocralus, 106 onocrotalus, Pelecanus, 115 Onocrot[alus], Pelecanus, 117 opisthomelas, Puffinus, 70 Opistolophus, 280 optatus, Puffinus, 71 ordi, Falcinellus, 266, 270 ordi, Ibis, 265, 266, 270 ordii, Falcinellus, 265 ordii, Ibis, 265 Oressochen, 307 orientalis, Cookilaria, 83 orientalis, Procellaria, 104 orientalis, Pterodroma, 83 orinomus, Anas, 337 orinomus, Querquedula, 337 ortygoides, Erismatura, 398 Ossifraga, 50 ossifraga, Procellaria, 51 owstoni, Oceanodroma, 102 oxycerca, Cercibis, 256 oxycercus, Geronticus, 256 oxycercus, Ibis, 256 oxyptera, Anas, 351, 352 oxyptera, Querquedula, 351 oxypterum, Nettion, 351, 352 oxypterum, Nettium, 352 OXYURA, 399 oxyura, Anas, 358 PACHYPTILA, 55, 84 pachyrhynchus, Eudyptes, 7 pacifica, Bulweria, 86 pacifica, Gavia, 15 pacifica, Procellaria, 54, 55, 66 pacifica, Thyellodroma, 67 pacificodroma, 95 pacificus, Colymbus, 15, 16 pacificus, Histrionicus, 384 Paecilonitta, 356 Pagodroma, 85 Pagonetta, 381 Palamedea, 278 pallida, Bernicla, 295 palmerstoni, Fregata, 165 palpebrata, Diomedea, 49 palpebrata, Phoebetria, 49 panamensis, Cochlearius, 239, 240 papua, Aptenodytes, 3, 4 papua, Eudyptes, 4 papua, Pygoscelis, 3, 4, 5 papua, Spheniscus, 4 papua, Apterodita, 4 Paranectris, 63 paranensis, Ardea, 174 Parasula, 123 pardela, Procellaria, 52 parkinsoni, Procellaria, 61, 62 parva, Sula, 137 Parvifregata, 161 parvipes, Anser, 302 parvipes, Branta, 297, 302, 303, 306 parvirostris, Anas, 343 parvus, Oceanites, 88 parvus, Pelecanus, 132 paschae, Aestrelata, 80 paschae, Pterodroma, 80, 81 Passmori, Cygnus, 285 patachonica, Aptenodytes, 1, 2 patachohica, Oidemia, 376 patachonicus, Micropterus, 376 patachonicus, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376, 377 patagonica, Aptenodytes, 1, 3 patagonicus, Spheniscus, 3 patens, Butorides, 183 paturi, Anas, 348 pauper, Nyctanassa, 218, 219 pauper, Nycticorax, 218 peali, Ardea, 194 pealii, Ardea, 192 pealii, Demiegretta, 192, 193 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII pealii, Herodias, 192 Pedetaithya, 18 peeti, Botaurus, 236 pelagica, Procellaria, 94, 95 pelagica, Thalassidroma, 94 pelagicus, Hydrobates, 94 pelagicus, Phalacrocorax, 147 PELAGODROMA, 89 Pelagodyptes, 106 PELEGANOIDES, 106 PELECANUS, 115 Pelecanus, Onocrotalus, 115 Pelionetta, 392 Penelope, Anas, 341 penelope, Mareca, 341 Penelops, 341 penelpps, Anas, 341, 342 penicillatus, Carbo, 137, 146 penicillatus, Haliaeus, 150 penicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 146 pennantii, Aptenpdytes, 2 pennantii, Spheniscus, 2 peposaca, Anas, 365, 366 peposaca, Metopiana, 366 Perissonetta, 367 perspicillata, Anas, 392, 394 perspicillata, Melanitta, 393, 394, 395 perspicillata, OEdemia, 395 perspicillata, Oidemia, 395 perspicillatus, Phalacrocorax, 148 peruvia, Diomedella, 47 Petrella, 52 Phaeonetta, 367 phaeopygia, Aestrelata, 78 phaeopygia, Oestrelata, 78 phaeopygia, Pterodroma, 78 PHAETHON, 110 Phaeton, 7, 110, 111 PHALACROCORAX, 137 Phasianurus, 356 PHILACTE, 293 philippensis, Ardea, 228 phillipii, Pterodroma, 80 PHIMOSUS, 258 Phlyaconetta, 383 Phoebastria, 41 PHOEBETRIA, 49 Phoenicoparra, 277 PHOENICOPARRUS, 276, 277 PHOENICOPTERUS, 273, 274 Phoenicorodias, 273 Phoenonetta, 392 Phoeoaythia, 367 Phylaconetta, 383 picta, Agamia, 204 picta, Anas, 307, 309 picta, Chloephaga, 309, 310 pileata, Ardea, 175 pileata, Pilherodius, 175 pileatus, Nycticorax, 175 pileatus, Pilerodius, 176 pileatus, Pilherodius, 175, 176 Pilerodius, 175 PILHERODIUS, 175 pillus, Ciconia, 246 pillus, Tantalus, 245 Pinguinaria, 1 pinnata, Ardea, 237 ' pinnatus, Botaurus, 237 piscator, Pelecanus, 129, 130 piscator, Sula, 129, 130 piscatrix, Sula, 130 PLATALEA, 270 platalea, Anas, 339 platalea. Spatula, 339 platei, Diomedea, 46 platei, Diomedella, 47 Platypus, 385 platyrhyncha, Anas, 326 platyrhynchos, Anas, 325, 325, 328 PLEGADIS, 264 Plegadornis, 264 Plottus, 158 Plotus, 158 plotus, Sula, 134, 136 plumbea, Ardea, 174, 188 plumhea, Oceanodroma, 105 plumbea, Thalassidroma, 105 plumbeus, Butorides, 188 plumbeus, Harpiprion, 249 plumbeus, Ibis, 249 plumicollis, Tantalus, 244 Poecilonitta, 356 Podiceps, 18 podiceps, Colymbus, 36, 38 podiceps, Podilymbus, 36, 38, 40 podicipes, Podilymbus, 36, 38, 39,f40 podicips, Podilymbus, 36 Podilymbus, 36 poliocephala, Bernicla, 311 poliocephala, Chloephaga, 307, 311 Poliocephalus, 19 poliocephalus, Podiceps, 19 polycomos, Anser, 319 POLYSTICTA, 397 Porthmornis, 106 poucheti, Herodias, 189 PRIOCELLA, 58 Prion, 55 Prionochilus, 406 Prister, 406 PROCELLARIA, 61 Proctopus, 18 promaucanus, Phalacrocorax, 145 Promergus, 406 Pseudocycnus, 323 Pseudolor, 323 Pseudoprion, 56 pteneres, Anas, 375 pteneres, Tachyeres, 374, 375, 376 PTERODROMA, 74 Ptocas, 295 Pucheramphus, 4 INDEX 431 Puffinuria, 106 PUFFINUS, 60, 62 puffinus, Nectris, 70 puffinus, Procellaria, 62, 70 puffinus, Puffinus, 63, 70 pullus, Ixobrychus, 231 pumila, Ardea, 227 pumilus, Botaurus, 228 pumilus, Zebrilus, 228 puna, Anas, 353, 355, 356 puna, Punanetta, 355, 356 puna, Querquedula, 355, 356 PUNANETTA, 353 punctatus, Pelecanus, 137 Pygosceles, 4 PYGOSGELIS, 3 Pygoscelys, 4 pyrogaster, Dafila, 333 pyrrhogastra, Anas, 333 QUERQUEDULA, 333, 353 querquedula, Anas, 333 rafflesii, Anas, 333, 335 Raphipterus, 409 recurvirostra, Anas, 401 regia, Anas, 322 regia, Diomedea, 42, 43 regia, Sarkidiornis, 321 relictus, Pelecanus, 118 repens, Ardea, 170, 171, 172 resplendens, Phalacrocorax, 147, 148 "rex, auct.," 2 Rhantistes, 53, 74 Rhaphipterus, 410 Rhipornis, 62 rhodopus, Anas, 349 Rhothonia, 41 Rhynchaspis, 337 richmondi, Diomedea, 46 richmondi, Thalassarche, 46 ridgwayi, Egatheus, 270 ridgwayi, Falcinellus, 270 ridgwayi, Fregata, 164, 165 ridgwayi, Plegadis, 267, 269, 270 robinsoni, Butorides, 183 robustus, Phalacrocorax, 147 rodgersii, Fulmarus, 54 rogersi, Sula, 123 rolland, Colymbus, 23 Rolland, Podiceps, 19, 23 rollandi, Podiceps, 23, 24 rollandi, Podicipes, 23, 25 Rollandia, 19 rosea, Ajaia, 271, 272 rossi, Chen, 290 rossii, Anser, 287, 290 rossii, Chen, 290 rossii, Exanthemops, 290 rothschildi, Fregata, 162, 163, 165 rothschildi, Phaethon, 113 rothschildi, Scaeophaethon, 113 ruber, Eudocimus, 263 ruber, Phoenicopterus, 273, 274 rubida, Erismatura, 400 rubida, Oxyura, 400 rubidiceps, Chloephaga, 312 rubidoptera, Anas, 349 rubidus, Anas, 399, 400 rubiniceps, Chloephaga, 312 rubra, Guara, 263, 264 rubra, Ibis, 263 rubra, Scolopax, 261, 263 rubricaudus, Phaethon, 113 rubricaudus, Scaeophaethon, 113 rubricollis, Podiceps, 32 rubripes, Anas, 327, 328, 360 rubrirostris, Anas, 362 rubrirostris, Dafila, 362 rubrirostris, Paecilonitta, 362 rubritarsi, Procellaria, 77 rufa, Ardea, 192, 194 rufa, Demiegretta, 192, 193, 194 rufa, Dichromanassa, 193, 194 rufescens, Ardea, 192 rufescens, Dichromanassa, 192, 193, 194 rufescens, Herodias, 192 Rufibrenta, 294, 295 ruficeps, Callichen, 365 ruficollis, Anser, 294 ruficollis, Ardea, 201 ruficollis, Colymbus, 19 ruficollis, Demiegretta, 201 ruficollis, Egretta, 200 ruficollis, Herodias, 200 ruficollis, Hydranassa, 200,{201 rufimentum, Hydranassa, 202 rufina, Anas, 365 Rufina, Mergoides, 365 rufina, Netta, 365 rufitorques, Anas, 369 rustica, Anas, 380 rutila, Anas, 324 rutila, Casarca, 324 salmoni, Tigrisoma, 219, 224, 225 saltator, Chrysocoma, 7 salvadorii, Chauna, 282 salvadorii, Colymbus, 34 salvini, Diomedea, 47 salvini, Diomedella, 47 salvini, Pachyptila, 56 salvini, Thalassogeron, 47 salvini, Thalassarche, 47 sancti-lucae, Ardea, 168 sandaliata, Procellaria, 76 sandwichensis, Pterodroma, 79 sanfordi, Diomedea, 41, 42, 43 sanfordi, Rhotonia, 41, 42 SARKIDIORNIS, 320 sarmientonus, Graculus, 149 sarmientonus, Phalacrocorax, 149 satalandia, Pterodroma, 76 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII saturatus, Butorides, 178, 179 Scaeophaethon, 111 scalaris, Aestrelata, 79 scapularis, Ardea, 184, 187 scapularis, Butorides, 184 scapulatus, Butorides, 185 sclavus, Podiceps, 30 scolopaceus, Aramus, 266 Scotaeus, 207 sedentaria, Sotnateria, 388 segethi, Fregetta, 91 segethi, Oceanites, 91 segethi, Thalassidroma, 91 septentrionalis, Colymbus, 14 sericeus, Puffinus, 75 serrator, Merganser, 407 serrator, Mergus, 405, 407, 408 serresiana, Eudyptes, 8 serresiana, Eudyptula, 6, 8 serresiana, Microdyptes, 8 sexsetacea, Ardea, 217 sibilator, Nycticorax, 206 sibilatrix, Anas, 343 sibilatrix, Ardea, 205, 206 sibilatrix, Mareca, 343 sibilatrix, Nycticorax, 206 sibilatrix, Syrigma, 205, 206 Sibirpnetta, 345 similis, Procellaria, 84 smithi, Procellaria, 58 soco, Ardea, 174 socoi, Ardea, 174 socorroensis, Cymochorea, 101 socorroensis, Oceanodroma, 98, 100, 101 solanderi, Macronectes, 51 solanderi, Pachyptila, 57, 58 solanderi, Pseudoprion, 58 SOMATERIA, 385 spadicea, Ardea, 232 spadicea, Diomedea, 41 Spathulea, 337 SPATULA, 337 speciosus, Colymbus, 21 speciosus, Podiceps, 21 speciosus, Poliocephalus, 22 spectabilis, Anas, 385, 389 spectabilis, Somateria, 389 Speculanas, 325 specularioides, Anas, 325, 332, 333 specularis, Anas, 325, 331 SPHENISCUS, 10 sphenurus, Puffinus, 63, 66 spilogaster, Anas, 327 spinicauda, Anas, 358 spinicauda, Dafila, 354, 358, 359, 360 spinicauda, Paecilonitta, 359 spinosa, Anas, 398 sponsa, Aex, 363 sponsa, Aia, 363 sponsa, Aix, 363 sponsa, Anas, 363 sponsa, Lampronessa, 363 Stellaria, 397 stellaris, Ardea, 235 stellaris, Botaurus, 235 stellata, Gavia, 14 stellatus, Colymbus, 14 stelleri, Anas, 397 stelleri, Eniconetta, 397 stelleri, Heniconetta, 397 stelleri, Polysticta, 397 Sthenelides, 283 Sthenelus, 283 Stictocarbo, 137 strepera, Anas, 340 strepera, Chauliodus, 340 streperus, Chaulelasmus, 340 striata, Ardea, 184 striata, Butorides, 184, 185, 187 striatus, Butorides, 181, 184, 186 stricklandi, Paranectris, 68 stricklandi, Puffinus, 68 subalaris, Alphapuffinus, 74 suhalaris, Puffinus, 73, 74 subcristatus, Colymbus, 18 Succe1, Anas, 317 SULA, 123 sula, Dysporus, 132 Sula, Pelecanus, 129 sula, Piscatrix, 131 sula, Sula, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134 Sulita, 122 sundevalli, Ardea, 188 sundevalli, Butorides, 188, 189 Sylbeqcyclus, 19 sylvatica, Anas, 346 sylvatica, Ibis, 257 sylvestris, Cairina, 322 sylvicola, Sarcidiornis, 321 sylvicola, Sarkidiornis, 320 SYRIGMA, 205 Tachybaptus, 19 TACHYERES, 374 Tachypetes, 91, 161 taczanowskii, Colymbus, 26 taczanowskii, Podiceps, 26 taczanowskii, Podicipes, 26 taeniata, Pygosceles, 5 Taenidiestes, 307 Taenidiesthes, 307 TADORNA, 325 tadorna, Anas, 325 tadorna, Tadorna, 325 tadorna, Vulpanser, 325 Tantalides, 242, 264 Tantalops, 242 Tantalus, 242 tayazu-guira, Ardea, 207 tayazu-guira, Nycticorax, 209, 210, 211, 213,214 tenebrosus, Puffinus, 73 tenuirostris, Neonectris, 69 INDEX 433 tenuirostris, Procellaria, 58, 63, 69 tenuirostris, Puffinus, 69 tenuirostris, Thalassoeca, 59 tethys, Hydrobates, 96 tethys, Oceanodroma, 95 tethys, Procellaria, 95, 96 tethys, Tethysia, 95 tethys, Thalassidroma, 95 Tethysia, 95 thagus, Onocrotalus, 121 thagus, Pelecanus, 120, 121 ThaTassarche, 41 Thalassidroma, 94 thalassinus, Falcinellus, 268 thalassinus, Ibis, 267 Thalassogeron, 41 THALASSOICA, 59 THERISTICUS, 250 thomensis, Colymbus, 37 thula, Ardea, 197, 198 thula, Egretta, 198, 199, 200 thula, Leucophoyx, 198, 200 Thyellas, 62 Thyellodroma, 63 Tigribaphe, 219 tigrina, Ardea, 219 tigrinum, Tigrisoma, 220, 222, 226 Tigriosoma, 219 TIGRISOMA, 219, 221 titan, Fregetta, 92 tobagensis, 180 tobagensis, Butorides, 181, 182 torquata, Anas, 349 torquata, Chaja, 280, 281 torquata, Chauna, 280, 281, 282 torquata, Querquedula, 349 torquatum, Nettion, 349 torquatum, Nettium, 350 torquatus, Colymbus, 16 townsendi, Oceanodroma, 102 townsendi, Phalacrocorax, 146 Trachelonetta, 356 trachyrhynchus, Pelecanus, 115, 116 treganzai, Ardea, 167, 168 tricolor, Ardea, 201, 203 tricolor, Florida, 203 tricolor, Hydranassa, 201, 202, 203 tricolor, Hydronassa, 203 trifasciatus, Spheniscus, 12 trinitatis, Aestrelata, 81 trinitatis, Fregata, 161 trinitatis, Oestrelata, 81 tristanensis, Fregetta, 92 tristis, Anas, 328 tropica, Fregetta, 92 tropica, Thalassidroma, 91, 92 Tropicophilus, 111 trowbridgii, Pelionetta, 395 tupinambis, Plotus, 158 turneri, Merganetta, 412 turtur, Prion, 56 turtur, Procellaria, 56 typus, Adamastor, 60, 61 tzitzihoa, Anas, 357 tzitzihoa, Dafila, 357 undulata, Ardea, 227, 228 undulatum, Tigrisoma, 228 undulatum, Zebrilus, 228 undulatus, Zebrilus, 227, 228 urile, Pelecanus, 137, 148 urile, Phalacrocorax, 148 Urinator, 14 urinator, Pelecanus, 118 urinatrix, Pelecanoides, 107, 108 urinatrix, Procellaria, 106 urophasianus, Anas, 361 urophasianus, Dafila, 358, 362 valisineria, Aristonetta, 367 valisineria, Aythya, 367, 368 valisineria, Mania, 367 valisneria, Anas, 367 vallisneria, Nyroca, 367 Vallisneriana, Anas, 367 variegata, Ardea, 229, 234 variegata, Sula, 125, 128 variegatus, Dyspprus, 125 velvetina, Oidemia, 393 ventralis, Phalacrocorax, 151 verrucosus, Phalacrocorax, 154 versicolor, Anas, 354, 355, 356 versicolor, Punanetta, 354, 356 versicolor, Querquedula, 354, 355 viduata, Anas, 318 viduata, Dendrocygna, 318 vigorsii, Phasianurus, 361 vigua, Carbo, 144 vigua, Hydrocorax, 142 vigua, Phalacrocorax, 140, 143, 144 violacea, Ardea, 214, 217, 218 violacea, Nyctanassa, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 violacea, Nyctinassa, 218 violaceus, Nyctherodius, 214, 216 violaceus, Nycticorax, 215, 216, 217/218 virescens, Ardea, 178, 186 virescens, Ardeola, 180 virescens, Butorides, 178, 183, 184, 185 virgata, Anas, 312 viridigularis, Gavia, 15 vittata, Amazonetta, 349 vittata, Erismatura, 403 vittata, Oxyura, 402, 403 vittata, Pachyptila, 56 vittata, Procellaria, 55 vittatus, Prion, 57 V-nigra, Somateria, 388, 389 v-nigrum, Somateria, 388 vociferans, Aestrelata, 78 vulgaris, Nycticorax, 208 Vulpanser, 325 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Wagellus, 53 wortheni, Oestrelata, 76 wagleri, Pygosceles, 4 wiirdemanni, Ardea, 170 wardi, Ardea, 171 wiirdemannii, Ardea, 171 websteri, Sula, 128, 129 wyvilliana, Anas, 330 westralis, Phaethon, 111 willetti, Oceanodroma, 101 xanthoryncha, Anas, 360 wilsoni, Anas, 391 wilsoni, Fregata, 161 Zaprium, 84 wilsoni, Oestrelata, 81 , ZEBRILUS, 227 wilsonii, Procellaria, 86, 87 zeldoni, Cancroma, 238, 240 wilsonii, Thalassidroma, 86 zeledoni, Cochlearius, 238, 239, 240 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 590. 5FI C001 FIELDIANA. ZOOLOGY$CHGO 13:1.2 30112009379287