I B R.ARY OF THE U N I VERSITY Of ILLINOIS 59O.5 Fl noton '(J.O :r 13'* CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 3 JACANIDAE-ROSTRATULIDAE-HAEMATOPODIDAE CHARADRIIDAE-SCOLOPACIDAE-RECURVIROSTRIDAE PHALAROPODIDAE-BURHINIDAE-THINOCORIDAE-CHIONIDIDAE STERCORARIIDAE-LARIDAE-RYNCHOPIDAE-ALCIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 3 DECEMBER 16, 1948 PUBLICATION 616 V CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES AND ISLANDS OP THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OP THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS, 1922-1944 AND BOARDMAN CONOVER RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, BIRDS PART I, NUMBER 3 JACANIDAE-ROSTRATULIDAE-HAEMATOPODIDAE CHARADRIIDAE-SCOLOPACIDAE-RECURVIROSTRIDAE PHALAROPODIDAE-BURHINIDAE-THINOCORIDAE-CHIONIDIDAE STERCORARIIDAE-LARIDAE-RYNCHOPIDAE-ALCIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 3 DECEMBER 16, 1948 PUBLICATION 616 THE LIBRARY OF THE JAN 5 1949 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS PREFACE TO PART I, NUMBER 3 In style and arrangement this installment of Part I closely follows the guiding principles of the previous parts. However, because of the war and the death of Charles E. Hellmayr in 1944, the method of collaboration had to be changed somewhat from that followed in Part I, Number 1. As before, the senior author is mainly responsible for the compilation of the bibliographic references and for the out- line of geographical distribution. Because of war conditions, how- ever, his manuscript did not reach this country until after his death. It was impossible, therefore, to submit to him any changes found necessary because of material in Field Museum and certain critical specimens examined in other American collections. Such emenda- tions have been kept as few as possible. In the case of some of the Charadriiformes, I prepared the manu- script and submitted it to Dr. Hellmayr, who made certain additions and suggestions. Likewise, I am responsible for the compilation of the list of specimens in Field Museum and in the Conover Collection, and for additions to the bibliography after 1939. Literature has been taken into account up to December 31, 1944 (as given in the Zoological Record). Some new forms described since that date and before December 31, 1946, and a few important papers will be found mentioned in the footnotes. As before, the authors have been greatly benefited by the cordial co-operation of many institutions and individuals, who have lent material and submitted information. To all of them we wish to express our appreciation. Among those who have helped are Dr. John W. Aldrich, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Arthur Allen, Cornell University, Ithaca; Dr. Alfred M. Bailey, Colorado Museum of Natural History; Professor J. Berlioz, Musee* d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Mr. James Bond, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Mr. H. W. Brandt, Cleveland, Ohio; the late Major Allan Brooks, Okanagan Landing, Canada; the Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. Herbert Friedmann, United States National Museum; Professor 0. Fuhrmann, University of Neuchatel; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, Vetenskapsakademien, Stockholm; the Museum of the University of Kansas, Lawrence; Captain N. B. Kinnear, British Museum (Natural History); Professor A. Laubmann, Zoological Museum, Munich; Messrs. F. C. Lincoln and W. L. McAtee, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Mr. J. D. Macdonald, British Museum (Natural iii History); Dr. Alden H. Miller, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, California; the late James Moffitt, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Mr. Olaus Murie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Robert T. Orr, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. James L. Peters, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mr. William H. Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela; Dr. R. A. Philippi-B., Museo Nacional de Chile, Santiago; Professor William Rowan, University of Edmonton, Alberta; Mr. R. M. de Schauensee, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Count Josef Seilern, Lukov; Professor Morriz Sassi, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna; Mr. L. L. Snyder, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; the late P. A. Taverner, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa; Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Mr. A. J. van Rossem, Los Angeles, California; Dr. Josselyn Van Tyne, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, United States National Museum; Dr. John T. Zimmer, American Museum of Natural History, New York. We are also indebted to Dr. Charles Baehni, Director of the Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva, Switzerland, for his custodianship of the manuscript after Dr. Hellmayr's death. Of the Museum Staff, especial acknowledgment is due to the late Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator Emeritus, Department of Zoology; Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, Chief Curator, Department of Zoology; and Dr. Austin L. Rand, Curator, Division of Birds, for their help and advice to the junior author; to Mr. Melvin A. Traylor, Jr., Asso- ciate, Division of Birds; to Mr. Emmet R. Blake, Associate Curator, Division of Birds, who was responsible for the compilation of the index; and to Miss Lillian A. Ross, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications, for reading proof and seeing through the press the last six parts of the Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. The final volume, Part I, No. 4, containing the Falconiformes, is now in course of publication. BOARDMAN CONOVER iv CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part I, Number 3 ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder CHARADRII Superfamily JACANOIDEA Family JACANIDAE (Jacanas) Jacana Brisson . . PAGE . 1 Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA Family ROSTRATULIDAE (Painted Snipes) Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters . . 13 Family HAEMATOPODIDAE (Oyster-Catchers) Haematopus Linnaeus 15 Family CHARADRIIDAE (Lapwings and Plovers) Subfamily VANELLINAE (Lapwings) Vanellus Brisson 28 Belonopterus Reichenbach 29 Hoploxypterus Bonaparte 37 Ptiloscelys Bonaparte . 39 Subfamily CHARADRIINAE (Plovers) Squatarola Cuvier 41 Plurialis Brisson 44 Charadrius Linnaeus 51 Eupoda J. F. Brandt 76 Oreopholus Jardine and Selby 77 Eudromias C. L. Brehm 80 Zonibyx Reichenbach 81 Pluvianellus G. R. Gray 84 Phegornis G. R. Gray 85 Family SCOLOPACIDAE (Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.) Subfamily TRINGINAE (Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc.) Bartramia Lesson 86 Numenius Brisson . . 90 Limosa Brisson 99 Tringa Linnaeus 105 Aditis Illiger 122 Catoptrophorus Bonaparte 126 Heteroscelus Baird 130 Subfamily ARENARIINAE (Turnstones and Surfbirds) Aphriza Audubon 132 Arenaria Brisson 134 Subfamily ScOLOPACiNAB (Snipes and Woodcocks) Limnodromus Wied 140 Capella Frenzel 145 Chubbia Mathews 160 Scolopax Linnaeus 163 Philohela G. R. Gray 164 Lymnocryptes Kaup 165 Subfamily EROLIINAE (Sandpipers) Calidris Merrem 166 Crocethia Billberg 169 Ereunetes Illiger 173 Eurynorhynchus Nilsson 178 Erolia Vieillot 179 Micropalama Baird 202 Tryngites Cabanis 205 Philomachus Merrem 208 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE (Avocets and Stilts) Subfamily RECURVIROSTRINAE Himantopus Brisson 209 Recurvirostra Linnaeus 214 Family PHALAROPODIDAE (Phalaropes) Phalaropiis Brisson 216 Lobipes Cuvier 219 Steganopus Vieillot 221 Superfamily BURHINOIDEA Family' BURHINIDAE (Thick-Knees) PAGE Burhinw Illiger 224 Superfamily THINOCOROIDEA Family THINOCORIDAE (Seed-Snipes) Attagis (Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson . 228 Thinocorus Eschscholtz 232 Superfamily CHIONIDOIDEA Family CHIONIDIDAB (Sheath-bills) Chionis J. R. Forster 240 Suborder LARI Family STERCORARIIDAE (Skuas and Jaegers) Catharacta Briinnich 241 Stercorarius Brisson 246 Family LARIDAE (Gulls and Terns) Subfamily LARINAE (Gulls) Leucophaeus Bruch 250 Pagophila Kaup 252 Larus Linnaeus 253 Rhodostethia Macgillivray 285 Rissa Stephens 286 Creagrus Bonaparte 288 Xema Leach.. . 289 Subfamily STERNINAE (Terns) PAGE Chlidonias Rafinesque 291 Phaetusa Wagler 293 Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm 297 Hydroprogne Kaup 300 Sterna Linnaeus 301 Thalasseus Boie 323 Laroslerna Blyth 329 Procelsterna Laf resnaye 330 Anoiis Stephens .- 331 Gygis Wagler 337 Family RYNCHOPIDAE (Skimmers) Rynchops Linnaeus 339 Suborder ALCAE Family ALCIDAE (Auks) Plotus Gunnerus 345 Pinguimts Bonnaterre 346 Alca Linnaeus 347 Una Brisson 348 Cepphus Pallas 351 Brachyramphus Brandt 355 Synthliboramphus Brandt 359 Ptychoramphus Brandt 360 Cyclorrhynchus Kaup 361 Aethia Merrem 362 Cerorhinca Bonaparte 364 Fratercula Brisson 365 Lunda Pallas.. . 367 VI CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS PART I NO. 3 BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR AND BOARDMAN CONOVER Order CHARADRIIFORMES Suborder CHARADRII Superfamily JACANOIDEA Family JACANIDAE.1 Jacanas Genus JAGANA Brisson Jacana Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 121, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Jacana" Brisson= Parra Jacana Linnaeus. Parra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List. Gen. Bds., p. 70, 1840), Parra Jacana Linnaeus. Asarcia Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 68, 86 (after July 10), 1896— type, by monotopy, Parra variabilis Linnaeus = Parra spinosa Linnaeus. *Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem.2 Low's JACANA. Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 9, p. 11, Nov. 21, 1938 — Santiago, Tepic (=Nayarit), Mexico (type in British Museum examined). 1 About the anatomy, cf. Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, pp. 639-647. 2 Jacana spinosa lowi van Rossem: Similar in coloration to J. s. spinosa but somewhat smaller. Wing, 110-116 (in a male from Jalisco, 120); (females) 128- 130 mm. The difference in size separating this recently segregated race is much less marked than would appear from the describer's figures. Wings of males from Sinaloa and Tepic measure 110, 112, 112, 112, 115, 116; (females) 128, 129, 130, 130. A single male from Jalisco (Zapotlan) has longer wings (120 mm.) and cannot be told from one or two Vera Cruz males with the same length. It is probable that complete intergradation takes place in Jalisco and Colima, whence no material is available. Additional material examined. — Sinaloa: Mazatlan, 4; Presidio de Mazatlan, 3. Nayarit: San Bias, 1; Santiago, 1; Tepic, 5. — Jalisco: Zapotlan, 2. 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra gymnostoma (not of Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 — part, Mazatlan; Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 363, 1871— Mazatlan; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 312, 1874— part, Sinaloa (Mazatlan). Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12, 1919 — part, Jalisco (Zapotlan; Ocotlan; Guadalajara), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Presidio), and Tepic (San Bias; Santiago; Tepic); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 (in part). Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Mexico, from Sinaloa south through Nayarit (Santiago, San Bias, Tepic) to Jalisco (Zapotlan, Ocotlan, etc.). Field Miiseum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Tepic, Tepic, 1). *Jacana spinosa spinosa (Linnaeus). CENTRAL AMERICAN JACANA. Fulica spinosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — based on "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 48, pi. 48 (=young); brought from Carthagena in South America, errore.1 Parra variabilis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 260, 1766 — based upon "The Spur-winged Water Hen" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 48, pi. 48; "Carthagena," Colombia, errore.1 Parra gymnostoma Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 517— Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined; descr. of young); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856 — part, Acapulco, "New Grenada, Santa Martha" and Hon- duras (crit.); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 66, 1865 — Mexico, Costa Rica, "Nouvelle Grenade," and "St. Thomas"; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 167, 1878— Fort Brown, Texas; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico; Cory, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 159, col. pi., 1885— "Le Coup," Haiti. Parra cordifera Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 135, 1842 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico; Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, sig. 9, pi. 42, 1846 — Acapulco (fig. of type which is stated to be in Paris Museum). Parra hypomelaena(l) (not of Gray) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 1856 — David, Chiriqui (one young). Parra violacea Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, pp. 130, 155, July, 1881— near Gantier, Haiti (type in collection of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum of Natural History, examined). Jacana violacea Cory, Auk, 5, p. 51, 1881 — Cuba, Haiti, and San Domingo (descr.). "The Spur-winged Water Hen" of Edwards, based upon a spirit specimen in Sir Hans Sloane's possession, seems to be referable to the Central American form, judging from the absence of rictal wattles and from the trifid posterior margin of the frontal lappet, although its locality is given as "Cartagena," Colombia, where only the black Jacana (hypomelaena) is met with. Mr. Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 219, 1916) accordingly proposed Panama as corrected type locality. This was a very unfortunate choice, not only on account of the improbability that this region supplied the type, but also because spinosa merely occurs in extreme western Panama (Chiriqui), while in the east hypomelaena occurs, as will be shown. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 3 Jacana spinosa Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 297, 1888 (monog.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 252, 1889— Cuba and Hispaniola; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 92, 1892 — Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico; Scott, Auk, 9, p. 15, 1892 — Westmoreland, Jamaica; Cory, I.e., p. 272, 1892 — San Diego de los Banos, Cuba; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 25, 1896 — Rio Ozama, Dominican Republic; Mearns, Auk, 19, p. 79, 1902— Pelican Bay, Lake Okeechobee, Florida (Oct., 1899); Peters, Kc., 30, p. 371, 1913— Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 38, 1916 — Puerto Rico; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 42, p. 532, 1925— Brownsville, Texas. Asarcia variabilis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 86, 1896 — part, a-f, o'-t*, Texas (Brownsville), Jalapa (Santa Ana), Vera Cruz (Jomotla; Teapa), Yucatan (Buctzotz; Cozumel Island), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Belize River), Guatemala (Huamuchal; Lake Peten), Nicaragua (Momotombo; Escondido River), Honduras, Costa Rica and Haiti; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 358, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903 — part, Mexico (excepting Sinaloa, Tepic, and Jalisco) and Central America to Chiriqui; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 142, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; idem, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424, 1910 — Costa Rica (Tenorio, Barranca de Puntarenas, Ichomogo, Mira- valles, mouth of Matina River). Asarcia spinosa Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 196, 1905 — Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Laguna Grande, Pasadita, and the Cienaga, Isle of Pines (habits). Jacana spinosa violacea Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 217, 1916 — Santa Ana and Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 406, 1917— El Batey, Dominican Republic; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 13, 1919— Greater Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 71, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927— Trujillo, Puerto Rico; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 495, 1928— Lake Mira- goane and near Forte Liberte, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929 — Haina, Laguna del Salodillo, Etang Miragoane and Gonaives, Hispaniola; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 312, 1929— Rio Haina, Hispaniola; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 142, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934 (range); Conover, Condor, 47, p. 211, 1945 (not valid race). Jacana spinosa spinosa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 9, 1919 — Guatemala to Chiriqui (monog.; full bibliog.); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 448, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 409, 1929 — Toloa Lagoon, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 303, 1931 — Changuinola River, Almirante, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932 — Hacienda California, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 303, 1932— Laguna Toloa, Hon- duras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Guatemala to western Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935— Chiriqui (Pacific slope east to Remedios) and Almirante, Panama; Van Tyne, Misc. Publ. 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 15, 1935— Flores, Peten, Guatemala; Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 — El Pilar, Guatemala; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 165, 1938 — Lake Olomega, San Sebastian, and Lake Guija, El Salvador. Jacana spinosa gymnostoma Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 12, 1919 — part, southern and eastern Mexico and lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 228, 1934— part, lower Rio Grande to Yucatan; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 373, 1934 — Acapulco and Pi£ de la Cuesta, Guerrero. Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south through eastern and southern Mexico and Central America to extreme western Panama (Almirante Bay region; Chiriqui, east to Remedies).1 Also Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.2 Accidental in Puerto Rico. Field Museum Collection. — 66: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 36; Matamoros, Campeche, 1; San Felipe, Yucatan, 2; Yucatan, 2); Cuba (Oriente, 1; Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 4); Hispaniola (Gantier, Haiti, 1; San Luis de San Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2); Guatemala (Pete*n, 1); El Salvador (San Sebastian, La Paz, 4; Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2); Nicaragua (Grenada, Grenada, 1; San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (Puntarenas, 2; Bebedero, Guanacaste, 2; Ballina, Guanacaste, IjLimon, Limon, 3). Conover Collection. — 14: Mexico (Cruz, Tamaulipas, 1; Tamau- lipas, 1 ; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); Cuba (Cunaga, Isle of Pines, 2); Guatemala (Iztapa, Santa Rosa, 4; Quezaltenango, 1); Panama (Cricamola, Bocas del Toro, 2; Bocas del Toro, 2). 1 After closely comparing ninety-six adults from numerous localities between Brownsville, Texas, and Costa Rica, I am quite unable to maintain the distinction of J. s. gymnostoma from Mexico. The size of the frontal lappet varies a good deal individually but is not connected with any particular geographic area, the shield being largest in one bird from Brownsville and in another from Crooked-Tree Lagoon, British Honduras. There is no constant difference in the tone of the under plumage, nor does the larger size of the Mexican birds exist. A single female from Acapulco (cordifera) resembles in size (wing, 135) others of the same sex from eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz), being decidedly larger than J. s. lowi. About the "Santa Marta" record of P. gymnostoma by Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 24, p. 283, 1856), cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922, under Jacana spinosa spinosa. — C.E.H. 1 A comparison of twenty-nine examples from the Greater Antilles with a good series from Central America does not show any constant difference in coloration or in the size of the lappets, as stated by Ridgway. — B.C. Additional material examined. — Isle of Pines: Nueva Girona, 3. — Cuba: Ca- banas, 5. — Dominican Republic: Enriguillo, 2; Lake of Rincon, 1. — Haiti: Lake Assuei, 3; Etang Saumatre, 1; Miragoane, 1; Fort Liberty, 2. — Jamaica: Hodges, Long Pond, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 5 *Jacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray).1 BLACK JACANA. Parra hypomelaena Gray (and Mitchell), Gen. Bds., 3, p. [589], pi. 159, 1846 — no locality given (type from Bogota in British Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 283, 1856— Santa Marta, Cartagena, and Bogota, Colombia2 (crit.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 20, 1857 — Bogota; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196— Atrato River, Colombia; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 218 — Calobre, Panama (crit.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 116, 383— Cienaga, Lake Paturia, and delta of the Magdalena River, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 546 — "Santa Elena," 3 Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.). Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 301, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 372— Lion Hill; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 161— Santa Fe, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 218 — Calobre and Castello, Veraguas (crit.); idem and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 341, 1903 — Veraguas (Castillo, Santa Fe, Calobre). ljacana spinosa hypomelaena (Gray) in typical appearance has the body plumage uniform black with a more or less pronounced bottle-green gloss, especially above, and a purplish sheen on scapulars and inner secondaries. Specimens with this "extreme" type of coloration are, however, less frequent than individuals with a varying amount of purplish or maroon suffusion on middle back, scapulars, upper wing coverts and secondaries. The under wing coverts are always uniform olivaceous black. There are two well-developed rictal wattles, and the posterior margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly bifid. Birds from the Panama Railroad and Agua Dulce agree perfectly with the type and other Colombian skins. In juvenile plumage, J. s. hypomelaena is readily distinguished from spinosa, inter- media, and jacana by sooty blackish instead of rufous rump, sides, and under wing coverts. A small series from Veragua is very interesting, showing as it does complete intergradation between hypomelaena and spinosa. While two from Calobre may be termed typical hypomelaena in respect to black coloration of plumage, rictal lobes and bifid frontal lappets, two others, both with rictal appendages, have more or less purplish maroon suffusion on middle back and wings, and in one of them there is a small median lobe between the two large lateral divisions of the frontal lappet. In two others, finally, the rictal lobes are greatly reduced in size; the posterior margin of the frontal lappet is distinctly trifid as in spinosa; and the middle back and scapulars are just as extensively rufous as in the Central American form, though of a darker tone (between morocco red and claret brown), the upper tail coverts being either chestnut or taupe brown. Below they are olivaceous black like hypomelaena on throat and breast, but shaded with purplish on the abdomen and with more or less claret brown on the flanks, particularly in the Castillo bird, where it also involves most of the under wing coverts. Such specimens, which are clearly intergrades with the northern form, are probably responsible for Griscom's record otJ.s. spinosa from Remedies Lagoon in Veraguas. Additional material examined. — Panama: Santa Fe, Veraguas, 1; Calobre, Veraguas, 6; Castillo, Veraguas, 1; Agua Dulce, 6; Lion Hill, 2. — Colombia: Barranquilla, 2; Antioquia, 1; St. Elena, Antioquia, 2; Bogota, 9; Santa Marta, 2; La Playa, 7; Puerto Berrio, 2; Monteria, 1. 1 The locality "David, Panama," based on a young bird secured by T. Bridges, refers, of course, to J. s. spinosa. 8 This locality is certainly a mistake. It does not occur on Salmon's original label, which merely bears "Antioquia." The bird probably came from Remedies on the Rio Ite, which flows into the Magdalena River. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin)1 Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 65, 1865 — New Granada (crit.); Salvador! and Festa, Bull. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899 — Laguna Pita, Darien, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 342, 1903 — part, Panama (Calobre; Lion Hill; Laguna de Pita) and Colombia. Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin)1 Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 296, 1888 — Colombia (Cartagena; Antioquia; Barranquilla; Santa Marta) and Panama (descr.; synon. in part); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 84, 1896 — Panama (Lion Hill; Calobre, Veraguas) and Colombia (Antioquia; Bogota); Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 14, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia; Chapman, I.e., 36, p. 226, 1917 — Puerto Barrio, Calamar, Magdalena River, Barranquilla, and La Playa, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918— Lake Agua Clara (Trinidad River) and Mindi, Canal Zone, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 15, 1919 — part, Panama and Colombia (excl. of Guabinas, Rio Cauca); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Cienaga, Mamatoco, Don Diego, and Fundacion, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 309, 1924 — Rio Chilibre and Darien Radio Station, Canal Zone, Panama; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 — Cienaga and Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 321, 1932 — Perme, Panama. Jacana spinosa hypomelaena Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Panama (from the Veraguas eastward) and northern Colombia. Jacana hypomelaena Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 305, 1935 — Panama (Veraguas and eastward). Range. — From Veraguas, Panama, east through northern Colom- bia to the Santa Marta region and south to the lower Cauca (Nechi) and the upper Magdalena valleys. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Panama (Colon, 4); Colombia ("Bogota," 3; Monteria, 1; "St. Elena," Antioquia, 2). Conover Collection. — 5: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 4; Cuturu, Antioquia, 1). *Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater).2 BLACK-RUMPED JACANA. 1 Parra nigra Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789) is exclusively based upon "Le Chirurgien noir" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 124), which is based in its turn on "Jacana tertia species" of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191), a bird of northeastern Brazil (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490, note 7, 1929). Schneider (Journ. Orn., 86, p. 85, 1938), who recently unearthed Marcgrave's original drawing, claims that it represents Gallinula chloropus galeata (Lichtenstein). However, the description in Marcgrave's work is evidently a composite of characters of the ordinary Brazilian Jacana (J. s. jaeana) and of the Gallinule. In no case does Parra nigra Gmelin refer to the Black Jacana of north- western South America and Panama. 1 Jacana spinosa melanopygia (Sclater): Nearest to J. s. hypomelaena and agreeing in olivaceous black under parts; but back, scapulars, proximal wing coverts 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 7 Parra melanopygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 283, pub. Jan., 1857 — "Santa Marta in New Grenada" (type in collection of E. and J. Verreaux, its present location unknown). Jacana melanopygia Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 — Cali and Rio Frio, Cauca, Colombia (crit.). Jacana nigra (not Parra nigra Gmelin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 15, 1919 — part, Guabinas, Cauca, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Catatumbo, Maracaibo, Rio Aurare, and Encontrados, Zulia, Venezuela. Jacana spinosa melanopygia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Cauca Valley, Colombia, and Maracaibo region, Venezuela. Range. — Known from the upper and middle Cauca Valley in western Colombia and from the region about Lake Maracaibo and Merida, western Venezuela. Field Museum Collection. — 10: Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Maracaibo, Zulia, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 4; Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 2; Lagunillas, Merida, 1; Emigrante, Merida, 1). Conover Collection. — 8: Colombia (Timba, Valle, 6); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Peri j a, Zulia, 2). *Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater).1 INTERMEDIATE JACANA. and tertials maroon, this area being abruptly defined from the greenish black color of the hindneck and rump. Wing, 115-120, (female) 125-138 mm. The series at hand is quite constant in its characters, differing decidedly from J. s. hypo- melaena; but, what is even more remarkable, we cannot find any difference what- soever between the Maracaibo birds and those from the Cauca Valley in spite of the fact that the intervening Magdalena Valley is tenanted by the entirely black form (hypomelaena). As both Chapman and Ridgway likewise insist on the fact that the population of the Cauca Valley (whence a series totaling nearly twenty specimens from Cali, Rio Frio and Guabinas was available) consists exclusively of maroon-backed birds, there can be no question about the geographical nature of this character and even if similar examples occasionally turn up in the range of J. s. hypomelaena — one has been recorded by Todd from Bonda in the Santa Marta region — this cannot materially affect the situation. Although we cannot explain its disrupted distribution, the claims of the present form to recognition must be sustained. On the other hand, the applicability of the name melanopygia is altogether uncertain. The type, whose present whereabouts are unknown, was received from the brothers Verreaux, together with specimens of J. s. hypomelaena and J. s. spinosa, as being from Santa Marta, where only hypomelaena is now known to occur. Perhaps the true origin of the lot was Panama, in which case the type might have been an intergrade of the kind discussed under the preceding heading. Compared to the rufous-backed Veraguan skins, the present series differs by much darker maroon to Victoria Lake instead of between morocco red and claret brown, dorsal area; dusky green gray instead of claret brown to Victoria Lake rump. 1 Jacana spinosa intermedia (Sclater): Exactly like J. s. Jacana but smaller and rufous dorsal area decidedly darker, morocco red rather than mahogany red. Wing, 112-120, (female) 128-136. By the darker coloration above, this form leads in the direction of J. s. melano- pygia of the Maracaibo region, but it is easily distinguished by the much lighter 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra intermedia (Verreaux MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, "1856," p. 282, pub. Jan. 1857 — Venezuela; (type in collection of E. and J. Verreaux, its present location unknown). Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 282, 1856 — part, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96 — Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 486, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake of Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco; idem and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, Suapure, and Mato River, Orinoco region, Venezuela. Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 — part, Trinidad and Venezuela (Angostura); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896— part, Vene- zuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909— La Brea, Orinoco Delta; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— Cano Corosal and La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 369, 1916 — Orinoco region. Parra jacana jacana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 — Caroni Swamp and Seelet, Trinidad (crit.). Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. and Tob., 20, p. 179, 1922— Trinidad; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — ponds of states of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Jacana jacana intermedia Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, 1922 — Vene- zuela (Sacupana; Lara) and Colombia (La Morelia); Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 90, 1934— Trinidad; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 191, 1939 (crit.); Niceforo, Caldasia, 3, p. 373, 1945 — Colombia (various localities). Jacana spinosa intermedia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 — Venezuela; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 211, 1945 (disc.). Jacana spinosa jacana Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 286 — Trinidad (nest and egg descr.). Range. — Northern Venezuela, from the eastern slope of the Andes to the Paria Peninsula, south to the Orinoco Valley, west to eastern Colombia (La Morelia, Caqueta) and the island of Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 4; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Colombia (Morelia, Caqueta, 3; Belen, Caqueta, 1; Villavicencio, Meta, 1). tone of the dorsal area and the entirely rufous flanks and under wing coverts, both of which are mostly, if not wholly, greenish black in its western ally. A single bird from Trinidad and three from Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, are typical of intermedia. Additional material examined. — Colombia: La Morelia, Caqueta, 1. — Vene- zuela: El Cuji, Lara, 1; Duaca, Lara, 1; Valencia, Carabobo, 2; Guanoco, Sucre, 2; San Antonio, Sucre, 3; Altagracia, 3; Sacupana, Orinoco Delta, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 9 *Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer.1 PERUVIAN JACANA. Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 253, Dec. 10, 1930 — Masiseo, lower Ucayali River, Loreto, Peru (type in Conover Collection, Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 230, 1934 (range). Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200— Nauta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309— Nauta and Santa Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331, 1886 — part, Nauta and Santa Cruz. Parra melanopygia (not of Sclater) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 320, 1889 — Sarayacu, lower Ucayali River. Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 — part, spec, m-n, Pebas and Elvira, Peru (spec, examined). Range. — Tropical zone of northern Peru (Pebas; Nauta; Elvira; lower Ucayali River). Conover Collection. — 6: Peru (Masiseo, Loreto, 1; Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali, 5). Macana spinosa scapularis Chapman.2 BLACK-STRIPED JACANA. Jacana scapularis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Nov., 31, p. 3, March 2, 1922 — Chone, Manavi, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 201, 1926— Chone and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. Parra jacana (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 329— Pozo de 1 Jacana spinosa peruviana Zimmer: Similar to J. s. intermedia, but rufous dorsal area slightly darker, claret brown rather than morocco red; sides of body with less, if any rufous; under wing coverts either wholly or partly black. Wing, (female) 135-138. Judging from the few specimens at hand, this is rather an unsatisfactory race which needs substantiation by an adequate series. One of the two adult Ucayali birds has no rufous either on flanks or under wing coverts, while the other specimen, like one from Pebas, has both these parts just as extensively rufous (though slightly darker in tone) as J. s. intermedia. Size is apparently the same. From J. s. melanopygia it is easily separated by markedly lighter (claret brown, rather than maroon) back, scapulars and tertials, and particularly by purplish instead of greenish black rump and upper tail coverts. It would not be surprising to find that this form intergrades with intermedia in eastern Ecuador. Additional material examined. — Peru: Pebas, 1; Elvira, 1; Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, 1. 2 Jacana spinosa scapularis Chapman: Nearest to J. s. jacana, but distinguished by lighter back, the presence of a broad black stripe across the scapulars, and by having the light zone of the three outer primaries very nearly white (instead of pale green as on the other remiges). On the under parts the black of the chest generally extends in an irregular line down the center of the breast and belly. Immatures can be identified by the light outer primaries. Wing, 116, (female) 134. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Balzar, 1; Vinces, "Yanayacu," 1; Isla la Silva, 2. 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lamberedo, near Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 112— Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 331, 1886— part, Tumbez; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 209— Guayaquil, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900 — Naranjal and Vinces, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231 — "Rio Napo," Ecuador (errore). Parra intermedia (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 238, 1869— Puna Island, Ecuador (crit.). Jacana jacana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896— part, spec, o, "Yanayacu," Ecuador. Jacana jacana scapularis Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 229, 1932 — Isla Silva, Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador. Jacana spinosa scapularis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 (range). Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador1 and northwestern Peru (Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez). Conover Collection. — 15: Ecuador (Vinces, 3; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 12). * Jacana spinosa jacana (Linnaeus). COMMON JACANA. Parra Jacana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 259, 1766 — based on "Jacana quarta species" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191; north- eastern Brazil), "Spurwinged Water-hen" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 305, pi. 357, Surinam), and "Le Chirurgien brun" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 125 — in part),2 Surinam (ex Edwards) accepted as type locality (auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 786, 1832— eastern Brazil (habits); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 394, 1856— Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 282, 1856 — part, Brazil, Guiana and Cayenne (crit.); Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 506, 1861— Tucuman; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 145 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137— banks of the Rio Gato, Entre Rios; Layard, I.e., 1873, p. 396— Para; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 82, 1876 — Santarem, Brazil; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 103 — Buenos Aires (habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 196— Buenos Aires; Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359— near Recife and Parahyba, Brazil; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627— Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 277, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — British Guiana; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 35, 1887 — lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 163, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Frenzel, I.e., 39, p. 125, 1891— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150— lower 1 The localities "Yanayacu" (whence a typical scapularis is at hand) and "Rio Napo" are undoubtedly incorrect. If any Jacana occurs in eastern Ecuador, it may be either intermedia or peruviana but certainly not scapularis, which is restricted to the west side of the Ecuadorian Andes. * Neither the reference to Hernandez's work nor the specimen from Santo Domingo in the Reaumur Collection belongs to the present form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 11 Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 205 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— San Jos6 and Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 — Caiza, Bolivia; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 163— Amapa, Brazil; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 235 — Villa Conception, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ubatuba, Pirituba, Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 249, 1909— La Soledad (Entre Rios), San Vicente (Buenos Aires), and Saladillos (Santiago del Estero); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 463 — Tayru, above Villa Pilar and Curuzu-Chica, Paraguay; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 53 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. (t)Parra brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 708, 1789 — based on "Jacana alia species" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 191, northeastern Brazil (descr. of young in transitional plumage). Parra jassana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 759, 1849 (habits); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 262, 1860— Tucuman. Parra jacana Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Lake Paratininga, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Rio Parana), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara, Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 36 — Minas Geraes; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 231, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 276, 1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500— Rio Capim, Para; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, pp. 444, 460 — Laguna del Sauzal, Quinta, Jujuy, and Tatarenda, Bolivia; Chubb, I.e., 1910, p. 68 — Ybitimi, Para- guay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 94, 1914 — Para, Salvaterra, Rio Capim, Cussary, Marajo (Pindobal, Arary), and Maranhao, Brazil. Jacana jacana Elliot, Auk, 5, p. 294, 1888 (monog.; in part); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889— Reyes, Rio Beni, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 82, 1896 — part, spec, a-1, p-b', British Guiana (Cari- mang River, Quonga), Brazil (River Amazon, Para, Maranhao, Rio Tocantins, Chapada, Cachoeira, Corumba, Pernambuco, Caicara, Bahia) and Bolivia (Salinas); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Pedras Brancas, Barra do Rio Camaquam); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 425, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 43, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 70, p. 95, 1910— Bahia (Cabula; Joazeiro; Lagoa do Boqueirao, Rio Grande; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Lagoa de Parnagua), Brazil; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912— Para, Rio Capim and Mexiana; Chrostowski, C. R. Soc. Scient. Varsovic, 5, pp. 463, 493, 1912 — Santa Cruz, Parana; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Cerro Largo, Rocha); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 141, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Riacho Pilaga), and Uruguay (Razcano); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Para. Jacana jacana jacana Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 288, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 617, 1924 — Prov. Buenos Aires; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 83, 1930 — Paraguay (Rio Negro, Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Palmiras); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 714, 1932— Aquidauana; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 375, 1934— Matto Grosso. Jacana spinosa (not Fulica spinosa Linnaeus) Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 136, 1916 — upper Takutu Mountains, Supenaam, Abary, Rupununi River and Georgetown. Jacana spinosa jacana Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 489, 1929 — Maranhao (Sao Bento; Sao Francisco, Rio Parnahyba), Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Deserto), and Ceara (Quixada), Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 62, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, San Jose, and Las Taperas, Santa Cruz); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 229, 1934 (range, excl. of Trinidad); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 89, 1935— Rio Gongogy and Cahype, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936— Inhumas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 124, 1938 — Para (Santarem), Maranhao (Miritiba), Bahia (Rio Gongogy; Cahype), Goyaz (Inhumas), Matto Grosso (Miranda; Coxim; Aquidauana), Sao Paulo (Itapura; Ubatuba; Ypiranga; Jundiahy; Sao Carlos; Pirituba), Paran£ (Jacar6zinho) ; idem, I.e., 23, p. 545, 1938 — Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc.); idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945— Bolivia (Victoria, Reyes and Bresta, El Beni; Tatarenda, Tarija), (disc.). Jacana jacana intermedia (not Parra intermedia Sclater) Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. ^83, 1930— Rio Solimoes, Brazil. Jacana spinosa dorsalis(a) Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 52, p. 185, Dec. 15, 1939 — Horqueta, Paraguay (type in Museum of Zoology, Uni- versity of Michigan).1 Range. — From the Guianas over the greater" part of Brazil and eastern Bolivia to Argentina (south to the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires), Paraguay and Uruguay.1 Field Museum Collection. — 40: British Guiana (Buxton, 14; Potaro Landing, 1; Georgetown, 3; New Amsterdam, 5; unspecified, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2; Wanika Kreek, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 5; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Jua, Ceara, 1; Quixada, 1 Birds from the tableland of Brazil and the adjoining districts of Argentina and Paraguay agree well with a Guianan series, while those from the Amazon Valley have a tendency to darker dorsal coloration. Some individuals come very close to J. 8. intermedia, but others are not distinguishable from Guiana skins. The latter, moreover, vary a good deal and certain birds are just as dark as the Amazonian examples, one from near Paramaribo being even darker. The specimen taken near Frejus, southern France, recorded by Gurney (Ibis, 1901, p. 400), must have been an escape from captivity. Ninety additional specimens from the entire range examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 13 Ceara, 3; Santa Rita, Bahia, 1); Paraguay (Patino, 1); Argentina (Lagunas de Malvina, Tucuman, 1). Conover Collection. — 46: British Guiana (Buxton, E. C., Deme- rara, 5); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Deserto, Piauhy, 2; Rio Mana- capuru, Amazonas, 3; Caxiricatuba, Para, 6; Rio Parana, Goyaz, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 7; Colonia Nueva Italia, near Villeta, 3; 20 km. east of Islapoi, Chaco, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Comparapa, 1; Nueva Moka, 3; Rio Surutu, 1); Argen- tina (Alvarez Yonte, Buenos Aires, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 7). Superfamily CHARADRIOIDEA Family ROSTRATULIDAE.1 Painted Snipes Genus NYCTICRYPHES Wetmore and Peters2 Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 143, May 1, 1923 — type, by orig. desig., Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot. *Nycticryphes semi-collaris (Vieillot). SOUTH AMERICAN PAINTED SNIPE. Totanus semi-collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 402, 1816 — based upon "Chorlito golas obscura y blanca" Azara, No. 405, Paraguay. Tringa atricapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 474, 1819 — based on "Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscures" Azara, No. 406, Buenos Aires. Rhynchaea hilairea Lesson,3 in Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Nat. G&>1., 26, p. 191, July, 1831 — no locality (type in collection of M. Pecquet-Deschamps, Caen); idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 18, Feb. 23, 1833— "in provincia San-Paulo," Brazil; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 300, 1846— "forests of central Peru." JFor characters of the family, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 507-530, 762; 1932, pp. 390-391. 2 Nycticryphes Wetmore and Peters differs markedly from Rostratula Vieillot, an Old-World group, by having the bill more curved at the tip, the tip expanded on both mandibles, with the distal end distinctly pitted; a median groove to the distal end of the gonys; a slight web between outer and middle toes; and the tail strongly wedge-shaped, the median rectrices tapered and soft in structure at the tip with the median upper and lower tail coverts longer than the lateral tail- feathers. 8 Rhynchaea hilairea Cuvier (Reg. Anim., 2nd e"d., 1, p. 524, 1829) and R. hilairea Lesson (TraitS d'Orn., p. 557, 1831) are nomina nuda. The specimen in the Paris Museum (cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 294, 1891), therefore, has no claim to be the type. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhynchaea occidental-is King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 97, April-July, 1828 — "Straits of Magellan" (type apparently lost). Rhynchaea semicollaris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 — Monte- video, Rio Plata; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 429, 1847— central provinces of Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 226, 1848— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853— near San- tiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855 — vicinity of Santiago; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860— Santiago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27 (Scolopaces), p. 18, 1864 — Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868 — central provinces [of Chile] "to Straits of Magellan"; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 38 (note), 1870 — Province of Sao Paulo; Durn- ford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 — Laguna de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 199— Chubut Valley, Patagonia, and Buenos Aires Province; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 403 — Chubut Valley (rare); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 — Coquimbo, Chile; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 608, 1882— Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 378, 1886 — "Peru" (ex Tschudi); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 459, pi. 19, 1887 (crit.); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211 — same locality (breeding); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895 — Penaflor, Santiago; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310 — Arauco, Chile (habits); Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236— Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 467— Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 65 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Rhynchaea hilaerea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 378, 1856 — Paraguay, Chile, and the La Plata region. Rhynchaea hilarea Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Rio Parana, Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 504, 1861 — Rio Parana. Rostratula semicollaris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 690, 1896 — Argentina (Buenos Aires, Lomas de Zamora, Cordova, Mendoza), Uruguay (Montevideo), Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Arauco), and "Peru"; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Rio Salf and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902 — Sao Paulo and "Rio de Janeiro (Sarapuhy)"; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 56, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 342, 1910 — Ensenada, Buenos Aires (descr.); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 15 p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 14, 1920— Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923— La Rioja. Nycticryphes semicollaris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 298, 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 — Zalaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., p. 353, 1926 — Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 163, 1926— Buenos Aires (Lavalle) and Uruguay (below San Vicente); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 391, 1932— Coquimbo to Arauco, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 230, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 267, 1934— Hersilia, Santa Fe; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 366, 1934— Argentina (descr. plum- ages, habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 125, 1938— La Plata and Rio Negro. Range. — Central provinces of Chile (from Coquimbo to Arauco), and from the Paraguayan Chaco and Uruguay south to the Rio Negro Territory, Argentina.1 Also recorded from Sao Paulo, Brazil (A. de Saint Hilaire, Lund). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Paraguay (Laguna General Diaz, Chaco, 2); Chile (Paine, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios, 1; Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires, 1). Family HAEMATOPODIDAE. Oyster-Catchers Genus HAEMATOPUS Linnaeus Haematopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 152, 1758 — type, by mono- typy, Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. Ostralega Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 38, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Ostralega"= Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus. Ostralaga Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 1, p. Ixxxii, 1791 (emendation). Ostralegus Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 58, 1842 (emendation). Prohaematopus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (1), p. 12, Apr. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb= Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart. *Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Audubon. BLACK OYSTER- CATCHER. Scolopax nigra (not Scolopax niger Menschen, 1787) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789— based on "Black Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. irThe records of the Painted Snipe from "Peru," where Tschudi claims to have shot examples in "the forests," and "Straits of Magellan" (King) are obvi- ously erroneous. 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 469, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 153, "islands between northern Asia and America" = Aleutian Islands. Haematopus bachmani Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 1, 1838 (present location of type unknown);1 idem, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 245, 1839 — "mouth of the Columbia River"=near Puget Sound, Washington (cf. Burns, Auk, 51, p. 403, 1934); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 151, 1886 — Alaska (Aleutian Islands west to Kiska and islands south of Aliaskan Peninsula); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 40, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 81, 1923 — St. George Island, Pribilof Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925 (crit.); Bailey, Auk, 44, p. 197, 1927 — southern Alaska (nesting); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 100, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 320, 1929 (range; life hist.); Webster, Wilson Bull, 53, p. 141, 1941 — Sitka (nesting habits); idem, Condor, 43, p. 175, 1941— Alaska (status; life hist.); idem, I.e., 44, p. 205, 1942 (growth; pis.); idem, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus and comparison with that otpalliatus); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 122, 1944 — Aleutian Islands (nesting). Haematopus ostralegus bachmani Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the Aleutian Islands and on the west coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula south to the Pacific coast of central Lower California; winters from southern Alaska to Lower California. Field Museum Collection. — 22: Alaska (Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Wolf Rocks, 1; Ball Island, 1; Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 2; Walrus Island, 1; unspecified, 1); British Columbia (Bear Island, 1; Van- couver Island, 1); Washington (Bird Rock, San Juan County, 1; Clallam Bay, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Carmel Bay, 4; Santa Cruz Island, 3; unspecified, 1); Mexico, Lower California (Santa Rosa Island, 1; San Geronimo Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 9: British Columbia (Sidney Island, 1; Queen Charlotte Islands, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Netarts, 2); California (San Luis Obispo County, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster.2 FRAZAR'S OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus frazari Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 84, Jan., 1888 — Carmen Island, Gulf of California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of 1 Probably lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17 (note). * Haematopus ostralegus frazari Brewster, though very similar to H. o. gala- pagensis, is clearly the southern representative of H. o. bachmani, with which it hybridizes or intergrades in the central parts of Lower California (cf. Bancroft, Condor, 29, pp. 51-54, 1927). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 17 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 175, 1930); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 275, 1889 — Magdalena Bay and Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890— Conception Bay, Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 117, 730, 1896— part, spec, a, i, Tres Marias Islands and Colima (Rio Zacatula) ; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 — Lower California; Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, 20, p. 33, 1902 — Los Coronados Islands; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 348, 1903 — part, Lower California and Tres Marias Islands; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 384, 1906 — near San Bias, White Rock, and Isabel Island, Tepic; Thayer and Bangs, Condor, 9, pp. 78, 80, 1907 — Cerros and Natividad Islands, Lower California (crit.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 294, 1926— Tres Marias (Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena) and Isabel Island; Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 51, 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding; crit.; disc, relationship with bachmani; black phase). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 284, 1872 — Tres Marias Islands; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 — Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Isabel Island, Tres Marias Islands, and Colima (Rio Zacatula); Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 527, 1883 — Los Coronados Islands; idem, I.e., 6, p. 351, 1883 — La Paz, Lower California; Evermann, Auk, 3, p. 92, 1886 — Ventura County, California; Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 34, 1899 — Tres Marias Islands, Isabel Island, and coast near San Bias, Tepic (crit.; meas.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 — part, Tres Marias Islands, Isabel Island, Sinaloa (Mazatlan), and Colima (Rio Zacatula). Haematopus palliatus frazari Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37, 1919 — Lower California to Guerrero (monog.; full bibliog.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 9, 1925 (crit.; range); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927— San Bias to Matanchen, Nayarit; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1928— Lower California (range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 316, 1929 (life hist.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133, 1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; (?)Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933— Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica (crit.); Webster, Wilson Bull, 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship shown by it); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 77, 1945 — Sonora (distr.). Haematopus ostralegus frazari Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 39, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range). Range. — Coast and islands of Lower California (Natividad and San Luis Islands being the most northerly recorded breeding stations on the west and east sides, respectively) and the west coast of Mexico, including the Tres Marias Islands and Isabel Island, south to Colima and Guerrero; casual on migration to northern Lower Cali- fornia and southern California (San Diego, Santa Barbara Islands, San Clemente Island, and Ventura County); (?)accidental in Costa Rica (Puerto Jimenez, Sept. 29, 1926). 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 12: Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 6; San Martin Island, 2; San Bonito Island, 1; Natividad Island, 1; Espiritu Santo, 1; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 3 : Mexico, Lower California (Los Coronados Islands, 1; Ildefonso Island, 1; La Paz, 1). "Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard.1 BAHAMA OYSTER- CATCHER. Haemotopus (sic) prattii Maynard, App. to Cat. W. Ind. Birds, p. 34, 1899 — Flemmings Key, Bahama Islands (cotypes in collection of C. L. Maynard, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 175, 1930); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 284, 1900— Flemmings Key (crit.). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 121, 1859— Bahama Islands; Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 115 — St. Thomas; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 1869, p. 588— St. Bartholomew (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875— Cuba; idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878 — near San Juan, Cuba; Cory, Bds. Bahama Is., p. 158, 1880 — Andros and Inagua; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887 — part, Cuba and Bahama Islands; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 230, 1887 — Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Bartholomew, and Bahama Islands (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 230, 1889 (descr.); Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 76, 1891— Andros; Cory, I.e., pp. 297, 334, 351, 1891— Caicos Island, Abaco, and Inagua; Ridgway, I.e., p. 334, 1891— Abaco; Cory, I.e., 9, p. 48, 1892— Maraguana; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 — Grassy Creek, Andros (crit.); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 354, 1905— Long Island. Haematopus palliatus prattii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 37, 1919 — Bahama Islands (monog.); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 7, 1925— Bahama Islands (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 144, 1931 — Jevero, Dominican Republic (Nov. 28; crit.). Haematopus palliatus pratii (sic) Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 — Bahama Islands. Haematopus ostralegus prattii Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 — Bahama Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 94, p. 94, 1942— Abaco to Grenadines. Haematopus palliatus palliatus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 349, 1927— Puerto Rico, Desecheo, Culebra, Culabrita, and St. Thomas. 1 Haematopus ostralegus prattii Maynard may be separated from H. o. palliatus by its thicker, less tapering bill. Wing, 250-270; depth of bill, 13^-15; width of bill, 7.5-8.3 mm. Two birds from St. Thomas and St. Croix agree in shape of bill with the Bahama series, but have shorter wings (242-245). As Wetmore has lately recorded this form also from Hispaniola (Jevero), it appears pretty certain that the records of Oyster-Catchers from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and St. Bartholomew belong here likewise. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 19 Range. — Bahama Islands (Flemmings Cay; Exuma Cay; Long, Abaco, Andros, Inagua, Caicos, and Maraguana Islands); Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico), Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. Croix), and Lesser Antilles (St. Bartholomew; "Abaco to Grena- dines"). Field Museum Collection. — 10: Bahama Islands (Long Island, 1; Andros, 6; Great Inagua, 1; Caicos Island, 1; Maraguana, 1). Conover Collection. — 2: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 1; St. Croix, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus palliatus Temminck. AMERICAN OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus palliatus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 532, 1820 — Brazil1 (restricted to Rio de Janeiro by Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908, type probably in Leyden Museum);2 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 746, 1833 — seacoast of eastern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 366, 1856— coast of Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 228 — mouth of the Rio Nagualate, Pacific coast of Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 190 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, (Cursores), p. 74, 1865 — part, spec. 3-7, Cajutuba (Para) and "Brazil"; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 398, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 141, 1868— Costa Rica; idem, I.e., p. 210, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 298, 1870— Sapitiba (Rio de Janeiro)3 and Cajutuba (Para), Brazil; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — Tehuantepec (San Mateo, San Francisco; Feb., April), Oaxaca, Mexico; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 232, 1881 — Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Santa Maria del Mar) and Chiapas (Tonala); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cpzumel Island, Mexico; Hartert, I.e., 1893, pp. 308, 325— Aruba and Curacao; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 114, 730, 1896— Virginia (Cobb's Island), Texas (Corpus Christi), Mexico (Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Chiapam), Veragua, Florida (Indian River), Costa Rica and Brazil (Santa Catharina); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 426, 1899— Iguap6, Sao Paulo; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902 — Aruba and Curacao; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 347, 1903 — part, North America, Mexico (Tehuantepec, Santa Maria del Mar, San Mateo, and San Francisco, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; 1 Temminck, in a preceding paragraph of the same page, speaks of this Oyster- Catcher as being "une race distincte . . . du Br6sil et de toute I'Ame'rique meridi- onale." It is thus clear that Brazil must be regarded as type locality, which Berlepsch was perfectly justified in restricting to Rio de Janeiro, while Brabourne and Chubb's later action (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912), in arbitrarily selecting "Venezuela," may well be ignored. 2 Although not listed as such, spec. No. 5, from "Br^sil" in the Leyden Mu- seum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 75, 1865) is most probably Temminck' s type. 3 Sapitiba, a place on the seacoast near Rio de Janeiro, was erroneously located in Matto Grosso by both Sharpe and Ridgway. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Me'rida, Yucatan; Cozumel Island), Guatemala (Nagualate, Chiapam), Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas), Veraguas, and Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905— San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 — Testigo Grande, off Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 204, 216, 230, 238, 253, 1909 — Aruba (one male), Curacao, Los Roques, Testigos, and Mar- garita Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bahia de Salinas); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 24, 1920— Bayoneta Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (crit.). Haematopus brasiliensis Lichtenstein,1 Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 73 (in text), Sept., 1823 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Haematopus articus (sic) Jardine, ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 35, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1832 — North America2 (type in collection of Sir W. Jardine, present location unrecorded). Haematopus arcticus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 9, pi. 125, Feb., 1833— North America. Haematopus palliatus palliatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 32, 1919 — North America to Yucatan (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (May 2); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 (crit.; range); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 309, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. pullus and relationship as shown by same); Murphy, Auk, 62, p. 116, 1945 — Pearl Islands, Panama (Pacheca; San Miguel). Haematopus ostralegus palliatus Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 231, 1934 (range in part); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1935 — Primeira Cruz, Maranhao, and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287 — Trinidad (ex Leotaud) and Little Tobago (ex Kirk); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Veraguas and Pearl Islands, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 975, 1936 (crit.; range). Haematopus palliatus subsp. Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 — Champerico, Guatemala. Range. — Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North and Central America from Virginia to Yucatan; Pacific coast of America from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, to the Bay of Panama; locally on the coast 1 Haematopus brasiliensis Wied (Reise Bras., 1, pp. 105, 173, 1820; 2, p. 338, 1821) is a nomen nudum. 1 North American specimens, in spite of a tendency to greater development of the white markings on primaries and the white chin-spot, do not seem to be separable from those of South America, though it is interesting to note that Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 420, 1856) tried to distinguish between H. arcticus and H. palliatus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 21 of Colombia (La Goajira), Venezuela (including the Leeward Islands from Aruba to Los Roques), and Brazil south to Santa Catharina.1 Field Museum Collection.— 15: North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 7; Dewees Island, Charleston County, 1; Bull's Bay, Charleston County, 1; Santee Sound, 1); Texas (Padre Island, 1); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 7: South Carolina (Cape Romain, 2; Dewees Island, 2; Caper's Island, 1; Santee Sound, 1; Copahee Sound, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway.2 GALAPAGOS OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus galapagensis Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 331, July, 1886 — Chatham Island, Galapagos (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 325, 1886— Chatham Island (full descr.); idem, I.e., 12, pp. 116, 120, 123, 128, 1889— James, Chatham, and Indefatigable Islands; idem, I.e., 19, p. 621, 1896 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 116, 1896 — Indefatigable Island (char.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 186, 1899 — Albemarle, Hood, Bindloe, James, Indefatigable, Tower, and Chatham Islands; iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902 — Indefatigable Island (young descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 262, 1904— Seymour Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, pp. 47, 114, 1913 — Albemarle, Barrington, Bindloe, Charles, Chatham, Gardner-near-Hood, Hood, Indefatigable, James, Narborough, Seymour, Tower, Delano Rock, and islets near Jervis (habits; meas.). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable Island; Sundevall, I.e., 1871, p. 125— Galapagos Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 8, p. 502, 1876— Indefatigable Island (habits). Haematopus leucopus galapagensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 307, 1887 (crit.). Haematopus palliatus galapagensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 39, 1919 (monog.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923— Galapagos Islands; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 9, 1925 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 57, 1931 (crit.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (descr. of pullus). Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 19, 1927— Galapagos Islands (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 981, 1936 (crit.). 1 A specimen from Santa Catharina in the British .Museum is typical palliatus. No material is available from Rio Grande do Sul. A single example from Aruba Island, Dutch West Indies, in shape of bill, is somewhat intermediate to H. o. prattii. 2 Haematopus ostralegus galapagensis Ridgway: Very close to H. o. frazari, but upper parts darker with less white on the wing coverts, and feet larger. From H. o. palliatus, the Galapagos Oyster-Catcher is immediately separable by lacking all trace of white on the primaries. 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Galapagos Archipelago (excepting Culpepper and Wen- man Islands). Field Museum Collection. — 7: Galapagos Archipelago (Hood Island, 3; Indefatigable Island, 2; Tower Island, 1; James Island, 1). *Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy.1 PERUVIAN OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus palliatus pitanay Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 1, Nov. 17, 1925 — Pisco Bay, lea, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., p. 8, 1925— Chile (Algarroba, Cruz Grande) to Guayaquil, Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926 — Santa Elena and Tembleque Island, Guayas, Ecuador; Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 41, 1943 (relationship as shown by pullus). Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 — sandy shores north of Valparaiso, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 197, 1855— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860 — near the seacoast, Santiago (nesting habits); Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 — Chile (egg); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, (Cursores), p. 74, 1865 — part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Algarroba, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 — central provinces of Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499 — Ancud, Chiloe; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, lea, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 350, 1886— Peruvian localities; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 205 — bays of San Nicolas and San Juan, lea, and San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887— part, Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905— Chile; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261— San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 495, 1919 — Chincha Islands, Chilca Bay, and Isla Vieja, Peru (breeding); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Haematopus frazari (not of Brewster) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 117, 730, 1896— part, spec, b-h, k, 1, Chile (Arauco, Santiago) and Peru 1 Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Murphy: Most similar to H. o. palliatus, but smaller, and white subterminal markings on inner primaries absent or greatly reduced. Resembling H. o. frazari in the last-named character, but smaller, and with the black of the foreneck abruptly defined against the white belly, whereas the Mexican form has a black-and-white mottled zone on the lower end of the blackish gular area. Wing, 230-248, (female) 240-260. Birds from Peru and Chile agree well together. Specimens from Ecuador, according to Murphy, show an approach to H. o. palliatus by having a slight suggestion of white on the inner primaries. Additional material examined. — Peru: San Lorenzo Island, 1; Paracas Bay, 1. — Chile: Arauco, 1; Prov. Santiago, 1; unspecified, 6. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 23 (Paracas Bay); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — Arauco, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 663, 1898— Chile. Haematopus ostralegus pitanay Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 382, 1932— Cucao and Rio Inio, Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, pi. 16, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 289, 1936— Mendoza (Feb., 1918); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 978, 1936 (crit.; range). Haematopus ostragelus (sic) pitanay Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 11, 1937 (egg). Range.— Pacific coast of South America from the Gulf of Guaya- quil, Ecuador, to Chiles' Island, Chile; accidental in Argentina (Mendoza). Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 2; Rio Inio, Chiles' Island, 2). *Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe.1 DURNFORD'S OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus durnfordi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 107, 117, pi. 6, 1896 — Tambo Point, Chubut (type in the British Museum); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 270, 1910 — Tambo Point; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 — Patagonia. Haematopus palliatus (not of Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 128, 1841— Rio de la Plata; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 403— Tambo Point and mouth of Chubut River, Chubut; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 305, 1887— part, Patagonia (Tovar Harbor, Chubut); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889 — Tambo Point; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 289, 1891— Tambo Point and Tovar Harbour; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 207 — Uruguay; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — near Chiquita, coast of Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 — Patagonia and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 466 — Tuyu and Cape San Antonio, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61 — Lagoon de Palenque and Lagoon de Milan, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Colonia, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 144, 1926— Buenos Aires (Rio Aj6, near Lavalle) and Uruguay (near Montevideo; La Paloma, Rocha). 1 Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Sharpe: Differs from H. o. palliatus, which it resembles in the white-marked primaries, in having the breast along the junction of the black and white areas heavily mottled. It is very similar to H. o. gala- pagensis, but has much smaller feet and at least some white on the primaries. Six birds from Buenos Aires (Tuyu and Cape San Antonio) show considerable variation in the extent of white on remiges and in the color of the shafts of the primaries. A little-known race. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Haematopus palliatus durnfordi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294, 1923 — San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 73, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus: Nov., 194, p. 7, 1925— Lavalle and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (crit.); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— San Antonio del Oeste, Rio Negro (June 29); Renard, El Hornero, 4, p. 412, 1931 — Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires. Haematopus ostralegus durnfordi Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 983, 1936 (crit.). Range. — Atlantic coast of South America from Uruguay to Chubut (Tambo Point; Puerto Tovar) and Santa Cruz (Deseado). Conover Collection. — 1: Argentina (Deseado, Santa Cruz, 1). Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen.1 ICELAND OYSTER-CATCHER. Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen, Ibis, (12), 6, p. 58, Jan., 1930 — Thorsa, Iceland (type in Copenhagen Museum) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 232, 1934 (range). Haematopus ostralegus (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1853, p. 71 — Julianehaab and Godthaab, Greenland; idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 — Julianehaab, Godthaab, and Nanortalik, Greenland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 305, 1929 (life hist.). Haematopus ostreologus (sic) Winge, Medd. Grjzfnl., 21, p. 157, 1898 — Greenland. Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 30, 1919 — part, Iceland, Faroe Islands, and Greenland; Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 5, 1925 — part, Greenland. Range. — Resident on Iceland and the Faroe Islands; accidental in Greenland (about six records). *Haematopus leucopodus Garnot.2 MAGELLAN OYSTER- CATCHER. Haematopus leucopodus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826 — "baie des Frangais, ile de la Soledad, Malouines"=East Falkland Island (type in Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 542, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 44, p. 19, 1923 (range); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 11, 1925 (crit.; meas.; plumages); 1 Haematopus ostralegus malacophaga Salomonsen: Similar to H. o. ostralegus Linnaeus, of Scandinavia, etc., but larger, while the bill, in thickness, is inter- mediate between the nominate race and H. o. occidentalis Neumann, of the British Isles. Wing, 252-276. Two females from Greenland (Jacobshaven, Godthaab) were found by Salomonsen to be identical with Icelandic specimens. 'Haematopus leucopodus Garnot is quite distinct specifically, and differs from H. o. pitanay by glossy black (instead of hair brown) back and wings; wholly white upper tail coverts (the median ones not variegated with brown); black (instead of white) under wing coverts; the extension of the black color all over 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 25 Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926 — Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego; Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, p. 73, 1927 (char.; range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932 — Chiloe Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 — Snipe Island, Beagle Channel; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 — Barnevelt, Otter Islands, etc., Cape Horn region; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 985, 19^6 (crit.; range); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus). Haematopus leucopus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), livr. 5, p. 210, Oct. 17, 1827— Falkland Islands (diag.); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 509 — Chiloe Island, Rio Pudeto, and Bay of Reloncavf, Llanquihue, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860— East Falkland Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— Falkland Islands (breeding); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868— southern Chile to Straits of Magellan; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 437 — Penguin Island (Messier Channel), Tom Bay, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15— Cape Sambo (Trinidad Channel), Tom Bay, and Hugh Bay, Straits of Magellan; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 306, 1887— Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, and Chile ("near Valparaiso") (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889— Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 121, 1891 — Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island; Packewaia and Burnt Island, Beagle Channel; Bourchier Bay; Wollaston and Hermit Islands); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 113, 730, 1896— Chile, Straits of Magellan (Tom Harbour, Elizabeth Island, Penguin Island, Hermit Island, Tom Bay, Hugh Bay, Cape Sambo), and Falkland Islands (San Salvador Bay, Berkeley Sound); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896 — Magellania and southern Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 663, 1898 — Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900 — Penguin Rookery (Staten Island) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 373, 1902— Tierra del Fuego (Packewaia, Isla Wol- laston) and Staten Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905— Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 123, 1907 — Useless Bay and San Sebastian Settlement (breeding); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 265, 1910 — Montez Ranch, near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Sept. to Nov.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range); Blaauw, Not. Leyden Mus., 35, p. 70, 1912— island east of Achao, Chiloe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149, 1917— Falkland Islands (nesting habits); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, -p. 322— Falkland Islands. the chest; yellow (instead of crimson) eyelids; decidedly shorter, stouter tarsi; and wider nails with prominent lateral flange. Birds from Chiloe Island are identical with others from Magellania and the Falkland Islands. The locality "Valparaiso" is very questionable. Additional material examined. — Falkland Islands, 10. — Magellania: Tom Bay, 4; Hugh Bay, 1; Penguin Island, 1; Elizabeth Island, 2; Hermit Island, 1. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ostralega leucopus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 301, 1828 — Falkland Islands; idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 721, May, 1830— Falkland Islands. Haem[atopus] luduosus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., nouv. e"d., 1, p. 504, 1829 — Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 74, 1865 — Falkland Islands (crit.). Range. — Southern South America, from Chilo4 Island on the west coast and the Chubut River on the east side of the Andes south to the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1); Falkland Islands (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Rio Inio, Chiloe* Island, 3; Lomas Bay, Tierra del Fuego, 1). *Haematopus ater Vieillot and Oudart.1 QUOY'S BLACK OYSTER- CATCHER. Haemaiopus niger (not Scolopax nigra Gmelin, 1789) Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., livr. 4, p. 129, pi. 34, Sept., 1824 — part, Falkland Islands (specimen in Paris Museum examined); Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 47, 1826— Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843 — along rocky shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 406, 1847— Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509— Corral, Valdivia, Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 76, 1865 — part, Nos. 1-3, Magellania and Chile (Algarroba) (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865 — Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868— central provinces of Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Haemaiopus ater Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 88, pi. 230, 1825— part, "au de"troit de Magellan" (type in Paris Museum examined by C. E. H.);2 Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 245, 1848— Valparaiso, Chile; Cassin, 1 Haemaiopus ater Vieillot and Oudart is readily distinguished from the other entirely black species of the genus by its elevated, excessively compressed bill. As pointed out by Murphy, it has no genetic relationship to H. o. bachmani. * Vieillot's description is not diagnostic, while the range as given includes that of several species. Inspection of the material in the Paris Museum shows that he did not distinguish between the Magellanic and the Australian species ( H. fuli- ginosus). Neither of the two mounted specimens labeled "Huitrier noir. H. ater, Vieill.," is marked as "type," but the one bearing "No. 258. par MM. Quoy et Gaimard. Exp6d. Freycinet. De la baie des Chiens Marins, Nouvelle Hollande" has a note "Gal. 230," which, according to the early custom in the Paris Museum, means that it is the original of pi. 230 in the "Galerie des Oiseaux." This bird is the Magellanic Black Oyster-Catcher with very deep and excessively compressed bill, and agrees perfectly with specimens from Tierra del Fuego. "Shark's Bay, Australia," of course, is incorrect; the bird was doubtless secured on the Falkland Islands, which may be accepted as type locality. The second specimen, collected by Pe>on during the voyage of Le Naturaliste under Captain Baudin in "Nouvelle Hollande" is the Australian species. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 27 in Gilliss, U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — East Falkland (breeding); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Puerto Laguna, Chonos Archipelago, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1875, pp. 372, 377 — Mas Afuera; Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 403— Tambo Point and mouth of Chubut River, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438— Eliza- beth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Port Henry, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429 — San Lorenzo Island, Lima, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 351, 1886 — same locality; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 205 — San Lorenzo Island, Peru; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889— Tambo Point, Chubut; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889— Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 119, 1891— Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado), Hermit and Wollaston Islands, and Tierra del Fuego (Ushuaia; Bahia Orange); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 121, 731, 1896— Falkland Islands (Johnson Harbour, Berkeley Sound, Stanley), Chubut (Tambo Point), Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island, Port Henry), Chile, Mas Afuera, and Peru (Callao, Mollendo, San Lorenzo Island); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 — Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 624, 1900— Staten Island (Penguin Rookery) and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 374, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 9, p. 50, 1905 — coast of Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 125, 1907— Admiralty Sound; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 103, 1909— Arica, Tacna, Chile; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 272, 1910 — Straits of Magellan (descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Murphy, Amer. Mus. Nov., 194, p. 13, 1925— Falkland Islands, Chile, and Peru (Independencia Bay, Chincha Islands, An con) (crit.; meas.; plumages); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 35, pp. 72, 73, 1927 (char.; range); Hell- mayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 381, 1932— Caldera, Atacama, and Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island, Chile (crit.); Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 37 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel, Magellan Straits; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 234, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87— islands in the Cape Horn region; Castellanos, El Hornero, 6, p. 29, 1935 — Puerto Parry, Staten Island; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935 — Isla la Mocha (nesting); Philippi, I.e., 6, p. 234, 1936— Arica, Tacna, Chile; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 988, 1936 (monog.); Webster, Wilson Bull., 55, p. 42, 1943 (descr. pullus). Haematopus townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer., folio ed., 4, pi. 427, fig. 3, 1836 (or later); idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 247, 1839— no locality given (type now in U. S. National Museum); idem, Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 5, p. 245, 1842— "coast of California;"1 Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, According to Cassin (U. S. Ast. Exp., 2, p. 198, 1855), said to be from "Oregon." The type collected by Townsend was undoubtedly one of the birds 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 47, 1918 (nomencl.); Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 44, pp. 16, 19, 1923 (synon.; range). Haematopus unicolor? (not of J. R. Forster, 1844) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859 — Falkland Islands (egg descr.). Haematopus quoyi Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Amer., 1, p. 37, 1912 — new name for Haematopus ater Sharpe; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 150, 1917— Falkland Islands; Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 496, 1919 — Peru (Chincha Islands, Chilcay Bay, Asia Island, Indepen- dencia Bay, Paracas Bay, and [?]Lobos de Tierra); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands. Range. — Coasts of South America, from lat. 7° S. in Peru, on the Pacific side, and from Chubut1 on the east, south to Cape Horn; Falkland Islands; occasional on Mas Afuera. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Chile (Rio Inio, Chilce", 5). Family CHARADRIIDAE. Lapwings and Plovers Subfamily VANELLINAE. Lapwings Genus VANELLUS Brisson Vanellus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48; 5, p. 94, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Vanel- lus" Brisson=Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus. Gavia (not of Forster, 1788) Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 433, 1842 — substitute name for Vanellus Brisson. *Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus). LAPWING. Tringa Vanellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based chiefly on Faun. Svec., No. 148, Sweden. Vanellus Capella Schaeffer, Mus. Orn., p. 49, 1789 — no locality cited. Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 313, 1805 — new name for Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495 — Barbados (Dec. 24, 1886). Vanellus cristatus Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 1, p. 110, with pi., 1805 — new name for Tringa vanellus Linnaeus; Holb011, Naturhist. obtained by him during his voyage around South America. Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 47, 1918) suggests Falkland Islands as type locality of H. townsendi. 1 In the absence of specimens we hesitate to accept Smith's record of a "black oyster-catcher" (Zoologica, N. Y., 9, p. 288, 1927) from the Coronilla Islands, off Uruguay, as pertaining to H. ater. Additional material examined. — Peru: San Lorenzo Island, Callao, Mollendo, 5.— Chile, 9.— Straits of Magellan, 6.— Falkland Islands, 8. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 29 Tidskr., 4, p. 371, 1843 — Fiskenaesset, Greenland (Jan.); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 9 — Greenland (Fiskenaesset, Jan. 7; Julianehaab) ; Schi01er, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 11, p. 174, 1917 — Nanortalik, Sukkertoppen and Godthaab, Greenland. Vanellus vanellus Dutcher, Auk, 3, p. 438, 1886 — Merrick, Long Island (Dec., 1883); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 166, 735, 1896 (monog.); Piers, Auk, 15, p. 195, 1898— Ketch Harbour, Nova Scotia (March 17, 1897); Fleming, I.e., 18, p. 272, 1901— Hog Island, Bahamas (Nov., 1900); Beebe, I.e., 23, p. 221, 1906— Meccox Bay, Waterville, Long Island (fall, 1905); Brewster, I.e.— White Hills, Newfoundland (Nov. 23, 1905); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 65, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brimley, Auk, 44, p. 248, 1927— Siler City, North Carolina (Nov. 11, 1926); Ingersoll, I.e., 45, p. 208, 1928— Newfoundland (Dec., 1927, flocks seen); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 144, 1929 (life hist.); Taverner, Auk, 46, p. 231, 1929— St. Augustine, Quebec (Dec. 15, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 235, 1934 (range); Salomonsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 29, p. 112, 1935 — Angmagssalik, Greenland (descr.); Cottam and Knappen, Auk, 56, p. 153, 1939 (food of in North America); Reimann, I.e., p. 332, 1939— Long Island, New York (fall, 1910); Cooke, Bd. Banding, 16, p. 126, 1945 — Newfoundland (banded in England); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 226, 1946— Cumberland Sound, Arctic Canada (Oct., 1926). Range. — Breeds in Europe and northern Asia; winters in southern Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia; casual in Greenland, Cumberland Sound, Labrador (Cartwright, Jan., 1917; Anatalok Bay, Dec. 22, 1927), Quebec (St. Augustine, Dec. 15, 1927), New- foundland (White Hills, Nov. 23, 1905; Bonavista, Dec., 1927), New Brunswick (North Head, Jan. 6, 1928), Nova Scotia (Ketch Harbour, March 17, 1897), Long Island, New York (Merrick, Dec., 1883; Meccox Bay, Waterville, fall, 1905; fall, 1910), North Carolina (Siler City, Nov. 11, 1926), Bahamas (Hog Island, Nov., 1900), Barbados (Dec. 24, 1886). * Field Museum Collection. — 2: Labrador (Hopedale, 2). Genus BELONOPTERUS Reichenbach Belonopterus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Tringa cajennensis Latham=Parra cayennensis Gmelin. Belanopterus Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, p. 278, 1910 (emendation). *Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis (Gmelin). CAYENNE LAPWING. 1 The range "small islands in Norton Sound, Alaska" as given by both Bent and Ridgway was evidently based on the account of Dall and Bannister (Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 293, 1869) who in turn based their record on the descrip- tion of a bird seen by a Russian some time before. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Parra cayennensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 706, 1789 — based on "Vanneau arme', de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 65, Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 836, and "Vanneau" Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p. 193, 1769, Cayenne. Tringa cajennensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 727, 1790 — same basis. Vanellus cayanensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 35, p. 206, 1819 — part, Cayenne.1 Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 — part, descr. "avis adult, tempestate pluviarum?," Cayenne. Vanellus cayennensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849— savannas; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855— "Bogota"; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857 — Cayenne, French Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 57, 1865 — part, spec. Nos. 1, 2, Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591— Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 252— Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— La Cruz (alt. 4,000 ft.) and Lake Paturia, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 450 — part, Venezuela, Guiana, and Amazonia (descr.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 546 — Retiro, Con- cordia, and Frontino, Colombia; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 441 — Angostura, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886, p. 178 — British Guiana; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 216, 1887 (in part); Grant,' Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (range). Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735, 1896 — part, spec, a-i, v-x, Colombia (Cartagena, Antioquia), British Guiana (Quonga, Annai), and Brazil (Mexiana Island); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 302— Plain of Tolima, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Caicara, and Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 — Mexiana Island (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908— Cayenne; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 — La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914 — part, Mexiana Island, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 — Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222, 1917— Colombia (Atrato River, Caldas, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cali, La Manuelita, El Roble, Salento, Puerto Berrio, and Barrigon); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922 — Rio Cogollo and Catatumbo, Zulia, Venezuela; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Belonopterus cayennensis cayennensis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 186, 1922 — Fundacion, Colombia; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. Belonopterus chilensis cayennensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 (char.; range); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, 1 The bird (whose divergencies from Cayenne specimens are noted) sent from Brazil (i.e. Rio de Janeiro) by Delalande to Paris, and Azara's "Terute>o o Teteu" (No. 386) are referable to B. c. lampronotus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 31 Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 2, 1934 (crit.); Griswold, Auk, 53, p. 457, 1936— La Jagua, Panama (May 17, 1936; range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Brazil (crit.); Brandt, Auk, 55, p. 288, 1938— Port Obaldia, Panama (Aug. 27, 1934); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 126, 1938 (range); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192, 1939— El Sombrero, Guarico, Venezuela. Belonopterus chilensis cayannensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 170, 1926 (char.; range). Range. — Savannas of Panama (La Jagua, near Pacora), Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Brazil north of the lower Amazon (Rio Branco; Rio Maecuru; Obidos; Caviana and Mexiana Islands).1 Field Museum Collection. — 4: Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; Culata, Merida, 1; Rio Chama, Merida, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 1). Conover Collection. — 17: Colombia (Nechi, Antioquia, 3; El Tam- bo, Cauca, 4; Popayan, Cauca, 2); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Zulia, 2); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6). *Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler).2 BRAZILIAN LAPWING. Charadrius lampronotus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Genus Charadrius, sp. 48, 1827 — part, "mas. et fern, ptilosi aestiv.," Paraguay and Brazil (type, from southern Brazil, formerly in Munich Museum,3 examined by the senior author). 1 Adults from Obidos and one from Mexiana Island are in every respect typical cayennensis, agreeing with skins from the Rip Branco, Guiana, and Vene- zuela. One out of four adults from the Caura River has the throat and the pectoral area connected by a narrow black stripe, thus pointing to lampronotus. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1; Retire, 1. — Vene- zuela: Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 3; Caura Valley, 4. — Brazil: Obidos, 1; Mexiana Island, 1. — British Guiana: Quonga, 1; Annai, 3; savannas, 5. 2 Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus (Wagler) differs from the nominate race in shorter tarsus, more grayish sides of head and neck, and especially in having the black gular stripe connected with the black pectoral area by an uninterrupted broad band, while the black tail-band is on average narrower. Birds from Matto Grosso and the northern parts of Brazil frequently approach typical cayennensis in the color of the sides of the head, but this is at best an average difference. A couple of adults from Marajo Island are typical of the present form, while a single bird from Mexiana, like others from Caviana recorded by Brodkorb, is just as unequivocally cayennensis. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Natal, Marajo, 2; Bahia, 3; Campos, Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Jaguaraiba, Parana, 1; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1. — Paraguay: Villa Rica, 1. — Uruguay: Santa Elena, Soriano, 1; Colonia, 1; Montevideo, 1; Paysandu, 1. — Argentina: Los Yngleses, Ajo, 13; Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1; Misiones, 2; Est. La Germania, Santa F£, 2; San Jos6, Formosa, 2; Lapango, Formosa, 1; Colonia Vedia, Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 1; Neuquen City, NeuquSn, 1. 3 The type was in the Munich Museum, when the senior author was in charge of its bird collection, but has since been lost, as we are told by Laubmann (Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, note 1, 1930). 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vanellus cayennensis (not Parra cayennensis Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 754, 1832 — southeastern Brazil (Bahia, etc.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Irisanga), Parana (Registo Velho, Jaguaraiba), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara); Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 6 — Buenos Aires; Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 450 — part, Brazil, Uruguay, and Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., p. 457 — Uruguay (egg descr.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 253, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — near Belgrano, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 196 — Province of Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 161 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 6, p. 253, 1881— Est. de la Tala, Uruguay (eggs descr.); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 627— Rio Lujan and Salto, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 278, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1885 — Tequara, Rio Grande do Sul; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 216, 1887 — part, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, and Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 165, 1889 — Argentina (in part); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889— Est. Itanu, Paraguay; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210— Est. Espartillar (breeding); Kerr, I.e., p. 150 — lower Pilco- mayo, Chaco; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 205 — Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 — Villa Concepcion and Paraguayan Chaco; Lonnberg, I.e., 1903, p. 460— Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 464— Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (breeding); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 55 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits). Philomachus cayanus (not Charadrius cayanus Latham) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841— part, La Plata. Vanellus cayanensis (not of Vieillot) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 363, 1856— Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 502, 1861— Argentina; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 55, 1881 — northern parts of the pampas; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — Province of Buenos Aires. Belonopterus cayennensis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 163, 735, 1896 — part, spec, k-m, y, z, Brazil (Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Matto Grosso), Buenos Aires, and Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Cara-huassi, puna of Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899 — Mundo Nova, Barra do Rio Camaquam, and Pedras Brancas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902— Famailla and Tapia, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904— Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Salta; Ihering, Cat. Faun. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 33 Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907— Sao Paulo (Rio Grande, Barretos); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 — part, Salta; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 — Joazeiro, Bahia; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910— Cordoba, Buenos Aires, and Entre Rios; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 84, 1914 — part, Marajo (Pindobal, Magoary, Soure); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 223, 1910— Bahia and Piauhy; Castellanos, El Hornero, 4, p. 375, 1931— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. Vanellus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 — Quinta, Jujuy. Vanellus grisescens (not of Prazak) Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (crit.; range in part). Belonopterus cayennensis grisescens Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 89, 1918 — Isla San Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay (numerous localities); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 262, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Renard, I.e., 3, p. 286, 1924— San Cristobal, Santa Fe". Belonopterus chilensis lampronotus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 (char.; range); Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 162, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 169, 170, 1926— Argentina and Uruguay (char.; range); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 — Bovril Islands, Santa Fe, and Rio Gastone, Tucuman; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 194, 1933 — Fortin Chaco, Bahia Blanca, and Arroyo Parejas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 4, 1934 (char.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 42, 1936— Rio das Almas, Goyaz; idem, I.e., 22, p. 127, 1938— Para (Marajo), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Rio Gongogy), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), Goyaz (Rio das Almas), Rio de Janeiro (Sao Joao da Barra), Sao Paulo (Barretos), and Matto Grosso (Aquidauana, Sant'Anna do Paranahyba); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 70, 1945 — Bolivia (Reyes and Bresta, El Beni) (disc. Parra chilensis Molina). Belonopterus cayennensis lampronotus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 491, 1929— Miritiba, Maranhao (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, pp. 59, 61, 1930— Formosa (San Jose, Lapango) and Santa Fe (Est. Germania) (range; char.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 713, 1932— Sant'Anna do Paranahyba and Aqui- dauana, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 268, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 78, 1935— Rio Gongogy, Bahia. Belonopterus cayennensis intermedius Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 203, Dec. 31, 1926— "Brazil" (type in Warsaw Museum). 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Belonopterus chiknsis (not Parra chilensis Molina) Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 119, 1926— Fazenda Durski and Invernadinha, Parana. Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy (breeding). Range. — Tableland of Brazil north to the Island of Marajo and the south bank of the lower Amazon (Santare'm; Rio Tocantins); Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Bolivia; Argentina in the northwest, south at least to Tucuman and in the pampa region to northern Rio Negro (Valcheta). Field Museum Collection.— 16: Brazil (Cidade do Barra, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, 1; Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 6); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Uruguay (San Vicente da Castillos, Rocha, 2; Garzon, Rocha, 1; Treinte-y- Tres, 1); Argentina (Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 2). Conover Collection. — 19: Brazil (District Monte Alegre, Para, 2; Miritiba, Maranhao, 2; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 5); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 1; 265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 2; Villa Rica, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 2;1 Santa Ana, Misiones, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 2). *Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting).2 CHILEAN LAPWING. Vanellus occidentalis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 451 — Chile, Patagonia, and (?) Falkland Islands (type, from Chile, in British Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 437 — Elizabeth Island, Magellan Straits; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 14 — Peckett Harbour, Magellan Straits, and Talcaguano, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886— "cote PSruvienne"; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 117, 1891 — Isla de los Leones, Patagonia, and Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan. 1 These two specimens agree in color with birds from southern Brazil but have the more extensively feathered tibia of occidentalis. 2 Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (Harting): Resembles B. c. lampronotus by the presence of a distinct jugular band, which is frequently even broader and more compact; but has a shorter crest, clear gray top and sides of head, abdominally more extended black pectoral area, more extensively feathered tibia, and wider black-and-white terminal tail-bands; wings and tail longer; tarsus shorter. Birds from southwestern Argentina (Mendoza, Chubut) are perfectly identical with a Chilean series. An adult male from La Picaza, western Neuquen (Oct. 28, 1907), is typical of the present form, while one from farther east (Neuquen City) unquestionably pertains to lampronotus. Brodkorb sought to separate the birds from southern Patagonia on account of smaller size and shorter tarsus, but while admitting a tendency in that respect among the inhabitants of the southern extremity of South America we believe the difference too inconstant for the recognition of B. c. fretensis. It is rather suggestive that the author, without any comment, refers a specimen from Tierra 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 35 Parra cayennensis (not of Gmelin) Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (1), p. 242, 1828— Penco, Chile. Charadrius cayanus (not of Latham) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.- Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 106, 1834— Chile. Philomachus cayanus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — part, Chile. Vanellus cayennensis Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841 — Col- chagua, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 400, 1847— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 — Quillota and Santiago, Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853— Valdivia, Chile; Boeck, I.e., 1855, p. 509— Valdivia, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855 — interior of Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 — Santiago (nesting habits); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abhandl., p. 639, 1860 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 115, 1865— Chile; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, p. 57, 1865— part, spec. nos. 2-9, Chile (Santiago) and Falkland Islands (Abbott collection) ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Durnford, I.e., 1877, p. 42 — Chubut, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Chubut; C. Burmeister, Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 — Fortin Villegas, Chubut; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 3, pp. cxv, cxvi, 1893 — Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, and Ninhue (Itata), Maule, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxviii, clxxii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso (Quillota), Valparaiso; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixii, 1895 — Maule, Chile; Johow, Est. Flora Isl. Juan Fernandez, p. 238, 1896— Mas A Tierra Island. Philomachus chilensis (not Parra chilensis Molina)1 Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— Chile. Vanellus chiliensis Yarrell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 54, 1847 — Chile (egg descr.). Hoplopterus cayanus (errore) Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — near Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46— Falkland Islands (ex Abbott). Vanellus cayanus Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 490 — Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan. Vanellus chilensis Reed, -Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898— Ovalle, del Fuego (Porvenir) to B. c. occidentalis, and regards certain small Chilean birds as migrants from the south. Measurements (wing and tarsus). — Ten from Central Chile (Valparaiso, Santiago), 240-258, 65-76; one (adult male), from Concepcion, 250, 66; six from Temuco, Cautin, 240-250, 60-70. Three adults from Valley del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 242-247, 63-65; one adult from Santa Cruz (Monte Leon), 240, 60. Four from the Straits of Magellan, 238, 240, 242, 252, 60-64. Forty specimens from the range of B. c. occidentalis examined. 1 Parra chilensis Molina (Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 258, 344, 1782) is a hopeless mixture of B. c. occidentalis and Jacana s. jacana and should be rejected (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932). 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coquimbo; Grant, Ibis, 1912, p. 274 (range); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Vanellus cayennensis chilensis Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charad., p. 218, 1887 (crit.; range). Belonoptenis chilensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889— Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 165, 735, 1896 — Chile (Valparaiso, San Pedro, San Antonio, Talcaguano, Santiago) and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 — San Pedro (Conception) and San Antonio (Valparaiso), Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 116, 1907 — San Sebastian Settlement and Useless Bay (breeding); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, and Carpinteria, San Juan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910— part, Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia; Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (breeding habits); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1936— Tierra del Fuego. Vanellus grisescens Prazak, Orn. Monatsber., 4, p. 23, 1896 — northern Chile.1 Belcmopterus chilensis Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 279, 1910 — "Guer" Aike, Santa Cruz, and Lago Blanco, Chubut. Belonopterus cayennensis chilensis Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — San Carlos, Mendoza; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands (ex Abbott); Barrow, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 — La Rioja; Bullock, I.e., p. 92, 1923— Chile (nest); Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 27, p. 146, 1923— Teno, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands (Mar. 28, 1913; Mar. 10, 1924). Belonopterus cayennensis molina Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. Ill, Apr. 27, 1921 — new name for B. chilensis auct. (not Parra chilensis Molina). Belonopterus chilensis chilensis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, pp. 295, 296, 1923 — western Rio Negro (char.; range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 168, 169, 1926— Neuquen (Zapala), Mendoza (Tunuyan), and Chile (Con con, Valparaiso) (char.; range); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Lago Moschitos, Cholila, Chubut; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 236, 1934 (range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 6, 1934 (char.; range). Belonopterus cayennensis Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; idem, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Belonopterus cayamensis (sic) Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile. Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 60, 1930 (char.; range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 367, 1932— Chile (Atacama to Straits of 1 The type cannot be traced and probably never existed. It is quite possible that the description was purely imaginary, as the author proved to be of unsound mind. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 37 Magellan); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, 1935— Isla la Mocha (resident). Belonopterus chilensis fretensis Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 293, p. 12, June 29, 1934— Cheaike, Rio Chico, Magallanes, Chile (type in collection of Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan). Belanoplerus cavennensis (sic) occidentalis Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 10, 1937 (egg). Range. — Chile (from Atacama southward) and the Andean region of Argentina from Mendoza south to Tierra del Fuego, and in the plains of Patagonia north to the Chubut River;1 accidental on the Falkland Islands and on Mas A Tierra. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Chile (Concepcion, Concepcion, 1; Curacautin, Cautin, 1; Pucon, Cautin, 1); Argentina (Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. — 11: Chile (Concepcion, 1; Petal, Cautin, 1; Angol, Province Bio Bio, 3; Cucao, Chilo£ Island, 1; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, 1; Porvenir, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 1). Genus HOPLOXYPTERUS Bonaparte Hoploxypterus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Charadrius cayanus Latham. *Hoploxypterus cayanus (Latham). CAYENNE PLOVER. Charadrius cayanus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 749, 1790 — based on "Le Pluvier arme de Cayenne" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 8, p. 102, and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 833, Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Unters. Th. Bras., 3, p. 358, 1856 — Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Charadrius stolatus Wagler, Syn. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, spec. 12, 1827 — substitute name for Charadrius cayanus Latham. Charadrius spinosus (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (1), p. 764, 1832— eastern Brazil (Rio Belmonte, etc.). Hoplopterus cayanus Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 24, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 391); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750,- 1849— sand banks of the Takutu River; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 199— lower Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, pp. 591, 979— south bank of Amazon, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, 1 For many years, the sole basis for including "Peru" in the range of this form was a specimen in the Raimondi Collection said to be from the "cote Peruvienne." More recently, however, Menegaux (Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 320, 1910) has recorded B. chilensis from Lopuna, Rio Tocache, Dept. Loreto, Peru, rather a singular occurrence for a species of the Temperate Zone. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 296, 1870 — Sao Paulo (road to Taubat£, Itarar6, Rio Parana), Goyaz (Goyaz), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 35 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — lower Ucayali, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 — Roraima, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 335, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893 — Cachoeira and Corumba, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 29, 1907— Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem, I.e., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz. Hoploxypterus cayanus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 418, 1856; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 135, 732, 1896— British Guiana (Roraima, Ourumee), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas, lower Ucayali), and Brazil ("Omega," south side of Amazon; Corumba, Matto Grosso; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Rio de Janeiro); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 428, 1899— Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Rio Daule (Balzar), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902— Venezuela (Ciudad Bolivar, Mato River, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco region) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 349, 1903 — "Aloor, Rio Ulua, Honduras" and South America; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 102, 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 46, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Iguape, Franca, Itapura) and Amazonia (Rio Jurua); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 304, 1908 — Cayenne; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 23, 538, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, and Aruma- theua, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 93, 223, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro, Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco; Barra, Rio Grande), Piauhy (Parnagua), and Maranhao (Miritiba), Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 424, 1910— Calama, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 97, 122, 1912 — Capim River and Mexiana, Brazil; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 — Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 83, 1914— Rio Guama (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel, Ourem), Rio Capim, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar), and Rio Maecuru, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst. Arts Sci., 2, p. 370, 1916— Orinoco region; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 70, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 118, 1926 — Corredeira de Ferro (Rio Ivahy), Parana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1926— Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 491, 1929— Piauhy (Deserto, Ibiapaba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia, lower Tocantins), Brazil; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 — Rio Sao Lourenco, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Alto Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 241, 1934 (range); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 37, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 39 Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 6, 1937 — Marajo, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 127, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua), Maranhao (Miritiba), Goyaz (Pte. Ipe" Arcado), and Sao Paulo (Iguape", Franca, Itapura, Rio Parana, Presidente Epitacio) ; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 192, 1939 — Independencia and El Sombrero, Venezuela; Nice"foro, Caldasia, 3, p. 373, 1945 — Colombia (Llanos del Meta; La Morelia, Caqueta); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945— Brazil (Santo Antonio, Rio Juru& and various Amazonian localities); idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 71, 1945— Bolivia (Victoria, El Desierto and La Laguna, El Beni). Vanellus cayanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 29, Cursores, p. 62, 1865 — Brazil (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 229, pi. [10], 1887 (crit.). Hoplopterus spinosus Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 500 — Rio Capim, Para. Range.— Eastern Colombia, southern Venezuela (Orinoco basin) and the Guianas south through Amazonia to eastern Bolivia, northern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina (Misiones), and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Sao Paulo) ; also in western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Rio Daule).1 Field Museum Collection. — 12: Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 2; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Deserto, Piauhy, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 5). Conover Collection. — 11: Ecuador (Rio Bobonaza, !);• Brazil (Rio Maycuru, Monte Alegre, Para, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 4; Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Cerro del Amboro, 1). Genus PTILOSCELYS Bonaparte Ptiloscelys Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 419, 1856 — type, by monotypy, Charadrius resplendens Tschudi. Ptiloscelis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 137, 1896 (emendation). *Ptiloscelys resplendens (Tschudi). ANDEAN LAPWING. Charadrius resplendens Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843 — Andes of Peru (type in Neuch&tel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 295, 1846 — puna zone of Peru and highlands of Ecuador (Riobamba, Quito, Ibarra). Vanellus ptiloscelis Gray and Mitchell, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [541], pi. 145, 1847. 1 The record of Hoplopterus cayanus from East Falkland Island (Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Spc. Lpnd., 1861, p. 46) is no doubt due to con- fusion with Belonopterus cayennensis occidentalis (cf. Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921). Its reported occurrence on the "Aloor River, Honduras" (cf. Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 63, 1859) is likewise open to doubt. The specimen cannot be found (cf. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brjt. Mus., 24, p. 136 [note *], 1896). 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vanellus resplendens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — above Punin (near Riobamba), Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 82, 1860 — vicinity of Quito, Ecuador; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 156 — Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Junln and Maraynioc, Junln, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 356, 1876— Moho, Lake Titicaca; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 — Sitani and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 336, 1886— Peruvian localities; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 228, 1887 (crit.; range); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Cana, Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 108, 1889— La Paz, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 136— Tarapaca, Chile; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 21, 1895— near Cajamarca, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303— Sayac£ and Sitani, Tarapaca. Ptiloscelis respkndens Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 137, 733, 1896— Ecuador ("Sarayacu"), Peru (Maraynioc, Tinta, Paucartambo), and Chile (Sitani, Sacaya); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Cara-huassi, Salta; idem and Festa, I.e., 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Malchingui, Chaupi, Vallevicioso, and Aloag, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 — Ingapirca and Maraynioc, Junln, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 — La Cienaga, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 — Moreno, Puna de Jujuy; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman; Men£gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Oruro (Huancani; vicinity of Pazna; "Tamarape" [=Pomarape]) and Potosi, Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Lagunas Grandes and Las Cienagas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 (range in Argentina); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 — Huamachuco, Peru; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 — Narihuna, Ecuador; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 23, 1922 — Chaupicruz and Chillogalla (Antisana), Ecuador; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Rio Humahuaca and Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy (breeding). Ptiloscelys resplendens Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 262 — Paramo near Cajamarca, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 — Lucma, Uru- bamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1921 — Antisana, Pichincha, Mount Chimborazo, and Bestion, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 254, 1930— Huanuco Viejo, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 369, 1932— Antofagasta and Tarapaca, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 242, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 — Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru. Range. — Puna and Temperate zones of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia to northern Chile (south to Antofagasta) and northwestern Argentina. Field Museum Collection. — 27: Ecuador (unspecified, 1; Paramo del Chimborazo, 2) ; Peru (Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 1 ; Leimebamba, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 41 Amazonas, 2; Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Junin, Junin, 2; Cailloma, Arequipa, 2); Bolivia (Huaqui, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4; Colomi, Cochabamba, 8); Argentina (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 23: Ecuador (Turubamba, 2; Romerillos, Pichincha, 1; Cerro Cotopaxi, 1; Sambiza, Pichincha, 1; Cerro Mojanda, Pichincha, 2); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 2; Puno, Puno, 2; Chucuito, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 2; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 4; Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 1). Subfamily CHARADRIINAE. Plovers Genus SQUAT AROLA Cuvier Squatarola Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 467, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type by tautonymy, Tringa squatarola Linnaeus. *Squatarola squatarola (Linnaeus). BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER. Tringa squatarola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 — based on Faun. Svec., No. 155, Sweden. Tringa helvetica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 250, 1766 — based on "Le Vanneau de Suisse" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 106, pi. 10, fig. 1, Switzerland (type in Reaumur Collection). Tringa varia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766 — based on "Le Vanneau varie1" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 103, pi. 9, fig. 2, France (type in Reaumur Collection). Charadrius hypomelus Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 699, 1776 — "colit paludes borealis orae" (new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus). Charadrius naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 692, 1789 — based on Beseke, Schrift. Berliner Naturf. Gesells., 7, p. 464, Courland. Vanellus melanogaster Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl., 4, p. 356, 1809 — new name for Tringa helvetica Linnaeus; Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843— Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept.; Amaralik, Aug.). Charadrius hypomelanus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 138, 1811 — emenda- tion of C. hypomelus Pallas. Charadrius pardela Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 142, 1811 — new name for Tringa varia Linnaeus. Squatarola cinerea Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. Ill, 1828 — new name for Tringa squatarola Linnaeus and Tringa helvetica Linnaeus. Squatarola helvetica australis Reichenbach, Nov. Syn. Av., No. 5, p. 3, 1851 — based on Squatarola helvetica Gould, Bds. Australia, 6, pi. 12, Australia. Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 284, 1855 — migrates from north- eastern to southwestern Europe and Egypt (type, from Menzaleh Lake, 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Egypt, in Tring Collection now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 53, 1918). Squatarola helvetica a. wilsoni Bonaparte,1 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 46, p. 416, 1856 — based on Vanellus helveticus Wilson, Amer. Orn., Ord. ed., 7, p. 42, America.2 Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 46, p. 416, 1856 — "Abyssinia" (type in Frankfurt Museum); Hartert, Kat. Vogels. Mus. Senckenb. Ges., p. 217, 1891— "Australia(?)" (crit.).3 Squatarola helvetica Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 — Cajutuba, Para, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330— Chimbote, Ancachs, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 338, 1886— Chimbote; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 182, 737, 1896 (monog.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 350, 1903 — North America, Mexico (Mazatlan; Valley of Mexico; San Mateo, Tehuan- tepec; Merida, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), and South America; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 361, 1905— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (Jan. 6); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907 — same locality. Charadrius megalorhynchus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 25, p. 11, 1877 — new name for Squatarola rhynchomega Bonaparte and Squatarola megarhynchos Brehm. Charadrius squatarola Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307 — Aruba (June 24); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 148, 1898 — Greenland (various records); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902— Aruba; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 (1926)— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19); idem, I.e., p. 224, 1923 (1926)— same locality. Squatarola squatarola Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 187, 1899 — Albemarle and Charles Islands, Galapagos; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 248, 1905 — Barbados (Sept. 22), Carriacou, and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (Nov. 2); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 197, 1909— Aruba; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — mouth of Matina River (Nov. 14) and Lepanto (Mar. 16), Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 72, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263— Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Rowan, Condor, 25, p. 21, 1923— Alberta (migration); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 192, 1926 — coast of Manavi (Feb. 16), Chone (Dec. 14), Jambeli (Nov. 27; July 15, 20), and Santa Elena (Feb. 21), Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 312, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (common breeder; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 154, 1929 (life hist.); Snyder, Auk, 47, p. 79, 1930 (sexual difference in breeding plumage); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, 1 Squatarola wilsoni Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 95, 1854) is a nomen nudum. 1 Cf. Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 103, 1825. 3 The locality of the type appears to be in doubt. While Bonaparte, evidently in error, ascribes it to "Abyssinia," Hartert tells us that the label bears the note "Australia(?)." 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 43 p. 58, 1931— Galapagos Islands; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 — Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Condor, 36, p. 27, 1934 (crit.; meas.; nomencl.); idem, Bds. World, 2, p. 243, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938— Bahia (Rio de Suape and Corupe"ba, Feb.) and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Jan.); Steullet and Deautier, Not. Mus. La Plata, 3, No. 7, p. 1, 1938 — General Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Apr. 5); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 46, 1938 — General Lavalle, Buenos Aires; Low, Ibis, 1938, p. 154 (crit.; meas.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938 — Puerto del Triunfo (Dec. 30, 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Dementiev, Ibis, 1939, p. 352 (crit.; meas.); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 519, 1943— Baffin Island (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 227, 1946 — northern Baffin Island (breeding). Squatarola squatarola cynosurae Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 5, p. 23, Apr. 9, 1914 — Baillie Island, Mackenzie, Arctic America (type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377, 1915— Arctic coast of Alaska (breed- ing); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 404, 1917 — Monte Cristi, Hispaniola; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 356, 1927 — Puerto Rico (transient); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 176, 1930 (crit.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931— Hispaniola; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369, 1932— Caldera, Atacama, Chile (Dec. 2); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 79, 1935— Corupeba (Feb. 5, 6) and Ilha Madre de Deus (Feb. 2), Bahia, Brazil; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 52, 1938 — mouth of Rio Maipo, Santiago, Chile. Squatarola squatarola squatarola Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96, 1928 — Lower California (transient); Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 9, 1935 — Carlshavn, northeastern Greenland (other Greenland records listed). Range. — Breeds in North America from the Bering Sea coast (Hooper Bay) of Alaska north and east along the Arctic coast and islands to Baffin and Southampton Islands, also on the Arctic tundra of Europe and Asia; migrates south to winter quarters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Australia, southern United States, West Indies, and South America to the Galapagos Islands, Peru, Chile (Caldera, Atacama; mouth of the Rio Maipo, Santiago), and Brazil (Para; Piauhy; Bahia; Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo); accidental in Greenland (various records) and Argentina (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires; April 5).1 Field Museum Collection. — 151: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Smith Bay, 2; Chipp River, 1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1); Arctic Canada 1 From the investigations of Peters (Condor, 36, pp. 27-29), Low (Ibis, 1938, pp. 154-158), and Dementiev (Ibis, 1939, p. 352), it results that subdivision of the Black-bellied Plover is impracticable, the measurements being too variable individually, while the alleged color differences prove to be non-existent. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Franklin Bay, 1); Manitoba (Sandy Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 22); Prince Edward Island (unspecified, 1); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 1); Massachusetts (unspecified, 1; North Truro, 2; Monomoy Island, 31); Connecticut, New Haven County (North Haven, 1 ; New Haven, 1 ; West Haven, 2) ; New York (North Hamlin, Monroe County, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia (Cape Charles, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 8; Pea Island, 7); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Towner County, 2); Nebraska (Keith County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Port Lavaca, 1); California (San Francisco, 1; Monterey County, 1; Del Monte Forest, 1; Monterey, 1; Ventura County, 1; Redwood City, 1; Trinidad, 1; Eureka, 3; San Clemente Island, 3; Sunset Beach, 2; Pacific Beach, 3; San Diego County, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Hyperion, 2; Los Angeles County, 1; Goleta, 1; La Patera Point, 1; Santa Barbara, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 2; Pilot Town, 1; Key West, 2); Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 1; Point Jiminez, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 4); Chile (Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. — 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 2) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3); Ontario (Rossport, Thunder Bay, 1); Nebraska (Lincoln, 1); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1); Indiana (Miller, 2); California (Point Magie, Ventura County, 5; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). Genus PLUVIALIS Brisson Pluvialis Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46; 5, p. 42, 1760— type, by tautonymy, "Pluvialis aurea" Brisson=Charadrius pluvialis Linnaeus =Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus. Pluvialis apricaria1 altifrons (Brehm).2 NORTHERN GOLDEN PLOVER. 1 We fully concur with Witherby and Jourdain (Ibis, 1933, pp. 349-351) that Charadrius apricarius Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758) refers to the southern form of the Golden Plover subsequently named C. a. oreophilos by Meinertzhagen (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 42, p. 6, 1921). Linnaeus' account of No. 156 in the Fauna Svecica, the principal source of C. apricarius, was clearly based on the Oeland bird described at length s.n. "Alwargrim" in Olanska Resa, p. 72, 1741, and not on Rudbeck's picture, as claimed by Lonnberg (Ibis, 1931, p. 306). 2 Pluvialis apricaria altifrons (Brehm) differs from the nominate race by having the under parts solidly black, not marbled with white. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 45 Charadrius altifrons Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 542, 1831 — Faroes "and other northwestern islands, visiting Riigen in late summer" (type, from Faroe, July, 1828, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 52, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Charadrius apricarius (not of Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1874, p. 181 — Sakak, Greenland (one specimen in summer plumage); idem, I.e., 1881, p. 184 — Nanortalik and Sakak, Greenland; Chamberlain, Auk, 6, p. 217, 1889 — southern Greenland (ex Hagerup). Charadrius pluvialis typicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp. 148, 150, 1898 — Greenland (various records; meas.). Pluvialis apricarius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 80, 1919 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.). Pluvialis apricaria altifrons Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 171, 1929 — Greenland (life hist.). Pluvialis apricaria apricaria Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range). Pluvialis apricarius apricarius Tcherniakofsky, Oiseau, Paris, 1939, p. 343 — Scoresby Sound, Greenland. Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, northern Scandinavia (south to Jemtland, Sweden, and Trondhjem, Norway), and east through northern Europe and Asia to the Yenessei; winters chiefly in the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; casual in Green- land. *Pluvialis dominica dominica (P. L. S. Miiller). AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius dominicus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 116, 1776 — based on "Le Pluvier dore, de Saint-Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 1, Saint Domingue=Hispaniola; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 123, 1887 — upper Yukon, Point Barrow and Bering Sea coast, Alaska; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 227, 1889— West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia (August); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206— Uruguay (visitor); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 195, 738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897 — Aguairenda and San Francisco, Tarija, Bolivia (Nov.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 429, 1899— Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 383, 1900 (plumages); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235 — Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902— Famailla, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446— Moreno, Jujuy (Dec. 1); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 352, 1903 — Mexico (Jalapa, Huertas de San Javier, Puebla, Nativitas, Tlaxcala), Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica (San Jos6), etc.; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept. 2); Clark, Auk, 22, p. 134, 1905 (theory of migratory route); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 248, 1905 — Barbados, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 125, 131, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata (Nov. 13), and Puno (March 27), Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 47, 1907 — Sao Paulo (IguapS, Itapura, Ipiranga); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 (not yet recorded from French Guiana); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — Caribbean beach of Costa Rica (winter visitor); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910 — Tucuman and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 464 — Tuyu (Dec. 2), Los Yngleses (Dec. 17), and Cape San Antonio (Dec. 17), Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 — Marajo (Ilhe dos Machados) and Amapa, Para, Brazil; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 57 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to March). Charadrius virginicus Bechstein, Allg. Ubers. Vogel, 3, (1), p. 173, pi. 84b, 1796 — Virginia and Louisiana; idem, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 455, 1812— same localities; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 761, 1833— eastern Brazil; Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 106, pi. 18, 1834— South America; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 227 — Duenas, Guatemala; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 394, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567— eastern Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Cuzco; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1869 — central provinces of Chile; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 34 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309— Nauta, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 559— Chorillos, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 254, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 332, 1875— Cuba (Sept. to April); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 197 — Buenos Aires (Feb., Mar.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 189, 1878 — Arecibo, Puerto Rico (Nov.); Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 67, 197, 238, 241, 276, 1878— Dominica, St. Vincent, Antigua, Barbuda, and Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, p. 461, 1879 — Guadeloupe; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Colombia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 628 — Punta Lara, Buenos Aires (Feb. 22); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884— Bahia Blanca and Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires (Feb. 8 to Mar. 19); Taczanowski, Orn. P£r., 3, p. 340, 1886— Peruvian localities; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178— British Guiana; Withington, I.e., 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile. Charadrius pectoralis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 27, p. 145, 1818 — based on "Mbatuitui pecho listado" Azara, No. 389, Paraguay and Rio de la Plata. Charadrius marmoratus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 42, 1827 — based on Azara, Nos. 389 and 390, and specimens from Brazil and Guiana in the Munich Museum; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 403, 1847— Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Charadrius virginiacus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 45, 1838 — based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 300, America generally; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Sept.). Charadrius virgininus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 126, 1841 — banks of the Rio de la Plata. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 47 Charadrius virginianus (not of Jardine and Selby) Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 — estuary of rivers; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 357, 1856 — Santa Catharina, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861 — same localities; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 587 — "Trinidad" (crit.); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 86, 1884— Tandil, Buenos Aires. Charadrius virginianicus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846 — coast region and east slope of Cordillera, Peru. Charadrius pluvialis (not of Linnaeus) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 239, 1848— coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanemd; Sept., Oct.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Jan.; Villa Maria, Sept.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), and Amazonia (Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos], Sept.), Brazil. Charadrius pluvialis americanus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Japon., Aves, Part 9, p. 106, 1849 — North America (type, not specified, probably in Ley den Museum). Pluvialis fulvus americanus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 53, 1865 — North America, Labrador, Surinam, Mexico, and Venezuela (crit.). Charadrius fulvus americanus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 100, 1887 (crit.). Charadrius pluvialis var. fulvus virginicus (sic) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, pp. 148, 150, 1898— Greenland (meas.). Charadrius dominicus dominicus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Oct., Nov.); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910— Sao Isabel (Rio Preto), Rio Machados, Brazil (Oct. 6); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 221, 1917— Buena Vista, Narino (Sept. 27), and Cali, Cauca (Dec. 22), Colombia; Rowan, Condor, 25, p. 21, 1923— Alberta (migration); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 20, 1932— Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting). Pluvialis dominicus dominicus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 377, 1915 — Collinson Point and Demarcation Point, Alaska, to Herschel Island (breeding); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 83, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 115, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and adjacent countries); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 166, 1926— Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 6-25), Buenos Aires Province (Oct. to Dec.), Uruguay (Jan., Feb.), Tucuman (Apr. 5), and Mendoza (Tunuyan, Mar. 23) ; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 355, 1927— Puerto Rico and St. Croix (fall); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927— Bovril Island, Santa F6 (Jan. 19); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 59, 1930— Formosa (Tacaagle, Nov. 14) and Bolivia (Las Taperas, Santa Cruz, Oct. 16); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 153, 1931— Hispaniola; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932 — Duenas, Guatemala (Apr.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 369, 1932 — Chile (central provinces, Arauco); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 43, 1936— Jaragua, Goyaz (Nov. 7); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Paris, (2), 9, p. 355, 1937 — Andoas, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador (Oct. 15); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938— Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (April); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 646— Lake Junfn, Peru (Mar. 7). Plurialis dominicus Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — San Jose and Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., p. 62, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (Sept., Dec., Feb.); Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1923 — Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 768 — Blairmont, British Guiana. Pluvialis dominica dominica Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Alaska (disc.; ranges); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 175, 1929 (life hist.); Urner, Auk, 50, p. 420, 1933 (calls); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 245, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 287 — Trinidad and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 128, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguape", Dec.; Itapura, Oct.; Ypiranga, Dec.; Sao Carlos), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy, Feb.), and Goyaz (Jaragua, Sept.; Inhumas, Nov.); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 — Santa Inez, Huancavelica, Peru (Nov. 10); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (prob. breeding); Conover, Auk, 62, p. 569, 1945 — Alaska (breeding range; dist. chars.); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 413, 1945— Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 — part, Alaska, Bering Sea (Askinuk Range, 1 adult, 2 young; Hooper Bay, 1 adult); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 — Nunivak Island, part (4 adults, 1 immature, 2 young); Dixon, Bds., Mammals Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 66, 1938 (breeding; specimens examined by junior author). Range. — Breeds from the coast of western Alaska, including the closely adjacent islands in Bering Sea (Nelson and Nunivak Islands) and suitable localities in the interior (above timber line), south to the Alaska Peninsula, east along the Arctic coast to the Melville Peninsula, north to Melville and North Devon Islands and south to Churchill on the west side of Hudson Bay; migrates south through the interior (mostly birds of the year) and from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., over the Bermuda Islands and the West Indies to winter quarters in Chile (sparingly), Bolivia, Argentina (south to provinces of Mendoza and Buenos Aires), Uruguay, and southern Brazil; casual in Greenland (Jacobshavn, Godthaab, etc.); occasional in British Isles. In spring migrates north mostly through the interior of North America.1 Field Museum Collection. — 88: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Collinson Point, 1; Nome, 2); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Quebec (Magdalen 1 Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 62; Wainwright, 50; Cape Lisburne, 2; Tigara, Point Hope, 3; Kotzebue Sound, 4; Port Clarence, 2; Nome, 2; Golovin Bay, 1; St. Michaels, 7; Nelson Island, 1; Nunivak Island, 7; Mount McKinley, 2; Rampart House, 1; Fairbanks, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 49 Islands, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 19; Nelson County, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Minnesota (Wilder, 1; Heron Lake, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 13); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 27); California (Eureka, 2; La Patera Point, 1); Colorado (New Castle, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Colombia (Magdalena, 1); Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Argentina (Cara- guatay, Misiones, 1). Conover Collection. — 53: Alaska (Barrow, 7; Chipp River, Barrow, 11; Cape Simpson, Barrow, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 3);1 Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1); Alberta (Tofield, 7); Manitoba (Churchill, 6); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 8); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Brazil (Jagua- riahyva, Parana, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). *Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin).2 PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 687, 1789 — based on "Fulvous Plover" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 211, 1785, Otaheite Island. Charadrius taitensis Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 321, 1828 — substitute name for Charadrius fulvus Gmelin. Charadrius xanthocheilus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 36, 1827 — based on ^Charadrius fulvus var. /3. Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 687, 1789 (type in Museum Leverianum). Charadrius glaucopus (Forster MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 649 — substitute name for Charadrius fulvus "Latham" (= Gmelin). Charadrius virginianus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., 2, (6), pi. 85, Aug., 1830 — India, East Indian Islands and New Holland. 1 Two half grown young and the male parent, wing 181 mm. Adult is partially in winter dress and neither it nor the young have any of the yellow wash on the under parts found in fulva. 2 Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin) : In breeding plumage the only reliable character is its smaller size, wings of males running 162-177, females 160-176 mm., as against 171-192 and 174-195, respectively, in P. d. dominica. Immatures and winter adults have the dorsal surface yellower, more golden, less lemonish, and the under parts much yellower and lighter throughout, especially on the belly and vent, whereas P. d. dominica has the abdomen pale dusky brown like the ground color of the foreneck and chest. Downies of the Pacific form have the upper parts much more profusely spotted with yellow, and are more golden (less greenish) in tone. There is also a very distinct yellow wash covering the broad white collar on the hindneck, the sides of the face, neck and chest, all of which color is entirely lacking in the American race. Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 4; Wainwright, 5; Kotzebue Sound, 1; Wales, 14; Port Clarence, 1; Kruzgamepa, 2; Port Townsend, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 36; Port Safety, 2; St. Michaels, 22; Igiak Bay, 1; Hooper Bay, 1; Nelson Island, 2; Nunivak Island, 15; Nushagak, 1. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius pluvialis orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Japon., Aves, (9), p. 104, pi. 62, 1849 — Japan (type in Leyden Mu- seum).1 Charadrius dominions fulvus Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 125, 1887 — islands and coast of Bering Sea, Alaska (dist. chars, of immatures); Henshaw, Auk, 27, p. 245, 1910 (migration, Alaska to Hawaii); Haviland, Ibis, 1915, p. 716 (descr. downy) ; Brooks, Condor, 22, p. 31, 1920— Comax, Vancouver Island; Rowan, Brit. Bds., 20, p. 39, 1926— Tofield, Alberta; H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 29, 1941 — Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland (immature, wing 163 mm.). Charadrius dominicus (not of Miiller) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 195, 738, 1896 (in part; monog.; full bibliog.). Pluvialis dominicus fulvus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 88, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brooks, Condor, 23, p. 153, 1921 — Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926 — part, Hooper Bay (migration), Askinuk Range (male with eggs); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 27, 1934 — Nunivak Island, part (7 adults, 8 im- matures). Pluvialis dominica fulva Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Wainwright and Wales, Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 193, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 244, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Condor, 38, p. 217, 1936— Clallam Bay, Washington (Oct. 28, 1921); Grinnell, I.e., 38, p. 219, 1936— Bay Farm Island, Alameda County, California (Jan. 15, 1922); Brooks, I.e., 39, p. 176, 1937— Queen Charlotte Islands (list of Pacific coast and interior records); Miller, I.e., 46, p. 130, 1944 — Humboldt County, California (plumages) ; Conover, Auk, ,62, p. 570, 1945 — Alaska (breeding range; dist. chars.). Range. — Breeds in northern Siberia from the Yalmal Peninsula and the Yenessei River (overlapping the range of P. a. apricaria) east to western Alaska on the shores of (?)Kotzebue Sound and Bering Sea (overlapping the range of P. d. dominica); winters in India, southern China, Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Archipelago, Oceania, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands; casual in British Columbia (Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands), Alberta (Tofield), Washington (Clallam Bay, Oct. 28, 1921) and California (Bay Farm Island, Jan. 15, 1922). Field Museum Collection. — 19: Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 2; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 10; Bethel, 3). Conover Collection. — 7: Alaska (Point Barrow, I;2 Nome, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 3; Kashunuk River, Bering Sea, 1). 1 Cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 51, 1865 (spec. no. 5, of Pluvialis fulvus, Japan). J An adult male with large brood patches, taken June 22 (wing 162 mm.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 51 Genus CHARADRIUS1 Linnaeus2 Charadrius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — type, by tauto- nymy, "Charadrios s. Hiaticula" Aldrovandi=C7iaradntts hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialitis Boie, Isis, 1822, col. 558 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. Ill, 1855), Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialites Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 978 (emendation). Hiaticula "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840— type, by • orig. desig., Hiaticula annulata G. R. GTay=Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialeus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius semipalmatus "Aud." (= Bonaparte). Oxyechus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus. Ochthodromus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius wilsonia Ord. Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 — type, by tautonymy, Charadrius pyrrhothorax "Temminck" Gould= Charadrius cirrhepidesmos Wagler= Charadrius atrifrons Wagler. Leucopolius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 — type, by tautonymy, Charadrius niveifrons Cuvier= Charadrius leucopolius Wagler = Charadrius marginatus Vieillot. Aegialophilus Gould, Handb. Bds. Austr., 2, p. 234, 1865 — type, by orig. desig., Ae. cantianus of Europe, i.e. Charadrius cantianus Latham = Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus. Pagolla Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 83, 1913 — substitute name for Ochtho- dromus Bonaparte, on account of an earlier Ochthedromus Le Conte, 1848 (Col.). Pernettyva Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, p. 114, May 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius falklandicus Latham. *Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Linnaeus. RINGED PLOVER. Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — principally based on Faun. Svec., No. 159, Sweden; Reinhardt, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843— Godthaab, Greenland (May); Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 167— Port Kennedy, Greenland (June); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, 1 We are not sure that Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin deserves a place in the American fauna. As pointed out by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932), the origin of the type specimen of Aegialitis microrhynchus (Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874), alleged to have been taken at San Francisco, California, is altogether obscure and it appears more than doubtful that the bird was shot on American soil. Schalow's record (Journ. Orn., 39, p. 259, 1891) of "C. alexandrinus," which, according to Brandt's manuscript, was sent by Billing from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Pallas, has been referred to the Little Ringed Plover, but in the absence of specimens it cannot be identified with any degree of certainty. 1 Charadrius flavirostris Wied (Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772, 1833), described from memory, is unidentifiable. OF ILL LIB. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (8), p. 120, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 229, 1929 (life hist). Aegialitis septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 548, 1831 — "Iceland and Germany" (reputed type, from Kiel, Germany, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 52, 1918). Hiaticula annulata Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 65, 1840 — new name for Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus. Aegialitis hiaticula Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879— Cumber- land Sound, Baffin Island (common and nesting with A. semipalmatus); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491— Chancery Lane, Barbados (Sept. 10, 1888); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 152, 1898— Greenland (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden). Aegialitis hiaticola Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 256, 1896 (monog.). Charadrius hiaticula hiaticula Soper, Bull. Nat. Mus. Canada, No. 53, p. 103, 1928— Ponds Inlet, Baffin Island; Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943— Arctic Bay. Charadrius hiaticula psammodroma Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 71, 1930 — Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, and Cumberland Sound (no type designated) ; L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 51, 1932— Greenland (meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range). Charadrius hiaticula septentrionalis Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 141 — Green- land (crit.; char.; meas.). Range.— Breeds in the region about Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroes; also in Europe from the British Isles, Sweden, and the Baltic states south to the Mediter- ranean; accidental in Barbados (Chancery Lane, Sept. 10, 1888). * Field Museum Collection. — 5: Greenland (Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson Land, 5). Conover Collection. — 1: Greenland (Godthaab, 1). *Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Bonaparte. SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, (1), p. 98, Aug., 1825 — based on Tringa hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 65, 1824, coast 1 There is no evidence whatever that the Ringed Plover ever occurred in Chile (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, note, 1932). The specimens stated to have been collected by Kittlitz on the island of Sitka, Alaska (cf. Schalow, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 259, 1891), are more likely to be C. h. tundrae Lowe, but, if still extant, they should be critically examined before that form is admitted to the American fauna. Birds from Cumberland Sound east to the Faroes were separated by Salo- monsen on account of averagingly smaller size as C. h. psammodroma, but this disputable race has recently been dropped by the author himself (in Jensen, Zool. Faroes, p. 71, 1935) as not worthy of recognition, a conclusion in which 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 53 of New Jersey (type in collection of I. R. Peale, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930) ; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 30, 1865 — Labrador and Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Feb.; Restinga, March), Parana (Paranagua, Dec.), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, April 18), Brazil; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 123, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 116, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263— Trujillo, Peru (Sept., Dec.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 — Argentina (Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz; Moreno, Jujuy); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 — Buritaca, Cienaga, Gaira, and Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept., Oct., Jan.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Ecuador (Esmeraldas, coast of Manavf, Chone, Bahia de Caraguas, Santa Elena; Dec. to Feb.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 313, 1926— Point Dall, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 351, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Vieques, and Anegada; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 217, 1929 (life hist.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 4, p. 312, 1929 — Quequen, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 24, 1928); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 147, 1931— Hispaniola (winter visitor); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — Cienaga Grande, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 13); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 58, 1931 — Galapagos and Cocos Island; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 377, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Llanquihue); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932— Chiapam, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935— Panama (winter); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 27, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 518, 1943— Melville Peninsula (breeding); Kelly, Condor, 46, p. 243, 1944 — San Francisco (wintering). Charadrius brevirostris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 769, 1833— coast of eastern Brazil (type lost; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 271, 1889) s1 Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 296, 1846— littoral of Peru; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849 — coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856— coast of Brazil. Aegialeus semipalmatus(a) Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 39, 1857— Cayenne; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 — Cuba (rare visitor); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 335, 1875— Cuba; idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878— near Mayagiiez and Arecibo, Puerto Rico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 250, 743, 1896 (monog.); Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 7); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 6.65, 1898— Punta Teatina, we heartily agree. The figures given by L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91, No. 6, p. 52, 1932) seem to support this view. C. G. Bird (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 55, p. 80, 1934) and Low (I.e., 59, p. 49, 1939), however, are inclined to maintain it. 1 A cotype in immature plumage — no doubt the young male bird described by Wied — is in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, p. 30, 1865). 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coquimbo, and Calbuco, Llanquihue, Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 357, 1903 — Mexican and Central American localities; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 — Cubatao, coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905 — San Miguel Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 — (?)Moreno, Puna de Jujuy (sight record ex Lonnberg); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914 — Santa Anna, Marajo, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Tumaco, Colombia (July 28). Aegialitis hiaticula var. semipalmatus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 109, 1874 (crit.). Aegialitis semipalmata Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Kumlien, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 15, p. 83, 1879— Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island (nesting with A. hiaticula);1 Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 428— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.) and Coquimbo Lagoon, Chile (Nov.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 345, 1886— Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 491— Barbados (Aug. to Nov.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — Ancon, Peru (Jan. 29); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453— (?)Moreno, Jujuy (sight record), and San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (Aug. to Nov.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (Jan. 9); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 19, 31); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910 — Herradura de Puntarenas and Coronado de Te>raba, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916 — delta region of the Orinoco, Venezuela (Oct. to April). Aegialitis hiaticula (not Charadrius hiaticula Linnaeus) Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 (1926)— Miritiba, Maran- hao, Brazil; idem, I.e., p. 225, 1923 (1926)— Miritiba.2 Charadrius hialicula tundrae (not Aegialitis hiaticula tundrae Lowe) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929— Miritiba (ex Reiser); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938— Miritiba (ex Reiser).2 Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus Salomonsen, Journ. Orn., 78, p. 72, 1930 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 247, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Trinidad (winter visitor); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 129, 1938— Bahfa (Ilha Madre Deus) and Sao Paulo (Casquei- 1 If Kumlien's observations are correct, semipalmatus would not appear to be conspecific with hiaticula. — B. C. 2 This specimen, a molting female taken by the late F. Schwanda on October 11, 1907, was found by the senior author and Dr. Carmichael Low, on comparison with the material in the British Museum, to be a perfectly normal specimen of the Semipalmated Plover. In size (wing, 119) it agrees particularly well with a female from Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 19, 1897; Brit. Mus. Reg. 99.9.1.575). Its feet are damaged, the webs between the toes having disappeared through moth- eating, and this no doubt accounts for Hartert's erroneous identification as C. h. tundrae. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 55 rinho, Piassaguera) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 23, p. 168, 1938— Lake Olomega, Puerto del Triunfo, and Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (Sept., Dec., April); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945— Newfoundland (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 226, 1946— Baffin Island (common breeder). Range. — Breeds on the Arctic Coast of North America from Bering Sea to southern Baffin Island, south to the Queen Charlotte Islands, northern British Columbia, James Bay, north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfound- land; winters from central California, the Gulf coast, and South Carolina to Chile (Coquimbo; near Puerto Montt), Bolivia (San Luis, Tarija), and Argentina (?Moreno, Jujuy; Queque"n, Province of Buenos Aires; Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz); Cocos Island and Galapagos Archipelago. Field Museum Collection. — 190: Alaska (Seward, 1; Bethel, 3); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 2; Caribou Crossing, 1; Lake Marsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Ontario (Toronto, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, 10; Indian Harbor, 9; Curlew Bay, 1; Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 1; Seabright, 1; Clark's Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 15); North Dakota (Stump Lake, 5); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Chicago, 2; Worth, 2); Indiana (Liverpool, 1; Miller, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 39); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; New Haven, 1; East Haven, 1; East Hartford, 3); New York (Shinnecock Bay, 1); Virginia (Busk Roc Beach, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie Island, 7) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 4) ; California (Trinidad, 3; Carmel, 5; Monterey, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Westport, 2; Los Angeles County, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Amelia Island, 4; Banana River, 1; Anclote, 3); Bahama Islands (Eleuthera, 3; Great Inagua, 4; Abaco, 1; Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Anegada, 1; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 5); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, 6); Venezuela (Colon, 1). Conover Collection. — 21: Alaska (Alaktak River, near Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Indiana (Wolf Lake, 2); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1); Florida (Banana Creek, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2; Rio San Antonio, 2). 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Charadrius melodus Ord. PIPING PLOVER. Charadrius melodus Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., Ord repr., 7, p. 71, 1824 — based on Charadrius hiaticula var. Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37, fig. 3, 1812, Great Egg Harbour, New Jersey (type apparently lost); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 29, 1865 (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 121, 1887 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 128, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 350, 1927— Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 236, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 146, 1931 — Tercero Island, Seven Brothers group, Hispaniola (Jan. 31); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 248, 1934 (range); Peters and Burleigh, Auk, 62, p. 564, 1945 — Little Codroy River, Newfoundland (nesting). Charadrius okenii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 24, 1827 — based on Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 30, pi. 37, fig. 3, 1812. Aegiakus melodus Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866— Cuba (on passage); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875 — Cuba (April); idem, I.e., 25, p. 189, 1878— Puerto Rico. Aegialitis melodus var. circumcinctus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874— Loup Fork of the Platte, Nebraska (type in United States National Museum). Charadrius melodus circumcinctus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 122, 1887— Missouri basin (crit.); Pickwell, Auk, 42, p. 326, pi. 16, 1925— Lincoln, Nebraska; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. State Louisiana, 28, p. 215, 1938 (char.; range); Moser, Nebraska Bd. Review, 10, p. 31, 1942 (race reinstated); Burleigh, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 20, p. 367, 1944 (good race). Aegialitis melodus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 292, 1896 (monog.). Range. — Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, the Magdalen Islands, and Newfoundland south to central Nebraska, the south end of Lake Michigan, the south shore of Lake Erie, and on the Atlantic coast to North Carolina; winters chiefly on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from South Carolina to Texas, northern Mexico, and the Bahama Islands; occasional during migration in Bermuda Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. Field Museum Collection. — 90: Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5; Quill Lake, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4; Grosse Island, 4; Grindstone, 1); Nova Scotia (Sea Isle, 1; Barrington, 1; Clark's Harbor, 4); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 11; Pelican Point, Ramsey County, 1; Rock Island, Ramsey County, 1; Minnewaukan, Benson County, 2); Minnesota (Marshall County, 2); Illinois (Waukegan, 2); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 6); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 18; Chatham, 1); North Carolina, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 57 Dare County (Pea Island, 9; Bodie Island, 7); South Carolina (Charleston, 1); Texas (Port Lavaca, 2; Aransas County, 2); Florida (West Jupiter, 1; Grove City, 1; Amelia Island, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1). Conover Collection. — 11: Massachusetts (East Orleans, 2; Mono- moy, 1; Muskeget Island, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 4); Indiana (Miller, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 1). *Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus (Cassin). SNOWY PLOVER. Aegialitis nlvosa(us) Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. xlvi, 696, 1858 — Presidio, San Francisco County, California (type formerly in United States National Museum, present whereabouts unknown; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 271, 1932); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico; Goss, Auk, 3, p. 409, 1888 — salt plains of Cimarron River, Oklahoma, and Comanche County, Kansas (breeding); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 274, 1889 — Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 290, 748, 1896— part, spec, a-1', Texas (Corpus Christi), California (Santa Cruz, Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jacinto) and Lower California (San Jos6 del Cabo); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 72, 1902 — Island of San Jose and San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 — part, Kansas, Gulf states (except Florida), western United States, Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa), and "Costa Rica"; Lincoln, Condor, 10, p. 197, 1908 — Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California (breeding); Bowles, Auk, 28, p. 172, 1911 — Gray's Harbor, Washington (Sept. 3, 1899); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 12, 1923 — Lower California (Abreojos Point, Magdalena Bay, Carmen Island). Aegialitis cantianus var. nivosus Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, No. 2, p. 109, 1874 (crit.). Aegialites alexandrinus nivosus Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," pp. 528, 530, 545, 1883 — Lower California (San Quintin Bay, Santa Rosalia Bay, and Cape region). Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 529 — part, western United States (crit.); Neumann, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 215, 1929 (range; crit.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N, H., 7, p. 133, 1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934— Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 19); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 (range); Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (disc.; ranges east to Alabama); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78, 1945 — Sonora (winter visitor). Charadrius nivosus nivosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 136, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 246, 1929 (life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 59, 1931— Utah (nesting habits); Bailey and Niedrach, I.e., 41, p. 127, 1939 — Barr, Adams County, Colorado; 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bailey and Brandenburg, I.e., 42, p. 128, 1940 — Kiowa County, Colorado (nesting). Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 139, 1919 — part, Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama. Charadrius nivosus Oberholser, Auk, 39, p. 73, 1922 (race C. alexandrinus); Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49 (in text), 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (nesting). Range. — Breeds locally in suitable localities from Washington, northern Utah, Colorado and Kansas south to Lower California and the Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama; winters from central Cali- fornia along the Pacific coast south to western Mexico (Guaymas, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa); also the Gulf coast from Texas to Alabama; occasionally to Florida.1 Field Museum Collection. — 126: California (Laguna de la Merced, San Francisco County, 1; Monterey, 20; mouth of Carmel River, 7; Carmel, 3; Moss Landing, 15; Pacific Grove, 5; Huntington Beach, 4; Anaheim Landing, 2; Sunset Beach, 4; Eureka, 1; La Patera Point, 6; Santa Barbara, 6; Pacific Beach, 18; Oceanside, 1; San Diego, 6; Santa Monica, 1; El Secundo, 1; Hyperion, 2; Manhattan Beach, 2); Utah (Bear River marshes, 2) ; New Mexico (White Sands National Monument, 1); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Port Lavaca, 3; Rockport, 2; Aransas County, 1; Corpus Christi, 1); Florida (Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 1; St. Andrew, Bay County, 2); Mexico (Lower California, 2; La Paz, Lower California, 2; San Jos£ del Cabo, Lower California, 1; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1). Conover Collection. — 26: Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, 7; Moss Landing, 1; Wilmington, 1; Playa del Rey, 1); Utah (Brigham, 12); Mexico, Lower California (San Jos6 del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 2). *Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence).2 CUBAN SNOWY PLOVER. 1 Though nominally included among the birds of Costa Rica by Zeledon (Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887), the Snowy Plover has never been obtained in that country. Additional material examined. — Colorado: Adams County, 1; Kiowa County, 6. — Kansas: Stafford County, 1; Clark County, 2. — Oklahoma: Cimarron River, 1; Greer County, 3; Cherokee, 3; Edith, 1; unspecified, 1. — Texas: Frijole, 3; Corpus Christi, 3; Port Aransas, 3. — Louisiana: Cameron Parish, 6; Lafourche Parish, 4; Jeff Davis Parish, 1. — Mississippi: Horn Island, 1; Deer Island, 2; Gulfport, 1. — Alabama: Dauphine Island, 1. * Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris (Lawrence) : A very unsatisfactory race, its supposed lighter coloration probably resulting from wear and fading. Before 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 59 Aegialitis tenuirostris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 455, Feb., 1862 — near Guantanamo, Cuba (type, breeding female, in collection of J. Gundlach, now in the Havana Museum); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 181, 1862— Guantanamo (crit.). Aegialeus tenuirostris Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866 — near Guantanamo, Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 336, 1875 — Guantanamo (crit.; eggs descr.). Aegialites nivosus? (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 209, 1869— Celestin, Yucatan (crit.). Aegialitis nivosa (not of Cassin) Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 229, 1889 — Cuba; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892— Cuba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 290, 1896— part, Cuba; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 2); Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 — part, Yucatan (Celestin). Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 139, 1919 — part, West Indies, Florida, Yucatan, Venezuela (monog.; full bibliog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 146, 1928— Etang Saumatre, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, pp. 231, 363, 1929— Etang Bois-Neuf, near St. Marc, Haiti (July 25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 252, 1929— part, Florida (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 146, 1931— Etang Saumatre (March 9) and near St. Marc, Haiti. Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 — part, Florida, West Indies, Yucatan and northern Venezuela; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 — Florida, West Indies, Yucatan (doubtful race). Range. — Breeds in Florida, also sparingly in Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; winters in Yucatan (Celestin) and Venezuela (Margarita Island).1 Field Museum Collection. — 19: Florida (Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa County, 6; Mary Esther, 8; East Pass, 2); Bahama Islands [Great Inagua, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1). "Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis).2 CHILEAN SNOWY PLOVER. Aegialitis occidentalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 — no locality stated (type, from near Santiago, Chile, in Berlin Museum examined); ts validity can be ascertained some specimens from Cuba in fresh breeding >lumage must be obtained and compared with similar birds from California. Additional material examined. — Florida: Mary Esther, 1; Big Pass, 2; Santa Rosa Island, 1; St. Andrew, 1. — Bahama Islands: Great Inagua, 1; Grand Turk [sland, 1; Grand Caicos, 2; Crooked Island, 2; Fortuna Island, 2. — Haiti: Etang 3ois Neuf, 1; Lake Assuei, 1. — Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Light, 5. — Virgin Islands: 3t. Croix, 1. 1 Berlepsch's inclusion (Journ. Orn., 35, p. 134, 1884) of Aegialitis nivosa in ;he fauna of Paraguay is an obvious error. 2 Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis (Cabanis) : Similar to C. a. nivosus, but vings on average longer; occiput and hindcrown more heavily washed with buffy; 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII idem, I.e., 32, p. vi, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1885 (figure of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 295, 1896— part, spec, h, i, Laraquete, "Tarapaca" (=Arauco), Chile (spec, examined); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303— part, Lara- quete, Arauco. Hiaticula azarae (not Charadrius azarai Temminck) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — part, Valparaiso, Chile (spec, examined); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855— Chile. Charadrius collaris Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 402, 1847 — Chile (excl. of description). Charadrius azarae Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 — Chile. Charadrius cantianus (not of Latham) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 31, 1865 — part, spec. nos. 25, 26, Algarroba, Chile (July, 1863); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1923— Isla la Mocha, Chile. Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined). Aegialitis nivosa Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 559 — Chorillos, near Lima, Peru (crit.); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Coquimbo, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 428— Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 346, 1886— Chorillos, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 292, 748, 1896— part, spec, n'-w', a'-c", Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile (Valparaiso); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 665, 1898— Chile (Cavancha [Iquique], Tarapaca; Totoralillo, Coquimbo; and Calbuco [near Puerto Montt], Llanquihue) (spec, ex- amined); Coker, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 56, p. 497, 1919— Paracas Bay, lea, Peru (June 27). Charadrius nivosus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 — Lurin, Lima, Peru (July 29). Charadrius alexandrinus occidentalis Neumann, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 215, 1929 — Chile to Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 373, 1932 — Chile (Caldera, Atacama; Papudo, Aconcagua) (crit.; meas.; range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 36, p. 163, 1932 — Dunas de Llico, Chile (Dec., Jan., Feb.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 250, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Arauco (breeding); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 234, 1936 — Erizera and north of Arica, Tacna, Chile; Bullock, Auk, 53, p. 170, 1936 — Isla la Mocha, Chile (breeding habits); Morrison, Ibis, 1940, p. 255 — black post-frontal band generally wider; back darker grayish brown; non-breeding plumage resembling the nuptial dress. Wing, 104-111, rarely 100-103; tail, 46-53; bill, 14^-16. The breeding range of the Chilean Snowy Plover has recently been shown by Morrison to extend to Llanquihue (Maullin, west of Puerto Montt) and Chilo6 Island. We have also examined adults and downy young from the Isla la Mocha, Arauco. Additional material examined. — Peru: An con, Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 1; Mol- lendo, Arequipa, 1; Tambo Valley, Arequipa, 3. — Chile: Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, 1; Totoralillo, Atacama, 1; Valparaiso, 2; near Santiago, 1 (the type); Laraquete, Arauco, 2; Isla la Mocha, Arauco, 3; Maullin, Llanquihue, 2; unspeci- fied, 7. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 61 Maullin, Llanquihue, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 41, p. 201, col. pi. 8, fig. 3, 1937 (egg). Range. — Resident on the littoral of Peru and Chile from Lima (Ancon, Chorillos, Lurin) to Llanquihue (Maullin) and Chiloe" Island. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Puerto Inglesia, Atacama, 1). Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Papudo, Aconcagua, 1; Llolleo, Santiago, 2). *Charadrius falklandicus Latham. PATAGONIAN PLOVER. Charadrius falklandicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 747, 1790 — based on "Rusty- crowned Plover" Portlock, Voyage round the World, p. 36 (with plate), 1789— Port Egmont, Falkland Islands; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 36, 1865 — Falkland Islands and Chile (Algarrobo); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 155, 1887 (monog.); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, 61, p. 151, 1917— Port Stanley and Port Stephens, Falkland Islands (downy young descr.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 165, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Rio de la Plata, near Berazategui; Lake Epiquen, near Carhu6; near Guaminf), Neuquen (Zapala), Uruguay (between Carrasco and Montevideo; La Paloma), Chile (Concon, Valparaiso); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926 — San Antonio Oeste, Nahuel Niyeu, and Bariloche, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 371, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Cucao, Rio Nirehuau) (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 245, pi. 15, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 130, 1938 (range). Charadrius trifasciatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856— Montevideo, "Brazil"; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 116, 1865 — Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— coast of Santiago "to Peru." Charadrius pyrocephalus Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, 1826 — Falkland Islands (type lost; cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 115, 1891); Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 331, 1828 — Falkland Islands; Garnot, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 54, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands. Charadrius annuligerus Wagler, Syst. Nat., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 13, 1827 — substitute name for Charadrius falklandicus Latham. Charadrius pyrrocephalus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 719, May, 1830— Falkland Islands. Hiaticula trifasciatus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — Bahia Blanca, Province of Buenos Aires. Hiaticula bifasciata (lapsu) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — shores and margins of lakes in Chile. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hiaticula trifasciata Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855— vicinity of Santiago, Chile. Aegialitis falklandica(us) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860— St. Louis and Uranie Bay, Falkland Islands; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 188 — Sandy Point and Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 549— Rio Negro, Patagonia; Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 457, pi. 60, fig. 1 (egg)— Falkland Islands; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 402— Lake Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding in Sept.); Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 163 — Cape San Antonio, Province of Buenos Aires (nest and egg descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 — Carhu6, Puan, and Galinas Chicas, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (April); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 172, 1889— Argentina; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 136, 1889— Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (April); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210— Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 295, 748, 1896— Falkland Islands (Uranie Bay, Port Stanley), Patagonia (San Julian, Rio Negro, Chubut, Bahia Blanca), and Chile (Santiago, Co- quimbo); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 — Punta Arenas; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899 — Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (March, May); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900— Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 39, 1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907 (range, incl. Rio Grande do Sul); Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 120, 1907— Useless Bay Settlement; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud and Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 293, 1910 — Rio Coy and twelve miles from Sandy Point, Patagonia; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 — Cape San Antonio, Los Yngleses, and Tuyu, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Nov. to April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 59 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August; very rarely breeding; eggs descr.) ; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1923 — Bahfa Blanca, Buenos Aires. Aegialites falklandicus Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — Falkland Islands (breeding in October); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile. Charadrius pyrrhocephalus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868 — from the Straits of Magellan to "Peru"; (?)idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— La Brea, Antofagasta, Chile. Charadrius (Aegialitis) falklandicus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 114, 1891— Falkland Islands (French Bay); Straits of Magellan (Elisa- beth Island), Patagonia (Arroyo Moreno; Puerto Deseado), and Brazil (Rio Grande [do Sul]). Pernettyva falklandica Oberholser, Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., 19, (1), p. 518, 1918 (crit.). Leucopolius (Pernettyva) falklandica Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo, Canelones, and Colonia, Uruguay. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 63 Leucopolius falklandicus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923 — San Antonio, Huanuluan, and Laguna de Neluan, Rio Negro; Lowe, Ibis, 1931, p. 722. Oegialitis (sic) falklandica Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Isla la Mocha and Chilo£ Island, Chile, in the west and from the Rio Negro (rarely Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires) in the east south to Tierra del Fuego; the Falkland Islands; migrates in winter to central and north- ern Chile, eastern Argentina (provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).1 Field Museum Collection.— 1: Argentina (Rivadavia, Chubut, 1). Conover Collection. — 13: Chile (Llolleo, Santiago, 1; Cucao, Chilo£ Island, 2; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 8; Skyring Water, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Laguna Alsina, Buenos Aires, 1). *Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).2 PUNA PLOVER. Aegialitis alticola Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 — Ingapirca, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Branicki Museum, now in Warsaw Museum);3 iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Puno, Peru; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 260, 1919 — Lago Helado, Catamarca. Aegialitis ocddentalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 — Sitani, Huasco, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; idem, I.e., 1891, p. 137— -Sacaya, Tarapaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 295, 748, 1896 — part, descr. and spec, a-g, k, 1, Sitani and Huasco, Tara- paca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303 — part, Sacaya, Tarapaca. 1 In addition to a good series from Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands, we have examined an adult male and an immature female collected by H. von Ihering on May 21 and March 8, 1884, at Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, both in the Berlepsch Collection, now in the Frankfurt Museum. 2Charadrius alticola (Berlepsch and Stolzmann): Nearest to C. falklandicus but much smaller, with shorter, weaker bill; upper parts much paler, more grayish brown with the rufescent tinge on pileum and hindneck light pinkish cinnamon to pinkish cinnamon instead of orange cinnamon; and the lower surface without the two broad black cross bands, so conspicuous in the southern species. Wing, 119-123, (female) 115-123; tail, 53-57, (female) 51-55; bill, 14^-16. This species, in spite of a superficial resemblance, is quite distinct from C. alexandrinus ocddentalis and may be readily separated by larger size; much longer and stronger, deep black (instead of light-colored) tarsi and toes; much more buffy or cinnamomeous suffusion about the head; grayish-brown (instead of black) patch on the sides of the foreneck; and finally by the presence of a more or less distinct cinnamon or grayish brown pectoral band. Additional material examined. — Peru: Santa Inez, Huancavelica, 2. — Bolivia: Oruro, 1; Challapata, 3. — Chile, Tarapaca: Huasco, 2; Cueva Negra, 1; Sitani, 2; Sacaya, 2; Cancosa, 1. 3 Not listed by Sztolcman and Domaniewski among the types of the Warsaw Museum (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, pp. 95-194, 1927). 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 174, 1887— Tara- paca (crit.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264 — Challapata, Oruro, Bolivia (spec. examined). Charadrius alticola Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 372, 1932 — Antofagasta (Ojo de San Pedro, twenty miles east of San Pedro) and Tarapacd (Huasco, Cueva Negra, Sitani, Cancosa, Sacaya), Chile (crit.; range; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 464, 646— Santa Inez, Huancavelica, and Lake Junin, Peru. Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (Ingapirca, Junin; Santa Inez, Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Challapata, Oruro), northern Chile (Tarapaca and Antofagasta), and northwestern Argentina (Lago Helado, Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. — 6: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, 1; Mount Sajama, Carangas, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2). Conover Collection. — 8: Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 4). *Charadrius collaris Vieillot. AZARA'S COLLARED PLOVER. Charadrius collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 27, p. 136, 1818 — based on "Mbatuitui collar negro" Azara, No. 392, Paraguay; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 37, 1865— Venezuela (Ca- racas), Bolivia, and Paraguay; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 34 — Minas Geraes; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 173, 1887 (monog.); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— Cordoba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 140, 1919 (monog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 — Cienaga, Don Diego, Punta Caiman, Gaira, and Fundacion, Colombia; Seri4 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Giacomelli, I.e., p. 80, 1923— La Rioja; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926 — Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 164, 1926— Argentina (Santa Fe; Resistencia, Chaco; Lavalle, Buenos Aires, etc.) and Uruguay (various localities);1 Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 169, 1927 — Rio de Gastone, Tucuman; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929 — Ibiapaba, Piauhy; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930— Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931 — CiSnaga Grande, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 801, 1932— Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 251, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 372, 1934 — Acapulco, Guerrero; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. 1 We cannot help thinking that the birds observed at Concon, Chile, belonged to some other species, probably C. alexandrinus occidentalis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 65 Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Trinidad and Tobago (eggs descr.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935— Canal Zone of Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 80, 1935— Ilha Madre do Dios, Corupe'ba, and Joazeiro, Bahia; idem, I.e., 22, p. 130, 1938— Rio Jurud, Bahia, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Tucuman; Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 43, p. 198, 1940— Chile (status); idem, I.e., 44, p. 150, 1940— Chile (July, perhaps a resident); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 42, 1945 — Rio Jurua, Brazil (disc.); idem, I.e., 23, p. 71, 1945 — El Beni, Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza; Victoria). Charadrius azarai Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 31, pi. 184, Feb., 1823 — Brazil and Paraguay. Charadrius azarae Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, Sept., 1823— Brazil and Montevideo; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 772, 1832 — eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 751, 1849— British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 360, 1856 — Lagoa Santa and Sette Lagoas, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861— Argentina; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Piehy, Marambaya), Parana (Cimeterio [do Lambari], Castro), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara), Amazonas (Barra do Rio Negro), and Para (Cajutuba). Charadrius larvatus (Temminck MS.) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 318, June, 1828 — "Bresil, coll. Delalande"=Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., [2], 3, p. 570, 1851). Hiaticula azarae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 127, 1841 — part, banks of the La Plata; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 298, 1860— Es- meraldas, Ecuador. Hiaticula collaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador. Aegialitis azarae Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama. Aegialites nivosus (not Aegialitis nivosa Cassin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 — Chiapam, Guatemala. Aegialitis collaris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — lower and upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 — lower and upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (egg descr.); Harting, I.e., 1874, p. 458, pi. 60, fig. 7 (egg) — Peru (egg descr.); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, Mexico; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 — Anjos, lower Amazon; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 67 — Province of Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628— Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 178 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 344, 1886 — Peruvian locali- ties; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 320, 1889— Tarapoto, Peru (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— Reyes and Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santare"m, Brazil; Kerr, Ibis, 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1892, p. 150 — Fortfn Donovan, Chaco Paraguayo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Corumba, Matto Grosso; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 206 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 657, 1896 — Margarita Island, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 288, 744, 1896— Mexico (Playa Vicente and La Antigua, Vera Cruz), Guatemala (Chiapam), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Grenada Island, Colombia (Bogota, Santa Marta), Ecuador (Intac), Peru (Iquitos, Chamicuros, Cosnipata), Venezuela (Laguna de Valencia), British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Brazil (Island of Mexiana, Rio Tocantins, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Corumba, Marambaya, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (Punta Lara, Mendoza), and Uruguay (Colonia); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 149, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 430, 1899— Sao Sebastiao and Iguape, Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235— Paraguayan Chaco; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902 — Rio Sail, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902— Aruba Island (crit.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 444 — Quinta, Jujuy; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 359, 1903 — Mexico to Panama and Grenada; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40— Bahia, Brazil; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucu- man; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Oran, Salta; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Ubatuba, Itapura), Amazonas (Rio Jurud), and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 44, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— El Pozo de Terraba, Barranca de Punta- renas, and Herradura de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, pp. 23, 517, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus, and Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne (no definite record); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and near Tucuman; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909— Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910, p. 225, 1923— Bahia (Joazeiro, Barra do Rio Grande) and Piauhy (below Therezina, Ilha Sao Martin, Amaracao); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910— Cuabre and Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 — Monte Alto, Desaguadero, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Braga, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86, 1914— Quati-Puru, Rio Tapajoz (Goyana, Boim), Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Marajo (Dunas, Sao Natal), Mexiana, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 370, 1916— Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Cali, Cauca, and La Morelia, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 67 Caqueta, Colombia; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — Sunlunla, Men- doza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza. Aegialites nivosus? Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 196 — Chiapam (crit.). Aegialites collaris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana Island and Rio Tocantins, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 252 — Lake Valencia, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 186 — Cosnipata, Peru; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335— Bonaire, Dutch West Indies. Aegialitis gracilis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 20, p. 158, 1872 — Tehuantepec, Mexico (type in Berlin Museum); idem, I.e., 33, p. vi, pi. 6, figs. 3a, 3b, 1885. Charadrius collaris collaris Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (crit.; range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 77, 1930— Rio Sao Lourenco, Matto Grosso. Charadrius collaris gracilis Hartert and Jackson, Ibis, 1915, p. 531 (crit.; range). Range. — Tropical America from southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Guer- rero, and Vera Cruz) through Guatemala (Chiapam, Ocos), Honduras (Chamelicon), Nicaragua (Momotombo, San Emilio, Tipitapa), Costa Rica, and Panama (Lion Hill) south to western Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and northern Argentina (south to Mendoza, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires) j1 islands of Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad, and Bonaire.2 Field Museum Collection. — 23: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 3); Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 1); Ecuador (Quevedo, Rio Palenque, 1); British Guiana (Rockstone, 3; Rupununi River, 1); Srazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 3; Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Itacoa- tiara, Amazonas, 1; Arravia Island, Solimoes River, 1; Sao Luis, Maranhao, 1; Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 2); Bolivia (San Carlos, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, Santa Cruz, 1; Cercado, Cochabamba, 1; Capinota, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. — 19: Colombia (Cie*naga, Santa Marta, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1 ; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 2) ; British Guiana (Rockstone, Essequibo River, 3); Brazil (Caxirica- tuba, Rio Tapajoz, Para, 6; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1); Bolivia, Santa Cruz (Buena Vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 1); Argentina (Rio, Tucuman, 3); Paraguay (80 km. east of Orloff, 3). 1 Records from Chile are probably due to confusion with C. alexandrinus occidentalis. 2 We cannot see our way clear of splitting Azara's Collared Plover into two races, as has been proposed by Hartert and Jackson. While birds from Amazonia, Cen- tral America, and Mexico are generally smaller, there are so many exceptions to this rule that subdivision would serve no practical purpose. Sixty-seven additional specimens examined. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Charadrius vociferus vociferus Linnaeus. KILLDEER. Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — based on "Chattering Plover" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 71, pi. 71, South Carolina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 23, 1865 — Ohio, Wisconsin, Mexico, and Costa Rica (crit.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 120, 1887 (monog.; part, excl. of Peru). Oxyechus vociferus Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 44 — valley of San Jose, Costa Rica; Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 627, 1886— Grenada (rare migrant); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 (part, excl. of Peru and Chile); (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Rio de San Pedro, Tumbaco (July) and Chaupi (June), Ecuador; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 355, 1903 — part, Mexican and Central American localities; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 249, 1905— Carriacou and Grenada (rare migrant); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 1906— Rio Sestin and Rancho Baillon, Durango, Mexico (breeding); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 416, 1910 — Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria, Jan. 6; vicinity of San Jose; Azahar de Cartago; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Guacimo, El Hogar, Nov. 15); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 23, 1922— San Pedro River, Chillo Valley (Dec. 4), and La Carolina (Feb. 20), Ecuador; Rowan, Brit. Birds, 20, p. 9, pi. 2, 1926 (downy young descr.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 202, 1929 (life hist.); Sugden, Auk, 49, p. 81, 1932 (incubation period); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, pp. 203, 205, 1933 (descr. downy young). Aegialitis vocifera Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Colombia; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 518 — New Providence (Oct., Nov.); idem, I.e., 1903, p. 300 — New Providence (Jan.) and Little Abaco (MaK), Bahama Islands. Oxyechus vociferus vociferus Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 449, 1911— Bahama Islands (winter visitor); Todd, I.e., 10, p. 215, 1916— Isle of Pines (Nov. to Feb.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 99, 1919 — part, North America to Panama and the Bahama Islands (full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Lago San Pablo, Ecuador (Mar. 21); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 353, 1927 — Virgin Gorda and Anegada (Dec.; crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 97, 1928— Lower California; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929— Great Corn Island (Dec. 12; crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932— Sacapulas, Guatemala (Oct. 15 to April). Charadrius vociferus vociferus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Feb. 22; Oposura, April 4 and 23) and Chihuahua (Chihuahua, Oct., Nov.), Mexico; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Tobago (visitor); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 170, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14) and Lake Olomega (Feb. 3, Apr. 6), El Salvador; Sutton, Auk, 59, p. 304, 1942 — Nain, Newfoundland Labrador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 78, 1945— Sonora (resident). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 69 Range. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, southern Mac- kenzie, Ontario, and southern Quebec south to southern Lower California, northern Mexico, the Gulf coast, and Florida; winters south to the Bahama Islands, West Indies, Colombia, and Ecuador; casual in Newfoundland; accidental in the British Isles and in Labrador.1 Field Museum Collection. — 164: British Columbia (Okanagan, 4); Alberta (Walsh, 1) ; Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1; Maple Creek, 1; Big Stick Lake, 1); Ontario (Doe Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 17; Cando, Towner County, 3); California (Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 1; Hyperion, 2; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 3; Thermal, 1; Corona, 1; Poway, 1; Witch Creek, 1; Rencan, 2; Los Banos, 1; Redlands, 3; La Patera Point, 3) ; New Mexico (Rincon, 1) ; Arizona (Calabasas, 2; Palmerlee, 2); Texas (Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 3); Colorado (Fraser, 4; Troublesome, 1; New Castle, 1); Arkansas (Fayetteville, 1); Kansas (Lawrence, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10); Illinois (Worth, 1; Lake Zurich, 1); Massachusetts (Nantucket, 3; Essex, 3; Chatham, 3; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 4; East Haven, 1; New Haven, 2; Cheshire, 1; Stony Creek, 1; Bloomfield, 2; East Hartford, 2); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 5); Georgia (Mclntosh County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Eau Gallic, Brevard County, 2; Miami Beach, 3; Amelia Island, Nassau County, 2); Bahama Islands (interior of San Salvador, 3; Southwest Point, San Salvador, 2; Coban Bay, San Salvador, 2; Norman Key, 1); Jamaica (Port Antonio, 1); Virgin Islands (Virgin Gorda, 2); Lesser Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Chichen Itza, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Bobos, Izabal, 1); Honduras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, Limon, 1). Conover Collection. — 22: California (Wilmington, 1; Goleta, 3; Moss Landing, 2); Utah (Brigham, 2); Illinois (Wheaton, 5;Wau- kegan, 1; Warrenville, Du Page County, 2; Grant Park, Chicago, 1); New York (Sennett, 1; Owasco Lake, 1); Florida (Tamiami Trail, 2; Miami Beach, 1). *Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard.2 WEST INDIAN KILLDEER. 1 The locality "Paraguay" attached to a specimen in the British Museum is probably erroneous. zCharadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard: Similar to the nomi-. nate race, but differing by smaller size and grayer upper parts, with the rufescent 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Charadrius torquatus (not of Pontoppidan, 1763) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 — based on "Le Pluvier a collier de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 70, pi. 6, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection).1 Oxyechus vociferus (not Charadrius vociferus Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 — part, spec. m3-p3, b4, Jamaica and Cuba (San Cristobal). Oxyechus vociferus torquatus Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 195, 1905 — Laguna Grande and Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (crit.). Oxyechus vociferus rubidus (not Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, 1789) Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 88, April 17, 1909 — new name for Charadrius torquatus Linnaeus, preoccupied; Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 414, 449, 1911— Great Inagua (crit.); Todd, l.c., 10, p. 215, 1916 — Santa Rosalia Lagoon, Hato, and Jacksonville, Isle of Pines (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 39, 1916— Puerto Rico (habits; food); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 404, 1917— Jaibon, His- paniola; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 103, 1919— Greater Antilles (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 354, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Vieques, and St. Thomas (crit.; habits; bibliog.); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 150, 1931 — Hispaniola (monog.); Beatty, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 25, p. 34, 1941 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands (breeding); idem, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943 — St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting notes). Charadrius vociferus ternominatus Bangs and Kennard, Handb. Jamaica, p. 684 (repr. p. 8), 1920 — new name for Oxyechus vociferus rubidus Riley, preoccupied; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 252, 1934 (range). Range. — Resident in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles (islands of Cuba, Isle of Pines, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico) and Virgin Islands (Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix). Field Museum Collection. — 39: Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Mariguana, 2; Eleuthera, 1; Great Inagua, 27); Dominican Republic (Maniel, Azua, 2; San Cristobal, 1; San Luis, 4); Puerto Rico (Laguna Cartagena, 1). Conover Collection. — 8: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 2; St. Croix, 6). *Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman).2 PERUVIAN KlLLDEER. edgings to the feathers slightly more pronounced. Wing, 139-148, (female) 139-153. Breeding Bahama birds agree with others from the Greater Antilles. 1 Charadrius lamaicensis P. L. S. Mviller (Vollst. Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117, 1776), based on "The larger Grey Snipe" Browne (Civil and Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 477; about the lagoons in St. George's, Jamaica), while probably referring to the Killdeer, is not identifiable with certainty. 2 Charadrius vociferus peruvianus (Chapman) : Agreeing in small size with C. v. ternominatus, but differing, in postnuptial plumage, in the greater extent of 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 71 Oxyechus vodferus peruvianus Chapman, Auk, 37, p. 106, 1920 — Paletillas, near Payta, Piura, Peru (el. 1,550 ft.) (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 378, 1932— Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10). Aegialites vodferus (not Charadrius vodferus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, near Islay, Arequipa, Peru. Aegialitis vodfera Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 244 — Pacas- mayo, Peru (June); idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 342, 1886 — Pacasmayo. Oxyechus vodferus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 242, 742, 1896 — spec, u3, v3, c4, d4, Peru (Tambo Valley) and Chile. Charadrius vodferus Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 263— Trujillo, Peru (Nov. 17). Charadrius vodferus peruvianus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934 — Peru. Range. — Resident on the littoral of the Pacific coast from Piura, Peru, to Tacna, Chile (Arica).1 Conover Collection. — 2: Peru (Parinas Valley, Talera, Piura, 2). Charadrius mongolus mongolus Pallas. MONGOLIAN PLOVER. Charadrius mongolus Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs., 3, p. 700, 1776 — salt lakes toward the Mongolian border; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 132, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 85, 1926— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 11); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 22, p. 27, 1934— Nunivak Island. Charadrius mongolus mongolus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 17, p. 248, 1928— Nunivak Island, Alaska (Aug. 14, Sept. 1); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 253, 1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 89, 193'4— Goodnews Bay, Alaska (June 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 253, 1934 (range); Friedmann, Condor, 38, p. 173, 1936 — Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (May, 1935), Goodnews Bay (June 10, 1933, breeding). Range.— Breeds from eastern Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Com- mander Islands, south to Mongolia; occasional in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, June 11, 1922; Nunivak Island, Aug. 14 and Sept. 1, 1927; Goodnews Bay, June 10, 1933 [breeding]; St. Lawrence Island, May, 1935). 2 the rusty margins of the upper parts, particularly of the lesser and median wing coverts. 1 The breeding range possibly extends into Ecuador, since Salvadori and Festa (Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900) record the capture of a specimen in June at Chaupi. 2 As has been pointed out by Dixon (Auk, 35, p. 390, 1918), it is somewhat doubtful whether the birds recorded by Harting (Ibis, 1870, p. 389) from the Choris Peninsula, Alaska, were actually taken on the Alaskan side of Bering Sea. The Alaskan birds are most likely referable to C. m. littoralis Stegmann (Orn. Monatsber., 45, p. 25, 1937 — Bering Island; type in Leningrad Museum), which is described as being darker, less grayish above, with the rufescent jugular band and the reddish color about the head of a deeper tone. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Charadrius wilsonia beldingi (Ridgway). BELDING'S PLOVER. Pagolla wilsonia beldingi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 112, 1919 — La Paz, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 193, 1926— Jambeli Island, Ecuador (July 22, Oct. 31); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927— San Bias, Nayarit (Oct. 2); Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 49 (in text), 1927 — Scammons Lagoon, Lower California (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 — southern half of Lower California (resident); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 130, 1932— Chiapam, Guatemala; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 133, 1932 — Tibur6n Island, Sonora; Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 — Puerto Jimenez, Costa Rica (Sept. 30, Oct. 10, 1926). Aegialites wilsonianus (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 — lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 197 — Chiapam. Aegialitis wilsonius Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Aegialitis wilsoniana Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 — between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 343, 1886— same locality. Ochthodromus wilsonius Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 545, 1883 — Cape district of Lower California. Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1896 — part, spec, w', e'-g", i", k*, t2, u2, Mexico (San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala (Chiapam), and Ecuador (Pund Island); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Bahia de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 354, 1903 — part, Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; San Bias, Tepic), Guatemala (Chiapam), and south to Peru; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, (1), p. 53 (in text), 1913— Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Sept. 4 and 11). Aegialitis wilsonia Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 73, 1902 — La Paz, Carmen Island, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (crit.). Charadrius wilsonia beldingi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 14); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 306, 1935— Panama and Pearl Islands; van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 330, 1937 — Agiobampa, Sonora; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 5) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 1, 2), El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 79, 1945 — Sonora (resident). Range. — Locally resident on the Pacific coast from Lower Cali- fornia to northwestern Peru (Tumbez). Field Museum Collection. — 24: Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 15; Coronado Islands, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 8). Conover Collection. — 11: Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 6); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 73 *Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Ord. WILSON'S PLOVER. Charadrius wilsonia Ord, in Wilson's Amer. Orn., 9, p. 77, pi. 73, fig. 5, 1814 — "shores of Cape Island," New Jersey (probable cotypes now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Faxon, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 133, 1915, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 176, 1930). Charadrius crassirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 77, pi. 94, 1825 — Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906 [crit.]); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 750, 1849— coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 359, 1856 — Brazil (ex Spix). Charadrius wilsonii Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 4, Charadrius, sp. 26, 1827 (emendation). Aegialites wilsonianus Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 387 — Grassy Cay, off British Honduras (May; breeding). Aegialites wilsonius March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 66 — Jamaica (breeding). Ochthodromus wilsonius Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat., Cuba, 1, p. 359, 1866— Cuba (resident); idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 333, 1875— Cuba (habits, eggs, and young descr.) ; idem, I.e., 26, p. 189, 1878 — Caborojo and Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Charadrius wilsonius Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870 — Praia do Cajutuba and Rio Muria, Para, Brazil (spec, examined by senior author); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 306, 1916— Cayman Islands (breeding). Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway,1 Amer. Natur., 8, No. 2, p. 109, Feb., 1874 — Spanishtown, Jamaica (type in U. S. National Museum). Aegialitis wilsonia Cory, Auk, 4, p. 228, 1887 — West Indian localities and references (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Indies, p. 228, 1889 (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Birds, p. 95, 1892 — Bahama Islands and Greater Antilles; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 518 — New Providence, Bahama Islands (May 7, July 2; breeding); Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 285, 1900 — Little Pimlico and Andros, Bahama Islands; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 300 — Andros and Little Abaco, Bahama Islands. Charadrius wilsoni Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 154, 1887 (monog.); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 768— Blairmont, British Guiana (Oct. 25, Dec. 22). Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 214, 739, 1894 — part, spec, a-v', x'-d', n"-s2, v2, United States, Anegada Island, Yucatan, Honduras (Grassy Cay), French Guiana (Oyapoc River) and Brazil 1 This race is not a valid one as the describer himself must have discovered, for he omitted it from his later work, Birds of North and Middle America. A comparison of forty-eight specimens from the West Indies with thirty-eight from North America shows that there is no constant difference in coloration between the two series. Additional material examined. — Bahama Islands: Andros, 1; Green Turtle Cay, 1. — Cuba: Cabanas, 4; Mariel, 1. — Haiti: Gran Boucan, 1; Aquin, 2; Etang Saumatre, 2. — Puerto Rico: Cabo Rojo Lighthouse, 1. — Lesser Antilles: Little Saba, 1. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Bahia and "Cumana" [= Camamu]) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 — Oyapoc River, French Guiana. Ochthodromus wilsonia Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 47, 1907— part, Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 85, 1914— Brazil (no specified locality). Eudromias wilsoni Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15, 17). Octhodromus wilsonius wilsonius Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 415, 1911 — Watlings Island, Bahama Islands (crit.). Pagolla wilsonia wilsonia Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 216, 1916 — Los Indies, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 108, 1919 — United States, Gulf coast of Mexico, Bahama Islands, West Indies (Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, "Guadeloupe"),1 Grassy Cay off Honduras and Brazil (full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 352, 1927— Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada (crit.; habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 257, 1929 (life hist.; range in part); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929— Mangunca Island, Maranhao (March 8), and Amaragao, Piauhy (Sept. 14, 15, 17), Brazil (crit.); Tomkins, Auk, 61, p. 259, pi., 1944 (habits). Pagolla wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 405, 1917 — Monte Christi and Gaspar Hernandez, Dominican Republic (crit.); Wet- more and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 148, 1931 — Hispaniola (habits; crit.). "Charadrius wilsoni=Ochthodromus wilsonia" Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 224, 1923— Amaracao, Piauhy, Brazil. Charadrius wilsonia rufinucha Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range). Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 288 — Trinidad (winter visitor) ; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938 — Maranhao to Bahfa, Brazil (winter); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 169, 1938 — Barra de Santiago, El Salvador (Apr. 2), and Punta Piedra, Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Feb.). Charadrius wilsonius rufinucha Conover, Condor, 47, p. 212, 1945 (not valid race). Range. — Breeds on the coast of the southeastern and southern United States from Virginia to Florida and west to Texas; also on the Bahama Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Anegada Island and cays off the coast of British Honduras; winters from the Gulf coast south along the Caribbean coast of Central America (also recorded from the Pacific coast of El Salvador and Costa Rica) and the Atlantic coast of South America to eastern Brazil (Cape 1 The reported occurrence of Charadrius wilsonius on the island of Guadeloupe (cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879 — ex L'Herminier's manu- script) has yet to be confirmed. No representative of this group breeds there, but it is very probable that the Wilson Plover visits the island on its southward migration. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 75 Orange; Praia de Cajutuba and Rio Muria, Para; Mangunca Island, Maranhao; Amaracao, Piauhy; Camamu, Bahia).1 Field Museum Collection. — 59: Virginia (Northampton County, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 5); Florida (Amelia Island, Nassau County, 4; Banana River, Brevard County, 2); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua Island, 5; Andros Island, 4; Mariguana Island, 5; Aklin Island, 2; Great Bahama Island, 2; Eleuthera Island, 4); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Virgin Gorda, 2; Anegada Island, 5); Louisiana (A very Island, Iberia County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 5; Port Isabel, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 2); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 2). Conover Collection. — 29: South Carolina (Caper's Island, Charles- ton County, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Brevard County, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 16); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 1); Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 2). *Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway).2 CARIBBEAN PLOVER. Pagolla wilsonia cinnamomina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 108, 113, 1919— Sabanilla, Colombia (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 Eight specimens taken in winter (between September and April) on the coast of Brazil agree well with the type of C. crassirostris, and, while matched by numerous individuals from the United States, look very different from C. w. cinnamominus, of the Dutch West Indies and Margarita Island, as has been pointed out by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 492, 1929), the difference being particularly marked in the female sex. Five (out of six) Brazilian females have the jugular band entirely grayish brown and no rufescence whatsoever on sides of head, while the sixth individual shows a slight rusty tinge on both these parts, the series being thus exactly similar to females from the United States. In view of these facts, we cannot but maintain Hellmayr's contention that the birds occurring in winter time on the Brazilian coast are migrants from North America. A single unsexed adult from British Guiana likewise seems to be of the same form. Additional material examined. — British Honduras: Grassy Cay, 2. — British Guiana: coast of Demerara, 1. — Brazil: Praia de Cajutuba, Para, 1 (Feb.); Rio Muria, Para, 3; Amaracao, Piauhy, 5 (Sept. 14-17); Camamu, Bahfa, 1 (Sept. 22); unspecified, 1 (type of C. crassirostris). *Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus (Ridgway): Similar to C. w. wilsonia, but adult male with the crown, cheeks, auriculars and jugular crescent richer rufous; female readily distinguished from the other races by having the jugular band bright rusty (sayal brown to dull cinnamon) instead of grayish brown, and the pileum and sides of head more or less suffused with rusty. The Caribbean race, like the Chilean C. alexandrinus occidentalis, seems to lack a non-nuptial plumage. Immature birds are not certainly separable from the corresponding stage of Wilson's Plover. Additional material examined. — Aruba, 2; Bonaire, 2; Seelet, Trinidad, 6; Mustique, Lesser Antilles, 2. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aegialites wilsonius (not Charadrius wilsonia Ord) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 169 — Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela. Ochthodromus wilsonius rufinuchus (not Aegialitis wilsonius var. rufinucha Ridgway, 1874) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884— Saba- nilla; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 552 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (crit.; Jan.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 210, 214, 238, 1909— Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, and Margarita Island. Aegialitis rufinucha Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 307, 335 — Aruba and Bonaire (crit.). Ochthodromus wilsoni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 214, 1896 — part, spec. I", m", Carupano, Venezuela. Aegialitis wilsonia rufinucha Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island. Aegialitis wilsonius rufinucha Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 387, 1902 — Aruba and Bonaire. Ochthodromus wilsonia rufinucha Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906 — Seelet, Trinidad (April; crit.). Octhodromus wilsonius crassirostris (not Charadrius crassirostris Spix) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, p. 416, 1911 — part, Buritaca. Pagolla wilsonia crassirostris Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 186, 1922 — CiSnaga, Buritaca, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (crit.). Charadrius wilsonia cinnamominus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 254, 1934 (range, excl. of Guiana). Charadrius wilsonia dnnamomina Belcher and Smboker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289 — Caroni, Trinidad (June- July, breeding). Charadrius wilsonius cinnamominus Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213, 1945— Island of Mustique. Range. — Resident on the Caribbean coast -of Colombia and Vene- zuela, including the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Isla de Aves, Marga- rita, and Trinidad. Also, the island of Mustique, Lesser Antilles. Field Museum Collection. — 15: Venezuela (Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 5; Aves Island, Colon, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba Island, 8; Bonaire Island, 1). Genus EUPODA J. F. Brandt Eupoda J. F. Brandt, in Tchihatchev, Voy. Sci. Altai, p. 444, 1845 — type, by monotypy, Charadrius caspius Pa.\las=Charadrius asiaticus Pallas.1 Podasocys Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius montanus Townsend. Eupodella Mathews, Bds. Austr., 3, (1), p. 83, Apr. 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Charadrius veredus Gould (proposed as a substitute for Eupoda Brandt, if considered preoccupied by Eupodes Koch, 1835). 1 We have been unable to consult this work. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 77 *Eupoda montana (J. K. Townsend). MOUNTAIN PLOVER. Charadrius montanus J. K. Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, (1), p. 192, 1837 — "central table-land of the Rocky Mountains" =near Sweet- water River, Wyoming (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 14); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 153, 1887 (crit.). Podasocys montanus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 96 — Arizona (Fort Whipple) and New Mexico (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 240, 742, 1896 — Rocky Mountains and Mexico (La Paz, Lower California; Hermosillo, Sonora; Zacatecas); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911— Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Nov. 30); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 86, 1917— Chatham, Massachusetts; Bradbury, Condor, 20, p. 157, 1918 — Colorado (nesting notes); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Bds. California, p. 481, 1918— California (winter visitor); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 105, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 263, 1929 (life hist.). Eupoda montana Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928 — Lower California (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 256, 1934 (range); Van Tyne and Sutton, Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 37, p. 28, 1937 — near Marathon, Brewster County, Texas (breeding); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 55, p. 137, 1941 — Alberta; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 73, 1945 — Sonora (Hermosillo, Dec.; Santa Rosa, Jan.; Punta Penascosa, Feb.). Range. — Breeds in arid plains of western United States from northern Montana and western Nebraska south to northern New Mexico and northwestern Texas; winters from northern California, southern Arizona and southern Texas to Lower California and Mexico (Hermosillo, Sonora; Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Zacatecas). Accidental in Massachusetts (one record) and Florida. Field Museum Collection. — 44: Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4; Lincoln County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Nueces County, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 6); California (Chino, San Bernardino County, 15; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 1; Grayson, Stanislaus County, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; San Clemente Island, 1; Rio Vista, Solano County, 6); Florida (Key West, 1). Conover Collection. — 10: Montana (Jordan, Garfield County, 1); Colorado (Denver, 1; Larimer County, 1; Morgan County, 2); California (Santa Monica, 1; Helm, Fresno County, 1; Corcoran, Kings County, 2; San Diego Bay, 1). Genus OREOPHOLUS Jardine and Selby Oreopholus Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151, Dec., 1835— type, by monotypy, Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby = Charadrius ruficollis Wagler. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oreophilus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Aves, p. 53, 1842 (emendation). Dromicus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 616, April 4, 1844 — type, by orig. desig., Dromicus lessonii Lesson =Charadrius ruficollis Wagler. *Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler). SLENDER-BILLED DOTTEREL. Charadrius ruficollis Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 653, 1829 — Canelones, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 361, 1856 — Maldonado, Uruguay; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889— Trelew, Chubut. Oreopholus totanirostris Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 3, (10), pi. 151, Dec., 1835 — Andes of Chile (type in collection of J. Gould, present location unknown). Oreophilus totanirostris Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 125, 1841 — Maldo- nado, Uruguay, and Valparaiso, Chile; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843 — Chile, "probably a native of the Andes"; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 399, 1847— Straits of Magellan to Valparaiso; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 114, 1865 — Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— Chile; Hudson and Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 549 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 — Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 — Nueva Roma, Rin- con Grande, and Rio Colorado. Dromicus lessonii Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, No. 26, col. 617, April 4, 1844 — environs of Valparaiso, Chile (type in Paris Museum; cf. Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891). Morinellus totanirostris Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 47, 1865 — Bolivia and Chile (Santiago; crit.). Oreophilus ruficollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 989 — Islay, Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined); iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 570— western Peru; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 189— Sandy Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 499 — Rio Gallegos, Patagonia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 — Junin, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 566, 1877— Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 42— Chubut Valley, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 197— Province of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Sengel Valley and Tambo Point, Chubut (nesting); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 347, 1886— Junfn, Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403— "Llalcalhuay," Tarapaca, Chile; idem and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 174, 1889 — Argentina; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 116, 1891 — Patagonia (egg descr.); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 — Est. Espartillar, near Ranchos, Province of Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210 — same locality (April to July); Reed, I.e., 1893, p. 596— Chile (resident); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 207— Santa Ana, Uruguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 123, 731, 1896— Falkland Islands, Patagonia (Tambo Point, Chubut, Rio Negro), La Plata, Mendoza, Uruguay (Montevideo), Chile (Santiago, Tarapaca), and Peru (Islay); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 — Concepcion and Punta Arenas, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 79 Chile; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900— Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 51— between Tarma and Oroya, Junin; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904— Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906— Puno, Peru; M&iegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Bolivia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 215, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 274, 1910— near Mount Tigre, Rio Deseado, and Rio Chico, Patagonia; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 466 — Luiconia and Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— San Carlos, Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. go — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to August); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920— cerros near Nilahue, Curico, Chile; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 80, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 162, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 150, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 191, 1926 — Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa Elena); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 201, 1929 — Angol, Malleco, Chile (winter visitor); Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1932— Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935— Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados (sight records). Charadrius totanirostris Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. Ill, pi. 4, 1887 (monog.). Oreophilus ruficollis ruficollis Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261— Chuput Valley, Patagonia (descr. of young); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1933 — Coronel Dorrego, Buenos Aires. Oreophilus ruficollis simonsi Chubb, Ibis, (11), 1, p. 262, April, 1919— Chal- lapata, Oruro, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 95, p. 184, 1943— Uyuni, Llica, Bolivia. Oreophilus ruficollis totanirostris Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 42, p. 19, 1921— Chile (crit.). Oreopholus ruficollis ruficollis Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 294, 1923 — Rio Negro (Rio Colorado, San Antonio, Maquinchao); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 167, 1926— near Zapala, Neuque"n; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926— Rio Negro (Arroyo Seco, Cabaza de Vaca, Arroyo Anecon Grande) and Santa Cruz (Rio Belgrano) (descr. young); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 58, 1930 — Est. La Germania, Santa F6. Oreopholus ruficollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 378, 1932— Chile to the Straits of Magellan (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 256, 1934 (range). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (l)Oreophilus ruficollis pallidus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 343, Oct. 25, 1935 — San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque, Peru (type in collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. — Breeds in the Cordillera and high plateaus of southern South America from southern Peru (Puno), northern Chile and Bolivia south to the Straits of Magellan; in winter descending to the plains and migrating north to southern Ecuador (Puntilla de Santa Elena, province of Guayas), Peru, eastern Argentina (provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa F4), and Uruguay; accidental on the Falkland Islands.1 Field Museum Collection. — 16: Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 4; Tiraque, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, 2); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Pica, Tarapaca, 1; Cabrero, 1; Santiago, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro, 1; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. — 24: Peru (Puno, Puno, 2); Bolivia (Esper- anza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 4); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 3); Argentina (Sierra de Tafi, Tucuman, 1; Tunuyan, Mendoza, 1; La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1; Arroyo Verde, Chubut, 1; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 4). Genus EUDROMIAS C. L. Brehm Eudromias C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 987, 1830 — type, by monotypy, Chara- drius morinellus Linnaeus. Morinellus (not Morinella Meyer and Wolf, 1810) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 417, 1856 — type, by tautonymy, Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. 1 As the senior author has pointed out in another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 379, 1932), neither O. r. totanirostris nor 0. r. simonsi can be maintained. Since then, Carriker has separated three (evidently migrating) individuals from San Jose (near Pimentel), Dept. Lambayeque, as O. r. pallidus. Aside from alleged color-characters, notably deeper rufous throat, which are utterly worthless, its chief distinctive feature is smaller size (wing, 145-151). The figures given by the describer are indeed smaller than in the majority of the fifty-odd specimens examined, though an adult male from the Rio Negro (Pil- canyen) with a wing of 153 mm. runs close to the measurements of "pallidus." However, what makes us even more strongly doubtful of its validity is the fact that an adult female from Lobos de Tierra Island, off Lambayeque, which should surely belong to pallidus, is nowise distinguishable either in color or size (wing, 170) from Argentine examples. Birds from Islay and Lurin are likewise typical of ruficollis. Additional material examined (wing measurements in parenthesis). — Peru: Lobos de Tierra, Lambayeque, 1 (170); Lurin, Lima, 1 (173); Islay, Arequipa, 1 (173).— Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosi, 3 (163, 165, 175); Challapata, Oruro, 1 (177).— Chile: "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca, 1 (167); Cordillera of Santiago, 1 (165); Cabrero, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 81 Eudromias morinellus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN DOTTEREL. Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 150, 1758 — based chiefly on Faun. Svec., p. 58, Nos. 158, 160, Sweden. Eudromias morinellus Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 22 — King Island, Alaska (July 23); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 95, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 150, 1929 (life hist.); A. M. Bailey, Condor, 32, p. 161, 1930— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 15 and 19, 1929); idem, I.e., 34, p. 47, 1932— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (June 6, 1931; third record); Friedmann, I.e., 34, p. 257, 1932— Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (May and June, 1931); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 257, 1934 (range); Brown, Murrelet, 15, p. 79, 1934— Washington (Westport); idem, Condor, 37, p. 82, 1935— Washington (Westport). Range. — Breeds on the tundras, mountains, and plateaus of northern Europe and Asia, from Scotland, the lake district of Eng- land, Scandinavia, and Russia south to Germany, Austria (Styria, Carinthia), Rumania (Transylvania), the Urals, Ala-tau, Altai, Sayan Mountains, and probably to the mountains of Transbaikalia; winters in the countries bordering the Mediterranean, in Arabia and Persia; probably of more or less regular occurrence in Alaska (King Island, July 23, 1897; Cape Prince of Wales, June 15 and 19, 1929 and June 6, 1931), and on St. Lawrence Island (Gambell, May and June, 1931); accidental in Washington (Westport). Genus ZONIBYX Reichenbach Zonibyx Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. xviii, "1852" (=1853)— type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Vanellus cinctus Lesson =Charadri us modestus Lichtenstein. *Zonibyx modestus (Lichtenstein). FALKLAND ISLAND DOTTEREL. Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 71, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 5, Charadrius, sp. 44, 1827— "Brazil" (descr.); idem, Isis, 1829, col. 654 (plumage descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 105, 1887 — Falkland Islands and Santa Lucia, La Plata (crit.). Tringa urvillii Garnot, Ann. Sci. Nat., 7, p. 46, Jan., 1826 — near Port Louis, Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 12, p. 541, July 4, 1829— Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage). Vanellus cinctus Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, livr. 2, pi. 43, Jan. 17, 1827 (location of type unrecorded); idem, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 309, June, 1828 — Concepci6n, 1 (164); Angol, Malleco, 1 (160). — Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte, 1 (160).— Argentina: Chubut, 1 (162); Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2 (165, 166); Rio Negro, 2 (165, 167); Papin, Buenos Aires, 1 (170); Ajo, Buenos Aires, 10 (158-170); Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3 (160, 163, 166); Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires, 1 (165); Mendoza, 3 (160, 165, 170).— Falkland Islands, 2 (163, 167).— Uruguay: Santa Lucia, 1 (165). 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Falkland Islands (nuptial plumage); idem, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 16, p. 720, May 1, 1830— Falkland Islands (descr.). Charadrius nebulosus Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 315, June, 1828 — "Bresil" (type in Paris Museum; descr. of non-nuptial plumage). Charadrius rubecola King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 96, Apr. to July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type apparently lost) ; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., pi. 1 (nuptial plumage), 1887. Squatarola rubecola Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 7, pi. 110, Dec., 1830 — Straits of Magellan (fig. of type). Squatarola cincta Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 126, 1841 — Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands, and Chiloe Island; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859 — Falkland Islands (egg descr.). Squatarola fusca Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 126, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay (type now in British Museum ;= non-nuptial plumage). Squatarola urvillii(ei) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 401, 1847— Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 215, 1853 — Valdivia, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 271, 1868— coast of Chile. Vanellus modestus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 362, 1856 — "southern Brazil" and Montevideo south to Patagonia and Straits of Magellan; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 363, 1861 — pampas, Rio Cuarto. Hiaticula fusca Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exp., Zool., p. 328, 1858— Tierra del Fuego. Vanellus cinctus Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — Rio Cuarto, Cordoba (descr. of young). Eudromias urvillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 386, 1860 — Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 — East Falkland Island (breeding). Morinellus modestus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 48, 1865 — Falkland Islands, Port Famine, and Santiago, Chile (crit.). Squatarola modesta Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 115, 1865 — Chile. Eudromias modesta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1868, p. 188 — Sandy Point and Gregory .Bay, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 500— Sandy Point; Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164— Flores Island, Buenos Aires (May 30); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 197 — Province of Buenos Aires (autumn and winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 402 — Chubut Valley (mid-April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438 — Gray Harbour, Tom Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Port "Fanuris" [= Famine], and Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Tom Bay, Puerto del Morro, Port Henry and Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan; Doering, hi Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881 — Azul, Puan, and Choele-Choel, Pampa; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — La Tinta, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 313, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (April, May) ; Withing- ton, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and I 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 83 Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 171, 1889 — Argentina; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19— Est. Espar- tillar, Buenos Aires (April 30); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 210— Est. Espartillar (Mar. to August); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 206— Uruguay (Mar. 29); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile (winter visitor); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 303— near Arauco, Chile; Nicoll, I.e., 1904, p. 46— Port Gallant, Magallanes, Chile; Crawshay, Birds Tierra del Fuego, p. 118, 1907 — Cheena Creek Settlement; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 202, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Squatarola durvillei Leybold, Exc. Pamp. Arj., p. 20, 1873 — Laguna de los Piuquenes, Santiago, Chile. Charadrius modestus rubecola Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 106, 1887 — Chile to Straits of Magellan (crit.). Zonibyx modesta(us) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889 — Port Otway, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 238, 742, 1896— Falkland Islands (Berkeley Sound), Tierra del Fuego, Straits of Magellan (Hermit Island, Port Famine, Gray Harbour, Puerto Bueno, Puerto del Morro, Cockle Cove, Tom Bay), Chubut, Chile (Valparaiso, "Tarapaca" [= Arauco]), Buenos Aires, Santa Lucia, and Maldonado; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900— Penguin Rookery (Staten Island) and Punta Arenas; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 287, 1902 — Iguap6, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 48, 1907 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 250, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Aug. 15, Sept. 27) and Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 286, 1910 — near Mount Tigre, Cape Fairweather, and Arroyo Eke, Santa Cruz (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 465 — Luiconia, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 150, 1917 — Falkland Islands (descr. of downy young); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 58 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (winter visitor, April to Sept.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo and Soriano, Uruguay; Wace, I.e., p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (Apr. 23); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 162, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (May, Aug.); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe (winter visitor); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926— head of the Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz (January); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 322— Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 370, 1932— Chile (Caldera, Atacama, to the Guaitecas Islands); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 195, 1933 — Saldungaray, Buenos Aires; Reynolds, I.e., 5, p. 351, 1934— Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 257, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 86 — Otaries Island, Jerdan Island, etc., Cape Horn; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 131, 1938— Iguape", Sao Paulo (May). Charadrius (Eudromias) modestus Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. Ill, 1891 — Bahfa Orange, Tierra del Fuego, and Bourchier Bay, False Cape Horn. Zonybyx modesla Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 666, 1898 — Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, and Port Stanley, Falkland Islands; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 375, 1902— Tierra del Fuego. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds in extreme southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, and on the Falkland Islands; winters in Chile (north to Atacama), Argentina (north to Cordoba, Santa F6, and Entre Rios), Uruguay, and extreme southern Brazil (one record each from Rio Grande do Sul and Iguap£, Sao Paulo).1 Field Museum Collection.— 5: Chile (Huanillo, Antofagasta, 1; Penco, 1; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 16: Chile (Angol, Bio Bio, 4; Melinka, Guaitecas Islands, 1; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 2; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 6; Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Genus PLUVIANELLUS G. R. Gray Pluvianellus G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [549], Dec., 1846 — type, by mono- typy, Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray; Pucheran, in Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 124, 1853 — type, by orig. desig., Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran (generic characters). *Pluvianellus socialis G. R. Gray. MAGELLANIC PLOVER. Pluvianellus socialis? "Hombron and Jacquinot" G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [549], Dec., 1846 — based on "Pluvianelle sociable" Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, Ois., pi. 30, fig. 1, Jan., 1845, no locality stated (type, from Straits of Magellan, in Paris Museum). Pluvianellus sociabilis Pucheran, in Hombron and Jacquinot, Voy. P61e Sud, Zool., 3, p. 125, 1853 — "de'troit de Magellan (type in Paris Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 303, 1896— Patagonia; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 121, col. pi., 1907— Useless Bay Settlement (Sept. 16, Nov. 5; breeding); Sharpe and Scott, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 298, 1910— near Rio Coy, Santa Cruz (Sept. 30); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 217, 1910 — Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Stresemann, Orn. Monatsber., 33, p. 21, 1925 — Punta Anegada, Straits of Magellan; Kinnear, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 48, p. 52, 1927 — Tierra del Fuego (adult and immature, Jan.). Charadrius sociabilis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 107, pi. 2, 1887 — Tova Harbour (lat. 45° S.), Chubut; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 288, 1891— Straits of Magellan (type) and Tova Harbour, Patagonia. Pluvianellus socialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range). 1 We have not been able to make out any constant differences, either in colora- tion or in size, between birds from the Falkland Islands and others from the mainland. Additional material examined. — Falkland Islands, 8. — Tierra del Fuego, 4. — Straits of Magellan, 8. — Argentina: Chubut, 3; Province of Buenos Aires, 5. — Chile: Valparaiso, 1; Arauco City, 2; Maquegua, Arauco, 1; Nige, Tolten Viejo, 1; Almagro, Cautin, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 85 Range. — Eastern Patagonia, from southern Chubut (Tova Harbour, lat. 45° S.) to Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay).1 Conover Collection.— 2: Argentina (Rio Gallegos, 2). Genus PHEGORNIS G. R. Gray2 Leptopus (not of Latreille, 1809) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 — type, by monotypy, Leptopus mitchellii Fraser. Leptodactylus (not of Fitzinger, 1826) Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, pub. Feb., 1845 (proposed in footnote as substitute for Leptopus Fraser). Phegornis G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [545], 1846— type, by orig. desig., Leptopus mitchellii Fraser. Leptoscelis (not of Halliday, 1831) Des Murs, Icon. Orn., Hvr. 7, pi. 41, 1847— new name for Leptopus and Leptodactylus Fraser, preoccupied. Leptosceles Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 331 — emendation of Leptoscelis Des Murs. *Phegornis mitchellii (Fraser). MITCHELL'S SANDPIPER. Leptopus mitchellii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, "1844," p. 157, Feb., 1845 — Chile, probably Andes of Colchagua (type now in collection of British Museum); idem, Zool. Typ., pi. 63, circa 1848 — Andes of central Chile. Phegornis mitchelli(i) Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [545], pi. 145, fig. 1, 1846; Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 403— Sitani, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, pi. 372, 1886— Lake Junin, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 450, pi. 16, 1887— Chile (monog.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 682, 1896— Chile and Peru 1 (Junin); Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), 1, p. 154, 1902 — Yaucha, Dept. San Carlos, Province of Mendoza; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906— Pujuni and Titiri, Puno, Peru; Neveu- Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Amer. Sud, p. Ill, 1906 — Lake Titicaca; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910— "western Chubut" and Sierra de Mendoza, Argentina; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 260, 1913 (range in Argentina); Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 12, 1916 — Mendoza and Chile ("Conception"); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem, I.e., 33, p. 357, 1929 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 392, 1932 — Antofagasta (Silala) and Coquimbo (Banos del Toro), Chile (crit.) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 258, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464 — Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru (Oct., Nov.). 1 Additional material examined. — Patagonia: Straits of Magellan, 1 (the type); Tova Harbour, Chubut, 1; unspecified, 1.— Tierra del Fuego: Useless Bay Settle- ment, 1. 2 About the systematic position, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, p. 722. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leptoscelis mitchellii Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 7, pi. 41, 1847 — "California"; idem, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 404, 1847— Chile (ex Fraser); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860— Rio Frio, Anto- fagasta, and Cordillera of Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Cordillera of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 272, 1868 — Cordilleras of central provinces north to the desert of Atacama; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Rio Frio, Antofagasta. Leptosceles mitchelli Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339 — Chile. Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (Lake Junin; Talahuarra, Huancavelica; Puno), western Bolivia (Lake Titicaca; Silala, Potosi), and northern Chile south to Colchagua; also recorded from western Argentina (Yaucha, Province of Mendoza; Aconquija, Province of Tucuman). Field Museum Collection. — 4: Bolivia (Silala, Potosi, 3); Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1). Conover Collection. — 2: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2). Family SCOLOPACIDAE. Woodcocks, Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. Subfamily TRINGINAE. Curlews, Godwits, Yellowlegs, etc. Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson1 Bartramia Lesson, Traits d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831 — type, by mono- typy, Bartramia laticauda ~Lesson= Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Actidurus Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad., 52, p. 208, 1831 — type, by orig. desig., Tringa bartramia Wilson =T. longicauda Bechstein; idem, Sagg. Distr. Met. Anim. Vert., p. 143, 1831 (reprint). Euliga Nuttall, Man. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 167, 1834— type, by orig. desig., Totanus bartramius Temminck=T'nn0a longicauda Bech- stein. Actiturus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838 — emendation of Actidurus Bonaparte. Bartramius Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 9, p. 59, 1857 — emendation of Bartramia Lesson. Euligia Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 86, 1862 — emendation of Euliga Nuttall. *Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein). UPLAND PLOVER. Tringa longicauda Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 453, pi. 42, 1812 — North America. Tringa bartramia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 63, pi. 59, fig. 2, 1813 — Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania (type evidently lost). 1 About anatomy and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 759-761. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 87 Totanus variegatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 397, 1816— "dans I'Amerique septentrionale et aux lies Antilles" (no type specified); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 107, pi. 239, circa 1825— same localities. Totanus campestris Vieillot,1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 400, 1816— based on "Chorlito ribetes blancos acanelados" Azara, No. 398, Paraguay. Bartramia laticauda Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 7, p. 553, April, 1831— new name for Tringa longicauda Bechstein. Actitis bartrami Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 43, pi. 196, 1836— emendation of Tringa bartramia Wilson. Actlturus bartramius Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230— Duefias, Gua- temala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 253, 1860— Vera Cruz, Mexico; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 334, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 385— Turneff Island, British Hon- duras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567— eastern Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 979— Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 169— Caracas, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598— Cosnipata, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 783— south of Me>ida, Venezuela; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38— Andrequece', Minas Geraes, Brazil (Oct. 26); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309— Nauta, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560— Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Hudson, I.e., 1876, p. 104— Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 199— Buenos Aires (Dec. to April); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878— Sierra of Cordoba; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884— Con- cepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rlos (Nov. to April); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 371, 1886 — Peruvian localities; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (fall); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 189, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar (Oct. to Mar.); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209— Santa Elena (Jan. to Mar.) and Porongos (Nov.), Uruguay; Kerr, I.e., 1901, p. 236— Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 27); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 65, 1902— Cordillera of Santiago, Chile. Totanus bartramia Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— Rio Tunuyan, Mendoza. Actitis bartramius Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, Scolopaces, p. 78, 1864— Ohio and Wisconsin (crit.). Tringoides bartramius(a) LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 463, 1866— Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870— Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Sept., Nov.; Irisanga, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Barra do Jauru, Oct.; Engenho do Cap Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Oct.), and Amazonia (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Mar.). Actiturus longicaudatus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 260, 1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina, Brazil; Gundlach, I.e., 29, p. 401, 1881— Puerto Rico. 1 Totanus melanopygius Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 401, 1816— "au centre des Etats-Unis, dans les mois d'octobre et de novembre, et a la Louisiane pendant toute 1'anneV'), sometimes quoted in synonymy, can hardly refer to the Upland Plover. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Adiiurus longicaudus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326, 1875 — Cuba (Aug. to May); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Ruatan Island, Honduras. Actiturus longicauda Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881 — southern parts of Pampa; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — Tandil, Buenos Aires. Bartramia longicauda Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887 — West Indies (descr.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 — Alajuela, Costa Rica; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889— Cuba, Jamaica, and Grenada; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— "Lake Titicaca (Aug.)"; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 101, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (May 7); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890— San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25 to Nov. 25); idem, I.e., 9, p. 329, 1892— San Jos6, Costa Rica; Cory, l.c., p. 48, 1892 — Maraguana, Bahama Islands; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94, 1892 — West Indian localities; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — Magdalena Vieja and Lima, Peru (March); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Nov. 26); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 509, 765, 1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 435, 1899— Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900— Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (Sept. 15); idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 — same locality; Bangs, I.e., 18, p. 358, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui, Panama; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Rio Sail, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 380, 1903— Mexico (Valley of -Mexico; Guanajuato; Zacatecas; Chapala, Jalisco; Cacoprieto and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Orizaba, Las Vegas, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Pinal, Puebla), British Honduras (Turneff Island), Guatemala (Duefias, Sakluk), Hon- duras (Ruatan Island), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido), Costa Rica, and Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 460 — Tatarenda, Tarija, Bolivia (April); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905— Barbados (Aug. to March), Grenada, and Carriacou (Sept., Oct.), Lesser Antilles; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 125, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru (Sept., Oct.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Iguap6, Itapura) and Venezuela (Merida); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 27); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909— Wilde (Dec. 30) and Barracas al Sud (Dec. 26), Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910 — Allianca, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Nov. 9); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420, 1910— San Jos6 (Sept. 15, 18) and Guacimo (Oct. 13), Costa Rica; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Joazeiro, Bahfa (Mar. 20); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914 — Baiao, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatun, Panama (Oct. 12); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam (April); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 379, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920— Montevideo and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Daguerre, I.e., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 89 p. 263, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (Jan. 18); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 — Ci^naga, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. "24, 1922 — Chaupicruz, near La Carolina (Mar. 20), and Carapungo (Aug. 10), Ecuador; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923— La Rioja (Feb., March); Pereyra, I.e., p. 163, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (Nov.); Dabbene, I.e., p. 197, 1923— Decep- tion Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 8); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926— Cerro Compania, Ecuador (Sept. 24); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 — Deception Island, South Shetlands (Feb. 9, 1923); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 29; Villa Conception, Oct. 3), Uruguay (below Rocha, Jan. 23; Lazcano, Feb. 7), Entre Rios (Concordia, Feb. 22), and Buenos Aires; idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 13, 1927 — same localities; idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927 — Puerto Rico (Santa Isabel, Sept. 13); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 55, 1929 (life hist.); Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 53, 1930 — Tacaagle", Formosa (Nov. 24); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 375, 1931— Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia (Oct. 20); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932— Santiago, Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala; Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 204, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 259, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289— Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938— Bahia (Joazeiro), Sao Paulo (Iguape, Ypiranga, Itapura), and Venezuela (Me>ida); Bennett, Ibis, 1938, p. 764 — Falkland Islands; Dixon, Bds. Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 74, 1938 (nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944— Mt. McKinley Nat. Park; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 71, 1945— Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.; Victoria, Oct.). Range. — Breeds from northwestern Alaska, southern Mackenzie, southern Ontario, Quebec, and central Maine south to Oregon, Utah, Colorado, southern Oklahoma, Missouri, southern Indiana, and northern Virginia; winters in southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argen- tina south to the Rio Negro; casual in Chile (Santiago); occasional in Bermuda Islands, and western Europe; accidental in the Falkland and the South Shetland Islands (Deception Island, Feb. 9, 1923). Field Museum Collection. — 82: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Prince Albert, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 19; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Peoples Lake, Towner County, 1; Cando, Towner County, 1; St. John, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 10; Belcourt, Rolette County, 1; Rolla, Rolette County, 1; Taller's Bay, Ramsey County, 1; Cannonball, Slope County, 1; Brinsmade, Benson County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Iowa (Iowa City, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver 9*0 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Dam, 4); Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1; Joliet, Will County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1; Cohasset, 1; Ashfield, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1); New York (Southampton, 1); Pennsylvania (unspecified, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 8; Brownsville, 5; Travis County, 1); Bahama Islands (Mariguana, 1); Venezuela, Merida (Culata, 4; Conejos, 1). Conover Collection. — 15: Yukon Territory (head of Big Salmon River, 1); Illinois (Calumet, 2; Warrenville, Du Page County, 5); Georgia (Montezuma, Macon County, 1); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (Rio Blanco, Esmeraldas, 1; Sara Yaco, Rio Bobonaza, 1; Macas, Santiago-Zamora, 1); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2). Genus NUMENIUS Brisson Numenius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 311, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Numenius" Brisson =Scolopax torquata Linnaeus. Phaeopus Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, "1817," p. 485, publ. Dec. 7, 1816— type, by tautonymy, Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus. Neomenius Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), tab. A and p. 159, 1828— emendation of Numenius Brisson. Cracticornis Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 88, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Scolopax torquata Linnaeus. Mesoscolopax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 371, 1896 — type, by mono- typy, Numenius minutus Gould. *Numenius borealis (J. R. Forster). ESKIMO CURLEW. Scolopax borealis J. R. Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, pp. 411, 431, 1772— Fort Albany, Keewatin, Hudson Bay (type formerly in collection of Royal Society of London). Tringa campestris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 454, 1819 — based on "Chorlito campesino" Azara, No. 397, Paraguay (Sep- tember). Numenius brevirostris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 75, Sept., 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 64, pi. 381, Dec. 21, 1825— Brazil and Paraguay; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Buenos Aires; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 — Falkland Islands (one record); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Lagoa do Campo Largo, near Ypanemd, Sept., Oct., Nov.), Matto Grosso (Xavier, Oct. 7), and Amazonas (south bank of Amazon River between mouth of Rio Madeira and mouth of Rio Negro, Sept. 4), Brazil. Numenius borealis Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356 — San Geronimo, Guatemala (April); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 27, p. 101, 1864 (crit.); LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 444, 1866— Trinidad (one male; Sept.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile (crit.); Newton, I.e., 1871, L948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 91 p. 56, pi. 4, fig. 1 (egg) — Arctic coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 404— Chubut Valley, Patagonia (Oct. 8-10); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 161, 188, 1878— Puerto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878 — near San Juan, Puerto Rico (one spec.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 185 — Greenland (Julianehaab, Nanortalik, Ikamiut); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 241, 1884 — Bermuda Islands; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Sept. 9 to middle October), and pampas between Azul and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 149, 1886— sixty miles west of Nunivak Island, Bering Sea; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121, 1887 — Alaskan coast of Bering Sea (migr.) ; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 333, 1887 (crit.); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 629, 1887— Grenada; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 498 — Barbados (end of Aug. and Sept.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 368, 755, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland (several records); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 62, 1902— Chile (crit.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden) and Harvey Vale, Carriacou (Sept. 5, 1904); Barbour, Auk, 23, p. 459, 1906— Lat. 49° 06' N., Long. 27° 28' W. (May 26, 1906); Thayer, I.e., 26, p. 77, 1909— Newburyport, Massachusetts (Aug., 1908); Knight, I.e., 27, p. 79, 1910— Hog Island, Hancock, Maine (Sept., 1909); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 300, 1910 (descr.; range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in Argentina); Lamb, Auk, 30, p. 581, 1913— East Orleans, Massachusetts, Sept. 5, 1913 (in Conover collection); Swenk, Smiths. Inst. Ann. Rep. for 1915, pp. 325-340, pi. 1, 1916 (hist.; former distr.; migr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 71 — Linconia (Feb. 13, 1899; April 8, 1901) and near Palenque (Apr. 16, 1901), Ajo, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 15, 1927 (account of former wintering grounds in Argentina and Chile); Albert, Auk, 45, p. 95, 1928— Horicon Marsh, Wisconsin (1903); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 125, 1929 (life hist.; range; migr.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 78, 1930— Matto Grosso; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 132, 1932— San Geronimo, Guatemala; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932— Chile (Arica, Tacna; Chiloe" Island); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289— Trinidad (ex Leotaud) and Tobago (ex Kirk); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 16, p. 54, 1938— Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna (Sept., 1851). Numenius microrhynchus Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 32, (1), p. 129, 1866— Chiloe Island (Oct., 1858) and "Arica" (=Playa de Chacal- luta), Tacna, Chile (cotypes in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868— Chiloe and "Peru" (= Arica). Mesoscolopax borealis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 412, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Monte- video and Colonia, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 125, 1920 (range in Argen- tina); idem, I.e., 3, p. 284, 1924 — Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Sept. 7, 1924); idem, I.e., 3, p. 420, 1926— Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (Jan. 11, 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1926); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 322, 1931— Bermuda Islands. Phaeopus borealis Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 360, 1927— Puerto Rico (ex Gundlach); idem, Auk, 56, p. 475, 1939— Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Feb. 16-28, 1937; Jan. 17, 1939); Cottam and Knappen, I.e., 56, p. 154, 1939 (food); Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566, 1940 (cor- rected list of records). Range. — Bred formerly on the barren grounds of Arctic America, from Norton Sound, Alaska, to northern Mackenzie (valley of Anderson River, Point Lake); wintered in southern Brazil (states of Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso), Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina (Entre Rios, Buenos Aires, Chubut) ; accidental in Guate- mala (San Geronimo), on the Falkland Islands (one record), and in Greenland.1 The southward migration was through the eastern United States and the West Indies (Bermuda Islands; Puerto Rico; Barbados; Carriacou; Grenada; Tobago; Trinidad), returning north- ward across the Gulf of Mexico and up the Mississippi Valley. Now exceedingly rare.2 Field Museum Collection. — 10: Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 5; Cape Cod, Barnstable County, 1; Great Island, Hyannis, 2); Kansas (Emporia, 1). Conover Collection. — 5 : Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1 ; East Orleans, Barnstable County, 1); Colorado (Smith's Lake, Denver, 1); un- specified, 2. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (Linnaeus). WHIMBREL. Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 140, Sweden. Numenius islandicus C. L. Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deuts., p. 610, 1831 — Iceland (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 56, 1918).' Numenius phaeopus Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland (various records); Brewster, Auk, 26, p. 190, 1909 — south of Sable Island, 1 Salvin's record (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429) from Charles Island, Galapagos, refers to N. phaeopus hudsonicus (cf. Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 189, 1899). 2 The last specimen was shot on January 11, 1926, at Rosas, Buenos Aires, but others were seen by E. R. Runnacles at Lavalle, in the same province, in February, 1937, as well as on January 17, 1939 (fide Wetmore, Auk, 56, p. 475, 1939). 3 Numenius melanorhynchus Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, pp. 597, 1021, 1856), from Greenland and Iceland, is a nomen nudum without nomenclatorial standing. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 93 Nova Scotia (May 23, 1906); Miller, I.e., 32, p. 226, 1915— Great South Bay, Long Island (Sept. 4, 1912). Phaeopus phaeopus phaeopus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 397, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Numenius phaeopus phaeopus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 136, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 260, 1934 (range in part). Numenius phaeopus islandicus Salomonsen, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 90, pp. 365, 366, 1931 — Iceland and Greenland (crit.; meas.).1 Range. — Breeds in Iceland, the Faroes, Orkney and Shetland Islands, northern Scandinavia, and northern (European and Asiatic) Russia; frequent on migration in Greenland; accidental on Sable Island, south of Nova Scotia (May 25, 1906), and Long Island, New York (Sept. 4, 1912) ; winters in Africa, Madagascar, and India. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli).2 EASTERN WHIMBREL. Tantalus variegatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Ins., fasc. 2, p. 92, 1796 — based on "Courly tachete de 1'isle de Lucon" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 85, pi. 48, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Scolopax luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 — same basis. Numenius atricapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 303, 1817 — new name for Numenius luzoniensis Latham = Scolopax luzoniensis Gmelin. Numenius phaeopus variegatus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range); Bailey, Auk, 56, p. 333, 1939— Point Barrow, Alaska (June 10, 1938). Range. — Breeds in eastern Siberia west to the Lena River; winters from eastern China throughout the Indo-Australian Archi- pelago to New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, and the Caroline, Marianna, and Pelew Islands. Accidental in Alaska (Point Barrow, June 10, 1938). *Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Latham. HUDSONIAN CURLEW. Numenius hudsonicus Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 712, 1790 — based on "Eskimaux Curlew" Tennant, Arct. Zool., 2, No. 364, pi. 19, Hudson Bay; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841— Chiloe Island, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— shores of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, 1 Breeding specimens from Iceland and migratory birds from Greenland are on average larger (wing of males, 240-260, against 231-250 in Scandinavia), but there is much overlapping in measurements, and the slight difference, considering the size of the bird, seems altogether too insignificant to justify the separation of 2V. p. islandicus, inasmuch as Faroes specimens completely bridge the gap. 2 Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scopoli) differs from the nominate race by having the feathers of lower back and rump broadly spotted with brown, while the foreneck, breast, flanks, and under wing coverts are generally more coarsely marked. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 419, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510— Chile ("Arend" [=Ancud], Chiloe" Island; Calbuco and "Reloncaoi" [=Reloncavf], Llanquihue); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855— Chile; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 10— Greenland (Godthaab, Julianehaab, Fiskenaesset, Jacobshavn); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 333, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 176— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1869— coast of Chile; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 330— Chimbote (Ancachs) and Santa Lucia (Tumbez), Peru; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 — Talcaguano, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 380, 1886— Peruvian localities; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 120, 1887— St. Michaels, Alaska; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 — Chimbote, Peru (Aug.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 331, 1887 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395— Lima, Peru (Oct. 6); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile (especially Chiloe" Island); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 364, 754, 1896 — North America, Mexico (Mazatlan), Guatemala (Chiapam), Barbados, Brazil (Para, Cajutuba), Peru (Tambo Valley, Paracas Bay), Chile (Vina del Mar, Arauco, Chiloe, Talcaguano, Santiago), and Galapagos Islands; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Vina del Mar, Valparaiso, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898— Chile; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 159, 1898 — Greenland (three records); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.) ; Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 1, p. 27, 1900 — Kowak River, Alaska (nesting); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 365, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan; Rio Zacatula, Colima; Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Laguna de Chiapam), Honduras (Fonseca Bay), Costa Rica (Punta Arenas and San Lucas), Galapagos Islands, and South America; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept., Nov.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 — Barbados and Grenada (arr. in August); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 146, 1905 — San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 305, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (Nov. 21); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 214, 1909— Islas de Aves, Caribbean Sea (Jan. 23); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 — Costa Rica (San Jose", Sept. 15; El Coronado de Terraba, July 3); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910, p. 226, 1923— Amaracao and Ilha Grande, Piauhy (Sept.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 87, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval) and Maranhao (Guimaraes), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 — Fort Niew Amsterdam, Surinam (April); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264— Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 18); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 25, 1920 — Pajaros Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama; Lonnberg and Rendahl, I.e., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina, Ecuador (Oct. 18); Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 — Hooper and Igiak Bay, Alaska (migr.; weights; imm. plumage); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926— Vaqueria (Feb. 14, 22; Sept. 13, 14), Jambeli (July 20, Nov. 1, 2), and Puna Island (July 17), Ecuador; Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 95 Dept. Agric., 26, p. 15, 1927— Concon, Chile (April 25); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 769— Berbice River, British Guiana (Oct. 15 to Nov. 15); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 113, 1929 (life hist.; range); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931— Galapagos and Cocos Island (winter visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932— Atacama (Caldera) and Chilo6 Island (Quellon, Rio Inio), Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 373, 1934— Acapulco, Guerrero (Jan. 1); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 289— Caroni Swamp, Trini- dad; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 81, 1935— Ilha Madre de Deus (Jan. 29, Feb. 4) and Corupe"ba (Feb. 4, 16), Bahia, Brazil; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 1936— Pocas de la Erizera, Arica, Chile (July 1); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 12); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 16, p. 54, 1938— Arica and Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.). Numenius hudsonius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 304, 1817 (emendation of Numenius hudsonicus Latham); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, pp. 128, 163, 1865— Chilce" Island, Chile; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 187, 1878— near Mayagtiez, Puerto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 367, 1878— Punta Arenas, near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico. Numenius rufus Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 118, pi. 245, circa 1825— part, descr. of spec, in collection of P. L. Vieillot.1 Numenius rufiventris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 — western shores of North America (type lost); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 28, 1839 — no locality given. Numenius brasiliensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 708, 1833 — eastern Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 272, 1889). Numenius intermedius Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 100, 1834 — North America. Numenius phaeopus (not Scolopax phaeopus Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849— mouth of the Waini River; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870— Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March). Numenius phaeopus var. hudsonica Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 121 — Cayenne (crit.). Numenius borealis Snyder, Auk, 30, p. 269, 1913— Fox Lake, Dodge County, Wisconsin, Sept. 10, 1912 (=N. hudsonicus; cf. Scott, I.e., 57, p. 566, 1940). Phaeopijs hudsonicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 402, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1921— Chile 1 It is extremely doubtful whether, as claimed by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 366, 1896), spec, c, Hudson's Bay, from the Riocour collection, m the British Museum, is the type. The individual described and figured by Vieillot is evidently the one brought back by himself from New York (cf. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 307, 1817, in text of 2V. melanopus). Latham's description quoted by Vieillot refers to N. americanus. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 146, 1926— Concon, Valparaiso, Chile (April 25); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 360, 1927— Puerto Rico and Anegada (transient); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 96, 1928 — Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 157, 1931 — Hispaniola (transient); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 36, pi. 1, 1934 — Churchill, Manitoba (nesting; col. pi. of adult and young); Dixon, Bds. and Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 72, 1938 (nesting); Taverner, Wilson Bull., 54, p. 1, 1942 (breeding range and migration routes); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 — Caribou Hills and Richards Island, Mackenzie Delta (nesting). Numenius phaeopus hudsonicus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 132, 1938— Maranhao (Primeira Cruz; Oct.) and Bahia (Ilha Madre de Deus, Corupeba); Hope and Shortt, Auk, 61, p. 573, 1944 — west coast of James Bay (migr.). Numenius (Phaeopus) hudsonicus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935 — Panama (winter). Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coast of North America, from Norton Sound to the Anderson River, in Mt. McKinley National Park and locally to Fort Churchill; winters from southern California, south on the Pacific coast of America to Chiloe" Island, Chile, and on the east coast from British Guiana to Bahia, Brazil, and also on the Galapagos Islands; accidental in Tierra del Fuego (Cape San Sebastian, Feb. 5, 1896), on the Pribilof Islands, Bermuda Islands, and in Greenland. Field Museum Collection. — 87: Alaska (Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 1; Yukon Delta, 2; Hairise, 2; Teller, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, 1); Washington (Jefferson County, 1); California (Moss Landing, 3; Monterey, 3; Rincon, 2; Sunset Beach, 2; Redwood City, 5; Hyperion, 6; Point Firman, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 13) ; Maine (Rock Pond, Hancock County, 1); Connecticut, New Haven County (West Haven, 1; unspecified, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Massa- chusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 5; Bodie Island, 2); Georgia (Chatham County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 3); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 3); Dominica (un- specified, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Lesser Antilles- (Anegada, 1); Venezuela (Nueva Esparta, Margarita Island, 3; Los Aves Island, Colon, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 2); Peru (Tambo Valley, Are- quipa, 1); Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; Chilce", Chiloe" Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2; Barrow, 1; Alaktak River near Barrow, 2); Alberta (Beaverhill 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 97 Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Anaheim Landing, 1; Rincon, 5; Playa del Rey, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana- caste, 3) ; Panama (Perme, Darien, 1) ; Chile, Chilo£ Island (Quellon, 3; Rio Inio, 1). *Numenius tahitiensis (Gmelin). BRISTLE-THIGHED CURLEW. Scolopax tahitiensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 656, 1789 — based on "Otaheite Curlew" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 122, Tahiti, Society Islands (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 83, 1887; crit.).1. Numenius tahitensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 8, p. 308, 1817 (emendation). Numenius femoralis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 233, 1848 — Vincennes Island, Paumotu Islands (type in United States National Museum); Cassin, I.e., p. 316, pi. 37, 1858 — Vincennes Island. Numenius tibialis Layard and Layard, Ibis, (6), 4, p. 533, July, 1882 — lapsus for N. femoralis Peale. Numenius tahitiensis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 121, pi. 9, 1887 — St. Michaels, Alaska (descr.; second American record); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 332, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 367, 1896 (monog.); Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 253, 1920— St. George Island, Pribilofs; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 84, 1926 — Cape Mountain and Lopp Lagoon, Alaska; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926 — Hooper Bay (May 22, July 6, July 31, Aug. 4 [common]; migr.; voice; weights), Nome (Aug. 21; plumage of young of the year) ; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 140, 1929 (habits; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 261, 1934 (range). Phaeopus tahitiensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 407, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 179, 1919 — Paumotu, Gilbert, and Marshall Islands (crit.) ; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 28, 1934 — Nunivak Island (migrant Aug. 15 and 20); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 123, 1944 — Kvichak River, Alaska Penin- sula. Range. — Only known to breed on some barren ridges about 25 miles north of Mountain Village on the lower Yukon River, Alaska, at an elevation of approximately 1,000 feet.2 Found around Nome and the tundra back of Hooper Bay, Alaska, during fall migration. Winters on islands in the Pacific Ocean from Lisiansky and the Hawaiian Islands south to the Marshall, Gilbert, Phoenix, and Society Islands. Conover Collection. — 14: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; Cape Nome, Norton Sound, 2). 1 As pointed out by Stejneger, Latham's description is rather ambiguous. 2 This information has been furnished by Professor Arthur A. Allen, the leader of the expedition which discovered the long sought nesting grounds of the Bristle-thighed Curlew. He has been kind enough to allow us to include it in this volume. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Numenius arquata arquata (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN CURLEW. Scolopax arquata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — chiefly based on Faun. Svec., No. 139, Sweden. Numenius arquatus Marshall and Butcher, Auk, 9, pp. 390, 392, 1892 — Long Island (1853); Helms and Schigler, Schiller, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 11, pp. 173, 174, 1917— Angmagsalik (Aug. 23, 1913) and Nanor- talik (Nov. 16, 1915), Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 386, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Numenius arquata arquata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 109, 1929 Gife hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the British Isles, Scandinavia, Brittany, Holland, Belgium, coasts of the Baltic Sea, Poland, and northern Russia, south to Switzerland, Austria, and the mouth of the Danube; accidental in Greenland (Angmagsalik, Aug. 23, 1913; Nanortalik, Nov. 16, 1915) and (?) on Long Island, New York; winters chiefly in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, Madagascar, India, and Ceylon. *Numenius americanus Bechstein.1 LONG-BILLED CURLEW. Numenius americanus Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. Vogel, 2, p. 432, 1812 — New York and Hudson Bay; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 97, 1929 (life hist.; range; migr.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 56, 1931 — Utah (breeding habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Guatemala. Numenius longirostra Wilson, Amer. Orn., 8, p. 23, pi. 64, fig. 4, 1814 — New Jersey (type lost). Numenius melanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 8, p. 306, 1817 — part, mainly based on Numenius arquata var. B, Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 710, 1790, and Scolopax arquata var. B, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 556, Hudson Bay (breeding) to New York (on migr.).2 Numenius longirostris Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 1, p. 74, 1825 (emendation of N. longirostra Wilson); March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68— Jamaica (breeding?); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 197 — Chiapam and Duenas, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 352, 1866— Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875 — Cuba (Cardenas, Rio Canto); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 179, 1886— Laguna de Baltazar, Puebla (Sept.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 327, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 94, 1892— Cuba, Jamaica, and "St. Vincent" (ex Ober); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., | Subdivision of the Long-billed Curlew is impracticable. While more northern specimens tend to smaller size and shorter bill, there is so much overlapping in measurements that even of breeding birds only a certain percentage can be dis- tinguished, whereas the identification of migratory or wintering individuals is almost impossible. 2 The bird in the author's collection, whose divergencies are incidentally explained, evidently belonged to AT. p. hudsonicus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 99 24, pp. 352, 753, 1896 (monog.) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 364, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities) and Guatemala (Duenas, Chiapam); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 301, 1905 (occurrence in St. Vincent denied); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 162, 1906 — Rancho Santuario, Durango (Feb. 22). Numineus (sic) occidentalis Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 194, 1852 — Rio Grande, near Albuquerque, New Mexico (Aug. 20, 1851) (type destroyed, formerly in United States National Museum). Numenius americanus parvus Bishop, Auk, 27, p. 59, Jan., 1910 — Crane Lake, Saskatchewan (type in collection of L. B. Bishop, now in Field Museum, examined); Phillips, I.e., 28, p. 75, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamau- lipas (Jan.); Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 226, 1938 (nomencl.; crit.). Numenius americanus americanus Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 74, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Feb.); Oberholser, I.e., 35, p. 188, 1918 (char.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 390, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 — Sonora (winter visitor). Numenius americanus occidentalis Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 191, 1918 (char.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 394, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Condor, 23, p. 21, 1921 (race not valid); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 262, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds from eastern British Columbia to Manitoba and south to Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and South Dakota, formerly east to Wisconsin and Illinois; winters from the southwestern United States to Guatemala; accidental in Newfoundland, Cuba, and Jamaica.1 Field Museum Collection. — 73: British Columbia (Okanagan, 3); Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 4); California (Humboldt County, 1; Orange County, 1; Monterey County, 9; Los Angeles County, 2; Santa Barbara County, 1); Arizona (Santa Cruz County, 3); Idaho (Teton County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake County, 4; Bear River, 4) ; New Mexico (Coif ax County, 1) ; Wyoming (Crook County, 2); Colorado (Denver Mills, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 20; Clay County, 1; Port Lavaca, 1; Nueces County, 7; Aransas County, 4); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection. — 20: California (Ventura County, 2; Orange County, 3); Utah (Brigham, 11); Texas (Willacy County, 4). Genus LIMOSA Brisson2 1 The reported occurrence of the Long-billed Curlew in the Lesser Antilles, on St. Vincent and Guadeloupe (cf. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 197, 451, 1879) has never been confirmed, and Kirk's record from Tobago (cf. Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1934, p. 289) is perhaps also questionable. 2 There is no justification for subdividing the genus, as has been set forth by Townsend and Wetmore (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, pp. 181-182, 1919). The admission of the Black-tailed Godwit, Limosa I. limosa (Linnaeus), to the 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Limosa Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 261, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Limosa" ~Bnsson= Scolopax limosa Linnaeus. Fedoa (not of Leach, 1816) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 70, 1824 — type, by tautonymy, Fedoa americana Stephens =Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus. Vetola Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (2), p. 191, May 2, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus. *Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus).1 HUDSONIAN GODWIT. Scolopax haemastica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 147, 1758 — based on "Red-breasted Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 138, pi. 138, Hudson Bay. Scolopax hudsonica Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 — based on "Hudsonian Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 246, and Pennant, Arct. Zool., Suppl., p. 68, 1787, Hudson Straits. Limosa hudsonica(us) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Chiloe Island, Chile, and Falkland Islands; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 420, 1847 — coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 96, 1859— Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falk- land Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 — Mare Harbour, Port Louis, East Falkland (May 20); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 27, p. 22, 1864— East Falkland (Abbott) and Mexico (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, pp. 128, 163, 1865— Chiloe Island, Chile; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866— Cuba (one spec.); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 448, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868— coast of Chile (abundant at Vichuquen, Curico); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Lake Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; North American fauna appears to rest on very slender evidence. It was first listed as Scolopax iardreka by Fabricius (Faun. Groenl., p. 107, 1780), who states that he had seen one specimen from Greenland. However, his diagnosis is copied word for word from O. F. Muller (Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 23, 1776) — who based his Scolopax Jadreka mainly on "Jadreka" Olafsen and Povelsen, Reise Island, p. 896, pi. 48, 1772, from Iceland — and it appears, therefore, that the author was not too well acquainted with the bird. The second record is by Holboll (Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 409, 1843), who claims to have received a specimen of Limosa melanura shot on the Kok Islands near Godthaab. The bird cannot be found in the Copenhagen Museum (cf. Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11). Winge (Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898) suggests the record might be due to confusion with L. haemastica, of which Holboll sent several specimens, including one from God- thaab, to Copenhagen (cf. also Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 304, 1927). 1 Scolopax alba Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766 — based on "White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139, pi. 139, posterior fig.; Hudson's Bay) and Scolopax Candida Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 247, 1766— based on "The White Redshank or Poole-Snipe" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 139, pi. 139, anterior fig.; Hudson's Bay), doubtfully quoted in the synonymy of the Hudsonian Godwit, do not seem to be identifiable with certainty. Richardson (in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 398, note, Feb., 1832) provided Edwards' "White Godwit from Hudson's Bay" with the name Limosa edwardsii, which is a synonym of Scolopax alba Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 101 iidem, Ibis, 1870, p. 500— Ancud, ChiloS; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870 — Caicara, Engenho do Gama, and Cidade de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Sept., Oct., Nov.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 456 (winter range); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875— Cuba (one specimen); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 200— Chubut Valley, Patagonia (Nov. 13) and Buenos Aires (Apr. to Sept.); Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 450, 1879— Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 57, 1881— Azul, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 42— La Plata (Nov.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 392, 1887 (crit.); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 204— Bay of San Nicolas, lea, Peru (Nov. 9); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— coast of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 388, 756, 1896— North America, Venezuela (Lake Valencia; Oct.), and Argentina (La Plata, Nov. 10; Chuput, Nov. 13; Port Desire, Mar.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., SuppL, 4, p. 659, 1898— Calbuco, Llanquihue, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 432, 1899— Sao Paulo; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 130, 1907— Useless Bay; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 306, 322, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 304, 1910— Patagonia (habits); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470— Los Yngleses, Ajo (Nov. 1) and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. 20); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Wetmore, Auk, 48, p. 596, 1931 — Rio Yoque del Norte, Dominican Republic. Limosa australis G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, p. 95, 1844— San Salvador Bay, East Falkland Island (nomen nudum). Limosa haemastica Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 1, p. 260, 1884 (monog.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 117, 1887— Nulato and Yukon mouth (ex Dall), Alaska; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 495— Barbados (Oct., transient); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 191, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (July, Aug.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905— Barbados (transient); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50, 1907— Iguape", Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910— Buenos Aires, Chubut, and Tierra del Fuego (Useless Bay); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 —Alto Parana, Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 70— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones); Dabbene, I.e., p. 122, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and adjacent countries); Wace, I.e., p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 159, 1926— Rio Ajo, below Lavalle (Nov. 13-15) and Laguna del Monte, near Guamini (Mar. 3-12), Buenos Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 420, 1926— Dolores, Buenos Aires (June, July); Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927— Maipu, Buenos Aires (June); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927— Guamini, Buenos Aires (March 3-8); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930— Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 397, 1932— Chile (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 263, 1934 (range) ; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290— Trinidad; Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 80, 1936— Atlin, British Columbia (first record) and New Zealand; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 133, 1938— Sao Paulo (range); Hope and Shortt, Auk, 61, p. 575, 1944 — west coast of James Bay (July 20-25; migration route to Gulf of St. Lawrence). Vetula haemastica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 191, 1919 (monog.; full bib Hog.). Range. — Breeds on the Barren Grounds of arctic North America from northeastern Alaska east to Southampton Island and the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); winters in Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil (in states of Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Rio Grande do Sul); accidental in the Bermuda Islands, the West Indies (Dominican Republic, Cuba, Dominica, ?Guadeloupe, Barbados), Trinidad, Venezuela (Lake Valencia), the Falkland Islands, and New Zealand. Field Museum Collection. — 20: Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Labrador (Mullon Bay, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1; Halifax, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Massachusetts (Cape Cod, 1); Nebraska (unspecified, 1); Minnesota (unspecified, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 3; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1; North wood, Grand Forks County, 2; Rock Lake, Towner County, 1; Cando, Towner County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 1). Conover Collection. — 13: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 4); Massa- chusetts (East Orleans, 5; Chatham, 1; Eastham, 1; Sea View, 2). *Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae G. R. Gray. PACIFIC GODWIT. Limosa lapponica var. novae zealandiae G. R. Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds, p. 13, 1846 — New Zealand (type in British Museum). Limosa foxii Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 231, 1848 — Rose Island, Samoan group (type in United States National Museum). Limosa uropygialis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 38, pub. Nov. 14, 1848 — Australia=New South Wales (type now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Austr. Av. Rec., 1, p. 141, 1913). Limosa baueri (Natterer MS.)1 Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 41, No. 15, p. 326, June, 1860— Norfolk Island (type in Vienna Museum; cf. Pelzeln and Lorenz, Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien, 3, p. 55, 1888). 1 First published by Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text], 1836), who, in speaking of L. meyeri Leister (=L. lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus)), says (trans.) : "Near relatives are Limosa adspersa (of the Berlin Museum) from Mexico, and Limosa baueri (of the Vienna Museum), from New Holland, both of which, though having likewise a narrowly-barred tail, may be distinguished by considerably larger size and longer legs." Thus, two subspecies, belonging to two different specific units, are covered by the diagnosis, and the names proposed in this form can hardly be regarded as anything but nomina nuda. L. baueri was not properly characterized until 1860, when Pelzeln explained its supposed 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 103 Limosa rufa var. uropygialis Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 110, 1874 — Alaska (crit.). Limosa lapponica baueri Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 122, 1885 — Bering Island (nomencl.); Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 148, 1886 — St. Michaels (breeding), Aleutian Islands (migr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 115, 1887— Unalaska (migr.), St. Michaels (nest- ing; plumage var.); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36, 1926 — Wales, Alaska (nest- ing); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 310, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits; plumage var.; weights); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 289, 1927 (life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 34, 1934 — Nunivak Island (not breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934 (range); Munro, Condor, 37, p. 178, 1935 — Colebrook, Fraser Valley, British Columbia; Partenko (sic), Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936 (dist. chars.; range). Limosa rufa uropygialis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 387, 1887 (crit.). Limosa lapponica subsp. a. Limosa novae zealandiae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 377, 755, 1896 (monog.). Vetola lapponica baueri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 187, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in northeastern Asia and northwestern North America from the Taimyr Peninsula1 east to the Colville Delta, south to Kamchatka and Unalaska Island; winters in New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand.2 Field Museum Collection.— 35: Alaska (Barrow, 3; Nome, 18; St. Michaels, 10; Nuluk, 1; Unalaska, 1; Meade River, 1; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection. — 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9; Cape Romanzoff, Bering Sea, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 2; Point Barrow, 2). Limosa lapponica lapponica (Linnaeus). BAR-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 147, 1758 — Lapland. Limosa lapponica lapponica Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 295, 1927 — Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Sept. 1£, 1907); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, characters in comparison to L. uropygialis. We do not know why Mathews (Nov. Zool., 18, p. 220, 1912) suggested Victoria as type locality, since it clearly results from Pelzeln's account that the type (and only specimen) has been collected by Bauer on Norfolk Island. As Limosa brevipes Gray and Limosa australasiana G. R. Gray (List Bds. Brit. Mus., Part 3, pp. 95, 96, 1844) are both nomina nuda, novae- zealandiae Gray becomes the valid term for the Pacific Godwit. 1 Portenko (Auk, 53, p. 195, 1936) restricts the range of the present form called by him L. I. baueri to the coasts of Bering Sea, and separates the popula- tion from the Lena Delta to the Anadyr region as L. I. menzbieri (type from the Indigirsa delta). 2 About the alleged occurrence of the Pacific Godwit in Lower California, cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 239, 1928. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (range); idem and Hagar, Auk, 54, p. 537, 1937 — Eastham, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, July 16, 1937 (account of Sept. 16, 1907, specimen, also). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia east probably to the Taimyr Peninsula. Winters from Africa to northwestern India. Two records from Massachusetts. *Limosa fedoa (Linnaeus). MARBLED GODWIT. Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — based on "The Greater American Godwit" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 137, pi. 137, Hudson's Bay. Scolopax marmorata Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 720, 1790 — based on "Marbled Godwit" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, Suppl., 1, p. 245, and Pennant, Arct. Zool., Suppl., p. 68, Hudson Straits. Fedoa americana Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 71, 1824 — new name for Scolopax fedoa Linnaeus. Limosa adspersa Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Sumpfvogel, pi. 76, fig. 573, circa 1846 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum).1 Limosa fedoa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 64, 1859 — Belize, British Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 230 — Belize and Guatemala; Salvin, I.e., 1865, p. 190 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 353, 1866— Cuba; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 447, 1866 — Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 210, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 456 — coasts of Honduras and Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 320, 1875— Cardenas, Cuba; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug., Feb.) ; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 27", Nov. 23); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 141— Santa Rosa, Ecuador; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 — Boqueron, Puerto Rico; Tacza- nowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 379, 1886— Santa Lucia, Peru; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 628, 1887— Grenada; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 388, 1887 (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel Island; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 93, 1892— Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Grenada; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 391, 756, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 367, 1903— Mexico (Matamoros, Tamau- lipas; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Guanajuato; Valley of Mexico; Merida and Cozumel Island, Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Chiapam), and Cuba; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905— Grenada and Carriacou (rare migrant); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926— Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927— Puerto Rico; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 277, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928— According to Naumann (Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 429 [in text], 1836), who first published the name, "Limosa adspersa (des Berliner Museums)" as a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 105 Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 264, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad and Tobago; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 54, 1938— Playa de Chacallata, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 80, 1945 — Sonora (winter). Vetolafedoa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 184, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds from central Alberta, Saskatchewan, and south- ern Manitoba south to North Dakota (formerly to Utah, Nebraska, Iowa, and Wisconsin); winters from Lower California, Louisiana, and Georgia south to Peru and northern Chile (Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna); casual in Cuba (Cardenas), Puerto Rico (Boqueron), Grenada (Aug. 29, 1881), Tobago, and Trinidad. Field Museum Collection. — 66: Alberta (Walsh, 2); Saskatchewan (Big Stick Lake, 2; Hay Lake, 3; Maple Creek, 1; Crane Lake, 3; Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Nova Scotia (Sambro, 1); North Dakota (Hope, Steele County, 1; Towner County, 8; Rock Lake, Towner County, 2; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 13); South Dakota (Miner County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4) ; California (Rincon, Ventura County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 4; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; San Diego, 5; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Alamintos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1; Hyperion, 2; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3; unspecified, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1; Padre Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1). Conover Collection. — 22: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 10); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 1) ; California (Ana- heim Landing, Orange County, 5; Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 1; San Diego Bay, 5). Genus TRINGA Linnaeus Tringa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758— type, by tautonymy, "Tringa" =Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. Totanus Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deutschl., 2, p. 282, 1803— type, by tautonymy, Totanus maculatus Beehstein=Scofopa:c totanus Linnaeus. Glottis Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., pp. xlii, 304, 1816— type, by tautonymy, Totanus glottis Bechstein =Scolopax nebularius Gunnerus. Rhyacophilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 140, 1829 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subg. Bds., 2nd ed., App., p. 14, 1841), Tringa glareola Linnaeus. Helodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 144, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhynchophilus Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857— type, by monotypy, Totanus chloropygius Vieillot=Tnngra solitaria Wilson. Neoglottis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 148 (diag.), 329, 1919— type, by orig. desig., Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin. Tringa totanus robusta (Schiller).1 ICELANDIC RED-SHANK. Totanus calidris robustiis Schiller, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., 13, p. 211, 1919 — Iceland (type in collection of Lehn Schi01er, now in Copenhagen Museum). Totanus totanus (not Scolopax totanus Linnaeus) Gronberger, Auk, 29, p. 110, 1912 — Kililtorajivit, near Angmagsalik, Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 343, 1919 — part, Iceland and Greenland; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 315, 1927— Greenland (Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and Apr. 4, 1909). Tringa totanus robusta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 265, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in Iceland and on the Faroes; accidental in eastern Greenland (near Angmagsalik, May 29, 1902, and April 4, 1909). 2 *Tringa flavipes (Gmelin). LESSER YELLOW-LEGS. Scolopax flavipes Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789— based on "Yellow- shanks" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, New York. Totanus fuscocapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 6, p. 400, 1816 — based on "Chorlito pardo mayor" Azara, No. 399, Paraguay. Totanus flavipes Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 727, 1833— eastern Brazil; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Montevideo, Uru- guay; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844 — Peru; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (July to Nov.); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849 — coast region; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 369, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Moschler, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 335, 1856 — Greenland; Burmeister, I.e., 8, p. 261, 1860 — Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 — same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 69, 1864 — United States, Costa Rica, Haiti, Surinam, and Brazil (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 452, 1866— Trinidad; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1868— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Feb., Sept., Oct.; Irisanga, Feb.), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas (Barra, Sept.), and Para (Cajutuba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1 Tringa totanus robusta (Schi01er) differs from the nominate race by somewhat longer wings, as well as stouter bill and feet. Besides, in nuptial plumage the upper parts are darker, more brownish, while chest and sides are more heavily spotted. Wing, 160-170, rarely 157; bill, 36^-43 (Schi01er, I.e.). 1 There can be hardly any doubt that the two specimens shot in Angmagsalik Fjord, which unfortunately have not been preserved, belonged to the Icelandic race. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 107 1870, p. 37 — Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes (Apr. 16); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560— Chorillos (Lima) and Lake Junin, Peru; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884— Tandil, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Nov. to April); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180— Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 367, 1886— Peruvian localities; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 364, 1887— (crit.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 — West Indian localities and references; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaca, Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151— Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, I.e., 1893, p. 308— Aruba; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Oct. 16); Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895— Malca, Cajabamba, Peru (April); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895— Penaflor, Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile (winter); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 431, 759, 1896 (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311— Huasco, Sacaya, and Cancosa, Tarapaca, Chile; Winge, Medd. Grjzinl., 21, p. 161, 1898— Greenland (Nanortalik); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434, 1899— Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Laguna de Kingora (Nov.),- Canar (Oct.), Quito (Aug.), and Vinces (Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— Ingapirca (May) and La Merced (Sept.), Junin, Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902— Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Jan.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902— Aruba; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 63, pi. 30, 1902— Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 374, 1903— Mexico to Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905— Barbados, Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906— Puno, Peru (Dec., Mar.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (March); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 554 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (Mar. 23); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907— Mexiana Island, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907— Sao Paulo (Iguap£, Sao Sebastiao, Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct., Nov.); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909— Barracas al Sud (Nov., Jan.) and Est. San Martino Monte (Jan.), Buenos Aires, and Lagunas de Malvinas, Tucuman (March); Me"ne"gaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 219, 1909— Lake Poopo, Bolivia (June 3); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 1909— Aruba and Bonaire; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 — Azahar de Cartago (Nov. 23, Mar. 2), La Estrella de Cartago (Jan. 24), and Banana River (Oct. 10), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 — Joazeiro (Mar. 20) and Lagoa Boca da Catinga de Cima, Rio Preto (Apr. 26), Bahia, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 — Argentina (Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires, Sept. to Feb.; Esquina, Corrientes, Nov. 14), Paraguay (Santa Rosa, Aug. 14), and Brazil (Porto Esperanga, Matto Grosso, Sept. 25); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — Alto Parana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 — Maraj6 (Livramento, Sao Natal) and Mexiana, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916— Altagracia, Venezuela (Dec. to Feb.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Quibdo (Sept. 1), Barbacoas (Aug. 18), and La Manuelita (Apr. 12), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatun (May 21) and Mindi (Oct. 7), Panama; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265— Eten (Sept. 21) and Trujillo (Mar., Sept.), Peru; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 69— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina (Oct., Dec., May) and Tumbaco (Sept. 10), Ecuador; Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923 — Alberta (nesting habits); Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926— coast of Manavi (Feb. 13), Chone (Dec. 21), Puna Island (April), and Santa Rosa (Sept. 10), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 149, 1926— Paraguayan Chaco, Chaco (Las Palmas), Buenos Aires, Mendoza, Tucuman and Rio Negro; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 336, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927 — Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Anegada (winter); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 12, 1927 — Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering dates); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927— Saladero M. Cabal, Santa Fe" (Jan. 20); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931— Bermuda Islands; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 161, 1931— Hispaniola (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 396, 1932— Conception, Chile (Apr. 7, 14); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932— Guatemala (winter); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (March); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Sperry and Cottam, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944— Yakutat, Alaska (breeding). Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847— Chile (in part); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Chanaral de las Animas, Atacama, Chile. Gambetta flavipes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195— Car- thagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., p. 592 — Mexiana, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 — Chamicuros, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Maraj6, Brazil (Aug. 10-20); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 — Moho, Lake Titicaca; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 165— Buenos Aires (Oct.); idem, I.e., 1877, pp. 43, 199— 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 109 Chubut Valley and provinces of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. §68, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 404 — Rio Sengel, Chubut; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547— Medellin, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — marshes near Quito, Ecuador. Totanus stagnalis (sic) (T. flavipes?) Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, Chile. Tringa flavipes Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 — Tijgerbank, Surinam (Sept.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323— Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (May 5, 1924); Rowan, Brit. Bds., 23, p. 2, pis., 1929— Alberta (life hist.; nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290— Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935— Panama (Agua Dulce, Canal Zone); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 133, 1938— Bahfa (Corupe"ba), Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Ypiranga), Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faia); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 174, 1938— Lake Olomega (Aug. 19, Sept. 4), Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14), and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 5), El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 — Lake Junin, Peru (wintering); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Hand!., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945— Joao Pessoa and Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua; idem, I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 — Bolivia, El Beni (Cachtiela Esperanza; Puerto Salinas). Neoglottis flavipes Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 337, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, San Jose, Colonia, Canelones, Maldonado); Dabbene, l.c., p. 110, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Altagracia and Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922 — Bonda, Cienaga, Gaira, Mamatoco, and Punto Caiman, Colombia (transient); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 296, 1923— Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 — San Jose, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Sept. 9). Range. — Breeds from Kotzebue Sound, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and Ungava to northern British Columbia, cen- tral Alberta, and southern Manitoba (formerly to Illinois and New York) ; migrates chiefly east of the Rocky Mountains over the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America, and winters south to Chile and Argentina (casually as far south as the Straits of Magellan); accidental on the Falkland Islands (Port Stanley, May 5, 1924) and in Greenland (Nanortalik). Field Museum Collection. — 187: Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 4); British Columbia (Okanagan, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3) ; Manitoba (Churchill, 2) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3) ; Massa- chusetts (Monomoy Island, 14; West Yarmouth, 1; Newburyport, 1) ; 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3; West Haven, 3; North Haven, 4; Guilford, 6; Grove Beach, Middle- sex County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 10; Pea Island, 2); Georgia (Roswell, Fulton County, 1); Florida (un- specified, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 2; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Wilson, Brevard County, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 4; Mauvais Bay, Benson County, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois (Worth, Cook County, 3; Hyde Park, Chicago, Cook County, 2; Blue Island, Cook County, 1; Waukegan, 1; Libertyville, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, Lake County, 2); Arkansas (Winslow, 1; Fort Smith, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1; Troublesome, Grand County, 1; unspecified, 1); Texas (Port O'Connor, 2; Seadrift, 1); California (Carmel River mouth, Monterey County, 2; Carmel Lagoon, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 2) ; Hispaniola (Port de Paix, Haiti, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Lesser Antilles (Bonaire, 1; St. Christopher, 1; Anegada, 1; Dominica, 1; Aruba, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Hon- duras (Utila Island, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2; Bebedero, 1); Venezuela (Catatumbo, Zulia, 2); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Ecuador (Ibarra, Imbabura, 6); Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 6; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 5; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 2; Isla Ella, Delta del Parana, 1; San Cristobal, Santa FC", 1); Chile (Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepcion, 2). Conover Collection. — 42: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1; Cooking Lake, 1; Fawcett, 4); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); Minnesota (Grand Marais, Cook County, 1) ; Illinois (Mud Lake, Cook County, 1; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, 4; Henry, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Panama (Perme, Darien, 2); Co- lombia (Popayan, Cauca, 2; Cumbal, Narino, 1); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 4); Ecuador, Province de los Rios (Isla Silva Sur, 2; Rio San Antonio, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 3; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; 30 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 2); Argentina (La Plata, Buenos Aires, 2). *Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin). GREATER YELLOW-LEGS. Scolopax melanoleuca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on "Stone Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 468, 1785, Chateau Bay, La- brador. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 111 Scolopax vociferus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 57, pi. 58, fig. 5, 1813 — Atlantic coast of the United States (type evidently lost). Totanus natator Vieillot,1 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 409, 1816— based on "Chorlito pardo picado de bianco" Azara, No. 308, Paraguay. Totanus sasashew Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 412, 1816— based on Scolopax totanus (not of Linnaeus) Forster, Phil. Trans., 62, p. 410, 1772, Fort Albany, Keewatin. Totanus maculatus (not of Bechstein, 1803) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 727, 1833— Barra Velha, near Villa Vicoza, Bahia, Brazil (type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 271, 1889). Totanus melanoleucus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 — Mal- donado, Uruguay; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 757, 1849— coast region; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 368, 1856— Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— Mendoza, Parana, and Tucuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864— United States, Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Surinam, and Chile (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 454, 1866— Trinidad; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 275, 1867— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 308, 1870— Matto Grosso (Caicara, Oct., Nov.; Villa Bella, Oct.) and Para (Praia de Caju- tuba, Feb. 23), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos (Lima) and Junin, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 257, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884— mouth of Collon-gueyu, Buenos Aires (Feb. 19); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 441— Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884 — Entre Rios (Conception del Uruguay, Aug. to Nov.) and Buenos Aires (Azul, Jan.; Bahia Blanca, Feb. 8; Puan, Mar. 28; Carhue1, April); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 365, 1886 (Peruvian locali- ties); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 317, 1887 (West Indian localities and references); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 363, 1887 (crit.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 238, 1889 (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 186, 1889— Argentina; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 129, 1891— Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego (Mar. 7, Oct. 22, Nov. 18); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Hartert, I.e., 1893, p. 334— Bonaire; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209— Santa Elena, Uruguay (Mar., Apr., Oct.); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 5, p. Ix, 1895— Penaflor, Santiago, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile (winter); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 426, 759, 1896 (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 433, 1899 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Lagoon of Kingora 1 Totanus natator Vieillot has sometimes been synonymized with T. flavipes, but Azara's measurements are too large for this species, and seem to fit much better the Greater Yellow-legs. 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Nov.) and Cafiar (Oct.), Ecuador; Salvador!, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236 — Paraguayan Chaco (Nov. 21); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9', p. 130, 1902— Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Hartert, I.e., p. 307, 1902 — Bonaire; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 373, 1903— Mexico to Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada, and Grenadines (transient); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906— Puno, Peru (Dec.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Sao Sebas- tiao, Itapura) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908— Cayenne (Oct. 19); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (June 5), and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman (Mar. 31); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 1909 — Aruba and Bonaire; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 — Costa Rica (rare winter visitor); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469 — Los Yngleses (Mar. 8-17) and Luiconia (Apr. 29), Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — Djaguarasapa, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval) and Amapa, Para, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 — Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela (Nov.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Cali, Colombia (Dec. 25); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Guanacache, Mendoza (Mar., 1918); Stuart, Auk, 37, p. 292, 1920— Grand Lake, Newfoundland (nesting); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 68— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina, Ecuador (Oct.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 311, 1926— Igiak Bay (June 18, July 10), Point Dall (July 3, Aug. 8), Alaska; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926— Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 150, 1926— Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept.), Buenos Aires (Dolores, Lavalle, Carhu£, Oct. to Dec.), Uruguay (San Vicente, Jan., Feb.), Mendoza (Tunuyan, Mar.), Tucuman (Apr. 5), and Chile (Concon, April); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— Valcheta Creek, Rio Negro (May 21); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 368, 1927 — Puerto Rico (winter); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927— Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 321, 1927 (life hist.); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 203, 1929 — Angol, Malleco, Chile; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 162, 1931 — Hispaniola (winter); Farley, Auk, 48, p. 261, 1931 — Alberta (nesting account); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932— Rio Inio, Chiloe" Island (range in Chile); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 54, 1938— Laguna de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (July 27); Gabrielson, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 113 Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 — Yakutat, Alaska (nesting); Sperry and Cottam, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 45, 1944 (eating fish). Totanus stagnatilis (not of Bechstein) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 122, 1847— Chile (in part); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860— Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; (?)Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 150, 1925— San Bernardo, San- tiago, Chile. Glottis melanoleuca Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogota, Colombia; idem, I.e., 26, p. 461, 1858— Cuenca, Ecuador. Totanus chilensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 14, p. 182, 1857— Chile= coast of Valparaiso (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 24, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 23, (1), p. 264, 1857 — coast of province of Valparaiso; idem, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile (descr.); idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Paposo; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 63, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1902— Chile (descr. and fig. of type). Gambetta melanoleuca Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 195 — Carthagena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 156 — Tinta and Tungasuca, Cuzco, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 219— Chitra, Veraguas, Panama; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383 — La Cruz, Santander, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876 — Moho and Conima, Lake Titicaca, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 199 — province of Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Selater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 457 — Cauca and Medellin, Colombia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881— lagoons of the Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16 — Talcaguano, Chile (April); White, I.e., 1882, p. 628— Pacheco, Buenos Aires (Mar. 15); Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404— Sitana, Tarapaca, Chile; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Goodfellow, I.e., 1902, p. 232 — marshes near Quito, Ecuador. Totanus melanoleucus frazari Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 65, Sept., 1902 — San Jose del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 341, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, pp. 92, 240, 1928— Lower California (crit.). Neoglottis melanoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 330, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado) ; Dabbene, I.e., p. 109, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (May 4); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Oct.). Tringa melanoleuca Rowan, Brit. Birds, 23, p. 13, pi. 4, 1929 (habits; chicks); idem, I.e., 24, p. 90, 1930 (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938— Bahia (Corupe"ba, Ilha Madre Deus), Sao Paulo (Iguape", Sao Sebastiao, Rio Parana), Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy), and Matto Grosso (Rio Parana); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 28, p. 174, 1938— Olomega Lake, El Salvador (Sept. 9); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 — Lake Junin, Peru (wintering); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Grjzfnl., 131, No. 5, p. 34, 1941 — Greenland. Range. — Breeds from Cook Inlet, Alaska, east through Mac- kenzie to Labrador and Newfoundland, south to southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Manitoba, Mingan Islands, and Anticosti Island; winters from California, the Gulf states, and South Carolina over the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America to Tierra del Fuego. Field Museum Collection. — 165: Alaska (Nome, 1; Tocatna Forks, 2; Bethel, 2); British Columbia (Masset, Graham Island, 2; Oka- nagan, 4; Sumas, 4); Labrador (Battle Harbor, 5; Anatolak Bay, 2; Jack Lane's Bay, 3); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 9); Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 3; Rock Lake, Towner County, 1; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Maine (Lincoln, Penobscot County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 21; Duxbury, 1; Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); Rhode Island (Narragan- sett, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 8; West Haven, 14; North Haven, 1; Stamford, 1); New York (North Hamlin, Monroe County, 2); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 2); New Mexico (Mimbres, Grant County, 2); Arizona (Phoenix, 2); California (Westport, Mendocino County, 2; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1; Carmel River mouth, Mon- terey County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Red Bluff, Tehama County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 20; Bodie Island, 9); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 1; Andros, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anegada, 2); Dutch West Indies (Bonaire, 1; Aruba, 3); Colombia (unspecified, 1); Peru (Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia, Cochabamba (Vacas, 2; Yungas, El Palmar, 2). Conover Collection. — 32: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2); Alberta (Fawcett, 6) ; Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 2) ; Nebraska (Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Illinois (Wheaton, 5); Michigan (Ann Arbor, 2); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 4; Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1); Mexico, Lower California (San Jose" del Cabo, 1; La Paz, 3); British Guiana (Buxton, 2); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 115 Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1); Chile, Chiloe" Island (Quellon, 1; Rio Inio, 1). Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus). GREENSHANK. Scolopax nebularia Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper, p. 251, 1767— District of Trondhjem, Norway (cf. Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 37, 1882). Glottis floridanus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 51, 1838— based on Totanus glottis Audubon, Orn. Biog., 3, p. 483, pi. 269, 1835, Sand Key, near Cape Sable, Florida; Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 730, 1858 (crit. note on type in United States National Museum). Glottis nebularia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 323, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 309, 1927 (life hist.). Tringa nebularia Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 266, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Scotland to Kamchatka; winters in the Mediterranean countries, Africa, India, southern China, Japan, Philippines, and Sunda Islands east to Australia and New Zealand; accidental in Florida (Sand Key, near Cape Sable).1 Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus. GREEN SANDPIPER. Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758— based princi- pally on Faun. Svec., No. 146, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 353, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, p. 16, 1929 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range). Totanus ochropus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 368, 1887 (crit.). Helodromas ochropus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 437, 1896 (monog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 210, 1897 (record of British Museum specimens from North America). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia and winters from the British Isles and the Mediterranean region south to Africa, southern Asia and the Philippines; alleged to have occurred as an accidental visitor to northeastern North America (Hudson Bay; Halifax, Nova Scotia).2 1 The claim of the Greenshank to a place in the American fauna rests exclu- sively on Audubon's taking of three specimens on Sand Key, near Cape Sable, Florida. Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 63, 1864) lists under Totanus glottis a male (in nearly complete summer garb!) from near Buenos Aires, another (in change of plumage) from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and a third (in winter dress) from "Chile." In neither of these countries— in fact nowhere in South America — has the Greenshank ever been met with since, and until cor- roborative evidence is forthcoming, these records must be regarded as highly questionable. *Both records being highly unsatisfactory, it is very questionable whether the species deserves a place in the American fauna.* 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson.1 SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Tringa solitaria Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 53, pi. 58, fig. 3, 1813 — Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountain), Kentucky, and New York (type lost); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265 — Cochabamba, Bolivia (Apr. 19); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — San Jose", Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 114, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Altagracia, Zulia (Feb.), and Culata Mountains, Me>ida (Mar.), Venezuela; Brooks, Condor, 29, p. 112, 1927— part (dist. chars.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 12, 1927 — part, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina (wintering dates); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Guamd (Apr. 15) and Para (Apr. 20), Brazil; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 770— Blair- mont, British Guiana (transient and winter); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199, 1935— part (crit.). Totanus chloropygius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 401, 1816 — Hudson Bay to Santo Domingo (no type specified); Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago; Le'otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 450, 1866— Trinidad; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560— Chorillos (Lima), Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330— Lechugal (Tumbez), Peru. Totanus punctatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 6, p. 411, 1816 — based on "Chorlito pardo menor" Azara, No. 400, Paraguay. Totanus caligatus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 74 (in text), 1823 — based on Azara, No. 400, Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 370, 1856— southern Brazil (descr.). Tringa macroptera Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93), 1825 — provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, Brazil (co types in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 714, 1906). Totanus macropterus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 129, 1841 — Monte- video, Uruguay; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 163, 1855 — Bogota, Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 38— Minas Geraes (near Lagoa Santa, Apr. 14), Rio de Janeiro (Taipu, Oct. 27), and Sao Paulo (Taubate", Nov. 5). Rhynchophilus chloropygius Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857— Cayenne. 1 For the distinctive characters of this form see the footnote on page 120. It has been found impossible to tell, especially where South America is con- cerned, which race or races much of the synonymy refers to. In such cases the references have been listed under this, the typical race. Additional material examined. — Alaska: Griffin Point, Arctic Ocean, 1. — Yukon Territory: Echamamish, 1.— British Columbia: Atlin, 1; Cariboo, 1. — Abitibi, 1; Moosonee, 5; James Bay, 6.— Quebec: Fort Chimo, Ungava, 1.— Labrador: Flowers Bay, north of Hopedale, 2. L948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 117 Totanus solitarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858— Guala- quiza, Ecuador; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 73, 1864 (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 979— Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 169 — Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Mar., Apr.; Teixeira, Nov.), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.; Irisanga, Jan.), Parana (Curytiba, Nov.; Pitangui, Dec. 9), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Mar.; Engenho do Gama, Aug.), and Amazonas (Barra, July); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — Peru (Nauta, Chamicuros, Pebas); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396— Para, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 258, 1874— Blumenau, Santa Catharina; idem and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (Mar., Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 368, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180— Roraima, British Guiana; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 364, 1887 (crit.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Dec. 14); idem, I.e., 37, p. 321, 1889— Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru (Dec. 8); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 239, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 — Ruatan Island, Honduras; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso (Sept. to April); Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895— Malca, Cajabamba, Peru (Apr.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Aguairenda (Nov.) and Caiza (Feb., Mar.), Tarija, Bolivia; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898— Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga and Santa Marta, Colombia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 — near Joazeiro (Mar. 5) and Cantinho, Rio Preto (Apr. 24), Bahia, Brazil; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina (Jan. to Mar.) and Chilco, San Pedro River (Apr. 15), Ecuador. Rhyacophilus solitarius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199— Nauta, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 592— Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 219 — Castillo, Veraguas, and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 324, 1875— Cuba (Sept. to April); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 68 — Buenos Aires (Oct. to March); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 178 — Santa Marta (Dec. 16); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 315, 1884— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (Aug. 20 to Oct.), and Azul, Buenos Aires (Jan. 25); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151— Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo (Sept. 13); Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 212— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (March to June); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 209— Uruguay (Nov. to April); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469— Paraguay (Monte Alto, Aug. 25) and Matto Grosso (Porto Esperanca, Sept. 25; Riacho Paraguay Mirim, Oct. 2-3). Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 444, 760, 1896— part, except specimens a-c (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 434, 1899— Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 — Gualaquiza (Apr.) and Altiplano de Tarqul, Cuenca (Sept.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., No. 378, p. 15, 1900— Urucum, Matto 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grosso; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232— marshes near Quito, Ecuador; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902— Rio Sali and Rio Calera, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 129, 1902— Ciudad Bolivar (Aug. 10), Altagracia (Dec., Jan.), and Caicara (Oct.), Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— La Merced, Junin, Peru (May 21); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 375, 1903— Mexico to Panama; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 250, 1904— Oran, Salta (May 25); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 253, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenadines (July to Dec.) ; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 125, 1906— Santa Ana (Sept.) and Huaynapata, Cuzco, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Franca, Itapura) and Parana (Ourinho); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne (Oct. 20); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 517, 1908— Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil (Dec. 23); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 204, 1909— Curagao Island (March 25); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 67— Sapucay, Paraguay (Aug. 26); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910— Jamarysinho (Sept. 25) and Sao Isabel (Oct. 5), Rio Machados, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912— Santa Cruz, Parana, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 38, 1914 — upper Rio Parand, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 89, 1914 — Capanema, Braganca, Rio Guama (Ourem), Maraj6 (Pindobal, Pacoval, Sao Natal), and Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916 — Las Barrancas, Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar, Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela. Helodromas solitarius solitarius Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 196., 1905— Isle of Pines, Cuba (May); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1, Mar. 23, Oct. 4); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 419, 1910 — Costa Rica (Tenorio, Jan. 29; San Jose", Sept. 15; Bolson, Dec. 10; El Hogar, Dec. 12); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 — Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Quibdo (Nov. 14), Novita (Dec. 21), Buena Vista, Narino (Sept. 28), San Antonio (Jan. 20), Cali (Dec. 25), La Manuelita (Apr. 11), San Agustin (Apr. 9), Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30), and Barro Blanco (Nov. 29), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Gatun (Sept. 10) and near Mount Hope (Apr. 13), Panama. Tringa solitaria solitaria Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 43, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 358, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922— Bonda, Cienaga, Mamatoco, and Fundaci6n, Colombia (winter); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 196, 1926— below Oyacachi (Feb. 4, Sept. 30), Ecuador (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 364, 1927 — Puerto Rico and St. Croix (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 93, 1928— Lower California (transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 1, 1929 (life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930— Tapi- rapoan, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 119 Vogel, p. 53, 1930— Formosa (Lapango, Sept. 18; Yunca Viejo, Feb. 4) and Bolivia (San Jose", Santa Cruz, Sept. 8) (crit.); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 320, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 159, 1931— Hispaniola (winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932— Finca Sepacuite, Guatemala (Dec. 16); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932— Honduras; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); Van Tyne, Misc. Pub., Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 27, p. 14, 1935— Uaxactun (Apr. 20, May 5) and La Libertad (Sept. 28), Pete'n, Guatemala; Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 415, 1935 — Gualan, Guatemala (Feb. 18); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290— Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 134, 1938— Amazonas (Manacapuru, Aug.), Bahfa (Ilha de Madre Deus, Feb.), Sao Paulo (Rio Mogy-guassu, Sept.; Olympia, Feb.; Ypiranga, Nov.; Itatiba, Mar.; Sylvania, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Miranda, Sept.), Parana (Jacar6- zinho, Mar.), and Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Oct.; Inhumas, Nov.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938— El Salvador (San Sebastian, July 27; Lake Olomega, Aug. 8; Rio San Miguel, Feb. 5); Taverner, Condor, 42, p. 215, 1940 — part (distr.; dist. chars.); Conover, Auk, 61, p. 538, 1944 (dist. chars.; range; plumages); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., 23, p. 72, 1945 — Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia (Oct.). Tringa solitarius Street, Auk, 40, p. 577, 1923 — Alberta (nesting habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 70, 1926 (crit.). Range. — Breeds from northern British Columbia, northern Al- berta (Wood Buffalo National Park), central Saskatchewan, central Manitoba (Ilford), northern Ontario (Moosonee) and Labrador (Flower's Bay near Hopedale) south probably to about 50 N. lat. Migrates through the United States (mostly east of the Rocky Mountains), the West Indies and Central America to southern South America (Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina); accidental in Greenland (Godthaab, Aug. 1, 1878). Field Museum Collection. — 122: British Columbia (Okanagan, 12); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota (Nelson County, 8; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Missouri (Koshkonong, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6; Fox Lake, 1); Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Diamond Lake, 1; Worth, 2; Chicago, 2; Joliet, 3; Grand Chain, 1); Ohio (Circleville, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Massachusetts (Mono- moy Island, 1); New Hampshire (Ossipee, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 4; New Haven County, 15; Grove Beach, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 3; Kings County, 1); Pennsylvania (Tioga, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 2); South Carolina 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Brevard County, 1); Dominican Republic (San Luis, 2); Jamaica (Surrey, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guade- loupe Island, 1; Dominica, 3); Dutch West Indies (Curacao, 1); Mexico (Yucatan, 1); Costa Rica (Guanacaste, 2; Limon, 1); Panama (Chiriqui, 2); Venezuela (Maracaibo, 1; Catatumbo, 5; Encontrados, Zulia, 1; Culata, Merida, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 1); Ecuador (Banos, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2; Quemadas, Bahia, 1; Sao Paulo, 1; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 1; Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Arque, Cochabamba, 1; El Palmar, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Conover Collection. — 18: Illinois (Libertyville, 1; Wheaton, 1; Clark County, 1; Warrenville, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 2); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia, Cauca (Popayan, 1; Coco- nuco, 1; El Tambo, 1); Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Cavalcante, Goyaz, 1; Sao Paulo, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 1). *Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster).1 NORTHERN SOLITARY SANDPIPER. Totanus solitarius dnnamomeus Brewster, Auk, 7, p. 377, October, 1890— San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California (type in collection of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930). Helodromas solitarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 444, 1896 — part, specimens a-c; (?)Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899— Chatham Island, Galapagos (Oct. 12). Helodromas dnnamomeus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 760, 1896 (descr.). 1 Tringa solitaria cinnamomea (Brewster) in fresh unfaded adult plumage differs from the nominate race by having the ground color of the upper parts lighter, more grayish, as against a more dusky olive; by usually having the loral region covered with fine dusky specklings instead of being crossed by a well- defined dusky streak; and by larger size. Wings of males 128-139, of females 137-148, as against 123-132.5 and 127-140 mm., respectively, in T. s. solitaria. This form generally (about 85 per cent) has the inner webs of the outermost primaries mottled with white but this character is found also in about 10 per cent of the specimens of the typical race. In immature plumage cinnamomea has the ground color of the upper parts more of an Olive Brown rather than a dark Hair Brown, but the most distinctive feature is the coloration of the spotting of the dorsal surface, which is buffy in this form and grayish white in T. s. solitaria. Additional material examined. — Alaska: Circle, 7; north fork Kuskoquim River, 1; Chitna River Glacier, 3; Nulato, 2; Bethel, 1; Yakutat, 1; Charlie Creek, Yukon River, 5. — Northwest Territory: Finnic River, 1; Mackenzie Delta, 4; Fort 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 121 Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 67, 1902— San Jose del Cabo (Aug. 25 to Sept. 2). Tringa solitaria cinnamomea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 363, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926— Guayaquil (Mar. 26), Loja (Oct. 14), Alamor (Aug. 30), Cebollal (Sept. 23), and Carolina Marshes, Quito (Aug. 10), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 148, 1926— Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay, and Argentina (Formosa, Aug. 23; Entre Rios; Buenos Aires; and General Rocha, Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 93, 1928 — Lower California (transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 13, 1929 (life hist.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 55, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, Sept. 16) and Bolivia (San Jose", Santa Cruz, Sept. 8, 9); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938— Sao Paulo (Crystaes, March; Itapura, Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 173, 1938— Lake Olomega (Sept. 5, April 8) and San Salvador (April 25), El Salvador; Taverner, Condor, 42, p. 215, 1940 (dist. chars.; nesting range); Conover, Auk, p. 541, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 43, 1945— Santo Antonio, Rio Jurua, Brazil. Tringa solitaria (not of Wilson) Brooks, Condor, 29, p. 112, 1927 — part (dist. chars.); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 38, 1934 — Churchill, Manitoba (probably breeding; cinnamomea a valid but northern rather than western race); Swarth, Condor, 37, p. 199, 1935 — part, Atlin, British Columbia (crit.; cinnamomea not valid race). Range. — Breeds in Alaska and Canada from the limit of trees south to about 60 N. lat. and from Bering Sea to the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill). Migrates through the United States, mostly west of the Mississippi, and Central America to Bolivia, Paraguay and south-central Argentina (Rio Negro). Rare on the Pacific coast of North America north of southern California and probably also in eastern South America. (?) Casual on the Galapagos Islands (Chatham Island). Field Museum Collection. — 48: Alaska (Tocatna Forks, 3; Bethel, 4) ; Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1) ; British Columbia (Okanagan, 8; Rollings Lake, 3); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5); North Dakota (Towner County, 3) ; Wisconsin (Meridean, 1) ; Illinois' (Grand Chain, 1); Massachusetts (Somerville, 1); California (Los Angeles County, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2; Troublesome, 1); Texas (Cameron County, 1); El Salvador (San Salvador, 1); Costa Rica (Volcan Turrialba, 1; Miravalles, 1; Limon, 1); Ecuador Simpson, 1; Fort Providence, 1. — Yukon Territory: Whitehorse, 2; 60 mile Creek, 1. — British Columbia: Atlin, 14; Shuswap, 3; Cariboo, 1; Okanagan, 1. — Alberta: Lac la Nonne, 6; Henry House, 1 ; Edmonton, 1. — Manitoba: Churchill, 6; Gypsum- ville, 1. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Paramba, 1; Banos, 2); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Cercado, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. — 11: California (Yermo, 1); Peru (Pucallpa, Rio Ucayali, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Paraguay (265 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Orloff, Chaco, 4; Horqueta, 2); Argentina (Rio Sali, Tucuman, 1). Tringa glareola Linnaeus. WOOD SANDPIPER. Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 149, 1758 — based on Faun. Svec., No. 152, Sweden; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 267, 1934 (range). Totanus glareola Littlejohn, Condor, 6, p. 138, 1904 — Sanak Island, Alaska (May 27, 1894). Rhyacophilus glareola Hanna, Auk, 33, p. 401, 1916 — St. George Island, Pribilof group, Alaska (May 19, 1914); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 347, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75, 1923— St. George, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 22, 1929 (life hist.). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway, Belgium, and northern Germany to Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands; winters in Africa, India, southeastern Asia, and Australia; accidental in Alaska (Sanak Island, Aleutian chain, May 27, 1894; St. George Island, Pribilof group (May 19, 1914). Genus ACTITIS Illiger Actitis Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 262, 1811 — type, by subs, desig. (Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 131, 1885),1 Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus. Tringoides Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 326, Feb. 5, 1828 — type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53, p. 627, 1917), Tringa macularia "Wilson" (=Linnaeus). Guinetta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 68, 1840 — type, by orig. desig., Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus. Trgngodes Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn., p. 327, 1890 — emendation of Tringoides Bonaparte. *Actitis macularia (Linnaeus).2 SPOTTED SANDPIPER. Tringa macularia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on "Spotted Sandpiper" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 139, pi. 277, *We are not certain that Stejneger's designation is a valid one, as it was determined by elimination. 2 Actitis macularia (Linnaeus) is probably conspecific with A. hypoleucos of the Palaearctic region, the juvenile and winter plumages of the two birds being strikingly similar. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 123 lower figure; near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 34, 1941— Greenland (Godthaab, Sept. 27; Nanortalik, April 18). Totanus macularius Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 — Tobago; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 372, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 325 — Curasao; Butterfield, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904— Kent, England; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Trinidad (Jan. to April). Tringoides macularius(a) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 461, 1858 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 298, 1860 — Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 592 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 629— Tucacas, Falcon, Venezuela; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 783— south of Me>ida, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, March), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Parana (Paranagua, Dec.), Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Sept.), Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), and Para (Praia de Cajutuba, Apr. 12), Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— Ocana, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876 — Santarem, Brazil (Apr. 12); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Retiro, Colombia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 49— Huambo, Peru (March); Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 180— Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 468, 762, 1896 (monog.); Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 36, 1897— San Francisco, Tarija, Bolivia (Dec.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898 — Cachabf, Ecuador (Nov. to Jan.); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Ecuador (Rio Santiago; Ibarra, Cuenca, Oct.; Rio Peripa, Nov.; Santa Elena, Jan.); Dalmas, Me"m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 144, 1900— Tobago; Ber- lepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902— Venezuela (Ciudad Bolfvar, Dec.; Altagracia, Nov., Dec.; Caicara, Mar., Oct.; Orinoco River; and Suapure, Caura, Sept. 14); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— La Merced, Junin, Peru (Aug., Sept., Mar.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, Ecuador (Oct.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 378, 1903— Mexican and Central American localities and references; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 102, 126,' 1906 — Santa Ana (Dec. 4) and Huay- napata (Oct. 15), Peru; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island, Vene- zuela (Jan. 6); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 52, 1907 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana; Me"ne"gaux, Miss. Serv. Geog. Arm^e Mes. Arc Equat., 9, p. B. 9, 1911 — Tumbaco, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 90, 1914— Para, Marajo (Pacoval, Soure), Mexiana, Cunany, and Guimaraes (Maranhao), Brazil. Actitis macularius(a) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 83, 1864 (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330— Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 577 — Chimbo, Ecuador (Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia (Aug.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395— Lima, Peru (Sept., Nov.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 375, 1900 (plumages); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 — Barbados, 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grenada, and St. Vincent; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 204, 237, 1909 — Aruba, Curacao, and Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Amaracao, coast of Piauhy (Sept. 14-16); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 420, 1910 — Bolson, San Jos6, Carrillo, G»apiles (Mar. 5), Ujurras de Terraba (Sept. 16), Tucurriqui (Nov. 1), and La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5), Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— Caria- quito, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 371, 1916— Orinoco River (Aug. to April); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 366, 1916 — Sainte Rose, Guadeloupe (July 15); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 213, 1916— Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Dabeiba (Feb. 14), Novita (Dec. 23), San Jose (Dec. 4), Barbacoas (Aug. 30-Sept. 4), Caldas (Nov. 20), Cali (May 8), and Salento (Sept. 28), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245 — Gatun (Feb., Sept., Oct.), Pedro Miguel (Apr. 23), and Toro Point (Aug. 4), Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 372, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 265— Ecuador (Riobamba, Jan. 3) and Peru (Eten, Lambayeque, Sept. 17; Rio Perene, Junin, March 9; Trujillo, Libertad, Sept. 1); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920— Conception, Tucuman (Mar. 4); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921 — Rio Comberciato (Sept. 22) and Calca (Apr. 25), Urubamba, Peru; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922 — Altagracia, Zulia, Venezuela; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 24, 1922— La Carolina (May 14, June 19, July 10, Nov. 7), Rio San Pedro (Oct. 18), Machangara (Apr. 11), and Mindo (Nov. 21), Ecuador; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 182, 1922— Bonda, Buritaca, and Fundacion, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 197, 1926— Ecuador (many localities); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 147, 1926 — Rio Ajo below Lavalle, Buenos Aires (Oct. 25); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 362, 1927— Mona, Desecheo, Puerto Rico, Vieques, Culebra, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Tortola (winter visitant); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires (April); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 771 — Blairmont, British Guiana (winter); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 95, 1928— Lower California (transient and winter visitor); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Pinheiro, Para (Apr. 23); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 78, 1929 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 157, 1931 — Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 321, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (transient and winter visitor); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931— Albemarle (Jan.) and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 375, 1931— Donjaca (Sept. 15) and Rio Frio River (Sept. 9), Magdalena, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 304, 1932— Honduras (Rio Choluteca, Aug. 5; Trujillo; Tela; Ceiba; Ruatan Island); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 134, 1932 — Panajachel and La Primavera, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 290 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Mousley, Auk, 54, p. 445, pis. 27, 28, 1937 (nesting habits); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 135, 1938— Bahia (Rio Aratuhype), Sao Paulo (Iguape, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 125 Piassaguera, Raiz da Serra, Ilha dos Alcatrazes), and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 172, 1938— El Salvador (many localities); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938— Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Aug. 10, 1851); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943— Mackenzie delta (breeding); Stevenson, Auk, 61, p. 247, 1944 (does not breed south of central Tennessee and western North Carolina); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 82, 1945 — Sonora (wintering). Tringites macularius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — Chamicuros, Peru. "Actitis notata 111. (wiedi, Bp.)" 1 Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 2, p. 597, 1856; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 40, 1857— Cayenne, French Guiana. Range. — Breeds throughout North America from limit of trees in northwestern Alaska, northern Mackenzie and Manitoba, the Un- gava Peninsula, and Newfoundland, south to southern California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas, Tennessee and North Caro- lina; winters from southern British Columbia, Louisiana, and South Carolina throughout Mexico and the West Indies to southern Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil, and occasionally to Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, Mar. 4, 1918; Rio Ajo below Lavalle and Zelaya, Buenos Aires) and Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna, Aug. 10, 1851). Field Museum Collection. — 207: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 11); British Columbia (Okanagan, 2); Alberta (Walsh, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Oregon (Salem, 2); Idaho (Priest Lake, 1); Montana (Custer County, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 15; Carpenter Lake, Rolette County, 1 ; Sweetwater Lake, Ramsey County, 1 ; Rocklake, Towner County, 1; Cannonball River, Sioux County, 1; Towner County, 3); Colorado (New Castle, 2; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4); Texas (Travis County, 2); New Mexico (Reserve, 2); Arizona (Calabasas, Santa Cruz County, 1; Tucson, 3); California (McCloud, Siskiyou County, 1; Rincon, Ventura County, 1; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 4; San Pedro, 1; Whistle Point, Los Angeles County, 1; Clifton, Los Angeles County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Coronado Beach, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4); Connecticut (New Haven County, 12; East Hartford, 2; New Haven, 2; West Haven, 1; North Haven, 2; Hamden, 2; 1 This is a pure nomen nudum, as it stands. Bonaparte, in parentheses, quotes as synonym "macularia Wied," but, as far as we are aware, Wied's descrip- tion of Totanus macularius did not appear until a few years later (Journ. Orn., 7, p. 90, 1859). In the report on Desplanches' Cayenne collection, published in 1857, even the reference to Wied is omitted. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Stamford, 2) ; New York (Bedford, Westchester County, 1 ; Rochester, 2; Shelter Island, Suffolk County, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Wolf Lake, Cook County, 2; Lake Forest, 2; Libertyville, 3); Wisconsin (Neenah, 2; Beaver Dam, 10); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 8; Pea Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2; Beau- fort County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (West Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Merritt's Island, Brevard County, 3); Bahama Islands (Acklin, 1; Andros, 1; Great Bahama, 1; Old Providence, 4; St. Andrews, 1); Hispaniola (San Cristobal, Dominican Republic, 2; Catarey, Dominican Republic, 1; Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 1; Jacmel, Haiti, 3); Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1; Mayaguez, 1; Mona Island, 2); Jamaica (Priestman's River, 1; Cayman Brae, 1; Grand Cayman, 4); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Tortola, 1); Lesser Antilles (St. Chris- topher, 2; Guadeloupe, 1; Dominica, 5); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Mexico (Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 1; Sabinas, Coahuila, 1; Tam- pico, 1; Apatzingan, Michoacan, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1; San Salvador, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, Solola, 2; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1); Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, Puntarenas, 1); Venezuela (Paramo Conejos, Merida, 1; En- contrados, Zulia, 2; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1); British Guiana (Rockstone, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1); Ecuador (La Carolina, 1); Bolivia (Capinota, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Conover Collection. — 32: British Columbia (Stuie, Bella Coola area, 2) ; Manitoba (Churchill, 2) ; Oregon (Salem, 1) ; Utah (Brigham, 1); California (Myers, Eldorado County, 2; Ocean Beach, San Diego County, 1); Wisconsin (Milwaukee River, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1; Chicago, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); Mexico (San Jos£ del Cabo, Lower California, 1); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1); Colombia (Cuturu, Antioquia, 1; El Tambo, Cauca, 1; Rio Timbio, Cauca, 1; Ricaurte, Narino, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 1; Valle de Rojas, 5; Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 4); Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 1); Brazil (Santarem, Para, 3). Genus CATOPTROPHORUS Bonaparte Catoptrophorus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 323, Feb. 5, 1828 — type, by monotypy, Totamis semlpalmatus Temminck= Scolopax semipalmatus Gmelin. Hodites Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 155, 1829— type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 127 *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin). EASTERN WILLET. Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on "Semipalmated Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 469, pi. 20, fig. 2, New York.1 Catatrophorus (sic) semipalmatus Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (October). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849— coast of British Guiana; Riley, Auk, 22, p. 353, 1905 — Andros, Rum Cay, and Long Island, Bahama Islands (breeding); Bangs, I.e., 24, p. 291, 1907— Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 13, 1906); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 237, 1909— Margarita Island, Venezuela (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 221, 1931— Bermuda Islands (visitor). Totanus semipalmatus Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 456, 1866 — Trinidad; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 358, 1887 (crit.). Symphemia semipalmata Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 309, 1870 — Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (March); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 322, 1875 — Cuba (June, July); idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878— Puerto Rico (Boqueron, San Juan Bay); Cory, Auk, 7, p. 374, 1890 — Anegada Island; idem, I.e., 8, p. 47, 1891— Antigua (April to July); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 405, 757, 1896 (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905 — St. Vincent (Oct.), Barbados, Carriacou, and Grenada (visitor); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (March 24); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 51, 1907 — "Matto Grosso," errore (= Cajutuba, Para!). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 315, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 366, 1927— Puerto Rico (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 27, 1929 (life hist.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 79, 1930— "Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore)," errore (= Cajutuba, Para!); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 160, 1931— Hispaniola; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad and Tobago (visitor); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938— Cajutuba, Para (ex Pelzeln); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 1); Beatty, Auk, 60, p. 110, 1943— St. Croix, Virgin Islands (nesting). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus longicaudis Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 76, 1926 — Boqueron, Puerto Rico (type in collection of Cornell University, Ithaca). 1 Totanus crassirostris Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 406, 1816 — Louisiana) has been quoted as a possible synonym, but there are various discrepancies in the description. No type appears to exist. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range.— Breeds in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from New Jersey to Texas, and in the Bahama and Virgin (St. Croix) Islands, and Antigua,1 possibly also in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola; winters from the Gulf states south through the West Indies and the Caribbean coast of Mexico and Central America (rarely on the Pacific side) to Trinidad, Guiana, and northeastern Brazil (Cajutuba, Para).2 Field Museum Collection. — 47: Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1); Virginia (Northampton County, 2; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 2; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Indian River, Brevard County, 1; Nassau County, 4; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 5; Anclote, Pasco County, 1; Canaveral, Brevard County, 1; Merritt's Island, Brevard County, 2); Texas (Port Isabel, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun County, 1; Brownsville, 1; Port O'Connor, Calhoun County, 1); Bahama Islands (Northwest Point, Great Inagua, 3; Northeast Point, Great Inagua, 3; Mathew Town, Great Inagua, 2; Salt Pans, Great Inagua, 1; Betsey Bay, Mariguana, 1; Middle Point, Mari- guana, 1; Piriton Well, Mariguana, 1; Caicos Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Anegada Island, 2); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2; Oso Peninsula, 1); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 17: South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, 2; Copahee Sound, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 3) ; Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 6) ; Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guana- caste, 4); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 1). *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster).3 WESTERN WILLET. Symphemia semipalmata inornata Brewster, Auk, 4, No. 2, p. 145, April, 1887 — Larimer County, Colorado (cotypes now in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 177, 1930). 1 In files of U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a record by H. McDonald of nest and four eggs, May 26, 1943. 2 The locality, "Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso," is due to confusion with Natterer's (only Brazilian) record from Cajutuba, coast of Para, while "Bolivia," quoted by Ridgway, is most certainly erroneous. 3 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus (Brewster) differs from the nominate race by larger size (wing of males 201-209, of females 212-220, against 180-195 and 192-200, respectively), slenderer and longer bill, and by having the upper parts paler, more ashy gray, and much less heavily spotted with dusky, while the lower neck, chest, and flanks have the dusky barring narrower as well as lighter in tone. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 129 Symphemia semipalmata (not Scolopax semipalmata Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I860, p. 195 — Cartagena, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Nov. 27, Dec. 13); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 405, 1896— part, Mexico (Tres Marias Islands and San Bias, Tepic; Presidio, Sinaloa; "Tehuan- tepec" [=San Mateo], Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam and San Jose); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Bay of Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 371, 1903 (in part); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 55, 1913— Albemarle (Villemil, Nov. 1, Sept. 3) and Abingdon (Sept. 21), Galapagos Islands. Totanus semipalmatus speculiferus1 Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 359, 1887 (crit.). Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 319, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926— Tembleque, Ecuador (July 18; crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 36, 1929 (life hist.); Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 54, 1931— Utah (breeding habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 60, 1931 — Abingdon and Albemarle Islands, Galapagos; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 303, 1931 — Cricamola, Almirante, Panama (Sept. 19); Darlington, I.e., p. 375, 1931 — near Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept. 15); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Cham- perico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 269, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora (Jan. 19); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307, 1935— Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938 — Puerto del Triunfo (Dec. 31) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 2), El Salvador; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 — Sonora (wintering). Range. — Breeds from central Oregon, south-central Alberta, Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba south to northeastern Cali- fornia, Colorado, Nebraska, and northern Iowa; winters on the Pacific coast of America from California to northwestern Peru (Tumbez), the Galapagos Archipelago, and on the Gulf and Carib- bean coasts to northern Colombia (Cartagena, Donjaca). In autumn migration occurs on the Atlantic coast of the United States. 1 Sclater (Ibis, 1862, p. 199, note) suggested that Totanus speculiferus Cuvier (Reg. Anim., nouv. ed., 1, p. 531, footnote, 1829 — no locality; Lesson, Traite" d'Orn., p. 552, 1831 — 'TAme'rique septentrionale") may turn out to be an earlier name for the Western Willet. Pucheran (Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 369, 1851) gave a full description of the type in the Paris Museum, and his measurements (bill, 66; tarsus, 75 mm.) point to its identity with inornatus. However, Professor J. Berlioz has kindly compared the type of Totanus speculi- ferus Cuvier with a specimen of Catoptrophorus s. semipalmatus and a specimen of C. s. inornatus, both in winter plumage. He states: "The coloration of plumage in our type seems quite as dark as in semipalmatus, with heavy shaft streaks and freckling. Briefly, as concerns coloration, the type looks more like semipalmatus, but the proportions and particularly the long and slender bill are those of in- ornatus." A change in nomenclature, therefore, appears to be inadvisable. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 116: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 7; Hay Creek, 1; Quill Lake, 1; Lake Johnston, 2); Ontario (Pule Point, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 13; Towner County, 18; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Colorado (Larimer, Huerfano County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 1); California (Westport, Mendocino County, 3; Redwood, San Mateo County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 3; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 1; Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, 1; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1; San Diego, 2; The Rincon, Ventura County, 5; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Texas (Rockport, Aransas County, 1; Brownsville, 2; Seadrift, Calhoun County, 2; Port Lavaca, Cal- houn County, 2; Padre Island, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 4); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 15; Bodie Island, 2; Cape Hatteras, 2); Georgia (Chat- ham County, 1); Florida (Talbot Island, Duval County, 1; Palm Beach, 1; Anclote, Pasco County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 2); Guatemala (San Jose", 2). Conover Collection. — 35: Alberta (Tofield, 5); Idaho (Mont- pelier, Lake County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2) ; Utah (Brigham, 15) ; California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 6); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). Genus HETEROSCELUS Baird Heteroscelus Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 728, 734, 1858— type, by monotypy, Totanus brevipes Vieillot. Heteractitis Stejneger, Auk, 1, p. 236, July, 1884 — new name for Heteroscelus Baird, believed to be preoccupied by Heteroscelis Latreille, 1825. Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieillot). POLYNESIAN TATTLER. Totanus brevipes Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 6, p. 410, 1818 — "pays inconnu" (type, from Timor, in the Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 3, p. 571, 1851). Heteractitis brevipes Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 137, 1885— Bering Island (crit.); Townsend and Wetmore, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 180, 1919 (no intergradation with H. incanus); Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 174, 1920— Kitovi Rookery, St. Paul Island (Sept. 17, 1919). Totanus incamis brevipes Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 361, 1887 (crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 131 Heteroscelus brevipes Hanna, Auk, 37, p. 250, 1920 — St. Paul Island, Pribilofs (Oct. 4, 1911; Sept. 2, 1917); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 48, 1929 (life hist.); Friedmann, Condor, 35, p. 78, 1933 — St. Lawrence Island (July, 1932); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range). Tringa incana brevipes Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 — Bering Island (crit.). Heteroscelus incanus brevipes Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 76, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands. Heteractitis incanus brevipes Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 425, 1933 — Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug.). Range. — Breeds probably in the alpine zone of northeastern Asia (northern Baikal Range, Werchojansk Range, and mountains of interior Kamchatka); winters in the Philippines, Caroline Islands, Malay Archipelago, and Celebes to New Guinea and Australia; accidental in the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island [Oct. 4, 1911; Sept. 2, 1917; Sept. 17, 1919]) and on St. Lawrence Island (July, 1932). *Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin). WANDERING TATTLER. Scolopax incana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Ash- coloured Snipe" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 154, Eimeo (=Moorea), Society Group, and Palmerston Islands, Pacific Ocean. Totanus fuliginosus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, Part 15, p. 130, March, 1841 — Galapagos Archipelago (Oct.; type now in British Museum). Scolopax pacifica Forster, Descr. Anim. It. Mar. Austr., (ed. Lichtenstein), p. 174, 1844— Tongatabu, Tonga Islands. Totanus oceanicus Lesson, Suppl. Oeuvr. Buffon, e"d. Levgque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. Ois.), p. 244, 1847 — Oualan Island, Caroline Islands (type in Paris Museum). Totanus polynesiae Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 237, 1848 — Fiji Islands and Paumotu group, Pacific Ocean (type, from Fiji Islands, in United States National Museum; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, pp. 135, 136, 1885). Heteroscelus incanus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429 — Acapulco, Mexico (March); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 367, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Murie, Auk, 41, p. 231, pis. 17, 18, 1924 — Savage River, Alaskan Range, Alaska (nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. EL, 55, p. 197, 1926— Santa Elena (Dec. 19, Feb. 16, 21) and La Plata Island (Feb. 11), Ecuador; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 94, 1928— Lower California (wintering); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 41, 1929 (life hist.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 61, 1931— Galapagos, Cocos, and Clipperton Islands; Dixon, Condor, 35, p. 173, 1933 — Alaska (nesting habits); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, pp. 203, 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 270, 1934 (range); Dixon, Bds. Mam- mals Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 76, 1938 (nesting habits). 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Heteractitis incanus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 132, 1885 — Bering Island (crit., meas., range, etc.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 453, 761, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 377, 1903— Acapulco, Mexico; Osgood, Auk, 24, p. 340, 1907— upper MacMillan River, Yukon Territory (immature taken, probably breeds). Totanus incanus Seebohm, Geog. Dist. Charad., p. 360, 1887 (crit.). Tringa incana incana Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 139, 1920 — Bering Island (May 29 to June 12). Heteroscelus incanus incanus Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 75, 1923— Pribilof Islands. Range. — Breeds from south-central Alaska to east-central Yukon Territory and south to Prince William Sound; winters on Pacific coast and islands of America from southern California to Ecuador and the Galapagos, also in Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia, New Hebrides, and New Caledonia, and occasionally to New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. Field Museum Collection. — 57: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; King Island, 2; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 1; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 3; Kodiak Island, 1; Skagway, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, 2; Quatsino, 1); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); California (Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 7; Laguna Beach, Orange County, 1; Arch Beach, Orange County, 1); Trinidad Bay, Humboldt County, 2; Point Reyes, Marin County, 1; Bolinas, Marin County, 1; Castle Rock, Del Norte County, 1; Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 11; Carmel Bay, 2; Monterey, 1; West- port, Mendocino County, 6; San Clemente Island, 6); Galapagos Islands (Narborough Island, 1; Cocos Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 18: Alaska (Cape Nome, 1; Topkok, Norton Sound, 2); California (Redondo, Los Angeles County, 2; Santa Monica, 7; Point Fermin, Los Angeles County, 2; Balboa, Orange County, 1; Port Harford, 1; San Nicholas Island, 1; San Clemente Island, 1). Subfamily ARENARIINAE. Turnstones and Surf Birds Genus APHRIZA Audubon1 Aphriza Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 — type, by monotypy, Aphriza toumsendi Audubon = Tringa virgata Gmelin. 1 For anatomical characters and affinity, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1937, pp. 748-750. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 133 *Aphriza virgata (Gmelin). SURF BIRD. Tringa virgata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 — based on "Streaked Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 180, "Sandwich Sound"= Prince William Sound, Alaska (summer plumage). Tringa borealis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 674, 1789 — based on "Boreal Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 181, King George Bay (winter plumage); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Chile. Tringa townsendi Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 249, 1839 — Cape Disappoint- ment, Washington (type now in Vassar College Museum, Poughkeepsie; cf. Orton, Amer. Natur., 4, p. 716, 1871). Charadrius Winterfeldti Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 388, 1843— "in Oceani Magni littoribus"= coast of Peru (type now in Liverpool Museum; cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 66, 1899) ;l idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 295, pi. 34, 1846 — coast of Peru (= winter plumage). Aphriza townsendii Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844 — Chile. Strepsilas borealis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 408, 1847— coast of Chile; Philippi, Reise Wuste Atacama, p. 163, 1860— Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868 — from Valdivia, Chile, to Peru; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Paposo, Chile. Aphriza virgata Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, pi. 147 (winter plumage), 1847; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15— Van Islands', Trinidad Channel, Territory of Magallanes, Chile (Feb. 15); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 348, 1886— coast of Peru; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 127, 1887— St. Michaels (migr.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 208, 1896 — Alaska (St. Michaels), Vancouver Island, Orcas Island, Chile, and Van Islands; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 605, 1902 — seashore near Vacqueria, Province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 16); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 353, 1903 (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 216, 1910— "Straits of Magellan"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 58, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 12, 1923— Lower California (Abreojos Point, San Josef Island) and Sonora (Tiburon Island); Murie, Auk, 41, pp. 235-237, 1924 — Forty Mile River and Savage River, Alaskan Range, Alaska, July (nesting habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 73, 1926— Carcross, Yukon (May 27); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926— Point Dall, Alaska (May 18); Dixon, Condor, 29, pp. 3-16, col. pi., 1927— Mount McKinley district, Alaskan Range (breeding habits; nest; eggs; 1 This specimen is doubtless the type, as claimed by Forbes and Robinson. Mr. Jean J. Baer, of the Neuchatel Museum, in fact, informs us that the species is not (and never was) represented in Tschudi's collection in that Museum. — C. E. H. Friedmann and Deignan (Zoologica, N.Y., 27, (2), p. 49, 1942) claim that the type of Charadrius Winterfeldi (sic) Tschudii is in the United States National Museum, having been received by it in the year 1866 in a shipment from the Neuchatel Museum. This specimen and the one in the Liverpool Museum are undoubtedly cotypes. 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII food); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 98, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 269, 1929 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932— Chile (winter); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 129, 1932— Champerico, Guatemala (Sept. 10); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 (range); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 89, 1934— Goodnews Bay, Alaska (Aug. 12); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Dixon, Bds. Mammals, Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 67, 1938 (nesting habits); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 83, 1945 — Sonora (Tiburon Island, April; Punta Penascosa, Jan.). Strepsilas virgata Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, No. 29, Cursores, p. 45, 1865 — Algarroba, Chile (crit.). Strepsilas virgatus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 412, 1887 (monog.). Range. — Breeds on mountains in south-central Alaska (Mount McKinley district, Alaskan Range, and doubtless other adjoining ranges to the Yukon border); winters along the Pacific coast of America south to Chile (Paposo, Antofagasta; Isla la Mocha, Arauco; Valdivia; Van Islands, Trinidad Channel, "Territory of Magallanes). Field Museum Collection. — 28: Alaska (Sea Otter Harbor, Ball Island, 6; Wrangell, 1); British Columbia (Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, 3); Washington (Jefferson County, 2; Gray's Harbor, West- port, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 3; Yaquina Bay, Lincoln County, 1) ; California (Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 6; Carmel Highlands, Monterey County, 1; North Island, San Diego County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1; San Diego Harbor, San Diego County, 1; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 1). Conover Collection. — 15: Alaska (Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 3; Sea Otter Harbor, Dall Island, 2; Wrangell, 2) ; Washington (Jefferson County, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 4). Genus ARENARIA Brisson Arenaria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 48, 5, p. 132, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Are- naria" Brisson= Trinket interpres Linnaeus. Morinella Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 383, 1810 — type, by monotypy, Morinella collaris Wolf=Tnn{/a interpres Linnaeus. Strepsilas Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 263, 1811 — new name for Arenaria Brisson. Cinclus "Moehring" (not of Borkhausen, 1797, nor of Bechstein, 1802) Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2d ed., p. 85, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Tringa morinella Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 135 *Arenaria interpres interpres (Linnaeus). TURNSTONE. Tringa interpres Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — in part, based chiefly on It. Gotl. 217 and Faun. Svec., No. 154, restricted type locality, Gotland, Sweden.1 Morinella collaris Wolf, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 383 (footnote), 1810 — new name for Tringa interpres Linnaeus. Charadrius Cinclus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 148, 1811 — Siberia to Kamchatka (in part, as far as based on Tringa interpres Linnaeus). Tringa oahuensis Bloxham, in Byron's Voy. Blonde, p. 251, 1826 — Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (location of type unknown, probably once in the British Museum). Strepsilas collaris Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407, 1843 — South and North Greenland (May to Sept.). Arenaria interpres Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896 — part, Old World and Greenland; Lp'ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 54, 1934 — Greenland (crit.; meas.). Strepsilas interpres Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 155, 1898 — Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 127, 1910— Greenland (breeding habits). Arenaria morinella (not Tringa morinella Linnaeus) Palmer, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands, North Pacific Ocean, Part 3 (Avifauna Pribilof Islands), pp. 412-418, 1899 (crit.; descr.). Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 45, 1919 — part, except northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 146, pp. 278, 293, 1929— part, except North American mainland (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 — part, except North and South America and Galapagos Islands; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 143— Greenland (crit.); Leach, Brit. Bds., 38, (19), p. 376, 1945 (specimen taken at Proven, northwestern Greenland, May 30, 1945, was banded at Antrim, Ireland, Jan. 1, 1942). Range. — Breeds on the coasts of Greenland, Iceland, northern Europe and Asia; migrates through the St. Lawrence, Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; winters from southern Europe, India, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands to South Africa, Madagascar, Australia and New Zealand.2 Field Museum Collection. — 7: Alaska (Dutch Harbor, 1; Unalaska, 1; St. Paul Island, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, west coast, 1; Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson Land, 2). 1 The quotation, "Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 141, pi. 141," refers to A. I. morinella. 2 After examining several hundred specimens of Turnstones we are unable to recognize A. i. oahuensis of northern Siberia and Alaska (cf. Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, pp. 5, 10, 1913). Additional material examined. — Greenland: east coast, 1. — Bering Sea: St. George Island, 1; Hall Island, 1; Unalaska, 1. V 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus).1 RUDDY TURNSTONE. Tringa Morinella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based on "Turnstone or Sea-Dotterel" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 72, pi. 72, coast of Georgia. Tringa hudsonica P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 114, 1776 — based on "The Turnstone from Hudson's Bay" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, 3, p. 141, pi. 141, Hudson's Bay. Strepsilas interpres (not Tringa interpres Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 132, 1841 — Iquique (Tarapaca), Chile, and Galapagos Islands; Frazer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 407, 1847— Chile; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Jan.); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 333, 1847 — Jamaica; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 751, 1849 — coast region; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Paposo, Antofagasta, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 — Chiapam, Guatemala; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 117, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 273, 1868— coast of Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 297, 1870— Sapitiba (near Piehy), Rio de Janeiro (Feb.), Cajutuba, Para (Feb., Mar., Apr.), and Para (Nov.), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Galapagos Islands; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560— Choril- las, Lima, Peru; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 308, 1874 — Rio Zacatula, Colima, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 331, 1875 — Cuba (Sept. and winter); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878 — Puerto Rico (Mayaguez, Cabo Rojo, Quebradillas, Vega Baja); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 — Talcaguano, Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 349, 1886— part, Peru (Chorillos); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Paposo, Chile; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 307— Aruba Island (July 2); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 209, 1896— Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 664, 1898 — Isla de los Pajaros, Coquimbo, Chile (Oct.); Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301 — Andros, Little Abaco, and Green Cay, Bahama Islands (crit.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Gigoux, I.e., p. 67, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Strepsilas collaris (not Morinella collaris Wolf) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 297, 1846-"on both sides of the Cordillera," Peru (crit.); Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 364, 1856— Santa Catharina, Brazil. Cinclus interpres L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 399, 1866— Trinidad. Arenaria interpres Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1887 — Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 231, 1887— West Indies (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 231, 1889; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 95, 1892— 1 Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus) in breeding plumage can be distin- guished from the nominate race by having the dorsal surface much redder. In winter it is indistinguishable except for its average smaller size. Additional material examined. — Alaska: Barrow, 6; Wainwright, 2; Cape Lisbourne, 1; Coal Land, 1; Wales, 2; Nulato, 1; Kotlik, 1; Carbon Creek, 1; Port Clarence, 1. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 137 West Indies; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — Ancon, Peru (Jan. 21); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Ffs.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 55, 1893 — Punta Mala, Delta del Rio Dagua, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 92, 728, 1896— part, North and South American mainland, West Indies and Galapagos Islands; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 42, 1900— Puntilla de Santa Elena and Bahla de Ballenita, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 345, 1903— Mexico (Rio Zacatula, Colima; San Mateo and Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Mugeres and Cozumel Islands, Yucatan), Guatemala (Chiapam), British Honduras (Curlew Cay; Saw-pit Cay; Turneffe Island), Antilles, Costa Rica (Las Trojas), Veraguas, etc.; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905— Lesser Antilles; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 53, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 304, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 314 — Testigo Grande; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Costa Rica (rare visitant on Pacific coast); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910 — [Amaracao], coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 14, 15); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 82, 1914 — Guimaraes, Maranhao, Brazil; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 261 — Puna Island, Ecuador (Nov. 10) and Chancay, Lima, Peru (Dec. 30). Arenaria morinella Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 74, 1902 — Carmen Island (March 12) and San Jose" del Cabo (Aug. 31 to Oct. 21), Lower California. Morinella interpres Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 45, 1907 (range); Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 96, 1920— Ilheos, Bahia. Arenaria interpres morinella Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 214, 230, 1909 — Aruba, Islas de Aves, and Testigo Grande; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 51, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 228, 1923— coast of Piauhy, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926— coast of Manavi, Santa Elena (Dec. 17, Feb. 25), and Jambeli (Nov. 1), Ecuador; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 314, 1926— Point Dall, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting; descr. pullus); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 357, 1927— Puerto Rico, St. Croix, Culebra, and Culebrita; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1928— Lower California; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, pp. 278, 294, 1929 (life hist.; range, except Greenland); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 490, 1929 — near Amaracao, Piauhy; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 154, 1931— Hispaniola (winter visitant); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931— Donjaca, Santa Marta, Colombia (Sept. 15); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 380, 1932— Caldera, Atacama (Mar. 26), and Papudo, Aconcagua (Dec. 1), Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range, in part); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291— Trinidad and Tobago; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 306, 1935— Veraguas and Canal Zone, Panama; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 77, 1935— Ilha de Madre de Deus (Feb.), Corupe"ba (Feb.), Cahype (Feb.), and Ilheos (Apr.), Bahia; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1936— Rocas de la Erizera, Tacna, Chile (June 24); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 136, 1938— Ilheos, Ilha Madre de Deus, and Cahype, Bahia; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Playa de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 5, 6), and Punta Piedra, Costa Rica; Conover, Condor, 47, p. 213, 1945 (dist. chars.; ranges on both coasts of the Americas); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 227, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Arenaria interpres interpres Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, .(8), p. 45, 1919 — part, northwestern Alaska and Pacific coast of America; Bent, I.e., 146, p. 293, 1929— part, Alaska; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 59, 1931 — Galapagos Islands and Cocos Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 271, 1934 — part, North and South America and the Galdpagos Islands. Arenaria interpres subsp. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 129, 1932 — Champerico, Guatemala. Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts and islands of North America from Point Barrow to Baffin Island, south to Bristol Bay, Bering Sea and Southampton Island ; winters in the southern United States, the West Indies, Galapagos Islands and both coasts of South America south to Chile (Isla la Mocha, Arauco) and southern Brazil (Santa Catherina). Found in the interior of the United States during migration.1 Field Museum Collection. — 182: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 1; Teller, 1; Morzhovoi Bay, 1); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnson, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 20); Nova Scotia (Clark's Harbor, 3); Washington (Westport, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 2; Rocklake, 1; Devil's Lake, 1; Lake Irwin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Illinois (Chicago Heights, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 28; Chatham, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 2; New Haven County, 1; Stamford, 1; Norwalk, 1); New York (Miller Place, 1; Suffolk County, 2; Auburn, 1; Cayuga Lake, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 18; Bodie Island, 1); Georgia (St. Simons Island, 2); Florida (Eau Gallie, 3; Canaveral, 1; Amelie Island, 4; Nassau County, 2; Anclote, 1; Grove City, 2); Louisiana (Buras, 2); Texas (Aransas Pass, 1); California (Moss Landing, 1; Del Monte Forest, 1; mouth of Carmel River, 4; Carmel Lagoon, 1; Carmel, 2; Humboldt Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 3; Mariguana, 1; Eleuthera, 3; Great Bahama, 1; Cay Sal Bank, 1; 1 Wace (El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921) lists A. i. morinella as a "rare visitant" among the birds of the Falkland Islands. We cannot find any definite record from this region in literature, and as the Ruddy Turnstone has not even been taken in Argentina, we hesitate to accept this statement. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, .pp. 306- 333) does not mention this species at all. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 139 Abaco, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 3); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 6; Cayman Brae, 2); Lesser Antilles (Tobago, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 7); Venezuela (Los Aves Island, Colon, 1); Surinam (Seashon, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 4; Point Jiminez, Peninsula del Oro, 2) ; Ecuador (Vaqueria, 2) ; Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 3). Conover Collection. — 44: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 12; False Pass, 1); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 4); Illinois (Chicago, 3); Texas (Seadrift, 1); California (Point Magie, 1; Portuguese Bend, 1; Eureka, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 5); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5); Ecuador (Vaqueria, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1). *Arenaria melanocephala (Vigors). BLACK TURNSTONE. Strepsilas melanocephalus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, Jan., 1829 — western shores of North America1 (type originally in collection of Zoo- logical Society of London, present whereabouts unknown; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Birds, p. 29, 1839 — no locality indicated; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 411, 1887 (crit.). Arenaria melanocephala Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 150, 1886 — St. Michaels and mouth of Kuskoquim River; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 129, 1887— St. Michaels (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 103, 729, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 55, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 315, pi. 7, 1926 — Point Ball, Alaska (common breeder; pi. and descr. of chick); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 86, 1926— St. Michaels and Wales (breeding), Alaska; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 298, 1929 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 99, 1932— Lower California; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945— Sonora (winter). Range. — Breeds on the western seacoast of Alaska from Cape Prince of Wales to Bristol Bay (?Cook Inlet) ; winters from south- eastern Alaska to southern Lower California; casual at Point Barrow, Alaska, and in northeastern Siberia (Wrangel Island; Chaun Bay).2 Field Museum Collection. — 99: Alaska (St. Michaels, 8; Kelp Bay, 1; Kotlik, 1; Kuskokwim River, 3; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Comox, 2; Quatsino, 6); Washington (Jefferson County, 2); Oregon (Newport, Lincoln County, 2) ; California (White Point, Los Angeles 1 Monterey, California, suggested as type locality by Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 292, 1932). 1 The record from "India" is open to doubt (cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1569, 1920). ' 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII County, 9; San Clemente Island, 9; Santa Cruz Island, 2; Monterey County, 1; Del Monte Forest, Monterey County, 13; Carmel, Monterey County, 7; Carmel Bay, Monterey County, 15; Monterey, Monterey County, 6; Westport, Mendocino County, 4; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; St. Nicholas Island, Santa Barbara County, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 3; Farallon Islands, 1); Mexico (Coronados Island, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection. — 17: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 7); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 2); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; Pismo, San Luis Obispo County, 5; Eureka, Humboldt County, 1). Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE. Snipes and Woodcocks Genus LIMNODROMUS Wied Macrorhamphus (not of G. Fischer, 1813) F. Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Bds., p. 22, 1817 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax grisea Gmelin. Limnodromus "Wagler" Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 716, 1833— type, by monotypy, Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin=S. grisea Gmelin. Longirostris S. D. W., Analyst, 4, No. 15, p. 119, April 1, 1836 — new name for Macrorhamphus "Leach." Macroramphus Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 — emendation of Macrorhamphus Forster. Lymnodromus Bonaparte, Iconog. Fauna Ital., 1, fasc. 25, text of Gallinago brehmi (p. 2), 1839 — emendation of Limnodromus Wied. *Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say).1 LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER. Limosa scolopacea Say, in Long's Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 170, 1823 — Engineer Cantonment, near Boyer Creek, near Council Bluffs, Iowa (type lost).2 Scolopax longirostris Bell, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 3, 1852 — Long Island, New York (type in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence; cf. Lawrence, I.e., p. 5, 1852). 1 Limnodromus scolopaceus (Say), in breeding plumage, differs from L. g. hendersoni by much darker dorsal coloration, the buff edging and barring of the feathers being much narrower as well as more reddish, especially on scapulars and tertials; darker tail with the light bars narrower and the dark ones wider; and by the heavier spotting (in the form of bars rather than dots) below being confined to throat and upper breast, while the flanks are more strongly barred. In winter plumage distinguishable by darker tail and in the female sex by longer bill. In immature plumage L. scolopaceus is always recognizable by the very sparse light markings on the longer (or outer) tertials, which markings are very narrow and confined to the edges of the feathers. 2Orr (Condor, 42, pp. 62-63, 1940) has clearly shown that Say's account on the basis of the bill-length (2% in. = 70 mm.) must refer to the Long-billed Dowitcher, as this measurement is greater than the maximum for the griseus complex. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 141 Macroramphus scolopaceus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 4, pi. 1, 1852 — Long Island (crit.; figs, of male and female); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Guatemala (crit.). Macrorhamphus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Gmelin) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 191 — lagoon of Chiapam, Guatemala; (?)Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748— Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 28, Nov. 22); (?)Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Colombia; (?)Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Canar, Ecuador (October). Macrorhamphus scolopaceus Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 146, 1886 — St. Michaels and Yukon Delta (breeding), Kuskokwim River; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 100, 1887— Norton Sound and Yukon mouth (nesting; descr.; comparison with griseus). Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 161, 1901 (dist. chars.). Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 201, 1919— part (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 — Wales (nesting), Cape Simpson and Cape Blossom, Alaska; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits; weights); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926— Vacqueria (Aug. 3, 31; Sept. 4) and Tembleque (July 18), Ecuador (crit.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 115, 1927— part (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928 — Lower California (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Guatemala; Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 17, 1932— Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 78, p. 307, 1935— Agua Dulce, Panama; Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 3 — Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940— Nebraska (status; tax. hist.); Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist. chars.; tax. disc.; abundance in California); Zotta, El Hornero, 8, p. 171, 1942 — Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires (first Argentine record). Limnodromus scolopaceus Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 21, 25, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.; distr.); Conover, I.e., 58, p. 377, 1941 (char.; range); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 84, 1945 — Sonora (wintering and transient in fresh water). Limnodromus griseus fasciatus Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 46, p. 124, 1933 — Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (type in collection of H. B. Conover in Field Museum, examined). Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, west to Point Barrow and south to Bristol Bay, Alaska; in migration commonest on the Pacific coast and in the western part of the continent, but occurring throughout the interior and sparingly even on the Atlantic coast; supposed to winter as far south as northwestern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez), Cuba, and Jamaica;1 one record for Argentina (Santo Domingo, Buenos Aires, Oct. 25). 1 The winter range remains to be ascertained by critical study of material from the West Indies and Pacific South America. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 51: Alaska (Barrow, 13; St. Michaels, 2; Nome, 2; Resurrection Bay, 1; Collinson Point, 2); British Columbia (Sumac Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 5); California (Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 10; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1); Colorado (Barr Lake, Adams County, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 2; Seadrift, 2; Rockport, 2; Tivoli, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Barrow, 6; Point Tangent, Barrow, 2; Chipp River, Barrow, 3; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 9); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 6; Camrose, 1); Saskatchewan (Liberty, 1); Illinois (Swan Lake, Henry, 1); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 1); Mexico (San Jose* del Cabo, Lower California, 1). *Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan.1 INLAND DOWITCHER. Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, Auk, 49, p. 22, pis. 2, 3, Jan., 1932 — type, from Devil's Lake, Alberta, in National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, (W. Rowan, in litt.); Bunyard, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 53, p. 90, 1933— Alberta (eggs descr.); Low, I.e., p. 165, 1933 (crit.; char.); Brooks, Murrelet, 15, p. 23, 1934 — Pacific coast (most common form); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940 — Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58, p. 379, 1941 (chars.; range). Macrorhamphus griseus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 — part, west Hudson Bay. C!)Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus Howe, Auk, 18, p. 272, 1901 — Button Bay, near Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay (immature, July). Limnodromus griseus griseus (not Scolopax grisea Latham) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197, 1919 (in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106, 1927 (range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part); Orr, Condor, 42, p. 61, 1940 (dist. chars.; crit.). Range. — Breeds in the interior of North America in central and northern Alberta from Lake Athabasca south to about lat. 53° N., and at Fort Churchill, Manitoba; on migration in British Columbia, 1 Limnodromus griseus hendersoni Rowan, in breeding plumage, may be separated from L. scolopaceus by much lighter upper parts and by the dark spots on the ventral surface being rounded, very sparse, and widely scattered, not con- centrated on the chest. In females the culmen has a maximum length of 66 mm. as against a minimum of 68 in scolopaceus. The principal difference in comparison to L. g. griseus is found in the coloration and spotting of the under parts, the entire ventral side being salmon color, with perhaps a little white in the center of the abdomen, and the spotting being rounded, sparse or even evanescent, and scattered all over the surface, while the barring on the sides and flanks is less pronounced. In typical griseus the lower breast, belly, and flanks are white or only lightly tinted with salmon. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 143 California, all the prairie provinces and states, Illinois, and the Carolinas; winters from the southeastern states to Costa Rica.1 Field Museum Collection. — 78: Manitoba (Fort Churchill, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 7; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 1; Carmel, Monterey County, 9; San Diego County, 4; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 7; Eureka, Humboldt County, 2; Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, 1; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 1; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 2) ; North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 10; Mauvis Bay, Benson County, 2; Towner County, 2; Cando, Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner County, 1) ; Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 4); Texas (Corpus Christi, 2; Rockport, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 8); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1; Charleston, 1); Florida (Banana River, Brevard County, 1); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guana- caste, 5); El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Usulutan, 1). Conover Colkction. — 55: British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Alberta (Fawcett, 9; Edmonton, 2; Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3; Camrose, 5); Manitoba (Churchill, 9); California (Point Magie, Ventura County, 2; Goleto, Santa Barbara County, 3; Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1; San Diego Bay, 6; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 2) ; Illinois (Hyde Lake, Cook County, 5) ; South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 5). *Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin). EASTERN DOWITCHER. Scolopax grisea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Brown Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York. Scolopax noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 658, 1789 — based on "Red-breasted Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 464, coast of New York (= nuptial plumage). Scolopax nutans Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 659, 1789 — based on "Nodding Snipe" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 465, Chateaux Bay, coast of Labrador (= young). Scolopax leucophaea (not of Latham) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e~d., 3, p. 358, 1816— "dans 1'etat de New York"; idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 110, pi. 241, 1825— New York. Totanus ferrugineicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 401, 1816 — new name for Scolopax noveboracensis "Lath." (= Gmelin). Scolopax paykullii Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 106, pi. 11, 1821 — Lappland (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 101, 1927; =young). 1 The winter range cannot be indicated at present with any degree of certainty. 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Macroramphus punctatus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 556, 1831 — new name for Scolopax grisea Gmelin and S. noveboracensis Gmelin. Limnodromus noveboracensis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 717, 1833 — mouth of Rio Peruhype, near Villa Vicoza (lat. 18° S.), Bahia, Brazil. Macrorhamphus griseus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, » "1848," p. 758, 1849— coast region; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11— Fisk- enaesset, Greenland (one specimen); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 482, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870— Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Panama and Para (Cajutuba); Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 246, 1885— Fort Chima and Davis Inlet, Ungava; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889— New Providence, Bahama Islands, and Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 394, 757, 1896— part, eastern North America, Bermuda Islands, Para (Cajutuba), Bahia, British Guiana, etc.; (?)Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 160, 1898— Fiskenaes, Greenland; Howe, Auk, 18, p. 158, map, 1901 — part, east of Hudson Bay; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden) and Grenada (ex British Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 50, 1907 — Pard and Bahia; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 418, 1910 — Alaju&a, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 88, 1914— Marajo (Pacoval, Magoary), Brazil. Limnodromus griseus griseus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 197, 1919 (monog., full bibliog., in part); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 106, 1927 (life hist.; range in part); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 493, 1929 — Mangunga Island, Maranhao, Brazil (March); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda Islands (autumn visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— PermS, Panama; Rowan, Auk, 49, pp. 23, 26, pis. 2, 3, 1932 (char.; disc.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 272, 1934 (range in part); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Canal Zone and Perme, Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 137, 1938— Para to Bahia; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 31, Jan. 16); Swenk, Nebraska Bd. Review, 8, p. 63, 1940— Nebraska (status; tax.); Conover, Auk, 58, p. 380, 1941 (char.; range). Range. — Breeding grounds unknown1 (nests probably east of Hudson's Bay in the interior of Ungava and the Labrador Peninsula) ; on migration chiefly in the Atlantic states, but also occurring in Ontario (Toronto) and California; winters in the West Indies and south through Central America, the Guianas, and eastern Brazil as far south as Bahia; (?)accidental in Greenland (Fiskenaes). 1 There has recently been discovered in the collections of the United States National Museum, an adult specimen of Limnodromus griseus, taken at Fort Chimo, Quebec, on June 10, 1883. The specimen is in breeding dress and is said to be typical of the eastern race (cf. J. W. Aldrich, Auk, 65, p. 285, 1948). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 145 Field Museum Collection. — 97: Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2; Shel- burne, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 6; Chatham, 1; Great Island, 2); Connecticut (Grove Beach, 2; Guilford, 1; Madison, 1); North Carolina (New Inlet, Dare County, 6; Bodie Island, Dare County, 15; Pea Island, 32; Cape Hatteras, 2); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, Charleston County, 2; Sullavan's Island, Beaufort County, 1; Dewees Island, Charleston County, 2; Mount Pleasant, 6); Georgia (Chatham County, 1); Florida (Amelie Island, 2); California (Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 5); Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 2; Andros Island, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 2). Conover Collection. — 19: Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barn- stable County, 10); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 3); Florida (Amelie Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 2); Colombia (Pizarro, Choco, 1). Genus CAPELLA Frenzel Capella Frenzel, Beschr. Vogel und Eyer Wittenb., p. 58, 1801— type, by monotypy, Scolopax coelestis Frenzel = Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Gallinago Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool., p. 312, 1816 — type, by tautonymy, Gal- linago media Koch=Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Telmatias Boie, Isis, 1826, col. 980 — type, by virtual monotypy, Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus. Xylocota Bonaparte, Icon. Fauna Ital., fasc. 25, sig. 127, p. [2], 1839 — type, by orig. desig., Scolopax paludosa Gmelin= Scolopax undulata Boddaert. Homoptilura G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 78, 1840 — type, by orig. desig., Scolopax undulata Boddaert. Macrodura Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913— type, by orig. desig., Gallinago nobilis Sclater. Odurella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 294 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Scolopax braziliensis Swainson= Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot. Capella media (Latham). GREAT SNIPE. Scolopax media Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., Suppl., 1, p. 292, 1787 — based on "Great Snipe" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 133, Lancashire, England. Scolopax major Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789— based on Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, p. 133), Frisch (Vorst. Vog. Deuts., pi. 228), etc., England, Germany, and northern Siberia. Scolopax leucurus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 501, Feb., 1832— Hudson Bay (type now in British Museum). Gallinago major Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 626, 1896 (monog.); Coues, Auk, 14, p. 209, 1897— Hudson Bay (ex Sharpe). 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Gallinago media Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 161, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Capella media A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 490 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 98, 1927 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 275, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and northern Asia from northern Norway, southern Finland, the White Sea and the lower Yenessei south to Denmark, East Prussia, Poland, Bessarabia, the Kirghiz Steppes, and the Altai; winters in Africa; accidental in Canada (Hudson Bay).1 Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm).2 FAROE SNIPE. Telmatias Faeroeensis C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 617, 1831 — Faroe Islands (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 57, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Gallinago media (not Scolopax media Latham) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1853, p. 83— Greenland; idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 11— Greenland. (T)Gallinago russata Gould, Bds. Great Britain, 4, text to pi. 79, 1863— Dartmoor, England (type hi British Museum; cf. A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 490). Gallinago scolopacina Bonap. typica Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898 — Greenland (Nanortalik, Sept. 6, 1840; Fiskenaes, Oct., 1845); Helms, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 11, p. 173, 1917 — Angmagsalik, East Green- land (April 30, May 15). Gallinago gallinago (not Scolopax gallinago Linnaeus) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 165, 1919 — part, Iceland, Faroes, Greenland, and Bermudas. Capella gallinago faeroeensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 489 (crit.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Herring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 42, 1941 — Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland. Capella gallinago gallinago Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 78, 1927 (life hist.); (?)H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 43, 1941 — Angmagssalik, eastern Greenland. 1 The claim of the Great Snipe to a place in the American fauna rests on a specimen, the type of S. leucurus, obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company in Canada many years ago and now in the collection of the British Museum. 1 Capella gallinago faeroeensis (C. L. Brehm) differs from C. g. gallinago (Linnaeus), of Europe and Asia, by more reddish coloration; the black portions on back, scapulars, and tertials being more profusely speckled with brighter tawny; the lateral edges to the scapulars narrower and more deeply ochraceous; the foreneck and breast darker, more rufescent; the dusky stripes on lower throat evanescent. There seems little doubt that the specimens taken in Greenland and Bermuda are referable to C. g. faeroeensis rather than to C. g. gallinago. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 147 Range. — Breeds in Iceland and the Faroes; occasional in autumn and winter in the British Isles; casual in Greenland; (?)accidental in Bermuda Islands (Dec. 24 and 29, 1847). l *Capella gallinago delicata (Ord). WILSON'S SNIPE.2 Scolopax delicata Ord, in reprint, Wilson, Amer. Orn., 9, p. ccxviii, 1825 — Pennsylvania. Scolopax Wilsonii Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 68, text to pi. 403, p. [2], note, Sept. 16, 1826 — based on Scolopax gallinago Wilson, Amer. Orn., 6, p. 18, pi. 47, fig. 1, Pennsylvania; Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago (Oct. to Jan.). Scolopax trachydactyla Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 521 — Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined).3 Scolopax fasciolata Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 522 (in text)— Mexico (type no longer extant).4 Scolopax drummondii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.- Amer., 2, p. 400, Feb., 1832 — Rocky Mountains and Fur Countries (location of type unknown). Scolopax douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 400 (note), Feb., 1832 — Columbia River (type in collection of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). Scolopax americanus Hadfield, Zoologist, 21, p. 8446, 1863 — new name for Scolopax wilsonii Temminck. Gallinago wilsoni(i) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Scolopaces, p. 6, 1864 — Labrador, Philadelphia, Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Mexico (crit.); 1 The inclusion of one of the European races in the fauna of the Bermudas (cf. Gallinago media Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 233, 1884, and Capella gallinago Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931) rests on the taking by Wedderburn of two specimens in Pembroke Marsh on Dec. 24 and 29, 1847, respectively. Both were said to possess fourteen tail-feathers, but Hurdis (Rough Notes and Memoranda Nat. Hist. Bermudas, pp. 55-56, 1897), who examined one of Wedderburn's specimens, found it had only eleven! From this meagre information it seems impossible to allocate the record with any degree of finality. 2 Wilson's Snipe, though generally recognizable without difficulty by more heavily barred axillaries, transverse rather than longitudinal pectoral markings, shorter bill, narrower outer rectrices, and sixteen instead of fourteen tail-feathers, is so closely approached by certain European individuals, as pointed out by See- bohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 487) and Hartert (Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1660, 1921), that its conspecific relationship to C. gallinago can hardly be questioned. 3 The type, an unsexed adult (wing, 131; tail, 65; bill, 63%), agrees very well with specimens from the United States. 4 The specimen, which formed the basis for the tentatively proposed name S. fasciolata and which, according to Wagler, was in poor condition, no longer exists in the Munich Collection. It was stated to differ from the type of S. trachy- dactyla by longer wings, a brown tip to the white exterior margin of the outermost primary, blacker upper back, and slenderer, longer claws. These divergencies are of little consequence in Wilson's Snipe, the only species of Snipe occurring in Mexico, and were probably of an individual nature. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 484, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Colombia; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1881, p. 186 — Niakornat, Greenland (spring, 1877); Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884— Bermuda Islands. Gallinago scolopadna var. wilsonii Ridgway, Amer. Natur., 8, p. 110, 1874 (crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 175, 1898— Niakovnak, Greenland (spring, 1877, and July, 1891). Scolopax gallinago wilsoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 140 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 486, 1887 (crit.). Gallinago delicata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 642, 1896 (in part; monog.); Henshaw, Bds. Hawaiian Is., p. 94, 1902 — Naalehu, Kau, Island of Hawaii; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 392, 1903 — Mexican and Central American references and localities; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 250, 1905— Barbados, Grenada, and Grenadines (autumnal visitor); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no Cayenne record); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 — Tenorio (Jan. 23), Azahar de Cartago (Nov. 10), Cartago (Dec. 13), and La Estrella de Cartago (Nov. 5), Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Novita (Dec. 25) and Puerto Berrio (Jan. 30), Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 171, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 548, 1919— New- foundland (breeding); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Rio Cogollo (Merida), Encontrados (Zulia), and Colon (Tachira), Venezuela; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 305, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 136, 1932— Guatemala. Capella delicata Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 185, 1922 — Taquina and Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta, Colombia (March 17, 29); A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 504 (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 358, 1927 — Puerto Rico and St. Croix (migrants); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928— Lower California (winter visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 155, 1931 — Hispaniola (migrants); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931— Bermuda Islands; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama (Oct. 25); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 433, 1934 — Chihuahua and Granados, Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. 9 to Nov. 17); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Mousley, Auk, 52, p. 408, 1935 — Montreal, Quebec (nesting data); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Trinidad (rare winter visitor); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 171, 1938— El Salvador (Jan. to Apr.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Van Tyne, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 170, 1944 (sex ratio); Borrero, Caldasia, 3, (14), p. 413, 1945 — Sabana de Bogota, Colombia. Capella gallinago delicata Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 81, 1927 (life hist.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 132, 1929— Corn Islands, Caribbean Sea; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 376, 1931— Sevillano (Oct. 20), Rio Frio (Nov.), and Cienaga (Nov., Feb., March), Magdalena, Colombia; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 149 Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 52, 1931— Utah (nesting habits); (?)H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 40, 1941 — Greenland. Range. — Breeds from western Alaska, northern Yukon, northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, Ungava, and Newfoundland south to southern California, northern Nevada, southern Colorado, northern Iowa, northern Indiana, Ontario, and northwestern Penn- sylvania; winters from the southern parts of its breeding range south through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela (in the states of Tachira, Me>ida, and Zulia), and rarely to Tobago, Trinidad, and the Guianas;1 accidental in Greenland (Niakornat), the Bermudas, and the Island of Hawaii (Naalehu, Kau). Field Museum Collection. — 165: Alaska (St. Michaels, 2; Bethel, 1; Bluff City, 1; Yukon River, 2; Tocatna Falls, 1); British Columbia (Graham Island, 1; Okanagan, 1); Oregon (Salem, 1); Montana (Bozeman, 2); Idaho (Couer d'Alene, 1); North Dakota (Rolette County, 1; Stump Lake, 1; Towner County, 4); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 13; Delavan, 1); Illinois (Worth, 3); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Oklahoma (Dodge, 1); Colorado (Cochetopa, 1; Fort Lyon, 3); Texas (Brownsville, 3); New Mexico (Reserve, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); California (Monterey County, 1; Thermal, 1; Corona, 1; Paradise, 1; Sisson, 1; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1; Witch Creek, 2); Ontario (Saint Clair Junction, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 3); Maine (Lincoln, 2); Connecticut (East Hartford, 9; North Haven, 3; Woodbridge, 2; New Haven, 1; New Haven County, 16; Hamden, 29); New York (Cayuga Lake, 3; Suffolk County, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 9; Pea Island, 8); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Florida (Anclote, 1; Amelie Island, 4; Tallahassee, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 1; West Jupiter, 1; Wilson, 1; Jupiter, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1; Great Inagua, 1); Virgin Islands (Saint Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 1); Mexico (Tampico, 1); Guatemala (Santa Elena, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 1); Venezuela (Tachira, Colon, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Valle, 1). Conover Collection. — 28: Alaska (Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 1); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 2); California (Yermo, 1); Utah (Brigham, 6); Nebraska (Wood Lake, Cherry County, 2); Illinois 1 Records of Wilson's Snipe from Brazil are due to misidentification. The specimens in the British Museum from Rio Negro, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro all prove to be unequivocally pcCraguaiae, whereas the bird secured by Kappler on the Maroni River, Surinam, is just as decidedly delicata. Wilson's Snipe must, therefore, be struck from the list of Brazilian birds. 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Wheaton, 5; Hyde Lake, Cook County, 2; Homewood, 1); Mexico (San Jos4 del Cabo, Lower California, 3); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2). *Capella paraguaiae1 paraguaiae (Vieillot). PARAGUAYAN SNIPE. Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 3, p. 356, 1816 — based on "Becasina No 1," Azara, No. 387, Paraguay. Scolopax frenata (Illiger, MS.) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 75, 1823— based on "Becassime" (sic) Azara, No. 387; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 712, 1833 — eastern Brazil; Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — coast region; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 377, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — part, Parana and Tucuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861 — part, same localities; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Ypanema, Irisanga), ParanS, (Castro), Matto Grosso (Caicara), and Amazonas (Manaos, Santarem), Brazil; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 253, 1881 — Est. de la Tala, Durazno, Uruguay (eggs descr.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 494, 1887 (monog.; crit.). Scolopax braziliensis Swainson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 400 (note), Feb., 1832 — equinoctial Brazil (type in collection of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 — part, Maldonado, Uruguay. Gallinago frenata "111." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 9, 1864— Surinam and Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 783, 788 — lagoon of Uroa, south of Merida, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 252, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Marajo, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — Buenos Aires (breeding); Forbes, I.e., 1881, p. 359 — marshes of Pernambuco; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 182, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 — Bartica Grove, Merume" Mountains, and Roraima, British Guiana; Riker and Chapman, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 646, 1896 — part, spec, a-y, Venezuela (Merida), Trinidad, British Guiana (Roraima, Merume Mountains, Bartica Grove, Annai), Cayenne, Brazil ("Para;" Pernambuco; Santa Fe", Minas Geraes; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Ypanema; Bahia; Rio de Janeiro), and Uruguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 439, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — C6rdoba, Mendoza, Misiones, and Chaco. Scolopax brasiliensis Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 39 — Minas Geraes, Brazil (crit.). 1 Capella paraguaiae is probably conspecific with C. gallinago. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 151 Gallinago paraguaiae1 Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos (breeding, Sept.-Oct.), and (?)Carhue", Buenos Aires (April); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887 — Pilcomayo, Paraguay (crit.); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 88, 1889 — Est.Itanu, south of Asuncion, Paraguay (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina (in part); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p.* 150 — Timbo and Rio Pilcomayo, Gran Chaco; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 207, pi. 5, fig. 8 (egg) — Uruguay (drumming; breeding habits); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Paraguari, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896— part, spec, a-c, "Para," Pernambuco, and Rio de Janeiro; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Lagunas de Malvinas and Famailla, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 130, 1902 — Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, and Munduapo, Orinoco, Venezuela (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 55, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Sao Caetano, Penha, Itapura, Cachoeira, Campos de Jordao), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), and Argentina (La Plata); Hell- mayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 101, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanga and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 252, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Laguna de Malvinas, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — part, Tucuman, Buenos Aires, and Entre Rios; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahfa (Santa Rita, Rio Preto), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba), and Piauhy (Amaracao), Brazil; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 68 — Ybitimi, Paraguay; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916 — Orinoco region, Venezuela; MSnegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5,' p. 25, 1917 — Caceres, Matto Grosso; Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 64 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Florida, Maldonado, San Jose', Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (sedentary); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 41, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 5, p. 369, 1934— Buenos Aires (habits, eggs, young descr.). Scolopax frenata brasiliensis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 — Venezuela and Guiana to Paraguay (crit.). Gallinago delicata (not Scolopax delicata Ord) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 642, 1896— part, spec. y*-c3, Brazil (Rio Negro; Bahfa; Rio de Janeiro). Gallinago braziliensis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917— Villavicencio, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Gallinago paraguaiae consp.? Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 463, 492, 1912— Santa Cruz, Parana (crit.). Gallinago brasiliensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913 — Cano Corosal, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 1 Sometimes spelled paraguayae. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 8, p. 93, 1914 — Para (Braganca), Marajo (Sao Natal), and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916— Cano Corosal (ex Stone); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 153, 1928— Para. Gallinago braziliensis braziliensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 91, 1918 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires (Dec.). Capella paraguaiae Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 163, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires (breeding); Wilson, I.e., p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa F6 (breeding). Capella paraguaiae brasiliensis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 509 (monog.). Capella braziliensis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 161, 162, 1926— Paraguay (km. 80, west of Puerto Pinasco) and Uruguay (between Lazcano and Rio Cebollati) (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (breeding). Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 496, 1929 — Sao Bento, Maranhao, and Sao Marcello (Rio Preto), Bahia (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930— Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 276, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 265, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 291 — Caroni, Trinidad (eggs descr.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 88, 1935— Corupe'ba and Cidade da Barra, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 44, 1936 — Rio das Almas, Goyaz; Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Para, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 138, 1938 — Amazonas (Manacapuru), Maranhao (Boa Vista), Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Corupeba), Minas Geraes (Theophilo Ottoni, Pirapora), Sao Paulo (Cachoeira, Ypiranga, Penha, Itapura, Sao Caetano, Campo do Jordao, Itatiba, Sylvania, Tabatinguara), Santa Catharina (Sao Francisco do Sul), Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo), Matto Grosso (Sao Luiz de Caceres), Goyaz (Rio das Almas, Inhumas), and La Plata; idem, I.e., 23, p. 546, 1938 — Manacapuru, Amazonas; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 72, 1945— Bolivia, El Beni (El Consuelo; Bresta). Capella brasiliensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 — Arabupu, Roraima, Venezuela. Range. — Island of Trinidad and South America (east of the Andes) from Colombia (Villavicencio), Venezuela, and the Guianas through Peru (two records San Martin, Moyobamba, and La Merced, Chanchamayo, Dept. Junin), Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay to Uruguay and the plains of eastern Argentina south to Cordoba and Buenos Aires.1 1 Birds from Guiana, Venezuela, and various parts of Brazil agree perfectly with a topotypical series from Paraguay. Two breeding specimens from Uruguay (Soriano) as well as single individuals from Santa Fe and Entre Rfos are likewise similar. It is also the present form which, according to Dabbene (in litt.), breeds in the province of Buenos Aires. The length of the bill varies considerably, irrespective of locality. Forty-nine additional specimens examined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 153 Field Museum Collection. — 26: Colombia (Villavicencio, Meta, 1); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 8); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1; Sierra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1; Itacoatiara, Amazonas, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 4); Peru (Moyo- bamba, San Martin, 1); Uruguay (Polanco, Minas, 1; Rio Cebollati, Minas, 1; San Vicente, Rocha, 1; Arazati, San Jose', 1). Conover Collection. — 43: British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 3); Brazil (Itacoatiara, Rio Amazonas, 8; Pinhel, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Labrea, Rio Purus, 2; Buenos Aires, Rio Acara, 1; near Cavalcanti, Goyaz, 4) ; Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 5) ; Paraguay (30 km. west of Puerto Casado, 1; Horqueta, 6; Villa Rica, 12). *Capella paraguaiae magellanica (King).1 MAGELLANIC SNIPE. Scolopax magellanicus King, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 13, p. 93, July, 1828 — Straits of Magellan (type evidently lost). Scolopax (Telmatias) paraguaiae (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841— part, Valparaiso, Chile. Scolopax (Telmetias) magellanicus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841 — Maldonado (Uruguay) and East Falkland (crit.). Scolopax paraguaiae Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 54, 1847— Chile (egg descr.); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 194, 1855— Chile. Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein) Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35, 1846— Valparaiso, Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— part, Mendoza. Gallinago magellanica Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 427, 1847 (ex King); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860— Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— East Falkland Islands (breeding). Gallinago paraguaiae2 Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 426, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 510— Valdivia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860— Santiago (breeding habits); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, No. 27, Scolopaces, p. 11, 1864 — Chile, Arique (Valdivia), Santiago, and East Falkland (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. lCapella paraguaiae magellanica (King) differs from the nominate race in less blackish dorsal surface caused by the greater amount of buff markings; more deeply buff foreneck and chest, with less prominent blackish spotting; deeper rufous tail; and narrower outermost rectrix. We are unable to discover any constant difference between specimens from the Straits of Magellan (magellanica') and those from Chile (chilensis), dimensions as well as the proportion of the tertials being extremely variable within the same locality. 2 Variously spelled paraguaiae, paraguayae, paraguiae, paraguia, and (lapsu) parguiae. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 189 — Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 — Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 198 — Buenos Aires (April to Aug.) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878,' p. 438 — Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits, and Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 15 — Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 88, 1884— Tandfl, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina (in part); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1889— Gregory Bay and Laredo Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 124, 1891 — Patagonia (Missioneros), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange), and Packewaia, Beagle Channel; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (specimen examined); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar; Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 3, p. cxv, 1894— Bureo (Chilian), Nuble, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. Ixxxviii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. Ixiii, 1895 — Junquillos (San Carlos), Nuble; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 650, 1896— part, spec, d-u', Lomas de Zamora, Bahia Blanca, Maldonado, Montevideo, Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan (Puerto Bueno, Cockle Cove), and Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Valparaiso, "Tarapaca" [=Arauco and Valdivia]); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 — part, Rio Bueno and Rio Pilmaiquen (Valdivia), Arauco, and Concepcion, Chile; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 625, 1900 — Santa Cruz (Patagonia), Gregory Bay (Straits of Magellan), Cape Colnett (Staten Island), and Shyring Mountain, Melville Island (Cape Horn); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Litt. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1904— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 126, 1907 — Useless Bay, San Sebastian Settlement, and Cheena Creek (nest and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — part, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 332, 1910 — near head of Rio Mayer, Santa Cruz; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 467 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (May 16); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917— Falkland Islands; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 44, 1920— Nilahue, Curico; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 52, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 113, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Val- paraiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 203, 1929— Angol, Malleco. Gallinago frenata Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Chile. Gallinago paraguaiae var. pallida Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 — mouths of the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro (sub- stitute name for Scolopax magellanicus King). Scolopax frenata magellanica Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 136 — Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 — Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca), and Uruguay (Maldonado) (crit.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 155 Scolopax frenala chilensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 496, 1887 — Chile (type in British Museum). Gallinago frenata chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 153, 1897 — Chile, Patagonia, and Uruguay (crit.). Gallinago paraguayae magellanica Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 — Seno Almirantazgo, Tierra del Fuego, and Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel. Gallinago paraguayae chilensis Deichler, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 154, 1897; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 661, 1898 — La Serena, Coquimbo, and Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan. Capella paraguaiae Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 445, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan, Rio Negro (breeding); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 161, 1926 — Buenos Aires (Berazategui, etc.), Neuque"n (Zapala), and Mendoza (Tunuyan) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 428, 1926— Paja Alta, Rio Negro, and Lago Fetalaufquen, Chubut; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324— Falkland Islands. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 (monog.); Reynolds, I.e., 1932, p. 38 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel. Capella paraguaiae magellanica Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 387, 1932— Atacama to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934— Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 30, 1935 — Isla de Afio Nuevo, Cape Horn region; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — Guffern Island, Cape Horn region; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, pi. 16, 1935— Isla la Mocha (nesting); idem, I.e., 41, p. 202, col. pi. 8, fig. 2 (egg), 1937. Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Chile (most northerly recorded locality Copiapo, Atacama, but northern limit of breeding area undetermined) and southern Argentina (Goberna- cion del Rio Negro) south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; some migrating in winter north to Mendoza, province of Buenos Aires, and Uruguay.1 Field Museum Collection. — 6: Chile (Curacautin, Cautin, 1; Gualletue Lake, Cautin, 2; Quellon, dittos' Island, 2; Melinka, Ascension Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 24: Chile (Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Lautaro, Cautin, 5; Santiago, Santiago, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chiloe' Island, 3; Cucao, Chilo^ Island, 4; Casa Richards, Rio Nirehuau, 4; Rio Ciaike, Magallanes, 2); Argentina (Tunuyan, Mendoza, 2; Cambacere's, Buenos Aires, 1). 1 Unequivocal winter specimens of the Magellanic Snipe have been examined by us from Uruguay (Montevideo, April; Maldonado, July), Buenos Aires (Cam- baceres, June; Est. Espartillar, Apr., July; Lomas de Zamora, May; Los Yngleses, Ajo, May), and Mendoza (Tunuyan, June). Fifty-two specimens examined. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski).1 ANDEAN SNIPE. Gallinago andina Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Lake Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 103, 1927); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, pp. 17, 19— Tinta, Cuzco, Peru (crit.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 213 — Cutervo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 375, 1886— Peru (Lake Junin, Cutervo, Tinta); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 22, 1895— near Cajamarca (alt. 10,000 ft.), Peru; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 — south of Huamachuco, Peru. Scolopax frenata (not of Lichtenstein, 1823) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 312, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 299, 1846— sierra and puna regions. Gallinago frenata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 156 — Tungasuca (near Tinta), Cuzco, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 646, 1896 — part, spec, a', Sacaya, Tarapaca (spec, examined). Scolopax frenata andina Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 138 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 497, 1887— Peru (crit.). Gallinago paraguaiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 — part, Sacaya. [Gallinago frenata} subsp. a. Gallinago andina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 648, 1896— Peru (Junin, Tungasuca). Gallinago braziliensis andina Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50,' 1921— La Raya and Ttica-Ttica, Peru. Capella paraguaiae paraguaiae A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 506 — part, Sacaya, Chile. Capella paraguaiae andina A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 508 — Peru (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 255, 1930 — mountains near Huanuco, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 390, 1932 — Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 289, 1936 — Lago Colorado, Catamarca (alt. 3,400 m.), Argentina; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 647 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru. Capella paraguaiae Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Rio Humahuaca and Maimara, Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy. Range. — Puna zones of Peru, extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca), Bolivia, and western Argentina (Sierra del Zenta, Jujuy; Lago Colorado, Catamarca). Field Museum Collection. — 6: Peru (Leimebamba, Amazonas, 1; Junin, Junin, 2); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 3). 1 Capella paraguaiae andina (Taczanowski) : Similar to C. p. magellanica, but with decidedly shorter wings and tarsi, and shorter as well as slenderer bill. Wing, 115-117, (female) 116-121; tarsus, 25-28; bill, 48-56, (female) 53-61. Two birds from Tarapaca (Sacaya) are exactly like the Peruvian series. Additional material examined. — Peru: near Cajamarca, 1; eight miles south of Huamachuco, 1; Lake Junin, 1; Maraynioc, 1; Huancavelica, 8; Tungasuca, 1. — Chile: Sacaya, Tarapaca, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 157 Conover Collection. — 10: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, 2; Puno, Puno, 1; Sorapa, Rio Have, Puno, 1; Huacullani, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Colomi, Cochabamba, 1; Tiraque, Cochabamba, 1; Cerro Juna, Cochabamba, 2; Laguna de Taxara, Tarija, 1). *Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr.1 ANTOFAGASTA SNIPE. Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 389, June 13, 1932— Rio Loa, Antofagasta, Chile (type in Field Museum of Natural History); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Gallinago paraguiae (not Scolopax paraguaiae Vieillot) Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 164, 1860 — Tilopozo, Salar de Atacama, Antofagasta; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Tilopozo. Range. — Puna zone of Antofagasta (Rio Loa, Tilopozo), northern Chile. Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1). Conover Collection. — 1: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1). *Capella nobilis (Sclater). NOBLE SNIPE. Gallinago nobilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 31, June 16, 1856 — Bogota, Colombia (type in British Museum); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 9, 1864— Bogota (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, pi. 98, 1869— Bogota (monog.); Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332— "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Retire, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 313 — Yoyacsi (9,000 ft.), Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 648, 1896— Colombia (Retire, Bogota) and Ecuador (Maravina); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Paramos of Canar, El Troje, and Chaupi, Ecuador; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 143, 1912— Paramo of Pi- chincha, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 — Santa Isabel (12,700 ft.), Valle de las Pappas, and Chipaque (10,000 ft.), Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922 — Tumbaco, north side of Guamini Road to Papallacta, Pichincha, and Cotopaxi, Ecuador; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— Paramo de Tama, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926— Hacienda Garzon, Cumbaya, El Paso (near Nabon), and Yanacocha, Ecuador. 1 Capella paraguaiae innotata Hellmayr: Similar to C. p. andina in proportions, but distinguished by nearly plain white (not broadly black-barred) under wing coverts and by having all of the primaries (not only the two outermost) exteriorly and apically edged with hoary white. Wing, (males) 118; bill, 53, 58. By the almost unmarked under wing coverts, the two specimens from Rio Loa may readily be told from any in a series of twenty andina, whereas the white markings on the primaries are found to the same extent only in a bird from Tungasuca, Peru. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Gallinago nobilis (granadensis Bp. Mus. Brit.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Scolopax nobilis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 133 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 498, 1887 (crit.). Capella nobilis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 503 (monog.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 621, 1932— Las Palmas, Azuay, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Range. — Paramo zone of western Venezuela, the central and eastern Andes of Colombia and the Temperate zone of Ecuador. Field Museum Collection. — 6: Venezuela (Tachira, Paramo de Tamd, 4); Colombia (unspecified, 2). Conover Collection. — 13 : Colombia (El Tambo, Cauca, 6) ; Ecuador (Leon, Cerro Cotopaxi, 2; Santiago, Volcan Sangay, Province of Zamora, 5). Capella undulata undulata (Boddaert). GUIANAN GIANT SNIPE. Scolopax undulata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 54, 1783 — based on "Becasse des Savanes, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 895; Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 492, 1887— Guiana (crit.). Scolopax paludosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 — based on "Be'casse des Savanes" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 895, and Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 7, p. 481, Cayenne; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — marshy places near the coast. Xylocota paludosa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago paludosa Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 — part, Cayenne (crit.). Gallinago undulata Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 — Guiana; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 179 — MerumS Mountains and Roraima (3,500 ft.), British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 659, 1896 — same localities; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne. Scolopax gigantea (not of Temminck) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870 — part, upper Rio Branco, Brazil.1 Homoptilura undulata undulata A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 511 — French and British Guiana (crit.). Homoptilura undulata Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 772 — Blairmont, British Guiana. Capella undulata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 63, 1931 — Arabupu and Paulo, Roraima, Venezuela. Capella undulata undulata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Phelps, Bol. Soc. Venez. Cien. Nat., No. 36, p. 91, 1938— Mount Roraima, Vene- zuela. 1 There is hardly any doubt that the Giant Snipe, whose nightly call-note was heard by Natterer when staying at the Forte do Sao Joaquin on the upper Rio Branco, pertained to the Guianan, and not to the South Brazilian form. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 159 v Range. — French and British Guiana and the adjacent parts of Brazil (upper Rio Branco) and Venezuela (Roraima). *Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck).1 BRAZILIAN GIANT SNIPE. Scolopax gigantea (Natterer MS.) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 68, pi. 403, Sept. 16, 1826 — Brazil= State of Sao Paulo (type in Leyden Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 376, 1856— Con - gonhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— part, Sao Paulo (Itarare, Ypanema, Murungaba), Paran£ (Jaguaraiba), and Goyaz (Nos Puritis), Brazil. "Xylocota gigantea, Natt. (lacunosa Licht.)" Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago gigantea Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 8, 1864 — Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869— Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 39 — Congonhas de Sahara, Minas Geraes (ex Burmeister); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 41, 1892 — "Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 149, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 658, 1896— Goyaz (Puritis), Paraguay (Villa Rica), and Buenos Aires; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 151, 1899 — Pedras Brancas; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 440, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 56, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Penha, Sao Caetano) and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 221, 1910 — Chaco and Buenos Aires, Argentina; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 462, 492, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana. Scolopax undulata gigantea Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 131 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 493, 1887 — Brazil and Buenos Aires (crit.). Homoptilura undulata gigantea A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.). Capella gigantea Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930 — Matto Grosso, Brazil. Capella undulata gigantea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 139, 1938— Sao Paulo (Penha, Avare", Sao Caetano) and Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre). Range. — Southern Brazil, from Minas Geraes (Congonhas), Goyaz (Nos Puritis), and Matto Grosso (Chapada) south to Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay (Villa Rica) ; allegedly also in parts of Argentina (Chaco and Buenos Aires).2 1 Capella undulata gigantea (Temminck) differs from the nominate race by longer wings (170-180, against 155-165), longer, heavier bill (125-145, against 108-115), wider rufous edges to scapulars and interscapulars, and broader bars on under parts, with, however, the center of breast and abdomen unbarred. Six additional specimens from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Parana), one from Paraguay (Villa Rica) and one from "Buenos Aires" examined. 2 The occurrence in Argentina is perhaps somewhat doubtful. No authentic example appears to exist in collections, and Venturi, who recorded it from the 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 4: Paraguay (Itape, 1; Molinasque, 1; Rio Tebicuary, 1; Horqueta, 1). Genus CHUBBIA Mathews1 Chubbia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913— type, by orig. desig., "G. stricklandi Gray" = Scolopax stricklandii G. R. Gray. Homoscolopax Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 291 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Gallinago imperial-is Sclater [and Salvin]. Chubbia imperialis (Sclater and Salvin).2 IMPERIAL SNIPE. Gallinago imperialis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 419 — Bogota, Colombia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum examined); iidem, Exot. Orn., p. 193, pi. 97, 1869 — Bogota (fig. of type); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 664, 1896— Bogota. Scolopax imperialis Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 491, 1887— Bogota (crit.). Homoscolopax imperialis A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 514 — Bogotd (monog.). Chubbia imperialis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 277, 1934 (range). Range. — Colombia (known only from the unique type, a native Bogota skin). *Chubbia jamesoni (Bonaparte). JAMESON'S SNIPE. Xylocota jamesoni "Jard. et Bp." Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, No. 17, p. 660, October, 1855— High Andes of Quito, Ecuador (cotypes originally in collection of Sir William Jardine, now in British Museum [ex Seebohm collection] and Liverpool Museum [ex Tristram collection] respectively);3 idem, I.e., 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 — Panza, Chimbo- razo, Ecuador. Chaco as well as from Buenos Aires, evidently did not preserve any specimen. The origin of the bird in the British Museum, said to have been collected together with eggs by Mr. L. Hardy du Dre'ssent near Buenos Aires, is not established beyond doubt. It is certainly singular that this striking bird has never been ob- tained again in the well-explored region around the Argentine capital. 1 Genus Chubbia Mathews: Like Scolopax in having the tarsus posteriorly covered with small hexagonal scales, but bill longer, tarsus much stouter, and tail composed of fourteen feathers. 2 This remarkable bird is still known only from the type. Its differences from C. jamesoni have been well explained by Mrs. Meinertzhagen. We do not see any valid ground for its generic separation. 3 Cf. Seebohm (Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 490 [note], 1887) and Tristram (Cat. Coll. Tristram, p. 11, 1889). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 161 Gallinago jamesoni Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869 — Ecuador; iidem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Cillutincara, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 112 — Chimborazo, Ecuador; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 376, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 661, 1896— Colombia (Sierra Nevada), Ecuador (Andes of Quito, Panza), and Bolivia (Cillutincara); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Paredones and Mount Mirador (Huaca), Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 231— Lloa (11,500 ft.), Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Maraynioc (Pariayacu) and Malao, Dept. Junfn, Peru; Me'ne'gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Armee Mes. Arc. Equat, 9, p. B. 9, 1911 — Paramo of Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 225, 1917 — Santa Isabel, Colombia; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268 — Guallabamba (Chim- borazo), Pichincha, and Coraz6n, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— Pichincha; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926— Mount Pichincha, Corazon, Mount Chimborazo, and Bestion, Ecuador. Scolopax jamesoni Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 489, 1887 (crit.). Capella jamesoni Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 — Taquina, Santa Marta, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 376, 1931— Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Chubbia jamesoni A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 515 — Colombia (Sierra Nevada), Venezuela, Ecuador to Bolivia (monog.; plumages); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Chubbia jamesoni chapmani Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 151, Sept. 10, 1937 — Santa Isabel, Quindio Andes, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).1 Range.— Paramo zone of western Venezuela (Sierra of Me'rida), Colombia (Santa Marta Mountains and central Andes), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (Dept. La Paz).2 Field Museum Collection. — 2: Ecuador (Llanganate, Tunguragua, 1; unspecified, 1). 1 The variation in size seems too erratic to justify the segregation of C. j. chapmani, though birds from the central Andes of Colombia have, on average, longer bills, as may be gathered from the subjoined figuVes. No constant color- differences exist between specimens from so widely separated localities as northern Colombia (Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Me'rida) on one side and Bolivia on the other. Males: Sierra Nevada of Santa 'Marta, Colombia, 87; Cordillera of Me'rida, Venezuela, 84; Ecuador (fourteen), 72-86; northern Peru (two), 77, 78; Maraynioc, Junfn, Peru, 90 H- Females: Santa Isabel, Colombia (three), 91-95K; Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela, 85; Ecuador (six), 79-85; Malao, Junfn, Peru, 91 H 5 Bolivia (two), 88, 93. 2 The large snipe observed (but not collected) by Lane at Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca, northern Chile, which he erroneously referred to the Patagonian C. stricklandi (Ibis, 1897, p. 310), might have been C. jamesoni or else an unknown species. 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 20: Venezuela (Paramo Frias, Merida, 2); Colombia (Nevada de Tolimo, 3); Ecuador (Pichincha, 3; Paramo del Pichincha, 9; Bosques Pichincha, 1; Cerro Guamani, 1); Bolivia (Cerro San Benito, Cochabamba, 1). *Chubbia stricklandii (G. R. Gray). STRICKLAND'S SNIPE. Scolopax stricklandii G. R. Gray,1 Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1, Birds, Part 8, pi. 23, April, 18452 — no locality stated (type, from Hermit Island, Cape Horn, in British Museum; cf. Sharpe, I.e., Part 22, p. 37, 1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 488, 1887— Cape Horn to Chile (crit.). Gallinago stricklandii(i) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 427, 1847 — "Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego" (ex Gray); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, p. 18, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Straits of Magellan, Chiloe", and Valdivia, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 196, 1869— Hermit Island, Tierra del Fuego (Ant. Exp.), Orange Bay (ex Peale), Straits of Magellan, and Valdivia (ex Philippi); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 15 — Swallow Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 293, 1891— Hermit Island and Swallow Bay (ex Sharpe); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 660, 1896— Tierra del Fuego, Hermit Island (Martin's Cove), and Straits of Magellan (Swallow Bay, Puerto Bueno, Isthmus Bay); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 625, 1900 — Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 377, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 221, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 339, 1910 (descr.). Scolopax meridionalis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 229, 1848 — Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (type in United States National Museum); Cassin, I.e., 2nd ed., 8, p. 310, pi. 35, fig. 1, 1858— same locality. Scolopax spectabilis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 216, 1853 — Hualves, Valdivia, Chile (type not preserved). Xylocota stricklandi Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 579, 1856. Gallinago paludosa (not Scolopax paludosa Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile. Gallinago nobilis (not of Sclater) Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 126, 1891 — Orange Bay and Wollaston Bay, Tierra del Fuego; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 376, 1902 — Orange Bay (ex Oustalet); idem, I.e., 18, p. 221, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet). Gallinazo (sic) stricklandi Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile ("rare in the central provinces"). 1 Gallinago stricklandii Gray (List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 112, 1844) is a nomen nudum. 2 Cf. Mathews, Ibis, 1930, pp. 120-121; 1938, p. 760. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 163 Gallinago gigantea (not Scolopax gigantea Temminck) Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands. Capella stricklandi Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 — Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 387, 1932— Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, Chile (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 87 — Guffern, Freycinet, Deceit, Herschel, Jerdan, and Barnevelt Islands, Cape Horn (eggs descr.). Chubbia stricklandii A. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1926, p. 512 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Range. — Southern Chile from Valdivia1 to Tierra del Fuego and the Cape Horn region; Falkland Islands.2 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Chile (Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, 1). Genus SCOLOPAX Linnaeus Scolopax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 145, 1758 — type, by tautonymy, Scolopax ruslicola Linnaeus. Rusticola (not of Houttuyn, 1770) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 348, 1816 — new name for Scolopax "Latham" (=Linnaeus). Rusticula "Gesner" Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 24, p. 124, 1818 — new name for Scolopax Linnaeus. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linnaeus. EUROPEAN WOODCOCK. Scolopax Rusticola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 146, 1758 — principally based on Faun. Svec., No. 141, Sweden; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 150, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 54, 1927 (life hist.). Rusticola vulgaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 348, 1816 — new name for Scolopax rusticola "Latham" (=Linnaeus). Rusticola europaea Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 555, 1831 — new name for Scolopax rusticola "Gmelin" (= Linnaeus). Scolopax rusticula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 671, 1896 (monog.). Scolopax rusticola rusticola Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 278, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in Europe and Asia south to the Pyrenees, Alps, northern Balkans, Himalayas, Ussuri, and Japan; winters in the southern part of its breeding range, the Mediterranean region, Egypt, 1 Whether the specimens picked up by H. Berkeley James in the market at Valparaiso really came from the vicinity of that city is extremely doubtful. No authentic record exists for the actual taking of this snipe in the central provinces of Chile, although it is ascribed to that section by Edwyn Reed with the caption "rare." 2 Additional material examined. — Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay, 1; unspecified, 1. — Straits of Magellan: Swallow Bay, 1; Puerto Bueno, 1; Punta Arenas, 1. — Hermit Island, 1 (the type). 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII India, Ceylon, southern China, and Japan; occasional in eastern North America (Newfoundland; Chambly, Quebec; Chester and Northampton counties, Pennsylvania; Shrewsbury, New Jersey; Loudoun County, Virginia). Genus PHILOHELA G. R. Gray Microptera (not of Gravenhorst, 1802) Nuttall, Man. Bds. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 192, 1832 — type, by orig. desig., Rusticola minor =Scolopax minor Gmelin. Rusticola (not of Vieillot, 1816) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 52, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax minor Gmelin. Philohela G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 90, 1841— type, by orig. desig., Scolopax minor Gmelin. *Philohela minor (Gmelin). AMERICAN WOODCOCK. Scolopax minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 661, 1789 — based on "Little Woodcock" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 463, pi. 19, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 131, New York (ex Pennant) accepted as type locality; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 504, 1887 (crit.). Microptera americana Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 250, 1839 — new name for Scolopax minor Gmelin. Philohela minor Reid, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 232, 1884— near Hamilton, Bermuda (Oct., 1842); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 679, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 155, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (near Hamilton, Oct., 1842; near Old Ferry, St. George); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range); Pettingill, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 9, No. 2, pp. 173-392, pis. 12-21, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Studholme and Norris, Auk, 59, p. 229, 1942 — central Pennsylvania (breeding populations). Rubicola1 minor Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 61, 1927 (life hist.). Range. — Breeds (chiefly east of the 100th meridian) in southern Canada and the United States from southern Manitoba, northern Michigan, southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to eastern Texas (Sonolake), southern Louisiana, and northern Florida; winters from southern Missouri, the Ohio Valley, and southern New Jersey to the Gulf coast and Florida; casual in the Bermuda Islands (Hamilton; Old Ferry, St. George).2 1 Rubicola "Vieill." Jameson (in Jameson's ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn., 3, p. 98, 1831) seems to be a misprint for Rusticola Vieillot. 2 The reported occurrence in Jamaica (cf. Rusticola minor Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 354, 1847; Philohela minor March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 68) is too indefinite to be accepted without substantiation by specimens. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 165 Field Museum Collection. — 60: Nova Scotia (Stony Hill, King's County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 19; New Haven, 4; Woodbridge, 4; North Haven, 2; Orange, 2; Hamden, 1; Newtown, 1; Stamford, 1; Watertown, 1; unspecified, 2); New York (Shelter Island, Suffolk County, 1) ; North Carolina (Raleigh, Wake County, 1); Georgia (Alpharetta, 2; Roswell, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Worth, Cook County, 1; Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Momence, 2; Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest, 1; unspecified, 2); Indiana (Smith, La Porte County, 1); Iowa (Decorah, Winneshiek County, 1); Arkansas (Stuttgart, 2). Conover Collection.— 11: New Brunswick (Scotch Lake, 1); Illinois (Tessville, Cook County, 2; Chicago, 2; Ravinia, Lake County, 4); Mississippi (Macon, Noxubee County, 2). Genus LYMNOCRYPTES Kaup Lymnocryptes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 118, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus =Scolopax minima Briinnich. Lymnocryptes minima (Briinnich). JACK SNIPE. Scolopax minima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 49, 1764 — Christianso, Denmark (quotes also "La Petite Beccasine" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 303, pi. 26, fig. 2, France). Scolopax gallinula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 244, 1766 — based on "Gallinago minima" Bellon, Willoughby, etc., "La Petite Be"cassine" Brisson, etc., Europe. Limnocryptes gallinula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 665, 1896 (monog.); Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 173, 1920— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (April, 1919). Lymnocryptes minimus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 101, 1927 — St. Paul, Pribilof Islands (habits; range); Austin, Auk, 46, p. 209, 1929 — Jack Lane's Bay, Labrador; McLean, Condor, 41, p. 164, 1939 — Marys- ville Buttes, Butte County, California. Lymnocryptes minima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 279, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia from Norway east to the Kolyma Delta, south to Denmark, East Prussia, the Baltic States, central Russia, and Siberia; winters in western Europe, the Mediterranean region, Egypt, and southern Asia; accidental in Alaska (St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, April, 1919), California (Butte County) and Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay). 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Subfamily EROLIINAE. Sandpipers Genus CALIDRIS Merrem Calidris Anonymous= Merrem,1 Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542, June 8, 1804 — type, by tautonymy, Tringa calidris Gme\in=Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Canutus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 653, 1831 — type, by tau- tonymy, Tringa canutus Linnaeus. Anteliotringa Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 274, Aug. 18, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield. Canus Riley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, Oct., 1918 (lapsus for Canutus Brehm). *Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson).2 AMERICAN KNOT. Tringa rufa Wilson,3 Amer. Orn., 7, p. 43, pi. 57, fig. 5, 1813— Middle Atlantic States=New Jersey (type evidently lost). Tringa cinerea (not of Bninnich) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 735, 1833 — sea coast of eastern Brazil. Tringa canutus(a) (not of Linnaeus) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — coast of British Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 373, 1856 — sea shore of Brazil; LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 468, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 422, 1887— part, America; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 365, 1887— West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 236, 1889 — West Indies; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896— part, North America (except Alaska), and Barbados; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898— Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego (Feb.); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grando do Sul, 16, p. 150, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (descr.); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 288, 1902 — Iguape", Sao Paulo; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905— Barbados (Dec. 7, 17, 27, 1886; Sept. 6, 1888); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 55, 1907— 1 Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsber., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931. 2 Calidris canutus rufus (Wilson) differs from the nominate race by paler rusty under parts and somewhat lighter dorsal surface, the pale edgings to the feathers being broader as well as more whitish. Brazilian winter birds are like- wise more heavily mottled with white above than European specimens, as are immatures from eastern North America. Riley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 54, p. 613, 1918) refers Alaskan specimens as well as a single male from Fort Simpson, Mackenzie (May 13), to the doubtfully separable C. c. rogersi Mathews (Birds Australia, 3, (3), pp. 270, 273, pi. 163, Aug. 18, 1913 — "Siberia [breeding], migrating to Australia in winter"), for which an earlier name may exist in Tringa lomatina "Lichtenstein" Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 12, p. 596, 1856 — no locality; type, from Bengal, in Berlin Museum; cf. Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854), charac- terized as differing from T. canutus Linnaeus by "rostro longiore," an indication which takes it out of the class of nomina nuda. 3 Tringa australis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 679, 1789 — based on "Southern Sandpiper" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 187; Cayenne), while possibly an earlier name, is not identifiable with certainty. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 167 Iguape", Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Surinam; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Nov. 1, 1901); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego (Cabo Espiritu Santo) and province of Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Dec. 19, 1908). Tringa canuti Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910— coast of Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 19, 1903). Canutus canutus rufus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 273 (in text), 1913— America (crit.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 90, 1928— Lower California (near La Paz, Sept. 19, 24, 1923; near San Felipe, Apr. 2, 1926); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 — near Amaragao, Piauhy (Sept.); Zotta, El Hornero, 7, p. 48, 1938 — San Clemente, Ajo, Argentina. Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919— part, North America (except Alaska and Pacific coast) and South America (monog.; full bibliog.). Calidris canutus Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 120, 1920 — winter range in province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (Barracas al Sud, Nov. 1, 8; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 19; Pereyra, Feb. 22) and Tierra del Fuego (Cabo Espiritu Santo, Feb.). Tringa canuti rufa Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 227, 1923— Piauhy (crit.). Calidris canutus rufus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 157, 1926 — south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 7); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 131, 1927 — part, except Alaska, Pacific coast of North America and Greenland (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Sept., 1911); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934— part; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938— Iguape", Sao Paulo (Nov.); Conover, Condor, 45, p. 229, 1943 (dist. chars.; range). Range. — Breeds from northern Ellesmere Land south to south- eastern Victoria Island and Melville Peninsula; migrates along the Atlantic coast of America and more sparingly throughout the interior (in the West Indies recorded only from Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad) to South America, where it has been found wintering at various scattered localities on the coasts of (?)Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Oct. 31), (?)Chile (Arica, Tacna, Sept. 21), Brazil (Ama- racao, Piauhy, Sept. 19; Iguape", Sao Paulo, Nov.; Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (province of Buenos Aires, Feb., Nov., Dec.), and Tierra del Fuego (Cape Espiritu Santo, Feb.). Field Museum Collection. — 76: Canada (Magdalen Islands, Quebec, 7; Toronto, Ontario, 2; Lake Johnson, Saskatchewan, 7); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 19; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 11; 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pea Island, 19) ; Georgia (Mclntosh County, 1) ; Florida (Canaveral, Brevard County, 2; Grove City, De Soto County, 1); North Dakota (Graham Island, Ramsey County, 1); Texas (San Patricio County, 1; Nueces County, 3). Conover Collection. — 22: Canada (Victoria Land, 5; Beaverhill Lake, Alberta, 4); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); Indiana (Miller, 4; Wolf Lake, 2); New York (Cayuga, 2; Cayuga Lake, 1); South Carolina (Dewee's Island, Charleston County, 1 ; Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, I).1 *Calidris canutus canutus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN KNOT. Tringa Canutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 149, 1758 — Europe, restricted type locality Sweden. Tringa canutus(a) Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 — Greenland; (?)Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru (Oct. 31); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 593, 1896— part, Greenland and Alaska; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 167, 1898— Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 130, 1910 — Stormkap, northeastern Greenland (breeding habits). Tringa islandica (not of Linnaeus) Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 407, 1843— Greenland. Canutus canutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 231, 1919— part, Alaska, west coast North America and Greenland (full bibliog.); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Santa Lucia, Peru. Calidris canutus rufus Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 131, 1927 — part, Alaska, west coast of North America and Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 — part, Greenland and Pacific coast of North America; (?)Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 40, p. 104, 1937— Chile; (?)idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 55, 1938 — Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile (Sept. 21). Calidris canutus L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 57, 1932 — Green- land (crit.); Pederson, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 19, 1934 — northeastern Green- land (breeding); Congreve, Ibis, 1935, p. 435 — Roseneath Bay, eastern Greenland (nesting). Canutus canutus canutus Bird and Congreve, Bull. Brit. Ool. Assoc., 5, p. 86, 1938 — Greenland (eggs described). Calidris canutus canutus Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 145 — northeastern Greenland; Conover, Condor, 45, p. 228, 1943 (dist. chars.; range). Range. — Breeds in Greenland (Spitzbergen and across Arctic Europe and Siberia) to Point Barrow, Alaska. Migrates down the Pacific coast of North America and probably also the west coast of South America (and through Europe and Asia). 1 This specimen, an immature in fresh plumage, is typical of rufus, suggesting that both races may winter on the Pacific coast of Central and South America. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 169 Field Museum Collection. — 11: Alaska (Barrow, 4;1 St. Michaels, 2); California (Humboldt Bay, 1; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 2; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1). Conover Collection. — 4: Alaska (Golovin Bay, Norton Sound, 2; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 1). Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield). ASIATIC KNOT. Totanus tenuirostris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821— Java (type in British Museum; cf. Mathews, Birds Australia, 3, p. 277, 1913, and Hartert, Vog. Palae. Fauna, 2, p. 1588, 1920). Schoeniclus magnus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 16, p. 39, Nov. 14, 1848 — Australia (type in British Museum). Tringa crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Fauna Japon., Aves, Part 9, p. 107, pi. 64, 1849— Japan (cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopacidae, p. 28, 1864); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 600, 1896 (monog.). Calidris tenuirostris Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924 — Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (May 28, 1922); idem, I.e., 27, p. 236, 1925 (same record); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 145, 1927 (ex Bailey); Portenko, Arctica (Leningrad), 1, p. 75, col. pi., 1933— Anadyrland (breeding range; habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 280, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in the alpine zone of northeastern Siberia; winters in India, the Malay Archipelago, Moluccas, and Australia; accidental in Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, May 28, 1922). Genus CROCETHIA Billberg Arenaria (not of Brisson, 1760) Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803— type, by monotypy, Arenaria 'vulgaris Bechstein -Tringa arenaria Linnaeus. Calidris (not of Merrem, 1804) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 249, 1811— type, by tautonymy and monotypy, Charadrius calidris Linnaeus=Trynga alba Pallas. Crocethia Billberg, Syn. Faunae Scand., 1, (2), p. 132, tab. A, 1828— new name for Calidris Illiger. *Crocethia alba (Pallas). SANDERLING. Trynga (alba) Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., Adumbr., p. 7, 1764— coast of North Sea. 1 The Bishop Collection in Field Museum contains a downy young knot taken at Barrow, Alaska, on July 17, 1936. Additional specimens examined— Alaska: St. Michaels, 7; Wainwright, 1; Port Safety, 2; Sitka, 1.— Washington, Long Beach, 1.— Greenland: Parker Snow Bay, 4; unspecified, 4. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII - Tringa arenaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 251, 1766 — based on "Arenaria" Willoughby (Orn., p. 225), "La Petite Maubeche grise" Brisson (Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2), etc., Europe; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 425, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868— Chile. Tringa calidris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 255, 1766 — based on "La Petite Maubeche grise" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 236, pi. 20, fig. 2, coast (type in Mauduyt Collection). Charadrius rubidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 688, 1789 — based on "Rude Plover" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 486, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 195, Hudson's Bay. Arenaria vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 462a, 1803 — new name for Tringa arenaria Linnaeus. (l)Totanus nigellus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 6, p. 409, 1816 — based on "Chorlito pies roxos" Azara, No. 402, Paraguay. Calidris americana Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 675, 1831 — North America to Brazil (type, from Brazil, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 54, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Calidris arenaria Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 750, 1833 — sea shore of eastern Brazil; Holboell, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 406, 1843— Disco and Nanortalik, Greenland; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157,' 1844 — Chile; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — sand banks of the Waini River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 371, 1856 — sea coast of middle Brazil; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 — Disco Island, Greenland (breeding); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.) and Para (Cajutuba), Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 560— Chorillos, Peru; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 406— Grinnell Land and Smith Sound (habits, nest, eggs, and downy young descr.); Durnford, I.e., 1878, p. 404— Tambo Point, Chubut (Dec. 30); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16— Talcaguano, Chile (Sept.); Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 315, 1887 — West Indian references and localities; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 236, 1889— West Indies; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— "lower Beni, Bolivia (Aug. 1886)" j1 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 526, 766, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 170, 1898— Greenland; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 659, 1898 — Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile (May); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899— IguapS, Sao Paulo; Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 379, 1900 (plumages); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 385, 1903 — Mexico (various localities), British Honduras (Cays), 1 Label no doubt interchanged, as is the case with other specimens in the same collection. The bird was probably obtained on the Chilean coast. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 171 and Guatemala (Carranza, Chiapam, Rio Nagualate); Allen, Auk, 21, p. 79, 1904 (example with hind toes); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 — Lesser Antilles (Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenada); Clarke, Brit. Bds., 3, p. 33, 1909 (col. pi. of chick); Hartertand Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 — San Vicente, Buenos Aires (Jan. 1); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 139, pis. 4-6, 1910— Stormkap, Greenland (breeding habits; chicks and eggs descr.; fig.); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Amaracao, Piauhy (Sept. 14, 15); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 316, 1910— Tambo Point, Chubut; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 469— Cape San Antonio (Dec. 19) and Tuyu, Ajo (Jan. 12), Buenos Aires; Madsen, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidssk., 19, p. 37, 1925 (nesting in eastern Greenland); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 28, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza (May). Calidris grisea Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868— Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 87, 1924— Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Calidris alba Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 347, 1903 (crit.) ; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 308, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Colonia, San Jose, Montevideo, Canelones, and Maldonado, Uruguay; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928 — Lower California (winter visitant). Arenaria alba Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907 — Sao Sebastiao, Rio Parana, and Itapura, Sao Paulo. Calidris leucophaea1 American Ornithologists' Union Committee, Auk, 25, p. 367, 1908 (nomencl.); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 266— Callao (Jan. 12) and Trujillo (Oct. 20, March 12), Peru. Arenaria arenaria Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910 — Patagonia, Misiones, and Buenos Aires. Crocethia alba Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920 — Misiones (Nov. 30), Buenos Aires (San Vicente, Jan. 1; La Plata, Nov.; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 19; Tuyu, Ajo, Jan. 12), Chubut (Tambo Point, Dec. 30), Uruguay, Chile (Cavancha, May), and Brazil (Sao Paulo); Daguerre, I.e., p. 263, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa Fe; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Esmeraldas and Santa Elena (Feb. 15), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926 — Buenos Aires (south of Cape San Antonio, Nov. 6) and Chile (Concon, Valparaiso, Apr. 29); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 11, 1927 (same localities); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 374, 1927 — Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Anegada (rare transient); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 265, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore and Swales, I.e., 155, p. 167, 1931 — Hispaniola (transient); Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 319, 1931— Bermuda Islands (autumn transient); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 60, 1931— Galapagos (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 1 "Tringa leucophaea" Anonymous (in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. d'Ois., p. 32, 1764 — northern coast of Holland) is not binomial. Cf. Stone, Auk, 29, pp. 205-208, 1912. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Zool. Ser., 19, p. 395, 1932— Chile (Caldera, Atacama, Apr. 11-18; Papudo, Aconcagua, Dec. 8; Cucao, Chiloe1 Island, Dec. 25); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala (Sept., Oct.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 62, 1932— Greenland (meas.; breeding habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, p. 20, 1934 — northeastern Greenland (breed- ing habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 — Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 235, 1936— Playa de Arica, Tacna, Chile (July); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 140, 1938 — Rio de Janeiro (Atafona, Nov.) and Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Nov.; Rio Parana, Nov.; Ypiranga, Dec.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Apr., June); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo (Jan. 14) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Hamilton, Ibis, 1939, p. 139— Falkland Islands; Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 148, pi. 3 (nest and eggs) — Greenland. Range. — Breeds in Arctic islands north of North America, Southampton Island, and northern Greenland, also along the Arctic coast of Siberia to Spitsbergen; in the western hemisphere winters from California, the Gulf coast, and Virginia south to southern Chile (Chiloe" Island) and southern Argentina (Tambo Point, Chubut). Falkland Islands. Field Museum Collection. — 214: Alaska (Barrow, 4; St. Michaels, 1); Arctic America (Franklin Bay, Mackenzie, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 1; Quill Lake, 1); Manitoba (Sandy Bay, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4); Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 5; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Waukegan, 4; Chicago, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 4); Michigan (Harbert, Berrien County, 1; Mears, Oceana County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1; Fair Haven, Cayuga County, 1) ; Mississippi (Ocean Springs, Jackson County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, 2; Cameron County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 45; Chatham, 4; Cohasset, 1; Martha's Vineyard, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 1; West Haven, 2; Branford, 1; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1); California (Sun- set Beach, Orange County, 17; Hyperion, Los Angeles County, 7; Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County, 3; Laguna de la Merced, San Mateo County, 1; Westport, Mendocino County, 1; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 6; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 5; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Del Monte Forest, Monte- rey County, 1; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 1; The Rincon, Ventura County, 2; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4; San Diego, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 29; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 173 Bodie Island, 4); Florida (southern part, 1; Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 3; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 5; Eau Gallic, Brevard County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Andros Island, 6); Lesser Antilles (Anegada, 1; St. Chris- topher, 1); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); Chile (Puerto Ingles, Atacama, 2; Caldera, Atacama, 2; Penco, 2). Conover Collection.— 29: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Char- lotte Islands, 2) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 1) ; North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barnstable County, 3); New York (Cayuga, 1; Cayuga Lake, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1); Indiana (Miller, Lake County, 7); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1); California (Anaheim Landing, Orange County, 4; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 1; Carpenteria, Ventura County, 1); Mexico (Todos Santos, Lower California, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 1). Genus EREUNETES Illiger1 Ereunetes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811— type, by monotypy, Ereunetes petrificatus l\\\ger=Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Symphemia Rafinesque, Journ. Physique, 88, p. 418, June, 1819— type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson=T. pusilla Linnaeus (cf. Rich- mond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 75, 1905). Hemipalama Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 87, 1825— type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson =Tr. pusilla Linnaeus. Heteropoda Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 135, 1834— type, by orig. desig., Tringa semipalmata Wilson =T. pusilla Linnaeus. *Ereunetes pusillus (Linnaeus). SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. Tringa pusilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 252, 1766— based on "La Petite Alouette-de-mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 222, pi. 25, fig. 2, Santo Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Ereunetes petrificatus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 262, 1811— Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum) (cf. Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 421 [in text], 1856); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 592— Mexiana, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 83, 1876— Marajo, Brazil (Aug.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.).2 Tringa semipalmata Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 131, pi. 63, fig. 4, 1813— Lake Champlain, New York, and coast of New Jersey (type lost). 1 For osteological characters and affinities, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616. 2 Dr. G. C. Low writes that these specimens are certainly pusillus, the bill measuring 19 mm. in the male, 19.5 mm. in the female. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tringa brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 76, pi. 92 (not 93, as quoted), 1825 — no locality stated (type lost; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906). Pelidna Brissonii Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 277, 1828 — new name for Tringa pusilla Linnaeus. Ereunetes semipalmatus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849 — sand banks along the coast; Cabanis and Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 419, 1856 — Cuba (descr.; Sept. to April); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 312, 1870— Praia de Cajutuba, Para, Brazil (Mar., April). Hemipalama minor (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 97, 1850 — Cuba (type in Gundlach Collection); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420 (in text), 1856— Cuba (crit.). Ereunetes pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 233 (crit., nomencl.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 177, 1884 — Sabanilla, Colombia; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 402, 1887 — Cayenne, Bahia, and Patagonia, "Unevo Gulf (lat. 43° south)"=Bahia Nueva, Chubut (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 77, 1894 — Moruga, Trini- dad; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 514, 766, 1896— part, North and Central America, Cayenne (spec, e4, f4, f6), Brazil (Bahia), and Pata- gonia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900 — Cienaga, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 382, 1903 — part, Guatemala (Duenas, San Jose) and Panama; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 280, 1904— Barbuda (Sept. 22); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 — Barbados, St. Vincent, and Grenada (mid-July to Nov.); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906— San Jose1, Costa Rica (Sept. 15); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana (Oct. 19); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 237, 1909 — Aruba and Margarita Island; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Amaragao, Piauhy, Brazil (Sept. 16, 19); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910 — Coronado de Terraba, Costa Rica (July 3); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 219, 1910— Patagonia; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 52, 1911 — Thomas Bay, southeast Alaska (Aug. 19; crit.); Murphy, Auk, 29, p. 238, 1912 (albino); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 91, 1914— Marajo (Ilha dos Machados, Santa Anna), Brazil; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 380, 1915 — between Collinson Point and Herschel Island, and Hula-hula River, Arctic coast, Alaska (breeding; descr. of nest); Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916 — Imaruk Basin, Alaska (July 28); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 245— Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 210, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920— Patagonia ("Rio Chubut, March") ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 — Buritaca and Rio Hacha, Santa Marta, Colombia; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela (May 10); (?)Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 51, 1924— Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 34, 1926 — Wainwright and Lopp Lagoon (nesting), Alaska; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926— Esmeraldas (Oct. 23) and Chone (Dec. 14), Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 175 1926— Point Ball, Alaska (nesting with E. mauri; courtship and young different); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 244, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 372, 1927— Mona, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Anegada (migratory transient); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 10, 1927-Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165, 1931— Hispaniola (migrant); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (late July to October); (?)Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 51, 1932— Isla la Mocha, Chile (ex Housse); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p 209, 1932— Prinzapolka, Nicaragua (May 7); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935— Panama (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938 (range in Brazil); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938— Puerto del Triunfo, El Salvador (Dec. 21-Jan. 6); Philippi, Bol Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938— Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept. 21); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 525, 1943— Southampton Island (nesting); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Heteropoda semipalmata Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 477, 1866— Trinidad. Ereunetes pusillus pusillus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet (April) and Caroni Swamp (March), Trinidad. Erolia pusilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.). Range— Breeds from extreme northeastern Siberia (Plover Bay) across Arctic North America to southwestern Baffinland, south to Point Ball, Alaska, Hudson Bay (Severn River), and northern Labrador; winters from the Gulf and southern Atlantic coasts of the United States through Central America and the West Indies to Colombia (Sabanilla), western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone), Peru (Paracas Bay), northern Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna), Venezuela (Lagunillas, MeYida), French and British Guiana, and Brazil (Marajo and Mexiana Islands; Cajutuba, Para; Amaragao, Piauhy; Bahia); occasional in Patagonia (one record from Bahia Nueva, lat. 43° S., Chubut),1 and (?)southern Chile (Isla la Mocha). Field Museum Collection.— 184: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Chipp River, Barrow, 2; Collinson Point, Barrow, 2; Nome, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 4; Sumas, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 5; Quill Lake, 1) ; Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 4) ; Nova Scotia (Barrington, 2; Clark's Harbor, 5); Montana (Miles City, 1); North Dakota 1 The specimen— now in the British Museum (ex Coll. Seebohm)— is labeled "Unevo Gulf, Patagonia, March, 1883, female, Capt Harrison. The locality should really read "Nuevo Gulf"=Bahla Nueva. Sharpe (I.e.,. p. 766) credits the bird to Henry Durnford, who had died several years before it was collected. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (Towner County, 16; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 8); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 3); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 8; Edithton Beach, Kenosha County, 1; Lake Kosh- konong, 1); Illinois, Lake County (Grass Lake, 1; Libertyville, 1); Michigan (Harbert, 1); New York (Jamaica Bay, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2) ; Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 32; Cape Cod, 1; Cohasset, 1; Chatham, 1; Everett, 1); Rhode Island (Point Judith, Washington County, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 31; Guilford, 5; West Haven, 2; North Haven, 4; East Hartford, 1) ; Virginia (Buckree Beach, Elizabeth City County, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 8) ; Florida (West Jupiter, 4) ; Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 4); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 2; Guadeloupe, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3); Costa Rica (Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 4); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 1). Conover Collection. — 30: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 6);1 Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 2); Massachusetts (East Orleans, Barnstable County, 10); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2); Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Sur, Province de los Rios, 5); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1). *Ereunetes mauri Cabanis. WESTERN SANDPIPER. Ereunetes Mauri Cabanis,2 Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420, 1856 — South Carolina (May)3 (type in Berlin Museum); Allen, Auk, 23, p. 98 (in text), 1906 (crit.; nomencl.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 421, 1910 — Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (ex Bangs); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 53, 1911 — Kuiu Island, Prince of Wales Island, Coronation and Warren Islands, Alaska (Apr. 28-May 23); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 381, 1915— East Cape (July 14) and Cape Serdze (July 16), north- eastern Siberia; Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 24, 1916— Norton Sound to the Yukon mouth (breeding); Brooks, Auk, 34, p. 36, 1917 — Chilliwack, British Columbia (crit.; migratory visitor); Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 132, 1917— near Port-au-Prince, Haiti (April 25); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 215, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922— Buritaca (Sept. 20) and Punto Caiman (Sept. 28, Oct. 1), Colombia; 1 Four downy young. *Heteropoda mauri Bonaparte (Geog. Comp. List, p. 49, 1838) is a nomen nudum. 3 Cabanis's remarks on the longer bill and slightly larger measurements (which make his name identifiable), were exclusively based upon the specimens shot by himself in South Carolina, for he expressly states (p. 421) that he has not yet seen any from Cuba. Accordingly, South Carolina is the type locality, and not Cuba, as claimed by authors (cf. also Palmer, Condor, 33, pp. 243-244, 1931). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 177 Danforth, Auk, 42, p. 562, 1925 — Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico (Aug. 26); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 35, 1926— Nome, Wales, and Point Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926 — Bahia de Caraques (Feb. 24), Chone (Dec. 14), and Jambeli (Oct. 31), Ecuador (crit.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 309, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (common nester with E. pusillus; incubation period); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 255, 1927 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 14, 1927 — Labrados and San Bias, Mexico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 373, 1927 — Cartagena Lagoon, Puerto Rico; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 92, 1928— Lower California (spring and fall migrant); Peters, Auk, 47, p. 562, 1930 — Massachusetts (in spring); Palmer, Condor, 33, p. 243, 1931 (nomencl. hist.); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 166, 1931— Hispaniola (Port- au-Prince, Apr. 25; Seven Brothers Islands, Feb. 1, 2); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 281, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935— Pacific coast of Panama; Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292 — Trini- dad; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 177, 1938— El Salvador (Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31 to Jan. 6; Barra de Santiago, Apr. 1); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 193, 1939— Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 22-31). Tringa Cabanisii Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 420 (in text), 1856 — South Carolina (May) (type in Berlin Museum).1 Ereunetes occidentalis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for April, 1864, p. 107, June 30, 1864 — "Pacific coast, California, Oregon" (type, from San Francisco, California, in collection of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 272, 1932); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 178, 1884— Sabanilla, Colombia; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 113, 1887 — Norton Sound and mouth of Yukon (nesting habits; descr. imm. plumage); Robinson, I.e., 18, p. 656, 1896— east of Porlamor, Margarita Island, Venezuela (July 7); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905 — San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Panama (Mar. 8); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907— Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica (Aug. 12 and 20). Heteropoda longirostris (Gundlach MS.) L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 480, 1866 — Trinidad (type probably in Leotaud Collection, since destroyed by fire). Ereunetes pusillus var. occidentalis Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 — San Mateo and Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca (Aug., Oct., Feb.). Ereunetes pusillus occidentalis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 403, 1887 (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April). Ereunetes pusillus (not Tringa pusilla Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 514, 766, 1896— part, North, Central, and South America; Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 266— Trujillo, Peru (Mar. 13, Sept. 3, Dec. 22).2 1 The same specimen that served as basis for the diagnosis of Ereunetes mauri. 2 Dr. G. Carmichael Low, who has kindly examined these birds, writes that they are unquestionably E. mauri. The bill measures, in the male, 25; in the females, 22, 22.5, 26, and 26.5 mm., respectively. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Hooper Bay to Point Barrow; winters on both coasts of the Americas from Wash- ington and North Carolina to Peru (Trujillo) and Venezuela and perhaps farther south; also in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Trinidad; occasional in northeastern Siberia (East Cape and Cape Serdze). Field Museum Collection. — 179: Alaska (Point Hope, 1; Cape Prince of Wales, 2; Nome, 5; Bethel, 5; St. Michaels, 2); British Columbia (Cowichan Bay, 4; Chilliwash, 1; Quatsino, 1; Okanagan, 2; Sumas, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova Scotia (Barring- tpn, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 3); Oregon (Netarts Bay, 3); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3); Connecticut (North Haven, 1); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 4); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 3); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2; Nassau County, 1; Anclote, Pasco County, 6; West Jupiter, Palm Beach County, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 30; Port Lavaca, Calhoun County, 2; Rock- port, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1); Oklahoma (Alva, Woods County, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 8; Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Monterey, 9; Carmel, Monterey County, 11; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 5; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 17; Fairmont, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Angeles County, 2; Alamitos Bay, Los Angeles County, 4; Hyperion, 3; Hayward, Ala- meda County, 4; San Bruno, San Mateo County, 3; Westport, Mendocino County, 2; San Diego County, 1; Dulzura, San Diego County, 1; San Diego, 1; Los Banos, Merced County, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; Eureka, 1; Trinidad, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada, 1); Costa Rica (Puerto Jiminez, Puntarenas, 2; Piedra de Blanca, Guanacaste, 7). Conover Collection. — 27: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8);1 South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2) ; California (Yermo, San Bernar- dino County, 1; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 4; San Diego Bay, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County, 1; Newport, Orange County, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1); Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 6); Panama (Perme, Darien, 1). Genus EURYNORHYNCHUS Nilsson Eurynorhynchiis2 Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 29, 1821 — type, by monotypy, Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson =Platalea pygmea Linnaeus. 1 Four downy young. 'Variously "emended" (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), pp. 302-303, 1919). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 179 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (Linnaeus). SPOON-BILLED SANDPIPER. Plataka pygmea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 140, 1758 — "Surinam," errore,= eastern Asia (type now in Upsala Museum; cf. Lilljeborg, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 299, 1860); idem, Mus. Adolph.-Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 26, 1764. Eurynorhynchus griseus Nilsson, Orn. Svec., 2, p. 29, 1821 — new name for Platalea pygmea Linnaeus. Eurhinorhynchus orientalis Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 179, 1844 — based on Eurinorhynchus griseus Pearson, Asiat. Res., 19, p. 69, pi. 9, 1836, Edmonstone Island, Bengal (type now in Liverpool Museum).1 Eurynorhynchus pygm(a)eus Harting, Ibis, 1869, p. 427, pi. 12 (nuptial plum- age)— Behring's Straits (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, pp. Ill, 114— "Choris Peninsula, Alaska"; (?)Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 112, 1887 — Choris Peninsula, Kotzebue Sound, Alaska (one doubtful record, 1849); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 535, 1896 (monog.); Thayer, Auk, 28, pp. 153-155, pis. 2, 3, 1911— Wrangel Island, Siberia (breeding; descr. of nest and eggs); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 382, 1915 — Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, Siberia (breeding); Dixon, Auk, 35, pp. 387-404, 1918— Wain wright Inlet, Alaska (Aug. 15, 1914), and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (habits, food, nest, etc.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 303, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 237, 1927 (life hist.); Belopolski, Journ. Orn., 81, p. 424, 1933— Anadyr Bay, Siberia (Aug. 13; young descr.); Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia on the Chukchi Peninsula from Cape Vankarem to Plover Bay; winters in southern China, Hainan, and casually to Tenasserim, Arrakan, and Bengal; accidental in Alaska (Wainwright Inlet, Aug. 15, 1914). Genus EROLIA Vieillot Erolia Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn., p. 55, April, 1816 — type, by monotypy, Erolia variegata Vieillot =Scolopax testacea Pallas. Pelidna Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type, by monotypy,2 Tringa cinclus Linnaeus —Tringa alpina Linnaeus. Oerolia Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 24, p. 123» 1818 — emenda- tion of Erolia Vieillot. Pisobia Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 136, tab. A, 1828— type, by subs, desig. (A. 0. U. Committee, Auk, 25, p. 366, July, 1908), Tringa minuta Leister. Leimoniies Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 37, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Tringa temminckii Leisler. 1 Cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 72, 1899. 2 The two "species" listed by Cuvier are both referable to Tringa alpina. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ancylocheilus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 50, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Scolopax subarquata Guldenstadt=ScoJopaz testacea Pallas. Actodromas Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Thierw., p. 55, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Tringa minuta Leisler. Schoeniclus G. R. Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 104, 1844 — type, by subs, desig., Tringa cinclus Linnaeus =Tringa alpina Linnaeus. Arquatella Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 714, 717, 1858— type, by orig. desig., Tringa maritima Briinnich. Heteropygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 — type, by orig. desig., Tringa bonapariei Schlegel=Tnnj7a fuscicollis Vieillot. Delopygia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 190 (footnote)— substitute name for Heteropygia Coues. Limnocinclus Gould, Handb. Bds. Australia, 2, p. 254, 1865 — type, by subs. desig. (Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, p. 254, 1913), Totanus acuminatus Horsfield. Actia Heine, in Heine and Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Orn. Hein., p. 329, 1890 — new name for Arquatella Baird. Neopisobia Mathews, Bds. Australia, 3, (3), p. 245 (in text), Aug. 18, 1913 — type, by orig. desig., Totanus damacensis auct. (not of Horsfield) =Tringa subminuta Middendorff. *Erolia ruficollis (Pallas). RUFOUS-NECKED SANDPIPER. Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reisen Russ. Reich., 3, p. 700, 1776 — "circa lacus salsos Davuriae campestris"=Kulussutai, southern Transbaikalia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919. Limonites ruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 545, 767, 1896 (monog.); Thayer, Condor, 11, p. 173, 1909— Nome, Alaska (July 10, 1908); Buturlin, I.e., 12, p. 44, 1910 — (?) "America septentrionalis" (Branicki Collection). Pisobia minuta ruficollis Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 382, 1915 — Providence Bay and Cape Serdze, northeastern Siberia (breeding). Pisobia ruficollis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 290, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bailey, Condor, 26, p. 195, 1924— Cape Prince of Wales (June 11, 1921) and Wainwright (Aug. 15, 1922), Alaska; idem, I.e., 28, p. 32, 1926— same localities (breeding); Swarth, I.e., 29, p. 200, 1927— St. Paul Island, Pribilofs (Aug. 27, 1920); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 215, 1927 (life hist.); Ford, Auk, 51, p. 232, 1934— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (nest and eggs descr.); Hanna, Condor, 42, p. 122, 1940 — near Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (eggs descr.). Erolia ruficollis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 282, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Cape Serdze, Kooshka, Providence Bay, etc.) and northwestern Alaska (Cape Prince of Wales, Wainwright, Nome); winters from China and Japan south to Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Philippines, Malay 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 181 Archipelago, and Australia. One record for the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, Aug. 27, 1920). Field Museum Collection. — 1: Alaska (Nome, 1). Erolia subminuta (Middendorff). LONG-TOED STINT. Tringa subminuta Middendorff, Reise N. 0. und OstSibirien, 2, (2), p. 222, pi. 19, fig. 6, 1853 — west slope of Stanovoi Mountains (May 19) and mouth of Uda River (June 30), Siberia (cotypes probably in Leningrad Museum); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 438, 1887 (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, pp. 92-93, 1916 (nomencl.). Tringa damacensis (not Totanus damacensis Horsfield)1 Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 275, 1886— Otter Island, Alaska (June 8, 1885). Pisobia subminuta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (9), p. 300, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 73, 1923— Otter Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 213, 1927 (lite hist.). Erolia subminuta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range). Range.— Breeds in eastern Siberia south to Kamchatka and on the Commander and Kurile Islands, perhaps also on Sakhalin; winters in India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and Philippines; accidental in Alaska (Otter Island, Pribilof group, June 8, 1885). *Erolia minutilla (Vieillot). LEAST SANDPIPER. Tringa minutilla Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 466, 1819 — "en. Ame'rique jusqu'au dela du Canada, . . . souvent vu a Halifax, dans la Nouvelle-Ecosse, . . . dans les iles An tilles";= Halifax, Nova Scotia (as designated in A.O.U. Check-List, 4th ed., p. 120, 1931); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 48, 1864 — Wisconsin, Costa Rica, and Mexico (crit.); Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 476, 1866 — Trinidad; Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 165, pi. 15, fig. 3 (egg) = Arctic coast east of Anderson River, Mackenzie (eggs descr.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 591— Mexiana Island, Para, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 323— In- defatigable Island, Galapagos; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 456 (geog. distr.); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396— near Para; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1874, p. 179 — near Niakornaet, Omenakfjord, Greenland (spring, 1867); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561— Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 330 — between Tumbez and Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 313, 1887— West Indies (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 234, 1889 (descr.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 335— Bonaire Island (July 23); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (Dec.), 1 Totanus damacensis Horsfield (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, p. 192, 1821 — Java; type in British Museum) is a synonym of Trynga ruficollis Pallas (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, p. 92, 1916). 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Rio Frio, Costa Rica (Feb. 29); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 77, 1894— Moruga, Trinidad; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 162, 1898— Niakornak, Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902— Bonaire; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 54, 1906— Seelet, Trinidad (April); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Quibdo (Aug. 20 to Nov. 11), Juntas de Taman& (Dec. 20), Novitd (Dec. 24), Cali (Dec. 25), Palmira (Apr. 13), and Rio Frio (Dec. 2), Colombia. Tringa wilsonii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 121, 1834 — based on Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 5, p. 32, pi. 37, fig. 4, Nootka Sound, west coast of America (type now in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 299, 1919); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 196— Carthagena, Colombia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 — Cuyabd (Apr.) and Engenho do Cap Gama (Sept.), Matto Grosso, Brazil. Pelidna minutilla Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 141, 1841 — Galapagos Islands (crit.). Tringa pusilla (not of Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847— Tobago. Tringa nana Burmeister,1 Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 375, 1856 — Brazil (new name for Tringa minutilla Vieillot). Limonites minutilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 548, 767, 1896 (monog.); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 — Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 387, 1903 — Mexico to Panama; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 147, 1905— San Miguel Island, Pearl Archipelago, Panama (Mar. 10); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 553 — Margarita Island (Jan. 8); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 291, 1907 — Barranca (Aug. 10) and El Pozo de Terraba (April), Costa Rica; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 95, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro, March 7; Santa Rita, Rio Preto, May 4), Maranhao (above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Sept. 6), and Piauhy (Amaracao, Sept. 16-17), Brazil. Actodromas minutilla Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 — Bar- bados (July to October), Grenada, and San Vincent. Leimonites minutilla Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 (range); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 315 — Testigo Grande. Pisobia minutilla Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 — Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 197, 209, 236, 1909— Aruba, Bonaire, and Margarita Island (March 12); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 — Costa Rica (Chomez, Jan.; La Estrella de Cartage, Nov. 5); Todd, I.e., 7, p. 413, 1911 — New Providence and Great Inagua, Bahama Islands; Moore, Auk, 29, p. 210, 1912 — Magdalen Islands (nest- ing habits); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914— Marajo (Tapera, Sao Natal), Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918— 1 Tringa nana Lichtenstein (Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 92, 1854) is a nomen nudum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 183 Toro Point, Panama (Sept. 4); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267— Eten (Oct. 10) and Trujillo (Dec. 29), Peru; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 294, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922 — Cie"naga, Don Diego, Punto Caiman, and Gaira, Colombia (winter); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela (Feb., Mar.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Lago San Pablo (May 20-21), Ecuador; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 369, 1927 — Mona, Puerto Rico, and St. Croix; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 202, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 — Lower California (chiefly transient); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929— Maranhao (Mangunca Island, Mar. 8) and Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Jan. 8), Brazil; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 59, 1931— Charles, Albemarle, and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 163, 1931 — Hispaniola (winter); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932 — Guatemala; Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932 — Southampton Island (not found, doubts records). Erolia minutilla Ticehurst, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 53, p. 206, 1933 (downy young descr.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 283, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (winter); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad and Tobago (winter); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938— Ilha de Madre Deus (Jan.) and Cidade da Barra (Oct.), Bahia, Brazil; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938— El Salvador (Lake Olomega, Aug., Sept.; Puerto del Triunfo, Dec. 31, Jan. 8; Barra de Santiago, Apr. 1, 2); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza, Sept.). Range. — Breeds in North America south of the Barren Grounds1 from northwestern Alaska to Labrador, south to the upper Yukon Valley, northern part of British Columbia, Fort Churchill, the Magdalen Islands, Newfoundland, and Sable Island; winters from southern California, Texas, and North Carolina south through Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America to the Galapagos Islands, Peru (Eten, Lambayeque; Trujillo, Libertad; Chorillos, Lima),2 and southern Brazil (Matto Grosso and Bahia); casual in Greenland (three records) and in the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. — 297: Alaska (Bethel, 2); Yukon Terri- tory (Yukon River, 5); British Columbia (Sumas, 5; Okanagan, 4); 1 There would seem to be grave doubts as to the validity of the nesting records from Southampton Island and northward (cf. Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 138, 1932). 2 There is no record from Chile, included by certain authors in the winter range of the Least Sandpiper. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 2); Nova Scotia (Clarks Harbor, 5; Harrington, 2); Labrador (Indian Harbor, 3; Battle Harbor, 2); Montana (Miles City, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 10; Rocklake, Towner County, 9; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 3; Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Illinois (Rondout, Lake County, 1; Libertyville, 1; Mud Lake, Cook County, 4; Hyde Park, Cook County, 1; Chicago, 1; Worth, Cook County, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 12); Connecticut (New Haven County, 25; North Haven, 21; West Haven, 1; New Haven, 2; East Hartford, 5); New York (Suffolk County, 4); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 3); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 12; Bodie Island, 1); South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 1); Georgia (Roswell, Cobb County, 1); Florida (Anclote, Pasco County, 19; Amelie Island, Nassau County, 4; East Pass, Okaloosa County, 1; Key West, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 13; Austin, 1; Rockport, 4); Arizona (Fort Lowell, Pima County, 2) ; California (Carmel, Monte- rey County, 1; Salt Lagoons, Monterey County, 2; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 5; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 4; Sunset Beach, Orange County, 3; Corona, Riverside County, 4; Inverness, Marin County, 3; Red Bluff, Tehama County, 3; Rincon, Ventura County, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1; Salinas, Coahuila, 2; Pacaitun, Cam- peche, 1); Bahama Islands (Andros Island, 27; Great Inagua Island, 4; Nassau, New Providence Island, 2; Eleuthera Island, 2; Mari- guana Island, 3) ; Jamaica (Grand Cayman Island, 4) ; Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 4); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 5); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 2; San Jose", 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, 1); Costa Rica (Lim6n, Limon, 1); Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 1; Margarita Island, 1); Brazil (Mangunca Island, Maranhao, 1); Peru (Pacasmayo, Liber- tad, 1). Conover Collection. — 29: Manitoba (Churchill, 6); North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County, 2) ; Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 3; Rock- port, 1; Pigeon Cove, 1); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 3; Point Magie, Ventura County, 1; Goleta, Santa Barbara County, 2); Mexico (Altamira, Tamaulipas, 1); Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 1); Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 2; Malacatos, Loja, 1; Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Santare'm, Para, 3). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 185 Erolia fuscicollis (Vieillot).1 WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. Tringa fuscicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 461, 1819 — based on "Chorlito pestorejo pardo" Azara, No. 404, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 263, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1878, pp. 68, 404 — province of Buenos Aires (April, Oct.) and Patagonia (valleys of the Sengel and Sengelen rivers, Chubut); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 438— Falkland Islands; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16 — Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan (Jan. 4); White, I.e., 1883, p. 42— La Plata, Buenos Aires (Nov. 3); Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884— Entre Rios (Concepcion del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Carhu6, Mar.- April); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 36, 1887— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco (Jan. 22); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel Island; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 235, 1889 (descr.; West Indian references and localities); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1890— Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 127, 1891— Punta Arenas (Nov. 7), Tierra del Fuego (Bahia Orange, Sept. 9; Bahia Buen Suceso, Oct. 30), and Falkland Islands (French Bay, Mar. 7); Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 151 — Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar (Mar. to Aug.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 150, 1893— Chapada, Matto Grosso (Oct.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 163, 1898— Greenland; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 128, 1907— Useless Bay Settlement (Sept. 17, 1904); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 — Engenho do Gama, Rio GuaporS, Brazil (ex Pelzeln); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910— Rio Grande near Barra, Bahia (Apr. 8); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468— Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Aj6, Jan. 23, Mar. 15, Oct. 27; Cape San Antonio, Dec. 17) and Corrientes (Esquina, Nov. 14); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 67 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Oct. to Mar.). Tringa campestris (not of Vieillot, 1819) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 74, 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856— Brazil (descr.); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878— C6rdoba. Pelidna schinzi (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 131, 1841— Tierra del Fuego. Tringa bonapartei(ii) Schlegel, Rev. Crit. Ois. d'Eur., p. Ixxxix, 1844 — based mainly on Tringa schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm) Temminck, Man. d'Orn., 4, p. 401, 1840, North America, accidental in England (type in Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 42, 1864); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 387, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156— East Falkland (said to breed!); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 42, 1864 — Labrador, Illinois, Wis- consin, Mexico, Surinam, Chile (Santiago, Sept.), and East Falkland (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; idem 1 Tringa cooperi Baird (Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 716, 1858— Raynor South, Long Island, New York; type in U. S. National Museum), known from a single example, differs only by decidedly larger size; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 289, 1919. Its status remains doubtful. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Salvin, I.e., p. 591 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; iidem, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (winter); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Sept.; Caigara, Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug., Oct.), and Amazonas (Marabitanas, Rio Negro, May), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 186 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455 (South American localities; crit.); Taczanowski, 'I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Laguna Villa, near Chorillos, Lima, Peru; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 445, 1887 (crit.). Pelidna americana Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 292 — new name for Tringa schinzii "Bonaparte" (not of Brehm, 1822). Tringa melanotus (not Tringa melanotos Vieillot) Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 472, 1866— Trinidad. Heteropygia fuscicollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 574, 768, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 — Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego (Jan.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 438, 1899— Ypiranga and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 626, 1900— Penguin Rookery, Staten Island (Feb.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 391, 1903 — Mexico (Tizimin, Yucatan; Cozumel), Nicaragua (Momotombo), and Panama (Lion Hill); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54,. 1907 — Sao Paulo and Iguape", Sao Paulo; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (May 16, Sept. 10), and Mocovi, Santa Fe" (Jan. 18); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Pata- gonia, 2, Orn., p. 327, 1910 — Palaike, near Port Gallegos, Santa Cruz (Jan. 18). Actodromas fuscicollis Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905 — Barbados and St. Vincent. Pisobia fuscicollis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908— Cayenne (Oct. 19); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Sneth- lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914— Braganca, Para; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 372, 1916— Las Guacos, San Felix River, Orinoco, Venezuela (May); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 151, 1917— Port Stanley, Falkland Islands (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 284, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 113, 1920 (range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Lagunillas, Me>ida, Venezuela (May 10); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 154, 1926 — Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) and Argentina (Dolores, Cape San Antonio, Bahfa Blanca, Guamini, Buenos Aires) (crit.); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 371, 1927— Puerto Rico and Culebrita (transient); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 9, 1927 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Argentina (Rio Ajo and Carhue, Buenos Aires; Bahia Blanca); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 181, 1927 (life hist.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 494, 1929 — Carolina, lower Tocantins, Goyaz (Nov. 6); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 — Las Taperas, Santa 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 187 Cruz, Bolivia (Oct. 16); Bradlee and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (fall transient); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 393, 1932— Chile (Santiago); Sutton, Mem. Carnegie Mus., 12, (2), sec. 2, p. 128, 1932 — Southampton Island (nesting); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Des- calvados, Matto Grosso (Sept. 4); Taverner and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 23, p. 41, 1934 — Churchill (common transient); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa F6 (April); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — Otaries Island and Cape Austin, Cape Horn region; Beatty, Auk, 53, p. 456, 1936 — St. Croix (transient); Bray, I.e., 60, p. 522, 1943 — Crozier River, Melville Peninsula (breeding). Erolia fuscicollis Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921 — Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 292— Trinidad; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935— Panama; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 141, 1938— Bahia (Cidade da Barra, Oct.; Ilha Madre Deus, Jan., Feb.; Corupe"ba, Jan.), Goyaz (In- humas, Nov.), and Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, June; Sao Carlos; Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Oct.; Iguape", Mar.); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Brazil (lower Rio Purus) and Bolivia, El Beni (Cachuela Esperanza; Riberalta; Victoria); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 229, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Calidris fuscicollis Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 — Falkland Islands (Sept. to Apr.). Range. — Breeds along the Arctic coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Baffin Island and Southampton Island; migrates, east of the Rocky Mountains, chiefly through the Missis- sippi Valley and winters in southern South America (chiefly east of the Andes) from Paraguay and southern Brazil to Cape Horn and the Falkland Islands; casual in Greenland (various records). Field Museum Collection. — 120: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1); Labrador (Anatolak Bay, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 29); Massachusetts (South Chatham, 4; Monomoy Island, 9; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (North Haven, 3; West Haven, 3; New Haven County, 5; Branford, 1; Guilford, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 42; Hope, Steele County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1) ; Bahama Islands (Great Inagua, 1) ; Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 1; Martinique, 2); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 3); Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 3); Argentina (Rio Parana, Misiones, 1). Conover Collection. — 25: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Keewatin, Southampton Island (Koodlootook River, 1; Coral Inlet, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 3); South Dakota (Harrison, Douglas County, 1); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 8); New York (Owasco 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lake, Cayuga County, 1); Kansas (Douglas County, 2); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); Brazil (Carolina, Maranhao, 3); Paraguay (Horqueta, 1). • *Erolia bairdii (Coues). BAIRD'S SANDPIPER. Actodromas (Actodromas) bairdii Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 194 — "North America, east of the Rocky Mountains" (type, from Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie [May 19], in U. S. National Museum). Schaeniclus schinzii (not Tringa schinzii Brehm, 1822) G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 105, 1844— Chile (spec, examined). Tringa sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — Riobamba, Ecuador. Tringa bairdi(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 332, 339— Chile; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, I.e., 1868, pp. 176, 570— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 151— Walvisch Bay, Damara Land (Oct. 24, 1863); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 455 — Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— Moho Lake, Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 359, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 444, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaca, Chile; Cherrie, Auk, 12, p. 87, 1895 — Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (June 8); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 311 — Cancosa, Sacaya, and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Jourdain, I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 6 (egg)— Point Barrow, Alaska (eggs descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468— Tuyu (Nov. 22) and Los Yngleses (Dec. 19), Ajo, Buenos Aires. Tringa maculata (not of Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 754 — Xeberos, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 — part, Xeberos; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404 — Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined). Tringa melanotos (not of Vieillot) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 — Cordoba. Heteropygia bairdii(i) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 570, 768, 1896 (monog.); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 188, 1899 — Barrington Island, Galapagos (Oct. 6) ; Salvadori and festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900 — marshes near Canar (Oct.) and Vinces (Sept.), Ecuador; Butterfield, Auk, 18, p. 190, 1901 — Sussex, England; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 390, 1903 — Mexico (Sonora; Aguas Calientes; Zacatecas; Tres Marias; City of Mexico; Puebla; Las Vegas and Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 102, 1906— Cerro de la Candelaria, near Escazu, Costa Rica (Oct.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 126, 1906 — Huaynapata, Peru (Nov.); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 32, 1909 — San Carlos, Cuba (Oct. 15); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910— 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 189 Cordoba, Tucuman, "Misiones," and Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 324, 1910— near Rio Coy, western Santa Cruz (Sept. 30); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 268— Peru (Lurin, Aug. 30) and Bolivia (Chililaya, Titicaca, Oct. 26; Challapata, Oruro, Oct. 11-12); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— La Carolina (Oct. to March, June 7) and Tumbaco (Oct. 7), Ecuador. Pisobia bairdi(i) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 — -San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 18); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 384, 1915— northeastern Alaska (Demarcation Point, June, breeding; Herschel Island, Aug.) and Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia (Providence Bay, June 11); Dixon, Condor, 19, p. 77, 1917 — Griffin Point, Alaska (breeding habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 279, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.) ; Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 114, 1920 (winter range in Argentina); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 173, 1921— Vega Redonda (Calle de los Piuquenes), Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923— Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Sept. 12, Oct. 21); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923— La Rioja; Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1926— Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Lake Colta (Apr. 5), Loja, and Lake Papallacta (Oct. 22), Ecuador; Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 31, 1926— Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska (breeding); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 427, 1926— Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro (Sept. 6); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 154, 1926— near Guaminf, Buenos Aires (March 5); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 10, 1927 — Argentina (wintering range); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 193, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928— Lower California (rare transient); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 56, 1930— San Jose" (Sept. 9) and Las Taperas (Oct. 16), Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 393, 1932 — Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile); Wetmore, Auk, 50, p. 433, 1933 (extralimital records); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 247, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Oct.); Dixon, Bds. Mamm., Mt. McKinley Nat. Park, p. 83, 1938 (nesting); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939— Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 27); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (nesting); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 523, 1943— Melville Peninsula (nesting). Erolia bairdii(i) Wa.ce, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 434, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. 3); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 176, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 465, 646 — Huancavelica (Sept. 18), Astobamba (Nov. 3), Santa Inez (Nov. 11), and Lake Junfn (Jan. 20 to Apr. 9), Peru; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 230, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Calidris bairdii Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 323 — Falkland Islands. Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Koljuchin Bay, Chukchi Peninsula) and along the Arctic coast of North America from north- western Alaska to Baffin Island, south to central Alaska (Igiak Bay, 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bering Sea; Mount McKinley), Mackenzie (Aylmer Lake) and Southampton Island; migrates chiefly between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi Valley and winters in Chile, western (rarely in eastern) Argentina, and Patagonia; casual in Central America (a few records from El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), Galapagos Islands (Barrington Island, Oct. 6), Cuba (San Carlos, Oct. 15), Dominica (Oct. 1), and Venezuela (Ocumare de la Costa, Oct. 27); accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record), British Isles, and southwestern Africa (Walvisch Bay, Damara Land, Oct. 24, 1863). Field Museum Collection. — 127: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Prince of Wales, 1; Nome, 2; Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Okanagan, 7; Sumas Lake, 4); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 13; Lake Johnson, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 16; Cando, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 19); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 4); Nebraska (Gresham, York County, 1); Colorado (Troublesome, Grand County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2) ; Illinois (Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook' County, 1) ; In- diana (Miller, Lake County, 2) ; Michigan (Harbert, Berrien County, 1); Connecticut (West Haven, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1); Cali- fornia (Carmel, Monterey County, 10; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Pacific Beach, San Diego County, 1); Costa Rica (Tierra Blanca, Cartago, 1); Ecuador (Paramba, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1); Peru (Lake Junin, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 2; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Oruro, Oruro, 1; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 11; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 4; Mount Sajama, Carangas, Oruro, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1); Argentina (Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 5; Alaktak River, Barrow, 4; Igiak Bay, Bering Sea, 4; False Pass, Alaska Peninsula, 1); British Columbia (Sumas Lake, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2; Camrose, 2); Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 1); California (Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1); Costa Rica (Volcan Tur- rialba, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 5; Cacas, Cochabamba, 1). *Erolia melanotos (Vieillot). PECTORAL SANDPIPER. Tringa melanotos Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 462, 1819 — based on "Chorlito lomo negro" Azara, No. 401, Paraguay. Tringa maculata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 465, 1819 — "aux lies Antilles et dans les parties me'ridionales des Etats-Unis" (no type extant); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 39, 1864 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 191 (crit.); L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 474, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — upper Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 598— Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Sept., Nov.) and Matto Grosso (Caicara, Sept., Oct.; Engenho do Gama, Sept.; Villa Bella, Aug.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 309 — part, upper Ucayali and Chamicuros, Peru; iidem, I.e., p. 455 — Guatemala, Panama, Peru, and southern Brazil; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 560 — Chorillos (Lima) and Lake Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., p. 678 — Paucartambo, Cuzco, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 261, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 43 — Chubut Valley, Patagonia; idem, I.e., 1878, p. 68 — Buenos Aires (Oct. to April); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 — Entre RIos (Conception del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Carhue", Mar .-Apr.); Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 356, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 108, pi. 8, 1887— St. Michaels, Alaska (nesting; descr. mating display); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 235, 1889 (West Indian references and localities); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890— San Jose", Costa Rica (Sept. to Nov.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Tarapaca, Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 — Fortm Page, lower Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar (March to Aug.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 35, 1897— Caiza, Tarija, Bolivia (Feb.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310— Rio Pilmaiquen, Valdivia, Chile (Feb. 22); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 162, 1898— Greenland; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cie"naga, Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232— marshes near Quito, Ecuador; Jourdain, I.e., 1907, p. 518, pi. 11, fig. 5 — Point Barrow, Alaska (egg descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 425, 1910 — Sao Isabel, Rio Preto, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Oct. 3); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 468 — Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo, Jan. 6, Sept. 11-Mar. 19), Paraguay (Medano, Sept. 16), and Matto Grosso (Porto Esperanca, Sept. 25); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 66 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Sept. to March). Pelidna pectoraHs Say, Long's Exp. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 171, 1823 — near Council Bluffs, Iowa (type lost); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 195, 1855— Chile. Tringa dorsalis (Lichtenstein MS.) Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.- Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., 1, p. 107, 1834— based on "Chorlito a dos noir" Azara, No. 401, plateaux of southern Peru;1 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 374, 1856— southern Brazil, Montevideo and Chile (descr.); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860— Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 503, 1861— Mendoza. 1 Meyen states that his Peruvian specimen differs from those of Mexico and Montevideo by smaller size, but does not describe either of them. Tringa dorsalis, here published for the first time from Lichtenstein's manuscript, thus stands as a name proposed for Azara's No. 401, quoted by Meyen as "Chorlito a dos noir" from the French translation of the "Apuntamientos," and becomes a synonym of T. melanotos, having the same basis. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIIT Tringa pedoralis Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 375, 1847 — Tobago; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 556, 1858 — Riobamba, Ecuador; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11 — Nanortalik, Greenland; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878— Cordoba (March). Tringa dominicensis Degland, Orn. Europ., 2, p. 232, 1849 — based on "Alouette de mer de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 219, pi. 24, fig. 1, San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Tringa acuminata pedoralis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 443, 1887 (crit.). Tringa bairdi (not Actodromas bairdi) Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 209 — Uruguay (April 3). Heteropygia maculata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 562, 767, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 660, 1898 — Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 437, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900 — lagoon of Kingora (Nov.), near Canar (Oct.), and Quito (Aug.), Ecuador; Salvadori, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 15, 1900 — Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 213, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc.. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 389, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities), Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica (San Jose1, Laguna de Cartago, Re- ventazon), and Panama; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 446, 453 — Jujuy (Moreno, Dec.) and Bolivia (San Luis and Zapataro, Tarija, Feb., March) ; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Puno, Peru (March); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 54, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape", Sao Sebas- tiao), Amazonas (Rio Jurua), and Venezuela (Merida); Hartert and Ven- turi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 25, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Feb. 11); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 220, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 267— Peru (Junin, Feb. 20; Chorillos, May 5); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 25, 1922— La Carolina, Quito, Ecuador (Oct., Nov.). Actodromas maculata Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905 — Barbados (July to Nov.), Grenada, Grenadines, and St. Vincent; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 23, 1908— Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil (Aug. 15). Pisobia maculata Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no records from French Guiana); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 196, 1909 — Aruba, Dutch West Indies; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 — Costa Rica (San Jose, Sept. 7; Ochomogo; Buenos Aires de Terraba, May 26-29; San JosS, May 19; Azahar de Cartago, Oct. 20, Nov. 3); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 92, 1914 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, Brazil; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — upper Rio Parana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 224, 1917— Quibd6, Colombia (Sept. 1- Nov. 11); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 246, 1918— Mindi, Panama (Oct.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 269, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 14, 1920 — San Jose and Montevideo, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 112, 1920 (winter range in Argentina and neighboring countries); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 193 Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922— Cienaga, Colombia (Sept. 12-14); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 297, 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro (Oct.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 199, 1926— Quito, Ecuador (Aug. 17); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 31, 1926 — Alaska (breeding); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 307, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; courtship); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 169, 1927 (life hist.); Wetmore, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., p. 9, 1927 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Uruguay, Argentina (Tunuyan; Rio Negro); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928 — Lower California (fall transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 135, 1932— Guatemala. Pisobia pectoralis Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 5, p. 15, 1914 — Nijni Kolymsk, Siberia (breeding); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 383, 1915 — Humphrey and Demarcation Points, Alaska (breeding). Pisobia melanotos Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 153, 1926 — Para- guay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Buenos Aires (near Lavalle, Oct.; Carhu6, Dec. 15), Uruguay (Lazcano), and Mendoza (nomencl.); idem, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 370, 1927 — Puerto Rico and St. Croix (transient); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 168, 1927 — Bovril Islands, Santa Fe (Jan. 19); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 81, 1930 — Paraguay (Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Agua Blanca de Corumba); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 56, 1930— San JosS, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (Sept. 9); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 318, 1931— Bermuda Islands (fall transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 164, 1931— Hispaniola (visitor); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 394, 1932— Chile (winter); Brooks, Auk, 53, p. 81, 1936— New Zealand, Australia; idem, Ibis, 1939, p. 452, pi. 8, fig. 2 — Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1939 — Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (Mar., April); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 28, 1943 — coast east of Mackenzie Delta (nesting). Erolia melanotos Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 307, 1935 — Panama (transient); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Trinidad (Oropuche Lagoon, Oct. 12) and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 142, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua, Aug.), Sao Paulo (IguapS, Nov.; Sao Sebastiao, Nov.), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy, Oct., Nov.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 175, 1938— Lake Olomega (Aug. 1, 29 and Sept. 4, 6) and Barra de Santiago (Apr. 4), El Salvador; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 647 — Lake Junm, Peru (Jan. to April 9); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 22, p. 44, 1945— Joao Pessoa, Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, I.e., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945 — Bolivia (Cachuela Esperanza and Victoria, El Beni; San Luis, Tarija). Pisobia melanotis Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 56, 1938 — Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (April). Range. — Breeds on the Arctic coasts of northeastern Siberia (Nijni Kolymsk) and North America from Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, to Southampton Island, and on the west shore of Hudson Bay to the Nelson River; migrates chiefly through the interior and along the 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Atlantic coast; winters in South America from Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina to Chile and Patagonia (Chubut Valley); occasional in Greenland; casual in British Isles, France, and Norway; accidental in Hawaiian Islands (Kaahualu, Kau, Hawaii, Oct. 14, 1900). Field Museum Collection. — 221: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Point Hope, 1; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 4; Tocatna, 4; Bethel, 1; Unalaska, 1; Yukon Delta, 1) ; Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 2) ; Alberta (Beaver- hill Lake, 2); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 2; Maple Creek, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 44; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 4; Oakes, Dickey County, 1; Island Lake, Rolette County, 1; Hope, Steele County, 1); Maine (Scarboro, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 10; Chatham, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1); Connecticut (Guilford, 13; West Haven, 3; North Haven, 1; East Hartford, 3; New Haven County, 10; Hamden, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9); Illinois (Worth, Cook County, 6; Hyde Park [Chicago], Cook County, 2; Chicago, 1); Indiana (Liver- pool, Lake County, 1); Kansas (Ottawa County, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 2) ; Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 2) ; North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 6; Pea Island, Dare County, 1; Hatteras, 1); Florida (Amelie Island, Nassau County, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 3); California (Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1); Bahamas (Mariguana Island, 1) ; Puerto Rico (unspecified, 1) ; Jamaica (Grand Cayman Island, 2); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 2; Guadeloupe, 1); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio Lake, Rivas, 1); Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1); Panama (Frances, Chiriqui, 1); Vene- zuela (Culata, Merida, 5; Catatumbo, Zulia, 12); Ecuador (Ibarra, Imbabura, 1); Peru (Yurimaguas, Loreto, 2; Lagunas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Desaguadero, La Paz, 9; Guaqui, La Paz, 9; Vacas, Cocha- bamba, 1) ; Paraguay (Colonia Nueva Italia, 2) ; Argentina, Misiones (Rio Parana, 2; Caraguatay, 1). Conover Collection. — 34: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8); Yukon Territory (Marsh Lake, 1) ; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Illinois (Lake George, Cook County, 1; Wheaton, Du Page County, 5); Mexico (Ocosingo, Chiapas, 2); Colombia (Popayan, Cauca, 3); Brazil (Obidos, Para, 6); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 2; Desaguadero, La Paz, 1); Paraguay (Orloff, Chaco, 4); Argentina (Sierra de San Javier, Tucuman, 1). *Erolia acuminata (Horsfield). SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. Totamis acuminatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13, (1), p. 192, 1821 — Java (type apparently lost). 1948 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 195 Tringa acuminata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 441, 1887 (crit.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 106, pi. 7, 1887— St. Michaels (common fall migrant); Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 20, 1901 — St. Paul Lagoon, Pribilof Islands (second record). Heteropygia acuminata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 566, 1896 (monog.). Pisobia acuminata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 276, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 70, 1923— Pribilof Islands (fall migrant); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 238, 1925— Unalaska Island; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 167, 1927 (life hist.); Ball, Auk, 47, p. 417, 1930— Olema, California (1870); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 32, 1934— Nunivak Island; Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198, 1943 — Washington (Westport; Nisqually). Pisobia aurita Anthony, Auk, 39, p. 106, 1922 — Mission Bay, San Diego County, California. Erolia acuminata Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 284, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northeastern Siberia from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Chukchi Peninsula; winters in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia, and on South Pacific Islands; during autumn migration in Alaska (Kotzebue Sound and Bering Sea coast), on the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; occasional in British Columbia (Comox, Oct. 4, 1903; Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands), Washington (Westport, Nisqually), and Cali- fornia (San Diego, Sept. 16, 1921); casual in the Hawaiian Islands (three records) ; accidental in the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. — 9: Alaska (St. Michaels, 4; St. George Island, 1; Bethel, 2; Unalaska, 2). *Erolia maritima (Briinnich). PURPLE SANDPIPER. Tringa maritima Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764 — Christianso and Norway; Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr. (Kr0yer), 4, p. 408, 1843— Greenland; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 428, 1887 (crit.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 164, 1898— Greenland. Arquatella maritima Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 578, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 239, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 146, 1927 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda Islands (St. George's Harbor; sight record). Calidris maritima maritima L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 55, 1932 — Shannon, Sabine, and Clavering Islands, Greenland (breeding). Erolia maritima Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Trautman, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 46, 1944— Ohio; Soper, Auk, 63, p. 228, 1946— Baffin Island (migration; probably nesting). Range. — In North America breeds from Melville and Ellesmere Islands south to Melville Peninsula and Baffin Island and in Green- land; also in Iceland, on the Faroes, and on the Arctic coasts of 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII northern Europe and Asia east to the Taimyr Peninsula, including Spitsbergen, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land; winters on the Atlantic coast of America from southern Greenland to Long Island, casually to southern Florida and shores of the Great Lakes (Cleveland, Ohio, June, 1895; Cook County, Illinois, Nov., 1886); also in Iceland, northern and western Europe. Field Museum Collection. — 29: Greenland (Godhaven, Disko Island, 4; Godthaab, 1; Nanortalik, 1); Baffin Land (Franklin, 2); Prince Edward Island (Malpeque, 1); New Brunswick (Grand Manan Island, 8; unspecified, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Maine (unspecified, 1; Matinicus, Knox County, 1); Massachusetts (Bristol County, 2); Connecticut (Stamford, 1; New Haven County, 1; Branford, 1; Stony Creek, New Haven County, 1; New Haven Harbor, 1). Conover Collection. — 21: Greenland (Godthaab, 7; Nanortalik, 1); Massachusetts, Essex County (Rockport, 8; Pigeon Cove, 4); Con- necticut (Branford, New Haven County, 1). *Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko).1 ALASKAN SANDPIPER. Arquatella maritima tschuktschorum Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, p. 225, 1937 — "Terrae Tschuktschorum" (type from Uelen in coll. of L. Portenko). Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 — part, St. Michaels; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, 1887— St. Michaels (migration Aug., Oct.). Tringa ptilocnemis Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887 — part, St. Lawrence Island (nesting). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. o. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 583, 1896 — part, spec, a-w, St. Michaels and Port Etolin, Alaska. lErolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum (Portenko): Nearest to E. p. couesi but in breeding plumage is darker, more reddish, less ochraceous, above, with the white tips to the feathers broader and more conspicuous because of the generally darker appearance of the bird as a whole. This darker hue is brought about by the light edges to the feathers being narrower and dark reddish instead of dark buff. Winter and immature birds are indistinguishable. Size slightly larger. From the typical race it differs in breeding dress by having the light edges to the feathers of the upper parts dark reddish, not reddish clay color; the rump, primaries, secondaries and upper wing coverts darker, with narrow white edges to latter; and the crown of the head darker, less grayish. The under parts also have a darker appearance. The winter and immature plumages are much darker. Additional material examined. — Siberia: Emma Harbor, 14; East Cape, 3; Cape Serdze, 1. — Alaska: St. Lawrence Island, 18; Wales, 22; Norton Sound, 1; St. Michaels, 19; Hooper Bay, 1; Nunivak Island, 16; St. Paul Island, 4; Admiralty Island, 3; Sitka, 1; Juneau, 1; Forrester Island, 9. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 197 Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 — part, St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound; Friedmann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 80, art. 12, p. 19, 1932— St. Lawrence Island (nesting); Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 124, 1944 — Nunivak Island (nesting). Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 — part, northeastern Siberia, St. Lawrence Island, and coast of Alaska (Kotzebue Sound to Sitka); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 159, 1927— part, except Aleutian Islands; Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934 — Nunivak Island (part, breeding population); Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 198, 1943 — Smith Island, San Juan County, Washington. Arquatella maritima couesi Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 66, 1923— Pribilof Islands (St. Paul, Sept. to Nov.; Northeast Point, April 24; St. George Island, Feb. 12); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925— Wales, Alaska (nesting); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 306, 1926 — Point Dall (migration), Igiak Bay (nesting?). Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, St. Lawrence Island only. Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, except Aleutian Islands. Erolia ptilocnemis tschuktschorum Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 174, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range). Range. — Known to nest in Siberia (Emma Harbor, on Providence Bay), on St. Lawrence and Nunivak Islands and at Wales, Alaska, but probably breeds on the Chukchi Peninsula, Siberia, and in suit- able localities between Cape Prince of Wales and Hooper Bay, Alaska. Winters on the Pacific coast of North America from the Alaska Peninsula south to Washington and occasionally north- western Oregon; probably also on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Field Museum Collection. — 71: Siberia (Kolintschin Bay, 1); Alaska (St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 1; St. Michaels, 58; St. George Island, 1; Forrester Island, 5); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2). Conover Collection. — 26: Alaska (Nome, 1; Topkok, 2; Hooper Bay, 12; False Pass, 1; Wrangell, 3; Craig, Prince of Wales Island, 1); British Columbia (Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington (Jefferson County, 4). *Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis (Coues). PRIBILOF SANDPIPER. Tringa ptilocnemis Coues, in H. W. Elliot, Rep. Seal Ids., Alaska, unpaged, note "1873"=Jan., 1874— St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 500, 1874 (reprint orig. descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 105, 1887 — part, Fur Seal Islands and St. Mathews. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tringa gracilis Harting, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 4-6, after June 20, 1874 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (type in collection of J. E. Harting, now in British Museum). Arquatella ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 163, 1880 (diag.; crit.); Hanna, Condor, 23, p. 50, 1921 — part, except St. Lawrence Island (life hist.). Tringa maritima ptilocnemis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 431, 1887 (crit.). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. /3. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896 — part, spec, a-e, St. George and St. Paul Islands, Pribilof group (monog.). Arquatella ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 244, 1919 — part, except St. Lawrence Island and Norton Sound (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 152, 1927 — part, except St. Lawrence Island (life hist.); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 29, 1934— Nunivak Island (Oct. 5). Arquatella maritima ptilocnemis Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 67, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (nesting; habits; food); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 307, 1926— Point Dall (May 23), Igiak Bay (July 23). Erolia ptilocnemis ptilocnemis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, except St. Lawrence Island; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 170, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range). Range. — Breeds in Bering Sea on the Pribilof, St. Matthew and Hall Islands. Winter range not well known, but the bird leaves the Pribilofs by October and has been found sparingly either on migra- tion or wintering at Hooper Bay (May 23), Nunivak Island (Oct. 5), and on the Alaska Peninsula and southern Alaska. Field Museum Collection. — 15: Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, 11; St. George Island, 4). Conover Collection. — 2: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 2). *Erolia ptilocnemis couesi (Ridgway). ALEUTIAN SANDPIPER. Arquatella couesi Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 5, No. 3, p. 160, July, 1880— "Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to St. Michael" (type from Chicagoff Harbor, Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, in the U. S. National Museum). Tringa couesi Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 2, p. 147, 1886 — part, Aleutian Islands; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 103, pi. 6, 1887— Aleutian Islands (nesting; life hist.). Tringa maritima couesi Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 430, 1887 (crit.). [Arquatella maritima} subsp. a. Arquatella couesi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 583, 1896 — part, spec, x-a1, Unalaska and Atka Islands. Arquatella maritima couesi Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 38, p. 50, 1911 — Atka, Agattu and Attu Islands. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 199 Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 — part, Aleutian Islands only (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 159, 1927 — part, Aleutian Islands only (life hist.). Erolia ptilocnemis couesi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 — part, Aleutian Islands only; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 173, 1944 (dist. chars.; plumages; range); Sutton and Wilson, Condor, 48, p. 88, 1946— Attu Island (wintering, Feb. 20-Mar. 18). Range. — Resident on the Aleutian and Shumagin Islands. Prob- ably intergrading with E. p. tschuktschorum on the Alaska Peninsula. Perhaps straggling in winter to the coast of southeastern Alaska. Field Museum Collection. — 7: Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, 6); Alaska Peninsula (Pavlof Bay, 1). Conover Collection. — 3: Aleutian Islands (Shemya Island, Semichi Islands, 3). Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert.1 COMMANDER ISLAND SAND- PIPER. Erolia maritima quarta Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 137, 1920 — Bering Island (type in the Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). [Arquatella maritima] subsp. 0. Arquatella ptilocnemis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 584, 1896— part, spec, f, Bering Island. Arquatella ptilocnemis couesi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 247, 1919 — part, Bering Island. Arquatella maritima couesi Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 236, 1925 — part, Wales, Alaska, No. 8962 only. Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range) ; Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 29, p. 177, 1944— Wales, Alaska (dist. chars.; range). Range. — Breeding and probably resident on the Commander Islands. One record for Alaska (Wales, June 8). Erolia alpina arctica Schi01er.2 GREENLAND DUNLIN. 1 Erolia ptilocnemis quarta Hartert: This race has the light edgings to the mantle, scapulars and tertials so broad that the dorsal surface has the appearance of being almost solid rufescent. Males, wing 117-126, culmen 25-28; females, wing 120-128, culmen 27-32.5 mm. The specimen taken on Attu Island and referred provisionally by Bent (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 160, 1927) to quarta has been examined by the junior author and in his opinion is not nearly rusty enough for that race but simply a rather aberrant specimen of couesi. The example mentioned by Bailey (Condor, 27, p. 238, 1925) from Wales, Alaska, however, agrees in size and the redness of the dorsal surface with a breeding series from Bering Island. Specimens examined. — Bering Island, 9. — Alaska, Wales, 1. 2 Erolia alpina arctica Schi01er: Nearest toE. a. alpina, but smaller, being about the size of E. a. schinzii, of the Baltic countries; dorsal coloration less reddish, more brownish. Wing, 107-113, (female) 109-118; bill, 24-28, (female) 29-32. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Erolia alpina arctica Schiller, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 16, Nos. 1-2, p. 19, May, 1922 — northeastern Greenland (type, not specified, in coll. of E. L. Schi01er, now in Copenhagen Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 285, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937— Massachusetts (dist. chars.). Tringa schinzii (not of Brehm, 1822) Holboll, Naturh. Tidskr., 4, p. 409, 1843— Nanortalik; Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 11— Greenland. Tringa alpina (not of Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 169, 1898 — Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 136, 1910 — Stormkap, north- eastern Greenland (breeding habits). Calidris alpina arctica L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 60, 1932 — northeastern Greenland (crit.; habits); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Ergan- zungsband, p. 472, 1936 (crit.); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 144— Green- land (crit.; meas.); H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, p. 38, 1941 — Greenland. Range. — Eastern Greenland (migration route and winter range unknown).1 (?) Accidental in Massachusetts. *Erolia alpina pacifica (Coues). RED-BACKED SANDPIPER; AMERICAN DUNLIN. Tringa alpina var. americana (not Pelidna americana Brehm 1855) Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 719, 1858 — temperate regions of North America (crit.; no type designated). Pelidna pacifica Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 189 (in text) — Semiahmoo, Whatcom County, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum, No. 9540; cf. Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 121, 1885). Pelidna alpina pacifica Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 120, 1885— Bering Island (crit.; nomencl.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 200, 1917 (crit.); Bishop, Condor, 40, p. 225, 1938 (correct name for American birds). Tringa alpina pacifica Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 427, 1887 (crit.); Dwight, Auk, 17, p. 381, 1900 (plumages). Pelidna americana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 608, 769, 1896 (monog.; in part). Pelidna alpina sakhalina (not of Vieillot) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 262, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 308, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 221, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 91, 1928— Lower California (winter); Hurley, Murrelet, 13, p. 19, 1932 — Nakeen, Bristol Bay, Alaska (nesting); Van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. 1 It is probable that most, if not all, of the records of Erolia alpina alpina (Linnaeus) from eastern North America (Fort Churchill, Keewatin; Shinnecock Bay, Long Island, Sept. 15, 1892; Chatham, Mass., Aug. 11, 1900) really pertain toE. a. arctica (cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 257, 1919; Bent, I.e., 142, p. 221, 1927, s.n. Pelidna a. alpina). Griscom (Auk, 54, pp. 71-72, 1937), in fact, on reexamination found the Chatham bird to be arctica. Another (crippled) example shot at Cape Cod, Massachusetts, on August 16, 1936, he believes to be referable to the European E. alpina alpina (Linnaeus), mainly on account of its long bill (culmen 37.2 mm.). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 201 Mich., 255, p. 2, 1933— Brownsville, Texas (wintering); Swarth, Pac. Coast Avifauna, 22, p. 33, 1934 — Nunivak Island (nesting). Erolia alpina sakhalina Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1577, 1920 (monog.); Buturlin, Alauda, 4, p. 266, 1932 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 286, 1934 (range); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 70, 1937 (dist. chars.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 230, 1946— Baffin Island (rare). "Pelidna alpina parifica; P. a. sakhalina" Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 33, 1926 — northern Alaska (breeding). Erolia alpina pacifica Conover, Condor, 47, p. 214, 1945 (dist. chars.; American birds differ from those of Siberia). Range. — Breeds from Point Barrow, Alaska, east to the Boothia Peninsula and south to Bristol Bay and the west coast of Hudson Bay (Churchill); winters on the west coast of North America from British Columbia to Lower California and on the Gulf and South Atlantic coasts of the United States; casual in the West Indies (Dominica, Oct. 1, 1904) and in Nicaragua (Momotombo, May 23). Field Museum Collection. — 92: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Point Hope, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 3; Nome, 2; St. Michaels, 37); British Columbia (Queen Charlotte Islands, 2); North Dakota (Towner County, 3); Minnesota (Heron Lake, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Waukegan, 2; Meredosia, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 6; Monomoy Island, 9); Connecticut (West Haven, 4; Stony Creek, 1; New Haven County, 1); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2); Virginia (Cape Charles, 6; Cobb's Island, 1); North Carolina, Dare County (Pea Island, 31 ; Bodie Island, 1) ; South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 5); Florida (Amelia Island, 5; Anclote, 6); Texas (Cameron County, 1; Aransas Pass, 1; Port Lavaca, 2; Port O'Connor, 1; Seadrift, 2); California (San Francisco, 1; Miller, 8; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 1; Monterey, 5; Trinidad, 4; Redwood, 1; Anaheim, 1; La Patera Point, 10; Hook's Point, 1; Alviso, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Diego, 4; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 3; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 1) ; Mexico (La Paz, Lower Cali- fornia, 2). Conover Collection. — 37: Alaska (Hooper Bay, 9; Igiak Bay, 2); North Dakota (Grafton, 2) ; Indiana (Wolf Lake, 1) ; Illinois (Calumet Lake, 1); Michigan (Thunder Bay Island, Alpena County, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; Ipswich, 1); New York (Cayuga, 1; Cayuga Lake, 2); North Carolina (Hatteras, 1); South Carolina (Copahee Sound, 2); Florida (Nassau County, 2; Amelia Island, 2); California (Moss Landing, 4; Goleta, 1; Point Magie, 1); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Erolia ferruginea (Pontoppidan). CURLEW SANDPIPER. Tringa Ferrugineus Pontoppidan,1 Danske Atlas, 1, p. 624, 1763 — Iceland and Christiansoe Island (cf. Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 54, 1764). Scolopax testacea Pallas, in Vroeg's Cat. Rais. Coll. d'Ois., Adumbratiuncula, p. 6, 1764— Blankenburg Island, Holland. Scolopax subarquata Giildenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop., 19, p. 471, pi. 18, 1775 — near Caspian Sea to Tanain and River Choper. Tringa subarquata Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 419, 1887 (crit.). Ancylochilus subarquatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 586, 1896 (monog.); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 330, 1900— Patagonia (Burnett and Fitzroy). Erolia ferruginea Childs, Auk, 21, p. 485, 1904 — Barnegat Bay, New Jersey; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 252, 1905— Carriacou (Sept., Oct.) and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 250, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920— Patagonia; Helmuth, Auk, 41, p. 340, 1924 — Mecox Bay, Long Island; Fuertes, I.e., 41, p. 340, 1924— Fisher's Island, New York; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 232, 1927 (life hist.). Erolia testacea Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 286, 1934 (range); Brooks, Condor, 39, p. 177, 1937 — Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands; Griscom, Auk, 58, p. 95, 1941 — Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Range. — Breeds in northern Asia at the mouth of the Yenesei, in western Taimyr, on Cape Bolschoi Baranov, and the New Siberian Islands; winters in Africa, Madagascar, India, Burma, Malay Archi- pelago, and Australia; casual in eastern North America (many records), Alaska (Point Barrow, June 6, 1883), Queen Charlotte Islands, in the Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Carriacou), and allegedly even in eastern Patagonia.2 Field Museum Collection. — 1: New Brunswick (unspecified, I).3 Genus MICROPALAMA Baird Micropalama Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, pp. 714, 726, 1858 — type, by monotypy, Tringa himantopus Bonaparte. Micropelama G. R. Gray, Hand-list Bds., 3, p. 48, 1871 (emendation). *Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte). STILT SANDPIPER. Tringa himantopus Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 1, p. 157, March, 1826 — Long Branch, New Jersey (type in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte);4 1 See Stresemann, Orn. Monatsb., 49, p. 21, 1941. 2 A specimen without date and exact locality in the British Museum (W. Burnett and Fitzroy). 3 This specimen is in the Cory Collection. Original label: "Smithsonian Insti- tute. Exploration in and near New Brunswick. George A. Boardman. May 1863." 4 The fate of the type is uncertain. We do not know whether it remained in Bonaparte's private collection, part of which passed into the Paris Museum 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 203 Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer., 2, p. 380, 1831 — Hayes River, Keewatin; Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 89, pi. 25, fig. 3, 1833— Long Island; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 54, 1864 — Cuba (crit.). Tringa douglasii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 379, pi. 66, Feb., 1832 — Saskatchewan River (location of type not stated; descr. of adult summer plumage). Tringa (Hemipalama) audubonii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 140, 1834 — Hayes River, countries of Hudson's Bay, lat. 57° (based on Tringa himantopus Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., p. 380, 1831). Hemipalama multistriata (Lichtenstein MS.) G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds., 3, p. [578], pi. 156, fig. 2, 1845— high northern latitudes (of North America), Hudson's Bay and northern and middle states of the American Union; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 466, 1866— Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 311, 1870— Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Oct.). Micropalama himantopus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 229 — Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador (Sept.); idem, I.e., 1862, p. 369— Mexico; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 356, 1866— Cuba ("Sept. to May"); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — eastern Peru (=Nauta); iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309— Nauta, Peru; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 326, 1875— Cuba (Sept., April); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 47, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca (Aug.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 188, 1878— Puerto Rico; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 363, 1886— Chorillos and Nauta, Peru; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886— Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala, Mexico (Jan.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 312, 1887 — West Indian localities (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 233, 1889 (descr.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 109, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia (Oct.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 401, 1896— United States, Mexico (Zacatecas, Aug.), Guatemala (Duenas), Nicaragua (Momotombo, May), Grenada, Anegada, Uruguay (Colonia), Peru (Iquitos), and "Chile"; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 44, 1900— Vinces, Ecuador (Sept.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 126, 1900— Cie"naga, Colombia (Sept. 13); idem, Auk, 17, p. 364, 1900 — same locality; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 370, 1903 — Mexico (Matamoros; Zacatecas; Laguna del Rosario, Tlaxcala; San Mateo, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Duenas), and Nicaragua (Momotombo); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 251, 1905— Barbados, Grenadines, and Grenada (transient); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 306, 1908 (no record from French Guiana); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 — Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470 — Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Feb. 24), and near Esquina, Corrientes (Nov. 14); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 80, 1914 — Rio Paraguay, Corrientes; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 379, 1915 — Demarca- tion Point, Alaska (May 23-26, June 8), and Herschel Island (Aug. 2); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 264— Trujillo, Peru (Aug. 18, Sept. 8); Ridgway, after his death, or whether it was deposited in Peale's Philadelphia Museum, in which case it may be regarded as lost. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 205, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1920, p. 70 — Aj6, Buenos Aires (Dec. 27); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920— Maldonado, Uruguay; Dabbene, I.e., p. 119, 1920— Argentina (Esquina, Corrientes; Belgrano [Aug. 7], Aj6, and Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires) and Uruguay (Colonia and Maldonado) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 184, 1922 — Cie"naga, Colombia (ex Allen); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 195, 1926 — Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 158, 1926— Paraguayan Chaco (Sept.); idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 8, 1927— west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (Sept. 20-25); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 122, 1927 (life hist.; range); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 371, 1927 — Puerto Rico and Anegada (transient); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (Oct. 20); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 165, 1931— Hispaniola (ex Cory); Bradlee, Mowbray and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 317, 1931— Bermuda Islands (transient); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 133, 1932— Duenas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 287, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 — Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938— Rio Guapore", Matto Grosso, Brazil; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 87, p. 194, 1939 — Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (Oct. 24-28); Philippi, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 44, p. 147, 1940 — Las Vegas de Chacalluta, Arica, Chile. Totanus himantopus March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 — Jamaica (April, June, August). Hemipalama himantopus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 561 — Chorillos, Peru. Ereunetes himantopus Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 400, 1887 (crit.). Range. — Breeds in Arctic North America from Coronation Gulf to the west shore of Hudson Bay (Churchill); migrates chiefly through the interior (less frequently on the Atlantic coast of the United States), Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Guatemala (Duenas), Nicaragua (Momotombo), Colombia (Cie"naga), Vene- zuela (Ocumare de la Costa), western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Vinces), and Peru (Nauta, Iquitos, Trujillo, Chorillos); winters in Bolivia (falls of the Rio Madeira), southern Brazil (Matto Grosso), Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Corrientes and Buenos Aires). One record for Chile (Arica).1 Field Museum Collection. — 76: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2); Manitoba (Churchill, 3); North Dakota (Stump Lake, Nelson County, 34; Graham Island, Ramsey County, 2; Cranberry Lake, 1; Towner County, 6); Minnesota (Heron Lake, Jackson County, 1); 1 The other alleged occurrence in "Chili," based on a specimen without history in the Salvin-Godman Collection (ex J. Gould), is open to doubt. The winter range of the Stilt Sandpiper is still very imperfectly known, there being but a few scattered records from northern Argentina and adjacent countries. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 205 Wisconsin (Jefferson County, 1); Illinois, Cook County (Calumet Lake, 1; Hyde Park [Chicago], 1); New York (Southampton, 2); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (Grove Beach, New Haven County, 1; New Haven County, 1); Colorado (Laramie County, 1; Windsor, Weld County, 1; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 5; Padre Island, 1); Florida (Banana River, Brevard County, 1; Indian River, Brevard County, 1; Merritt Island, Brevard County, 1; unspecified, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1; Anegada Island, 2); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Conover Collection. — 43: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 3); Manitoba (Churchill, 11); North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County, 4); South Dakota (Eden, Marshall County, 5; Sanborn County, 7); Wisconsin (Big Muskego Lake, 3); Massachusetts (East Orleans, 3); Nebraska (Brownlee, Cherry County, 1); Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 1); Texas (Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 3); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 1). Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis Tryngites Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, No. 24, "Nov., 1856," p. 418, 1857— type, by orig. desig., Tringa rufescens Vieillot =Triw0a subruficollis Vieillot. Tringites Sclater, Ibis, 4, p. 277, 1862 — emendation. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot). BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. Tringa subruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 465, 1819 — based on "Chorlito garganta blanca acanelada" Azara, No. 403, Paraguay (Nov.). Tringa rufescens (not of Bechstein, 1809) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 470, 1819 — Louisiana (location of type not stated); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 105, pi. 238, 1825 — Louisiana; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 — Montevideo, Uruguay; Le"otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 470, 1866— Trinidad (Aug. to Oct.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 446, 1887 (crit.). Actidurus naevius Heermann, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 178, 1854 — near San Antonio, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 22). Tryngites rufescens Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 418, 1856 — Cuba (April); idem, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 355, 1866— Cuba; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 39 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Aug., Sept.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 199 — upper Ucayali, Peru; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 377, 1869 — Costa Rica; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 325, 1875 — Cardenas, Cuba (early April); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 — west of Buenos Aires (= Moreno) (Feb. 20); Cabanis, Journ. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Orn., 26, p. 199, 1878 — Rio Parana, Argentina; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 547 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 587 — Ruatan Island, Honduras; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 190, 1889— Argentina. Actitis rufescens Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 79, 1864 — Fort Simpson, Canada (crit.). Tringites rufescens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 754, 979 — Xeberos and Pebas, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 309 — upper Ucayali, Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Pebas, Peru. Tringoides rufescens Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Lagoa do Portao, Ypanema, Nov.), Matto Grosso (Villa Bella, Oct.); and Amazonas (Borba, Rio Madeira, Apr.; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Mar.). Tryngites subruficollis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 356, 1885 (no- mencl.); Cory, Auk, 4, p. 319, 1887— Cuba (descr.); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 3, p. 119, 1887— St. Michaels (migration), Point Barrow (breeding); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 240, 1889— Cuba; Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 332, 1890— San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept. 25 to Nov. 15); idem, I.e., 9, p. 329, 1892— San Jose; Allen, I.e., 17, p. 364, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia (Sept.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 125, 1900 — Cienaga; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905 — Barbados (fall transient); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 422, 1910 — San Jose, Costa Rica (Sept., Oct.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, IS, p. 219, 1910— Cordoba, Misiones, and Buenos Aires; Bowles, Condor, 19, p. 187, 1917 — Westport, Washington; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1918, p. 246— Gatun, Panama (Oct. 18); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 226, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 121, 1920 — Cordoba, Buenos Aires (Platanos, Mar. 28; Barracas al Sud, June 14, Dec. 10; Ajo, Mar. 8; Moreno, Feb. 20; Chascomus, Mar. 5), and Misiones; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 25, No. 14, p. 25, 1922 — plains of Carapungo, Ecuador (July 10) ; Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 42, 1922— Lagunillas, Merida, Venezuela (May 10); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 183, 1922— Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia (ex Allen); Bailey, Condor, 28, p. 36, 1926— Point Barrow, Alaska (nesting); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 157, 1926 — Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco, Sept. 21) and Buenos Aires (Lavalle, Nov. 13; Guaminf, Mar.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 198, 1926— Ecuador; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 80, 1927— Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires (Feb.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 69, 1929 (life hist.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 313, 1929— near San Juan, Hispaniola (Oct. 1); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 57, 1930 — Mision Tacaagle, Formosa (Nov. 14-15); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 80, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 167, 1931— San Juan, Hispaniola (ex Moltoni); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 — Canal Zone, Panama (transient); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293 — Trinidad and Tobago; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938— Sao Paulo; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 451, pi. 8, 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 207 fig. 1 — Point Barrow, Alaska (downy young descr.); Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 73, 1945— Riberalta and Victoria, El Beni, Bolivia (Sept., Oct.). Tringites subruficollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 521, 1896— North America, Mexico (Matamoros), Honduras (Ruatan Island), Colombia (Remedios), Peru (Iquitos, Sept. 2, 30; Pebas, Aug. 3; Cosnipata; Xeberos, Oct.; Chamicuros, Sept.), and Buenos Aires (Moreno, Feb. 20); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 503, 1898— Paramba, Ecuador (Apr. 22); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 436, 1899 — Sao Paulo; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 384, 1903 — North America, Mexico (Matamoros, Guanajuato), Ruatan Island, and Costa Rica (San Jose); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 53, 1907 — Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1909 (no record from French Guiana); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (June 14); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 425, 1910— Borba, Rio Madeira; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914 — upper Rio Parana, Paraguay; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 381, 1915 — Demarcation Point and Humphrey Point, Alaska. Range.— Breeds on the Arctic coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Mackenzie; migrates chiefly through the interior of North America, Central America (a few records from Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama), and South America (scattered records from Colombia, western Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil) to Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina (Cordoba, Formosa, Buenos Aires, and Misiones); in the West Indies only recorded from Cuba (Cardenas), Hispaniola (near San Juan), Barbados, Tobago, and Trinidad;1 found in summer on the Bering Sea coast of eastern Siberia (Cape Wankarem), occasional to shore of Okhotsk Sea and northern Japan (Owari) ; frequent straggler to the British Isles. Field Museum Collection. — 62: Siberia (Cape Surge, 1); Alaska (Point Barrow, 1); British Columbia (Chilliwack, 1); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 6); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Duxbury, 1; Marshfield, 1); North Dakota (Maza, Towner County, 6; Towner County, 2); Kansas (Salina, 7; Hamilton, 1; Burlington, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 19; Corpus Christi, 9; Galveston, 1); Costa Rica (San Jose", 3). Conover Collection. — 31: Alaska (Point Barrow, 8; Chipp River, 1; Alaktak River, 4); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 5); Massa- chusetts (Chatham, 1; North Eastham, 1; East Orleans, 1); New Hampshire (Seabrook, 1); Kansas (Salina, Saline County, 2); Texas (Brownsville, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 2). 1 The reported occurrence in the Bermuda Islands is questionable (cf. Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 362, 1931). 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus PHILOMACHUS Merrem1 Philomachus Anonymous = Merrem,2 Allg. Lit. Zeitung, 2, No. 168, col. 542, June 8, 1804 — type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Pavoncella Leach, Cat. Mam. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 29, 1816 — type, by mono- typy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Machetes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 490, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816)— type, by monotypy, Tringa pugnax Linnaeus. Machophilus Thienemann, Rhea, Heft 1, p. 117, 1846 — substitute name for Philomachus "G. R. Gray" (= Merrem). Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus). RUFF. Tringa pugnax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based chiefly on Faun. Svec., No. 145, Sweden. Machetes pugnax Pelzeln, Ibis, 1875, p. 332 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota, Colombia (spec, in Vienna Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 161, 1898— Nanortalik, Greenland; Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 18, 1913— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (Sept. 7, 1910); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 219, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Totanus pugnax Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 373, 1887 (crit.; range). Pavoncella pugnax Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 500, 764, .1896 (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 254, 1905— Barbados (Graeme Hall Swamp, 1878); Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905 (complete list of North American records); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 307, 1908 — "Surinam." Philomachus pugnax Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 77, 1923 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 146, p. 49, 1929 (life hist.); Gould, Auk, 49, p. 468, 1932 (North American records since 1906); Friedmann, Condor, 36, p. 42, 1934 — Gambell, St. Lawrence Island (June, 1933); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 288, 1934 (range); Mayaud, Alauda, 6, p. 266, 1934— Sept lies, Saguenay, Quebec (May 27, 1923); Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 9, 1935 (three Greenland records listed; Peterkin, Auk, 52, p. 185, 1935 — Barbados; Danforth, I.e., 53, p. 80, 1936 — Grenada. Range. — Breeds in northern Europe and Asia; occasional in Greenland (Nanortalik, Upernivik, etc.), on St. Lawrence Island (June, 1933), the Pribilof Islands (St. Paul Island, Sept. 7, 1910), and in eastern North America;3 casual in Barbados, Grenada, and Colombia (native Bogota collections).4 1 For osteological characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1915, pp. 609-616. * Cf. Schnurre, Orn. Monatsb., 39, pp. 65-68, 1931. » Cf. Deane, Auk, 22, p. 410, 1905, and Gould, I.e., 49, p. 468, 1932. 4 Schomburgk (Hist. Barbados, p. 681, 1848) received from a Mr. Bishop a Barbados specimen which is now in the British Museum, and Feilden (Ibis, 1889, p. 494) records an adult in full breeding plumage shot in Graeme Hall Swamp in 1878. Lawrence's record from Guadeloupe (ex L'Herminier MS., in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p.. 451, 1879) requires confirmation. The inclusion of Colombia 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 209 Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE. Avocets and Stilts Subfamily RECUR VIROSTRINAE Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson Himantopus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 46, 5, p. 33, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, " Himantopus" =Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus. Macrotarsus Lacepede, Tabl. Meth. Ois., p. 18, 1799 — type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 309, 1896), Charadrius himantopus Linnaeus. Himantellus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., p. 219, 1815 — substitute name for Himantopus "R." (=Brisson). Hypsibates Nitzsch, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 16, sec. 1, p. 150, 1827 — substitute name for Himantopus Brisson, thought to be preoccupied. *Himantopus himantopus mexicanus (P. L. S. Miiller). BLACK- NECKED STILT. Charadrius mexicanus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 117, 1776 — based on "L'Echasse du Mexique" Brisson, Orn., 5, p. 36, 1760, Mexico (ex "Comaltecatl" Hernandez). Himantopus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 10, p. 42, 1817 — North America and Cayenne (no type specified); idem and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 2, p. 85, pi. 229, 1825— North America; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 741, 1833 — Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (descr.); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 386, 1847 — Jamaica; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 367, 1856— Brazil (descr.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 206, 1857— Jalapa, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 228— La Antigua, Guatemala; Newton, I.e., p. 258 — St. Croix; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 67 — Jamaica (breeding); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 — part, spec. nos. 1, 2, Cali- fornia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 567 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 591 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 26, p. 602, 1869— Puerto Rico (winter); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 37 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sept. 8; Lagoa de Sumidouro, Aug.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870— part, Cajutuba, Para; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 383— Cienaga, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 310 — upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru (breeding); iidem, I.e., p. 453 (char.; range); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 307, 1874 — Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuna, Colima); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. rests on the single example sent to Vienna by Miinzberg. The collection reported upon by Pelzeln and rather vaguely attributed to "Spanish Guiana" turned out to consist of native made Bogota skins. Sharpe changed "Spanish" to Dutch Guiana, and after that time the Ruff was admitted to the Surinam fauna without any corroborative evidence. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 748 — Santa Lucia, Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 383, 1886 (Peruvian localities); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379— Cozumel and Ruatan Islands; Feilden, I.e., p. 492 — Barbados; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 181, 1922 — Punto Caiman and Gaira, Colombia. Himantopus leucurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 10, p. 42, 1817 — based on "Comaltecatl" Hernandez, Mexico. Hypsibates nigricollis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 758, 1849— coast region. Macrotarsus nigricollis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 422, 1856 — Cuba; Gundlach, I.e., 23, p. 329, 1875— Cuba (breeding); idem, I.e., 26, p. 188, 1878— Puerto Rico (Caborajo, Boqueron, Arecibo River). Himantopus mexicanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 — North America, wintering in northern South America (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 279, 1887 (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 130, 1887— Las Trojas, Costa Rica; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 8, p. 163, 1891 — Santarem, Brazil; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 92, 155, 1892— Bahama Islands (New Providence, Andros, Mariguana, Great Inagua), Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Bartholomew, Bar- buda, Antigua, St. Vincent, and Barbados; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 325, 334 — Curacao and Bonaire; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 526, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Jouy, I.e., p. 791, 1893— Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 320, 751, 1896 (monog.); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Amapa, Para, Brazil; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 43, 1900— Vinces and Rio Daule, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52— Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 307, 1902— Curacao and Bonaire; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 301— Green Cay (Andros), Bahama Islands; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 361, 1903 — Mexican and Central American localities; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Nat., 39, p. 195, 1905 — Salina at Bibeyhagua, Isle of Pines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 255, 1905— Barbados and St. Vincent; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 45, 1907 — Mexiana, Brazil; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 204, 209, 216, 1909— Curacao, Bonaire, and Los Roques; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 417, 1910— Costa Rica (Las Trojas, Rio Frio); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 94, 1910 (1926)— Bahia (Joazeiro; Piripiri; salt-lagoon near Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 86, 1914 — Marajo (Pacoval, Livramento, Magoary, Sao Natal), Mexiana, and Monte Alegro, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 223, 1917— Cali, Cauca, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 245, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 442, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 41, 1922— Lagunillas, Zulia, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 225, 1923 (1926) — Bahia and Piauhy (crit.; meas.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 194, 1926— coast of Manavi, Chone, and Puna Island, Ecuador; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 47, 1927 (life hist.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 12, 1927— Sinaloa (Labrados), 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 211 Nayarit (San Bias), and Tres Marias (Maria Madre); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 375, 1927 — Puerto Rico (breed- ing), Vieques, St. Croix, and Tortola; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 — Lower California (resident); Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 769 — coastal flats and mouth of Berbice River, British Guiana; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 155, 1929— El Real, Panama; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 374, 1931 — Cienaga and Sevillano, Magdalena, Colombia; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 51, 1931— Utah (breeding habits); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 316, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (spring visitor); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 168, 1931— Hispaniola (breed- ing); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 62, 1931— Galapagos Archipelago (James, Albemarle, Narborough, Indefatigable, Seymour, Chatham, Hood, Charles Islands) (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 131, 1932 — Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 322, 1932— Perme, Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 308, 1935— Canal Zone, Panama; Oberholser, Bull. Dept. Conserv. Louisiana, 28, p. 275, 1938 — Louisiana (breeding); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, p. 194, 1939 — Independencia, Venezuela. Himantopus melanurus (not of Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 750, 1896 — part, spec, r-v, Santa Cruz, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, p. 97, 1912— Cajutuba, Para. Himantopus himantopus mexicanus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 495, 1929 — Mangunca Island, Maranhao (crit.); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 255, 1930— Puerto Bermudez, Junin, Peru; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Trinidad (breed.; eggs descr.); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 349, p. 2, 1937— Caviana Island, Brazil; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 143, 1938— Maranhao (Primeira Cruz), Minas Geraes (Pirapora), and United States (Salton River, California; Enterprise, Florida); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 178, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador. Himantopus himantopus melanurus Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 — part, spec, from Cidade da Barra, Bahia, and Pirapora, Minas Geraes. Range. — Breeds locally from Oregon, Utah, southern Nebraska, the coast of Louisiana, central Florida, and the Bahama Islands south to Lower California, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and through South America south to northern Peru (Santa Lucia, Tumbez; Santa Cruz, Ucayali River; Ingapirca, Junin), Amazonia, and eastern Brazil, as far south as Minas Geraes (Rio Sao Francisco; Rio das Velhas) and Bahia (Rio Belmonte); also in the Galapagos Archipelago. 1 Probably only a migrant in the southern part of its range. 1 Birds from lower Amazonia (Para) and Maranhao are typical, and certain individuals from Bahia (Rio Sao Francisco) are not distinguishable from Mexi- can specimens. A single male from Piauhy (near Parnagua), one from Pirapora, Minas Geraes (fide O. Pinto, in litt.) and two from Peru (Santa Cruz), by possessing an uncomplete white nuchal band, form the transition to H. h. 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 80: Idaho (Payette, 1); Utah (Brig- ham, 1; Salt Lake City, 1); California (Seaside, Monterey County, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; Caswells, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Banos, Merced County, 14); Texas (Brownsville, 6; Cameron County, 3; Corpus Christi, 4; Tivoli, Refugio County, 1; Padre Island, 1); Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 1; Marietta Island, Brevard County, 1; Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Lake Flirt, Glades County, 1; Cape Sable, 1; Bassenger, Okeechobee County, 3; Puggle Lake, Okeechobee County, 1); Bahama Islands (Acklin Island, 1; Great Inagua Island, 7; Mariguana Island, 1; Long Island, 2); Cuba (San Cristobal, 1); Haiti (Port de Paix, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 1); Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 1; Anguilla, 2); Jamaica (Cayman Brae, 1; Grand Cayman, 1); Mexico (Tampico, 2; Altamira, Tamaulipas, 1); Guatemala (San Jose", 2); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1); Venezuela (Los Roques, Colon, 1; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 7) ; British Guiana (Buxton, 1) ; Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 1; Cidade do Barra, Bahia, 1). Conover Collection. — 39: Utah (Brigham, 12); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 6); Texas (Cameron County, 3); Florida (Banana Creek, Brevard County, 1; Wilson, Brevard County, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Croix, 4) ; Costa Rica (Punta Piedra, Guanacaste, 2); Venezuela (Lagunillas, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, Demerara, 1); Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, Province de los Rios, 5); Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, I);1 Brazil (Obidos, Para, 2). *Himantopus« himantopus melanurus Vieillot.2 SOUTH AMERI- CAN STILT. Himantopus melanurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 10, p. 42, 1817 — based on "Zancudo" Azara, No. 393, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 316, 750, 1896— part, spec, a-m, n, q, Chile (Santiago, Valparaiso), Uruguay, Buenos Aires, and Matto Grosso melanurus. Galdpagos birds generally have shorter tarsi, and may prove to be separable. 1 This specimen is typical of the North American race, mexicanus, as it has a black crown and no white collar. 2 Himantopus himantopus melanurus Vieillot is chiefly distinguished from its northern representative by having a conspicuous white collar across the upper mantle. The other characters, viz. larger size and the greater extent of white on the pileum, are somewhat variable, and cannot always be relied upon. Even in young birds, the white dorsal band is more or less suggested. Specimens from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso), Argentina, and Chile do not show any tangible differences, as far as we can see. We have not seen any material from Lake Titicaca. Birds from northeastern Peru (Santa Cruz), though inter- mediate, we are inclined to refer to H. h. mexicanus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 213 (Caicara); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 431, 1899— Iguape', Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 444, 460 — Quinta, Jujuy, and Carapari (Tarija), Bolivia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 49, 1907— Sao Paulo (IguapS), Matto Grosso (Fazenda da Faya), and Argentina (C6rdoba; Buenos Aires); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 — Buenos Aires (Est. San Martlno Monte, Barracas al Sud) and Tucuman (Rio Sail); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 218, 1910 (range in Argentina); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Maldonado, Cerro Largo) ; Daguerre, I.e., p. 262, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 143, 1926— Paraguay, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 426, 1927— Valcheta, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 167, 1927— Santa Fe (Saladero M. Cabal; San Joaquin, La Noria; Bovril Islands). Himantopus brasiliensis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Deuts., p. 684, 1831 — no type or locality stated;1 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 454 — southern Brazil (Caigara), Buenos Aires, and Chile (crit.); (?)Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— Juli, Lake Titicaca, Puno, Peru; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 164 — Belgrano and Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 198 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1880, p. 162— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Seebohm, I.e., 1886, p. 225— Chile and Brazil (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 281, 1887 — Chile and Argentina (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 179, 1889— Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, I.e., 1892, p. 150 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, I.e., 1892, p. 211— Est. Espartillar; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895 — Paraguari, Paraguay; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— central provinces of Chile; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 235— Paraguayan Chaco; Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 467— Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo) and Chaco (Riacho Ancho); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 62 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding); Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 113, 1927— Marga-Marga, Val- paraiso, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 202, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Himantopus nigricollis (not of Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 130, 1841 — between Buenos Aires and Bahia Blanca; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 117, 1843— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs.-Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 424, 1847— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 131, 1853 — near Santiago, Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 196, 1855 — Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 313, 1860 — Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 261, 1860 — pampa of Argentina; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Scolopaces, p. 107, 1864 — part, spec. nos. 3-7, Brazil and Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 131, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 276, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 144 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 310, 1870 — part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), and 1 The type is not listed by Hartert (Nov. Zool., 25, p. 55, 1918) among the types in the Brehm Collection. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Matto Grosso (Caicara, Pansecco); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877 — Hacienda de Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., 1, p. 56, 1881 — lagoons of the pampa and of the Rio Colorado; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 87, 1884 — province of Buenos Aires; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 314, 1884 — Entre RIos (Concepcion del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Azul, Puan); Lataste, Extr. Proc.-Verb. Seanc. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 171 — Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile. Himantopus mexicanus (not Charadrius mexicamis Miiller) Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918— Tunuyan, Mendoza. Himantopus melanurus melanurus Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 402, 1930— Matto Grosso. Himantopus himantopus melanurus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 383, 1932— central provinces of Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 290, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 264, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938 — part, spec, from Sao Paulo (Porto Faia, Iguap6) and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Cordoba). Range. — Breeds locally from southern Brazil (coast of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso), Bolivia, and (?)central Peru south to Chile (most southerly record from Angol, Malleco) and Argentina (as far south as the Rio Negro). Field Museum Collection. — 5: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Triente y Tres, 2); Argentina (Conchitas, Buenos Aires, 1; Papin, near Bonifacio, Buenos Aires, 1). Conover Collection. — 15: Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 2); Peru (Yarinacocha, Rio Ucayali, I);1 Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2); Paraguay (60 km. east of Orloff, Chaco, 2; Molinasque, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2; Cambaceres, Buenos Aires, 5). Genus RECUR VIROSTRA Linnaeus Recurvirostra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 151, 1758 — type, by mono- typy, Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus. Avosetta Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 537, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, Recurvirostra avocetta Linnaeus. *Recurvirostra americana Gmelin. AMERICAN AVOCET. Recurvirostra americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 693, 1789 — based principally on "American Avoset" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 502, pi. 21, North America; Gundlach, in Poey, Repert. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1, p. 357, 1866— Cuba; Harting, Ibis, 1874, p. 253 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 330, 752, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. 1 In this specimen the top of the head is white but the white collar is mixed with black, although clearly defined. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 215 Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 363, 1903 — North America, Mexico (Mata- moros, Tamaulipas; Oputo, Sonora; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Rio de Coahuyana, Colima; Zacatecas; Guanajuato; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Valley of Mexico; Alvarado and Cordoba, Vera Cruz), and Guatemala (Chiapam); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 437, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 142, p. 37, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1929— Lower California; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 50, 1931— Utah (breeding habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 132, 1932— Champerico and Ocos, Guatemala (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 293— Tobago (ex Kirk). Recurvirostra occidentalis Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, p. 356, 1829 — San Francisco, California (type lost; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 272, 1932); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 28, pi. 12, 1839— San Francisco. Himantopus americanus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 230 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charadr., pp. xxi, 291, 1887 (crit.). Recurvirostra avosetta americana H0rring and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 5, p. 35, pi., 1941— Kin-of-Sal, Sukkertoppen, Greenland (first occ.). Range. — Breeds in western North America from eastern Wash- ington, central Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to southern California, southern New Mexico, southern Texas and northern Iowa; winters from central California and southern Texas to Guate- mala, also in Cuba, Jamaica, Barbados, and Tobago. One occurrence in Greenland (Sukkertoppen, Nov., 1937). Field Museum Collection. — 62: Alberta (Walsh, 2; Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 6; Crane Lake, 3; Big Stick Lake, 7; Hay Lake, 2); North Dakota (Benson County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 1; Towner County, 2; Rocklake, Towner County, 1); Wyoming (Laramie, 1); Utah (Salt Lake City, 2); Oregon, Lake County (Dodson Lake, 1; Pelican Lake, 1); California (Los Banos, Merced County, 2; Motordrome, Los Angeles County, 4; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 1; Witch Creek, San Diego County, 5); Montana (Fort Ellis, Gallatin County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6); Florida (Tampa, 2); Mexico (La Paz, Lower California, 1). Conover Collection.— 26: Alberta (Tofield, 1; Camrose, 1); Nebraska (thirty miles south of Wood Lake, Cherry County, 1); Utah (Brigham, 13); California (Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, 5; Los Banos, Merced County, 1; Point Magie, Ventura County, 2); Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 2). *Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck. ANDEAN AVOCET. Recurvirostra andina Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 618, 1861 — Laguna "Parunicota" (=Parinacota), Tacna, Peru (type in National 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 25, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 131, 1863— "Parunicota" (German translation of orig. descr.); Harting, Ibis, 1874, pp. 241, 257, pi. 9— Parinacota (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 384, 1886— Parinacota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 404— Huasco, Tara- paca, Chile; Rahmer, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 161, 1887 — Cordilleras of Tara- paca and Atacama (Maricunga, east of Copiap6), Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— northern Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 334, 752, 1896 — Lake Huasco, Sacaya, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Tarapaca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 308 — Lake Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapac£ (habits); Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 64, pi. 32, 1902 — Parinacota (Tacna), Inacaliri and Incahuasi (Antofagasta), Chile; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 52 — Ingapirca, Junfn, Peru; iidem, Ornis, 13, p. 132, 1906 — Laguna de Pahara, Puno, Peru; Neveu-Lemaire, Les Lacs des Hauts Plateaux Ame'r. Sud., p. Ill, 1906 — Lake Titicaca; Fontana, Enum. Aves Region Andina, p. 14, 1908 — Cata- marca; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 259, 1913 — Catamarca; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 384, 1932— twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta (range in Chile) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 291, 1934 — Laguna Blanca, Catamarca (range); Anonymous, El Hornero, 6, p. 358, 1936 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 53, 1938— Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Himantopus andinus Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 232 (crit.); idem, Geog. Distr. Charad., pp. xxi, 286, 1887— Chile (crit.). Range. — Saline lagoons of the puna zone in southern Peru (from Junin to Puno and Tacna), western Bolivia (La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro), northern Chile (south to Maricunga, Atacama), and north- western Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca; Salta; Jujuy).1' Field Museum Collection. — 4: Peru (Salinas, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2); Chile (San Pedro, Anto- fagasta, 1). Conover Collection. — 9: Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 1; Salinas, 1); Bolivia (Vacas, Cochabamba, 2; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 3); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2). Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson2 1 Additional material examined. — Bolivia, Oruro: Esperanza, 12; Sajama, 6. — Chile, Tarapaca: Huasco, 2; Sacaya, 1; Cueva Negra, 2. 2 It is wholly a matter of personal opinion whether the phalaropes should be considered as congeneric or referred to three monotypic genera. The senior author would rather follow the former course. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 217 Phalaropus Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 50, 6, p. 12, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Phalaropus" Brisson — Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Crymophilus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 62, 1816 — type, by orig. desig., "Phalarope a festons denteles" Buffon=TVw0a fulicaria Linnaeus. Crymophila Voigt, Thierreich, 1, p. 876 (footnote), 1831 (emendation). *Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus). RED PHALAROPE. Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based on "The Red Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 142, pi. 142, Hudson's Bay. Phalaropus rufus Bechstein, Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl., 2nd ed., 4, p. 381, 1809 — substitute name for Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus. Phalaropus platyrhynchos Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 459, 1815 — new name tor Tringa fulicaria "Brunnich" (= Linnaeus); Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 411, 1843— Greenland (habits). Phalaropus platyrhynchus Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl. 1, p. 107, 1834— Coquimbo, Chile. Phalaropus rufescens "Brisson" Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelth. Eur., 1, p. Ixxiii, 1840 — based on "Le Phalarope roussStre" Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 20 (ex Tringa fulicaria Linnaeus). Phalaropus platyrostris "Temminck" Nordmann, in Demidoff, Voy. Russia Merid., 3, p. 250, "1840" l (doubtless lapsus for P. platyrhynchos Tem- minck). Lobipes hyperboreus (not Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus) Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183, July 28, 1844— Chile (transitional plumage). Phalaropus fulicarius Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 430, 1847 — Chile (ex Meyen); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 58, 1864 (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 278, 1868 (ex Meyen); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 338, 1887 (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1893, p. 569— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 174, 1898— Greenland; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50— Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 18); Manniche, Medd. Gr0nl., 45, No. 1, p. 152, 1910 — Stormkap, Greenland (breeding habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 418, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 124, 1920 — Chile (Coquimbo) and province of Buenos Aires (Aug. 12, 1879); Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 233, 1925— Wainwright and Wales, Alaska (breeding); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 326, pi. 8 (map) (breeding and winter range; migration routes); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 304, 1926— Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting habits); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 1, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 88, 1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient); Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931 — Bermuda Islands (Fort Catherina, March 12; Castle Harbor, Feb. 6); Hellmayr, Field Mus. 1 The volume must have been published much later (cf. the note on p. 733) or else was issued in parts. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 385, 1932— Chile (winter visitor); Soper, Canad. Field Nat., 48, p. 66, 1934— Baffin Island (nesting); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 292, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 996, 1936 (winter range); Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 394, p. 3, 1938 — Paraguay (March); Griscom, Auk, 56, p. 185, 1939 (migration off Massachusetts coast); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 149 — Greenland (breeding); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 526, 1943 — Southampton Island (breeding); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 231, 1946— Baffin Island (breeding). Crymophilus fulicarius Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 693, 1896 (monog.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898— Chile. Phalaropus fulicarius jourdaini Iredale, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 42, p. 8, 1921 — Liefde Bay, Spitzbergen (type in British Museum); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, p. 65, 1932— northeastern Greenland (crit.); Peters, Con- dor, 36, p. 85, 1934 (crit.); Jourdain, I.e., p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Peters, I.e., p. 220, 1934 (crit.); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934— Hochstatters Vorland, Greenland; Brooks, Ibis, 1935, p. 887 (crit.); Jourdain, I.e., 1936, p. 202 (crit.).1 Range. — Breeds locally on the Arctic coasts and islands of the Holarctic region; in North America, from northern Alaska to Melville Island, northern Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Greenland, south to Hooper Bay, Alaska, and Southampton Island; also in Ice- land, Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlya, along the Siberian coast from the mouth of the Yenessei to the Chukchi Peninsula, and on the New Siberian Islands; winters chiefly at sea off the coast of Africa,2 Arabia, and Chile; casual in the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai), Bermuda Islands, province of Buenos Aires (one record) and Paraguay. Occasionally on migration in the interior of North America. Field Museum Collection. — 112: Alaska (Barrow, 8; Little Diomede Island, 1; Bering Sea, 6); Labrador (Hopedale, 1; un- specified, 1); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 3; Chatham, 3); Connecticut (West Haven, 1; New Haven County, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1); North Carolina (Bodie Island, Dare County, 12); California (Carmel, Monterey County, 13; off Cypress Point, Monterey County, 2; Seaside, Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 38; mouth of Carmel River, Monterey County, 3; La Patera Point, Santa Barbara County, 4; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 7). 1 According to the researches of Peters and Brooks, it seems hardly worth- while to maintain this race, although Salomonsen (in Jensen, Zool. Faroes, Aves, p. 81, 1935) is still inclined to favor its recognition. L0ppenthin (Medd. Gronl., 91, No. 6, p. 65, 1932) refers birds from the east coast of Greenland to P. f. jourdaini, those from the west coast to the typical race. 2 Cf. Taning, Ibis, 1933, p. 132, and Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 331. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 219 Conover Collection. — 19: Alaska (Point Barrow, 1; Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 10); Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; Brant Rock, Plymouth County, 1); Nebraska (Dad's Lake, Cherry County, 1); Oregon, Tillamook County (Netarts, 1; Tillamook, 1); California (Moss Landing, Monterey County, 2; Playa del Rey, Los Angeles County, 1). Genus LOBIPES Cuvier Lobipes Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 495, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1817)— type, by orig. desig., Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus =Tringa lobata Linnaeus. *Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus). NORTHERN PHALAROPE. Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 148, 1758 — based on "The Cock Coot-footed Tringa" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 143, pi. 143 (=nuptial plumage), Hudson's Bay (and "The Coot-footed Tringa" Ed- wards, I.e., 1, p. 46, pi. 46 [=winter plumage]; off the coast of Maryland). Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 249, 1766 — based chiefly on Tringa lobata Linnaeus, Faun. Svec. (ed. altera, 1761), No. 179, descr. posterior (= nuptial plumage), Lappland and Hudson Bay (ex Edwards, pi. 143). Tringa fusca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 — based on "Le Phalarope brun" Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 18, 1760), which, in its turn, rests on Tringa lobata Linnaeus. Phalaropus vulgaris Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb., 2, p. 317, 1803 — new name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus cinereus Meyer, in Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. Deuts. Vogelk., 2, p. 417, 1810 — new name for Tringa lobata Linnaeus and Tringa hyper- borea Linnaeus. Phalaropus ruficollis Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 203, 1811 — substitute name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus cinerascens Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 204, 1811 — substitute name for Tringa fusca Gmelin. Phalaropus angustirostris Naumann, Naturg. Vog. Deuts., 8, p. 240, pi. 205, 1836 — new name for Tringa hyperborea Linnaeus. Phalaropus hyperboreus Holboll, Naturhist. Tidskr., 4, p. 410, 1843 — Green- land (habits); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 277 — Lake Duenas, Guate- mala (August); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 58, 1864 (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 330 — Tumbez, Peru (Jan. 20); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 381, 1886— Tumbez; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 340, 1887 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 698, 1896 (monog.); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 171, 1898— Greenland; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 394, 1903 — Mexico (Bahia de la Ventosa, Oaxaca), Guatemala (Lake Duenas), and Costa Rica (Rio Desamparados). Lobipes antarcticus Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, 2nd sem., No. 8, col. 183 (in text), July 28, 1844— Chile (type in Abeille Collection, Bordeaux); 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII idem, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, ed. Levgque, 20, (Descr. Mamm. Ois.), p. 238, 1847— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 332— Chile (ex Lesson). Phalaropus antarcticus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 431, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Valdivia, Chile; idem, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 267, pi. 4, 1893— Santiago (April), Valdivia (November), and Chiloe (Feb.), Chile j (crit.); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 66, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1902— Chile (Spanish version of preceding). Lobipes hyperboreus Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 46, 1876 — Ventosa Bay, Oaxaca, Mexico (October). Phalaropus lobatus Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 257, 1904 — off the southeast point of Narborough Island, Galapagos (March 29); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 334, pi. 9 (map) (breeding and winter range); Bird and Bird, I.e., 1941, p. 149 — Greenland (breeding). Lobipes lobatus Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 423, 1910 — Rio Desam- parados, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 424, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 125, 1920— Chaco (March) and Patagonia, Argentina; Bailey, Condor, 27, p. 234, 1925 — Wainwright, Alaska (nesting); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 200, 1926 — coast of southern Ecuador (Dec. 6); Conover, Auk, 43, p. 304, 1926 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (nesting; dist. char, pullus); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 15, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 315, 1931— Bermuda Islands (near St. David's, April); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 136, 1932— Lake Duenas, Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 293, 1934 (range); Pedersen, Medd. Gr0nl., 100, No. 11, p. 21, 1934— Hudson Land, northeastern Greenland; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 997, 1936 (winter range). Range. — Breeds in the Holarctic region, in North America from northern Alaska, Melville Island, and Greenland south to the Aleutian Islands, upper Yukon Valley, northern Manitoba, southern James Bay, and Labrador; also in Iceland, Spitzbergen, Faroes, Hebrides, Scandinavia, northern Russia, and across northern Asia to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea, Commander Islands, and Sakhalin; winters at sea in the northwestern Indian Ocean, off the coasts of Ecuador, Peru,1 and West Africa, as well as in the Papuan and in the Banda Sea; accidental in Argentina (Chaco and Patagonia). In migration found throughout the interior of North America. Field Museum Collection. — 144: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Nome, 2; St. Michael's, 7; Bethel, 1; Iditarod, 1; Hot Springs, 1; St. George Island, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1; Lake Labarge, 1); 1 Taczanowski lists a single male from Tumbez (Jan. 20). Berlepsch and Stolzmann's record of P. lobatus from "Chorillos" (cf. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 400) probably refers to the same specimen. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 221 Labrador (Indian Harbor, 2); British Columbia (Okanagan, 3); Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, 3; Walsh, 3); Saskatchewan (Osier, 3; Maple Creek, 20); North Dakota (Rocklake, Towner County, 7; Towner County, 3; Stump Lake, 1); Minnesota (Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 3); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3; Chatham, 2); Rhode Island (Sakonnet, New- port County, 1); Connecticut (East Haven, 2; Quinnipiac Marsh, New Haven County, 2; Fairfield Beach, Fairfield County, 1); Kansas (Blue Rapids, Marshall County, 1); Colorado (New Castle, Garfield County, 1); California (Eureka, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Carmel, Monterey County, 16; Pacific Grove, Monterey County, 3; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 6; Monterey, 6; Seaside, Monterey County, 9; Trinidad, Humboldt County, 7; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 9; Westport, Mendocino County, 2; Hayward, Alameda County, 2; Samoa, Humboldt County, 2). Conover Collection. — 26: Alaska (Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, 8; Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 4); Oregon (Netarts, Tillamook County, 1); North Dakota (Devil's Lake, Ramsey County, 2); Massachusetts (Pigeon Cove, Essex County, 6) ; California (Wilming- ton, Los Angeles County, 5). Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot Steganopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 24, p. 124, 1818 (diag- nosis); idem, I.e., 32, p. 136, 1819 — type, by monotypy, Steganopus tri- color Vieillot. Holopodius Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, No. 2, p. 342, Feb. 5, 1828 — type, by orig. desig., Phalaropus wilsonii Ssibine= Steganopus tri- color Vieillot. *Steganopus tricolor Vieillot.1 WILSON'S PHALAROPE. Steganopus tricolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., $2, p. 136, 1819 — based on "Chorlito tarso comprimido" Azara, No. 407, Paraguay (December); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 332— Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 705, 1896 (monog.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru (young male, May); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 395, 1903 — Mexico (Tres Marias Islands; Valley of Mexico; Xochimilco, Ixtapalapa, Tlalpam, and Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla; Jerez, Zacatecas) and Guatemala (Lake 1 Tringa glacialis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 675, 1789 — based on "Plain Phalarope" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 495; "in mari glaciali"), while possibly referable to Wilson's Phalarope (cf. Coues, Bds. Northwest, p. 467 [footnote], 1874), is not identifiable with certainty. It is the genotype of Amblyrhynchus (not of Leach, 1816) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Water Birds, p. 247, 1834. 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Duenas); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 251, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 13; Oct. 7); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 222, 1910— Chubut, Tucuman (Cumbre de Calchaquies), Mendoza, Misiones, and Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 345, 1912— Chubut Valley (descr.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 57, 1913— Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Nov. 3); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 39, 1914— Paraguay; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 431, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 2, p. 123, 1920 — Argentina (Cumbre de Calchaquies, Tucuman, Oct.; Mendoza; Buenos Aires, Feb.; Barracas al Sud, Sept. 13, Oct. 7; Chubut; Misiones, Nov.), Falkland Islands, Bolivia (Alto Paraguay, Oct. 15), and Paraguay; Wace, I.e., p. 199, 1921— Falkland Islands; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 201, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Guayaquil (Aug. 21), Ecuador; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 145, 1926— Rio Ajo, below Lavalle (Nov. 15) and Carhue (Dec. 15-18), Buenos Aires; idem, Tech. Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 26, p. 8, 1927— Rio Ajo (Nov.), Carhue (Dec.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 142, p. 28, 1927 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 89, 1928 — Lower California (spring and fall transient); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 201, 1928— Zelaya (Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos Aires; Dabbene, I.e., p. 312, 1929 — Rosas (Oct.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 82, 1930— Matto Grosso; Wolfe, Condor, 33, p. 49, 1931— Utah (breeding habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 386, 1932— Chile (winter visitor); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 292, 1934 (range); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 9, p. 118, 1937 — San Mateo, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Sept. 9); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 144, 1938— Brazil (Matto Grosso); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 57, 1938— Vegas de Chacalluta, Tacna, Chile (Sept.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Sept.); Holmes, Ibis, 1939, p. 335— Lake Langui (13,000 ft.; Aug. 25), Lake Titicaca (Puno Bay, Aug. 30; Guaquf, Sept. 28), lakes Lagunilla and Saracocha (13,000 ft.; early Sept.), Peru; Morrison, I.e., 1939, p. 465— Santa Inez (14,300 ft.), Huancavelica, Peru (Nov. 11). Phalaropus Wilsoni(ii) Sabine, in Franklin's Narr. Journ. Polar Sea, 1, App., p. 691, 1823 — Cumberland/House, Saskatchewan (type probably in British Museum) ; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 118, 1843 — Lake Quintero, Valparaiso, Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 101 — Lake Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 179— Valley of Mexico; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas., livr. 6, Scolopaces, p. 60, 1864 — Canada, Wisconsin (Koskonong), Mexico (Vera Cruz), and Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 198— Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 339— Chile; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 313, 1870— Caicara, Matto Grosso, Brazil (Sept.); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 198 — Chubut River, Patagonia, and west of Buenos Aires (Feb.); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 342, 1887 (crit.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 181, 1889 — Argentina; Philippi, Verh. Deuts. Wiss. Ver. Santiago, 2, p. 270, pi. 5, 1893— Iquique, Tarapaca (Sept.), and Rancagua, O'Higgins (Sept.), Chile; Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 4, p. vi, 1894— Falkland Islands; idem, Ibis, 1895, p. 145— Falkland Islands; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Chile; 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 223 Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 68, pi. 31, 1902— Iquique and Rancagua, Chile. Phalaropus fimbriatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 370, Sept. 24, 1825 — "Senegal" * and Mexico (cotypes in coll. of Count Riocour [Nancy] and coll. of Baron M. Laugier, their present location unknown). Phalaropus frenatus Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 178, pi. 271, circa 1826 — New York (type in coll. of Count Riocour, actual location un- known;2 Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 132, 1865 — Chile (spec, examined). Lobipes incanus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 1, pi. 16, Feb., 1827 — Mexico (type in coll. of W. Jardine, now in British Museum). Phalaropus stenodactylus Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 523 — Mexico (type in Munich Museum ;= winter plumage). Phalaropus lobatus (not Tringa lobata Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 432, 1847— coast of Valparaiso, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 277, 1868— Chile and "Peru" (=Tacna). Phalaropus tricolor Stejneger, Auk, 2, p. 183, 1885 (crit.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 178, 1886— Laguna de Chapulco, Puebla (Sept., Oct.); Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1925, p. 342 (migration; winter range); Bennett, I.e., 1926, p. 324— Falkland Islands. Steganopus wilsoni Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 467 — Alto Paraguay, Bolivia (Oct. 15). Micropalama himantopus (errore) Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Zelaya (Oct. 12) and Rosas (Oct. 23), Buenos Aires. Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba to central Cali- fornia, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, central Iowa (formerly to southern Kansas and Missouri), and northwestern Indiana; winters in the highlands of Peru3 and Bolivia as well as in Chile and Argentina south to Chubut; accidental in the Falkland Islands (one record). Field Museum Collection. — 124: Alberta (Walsh, 2) ; Saskatchewan (Maple Creek, 2; Big Stick Lake, 7; Hay Creek, 3; Lake Johnson, 2; Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Towner County, 26; Rocklake, Towner County, 8; Pensimer, Towner County, 1; Stump Lake, Nelson County, 19; Cando, Towner County, 2); South Dakota (Harrison, Douglas County, 5); Minnesota (Jackson County, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, Bent County, 4; Cochetopa, Saguache County, 3); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 10; Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois, 1 The locality is clearly erroneous. In fact, we are told by Vieillot, who doubtless described the very same specimen, that the bird in the Riocour Collec- tion came from New York. 2 The type is probably in the mounted series at Tring, where the bulk of the Riocour Collection is preserved. 3 Cf. Holmes and Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 335, 465. 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cook County (Wolf Lake, 1; Hyde Lake, 1; South Chicago, 2; Chicago, 1); Oklahoma (Ponca Agency, Kay County, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 6); Oregon (Harney County, 1); California (Seaside, Monterey County, 2; Palo Alto Sports Club, Santa Clara County, 1; Moss Landing, Monterey County, 4); Brazil (Vaccaria, Matto Grosso, 1); Peru, Arequipa (Cailloma, 3; Salinas, 2); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 1). Conover Collection.— 26: Alberta (Beaverhill Lake, Tofield, 2); Utah (Brigham, Box Elder County, 11); California (Yermo, San Bernardino County, 4; Wilmington, Los Angeles County, 2); Ecuador (Laguna Yaguarcocha, Imbabura, 1); Peru (Puno, Puno, 1; Salinas, Arequipa, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1); Bolivia (Guaqui, La Paz, 1; Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 1; Aiquile, Cochabamba, 1). Superfamily BURHINOIDEA Family BURHINIDAE.1 Thick-Knees Genus BURHINUS Illiger Burhinus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 250, 1811 — type, by monotypy, Charadrius magnirostris Latham. Oedicnemus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 321, 1815 — type, by tautonymy, Charadrius oedicnemus Linnaeus. Fedoa Leach, Cat. Mamm. Bds. Brit. Mus., p. 28, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Fedoa Oedicnemus" '= Charadrius Oedicnemus Linnaeus. *Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus (Wagler). MEXICAN THICK- KNEE. Charadrius bistriatus Wagler, Isis, 22, col. 648, 1829 — Mexico (type, from San Mateo, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 388, 1934). Oedicnemus bistriatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 397 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 — part, Mexico; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 45, 1876— Tapana (Tehuantepec), Oaxaca; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85, 1887 — part, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896— part, spec, a, b, o, Misantla, Vera Cruz, and "Torula" (= Tonala), Chiapas, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 — part, Mexico (Misantla, Vera Cruz; Tapana, Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas). Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20, 1919- — part, southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Misantla, Tlalcotalpam, Pasa Nueva), Oaxaca (Tapana, Huilotepec, Ishuatan), and Chiapas (Tonala). 1 For family characters, cf. Lowe, Ibis, 1931, pp. 504-507. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 225 Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 387, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934— part, Mexico. Range. — Southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas.1 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Mexico (Reforma, Oaxaca, 1). *Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem.2 INTERMEDIATE THICK-KNEE. Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 388, Dec., 1934 — Hacienda El Pelon, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (type in Dickey Collection at the University of California at Los Angeles) ; Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 179, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Carmen, Pasaquina, and Colima, El Salvador (habits). Oedicnemus ? Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 314 — La Brea, Nacaome, and plain of Comayagua, Honduras (soft parts). Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 68 — San Geronimo, Guatemala (eggs descr.); Salvin, I.e., 1861, p. 356 — Salama, Vera Paz, Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1865, p. 198 — Huamuchal, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 — part, Guatemala and Honduras; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 378, 1869 — San Juan del Norte and "San Jose," Costa Rica; Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 85, 1887 — part, Guatemala and Honduras; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 129, 1888 — Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 — part, Guatemala (Huamuchal, San Gero- nimo), Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan del Norte), and Costa Rica ("San Jose"); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 424, 1910 — "San Jose," Costa Rica (ex Frantzius). Oedicnemis bistriatus Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 389, 1884 — Sucuya, Nicaragua. Oedicnemus bistriatus bistriatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20, 1919 — part, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua (Sucuya, San Juan del Norte), and Costa Rica; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 137, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala. Burhinus bistriatus bistriatus Griscom, Auk, 50, p. 299, 1933 — Filadelphia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 — part, Central America to western Costa Rica. Range. — Central America from Guatemala to northwestern Costa Rica.3 1 Six specimens, including one from Tonala, Chiapas, examined. 2 Burhinus bistriatus vigilans van Rossem: Very similar to B. b. bistriatus, but tarsus and toes on average slightly longer; upper parts and chest darker, more avellaneous, with the mesial streaking above broader and darker. Differs from B, b. vocifer by larger size, longer tarsus, stouter bill, and less brownish chest. Wing, 260-275; tail, 130-140; tarsus, 120-130; bill, 48-54. 3 The occurrence of any form of Thick-Knee in Panama is open to doubt. The captive bird bought at Panama City by Festa (cf. Oedicnemus bistriatus 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 6: El Salvador (Cuscatlan, Colima, 2); Costa Rica, Guanacaste (Filadelphia, 3; Hacienda El Pelon, 1). Conover Collection. — 5: Costa Rica (Filadelphia, Guanacaste, 5). *Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier).1 GUIANAN THICK- KNEE. Aedicnemus vocifer L'Herminier, Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, pi. 84, 1837 — "llanos de Maturin, petite ville situee sur les bords du Guarapiche et dependante de la province de Cumana" = Maturin, State of Monagas, northeastern Venezuela (cotype in Paris Museum). Oedicnemus americanus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 349, Dec. 31, 1837 — interior of [British] Guiana.2 Oedicnemus bistriatus (not Charadrius bistriatus Wagler) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 749, 1849— savanna of British Guiana; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 7, Cursores, p. 19, 1865 — "Guade- loupe" (= Maturin) and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 60, 1867 (range in part); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 296, 1870 — Forte do [Sao Joaquim], Rio Branco, Brazil; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1886, p. 177 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charadr., p. 85, 1887 — part, Colombia, Venezuela, and northern Brazil; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 656, 1896— Margarita Island, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, pp. 12, 721, 1896— part, spec, f-m, p-r, Colombia (Bogota), Venezuela (Meiida), British Guiana (Annai), and Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 128, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 339, 1903 — part, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and "Amazonas"; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 57, 1907 — part, Amazonas, Guiana, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 75, 1909 — La Brea, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 238, 1909 — Margarita Island (ex Robinson); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 95, 1914— "Para" (cage-bird); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 368, 1916 — savannas of the Orinoco region, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 243, 1916 — Annai and Quonga. Burhinus bistriatus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 226, 1917 — Barranquilla, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 140 — llanos of Guarico and Apure, Venezuela. Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 12, 1899) might have come from either Colombia or Costa Rica. 1 Burhinus bistriatus vocifer (L'Herminier) differs from the northern races 'by smaller size, slenderer bill, shorter tarsus, and darker, more brownish buffy chest with dusky mesial streaks more pronounced. Wing, 230-245; tail, 120- 130; tarsus, 100-110; bill, 44-50. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1. — Venezuela: Maturin, 1; Caicara, Orinoco River, 2. — British Guiana: Annai, 2; unspecified, 1. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5. 2 Collected by the elder (Robert) Schomburgk. Specimen "2," from "British Guiana (Old Collection)," in the British Museum, is probably the type. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 227 Oedicnemus bistriatus vodfer Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 20 (in text), 1919 (range; char.); Osgood and Conover, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 43, 1922— Rio Cogollo, Zulia, Venezuela; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 187, 1922 — Rio Hacha, La Goajira, and Camperucho, Santa Marta region, Colombia. Burhinus bistriatus vocifer Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 377, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Colombia (Barranquilla; Cie'naga, Magdalena; Camperucho; La Goajira; "Bogota") and Venezuela (south to the Orinoco), east to British Guiana and the adjoining districts of Brazil (upper Rio Branco). Field Museum Collection. — 3 : Venezuela (Piacoa, Delta Amacuro, 1); Brazil (Serra da Lua, near Boa Vista, Amazonas, 2). Conover Collection. — 2: Venezuela (Rio Cogollo, Perija, 2). *Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory).1 DOMINICAN THICK- KNEE. Oedicnemus dominicensis Cory, Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., 2, p. 46, 1883 — La Vega, Dominican Republic (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum, examined); idem, Auk, 1, p. 4, 1884 (repr. orig. descr.); idem, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 140, col. pi. [19], 1884 — Dominican Republic; Thompson, Auk, 2, p. 110, 1885 (voice); Cory, I.e., 4, p. 226, 1887 (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 95, 131, 1892— Haiti; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896 — San Domingo; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 25, 1896— Dominican Republic; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 337 — Almercen, Dominican Republic; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 356, 1909 — Dominican Republic (habits; eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 23, 1919 (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 497, 1928 — northern and central plains of Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 363, 1929— Gonai'ves; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 314, 1929 — San Juan, Dominican Republic; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 169, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.). Oedicnemus bistriatus dominicensis Seebohm, Geog. Distr. Charad., p. 86, 1887 — Hispaniola (crit.). Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range). Range. — Island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Hispaniola (La Vega, La Vega, Dominican Republic, 2). Conover Collection. — 1: Hispaniola (Pimetel, Dominican Republic, 1). 1 Burhinus bistriatus dominicensis (Cory) differs from the continental races by considerably smaller size, slenderer bill and legs, and decidedly creamy or buffy instead of white posterior lower parts. Wing, 205-215; tail, 104-108; tarsus, 90-95; bill, 40-44. 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Burhinus superciliaris (Tschudi). PERUVIAN THICK- KNEE. Oedicnenus (sic) superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 — "in Oceani Pacifici littoralis"=Huacho, Dept. Lima, Peru (type in Neu- chatel Museum). Oedicnemus superciliaris Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 309, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 293, 1846— Huacho, Dept. Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 176, 570 — Tambo Valley, near Islay, Dept. Arequipa; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 333, 1886— Lima to Tumbez, Peru; Seebohm, Geogr. Dist. Charad., p. 87, 1887 — Pacific coast of Peru (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 395 — lea and Lima, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 14, 1896— Peru (monog.). Burhinus superciliaris Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 269 — Piura (Rio Chica, Amotape), Lambayeque (Eten), and Libertad (Trujillo), Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 202, 1926— Tumbez, Peru (ex Taczanowski); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 296, 1934 (range); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 58, 1938 — near Arica, Tacna, Chile. Range. — Arid littoral of the Pacific coast from Tumbez, Peru, to Arica, Chile. Superfamily THINOCOROIDEA Family THINOCORIDAE. Seed Snipes Genus ATTAGIS (I. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson Attagis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 130, by March, 1831 — type, by monotypy (p. 135), Attagis gayi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Lesson. * Attagis gayi latreillii Lesson. LATREILLE'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis latreillii Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "243" (=343), June, 1831 — "d'une collection expe"diee de Buenos-Ayres," errore,= Ecuador (type in Pecquet Collection, Caen, present location unknown); idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 4, pi. 11, Nov. 3, 1832— "Chile" (fig. of type in Pecquet Collection);1 Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 189, 1926 — Mount Pichincha, Antisana, and Mount Chimborazo; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 33, p. 355, 1927— Antisana. Attagis chimborazensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 82, 1860 — Panza, Chimborazo (alt. 14,000 ft.), Ecuador (type in British Museum examined); idem and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 157, pi. 79, 1869 — Ecuador (fig. of type); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716, 1 Although the plate is poor, there can be little doubt that the description refers to the Ecuadorian form. The origin of the type, once in the private collec- tion of a Mr. Pecquet at Caen, is shrouded in uncertainty. Lesson at first stated that it was received in a collection shipped from Buenos Aires, but sub- sequently he gave "Chile" as its habitat, which cannot be correct either. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 229 1896 — Chimborazo; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 45, 1900— Mount Corazon; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 251— Pichincha; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 148, 1912 — Paramo de Pichincha; Lonn- berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922— Mount Pichincha (crit.). Attagis gayi latreillei Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 260— Chimborazo and Antisana. Attagis gayi latreillii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934— Ecuador. Range. — Paramo zone of Ecuador.1 Field Museum Collection. — 3 : Ecuador (Llanganata, Tunguragua, 2; unspecified, 1). Conover Collection.— 10: Ecuador (Pichincha, 1; Cerro Puntas, Cordillera Oriental, 3; Cerro Guamani, near Mount Antisana, 6). *Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb.2 SIMON'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 41, 1918 — Cruzero, "Lake Titicaca," Peru (type in British Museum examined); idem, Ibis, 1919, p. 260— Cruzero, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934— Peru and northern Bolivia; Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 463 — Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru (crit.; remarks on type). Attagis gayi (not of I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Lesson) Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 15, p. 29, 1847 — Pass of Tapaquilcha (east of Ascotan), Potosi, Bolivia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 — Ninarupa, Junm, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 284, 1886— Ninarupa; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 — southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896 — part, Peru and Chile (Sacaya); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 307— near Sacaya, Tarapaca; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1921 — Cumbre de Zenta, Jujuy. Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641— Bolivia (ex Bridges). Attagis gayi gayi Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1938 — Parina- cote, Tacna, Chile. Range. — Paramo zone of central southern Peru (depts. of Junin, Huancavelica, and Puno), southwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz to Potosi), northern Chile and northern Argentina (south to Tarapaca and Jujuy). 1 Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Panza, Chimborazo, 1 (type of A. chimborazensis) ; Mount Guamani (alt. 14,000 ft.), 1; Antisana, 4; Chimborazo, 1; unspecified, 2. 2 Attagis gayi simonsi Chubb: A rather poor race. Nearest to A. g. gayi, but upper parts, breast and abdomen more deeply pinkish cinnamon. Wing, 190-192; tail, 80-90. A. g. simonsi has the light markings above more like gayi, buffy grayish rather than ochraceous as in the Ecuadorian race, and the coloring of the under parts, though somewhat darker than in the typical form, is far away from the deep cinnamon rufous of latreillii. The amount of dusky spotting on under wing coverts 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Conover Collection. — 3: Peru (San Antonio de Esquilache, Puno, 1); Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 2). *Attagis gayi gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson. GAY'S SEED SNIPE. Attagis gayi (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 135, pi. 47, by March, 1831 — "San-Iago" = Santiago, Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — Cordillera of Coquimbo and Andes behind Copiapo, Atacama, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12, p. 157, 1844— Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 384, pi. 7, 1847— Cordilleras of Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— "Precordillera" of Santiago, Chile; Cassin, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 192, 1855— Andes of Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868— Cordillera of Chile; Reed, I.e., 49, p. 567, 1877 — Cordillera of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Cordilleras of Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 715, 1896— part, Chile (Santiago); Porter, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 3, p. 179, 1899— Valle de San Antonio, Atacama; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 581, 1900— Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904— Cerro Pelado, Tucuman; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 217, 1909— Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 — Cumbres Calchaqufes, Tucuman; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 239, 1910 — Arroyo Gio, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Sanzin, El Hornero, 2, p. 148, 1918— Cerro Pelado (alt. 3,500 m.), Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; idem, I.e., 30, p. 315, 1930— Caracoles (alt. 10,000 ft.), Santiago, Chile. Attagis latreillii (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865 — Chile (spec, examined); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 292, 1895 — Catamarca (crit.). Attagis gayi fitzgeraldi Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 40, 1918 — Horcones Valley, Mendoza (type in British Museum examined). Attagis gayi gayi Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 — Cerro Rojo and Planicir, south of Lago Buenos Aires, Santa Cruz; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 401, 1932— Banos del Toro, Coquimbo (range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 306, 1934 (range). Range. — Puna zone of the Andes from (?)Antofagasta, Chile, and (?)Tucuman, Argentina, south to the Straits of Magellan.1 and carpal edge is about the same as in gayi, while these markings, in latreillii, are much more extensive as well as darker, more sooty, in tone. Additional material examined. — Peru: Talahuarra, Huancavelica, 5; Cruzero, Puno, 2. — Chile: three leagues southwest of Sacaya, Tarapaca, 1. — Bolivia: Potosi, 2. 1 Birds from Mendoza (A. g. fitzgeraldi) are not separable. The type is a shade darker underneath than the majority of Chilean birds, while another ex- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 231 Field Museum Collection. — 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1; Landbeck, 1; Cerro Toro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Nevada del Cajon, Salta, 1). Conover Collection. — 4: Chile (Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2; Cerro Torro, Ultima Esperanza, Magallanes, 1); Argentina (Acon- quija Mountains, Catamarca, 1). Attagis malouinus (Boddaert). WHITE-BELLIED SEED SNIPE. Tetrao Malouinus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 13, 1783 — based on "Caille des Isles Malouines" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands. Tetrao falklandicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 762, 1789— based on Dauben- ton, PL Enl., pi. 222, Falkland Islands. Attagis falklandica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — mountains of southern Tierra del Fuego; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 — Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 12— Cockle Cove, Straits of Magellan. Attagis falklandicus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 385, 1847 — Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands. Attagis malouinus Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., Grallae, p. 51, 1844 — Straits of Magellan and Hermit Island; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 — Mara Harbour, East Falkland Island (Oct., 1859; one spec.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 716, 1896— Hermit Island and Straits of Magellan (Peckett Harbour, Cockle Cove); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 623, 1900 — Santa Cruz, Patagonia and Straits of Magellan (Punta Arenas, Punta Delgada); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902— Tierra del Fuego; idem, I.e., 18, p. 213, 1908— Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego, and Falkland Islands; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 130, pi., 1907— Cheena Creek Settlement; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 242, 1910 — Arroyo Gio and Killik Aike, Santa Cruz, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (range; crit.); Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 198, 1921— Falkland Islands (ex Abbott); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321— Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926— Arroyo Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro (June 8; crit.); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 352, 1934 — mountains north of Bahia Moat, Tierra del Fuego; Castellanos, I.e., 6, p. 29, 1935 — Puerto Cook, Staten Island; Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — Herschel and Jerdan Islands, Cape Horn. Attagis molouina (sic) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46 — East Falkland Island (one spec.). Attagis maluina Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 107, 1891 — above Bahia Orange, Tierra del Fuego. ample from the Horcones Valley is much lighter, being exactly like others from Santiago. Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago (Cordillera), 4; "Central Chile," 6; unspecified, 2. — Argentina: Cumbre Calchaquies, Tucuman, 1; Horcones Valley, Mendoza, 2. 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Attagis cheeputi Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921— Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (type in British Museum examined). Attagis malouinus cheeputi Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Attagis malouinus malouinus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Range.— Patagonia, from the Cape Horn region and Tierra del Fuego north to Santa Cruz and in the foothills of the Andes north through Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) to western Rio Negro (Arroyo Pilcaniyen) ; accidental on the Falkland Islands (one definite record from Mara Harbour, East Falkland).1 Genus THINOCORUS Eschscholtz Thinocorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, 1829 — type, by mono- typy, Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. Ocypetes Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, col. 762, July, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Ocypetes torquatus Wagler =Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. Tinochorus Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 132, by March, 1831 (emendation). Thinocorys Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., 1, p. 146, 1899 (emendation). *Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi.2 TSCHUDI'S SEED SNIPE. 1 Study of a good series tends to show that A. m. cheeputi was based on an individual mutant. The type, with its buffy gray-vermiculated rump and upper tail coverts and buffy-barred rectrices, is matched by a bird from Peckett Harbour and another from Tierra del Fuego (Sara Settlement). The other specimens from Tierra del Fuego are exceedingly variable in the markings of the posterior upper parts, and form an uninterrupted series from the "cheeputi" type to what Lowe takes for malouinus. Birds from Hermit Island, Cockle Cove, Euston Bay, and Chubut (Lago Blanco) generally have wider and more rufescent markings on rump and tail coverts than Tierra del Fuego specimens. However, one from Lago Blanco is not distinguishable from the buffiest Tierra del Fuego bird. Barred rectrices also occur in other individuals, e.g., in a male from Cockle Cove, which combines the banded tail with the normal coloration of malouinus (viz., concentric reddish-brown markings on rump and tail coverts). It is thus seen that the var. cheeputi is not confined to any particular area. In fact, one of the Lago Blanco specimens shot on the same day (June 29) as the type of cheeputi is among the most reddish colored of the malouinus pattern. Material examined. — Cape Horn region: Hermit Island, 3.- — Tierra del Fuego: Hardy Peninsula, 1; Sara Settlement, 3; Est. Viamonte, 1; Valley of Rio Chico, 1. — Straits of Magellan: Cockle Cove, 1; Peckett Harbour, 1; Euston Bay, 1. — Chubut: Valley del Lago Blanco, 6. 2 Thinocorus orbignyianus ingae Tschudi: Similar to the nominate race, but somewhat smaller. Wing, 135-144; tail, 60-67, rarely to 73 mm. In coloration this form does not differ from the larger southern subspecies. Individuals with the feathers of the upper parts broadly edged and others with these feathers narrowly edged with buff occur together in Peru, Bolivia, and north- ern Chile. Recent study of ample material tends to show that, if the two races be maintained, birds from Tacna and Tarapacd must undoubtedly be placed with ingae. Specimens from southern Bolivia, including one from Cinti, are likewise the northern form. Additional material examined. — Peru: Paramo of Huamachuco, 1 (wing, 139); Santiago, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Paramo south of Recuay, Ancachs, 1 (wing, 138); 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 233 Thinocorus ingae Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 387, 1843 — High Andes of Peru=Puna of Dept. Junfn1 (type in Neuchfitel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 279, 1846— puna region of Peru (11,000- 14,000 ft.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 556— Junfn, Peru (eggs descr.). Thinocorus orbignyanus (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989— Salinas; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 357, 1876— Lake Titicaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 641 — Cinti (=Camargo), Bolivia (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 281, 1886— puna of Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 403 — Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1891, p. 137 — Sacaya, Lake Huasco, and Canchosa, Tarapaca; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 292, 1895— Catamarca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 718, 1896 — part, spec, d'-m', p'-u', Tarapaca (Lake Huasco, Sacaya, Canchosa, "Iquique" [=Abricoya]), Bolivia (Cinti), and Peru (Salinas, Junin); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 — part, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900 — Chile (in part); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Banos and Hacienda Queta, Junin, Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Sierras Altas de Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 446 — Moreno, Puna de Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 231, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 252, 1909 — Cerro Parallon, Laguna Alta, and Cumbre Cal- chaquies, Tucuman; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 50, 1921— Occobamba Pass, Urubamba, Peru. Thinocorys orbignlanus(!) Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 249, 1904 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Me"negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 1, p. 319, 1910 — Tulpo (southeast of Huamachuco), Peru; (?)Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Cumbre del Zenta, Jujuy. Thinocorus orbignyanus ingae Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, p. 464— Pultoc and Talahuarra, Huancavelica, Peru. Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 400, 1932— part, Tacna to Tarapaca, Chile. Thynocorus orbignyanus orbignyanus Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 50, 1937 — Tacna and Parinacota, Tacna, Chile. Range. — Puna zone of Peru, Bolivia, and extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca) and Argentina south to Catamarca. Field Museum Collection. — 21: Peru (Junin, Junin, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; San Antonio de Esquilache, Junin, 1 (wing, 140); Galera, Junfn, 1 (wing, 136); Paso de Aricoma, Puno, 1 (wing, 139); Salinas, Arequipa, 1 (wing, 144); Cruzero, Puno, 1 (wing, 140). — Bolivia: Challapata, Oruro, 2 (wing, 138, 144); Potosf, 1 (wing, 140); Cinti (=Camargo), Chuquisaca, 1 (wing, 138). — Chile: Abricoya, Tarapaca, 1 (wing, 139); Sacaya, Tarapaca, 4 (wing, 138-143). Birds from central Chile (Coquimbo to Santiago) measure from 142 to 154, those from the Sierra of Mendoza from 148 to 151, while five from Antofagasta have wings of 139, 144, 147, 150, and 157 mm. 1 Cf. Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 2, p. 99, 1846. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 13); Argentina (Nevado de Cajon, Salta, 2); Chile (Chungara, Tarapaca, 2). Conover Collection. — 23: Peru (Sumbay, Arequipa, 1; Rio Llave, Puno, 4; Chucuito, Puno, 1; Puno, Puno, 1); Bolivia (Esperanza, La Paz, 12) ; Argentina (Sierra de Trenta, Jujuy, 1 ; Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 3). Thinocorus orbignyianus orbignyianus (Lesson). D'ORBIGNY'S SEED SNIPE. Tinochorus orbignyianus1 (I. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire and) Lesson, Cent. Zool., pp. 137, 139, pis. 48 (male), 49 (female), by March, 1831— "San-Iago" = Santiago, Chile (cotypes in Paris Museum); Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 95, 1841— Andes of Chile; Eraser, I.e., 11, p. 115, 1843— Andes of Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847— vicinity of Santiago; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868 — Cordilleras of Chile; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Inacaliri and Pastes Largos, Antofagasta; Porter, Act. Soc. Sci. Chile, 4, p. ccxvi, 1894 — Chanarcillo, Atacama. Thinocorus orbignianus1 Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 — Cordillera of Santiago; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 191, 1855 — Andes of Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860— Sierra de Mendoza (crit.); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 500, 1861— same locality; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877— Valle de los Cipreses, Colchagua, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 178, 1889— Sierra de Mendoza; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— Sierra de Cordoba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 718, 1896— part, spec. a-c', n', o', Chile (Santiago) and Argentina (Mendoza) ; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— Colchagua; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 306 — part, Santiago (habits); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898— Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 586, 1900— Chile (in part); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 623, 1900 — Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego (Punta Arenas; Penguin Rookery); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 134, 1907 — Useless Bay and Rio McClelland; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 214, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 246, 1910 — Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, near Lake Argentina; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 292, 1923 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 80, 1923 — Sierra de La Rioja; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 149, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Bullock, l.c., 33, p. 193, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Thinochorus orbignyanus Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — Agua de Varas, Antofagasta, Chile. 1 Variously spelled d' orbignyanus, d" orbignianus, orbignyanus, orbignianus or orbignyianus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 235 Thinocorus ingae (not of Tschudi) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile (ex Pelzeln). Thinocorys orbignyanus Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 148, 1918 — San Carlos, Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 172, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile. Thinochorus orbignyianus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 430, 1926 — Huanuluan and Arroyo Anecon Grande, Rio Negro. Thinocorus orbigny(i)anus orbigny(i)anus Brodkorb, Auk, 45, p. 500, 1928 — Chile (crit); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 400, 1932 — part, Coquimbo to Colchagua, Chile (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934 (range). Range. — Puna zone of Chile (from Antofagasta southward) and western Argentina from La Rioja south to Tierra del Fuego and Staten Island.1 Field Museum Collection. — 7: Chile (Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 1; "Central Chile," 2; Los Condes, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Conover Collection. — 8: Chile (Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1; San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 2; Los Condes, Santiago, 1); Argentina (Lago Argentina, Santa Cruz, 3). Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale).2 PACIFIC LESSER SEED SNIPE. Glareola cuneicauda Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 244, 1848 — San Lorenzo Island, near Callao, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum examined). Thinocorus pallidus3 Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 25, No. 631, p. 1, 1910 — Santa Elena, Ecuador (type in Turin Museum). 1 Birds from Mendoza as well as others from western Chubut agree in di- mensions with a Chilean series. Additional material examined. — Chile: Cordillera de las Condes, 6; Santiago, 2; Colchagua, 1; "Central Chile," 10. — Argentina: Sierra de Mendoza, 2; Puente del Inca, Mendoza, 1; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2. 2 Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda (Peale) : Similar to the nominate race, but smaller and paler, the light markings to the dorsal plumage, wing coverts, and inner remiges being much paler, light buff instead of brownish, and the dusky brown central areas of the 'feathers being less extensive. Wing, 101-108; tail, 51-56. 8 T. pallidus appears to be inseparable from cuneicauda. An adult male topotype, in paleness of light edging above, is a good match for the type of T. peruvianus and a specimen from Arequipa, while the other available examples, including a second male from Santa Elena, have the edges darker buffy. It is well to remember that the Lesser Seed Snipe has not yet been found breeding in Ecuador, where it probably occurs only as a migratory visitor. Festa's specimens are in very fresh plumage. There is a possibility that Tinochorus swainsonii Lesson (Bull. Sci. Nat. Geol., 25, No. 197, p. "244" [=344], June, 1831; idem, Illust. Zool., livr. 6, pi. 16, Feb. 23, 1833) might be an earlier name. The type 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thinocorus rumicivorus (not of Eschscholtz) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 989— Islay, Peru (crit.); iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 176— Tambo Valley, Arequipa; iidem, I.e., p. 570 — coast of Peru; Sclater, I.e., p. 148 — Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 557 — Lima and Chorillos; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 283, 1886— Pacasmayo to Islay, Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137 — La Noria, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896 — part, spec, a-k, Peru (near Lima, Arequipa, Islay, Tambo Valley) and Chile (Tarapaca); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304 — part, Tarapaca; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Comp. Zool., 15, No. 369, p. 45, 1900— Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador (Jan.). Thinocorus peruvianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 — Islay, Arequipa, Peru (type in British Museum examined); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172 (in text), 1926 (crit.). Thinocorus rumicivorus pallidus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 190, 1926— Santa Elena, Ecuador; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 307, 1934— Ecuador. Thinocorus rumicivorus cuneicauda Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 399, 1932— La Noria, Tarapaca, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range). Range. — Coast region of southwestern Ecuador (Santa Elena), Peru, and extreme northern Chile (Tarapaca). Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe.1 BOLIVIAN LESSER SEED SNIPE. Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 41, p. 109, April 27, 1921 — Uyuni, Potosl, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Zotta, El Hornero, 6, p. 290, 1936 — Abra Pampa, Puna de Jujuy. Range. — Puna zone of southwestern Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz; Challapata, Oruro; Uyuni, Potosi) and northwestern Argentina (Abra Pampa, Jujuy). was received from "Buenos Aires," by the proprietor, Mr. Pecquet, of Caen, in a shipment of birds which also contained the type of Attagis latreillii, a species restricted in its range to Ecuador. Lesson's description is ambiguous, gives no wing measurement, and unless the type can be found, his bird will remain unidenti- fiable. Material examined. — Ecuador: Puntilla de Santa Elena, 3. — Peru: San Lorenzo Island, off Callao, 3; vicinity of Lima, 1; Lurin, Lima, 2; pampas between Lurin and Villa, 1; Arequipa, 2; Islay, 1; Tambo Valley, 1. — Chile: La Noria, Tarapaca, 1. 1 Thinocorus rumicivorus bolivianus Lowe: Differs from T. r. rumicivorus by longer wings and much more buffy coloration, the light edges to the dorsal plumage, wing coverts, inner remiges, and tail-feathers being pinkish buff to (in female) cinnamon buff instead of avellaneous to sayal brown. Furthermore, the black stripes on sides of throat and down the middle of the foreneck are evidently wider. The six specimens are in fresh plumage. Wing, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, (female) 130. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Uyuni, Potosf, 1 (the type); Chal- lapata, Oruro, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 237 Field Museum Collection. — 1: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 1). Conover Collection. — 2: Bolivia (Esperanza, Pacajes, La Paz, 2). Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz. CHILEAN LESSER SEED SNIPE. Thinocorus rumicivorus Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 1, p. 2, pi. 2, May, 1829 — near the seacoast in the Bay of Conception, Chile (co types probably in Leningrad Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Expl. Exp., 2, p. 191, 1855 — "the higher mountain valleys" of Chile, errore; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 260, 1860 — pampas near Rosario (Santa Fe) and Paran£ (Entre Rios); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 501, 1861— Rosario; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 331, 339— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 143 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; iidem, Ibis, 1869, p. 188 — Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; iidem, I.e., 1869, p. 284 — Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan (Dec. 12); iidem, I.e., 1870, p. 499— Sandy Point (March); Durnford, I.e., 1876, p. 164 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires (May to Sept.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 567, 1877— plains of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 42, 197— Chubut Valley, Patagonia, and Buenos Aires (winter visitor); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 403 — Chubut Valley (nest and eggs descr.); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 56, 1881— from Azul, Buenos Aires, to the Rio Sauce (Chico); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 429— Coquimbo, Chile; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 86, 1884 — province of Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 176, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 108, 1891— Santa Cruz, Lagune de la Lionne, and Missioneros, Patagonia (eggs descr.); C. Bur- meister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 319, 1889 — Chubut, Rio Chico, and Rio Singuer, Patagonia; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 126, 1891— "Sierra" de Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19— Est. Es- partillar, Buenos Aires (visitor); idem, I.e., 1892, p. 211 — Est. Espartillar (March to June); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 719, 1896— part, spec, m-g', Chile (Santiago, Coquimbo) and Argentina (Buenos Aires, Conchitas, Chubut); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 210, 1896— central provinces of Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304 — part, Huasco, Atacama, and Laraquete, Arauco, Chile (habits) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 662, 1898 — Cabo Espiritu Santo and El Paramo Bahia, San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 106, p. 589, 1900— Chile (monog.); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900— Punta Arenas (May); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 43 — Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 135, 1907— Cheena Creek; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 253, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 214, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 248, 1910 — near Mount Tigre (Sept.) and Rio Santa Cruz (March); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 466— Luiconia, Aj6, Buenos Aires (April); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 61 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (March to Sept.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 262, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires (March to July); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1928— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile (winter visitor); Housse, I.e., 29, p. 149, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 352, 1926— Venado Tuerto, Santa F6; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 24, 1927— Zelaya (July) and Rio Lujan (April), Buenos Aires. Ocypetes torquatus Wagler, Isis, 1829, Heft 7, col. 762, July, 1829— "Brazil" (the cotypes [females] in the Berlin Museum were obtained by Sellow at Montevideo, Uruguay).1 Tinochorus eschscholtzii Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 140, pi. 50, by March, 1831 — new name for T. rumicivorus Eschscholtz (descr. and fig. of spec.2 from Buenos Aires in Paris Museum); Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 116, 1843— plains of Chile. Tinochorus rumicivorus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 117, 1841 — Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Chile (near Concepcion; Copiapo), and Buenos Aires (Sierra Ventana); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 387, 1847— Concepcion, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 269, 1868— Santiago to Valdivia, Chile. Thinocorus swainsoni (not of Lesson) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 113, 1865— Chile (spec, examined). Thinocorus ramicivorus (sic) patagonicus Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 68, p. 88, Jan., 1920 — "South Patagonia" (type, from Santa Cruz River, in Berlin Museum). Thinocorus rumicivorus venturii Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. Ill, Apr. 27, 1921 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Thinocorus rumicivorus rumicivorus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 293, 1923 — Huanuluan, Puesto Horno, and Bariloche, Rio Negro (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 172, 1926— Zapala, Neuquen, and mouth of Rio Aconcagua, Valparaiso, Chile (habits); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 429, 1926— Arroyo Secco, Rio Negro (Sept.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 398, 1932— Chile (Atacama to Llanquihue); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Belcher, El Hornero, 6, p. 313, 1936— Pilcaniyen, Rio Negro (breeding). Thinocorus rumicivorus subsp. Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 324 — Falkland Islands. Thinocorus rumicivorus patagonicus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 61, 1930— Est. La Germania, Santa Fe (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934— Santa Cruz to Tierra del Fuego. Range. — Breeds in Chile and southern Argentina north to the Rio Negro; migrates in winter northward to Mendoza, Cordoba, Santa Fe", Entre Rios, and Uruguay;3 accidental on the Falkland Islands (four records). 1 Their wings measure 114 and 117 mm. respectively. 2 Its wing measures 116 mm. 3 The several races which have been described appear to be unsatisfactory. At the outset it may be said that we are unable to separate the general run of Argentine birds from a Chilean series either in size or color. Some specimens, e.g., Field Museum Collection. — 11: Chile ("Central Chile," 2; unspeci- fied, 1; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 1); Argentina (Estancia Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1; San Sebastian, Tierra del Fuego, 2; Paso Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 3). Conover Collection. — 38: Chile (Batuco, Santiago, 3; Angol, Bio Bio, 5; Rio Nirehuau, Aysen, 13); Argentina (Bonifacio, Buenos Aires, 1; Rawson, Chubut, 1; Estancia Pampa Alta, Santa Cruz, 4; Cerro Fortaleza, Santa Cruz, 6; Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, 3; Estancia Cullen, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Estancia Via Monte, Tierra del Fuego, 1). one each from Tierra del Fuego (Viamonte; Feb. 17), Chubut Valley (Nov. 20), Est. Espartillar (May 11), and Ajo, Buenos Aires, have the edges to wing coverts and dorsal feathers somewhat paler, more whitish buff, as has been claimed by Rothschild for T. r. venturii, whose type was a migratory visitor taken, on June 4, near Buenos Aires. However, the majority of Argentine birds are just as dark as the Chilean specimens, and, with regard to the shade of gray on the rump, we cannot perceive the slightest difference between the two series. As to size, there is considerable variation, and this may be of some local significance, as a large percentage of long-winged individuals is found among breeding birds from certain parts of southeastern Patagonia (around the Rio Gallegos). If separable, this larger form is entitled to the name T. r. patagonicus, based upon a male from the Rio Santa Cruz. From the subjoined wing measurements, based upon our own material and data supplied by Messrs. Peters, Riley, Rogers, and Zimmer, it will be seen, however, that the variation is somewhat erratic, and hard to reconcile with particular geographic areas. The question is, furthermore, complicated by the fact that a large proportion of the available material consists of migratory specimens. WING MEASUREMENTS CHILE. — Coquimbo, female 115; Santiago, males 112, 114, 118, 120, 120; Temuco, male 114; Arauco, males 114, 120; Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, males 114, 118, 119, females 110, 116, 124. ARGENTINA. — Neuquen: Zapala (Dec.), male 100, female 112. Rio Negro: Maquinchao, Huanuluan, Bariloche (Aug. to Feb.), males 113^, 115, 115, 116, 118, females 118, 111, 11334 114, 117. Chubut: Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Aug. to Nov.), males 112, 113, 114, 119, 123, 129. Chubut: Rio Chubut (Nov.), male 117; Rawson (Sept.), female 113. Buenos Aires: Barracas al Sud (June), males 112, 116, 120H; Laguna Alsina, Bonifacio (June), male 110, female 117; Est. Espartillar (May), male 115, female 115; Chirilcay (August), female 112; Conchitas, male 125, female 123; Ajo (April), females 115, 118, 125, 128; Bahia Blanca (April), male 132. Santa Cruz: Rio Santa Cruz, males 124, 135 (type of patagonicus); Mount Pampa Alta (Sept., breeding), male 116, female 118; Cerro Fortaleza (March), males 114, 124, 126, females 113, 121; Rio Gallegos (Aug. to Jan.), 112, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123 (two), 124, 125-130 (twelve), 131 (two), 133, females 119, 120 (two), 121-125 (nine), 126, 127, 128, 129; near Mount Tigre (Aug.), female 129. Straits of Magellan: Punta Arenas (Nov., Jan.), males 110, 113, 115, females 113, 124. Tierra del Fuego: Viamonte (Sept., Feb.), males 115, 134. 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Superfamily CHIONIDOIDEA Family CHIONIDIDAE. Sheath-bills Genus CHIONIS J. R. Forster Chionis J. R. Forster, Enchirid. Hist. Nat., p. 37, 1788 (generic characters only)— type, by subs, desig. (Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789), Vaginalis (Chionis) alba Gmelin. Vaginalis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789 — type, by monotypy, Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Cokoramphus Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 — type, by monotypy, Cokoramphiis nivalis Dumont. *Chionis alba (Gmelin). SNOWY SHEATH-BILL. Vaginalis alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 705, 1789— based on "White Sheath-bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89,1 "New Zea- land," errore,=Isla Afio Nuevo, Staten Island.2 Vaginalis chionis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 774, 1790 — based on "White Sheath- bill" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (1), p. 268, pi. 89 (in part). Coleoramphus nivalis Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 10, p. 36, 1818 — new name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis forsteri Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 12, (1), p. 281, 1824 — new name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis alba Quoy and Gaimard, ir> Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool., p. 131, pi. 30, 1824 — Falkland Islands; Lesson, in Duperrey, Voy. Coquille, Zool., 1, p. 724, 1830— Falkland Islands (Baie Franchise); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 118, 1841— Falkland Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859 — Falkland Islands; Sclater, I.e., 28, p. 386, 1860— Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154— Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 284 — Dungeness Spit, Straits of Magellan (Feb. 16, 1868); Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 12, pi., fig. 3, 1885 — South Georgia (breeding); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 24, p. 710, 1896— Straits of Magellan (Dungeness Spit) and Falkland Islands; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 624, 1900— Rio Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (July 22, 1882); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 378, 1902 — Staten Island, Straits of Magellan, and Falkland Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 182, pis. 3, fig. 2 (chick), 12, 13 — South Orkney Islands (eggs; breeding habits); Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 56, pi. 1 (chick), 1906 — South Georgia; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. 1 Latham's account is composite, comprising also some race of C. minor. As Peters (Bds. World, 2, pp. 308-309, 1934) has restricted Gmelin's name to the plate, which unquestionably represents C. alba auct., nomenclature need not be disturbed. 1 J. R. Forster discovered this species on Jan. 3, 1775, on the Isla Ano Nuevo, near Staten Island (cf. Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844). Therefore, there was no need for a corrected type locality (Falkland Islands), as proposed by Brabourne and Chubb (Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 36, 1912). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 241 Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 234, 1910 — Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 213, 1910 (range in Argentina); Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 149, 1917 — Falkland Islands; Anon., El Hornero, 1, p. 41, 1917 — Camarones, Chubut, Patagonia; Bennett, I.e., 2, p. 30, 1920 — Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., p. 197, 1921— Speedwell Island, Falklands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 321, pi. 6— Falkland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 584, pi. 47, figs. 8, 9, 1929— South Georgia (nesting; food); Ardley, I.e., 12, p. 375, pi. 12, fig. 4, 1929— South Orkney Islands (nesting; food); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 308, 1934 (range); Castellanos, El Hornero, 6, p. 29, 1935 — South Orkney (Laurie Island) and Ano Nuevo Islands; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1000, 1936 (mpnog.). Chionis necrophagus Vieillot (and Oudart), Gal. Ois., 2, p. 146, pi. 258, 1825 — substitute name for Vaginalis alba Gmelin. Chionis vaginalis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 86, pi. 509, Sept. 4, 1830 — Falkland Islands (type in Paris Museum). Chionis lactea Forster, Descr. Anim., p. 330, 1844 — Isla Ano Nuevo, Tierra del Fuego. Range. — Breeds on South Georgia, the South Sandwich, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands, and on various islands of the Antarctic Archipelago; occurs regularly in the Falkland Islands, the Diego Ramirez Islets, along the Straits of Magellan, and on the coast of southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz; Camarones Bay, Chubut). Field Museum Collection. — 4: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 4). Conover Collection.— 2: Argentina (Cape Penas, Tierra del Fuego, 2). Suborder LARI Family STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and Jaegers Genus CATHARACTA Brunnich Catharacta Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 32, 1764 — type, by subs, desig. (Reichen- bach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852), Catharacta skua Brunnich. Megalestris (Bonaparte MS.) Parzudaki, Cat. Ois. d'Europe, p. 11, 1856 — type, by monotypy, "Megalestris catarrhactes Bp. ex L." =Catharacta skua Brunnich. Buphagus "(Moehring, 1752)" Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 124 — type, by orig. desig., Larus catarractes Linnaeus =Catharacla skua Brunnich. Catharacta skua skua Brunnich. NORTHERN SKUA. Catharacta skua Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 33, 1764 — Faroes and Iceland; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 1, 1921 (life hist.); Garrison, Auk, 57, p. 567, 1940 (New England records). 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Larus Catarractes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 226, 1766 — substitute name for Catharacta skua Brunnich. Lestris catarractes Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 — southern Greenland; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 213, 1898— Umanak, Greenland. Buphagus skua Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 125 (monog.). Stercorarius catarrhactes Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 319 (monog.). Megalestris catarrhactes Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 315, 1896 (monog.). Megalestris skua Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 677, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Catharacta skua skua Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 309, 1934 (range); Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 310, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1012, 1936 (descr.); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154 — Rio Treelva and Myggbukta, Greenland (June 3-15). Stercorarius skua skua Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 93, (6), p. 8, 1935 — Sukker- toppen, Greenland. Range. — Known to breed in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys; reported to have bred on Lady Franklin Island, south- eastern Baffin Island, and Greenland; winters off the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland to Massachusetts and in the eastern Atlantic south to Spain. *Catharacta skua chilensis (Bonaparte).1 CHILEAN SKUA. Stercorarius antarcticus b. chilensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 2, p. 207, 1857 — "Amer. merid."= Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Stercorarius antarcticus (not Lestris antarcticus Lesson) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 479, 1847— part, Magallania; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 287, 1868— part, Magallania (ex Gay). Lestris antarctica Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Sta. Magdalena, Straits of Magellan. Stercorarius chilensis Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 323, pi. 24 — Mejillones Bay, "Bolivia" (now Antofagasta), Valparaiso, Coquimbo, and Straits of Magellan (descr.; crit); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 800— Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 17 — Straits of Magellan and Talcaguano, Chile; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 527 — Callao Bay, Peru; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206— Callao Bay (Aug., Sept.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 172, 1891 — Missioneros, Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Nov.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile. Megalestris chilensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 318, 1896 — Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, Aug.; Santa Catharina, Aug.), Straits of Magellan (Eliza- beth Island), Chile (Talcaguano, Sept.; Mejillones Bay, Dec.-March; 1 Catharacta skua chilensis (Bonaparte) differs from the nominate race by more cinnamomeous coloring, especially by having the axillaries, under wing coverts, and ventral surface mostly cinnamon or cinnamon-rufous, instead of grayish brown. Size smaller. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 243 Iquique), and Peru (Callao Bay); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 655, 1898— Chile (Coquimbo, Oct.) and Tierra del Fuego (San Huivan- tazgo, Admiralty Sound); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 629, 1900— Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Gates, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus., 1, p. 225, 1901 — Sea Lion Island, Santa Cruz River, Patagonia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902 — Tierra del Fuego (ex Schalow); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 — Port Dixon and Gray's Harbor, Straits of Magellan; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 — Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 101, 1909— Santa Maria Island (off Coronel), Chile (breeding), and Smythe's Channel; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 255, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (Sept. 18); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 226, fig. 134, 1910— Patagonia (descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 — Patagonia and Buenos Aires; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 444, 1922 — Chile north to Arica (habits, eggs descr.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile. Catharacta chilensis Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 216, 218, 1918 (char.; range); (?)Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands (visitor); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 7, 1921— California (Monterey Bay, Aug. 4, 7; Sept. 21), Washington (off Gray's Harbour, June 28), and British Co- lumbia (off Vancouver Island, June 20). Megalestris skua chilensis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 414, 1932— Chile (range); Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 249, 1935— Isla la Mocha, Chile; Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 236, 1936— Arica (Tacna) to Valparaiso, Chile; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 39, p. 169, 1936; Cowan, Murrelet, Seattle, 21, p. 69, 1940— British Columbia Catharacta skua chilensis Reynolds, Ibis, 1932, p. 36 — Snipe and Woodcock Islands, Beagle Channel; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 353, 1934 — Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range); Reynolds, Ibis, 1935, p. 89 — islands around Cape Horn (breeding; eggs descr.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1013, 1936 (monog.; range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 145, 1938 (range); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, p. 325— off Santa Cruz, California (March 14); Hamilton, I.e., 1945, p. 103— off Santa Catharina Island, Brazil (sight record). Range. — Breeds in Tierra del Fuego, the neighboring islets, and northward on the east coast of South America to the mouth of the Rio Santa Cruz (Sea Lion Island), Patagonia, and on the Pacific coast at least to Santa Maria Island, Bay of Arauco, Chile; outside the breeding season wanders north along the western coast of America to British Columbia and on the Atlantic coast to Rio de Janeiro.1 Field Museum Collection. — 3: Chile (Porvenir, Magallanes, 1); Argentina, Santa Cruz (Puerto Deseado, 1; Rio Gallegos, 1). 1 Migrant birds recorded from the Atlantic coast may, however, prove to be brown individuals of C. s. antarctica (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1015). Wace's record from the Falkland Islands requires confirmation. Bennett (Ibis, 1926, p. 318) and Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1009) emphatically deny its occurrence on these islands. 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson).1 FALKLAND ISLAND SKUA. Lestris antarcticus Lesson, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 8, p. 616, 1831 — Falkland Islands and New Zealand (type locality, as restricted by Mathews [Nov. Zool., 18, p. 212, 1918], Falkland Islands; cotypes in Paris Museum;2 cf. Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 579 — part, Falkland Islands. Lestris catarractes (not Larus catarractes Linnaeus) Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. "Uranie," Zool., p. 137, pi. 38, 1824— Falkland Islands. Magalestris antarctica Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 98, 1858— Falk- land Islands (egg descr.); (?)Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889— St. Peter and St. Paul Island, Straits of Magellan; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896 — part, spec, s-y, Falkland Islands; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 40, 1902 — Falkland Islands (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 382, 1902— Orange Bay, Tierra del Fuego (ex Oustalet); idem, I.e., 18, p. 209, 1910 — part, Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay, Ushuaia); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 228, 1910 — part, Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan. Lestris antarctica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 390, 1860— Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 — Falkland Islands (breeding in Decem- ber). Stercorarius antarcticus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321 — part, Falkland Islands; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 779 — part, Falkland Islands; idem, Rep. Voy. Challenger, 2, Birds, p. 139, 1881— part, Falkland Islands; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., (6), Zool., 12, p. 21, 1881— Falkland Islands (crit.); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 169, 1891— Falk- land Islands (French Bay, Edwards Bay), Tierra del Fuego (Orange Bay), and Straits of Magellan (Elizabeth Island). Megalestris antarctica falklandica I^onnberg, Wiss. Erg. Schwed. Siidpolar Exp., 5, No. 5, p. 8, 1905 — Hope Bay, Louis Philippe Land (type in Stockholm Museum); Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 103, 1937 (crit.). Catharacta antarctica Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 148, 1917 — Falkland Islands. Catharacta skua antarctica Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1918 — part, Falkland Islands; Wace, I.e., 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland; Daguerre, I.e., p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Province of Buenos Aires (April to Aug.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 319 — Falkland Islands; Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930— part, Falkland Islands (meas.); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 169, 1934 — Falkland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934— 1 Catharacta skua antarctica (Lesson) most closely resembles C. s. lonnbergi and, though exceedingly variable in intensity of coloring, differs by the some- what streaky or spotty dorsal surface, while the dimensions are generally less. The variations of this form have been discussed at length by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., pp. 1020-1021). 2 Lesson evidently based his description on two specimens obtained by the Uranie on the Falkland Islands. The locality New Zealand appears to have been added from the literature quoted by Quoy and Gaimard. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 245 part, Falkland Islands to southern Argentina; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1020, 1936 — Falkland Islands (monog.; variation; meas.). Range. — Breeds on the Falkland Islands, wandering outside the breeding season north along the South Arnerican coast to beyond the latitude of Cabo Frio, Brazil; strays to the western Antarctic (Louis Philippe Land).1 Catharacta skua lonnbergi Mathews.2 BROWN SKUA. Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, p. 212, Jan., 1912 — New Zealand seas (type in coll. of G. M. Mathews [cf. Hartert, I.e., 35, p. 20, 1927], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Stercorarius antardicus (not Lectris antardicus Lesson) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 321— part, excl. of Falkland Islands; Sclater, Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497— Antarctica. Megalestris antardica Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst., 2, p. 24, 1885 — South Georgia (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 319, 1896 — part, spec, a-p, Campbell, Chatham, Norfolk, and Kerguelen Islands; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 180 — Laurie and Saddle Islands, South Orkneys (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 — part, South Orkney Islands. Catharada antardica Lonnberg, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., 40, No. 5, p. 58, 1906 — South Georgia (crit.; descr. of chick and eggs; habits); Bennett, El Hornero, 2, p. 26, 1920— South Shetland Islands; Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, p. 490— South Georgia. Catharada lonnbergi darkii Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 494, Jan. 31, 1913 — South Orkney Islands (type in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1919 — South Georgia and South Orkney Islands (char.); Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 320— South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands; Mathews, Discovery Rep., 1, p. 580, pi. 47, figs. 3-4, pi. 53, fig. 4, pi. 54, fig. 1, 1929 — South Georgia (nesting). Catharada skua darkei Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 116, 117, 1930— South Georgia, South Orkney, and South Shetland Islands (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (same range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 173, 1934 (crit.; range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1023, 1936 (monog.; char.; range). 1 Birds from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island, heretofore referred to C. s. antardica, are believed by Murphy (Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., p. 1033) to be more closely linked with C. s. lonnbergi, from which they might, however, prove to be separable. Two birds, collected by R. H. Beck at Mar del Plata in October, seem also to belong to this undetermined race. 2 Catharada skua lonnbergi Mathews may be distinguished from the preceding races by larger size, notably longer, stouter bill and tarsus, and prevailing brown coloring with a minimum of chamois color and cinnamon. According to Hamilton and Murphy, the proposed races from the South Orkney Islands (C. lonnbergi clarkei) and Kerguelen Island (C. I. intercedens) are not separable. 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharacta skua lonnbergi Ardley, Discovery Rep., 12, p. 370, 1936 — South Orkneys (nesting; crit.); Alcorn, Condor, 44, p. 218, 1942 — (?) coast of Washington. Range. — Circumpolar at islands in the Antarctic and Subant- arctic zones; breeding in the South Shetlands, South Orkneys, South Georgia, and in the West Antarctic Archipelago to about 65° S. Lat., extralimitally in Stewart, Chatham, Snares, Auckland, Campbell, Antipode, and Macquarie Islands, also in Kerguelen, Crozet, and Prince Edward Islands. Catharacta skua maccormicki (Saunders). SOUTH POLAR SKUA. Stercorarius maccormicki Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 3, p. xii, Dec. 30, 1893 — Possession Island, Victoria Land (type in the British Museum). Megalestris maccormicki Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 321, pi. 1, 1896 — Possession Island, Victoria Land, and Antarctic Sea; Clarke, Ibis, 1906, p. 182— Laurie Island, South Orkneys (Nov. 11, 1904); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 209, 1910 — South Orkney Islands. Catharacta maccormicki wilsoni Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 495, Jan. 31, 1913— Weddell Sea (type, from 74° S. Lat., 22° W. Long., off Coat's Land, in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, pp. 217, 218, 1919— Laurie Island, South Orkneys (char.; range). Catharacta skua maccormicki Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exp., Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., 4, pp. 121, 123, 1930 (crit.; meas.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 310, 1934 (range); Hamilton, Discovery Rep., 9, p. 174, 1934 (crit.); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1016, 1936 (monog.; range); Eklund, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 89, No. 1, p. 302, 1945— King George VI Sound, Antarctica (life hist.). Range. — Breeds on the shores of the Antarctic continent and in the West Antarctic Archipelago north to 65° S. Lat.; occasional in the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson Stercorarius Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 56, 6, p. 149, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, "Stercorarius" =Larus parasiticus Linnaeus. Coprotheres Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. v, 1852 (1853) — type, by orig. desig., Larus pomarinus Temminck. Atalolestris Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (5), pp. 500, 508, Jan. 31, 1913— type, by orig. desig., Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot. *Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck). POMARINE JAEGER. Lestris pomarinus Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 514, 1815 — Arctic regions of Europe, on migration in Holland and France (type or cotypes probably 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 247 in Leyden Museum);1 Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 424, 1843 — northern Greenland. Stercorarius pomatorhinus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 324 (crit.; range); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 527— Callao Bay, Peru (Dec., 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 206— Callao Bay, Peru (Nov. 17 and 18); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 322, 1896 (monog.). Lestris pomatorhina Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 218, 1898 — Greenland. Stercorarius pomarinus Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 192, 1899 — Albemarle Island, Galapagos (Dec. 15, 1897); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 96, 1916— Georgetown Harbor; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 7, 1921 (life hist.); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 287, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Sept. 26, 1908); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 298, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 — off Colon, Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1035, 1936 — off Ancon, Peru (sight record); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (rather rare); Southern, Ibis, 1944, p. 1 (dimor- phism). Coprotheres pomarinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 681, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 400, 1943 — Hooper Bay, Bering Sea, Alaska (breeding). Range. — Breeds on Novaya Zemlya, the Yalmal Peninsula, Arctic coast of Siberia,2 New Siberian Islands, Herald Island, and in northwestern Alaska, islands of the Arctic Archipelago, and the adjacent mainland south to Hooper Bay on the west, Southampton Island on the east, and central Greenland; winters off shore to western Africa, Mediterranean and Black Seas, Indian Ocean, Australia, Galapagos Islands (Albemarle Island, Dec. 15), coasts of Peru (Callao Bay, Nov. 17, Dec.; Ancon, May 8), Gulf of Mexico, the western Atlantic off the coast of Virginia, and British Guiana (Georgetown Harbor). Field Museum Collection. — 19: Alaska (Barrow, 3; St. Lawrence Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 3); California (Moss Landing, 1); Greenland (Davy's Sound, East Coast, 1); Labrador (Okak, 1); Nova Scotia (off Dover, Halifax County, 3); Massachusetts (Chat- ham, 1; Monomoy Island, 2; Cohasset, 1). *Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus). PARASITIC JAEGER. Larus parasiticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — "intra Tropicum cancri: Europae, Americae, Asia" (restricted type locality, coast of Sweden; cf. Lonnberg, Zoologist, (4), 7, pp. 338-342, 1903). ^chlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 47, 1863) lists three "individus au plumage parfait, Mer du Nord," which are probably Temminck's originals. 2 Stercorarius nigricapillus Bergman (Fauna och Flora, 18, No. 5, p. 232, 1923 — cotypes from Taporkof and Pianaja Bay, Kamchatka, in Stockholm Museum) has 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catharada Cepphus Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 36, 1764 — "in Cimbria ad littus maris germanici, prope praedium Lonborregaard." Catharada Coprotheres Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 38, 1764 — Iceland and Norway (descr. of dark phase). Larus crepidatus1 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 602, 1789 — based on Catharada cepphus Brunnich, "Le Labbe ou Stercoraire" Buffon, etc., "in mari Americae et Europae septentrionali." Lestris Schleepii C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 993, 1824 — Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Lestris Richardsonii Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Fauna Bor.- Amer., 2, "1831," p. 433, pi. 73, pub. Feb., 1832— Barren Grounds, lakes of Fur Countries, and [type from] Fort Franklin (descr. of dark phase; location of type unrecorded).2 Lestris parasitica Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 425, 1843 — southern Green- land; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 207, 1898— Greenland. Stercorarius parasiticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 132 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 687, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 14, 1921 (life hist.); Wetmore, I.e., 133, p. 129, 1926 — 15 miles south of Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (Nov. 4 and 7, 1920); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928— Pacific coast of Lower California (migrant); Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 287, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Nov. 23, 1929; sight record) ; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 413, 1932— Valparaiso Bay, Chile (ex Nicoll); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 83, 124, 1932 — Greenland (breeding; crit.); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 25, 1934 — Greenland (Hudson Land, Wollaston Vorland, Hochstetters Vorland; breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 311, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 308, 1935 — Colon Harbor, Panama; Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 303, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1037, 1936— coast of Peru, Chile (Valparaiso Bay, Corral, Chiloe Island, Straits of Magellan), and Argentina (Mar del Plata); Brooks, Ibis, 1939, pp. 326, 327 — off American coasts (char.); Southern, I.e., 85, p. 443, 1943 (distr. of two color phases); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 527, 1943 — Southampton Island (nesting); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 29, 1943— Mackenzie Delta (breeding); Brandt, Alaska Bird Trails, p. 402, 1943— Hooper Bay, Alaska; McCabe, Auk, 61, p. 465, 1944 (habits); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 233, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Stercorarius tephras Malmgren, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 392, 1865 — Spitzbergen and Bear Island (type, from Spitzbergen, in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gylden- stolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 102, 1927). . been shown by Gyldenstolpe (Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 101, 1927) to be insepara- ble from S. pomarinus. lLarus crepidatus Banks (Cook's Voyage, Hawkesworth ed., 2, p. 15, 1773) is a nomen nudum. 2 Possibly in the University Museum, Cambridge, England. .948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 249 Stercorarius crepidatus Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 326 (monog.); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 503— Barbados (July 10, 1888); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 327, 1896 (monog.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 449, 1899— Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 51, 563 — Valparaiso Bay, Chile (Feb. 14), and between St. Vincent and Carriacou, Lesser Antilles (Jan. 27); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.f 32, p. 256, 1905— Barbados and near St. Vincent; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 476— Tuyu, Ajo, Buenos Aires (Feb. 21, 1909). Stercorarius parasiticus parasiticus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 219, 1919 — Argentina; Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 154 — Myggbukta, Greenland (breeding). Range. — Breeds in America from northwestern Alaska and Mel- rille Island across the Arctic Archipelago to Greenland, south to he Aleutian Islands, southern Mackenzie, Hudson Bay, and northern - Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 307, 1846 — Sierra and Puna region, Valley of Jauja, Junin; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Chile to Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 158— Tinta, Cuzco, Peru; iidem, I.e., 1871, p. 577— Peru (Islay and Tinta), Bolivia, and "Mendoza (ex Burmeister)," errore (crit.); Allen, Bull. Mus. Cpmp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876— Moho, Lake Titicaca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877— Laguna de los Pejerreyes, Colchagua, Chile; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 196 (crit.; range); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 641— Bolivia; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 525— Callao Bay, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 404— Huasco, Sitani, and Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, Chile; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207— Callao Bay, Peru; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Antofagasta, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889— Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 137— Sacaya and Lake of Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 188, 1896 — Chile (Sacaya, Huasco, Tarapaca), Peru (Lake Titicaca, Tinta, Laguna de Lanjui,' Tambo, Islay, Callao), and Ecuador (Colta); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Cordilleras of Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Huasco and Sacaya, Chile; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 368, p. 48, 1900 — Canar and Vallevicioso, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1902, (2), p. 53 — Ingapirca, Junin, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1902, p. 232 — lake near Cotopaxi (alt. 13,700 ft.), Ecuador; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, 1 A slightly smaller, darker race with smaller mirrors on the primaries, Larus c. poliocephalus Swainson, occurs in tropical Africa. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 249, 1904 — Santa Catalina, Jujuy; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris, (10), 1, p. 221, 1909 — Lake Poopo and Huancani, Oruro, Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 — Argentina (Cumbre de Calchaqufes, Tucuman, and Jujuy); Me'negaux, Miss. Serv. Ge'ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B. 8, 1911 — Narinhuina, Ecuador; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 258, 1913 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258 — Peru (Banos, Cajamarca; Galera, Junin) and Bolivia (Cochabamba); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 49, 1921— Ollantaytambo and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 21, 1922 — Arcadia (six miles south of Quito), Lake Mica (Antisana), and La Carolina, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 188, 1926— Lake Colta, Antisana, and Lake San Pablo, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 33, p. 354, 1927 — Laguna Mojanda, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 255, 1930— Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, Peru; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 404, 1931 — Sierras de Zenta, Jujuy; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932— Chile (Tarapaca to Antofagasta, Colchagua); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1077, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Philippi, El Hornero, 6, p. 237, 1936— Arica Bay, Tacna, Chile; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 — Chile (Arica Bay and Laguna de Parinacota, Tacna; Santiago; Rio Nuble, near Chilian, Nuble); Morrison, Ibis, 1939, pp. 403, 645 — Huancavelica and Lake Junin, Peru; Low, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 63, p. 5, 1942— Peru. Chroicocephalus personatus ("Natterer") Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, pi. 3, fig. 36, 1853 — "western America within the tropical zone" (no type or type locality specified); idem, I.e., 3, p. 289, 1855 ! (young descr.). Larus personatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 35, 1863 — Bolivia (crit.). Larus bonapartii (not of Swainson and Richardson) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 178— Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru. Hydrocoloeus serranus Dwight, Bull.* Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 276, 1925 (monog.; plumages; range). Range. — Breeds around high Andean lakes from Ecuador to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina (Jujuy, Salta, Tucu- mdn) ; descends in the non-breeding period to the coast of Peru and Chile south to Nuble. Field Museum Collection. — 6: Ecuador (Cerro Antisana, Pichin- cha, 2; Llanganate, Tunguragua, 1); Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 1; Cailloma, Arequipa, 1; Tirapata, Puno, 1). *Larus pipixcan Wagler. FRANKLIN'S GULL. Larus Pipixcan Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 515, May, 1831 — Mexico (cotypes in Munich Museum examined ;= winter plumage); Swarth, 1 Bruch cites as synonym L. serranus and goes on to say that the species has been found by Natterer "in the South American hot plains of Central America" (sic!) and by Tschudi in the puna region of Peru and Chile. Natterer, who, as 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 279 Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931— Galapagos (Narborough, Chatham, and Albemarle Islands); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932— Guatemala (winter); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 410, 1932— Arica to La Mocha, Chile (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 322, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935 — Panama Canal Zone (one record); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1079, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Griscom, Auk, 54, p. 193, 1937— Mugileca, Guerrero (Apr. 16); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 61, 1938 — Chile (Arica; bay of Valparaiso, Jan.; San Vicente de Talcaguano, Feb.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 183, 1938— La Libertad, El Salvador (Jan. 13); Slipp, Condor, 45, p. 38, 1943 (juvenile plumage). Larus franklinii(i) Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.- Amer., 2, "1831," p. 424, pi. 71, pub. Feb., 1832— Saskatchewan River, Manitoba (type [or at least one of the cotypes] in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 482, 1847— Valparaiso, Chile (ex Gray); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 336, 340— Chile (crit.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 577 (crit.; range; synonymy); Saunders, I.e., 1878, p. 195 (crit.); idem, i.e., 1882, p. 524— Coquimbo Bay, Chile (Nov.), and Payta, Peru (Jan.); Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207— Callao, Peru (Jan. to Feb., April); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 191, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 419, 1903 — Mexico (various localities), Guatemala (Chiapam, Champerico), and Panama; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 50 — Valparaiso, Chile; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 — Mangrove Point, Narborough Island, Gala- pagos (March); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Port Limon, Costa Rica; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 42, 1913— Galapagos (Chatham Island, Feb. 10; Albemarle, March 6); Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 259— Callao, Peru (Jan. 10); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 163, 1921 (life hist.); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 53, 1924 — Isla la Mocha, Arauco, Chile; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 188, 1926— Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6). Xema franklini G. R. Gray, List Spec. Bds. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 172, 1844 — Valparaiso, Chile. Larus cucullatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Reichenbach, Vollst. Naturg. Schwimm- vogel, pi. 23, fig. 296, 1848— no locality (type in Dresden Museum); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 — San-Tome" (Conception), Chile; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 188 — Champerico, Guatemala. Chroicocephalus Kittlitzii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1853 — southern Chile (based on a drawing in the Leningrad Museum). Larus cinereo-caudatus Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 18, No. 6, p. 733, June, 1861 — San-Tome" (Concepci6n), Valparaiso, and Arica, Chile (cotypes, from San-Tome", Valparaiso, and Arica, in National Mu- is well-known, never visited Central America, did not obtain it nor did he ever bestow any name on this bird. Bruch's type may possibly be in the museum at Mayence, where his private collection was deposited. 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII seum, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 30, 1930); iidem, Arch. Naturg., 27, (1), p. 293, 1861— same localities, Concepcion to Peru; idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 12, p. 98, 1902 — San-Tome", Valparaiso, and Arica. Chroicocephalus cucullatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 309 — Central America, Panama, and Louisiana (monog.). Chroicocephalus franklini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 310 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 641, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Hydrocoloeus pipixcan Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 288, pi. 15, figs. 3, 4, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. — Breeds in North America, from central Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and south-central Manitoba to Utah, South Dakota, and southern Minnesota; winters on the Gulf coast of the United States, but chiefly on the Pacific coast of South America from the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador, to Concepcion, Chile; casual in the West Indies (St. Bartholomew), Galapagos Islands (three records), and in the Hawaiian Islands (Mauai). Field Museum Collection. — 78: Alberta (Walsh, 1; Many Islands Lake, 6); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2; Moose Jaw, 1; Maple Creek, 3; Big Stick Lake, 1); Manitoba (Selkirk, 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 6); North Dakota (Nelson County, 22; Pierce County, 1; Ramsey County, 10; Rolette County, 2; Towner County, 12); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Minnesota (Heron Lake, 1); Iowa (Loon Lake, 1); Kansas (Oberlin, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Cook County, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Guatemala (San Jose', 1). *Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein.1 PATAGONIAN BROWN-HEADED GULL. Larus maculipennis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 411, Sept., 1823 — Montevideo, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 323, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Registo do Sai, Santa Ana), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), and Matto Grosso (Cidade de Matto Grosso);2 Durn- \Larus ridibundus maculipennis Lichtenstein is so close to the European nominate race that we do not hesitate to follow Laubmann in reducing it to sub- specific rank. Dwight has shown that L. glaucodes and L. maculipennis are the same, the former being the fully adult bird, while the latter represents an abnormal (re- versionary) type of second-year plumage. Falkland Island birds are slightly smaller, but the divergency is too insigni- ficant to justify the recognition of a distinct race (roseiventris). — C.E.H. O. Murie (Auk, 62, p. 313, 1945) has recorded a specimen of Larus ridibundus sibiricus from Kiska Island in the Aleutians. — B.C. 2 According to Dr. M. Sassi, Natterer's specimens, including the one from Cidade de Matto Grosso, are unquestionably maculipennis. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 281 ford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 43, 202 — mouth of Rio Chubut, Patagonia (breeding), and province of Buenos Aires (Baradero, etc.); idem, I.e., 1878, p. 405 — Lake Colguape and Rio Sengel, Chubut (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 201 (crit.; range); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 526— Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); White, l.c., p. 628— Punta Lara, Pecheco, and Salto, Buenos Aires; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 213 — Est. Espartillar (breeding); Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 211— Montevideo Bay; Holland, I.e., 1895, p. 216— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 200, 1896 — Brazil (Barra Grande, Alagoas; Rio de Janeiro; Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay (Montevideo), Buenos Aires (Partido del Ajo, Lomas de Zamora, Espartillar, Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca), Chubut, and Chile (Arauco, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano); Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 287 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (breeding); Sclater, I.e., p. 312 — Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco), Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 657, 1898 — Cavancha (Iquique), Tarapaca, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 447, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 214, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 44, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape), Chubut (Carmen), and Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Rio Salf, Tucuman; Paessler, Orn. Monatsber., 17, p. 101, 1909 — Tocopilla and Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 (range in Argentina); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 200, 1910 — Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 475 — Los Yngleses and Luiconia, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Chubb, I.e., 1919, p. 259 — Papin, Bonifacio, Buenos Aires; Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 81 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tre- moleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 13, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923 — San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 190, 1925— Villa Tolten, Cautin, Chile; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 133, 1926— Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio, Guamini) and Uruguay (San Vicente) (crit.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 425, 1926 — San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 164, 1927 — Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 411, 1932— Tarapaca to Straits of Magellan, Chile; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 323, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1082, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 147, 1938— Sao Paulo (Iguape, Pissaguera) and Argentina (Carmen, Chubut, Buenos Aires, La Plata). Larus glaucodes Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 115, pi. 24, 1834 — coast of Chile (type in Berlin Museum); Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 204, 1855 — Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 314, 1860— southern Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 288, 1868— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 578 — coast of Chile and Falkland Islands (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1877, p. 799 — Messier Channel, Straits of Magellan; idem, 282. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII I.e., 1878, p. 203 (crit.; range); Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 16— Cape Gregory, Magellan Straits; Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 526 (in text) — Talcaguano, Chile (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1889— Port Otway, Chile; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B. 181, 1891— Tierra del Fuego (Sloggett Bay) and Santa Cruz; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 203, 1896— Patagonia (Egg Harbour), Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan (Cape Gregory, Messier Channel), and Chile (Col- chagua, Algarroba, Santiago, Valparaiso, Vina del Mar, Talcaguano, Coquimbo); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 — Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Laraquete (Arauco), Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 656, 1898— Tumbes and Tal- caguano (Concepcion), and Lago Llanquihue, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 630, 1900— Punta Arenas and Rio Pescado, Straits of Magellan; Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 41, 1904— East Island, Falkland Islands (egg descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 212, 1910 — Tierra del Fuego (Sloggett Bay); Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 210, 1910— near Coy Inlet and Cape Fairweather, Santa Cruz; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 147, 1917— Falkland Islands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 197, 1921— Falkland Islands; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 291, 1923 — Maquinchao and Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 426, 1926— Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 319— Falkland Islands. Xema (Chroicocephalum) drrhocephalus (not Larus cirrocephalus Vieillot) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 142, 1841 — Rio Plata, coast of Patagonia, and Straits of Magellan (crit.). Xema cirrhocephalum Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843— Chile. Larus drrhocephalus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 482, 1847— Chile (part, young); Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 512— Valdivia and "Arend" (=Ancud), Chiloe, Chile; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 639, 1860— Lake Aculeo, Santiago, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 — Chile (eggs); Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 16— Talcaguano, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— coast of Tarapaca, Chile. Larus albipennis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 288, 1848 — harbor of Val- paraiso, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum examined); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 133, 1858 — Valparaiso. Chroicocephalum glaucotes Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 — Chile (crit.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 291, 1855 — Chile (crit.). Larus erythropus (not of Gmelin, 1789) Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 113, 1858 — San-Tome, Concepcion, Chile (substitute name for L. albipennis Peale). Gavia roseiventris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 97, 1859 — Falkland Islands (type now in British Museum). Larus roseiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 391, 1860 — Falkland Islands (crit.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166— Falkland Islands (breeding). Larus serranus (not of Tschudi) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861 — Mendoza. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 283 Larus glaucotis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340 — Chile. Hydrocoloeus maculipennis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 295, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Larus glaucoides Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 208, 1929 — Angol, Malleco, Chile. Larus ridibundus maculipennis Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 22, p. 262, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.). Range. — Breeds in southern South America from Valdivia, Chile, and the La Plata estuary to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; ranges north to Tarapaca, Chile, Alagoas, Brazil, and (according to Sassi) Matto Grosso. Field Museum Collection. — 5: Chile (Concepcion, Talcaguano, 1; Lake Gualletue, Cautin, 1; Angol, Bio Bio, 1; Quellon, Chiloe* Island, 1; Chonchi, Chilo6 Island, 1). *Larus Philadelphia (Ord). BONAPARTE'S GULL. Sterna Philadelphia Ord, in Outline's Geogr., 2nd Am. ed., 2, p. 319, 1815 — no locality=near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (no type extant). Larus marginatus Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 — near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant). Larus melanorhynchus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 85, pi. 504, 1830 — "Chile" (descr. of nuptial plumage; type in the Leyden Museum; cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 4, p. 41, 1863). Larus bonapartii Richardson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 425, pi. 72, pub. Feb., 1832— "Great Slave Lake," Mac- kenzie (type, from Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930). Chroicocephalus bonapartii Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 — North America (monog.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 292, 1855 (descr.; crit.). Chroicocephalus subulirostris (Bonaparte MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1853 — North America (type in Mayence Museum). Chroicocephalus Philadelphia Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 310 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 645, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Larus philadelphiae Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 206 (monog.). Larus Philadelphia Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 185, 1896 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 418, 1903 — Mexico (Mazatlan, Guanajuato, Guadalajara, Jalisco); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 175, 1921 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928 — Lower California; Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 289, 1931— Bermuda Islands (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934 (range); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 — Mackenzie Delta (nesting in wooded part); Beardslee, Wilson Bull., 56, p. 9, 1944 (habits; plumages); van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 92, 1945 — Sonora (winter visitant). 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hydrocoloeus Philadelphia Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 306, pi. 15, figs. 5, 6, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. — Breeds in North America from northwestern Alaska and northern Mackenzie south to central British Columbia and central Alberta; winters on the Pacific coast from southeastern Alaska to Lower California and western Mexico, on the Atlantic from New England to Florida, the Bermuda Islands, and on the Gulf coast to Yucatan; accidental in the Hawaiian Islands and in Europe.1 Field Museum Collection. — 144: Alaska (Bethel, 3; Inako River, 1); Yukon Territory (Yukon River, 1); British Columbia (Seymour Narrows, 1; Saturna Island, 1; Victoria, 1); Alberta (Cooking Lake, 1); Manitoba (Churchill, 1); California (San Francisco, 1; Eureka, 1; Monterey, 22; Pacific Grove, 2; Seaside, 1; Hyperion, 15; Motor- drome, Los Angeles County, 1; San Diego County, 1); North Dakota (Nelson County, 7; Rolette County, 8; Towner County, 2); Minne- sota (Pelican Rapids, 2) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 9) ; Illinois (Lake County, 3; Cook County, 1); Indiana (Lake County, 1); Michigan (St. Joseph, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5); Maine (Portland, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 3); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3); New York (Cayuga Lake, 2; Suffolk County, 2); North Carolina, Dare County (Bodie Island, 17; Pea Island, 1); Florida (Pilot Town, 5; Amelia Island, 4; East Pass, 8; Mary Esther, 3; Santa Rosa, 2). Larus minutus Pallas. LITTLE GULL. Larus minutus Pallas, Reisen Versch. Prov. Russ. Reiches, 3, p. 702, 1776 — rivers of Siberia and southern Russia (restricted type locality Berezof, Tobolsk, Siberia; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 650, 1919); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 173, 1896 (monog.); Norton, Auk, 27, p. 447, 1910 (occurrences in America); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 180, 1921 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 324, 1934 (range). Hydrocoloeus minutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 649, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 309, 1925 (monog.; plumages). Range. — Breeds locally in northern Europe and northern Asia; accidental in the eastern United States; on Long Island, New York (Fire Island, Sept. 15, 1887; Rockaway Beach, May 2, 1902) and 1 Bonaparte's Gull has never occurred anywhere in South America. The record from the Tambo Valley, Peru, turned out to be based on an immature bird of L. sen-arms, and Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 483, 1847) is undoubtedly mistaken in including L. bonaparti among the birds of Chile. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 285 in Maine (St. George, Aug. 12, 1904; Pine Point, near Scarborough, July 20, 1910).1 Genus RHODOSTETHIA Macgillivray Rossia (not of Owen, 1835) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 62, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Larus roseus Macgillivray. Rhodostethia Macgillivray, Man. Brit. Orn., 2, p. 252, 1842 — type, by orig. desig., Larus rossii Richardson =Larus roseus Macgillivray. *Rhodostethia rosea (Macgillivray). Ross's GULL. Larus roseus Macgillivray, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc., 5, (1), p. 249, 1824 — no locality given = Melville Peninsula, Keewatin2 (type in Edin- burgh Museum); Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., 1, (1), pi. 14, Feb., 1827 (fig. of type); Winge, Medd. Gr0nL, 21, p. 199, 1898— Greenland. Larus rossii Richardson, App. Parry's Second Voy., p. 359, 1825 — Melville Peninsula, Keewatin (type, from Alagnak, 69° 15' N., in Edinburgh Museum; cf. Stenhouse, Nov. Zool., 35, p. 275, 1930). Larus Richardsonii Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buffon, 9, p. 516, 1837 — Arctic Circle. Rhodostethia roseus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 106, 1853 (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 278, 1855— Kamchatka (crit.). Rhodostethia rosea Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 167, 1896 (monog.); Buturlin, Ibis, 1906, pp. 131, 333, 661— Kolyma Delta, Siberia (breeding grounds; habits; nest and eggs descr.); Dresser, I.e., p. 610, pi. 20 (eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 669, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 133, p. 183, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1718, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 36, 1923— St. George Island, Pribilofs (March 24, May 25); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 314, 1925 (range; plumages); Helms, Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr., 27, p. 18, 1933 — Ikamiut, Greenland; Ticehurst, Ibis, 1933, p. 785 — islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20; male, female with egg); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in northern Siberia at the mouths of rivers between Cape Swjatoi Noss and the Indigirka River, and in the valleys of the Indigirka, Alazei, and Kolyma south to about 67° 30' N. Lat., also on islands near Ikamiut, Greenland (June 20, 1885) ; on migra- tion in Kamchatka, the Arctic coast of Alaska, and the Pribilofs (two records from St. George Island). Field Museum Collection. — 20: Alaska (Barrow, 20). 1 Records from the Bermuda Islands pertain to L. Philadelphia (cf. Bradlee, Mowbray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, pp. 289-290, 1931). 2 Macgillivray's provisional name, based on the characteristic shape of the tail ("subcuneate, the middle feathers being considerably longer, the rest graduated"), 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus RISSA Stephens Rissa Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 180, 1826 — type, by mono- typy, Rissa brunnichii Stephens =Larus tridactylus. Cheimonea Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., pp. 84, 196, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. *Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnaeus). KITTIWAKE. Larus tridactylus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 136, 1758 — based on "The Coddy Moddy" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 80, pi. 87, and "Larus cinereus" Raius, Syn. Meth. Av., p. 128, Great Britain; Holboll, Naturh. Tidsskr., 4, p. 420, 1843— Greenland (Godthaab); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 190, 1898— Greenland. Larus Rissa Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, 1764 — Iceland and Christiansoe Island, also near Copenhagen. Larus naevius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 225, 1766 — based on Brisson (Orn., 6, p. 185, pi. 17, fig. 2), Aldrovandi, etc., "in Man Europaeo." Larus albus (not of Gunnerus, 1767) P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 104, 1776 — based on "Mouette cendree tachetee" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 387. Larus cinerarius (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Fabricius, Faun. Greenl., p. 101, 1780 — Greenland (descr. of winter plumage). Larus Riga Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 594, 1789— based on Larus Rissa Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 42, No. 140, and "Kittiwake" of Pennant and Latham, northern America, Europe, and Asia. Rissa Brunnichii (Leach MS.) Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 181, pi. 21, 1826 — substitute name for Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. Rissa tridactylus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 284, 1855 (descr.). Rissa borealis C. L. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 341, 1855 — Greenland, not rare in Europe (type, from Greenland, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov, Zool., 25, p. 60, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Rissa tridactyla Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 305, 1896 (in part, excepting Bering Sea and North Pacific regions); Racey, Canad. Field Nat., 53, p. 25, 1939 (banded in Russian Arctic, recovered in Newfound- land); Hennessy, I.e., 57, p. 63, 1943 (banded in Iceland, recovered off Nova Scotia). Rissa tridactyla tridactyla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 565, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 36, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1751, 1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 317, pi. 14, fig. 6, 1925 (range; plumages); Bradlee, Mow- bray, and Eaton, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 288, 1931— Bermuda rests on the very same specimen from Parry's Arctic Expedition, which was subsequently described by Richardson as Larus rossii and is still preserved in the Edinburgh Museum. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 287 Islands (regular winter visitor); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 69, 123, 1932— eastern Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 852— Jan Mayen (breeding); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 319, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 236, 1946— Baffin Island. Range. — breeds in Arctic and Subarctic North America from Wellington Channel, northern Greenland, south to Somerset Island, east coast of Baffin Island, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and extra- limitally in Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, northwestern Europe, and northern Asia; winters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to New Jersey and the Bermuda Islands. Accidental in the interior. Field Museum Collection. — 33: Arctic Canada (Resolution Island, 1); Greenland (Agpamiut, 3; Simiutak, 1; Godhavn, 1; Sukkertoppen, 2; Godthaab, 2; Julianehaab, 1; east coast, 5) ; Labrador (Jack Lane's Bay, 1; Rama, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 10); Nova Scotia (Halifax, 1); Massachusetts (Provincetown, 3); Illinois (Meredosia, Morgan County, 1). *Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Ridgway. PACIFIC KITTIWAKE. [Rissa tridactyla] b. pollicaris (Stejneger MS.) Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 202, 1884— Kotzebue Sound, Alaska (new name for Rissa brachyrhynchus [not Larus brachyrhynchus Gould, 1843] Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853). Rissa tridactyla pollicaris Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 78, 1885 — Bering Island and Staritskoff Island, Kamchatka (nomencl.; crit.; breed- ing); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 571, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, l.c., 113, p. 44, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1753, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 31, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 317, 1925 (range; plumages); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928 — Lower California (San Geronimo Island, March, 1897; vicinity of Los Coronados Islands, winter) ; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 325, 1934 (range). Rissa brachyrhynchus (not Larus brachyrhynchus Gould, 1843) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853— North America (diag.); idem, I.e., 3, p. 285, 1855— northwest coast of America (diag.). Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America, from Cape Lisburne and Point Barrow, Alaska, south to the Aleutian Islands, and extralimitally on Wrangel and Herald Islands, north coast of eastern Siberia west to Kolinchin Bay, the coast and islands of Bering Sea, the Commander Islands, Kurile Islands, and Kamchatka; winters from southeastern Alaska to northern Lower California and Japan. 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 17: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Little Diomede Island, 3; Nome, 5; St. Michaels, 4; Icy Strait, 1). *Rissa brevirostris Bmch. RED-LEGGED KITTIWAKE. Rissa brevirostris (Brandt MS.) Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 — "North- west coast of North America" (type in Leningrad Museum); idem, I.e., 3, pp. 285, 293, 1855 (diag.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 82, 1885 — Bering Island (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 312, 1896 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 573, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 49, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1754, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 32, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 322, 1925 (range; plumages); Gabrielson, Auk, 50, p. 216, 1933— Delake, Oregon; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 (range). Larus brachyrhynchus (not of Richardson, 1832) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 106, Dec., 1843 — "Russian America" (type now in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Birds, Part 2, p. 50, pi. 34, Jan., 1844— "Russian America" (fig. of type). Rissa Kotzebuii Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, pp. 212, 217 — "Ex Am. s. occ., California" (substitute name for Rissa brevirostris Bruch); idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 7, p. 18, 1855 (reprint).1 Larus Warnecki Coinde, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 12, p. 401, 1860— St. Paul Island, Pribilof s (type in Paris Museum). Range. — Breeds on the Pribilof, Near, and Commander Islands (more or less resident); casual in Alaska (St. Michaels), Yukon Territory (Forty Mile), and Oregon (Delake, Jan. 28, 1933). Field Museum Collection. — 4: Alaska (St. George Island, 1; Bering Sea, 3). Genus CREAGRUS Bonaparte Creagrus Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, p. 213 — type, by orig. desig., Larus furcatus Neboux. *Creagrus furcatus (Ne"boux). SWALLOW-TAILED GULL. "Mouette a queue fourchue" Neboux, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 290, 1840 — "rade de Monterey (Haute-Californie)" (type in Paris Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 318, 1932). Larus furcatus Neboux, Voy. "Ve'nus," Atlas, Zool., Ois., pi. 10, 1846; Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. "Ve'nus," 5, Zool., p. 277, 1849 — "rade de Monterey (Haute-Californie) . ' ' Xema furcatus Bruch, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 103, 1853 — California (crit.). Creagrus furcatus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 312 (ex Neboux); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 506, 1876— Dalrymple 1 Specific name spelled Kotzebui. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 289 Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 117, 1890 — Dalrymple Rock (generic char.; descr. of breeding plumage); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895— Malpelo Island, off Bay of Panama (March); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 638, 1897 — Brattle, Hood, Chatham, off James, and Tower Islands, Galapagos, and Malpelo Island, Colombia (descr.; meas.); Baur, Amer. Nat., 31, p. 783, 1897 — rock between Gardner and Hood Islands (breed- ing), Barrington Island, near Seymour Island and Abingdon Island, Galapagos; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 237, 1904 — Culpepper, Wenman, and Albemarle Islands (descr. of eggs); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 35, 1913— Galapagos (habits; plumages; meas.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 659, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 328, 1925 (monog.; plumages); Chapman, I.e., 55, p. 187, 1926— off Talara, Peru, and off Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador (Dec. 6); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 65, 1931 — Galapagos; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 42, 1931— Tower Island and Galapagos; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934— Galapagos; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1086, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938 — Malpelo Island, Colombia (breeding). Xema furcatum Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 210— Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island (crit.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 523, pi. 34 (adult and young) — Paracas Bay, Peru (Oct.; descr. of young); Streets, Auk, 29, p. 233, 1912— off Chatham Island (habits). (l)Creagrus furcata Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 291, 1895— off San Diego, California (April 4, 1895). Xema furcata Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 165, 1896— Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos, and Paracas Bay, Peru; Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 190, 1899— Wenman, Culpepper, Tower, and Hood Islands (nest and eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 412, 1902— Wenman, Daphne, Guy Fawkes, and Albemarle Islands. Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Islands and on Malpelo Island, off Bay of Panama; casual off the coast of Ecuador (Gulf of Guayaquil, Dec. 6) and Peru (off Talara; Paracas Bay, Oct.).1 Field Museum Collection. — 8: Galapagos Islands (Wenman Island, 1; Hood Island, 3; Champion Island, 3; Tower Island, 1). Genus XEMA Leach Xema Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, 1819— type, by monotypy, Larus sabini Sabine. Zema Holboll, Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, p. 423, 1843 (emendation). 1 The occurrence of C. furcatus off the California coast is open to doubt. The locality of the type specimen, "Monterey, California," may be due to a confusion of labels, since the Venus also stopped at the Galapagos Islands. 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chema Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 188, 1889 — substitute name for Xema Leach. *Xema sabini (Sabine). SABINE'S GULL. Lams sabini Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 522, pi. 29, 1819 — "low rocky islands on the west coast of Greenland (lat. 75° 29' N. and long. 60° 9' W.") (type, from Sabine Islands, near Melville Bay, in the British Museum); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 197, 1898 — Greenland; Manniche, I.e., 45, No. 1, p. 167, pi. 6 (eggs), 1910 — Renskaeret, Greenland (breeding habits). Xema sabini(i) Leach, hi Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. Ivii, with col. plate, 1819 (descr. of type); Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 19 — north of Upernavik, Greenland (breeding); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 141 — Tumbez, Peru; Saunders, I.e., p. 209 (monog.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 524— Callao Bay, Peru (Dec., 1881); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 207 — San Lorenzo Island, Callao Bay, Peru (Jan., Feb.); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 162, 1896 (monog.; full bibliog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 663, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 113, p. 191, 1921 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 2, p. 1717, 1921 (monog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 52, p. 327, pi. 14, fig. 5, 1925 (plumages; range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 61, 1928— Lower California (San Quintfn, Aug. 14, 1905; near Los Coronados Islands, Aug. 20, 1910); Bradlee and Mowbray, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 290, 1931 — St. George's, Bermuda Islands (one record); L0ppen- thin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 70, 123, 1932— Sand Island, Greenland (crit.; meas.; egg descr.; nesting habits); Pedersen, I.e., 100, No. 11, pp. 7, 23, 1934— Sand Island, Greenland (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 326, 1934 (range); Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150— northeast Greenland (breeding; crit.); Porsild, Canad. Field Nat., 57, p. 30, 1943 — Arctic coast east of Mackenzie Delta (said to breed); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 529, 1943 — Southampton Island (nesting); Dalquist, Condor, 46, p. 34, 1944 — Cali- fornia. [Xema. sabini] sabini Portenko, Ibis, 1939, p. 267 — Greenland (crit.); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 237, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). [Xema sabini] tschuktschorum Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 — Uelen, Chukchi Peninsula (type in coll. of L. Portenko). [Xema sabini] woznesenskii Portenko, Ibis, (14), 3, p. 268, April, 1939 — Hooper Bay, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Xema sabini sabini Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1941, p. 150 — Greenland (crit.). Range. — Breeds on Spitzbergen, the Arctic coast and islands of Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to Anadyr Gulf, the west coast of Alaska from Norton Sound to the Kuskokwim River, in northern Mackenzie, Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, South- ampton Island, and northern Greenland;1 migrates off the Pacific 1 The subdivision of this species attempted by Russian ornithologists appears to rest on very slender grounds. Birds from Alaska seem to us inseparable from 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 291 coast of America and winters on the coast of Peru; of frequent occur- rence in the interior of the United States and on the shores of the North Atlantic Ocean; accidental in the Bermuda Islands (one record). Field Museum Collection— Z%: Alaska (Barrow, 4; Chipp River, near Barrow, 1; King Island, 2; Nome, 4; St. Michaels, 7); Oregon (Tillamook County, 2; Netarts, 1); California (Eureka, 1; Monterey, 3; Cypress Point, 5; off San Pedro, 4); Greenland (Godthaab, 1); Maine (near Calais, 1); Peru (Talara, 2). Subfamily STERNINAE. Terns Genus CHLIDONIAS Rafinesque Chlidonias Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 — type, by monotypy, Sterna melanops Rafinesque =Sterna surina- mensis Gmelin. Hydrochelidon Boie, Isis, 1822, (1), col. 563, May, 1822— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 100, 1841), Hydrochelidon niger (Linn.)= Sterna nigra Linnaeus. Viralva Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 166, 1826— type, by subs, desig. (Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 5, 1896), Sterna nigra Linnaeus. Pelodes Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 107, 1829— type, by monotypy, Sterna leucopareia Temminck= Sterna hybrida Pallas. Chlidonias leucoptera (Temminck) . WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN. Sterna leucoptera Temminck, Man. d'Orn., p. 483, 1815— shores of Mediter- ranean and lakes beyond the Alps (lakes of Locarno, Lugano, Como, and Geneva).1 Hydrochelidon leucoptera Brewer, Amer. Nat., 8, p. 188, 1874— Lake Kosh- konong, Wisconsin (July 5, 1873); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502— Barbados (Oct. 24, 1888); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 6, 1896 (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905— Barbados (ex Feilden); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 536, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). those of Greenland, though they have the mantle on average slightly darker. Yet, according to Portenko, who distinguishes not less than four races on the basis of color-intensity, a single specimen from Griffin Point, Arctic Alaska, pertains to his dark-headed form tschuktschorum, while two (!) other skins from Hooper Bay, Alaska (June), stated to be even darker, are separated as woznesenskii. We strongly doubt the possibility of there being two distinct races in different parts of Alaska. Hartert (Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganz., p. 493) is even unable to recognize X. s. palaeartica Stegmann (Orn. Monatsb., 42, p. 25, 1934). 1 There seems little doubt that the two examples in adult plumage from the Lake of Geneva in the Leyden Museum (cf. Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 32, 1864, s.n. Sterna nigra) are the actual cotypes of Temminck s description. 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chlidonias leucoptera Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 299, 1921 (American records, habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds in southeastern Europe and northern Asia; accidental in the United States (one record from Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin, July 5, 1873) and the West Indies (Barbados, Oct. 24, 1888).1 *Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin). BLACK TERN. Sterna surinamensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 604, 1789 — based on (Latham ex) "Hirondelle de mer, grande espece," Fermin, Descr. Surinam, 2, p. 187, 1769, Surinam. Sterna plumbea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 7, p. 83, pi. 60, fig. 3, 1813— Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania (descr. of young; type lost). Sterna melanops Rafinesque, Kentucky Gazette, n.s., 1, No. 8, p. 3, col. 5, Feb. 21, 1822 — near Harrodsburg, Kentucky (no type extant). Sterna exilis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 9, (1), p. 389, 1843— "in Oceani Pacific! littoribus"= coast of Peru (type in Neuchatel Museum ;= winter plumage; cf. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 21, 1896); idem, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846 — coast and "eastern slope of Cordilleras," Peru. Hydrochelidon plumbea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 479, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 155, 1865 — Chile (vicinity of Santiago). Hydrochelidon fissipes (not Sterna fissipes Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 337, 340— Chile (ex Pelzeln); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1871, p. 573 — coasts of Cuba, British Honduras, and Chile; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 393, 1875 — Cuba (north coast and Zapata marsh). Hydrochelidon nigra (not Sterna nigra Linnaeus) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 642— part, America; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 133, 1887 — Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 244, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 532, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 — Trojas de Cataca and Tierra Nueva, Colombia. Hydrochelidon surinamensis Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 20, 1896 — United States, Mexico, British Honduras (Cay Dolores Channel), Guate- mala (Coban), and Peru (Callao Bay); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 398, 1903 — Mexico (numerous localities), British Honduras (southern Water Cay, Curlew Cay, Cay Dolores Channel), Guatemala (Coban), Costa Rica (Puntarenas), and Panama (Lion Hill); 1 The British Museum has a young bird of Chlidonias hybrida hybrida (Pallas) marked "Barbados," which was presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk who, however, did not include the species among the birds of that island in his History of Barbados, pp. 680-682, 1848. Cf. also Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905, s.n. Hydrochelidon hybrida, and Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 528, s.n. H. leucopareia. The evidence does not seem to be quite satisfactory. 948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 293 Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 308, 1908 (no Cayenne record); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 414, 1910— Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Chlidonias nigra surinamensis Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 290, 1921 (life hist.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926— coast of Manavi, Ecuador (Feb. 13); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, 9, p. 385, 1927 — Puerto Rico (San Juan; Cartagena Lagoon, Aug. 18 to Oct. 7); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 63, 1928— Lower California (transient); Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 181, 1931— Saona Island, Hispaniola (Sept. 13); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 292, 1931— Bermuda Islands (Oct., 1876); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 302, 1931— Cricamola, Panama (Sept. 19); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 408, 1932— Chile; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 126, 1932— Ocos, Guatemala (Oct. 18); idem, Auk, 50, p. 300, 1934— Puerto Jime'nez, Costa Rica (Sept. 29); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 328, 1934 (range); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 309, 1935— Panama; Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1089, 1936 (monog.); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p: 184, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Sept. 4). Range.— Breeds in North America from Alaska, Great Slave Lake, central Manitoba and Ontario to California, Nevada, Colorado, Kansas, northern Missouri and Tennessee, also in northern Ohio, lorthwestern Pennsylvania, and western New York; winters in South America to Surinam in the east and to Peru and Chile in the svest. Field Museum Collection— 113: Alberta (Many Island Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1; Crane Lake, 1); California (Los Banos, 3; Los Angeles County, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1); Texas (Tivoli, 2); North Dakota (Nelson County, 10; Ramsey County, 9; Rolette County, 3; Towner County, 13); South Dakota (Harrison, 1); Kansas (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois (Lake County, 7; Cook County, 6; Cairo, 1); Ohio (Sandusky, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 2; Duxbury Beach, 1); Connecticut (New Haven County, 3); New York (Cayuga Lake, 1) ; North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 20); Georgia (Montezuma, 1); Florida (Punta Rassa, 1; Lake Conday, 1; Palm Beach, 1; West Jupiter, 10); Mexico (Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1). Genus PHAETUSA Wagler Phaetusa Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1224— type, by monotypy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein= Sterna simplex Gmelin. Thalassites Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 372, 1837— type by mono- typy, Sterna magnirostris Lichtenstein=Stenuz simplex Gmelin. 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phaethusa Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Ind. Univ., p. 283, 1846 — emendation of Phaetusa Wagler. Phoetusa Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 772, 1856 — emendation of Phaetusa Wagler. *Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin). LARGE-BILLED TERN. Sterna simplex Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 606, 1789 — based on "Simple Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 355, Cayenne (descr. of im- mature; cf. Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140, 1926). Sterna chloropoda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 32, p. 173, 1819 — based on "Hatf cogote obscuro" Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pax., 3, p. 372, No. 412,1 Paraguay; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 537, 1866— Trinidad. Sterna magnirostris Liechtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 81, 1823 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81, pi. 104, 1825— Rio Sao Francisco, Brazil; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 861, 1833 — Rio Parahyba, Rio de Janeiro, to the Rio Belmonte, Bahia; Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru'., Orn., p. 305, 1846 — "coast of Peru"; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 — Rupununi River; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 450, 1856 — Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana, near Parana (Entre Rfos) and Santa F6; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 519, 1861— same localities; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, livr. 5, Sternae, p. 12, 1864 — Rio de la Plata, Bolivia, and Brazil (crit.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96— Orinoco River, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 393, 979 — Mexiana, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 20 — Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Caicara), and Pard (Cajutuba); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396— Para, Brazil; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 643— Para, Brazil (crit.); Durnford, Ibis, 1880, p. 412— Rosario, Santa F6; Barrows, Auk, 1, p. 316, 1884 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 438, 1886 — Peruvian localities; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 209— Guayaquil, Ecuador; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. Ill, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia. Sterna speculifera "Temminck" Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 622, 1831 — Brazil (type in Paris Museum; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 544, 1850). Sterna albifrons (Cuvier MS.; not of Pallas, 1764) Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 2, p. 544, 1850 — no locality (descr. of imm.; type in Paris Museum). Thalasseus magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 200 — lower Ucayali, Peru (eggs descr.). Phaetusa* magnirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 567 (range); iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 — lower Ucayali and Huallaga, Pebas, 1 Azara's description is none too good, but seems to have been taken, as he thought probable, from an immature individual of the species described by him under the name "Hati cabeza negra," No. 413, which is unquestionably the adult Large-billed Tern. 2 Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetusa, or Phaethusa. 18 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 295 Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 278, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 — Belgrano and Baradero, Buenos Aires; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 112 — Riobamba, Ecuador; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 194, 1889 — Argentina (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 84, 1894 —Trinidad; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 24, 1895— Bahia Negra, Paraguay; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 150, 1895 — Magdalena River (Barranquilla to Puerto Berrio), Colombia; idem and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 653, 1895— Margarita Island; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 23, 1896 — British Guiana (Rupununi River, Ourumee), Surinam, Brazil (Mexiana), Argentina (Rio Parana), Peru (upper Ucayali, Pebas), and Ecuador (Guayaquil); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 443, 1899— Iguape, Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 16, 1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902 — Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 452, 1904— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 — Port of Spain, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 39, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Iguape), Amazonas (Rio Jurud), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., p. 309, 1908 — Cayenne; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 253, 1909 — Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and Santa Fe" (San Vicente, Ocampo; nesting); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 194, 233, 1909— Aruba and Margarita Island; Beebe, Zoologica (N. Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909 — mouth of San Juan River, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 97, 1910— Bahia (near Barrinha, Joazeiro, Remanso, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Lagoa do Parnagua, near Cocal, Rio Parnahyba); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 210, 1910 — Cordoba (Mar Chiquiba), Chaco (San Vicente), Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 471 — Tayru, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Braga, Paraguay (habits; nest and eggs); Ramsden, Auk, 29, p. 100, 1912 — Laguna del Centeno, Nipe Bay, Prov. Oriente, Cuba (May 28, 1910); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 78, 1914 — Quati-puru, Marajo (Pindobal, Dunas, Cambu), and Monte Alegre, Para, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Para, Para, Brazil. Phaetusa1 chloropoda Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— Manimo River and La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa), Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brooklyn Inst., 2, p. 373, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 221, 1917— La Playa, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918 — Braamspunt, Surinam; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 136, 1918 (range); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1919 — coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 180, 1922 — Punto Caiman and Trojas de Cataca, Colombia; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — Rio Apure", Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 185, 1926— Ecuador; Young, Ibis, 1928, p. 765 — coast of British Guiana; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 530 — coast and 1 Variously spelled Phaetusa, Phaetusa, and Phaethusa. 296 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tidal waters of Essequibo River and Rupununi River, British Guiana (nest and eggs). Phaetusa chloripoda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p". 541, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Phaethusa (magnirostris) chloropoda Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 240, 1923 — northern Brazil (eggs and downy young descr.). Phaetusa simplex chloropoda Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 140, 1926 — Rio Paraguay, Chaco (crit.; nomencl.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 165, 1927 — Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 75, 1930— Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 261, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938— Minas Geraes (Pirapora) and Sao Paulo (Iguap£, Sao Sebastiao, Santos, Presidente Epitacio, Rio Parand). Phaetusa simplex simplex Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 329, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 294 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad (nest and eggs); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 148, 1938 — Amazonas (Rio Jurua, Mana- capuru) and Bahia (Cidade da Barra) ; Gyldenstolpe, K. Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl., (3), 23, p. 74, 1945 — Cachuela Esperanza, El Beni, Bolivia (disc.). Phaetusa simplex Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1090, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Colombia, Venezuela, islands of Aruba and Trinidad, and the Guianas south through Amazonas, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and eastern Argentina to the provinces of Cordoba and Buenos Aires;1 Ecuador (Riobamba; Guayaquil; province de Los Rios); accidental in Cuba (Laguna del Centeno, May 28, 1910). Field Museum Collection. — 25: Ecuador (Isla Silva Sur, province de Los Rios, 4) ; Venezuela (Lake Valencia, Aragua, 8) ; Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 1); British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1; Buxton, 6); Dutch Guiana (Braamspunt, 1); Brazil, Amazonas (Conceicao, 1; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 2); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). 1 The Large-billed Tern has been split by certain authors (Wetmore, Laubmann, Peters, Pinto) into two races, P. s. simplex and P. s. chloropoda, on the basis of the color of the upper parts. There is an undeniable tendency to a darker gray tone on hindneck, mantle, and tail in southern examples, but we find the difference to hold only when birds from the two extreme ends of the distributional area (Venezuela to lower Amazonia on one side, Argentina and Paraguay on the other) are compared, whereas the population of the enormous area of the Brazilian highlands is so variously intermediate that its assignation to one rather than the other race would be wholly arbitrary. Additional material examined. — Venezuela, 6; British Guiana, 7; Trinidad, 2; Marajo, 3; Para, 1; Piauhy, 2; Pernambuco, 1; Bahia, 5; Rio de Janeiro, 3; Sao Paulo, 4; Santa Catharina, 2; Paraguay, 5; Buenos Aires, 3; Peru, 2. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 297 Genus GELOCHELIDON C. L. Brehm Gelochelidon C. L. Brehm, Isis, 23, col. 994, 1830 — type, by monotypy, "Gelo- chelidon meridionalis" Brehm=Sierna meridionalis C. L. Brehm=S£; bill, 26-27, (female) 27^- Said to be smaller than P. c. albivitta Bonaparte (extralimital) and to have • the under tail coverts white instead of ashy gray (Lonnberg). 1 Procelsterna cerulea imitatrix Mathews: Stated to resemble P. c. skottsbergii in paleness of coloring, but much larger (wing, 215; tarsus, 28; bill, 30H)- Direct comparison of adequate series of these two races is imperative to establish their status. 1 Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117) described from the sea off Montevideo, Uruguay, Anous atrofuscus (type, from the Rivoli Collection, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). This seems to be one of the races of Anous tenuirostris, which has no representative in American waters, and the locality is probably erroneous. 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Anousella Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 412 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912 — type, by orig. desig., Anous leucocapillus Gould= Arums minutus Boie. *Anoiis stolidus stolidus (Linnaeus). NODDY. Sterna stolida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 137, 1758 — based on "Hirundo marina minor, capite albo" Sloane, Voy. Jamaica, 1, p. 31, pi. 6, fig. 2 (Atlantic east of Barbados), "The Noddy" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 88, pi. 88 (breeding in the Bahama Islands), and "Anaethetus minor fuscus, vertica cinereo, rostro glabro" Browne, Civ. Nat. Hist. Jamaica, p. 481 (Jamaica), "in Americae Pelago" (we accept Bahama Islands [ex Catesby] as type locality);1 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 874, 1833 — coast of Brazil south of the equator. Anous niger Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 13, (1), p. 140, pi. 17, 1825 — new name for Sterna stolida Linnaeus. Gavia leucoceps Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 373, 1837 — based on "Mouette brune, de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 997. Anous stolidus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 557 — part, America (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 — Glover's Reef, British Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — Cuba, St. Bartholomew, British Honduras, coast of Brazil, and "Chile" (ex Lesson); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 — cays of Cuba (breeding habits); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 669 — part, Gulf coast of America; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280— Ascension Island (breeding); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 632, 1886— Lee Rocks, Grenada (breeding); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 83, 1892 — Bahama Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Sombrero, St. Bartholomew, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Grenada; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 116— part, Gulf coast of United States; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 136, 1896— part, spec, a-y, Florida, east coast of Mexico, Jamaica, Nevis, St. Vincent, Grenada, Redonda Island, British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores Channel), St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Bahia, and Ascension Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 515 — Washerwoman Cays, Andros, Bahama Islands (breeding); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 412, 1903 — coast of Mexico, British Honduras, and Honduras; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 36— St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 259, 1905— Grenadines (breeding) ; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 670— South Trinidad (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907 (range in part); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 226, 1909— Los Hermanos Islands (breeding); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 310 — north of Chateau-Belair, St. Vincent (breeding); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 369, 1917 — Guadeloupe (breeding on Les Saintes, Tete Anglaise, etc.); Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 180, 1919 — South Trinidad; Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 301, 1921 (life hist.); 1 As Linnaeus also quotes "Amoen. Acad., 3, p." (which refers to S. stolida Odhelius, Amoen. Acad., 4, p. 240, 1759), it is possible that he had a specimen from the Lagerstroem donation before him. This individual, however, is no longer in existence and was already missing in 1787 (cf. Lonnberg, Bihang Sv. Vetensk.- Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 28, 1896). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 333 Wilkins, Ibis, 1923, pp. 477, 510 — St. Paul's Rock and Ascension Island (breeding); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938 (range). Anous superciliosus Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 168, p. 468, 1879 — coast of Mexico, Nevis, and Jamaica (cotypes in British Museum; descr. of young). Anous stolidus stolidus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 546, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Islands, . 9, p. 385, 1927 — Desecheo and Mona Islands (breeding); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 528, 1928— near Chateaubelair, St. Vincent; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 182, 1931— Hispaniola (occasional); Bradlee, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 39, p. 293, 1931— Bermuda Islands (one record, Sept. 12, 1854); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296— Soldado Rock, off Trinidad, and Giles Islets, Tobago (breeding); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1150, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 311, 1938 (casual visitor). Range. — Breeds on small islands in the Gulf of Mexico (Dry Tortugas, Florida Keys), in the Bahama Islands (Atwood's and Gaulding Cays, Dry and Booby Rocks, Acklin and Berry Islands, Washerwoman Cays, etc.), on islands off the coast of British Hon- duras (Glover's Reef, Cay Dolores) and in the Caribbean Sea (cays off Cuba; Jamaica; Desecheo and Mona Islands; small islets near Guadeloupe; St. Vincent; Grenadines; Lee Rocks, Grenada; Giles Islets, off Tobago; Soldado Rock, Trinidad; Los Hermanos Islands), on St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Rocas Reef, South Trinidad; extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, Tristan d'Acunha, etc. Field Museum Collection. — 22: Bahama Islands (Brown's Cay, 3; Miraporvos Island, 4; New Providence, 2); Jamaica (Grand Cayman, 1); Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 4; Guadeloupe, 2); Venezuela (Orquilla Island, Nueva Esparta, 3). Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony.1 SOCORRO NODDY. Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 36, Jan., 1898— Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico (type in collection of A. W. Anthony, now in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 336(8), 1928); idem, I.e., p. 316, 1898— Socorro (breeding); Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 26, 1899— Isabella Island (breeding) and Tres Marias (habits); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 507, 1902— Cocos and Clipperton Islands (descr.; habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 550, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Cocos Island (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 128, 1932— off Pacific 1 Anous stolidus ridgwayi Anthony differs from the nominate race merely by slightly darker coloration, darker gray pileum, and somewhat stouter bill. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII coast of Guatemala; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 346, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1158, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 156, 1938— Malpelo Island, off Colombia; Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 5, 1939— Clipperton Island. Anous stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 233 — Pacific coast of Guatemala; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874 — Isabella Island, Tepic, Mexico (breeding); Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 125, 1895— Cocos Island; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 415, 1910 — Cocos Island; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 24, 1913 — part, Oneal Rock (Socorro), Clipperton and Cocos Islands; McLellan, I.e., (4), 15, p. 284, 1926— Roca Partida, Revil- lagigedo Islands, and Isabella Island (breeding). Anous stolidus rousseaui (not of Hartlaub) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 645 (in text), 1897 — part, Cocos Island and Isabella Island, Mexico (meas.). Anous pileatus (not Sterna pileata Scopoli) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 3, p. 413, 1903 — part, Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island, Tres Marias, Clipperton Island, and Pacific coast of Guatemala. Range. — Breeds on the Revillagigedo Islands, Isabella Island (off the coast of Nayarit), Clipperton and Cocos Islands; ranges to the Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala and to Malpelo Island, off Colombia. *Anoiis stolidus galapagensis Sharpe.1 GALAPAGOS NODDY. Anoiis galapagensis Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 168, p. 469, 1879 — Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Galapagos (type in British Museum; descr. of young); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 430 — Charles Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— Hood and Chatham Islands; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, pp. 116, 117 — Galapagos Islands; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1896 — Dalrymple Rock (Chatham) and Charles Island (crit.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 642, 1897— Albemarle, Charles, Hood, Chatham, Tower, and Wenman Islands (descr.; meas.). Megalopterus stolidus (not Sterna stolida Linnaeus) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 145, 1841 — part, Galapagos Islands. Anous stolidus Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125 — Galapagos Islands; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 504, 1876 — Dalrymple Rock; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1890— Dalrymple Rock and Chatham Islands; Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 25, 1913— part, Galapagos Islands (habits). Anous stolidus galapagensis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 191, 1899 — Culpepper and Wenman to Charles and Hood Islands (breeding; 1 Anoiis stolidus galapagensis Sharpe: Very similar to A. s. ridgwayi, but slightly darker, more sooty, especially on back and upper tail coverts. Judging from the admittedly scanty material examined we are not much im- pressed with the validity of the Galapagos form when compared with A. s. ridgwayi. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 335 crit.; eggs descr.); iidem, I.e., 9, p. 413, 1902 — Wenman Island (nestling descr.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 239, 1904 — James Island (crit.; nest and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 551, 1919 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66, 1931 — Galapagos Islands; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Tower Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 347, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1159, 1936 (monog.). Range. — Breeds in the Galapagos Archipelago.1 Field Museum Collection. — 12: Galapagos Islands (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island, 10; Abingdon Island, 1; Seymour Island, 1). Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass).2 Cocos BLACK NODDY. Micranous diamesus Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 76, May 1, 1901 — Cocos Island (type in collection of Leland Stanford Jr. University); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 509, 1902 — Cocos and Clipperton Islands (descr.; meas.); Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 29, 1913 — Clipperton and Cocos Islands (crit.; habits; eggs descr.). Megalopterus minutus diamesus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 423, 1912; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 556, 1919 (monog.). Megalopterus minutus minutus (not Anous minutus Boie, 1844) Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 45, 1931— Cocos Island (crit.). Anqus minutus diamesus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1163, 1936 (monog.); Bond and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 90, p. 157, 1938— Malpelo Island; Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939— Clipperton Island. Range. — Breeds on Clipperton and Cocos Islands and ranges south to Malpelo Island, off Colombia. Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews).3 CARIBBEAN BLACK NODDY. 1 Anous stolidus has been recorded as breeding on Sala y Gomez Island by MacFarlane (Ibis, 1887, p. 210), and Lonnberg (in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 20, 1921) lists "A. stolidus unicolor Nordm." as nesting on Motu Nui, a small islet near Easter Island. The sub- specific status of these forms remains to be determined. Another doubtful race breeds on San Felix Island, off Chile (cf. Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160, 1936). 2 Anoiis minutus diamesus (Heller and Snodgrass): Nearest to A. m. melano- genys G. R. Gray, of the Hawaiian Islands, but darker on the scapulars, lower parts and sides of neck, and sides of head, and with longer, stouter bill. Wing, 224, (female) 223-241; bill, 45, (female) 43-43^ (Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 76, 1901). 3 Anoiis minutus americanus (Mathews) is described as being close to A. m. minutus (extralimital), but "easily distinguished by its stouter bill and browner tail, while there is less bluish-plumbeous on the upper back and throat." 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Megalopterus minutus americanus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423, Nov. 1, 1912 — "Caribbean Sea, British Honduras" (type presumably in British Museum). Anous tenuirostris (not Sterna tenuirostris Temminck) Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 383 — Southwest-of-all Cay, British Honduras; Coues, I.e., 1864, p. 393— Glover's Reef, British Honduras (crit.); Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 200— Southwest-of-all Cay; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — coast of British Honduras and Trinidad. Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 547, 1866 — Trinidad; Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 670 — part, coast of Central America; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894, p. 117 — part, British Honduras (crit.). Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould, 1845) Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 — part, spec, a-f, Glover's Reef, British Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 415, 1903 — part, descr. and hab. British Honduras (Glover's Reef, Southwest- of-all Cay). Megalopterus minutus atlanticus (not of Mathews) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 — part, British Honduras (Southwest-of-all Cay, Glover's Reef). Anous minutus americanus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 296 — El Soldado Rock, Trinidad , (egg). Range. — Breeds on islands off the coast of British Honduras; also said to breed on El Soldado Rock, near Trinidad.1 • > Anous minutus atlanticus (Mathews).2 ATLANTIC BLACK NODDY. Megalopterus minutus atlanticus Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 423, Nov. 1, 1912 — Ascension Island (type presumably in British Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 554, 1919 (monog., excl. of British Honduras). Anous melanogenys (not of Gray, 1846) Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 798 — St. Paul's Rock and Inaccessible Island (breeding) ; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280 — Ascension Island (breeding; egg descr.); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., 20, p. 479, 1890 — Fernando Noronha (breeding). Micranous leucocapillus (not Anous leucocapillus Gould) Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1896 — part, spec, g-s, St. Paul's Rock, Fernando Noronha, Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible Island (Tristan d'Acunha); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 36 — St. Paul's Rock (breeding); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 42, 1907 — part, Fernando Noronha. 1 The Trinidad record rests on the identification of an egg found by T. Spencer on May 12, 1928. 2 Anous minutus atlanticus (Mathews): Described as differing from A. m. americanus by longer wings, longer, stouter bill, noticeably more blackish tail, and the restriction of the white color above to the crown of the head. Birds from St. Paul's Rock are said to be somewhat darker, with the bills shorter and very stout. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 337 Arums minutus atlanticus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 348, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1160, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 153, 1938— Fernando Noronha. Range.— Breeds in the tropical South Atlantic Ocean on St. Paul's Rock and Fernando Noronha, off Brazil, Martin Vas Rocks, and extralimitally on Ascension Island, St. Helena, and Inaccessible Island. Genus GYGIS Wagler Gygis Wagler, Isis, 1832, col. 1223— type, by monotypy, Sterna Candida Gmelin. Leucanous Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, (4), p. 432 (in text), Nov. 1, 1912— type, by orig. desig., Gygis microrhyncha Saunders. Alphagygis Mathews, Austr. Av. Rec., 2, p. 110, Sept. 24, 1914-new name for Gygis Wagler (considered to be preoccupied by Gyges Bory de St. Vincent, 1825). Gygis alba alba (Sparrman). ATLANTIC FAIRY TERN. Sterna alba Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 1, pi. 11, 1786— "in India oriental!, ad promontorium Bonae Spei Insulasquae maris pacifici" * (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927). Gygis Candida (not Sterna Candida Gmelin) Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106— St. Helena (breeding); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 797- Boatswain Island, Ascension Island; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 279-Ascen- sion Island (breeding; eggs descr.); Saunders, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1 80, p 163— South Trinidad Island (breeding); Sharpe, Journ. Linn. ^oc. Lond Zool 20, p. 480, 1890— Fernando Noronha (breeding); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 149, 1896-part, spec, a-k, Fernando Noronha, South Trinidad, and Ascension Island. Gygis alba Sharpe, Ibis, 1904, p. 217-South Trinidad (soft parts); Ribeiro, Arch Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 22, p. 182, 1919-South Trinidad. Gygi» crawfordi Nicoll, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 102, 1906-South Trinidad Island (type in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 669-South Trinidad (crit.; breeding habits). Gygis alba alba Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 442, 1912-Fernando Noronha, Ascension, and South Trinidad (crit.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 20, 1927 (range); Lowe and Kinnear, Brit. Antar. (Terra Nova) Exped Zool., 4, p. 112, 1930— South Trinidad; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. d48, i Mathews (Bds. Australia, 2, p. 441, 1912) w. shafts of the primaries and extensive feathering ^^S^^S!aSSSL "New Zealand" on its label is obviously erroneous. In life, 1 he b ill i ls ™^ ^^ not hyacinth-blue at the base as in the other races. It is unfortunate that I name crawfordi has to give way to alba of Sparrman. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1164, 1936 (monog.; life hist.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 154, 1938 (range only). Range. — Breeds on Fernando Noronha, South Trinidad, Martin Vas Rocks, and extralimitally on Ascension and St. Helena Islands, South Atlantic Ocean. Gygis alba Candida (Gmelin). PACIFIC FAIRY TERN. Sterna Candida Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 607, 1789— based on "White Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas Island and other parts of the South Sea1 (cotypes, now in Vienna Museum, examined; cf. Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123). Sterna Semi-alba Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 38, p. 94, 1790— based on "White Tern" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 363, Christmas Island, etc. Sterna nivea Bennett, Narrative Whaling Exped., 1, p. 384, 1840 — Christmas Island (breeding). Gygis Candida MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 — Sala y Gomez Island (breeding); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 511, 1902 — Cocos Island (nesting) and Clipperton Island. Gygis alba Candida Mathews, Bds. Australia, 2, p. 443, 1912 (crit.; range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 559, 1919 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 46, 1931— Cocos Island (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1168, 1936 (monog.); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6, 1939— Clipperton Island (crit.). Gygis alba (not Sterna alba Sparrman) Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 32, 1913— Tower Island, Galapagos (Sept. 14), Oneal Rock (near Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Islands), Cocos and Clipperton Islands (soft parts; habits; meas.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 66, 1931— Tower Island (ex Gifford). Gygis alba royana Lonnberg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez and Easter Island, 3, Zool., p. 21, 1921— Easter Island (crit.). Range. — Islands of the Pacific Ocean from the Caroline, Tonga, and Society Islands east to the Revillagigedo Islands (Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island), Clipperton, Cocos, Galapagos Islands (off Tower Island), Easter Island, and Sala y Gomez Island.2 1 The bird seen at St. Helena was, of course, G. a. alba. 2 We do not find any difference between birds from the Caroline Islands and two from Cocos Island, and the cotypes in the Vienna Museum seem to be also the same. Cf. also Wetmore (Smiths. Misc. Coll., 98, No. 22, p. 6). Judging from the wide individual variation in measurements observable in specimens from the same island (cf. Gifford, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 34, 1913), we doubt that either G. alba pacifica (Lesson) or G. alba royana Mathews (Bds. Australia, 2, p. 443, 1912 — type, from Kermadec Islands, in Tring Collection; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 18, 1927) can be maintained. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 339 Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus Rynchops Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 — type, by monotypy, Rynchops nigra Linnaeus. Rygchopsalia Brisson, Orn., 6, p. 222, 1760 — type, by monotypy, "Le Bec-en- ciseaux" Brisson= Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix. Rhynchops Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 802, 1790 (emendation of Rynchops Linnaeus). Psalidorhamphos Dumont, Diet. Sci. Nat., 4, p. 173, 1816 — substitute name for Rynchops Linnaeus. Rhincops Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 351, 1828 (emendation). *Rynchops nigra nigra Linnaeus. BLACK SKIMMER. Rynchops nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758 — based princi- pally on "The Cut Water" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 90, pi. 90, near the sea-coasts of Carolina;1 Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 113, p. 310, 1921 (life hist.). Ryncops borealis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dec. 31, 1837 — new name for [R.] "niger auct." Rhynchops nigra Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 23, p. 395, 1875 — Santa Cruz, Cuba (one record); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153, 1896— part, spec, a-d', Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Mexico (Tampico, Rio Lagartos, and Progreso, Yucatan; Cozumel Island); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 — part, eastern Mexico (Mata- moros, Tampico, coasts of Yucatan, Cozumel Island); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322- — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela (early January; in enormous flocks). Rynchops nigra nigra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 451, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; range in part); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 544 (breeding range from southeastern United States to Yucatan, in winter to Venezuela); Oberholser, Bird Life Louisiana, p. 311, 1938 — coast of Louisiana (breeding); Dickey and van Rossem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 23, p. 184, 1938— Lake Olomega, El Salvador (Aug. 19, Feb. 3-15); Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 112, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Range. — Breeds on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States from New Jersey to Texas, and locally on the Caribbean coast of Mexico (lagoons near Tampico, Tamaulipas; mouth of Rio Lagartos, Yucatan Peninsula); winters from Florida and the Louisiana coast region south to El Salvador and the north coast of Venezuela;2 occasional in Cuba. 1 The reference to Barrere pertains to another race. 2 Possibly also visits Trinidad in winter. Winter birds from Cariaco, Vene- zuela, as also a series from Cozumel, are unquestionably nigra. Records from northeastern Brazil turn out to be referable to R. n. intercedes. 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Museum Collection. — 55: Texas (Cameron County, 6; Corpus Christi, 6; Aransas County, 2; Port Lavaca, 2; Tivoli, 1); Louisiana (A very Island, 1); Virginia (Cobb's Island, 8); North Carolina (Hatteras, 2; Pea Island, Dare County, 12); Florida (Brevard County, 3; Pilot Town, 6; Amelia Island, 4); El Salvador (Laguna Olomega, San Miguel, 2). Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom.1 PACIFIC SKIMMER. Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom, Ibis, (13), 5, p. 545, July 1, 1935 — Acapam, Pacific coast of Guatemala (type in British Museum examined); van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 334, 1937 — Algodones Lagoon (May 1) and Guasimas Lagoon (May 12), Sonora, Mexico; van Rossem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 95, 1945 — Sonora (early summer visitant). Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 193 — lagoon of Acapam, near Chiapam, Pacific coast of Guatemala; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 200 — Acapam; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 318, 1874— Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula, Colima); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 52, 1876 — San Mateo, Oaxaca; Sumichrast, La Naturaleza, 5, p. 234, 1881— coasts of the Gulf of Tehuantepec; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 — Cozumel Island; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 153, 1896 — part, spec, e'-k', Acapam, Guatemala (Jan. 29); Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 — part, Pacific coast of Mexico (San Bias, Rio Zacatula, San Mateo) and Guatemala (Acapam). Rynchops nigra intercedens (not Rhynchops intercedens Saunders) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919— part, Pacific coast of Mexico (San Bias, Nayarit; Rio Zacatula and Manzanillo, Colima; San Mateo, Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Chiapam). Range. — Pacific coast of Mexico and Guatemala, from Sonora (Algodones and Guasimas Lagoons; May 1-12, probably breeding) to Chiapam (Lagoon of Acapam). *Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl.2 INTERMEDIATE SKIMMER. Rynchops melanura intermedia Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 12, March 31, 1919 — Harbor Head, San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua (type in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 104, 1927). 1 Rynchops nigra oblita Griscom: About the same size as R. n. nigra, but axillaries and under wing coverts tinged with pale brownish gray, and white tips to secondaries narrower. Six specimens from Acapam, Guatemala, examined. 2 Rynchops nigra intermedia Rendahl: Nearest to R. n. cinerascens, of Ama- zonia, but light edges of lateral rectrices more broadly edged with white, and white tips to secondaries likewise conspicuously wider, while the upper parts are less deeply blackish. It is with considerable reluctance that we adopt Rendahl's name for the Pacific race of South America. R. m. intermedia was based upon a single male from San Juan del Norte, Caribbean Nicaragua, which we have not seen. How- 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 341 Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Lesson, Man. d'Orn., 2, p. 385, 1828 — Conception, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 119, 1843 — coast of Chile; Tschudi, Peru, Reiseskizzen, 1, p. 35, 1846 — Valparaiso, Chile; idem, Unters. Fauna Peru., Orn., p. 306, 1846— Chile (Iquique, Tarapac&; Arica, Tacna) and Peru (Islay, Arequipa; Ilo, Moquegua); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fls. Pol. Chile, Zool., 2, p. 474, 1854— coast of Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 110, 111, 1858— Conception, Chile; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 165, 1860 — Chafiaral, Atacama, Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 290, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 151, 1865 — Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 340— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 290, 1868 — Conception, Chile, to Peru; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — part, Pacific coast of South America to Conception; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 23, p. 159, 1873— Callao, Peru; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 359, 1876— Lake Titi- caca, Peru (one spec.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 568, 1877— Rio Cachapoal, Colchagua, Chile; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 409, 1884— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 160, 1888— Chanaral, Atacama, Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 416, 1903 — part, Los Sabalos, Nicaragua. Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 284 — Ancud, Chiloe", Chile; Cunningham, Not. Nat. Hist. Straits Magellan, p. 365, 1871— Ancud; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 562— Chorillos, Peru (crit.); Saunders, I.e., 1882, p. 522— Coquimbo Bay, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896— part, spec, a, m-v, Yucatan (Cozumel Island, Feb.), "Straits of Magellan," Chile (Vina del Mar, Valparaiso; Coquimbo), and Peru (Callao); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 211, 1896— Chile; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 3, p. 417, 1903 — Cozumel Island, Yucatan. Rhynchops cinerascens (not of Spix) Chubb, Ibis, 1919, p. 258— Trujillo, Peru. Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919 — part, Pacific coast of Ecuador to Chile and Cozumel Island, Yucatan. Rynchops nigra cinerascens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 187, 1926 — Gulf of Guayaquil and Puna Island, western Ecuador. Rynchops nigra intermedia Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 403, 1932— Papudo, Aconcagua, Chile (crit.; range in Chile); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 349, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (crit.; range); Murphy, Ocean. Bds. S. Amer., 2, p. 1171 (in text), 1936— Paracas Bay, Peru (meas.); Philippi, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 16, p. 62, 1938— Arica, Tacna, Chile (Sept.). ever, a female from Cozumel Island, off Yucatan, while very nearly identical in coloration with birds from Chile, is decidedly smaller, as has been noticed by Griscom. Unfortunately, the specimen, which, by the way, was taken in winter (February) along with migratory individuals of the North American Skimmer, is immature. Without a series of breeding specimens from the Caribbean coast of Central America, the problem cannot be satisfactorily solved. Ten specimens from Chile, two from the Peruvian coast (Trujillo, Callao), and one from Cozumel Island examined. 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chilo4 Island, Chile;1 accidental (?) on the Caribbean coast of Central America (Cozumel Island, off Yucatan; San Juan del Norte and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua); casual on Lake Titicaca, Peru. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Ecuador (Rio San Antonio, Pro- vince de los Rios, 1); Chile (Papudo, Aconcagua, 3). *Rynchops nigra cinerascens Spix.2 DUSKY-TAILED SKIMMER. Rhynchops cinerascens Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 80, pi. 102, 1825 — "in locis ripariis flum. Amazonum," Brazil (descr. of immature; type lost, cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 139 — sand banks of the Apure River, Vene- zuela; Young, I.e., 1928, p. 767 — Blairmont, British Guiana; Davis, I.e., 1935, p. 531— Rupununi and upper Essequibo rivers, British Guiana. Rhynchops brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 81, pi. 103, 1825 — [Amazon River] Brazil (descr. of young; type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, p. 715, 1906). Rhyncops melanurus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 340, Dec. 31, 1837 — coast of Demerara (type in collection of Mr. Schomburgk). Rhynchops melanurus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 761, 1849 — coast region, upper Essequibo, and Rupununi River. Rhynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 77, 1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 534, 1866— Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870— part, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, and Cajutuba, Para, Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 — Dique, Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 566 — part, Rio Ucayali, Rio Napo, Matto Grosso, and Cajutuba; iidem, I.e., 1873, p. 310 — lower Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, Peru; Robinson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 654, 1895 — Margarita Island, Venezuela (June- July). Rhynchops melanura Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 201 — lower Ucayali, Peru (egg descr.); iidem, I.e., 1867, p. 593 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 437, 1886 — part, east Peruvian locali- ties; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 156, 1896 — piart, spec, b-1, Venezuela, British Guiana (Rupununi River, Ourumee), Surinam, Mexiana Island, and Peru (Ucayali River, Yurimaguas). 1 The locality "Straits of Magellan," attached to a specimen in the British Museum, is open to doubt. 2 An earlier name is probably Rynchops fulva Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 138, 1758), based exclusively upon "Rygchopsalia fulva, rostro nigro" Barrere (Orn. Spec. Nov., Perpignan, 1745, p. 20; French Guiana). The bird is described as similar in size and shape to the same author's "Rygchopsalia dorso nigro, ventre albo" (I.e.), but is said to have the upper parts "fulvus" instead of sooty black, and the bill entirely "black" (without red at the base). The color of the dorsal parts might easily be applied to the brown-backed juvenile plumage, though the dusky reddish bill can hardly be called "black" in that stage. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 343 Rhynchops nigra cinerascens Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 132, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela (crit.); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 452, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 310, 1908 — French Guiana; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 254, 1909 — San Vicente and Rio Amores, Santa F6, Argentina (Nov. 11); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 74, 1909— mouth of Rio San Juan, Vene- zuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 80, 1914— Marajo (Cururu, Tapera, Magoary), Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 222, 1917 — lower Magdalena up to Giradot, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 44, 1918— Tijgerbank, Surinam; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 22, p. 154, 1938— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 115, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Rynchops nigra cinerascens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 55, 1906 — Port-of- Spain, Trinidad (June; crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907— Rio Jurua; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 192, 1913— La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 374, 1916— Orinoco Valley; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919— Chaco Argentine (ex Hartert and Venturi) (dist. char.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 152, 1928— Rio Para, Para, Brazil; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (range); Danforth, Auk, 53, p. 82, 1936— Glover's Island, Grenada (July 31). Rynchops cinerascens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 455, 1919— part, eastern Ecuador and Peru, Trinidad. Rynchops nigra subsp. Belcher and Smooker, Ibis, 1935, p. 297— Trinidad waters on Gulf of Paria side. Range.— Northern, half of South America (except the Pacific coast) from the Magdalena Valley, Colombia, the north coast of Venezuela, the island of Trinidad, and the Guianas south to the Amazon Valley and the northern confines of Matto Grosso; casual in the Lesser Antilles (Glover's Island, Grenada) and in northern Argentina (San Vicente, Rio Amores, Santa F<§; Nov. II).1 Field Museum Collection— 6: Peru (Lagunas, Loreto, 1); British Guiana (Buxton, 4); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1). *Rynchops nigra intercedens Saunders. SOUTHERN SKIMMER. Rhynchops intercedens Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 4, p. xxvi, March 20, 1895— "on the coast of South Brazil and Argentina, ascending the Parana and Paraguay to their head-waters" (type, from Sao Paulo, Brazil, in British Museum examined); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 25, p. 155, 188 Sao Paulo, Santa Catharina, and Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 236— Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 22, 1909— Ojo de Agua, i Allowing the usual amount of individual variation, we find it impracticable to separate Trinidad and Venezuelan birds from those of Amazonia Twc .adults from the Chaco Santafecino (San Vicente and Rio Amores , Nov. ">• ™™ dark sooty brown axillaries and under wing coverts, can hardly be told *™™£™™™" skins. The occurrence of such individuals so far south is certainly remarkable. 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Santiago del Estero; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 254, 1909— Est. San Martino Monte and Avellanedo, Buenos Aires; Scott and Sharpe, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exped. Patagonia, 2, Orn., p. 193, 1910 (descr.; range excl. Chile and Peru). R(h)ynchops nigra (not of Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 4, (2), p. 877, 1833 — Espirito Santo and Belmonte rivers, eastern Brazil; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 143, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay (May), and Rio Parana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 454, 1856 — seacoast of southeastern Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 267, 1860 — Rio Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 520, 1861 — Rio Parana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 634 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 324, 1870 — part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), Goyaz (Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Rio de Cabagal, Caigara); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 279, 1874 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 — Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 628 — Monte Grande, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 37, 1887 — Rio Pilcomayo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 98, 1910— Brazil (near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia; Ilha Grande, Lagoa do Parnagua, Piauhy). Rhynchops melanura (not of Swainson) Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 2, p. 193, 1889— Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 470— Buenos Aires (Cape San Antonio), Chaco (Riacho Ancho), and Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Puerto Braga); Gibson, I.e., 1920, p. 73 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Rynchops nigra intercedens Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 442, 1899 — Iguape, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 43, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Campinas, Sao Sebastiao, Itapura, Iguape) and "Amazonia inferior"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 453, 1919— part, southern Brazil, Para- guay, Uruguay, and Argentina; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 24, 1927 — Rio Lujan (Escobar), Buenos Aires; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., . Zool. Ser., 12, p. 497, 1929 — Piauhy and Maranhao, Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 52, 1930 — Lapango, Formosa (crit.; range in part); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 76, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 376, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 350, 1934 (range); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 545 (dist. char.; range); Wetmore, Caldasia, 3, p. 117, 1944 (dist. chars.; range). Rynchops intercedens Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 102, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (crit.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 214, 1919 (dist. char.; range); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 13, 1920 — coast of Montevideo, Uruguay; Daguerre, l.c., p. 261, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 166, 1927— Rio Parana, near Santa Elena, Entre Rios. Rynchops nigra subsp. intercedens Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 212, 1910 (range- in Argentina). Rhynchops nigra intercedens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 242, 1923— Piauhy (Lago do Parnagua, Urubu Grande, Colonia Floriano, Sao Gongalinho, Queimadas) and Maranhao (Boa Vista); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul, 22, p. 155, 1938— Maranhao (Boa Vista), 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 345 Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), Minas Geraes (Pirapora, Rio Sao Francisco), Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Campinas, Rio Parana, Presidente Epitacio), and Rio Grande do Sul (Itaquy). Range.— Coasts and rivers of eastern and southern Brazil, from Maranhao and Piauhy to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; and northern Argentina south to Cordoba and province of Buenos Aires. Field Museum Collection.— 4: Brazil (Lagoa Grande, Goyas, 3); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1). Suborder ALCAE1 Family ALCIDAE. Auks Genus PLOTUS Gunnerus Plotus eller Plautus Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263, pi. 6, 1761— type, by monotypy, Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus=AJca alle Linnaeus. Alle Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806— type, by monotypy, Alle nigricans Link=AZca alle Linnaeus. Mergulus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816— type, by orig. desig., "Petit Plongeon noir et blanc" Edwards=AZca alle Linnaeus. Arctica G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841-new name for Mergulus Vieillot. *Plotus alle alle (Linnaeus). DOVEKIE. Aka Alle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 131, 1758-based chiefly on "The Small Black and White Diver" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 91, pi. 91, and "Mergus melanoleucus, rostro acuto brevi" Willoughby, Orn. , p. 261, pi. 59, "in Europae, Americae arcticae Oceano." " Plotus eller Plautus columbarius Gunnerus, Trondh. Selsk. Skrifter, 1, p. 263, pi. 6, 1761 — coast of Norway. Aka Candida Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 26, 1764— Greenland (probably an albinistic specimen). Aka Alee Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789-America and Europe. Alle nigricans Link, Beschr. Naturh. Samml. Univ. Rostock, 1, p. 46, 1806— new name for Aka Alle Linnaeus. Colymbus glocitans O'Reilly, Greenland, p. 146, pi. 14, fig. 1, 1818— Davis's Strait, Greenland. i For a review of the Atlantic Alcidae see Salomonsen, K. Vet. 0. Vitterh. Samh. Goteborg Handl., F. 6, ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944. ' The two specimens examined by Edwards in London were of unknown origin, while the drawing in the possession of Sir Thomas Brown which ' *rved as basis for Willoughby's account, represented a bird found on the sea coasts, pre sumably near Norwich, England. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mergultis melanoleucos Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. 2, p. L, 1819 — west coast of Greenland (type not extant). Uria minor Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Klinste, 2, sec. 1, p. 406, 1819 — arctic seas between Greenland and Iceland. Cephus nanus Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 188, 1828 — Scandinavia. Mergulus arcticus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 994, 1831 — Green- land (no type extant). Mergulus alle Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 228, 1898— Greenland. Alle alle Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 569, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 215, 1919 (life hist.); L^ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932— Liverpool coast, Greenland (breeding). Plautus alle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 707, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Plotus alle Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1769, 1921 (monog.). Plautus alle alle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range). Alle alle alle Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 332, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of northern Greenland, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear Island, and Novaya Zemlya; winters south to New Jersey (casually to Florida and Cuba)1 and western Europe, the Azores, and Canary Islands.2 Field Museum Collection. — 29: Greenland, east coast (68° 30' N.- 24° W., 3; Liverpool Land, 71° 10' N., 1; King Oscar Fjord, 1); Newfoundland (Codroy, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 1); Nova Scotia (Yarmouth, 1; Halifax, 12; Dover, 2); Maine (Hancock County, 1; Knox County, 1); Massachusetts (Chatham, 2); New York (Amagansett, 2); North Carolina (Pea Island, Dare County, 1). Genus PINGUINUS Bonnaterre3 Plautus (not of Gunnerus, 1761) Brunnich, Zool. Fund., p. 78, 1771 — type, by monotypy, "Brillefuglen"=AZca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguinus Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 47, pp. Ixxxiii, 28, 1791 — type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562, 1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguin Fischer de Waldheim, Naturg. Mus. Paris, 2, p. 188, 1803 (emenda- tion). 1 Cf. Bruner, Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat., 8, p. 51, 1934, and Falcon, I.e., 14, p. 98, 1940. 2 A nearly allied, larger race, P. alle polaris (Stenhouse), breeds on Franz Josef Land. 3 Doubtfully separable from Alca Linnaeus. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 347 Torda Dume'ril, Zool. Anal., p. 72, 1806— type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 562, 1898), Alca impennis Linnaeus. Mataeoptera Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsb. Naturg., 1, p. 475, 1842— type, by orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus. Gyralca Steenstrup, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1855, p. 114— type, by orig. desig., Alca impennis Linnaeus. Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus). GREAT AUK. Alca impennis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758— principally based upon Faun. Svec., No. 119, "in Europa arctica" (type locality, Norwegian seas, ex Faun. Svec.); Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 235, 1898 (former occurrence in Greenland). Alca maior Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Kiinste, 2, p. 407, 1819. Plautus impennis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 563, 1898 (monog.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 208, 1919 (life hist.). Pinguinus impennis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 711, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range). Alca (Pinguinus) impennis Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1767, 1921 (monog.). Range.— Extinct. Bred formerly on Funk Island off Newfound- land and extralimitally on Iceland, the Faroes, St. Kilda, and the Orkney Islands; occurred also in southern Greenland, on the Ameri- can coast south to Massachusetts (occasionally to Florida) and on the European side of the Atlantic to the British Isles, Denmark, and southern Spain. Genus ALCA Linnaeus Alca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758-type, by tautonymy, "Alca"=AZca torda Linnaeus. Pingouin Lacepede, in Buffon, Hist. Nat., Quadr., 14, 6d. Didot, p. 313, 1799 (1802)— type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 564, 1898), Alca torda Linnaeus. *Alca torda torda Linnaeus. RAZOR-BILLED AUK. Alca Torda Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758-based chiefly on Faun Svec., No. 120, "in Europae borealis oceano" (restricted type locality, Karlso Islands, Gotland, Sweden, ex Faun. Svec.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 565, 1898 (monog., excl. of British Isles); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 233, 1898-Greenland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat Mus., 50, (8), p. 714, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p 199 1919 (We hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 351, 1934 (range in part); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 329, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Alca glacialis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Europ. Vogel, 2, p. 949, Iff-exl ;reme north of Europe; idem, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 1004, 1831— 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Greenland and Faroes (type lost; type locality, as designated by Ticehurst [Ibis, 1936, p. 383], Greenland). Alca briinnichi Billberg, Syn. Faun. Scand., 1, (2), p. 190, 1828 — new name for Alca Tor da Linnaeus. Alca islandica Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vo'g. Deuts., p. 1005, pi. 46, fig. 2, 1831— Iceland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Breeds in America from southern Greenland and central Labrador south to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (Fundy Bay) and extralimi tally in Iceland and northern Europe;1 winters south to Long Island, casually to North Carolina. Field Museum Collection. — 17: Labrador (Jack Lane Bay, 2; Tinker Island, 3; Lettel Land Islands, 2); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 6); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 1; Duxbury, 1). Genus URIA Brisson Uria Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 70, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, " Uria"= Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan. Lomvia Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pftersb., 2, col. 345, 1837— type, by tautonymy, Alca lomvia Linnaeus. Cataractes "Moehring" G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Colymbus troille Linnaeus. *Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus). BRUNNICH'S MURRE. AlcaLomvia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based on "Lomvia" Clusius, Willoughby, and Raius, and "Guillemot" Albin, Nat. Hist. Bds., 1, p. 80, pi. 84 (restricted type locality, Greenland [ex Albin], cf. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921). Colymbus Troille Linnaeus, Fauna Svec., ed. altera, p. 52, 1761 — based on Martens, Spitzberg. oder Groenl. Reise Beschr., p. 57, pi. M, fig. A, "in alto mari septentrionali"=Magdalena Bay, Spitzbergen; cf. Jourdain, Ibis, 1923, pp. 436-439.* Uria Svarbag Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 27, 1764 — Iceland. Uria Brilnnichii Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538, 1819 — Davis's Straits and occasionally in Baffin's Bay, Greenland (location of type unknown). 1 Replaced in the British Isles, on the coast of Brittany, and on the Faroes by the smaller A. torda britannica Ticehurst (Ibis, 1936, p. 383; type, from Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire, in the British Museum). 1 In this paper, the late F. C. R. Jourdain not only demonstrated that the "Lumbe" of Martens referred to Briinnich's Murre, but also unraveled the mystery surrounding A[nton] [Rollandson] Martin, whose diary of a voyage to the North Polar region was published in "Ymer" for 1882. , 1948 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 349 Una Francsii "Leach" Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 12, (2), p. 538 (in text), 1819 (cf. also p. 588).1 Uria polaris Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 931, 1824— northern Greenland in summer (probable type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Uria lomvia Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 577, 1898 (in part). Uria arra (not of Pallas) Winge, Medd. Gr^nl., 21, p. 222, 1898— Greenland. Uria lomvia lomvia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 726, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 189, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1773, 1921 (monog.); L0ppenthin, Medd. Gr0nl., 91, No. 6, pp. 100, 125, 1932— Scoresby Sound, Greenland; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 331, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic); Soper, Auk, 63, p. 238, 1946— Baffin Island (status). Range.— Breeds, from southern Ellesmere Island, northern Green- land, Spitzbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to Hudson Bay, islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, southern Greenland, Iceland, the Murman Coast, and Novaya Zemlya; winters south to Long Island, the British Isles, and the coasts of the Baltic Sea. Field Museum Collection— 27 : Arctic Canada (Resolution Island, 1); Greenland (Sukkertoppen, 2; Agpamuit, 1; Rathbone Island, east coast, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 6; Bird Rock, 1); New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1); Nova Scotia (Dover, 2; Halifax, 2); Maine (Bangor, 3; Eastport, 1); Connecticut (Stamford, 2; New Haven County, 4). *Uria lomvia arra (Pallas). PALLAS'S MURRE. Cepphus Arra Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 347, 1811— Kamchatka. Uria lomvia arra Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 730, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 196, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1774, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 28, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range in part). ftange— Breeds on coasts and islands of northeastern Siberia, from Kamtchatka north to Wrangell and Herald Islands;2 the Com- i Uria Francsii can be regarded merely as a substitute name for U. Brunnichii, lacking, as it does, any kind of description, and this in spite of the fact that the "species" is stated (p. 588) to have been discovered by Mr. Francs near Ferroe and afterwards secured by Lieutenant Parry on the west coast of Greenland. * Portenko (Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, pp. 226, 227, Oct. 30, 1937) separates U. lomvia arroides, from Franz Josef Land; U.I eleonorae, from Preobrashenje Island, Chatanga Bay, Siberia; and (C. R. Acad. Sci. Moscou, n.s., 43, p. 2^6, 1944) Uria lomvia heckeri, from Wrangell Island. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII mander and Kurile Islands; and in northwestern North America from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, to the Aleutian Islands, and Kodiak Island; winters in the Bering Sea and in the North Pacific south to Japan and Vancouver Island. Field Museum Collection. — 6: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 2; St. George Island, 1; Bluff City, 1; Bethel, 1); British Columbia (Van- couver Island, 1). *Uria aalge1 aalge (Pontoppidan). MURRE. Colymbus aalge Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, pi. 26, 1763 — Denmark and Iceland (type locality restricted to Iceland by Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130); Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 5, p. 49, 1923 (nomencl.). Uria alga Brunnich, Orn. Bor., p. 28, 1764 — no locality given. Uria ringvia Briinnich,2 Orn. -Bor., p. 28, 1764 — Iceland; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 719, 1919 (monog.; in part). Uria lacrymans (Lapylaie MS.) Valenciennes, in Choris, Voy. Pitt, autour du Monde, Aleout., p. 27, pi. 23, 1822 — Newfoundland (type in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Uria lachrymans Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 638, 1831 — Newfoundland (Lapylaie) and "lies Ateoutiennes (Choris)," errore (type, from Newfoundland, in the Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Uria troile (not Colymbus Troille Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 573, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 221, 1898— Greenland. Uria troille troille Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 721, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 172, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1771, 1921 (monog.; in part). Uria aalge aalge Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 352, 1934 (range); Johnson, Bd. Banding, Boston, 11, p. 1, 1940 (range; population and migration in eastern North America). Uria aalge Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 330, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Range. — Breeds from southern Labrador and southern Green- land south to Newfoundland, Magdalen Islands, and Nova Scotia (Fundy Bay), and extralimitally in Iceland and on the coasts of Norway; winters south to Maine. 1 A critical review of the races of this species has been published by Salomonsen (Ibis, 1932, pp. 128-132). It should be consulted by those interested in the extra- limital forms. 1 The status of Uria ringvia, the "White-eyed Murre," has been settled by Johnson (Auk, 55, pp. 56-61, pi. 5, 1938). There can be no longer any question that, far from being a distinct species, it is merely an individual mutation. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 351 Field Museum Collection.— 8: Labrador (Lance au Loup, 1; Lettel Land Island, Davis Inlet, 1); Newfoundland (unspecified, 1); Quebec (Magdalen Islands, 5). *Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen.1 BERING SEA MURRE. Uria aalge inornata Salomonsen, Ibis, (13), 2, p. 128, Jan., 1932— St. Matthews Island, Bering Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 353, 1934 (range). Uria troille californica (not Catarractes californicus Bryant) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919 (monog.; in part, from Washington northward); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.; range in part); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 26, 1923— Pribilof Islands. Uria aalge californica Gabrielson, Auk, 61, p. 270, 1944— Semidi and Kagamil Islands, Alaska (nesting colonies). Range.— Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and adjacent parts of the North Pacific from the Aleutian Islands south to Oregon (Three Arch Rocks), and to Sakhalin and northern Japan. Field Museum Collection.— 12: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1; Little Diomede Island, 2; Dall Island, 2; Bethel, 2; Bluff City, 1); Oregon (Netarts, 4). *Uria aalge californica (Bryant). CALIFORNIA MURRE. Catarractes californicus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 142, 1861— Farrelones [=Farallon] Islands, near San Francisco, California (type not now extant; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 274, 1932). Uria troille californica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 724, 1919 (monog.; in part, as to California); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 182, 1919 (life hist.; in part, as to California). Uria aalge californicus(a) Salomonsen, Ibis, 1932, p. 130 (crit.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 353, 1934 (range); Bangs, in Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 92, p. 58, 1943 (note on type). Range.— Resident on the coast of California, breeding on the Farallons and San Miguel Island. Field Museum Collection.— 42: California (Point Reyes, 1; Monterey, 20; Pacific Grove, 16; Carmel, 2; Moss Landing, 2; Mussel Rock, San Mateo County, 1). Genus CEPPHUS Pallas Cepphus Pallas, Spic. Zool., 1, fasc. 5, p. 33, 1769-type, by monotypy, Cepphus lacteolus Pa\\as=Alca grylle Linnaeus. itfrfa aalge inornata Salomonsen: Similar to U. a %V<^J$J less reddish brown, and wings decidedly longer. Wing, 210-224 (again. 210, in californica'). 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Grylle Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffins Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819 — based on "[Les] Cephus" Cuvier, Reg. Anim., 1, p. 510, "1817" (=Dec. 7, 1816), type, by tautonymy, Colymbus Grylle Gmelm=Alca grylle Linnaeus. Pseuduria (Sharpe MS.) Coues, Osprey, 3, p. 144, "May" (=June 10), 1899; Sharpe, Hand List Gen. Spec. Bds., 1, p. 131, July 12, 1899— type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Zool. Rec. for 1899, Aves, p. 42, 1900), Cepphus columba Pallas. *Cepphus grylle mandtii (Mandt). MANDT'S GUILLEMOT. Uria mandtii (Lichtenstein MS.) Mandt, Obs. Hist. Nat. Itin. Groenl., p. 30, 1822 — Spitzbergen (type in Berlin Museum). Uria gladalis Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 924, 1824 — "bewohnt die zwischen den Eisfeldern des Nordens liegenden Klippen und Felsenin- seln" (type, from Spitzbergen, in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Uria mandti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 584, 1898 (monog.). Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214, 1898— Greenland (in part). Cepphus mandtii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 737, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 162, 1919 (life hist.). Cepphus grylle mandtii Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Herring, Rep. Fifth Thule Exped., 2, No. 6, p. 84, 1937 (tax.; range); Bray, Auk, 60, p. 530, 1943— Foxe Basin (nesting). Uria grylle mandtii Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 854 — Jan Mayen (breeding). Range. — Breeds from Melville Island to northern Greenland north of Lat. 75° and extralimitally on Jan Mayen, Spitzbergen, Bear Island, Novaya Zemlya, coasts of western Taimyr Peninsula, Franz Josef Land, New Siberian Islands, Herald and Wrangell Islands, and the Arctic coast of northeastern Siberia. Winters southward to Massachusetts (at least casually) and St. Michaels, Alaska. Field Museum Collection. — 4: Alaska (Point Barrow, 3; Sledge Island, 1). *Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm).1 ARCTIC GUILLEMOT. Uria arctica C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. Eur. Vogel, 2, p. 923, 1824— Green- land (type no longer extant). Cepphus grylle (not Alca grylle Linnaeus) Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 214, 1898— Greenland (in part). 1 Cepphus grylle arcticus (C. L. Brehm), described by Austin as being inter- mediate between mandtii and grylle with respect to the amount of white on the outer primaries and the extent of black at the base of the white greater secondary wing coverts, seems to be an intergrade, as has been pointed out by Gross, who challenges its claims to recognition. According to his findings, birds from the Button Islands show complete intergradation, so that the problem seems to require further investigation with the help of more comprehensive material. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 353 Cepphus grylle arcticus Austin, Bull. N. E. Bird Banding Assoc., 5, pp. 1-6, 1929; idem, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, pp. 136-139, 1932 (char.; meas.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range); Gross, Auk, 54, pp. 33-34, 1937 (crit.); Soper, I.e., 63, p. 238, 1946— Baffin Island (nesting). Range. — Breeds on both coasts of Greenland at least to Lat. 72° N., on southeastern Baffin Island, and in Labrador south to Hamilton Inlet (probably also on Iceland). Field Museum Collection. — 26: Arctic Canada (Countess of War- wick Sound, 2); Greenland (Holsteinborg, 1; Sukkertoppen, 2; Simiutak, 1; Cape Tattershall, 2; Godthaab, 1); Labrador (Gannet Islands, 2; Jack Lane Bay, 3; Port Manvers, 1; Hopedale, 2; Indian Harbor, 2; Merrifield Bay, 4; Bowdoin Bay, 2; unspecified, 1). *Cepphus grylle grylle (Linnaeus).1 BLACK GUILLEMOT. Alca Grylle Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758— based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 124, Gotland, Sweden. Colymbus grylloides Pontoppidan, Danske Atlas, 1, p. 621, 1763— Denmark. Cepphus ladeolus Pallas, Spic. ZooL, 1, fasc. 5, p. 33, 1769— between Katwyk and Scheveningen, Holland (color variety). Una nivea Bonnaterre, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 47, p. 37, 1791— substitute name for Cepphus lacteolus Pallas. Una leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 14, p. 35, 1817— locality unknown (no type extant). Grylle scapularis Leach, in Ross, Voy. Disc. Baffin's Bay, App. II, p. li, 1819— evidently intended as a new name for Alca grylle Linnaeus. Cephus Meisneri C. L. Brehm,2 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 389, 1831— Greenland (type in Tring Collection [cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 61, 1918], now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Cepphus grylle Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 733, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.; range in part); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 156, 1919 (life hist.) ; Wynne- Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 335, 1935— Gulf of St. Lawrence; Gross, Auk, 54, p. 33, 1937 (crit.; range). Cepphus grylle grylle Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range).3 1 For a review of the races of this species and the description of a proposed new race Cephus grylle ultimus (type in the Copenhagen Museum from Frozen Strait, Melville Peninsula, Canada) see Salomonsen (K. Vet. 0. Vitterh. Samh., Goteborg, Handl. F. 6, Ser. B., 3, No. 5, p. 60, May 8, 1944). 2 Uria Meisneri Brehm (Isis, 1826, col. 985) is a nomen nudum. 3 Quite doubtful is Uria motzfeldi Benicken (Isis, 1824, Heft 8, col. 889, Aug., 1824 — Greenland), redescribed subsequently by Faber (I.e., Heft 9, col. 981) as Uria unicolor. Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 210-216, 1884) gave the whole history of this problematical Cepphus motzfeldti, which various authors, including Hartert, regard as a melanistic mutation of C. grylle (or rather its Greenland representative). Cf., however, Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 742, 1919, and Salomonsen, Medd. Gr0nl., 131, No. 6, p. 1, 1941. 354 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds from southern Labrador and Newfoundland south to the coast of Maine and extralimitally from Scandinavia east to the White Sea and south to the British Isles and the Baltic Sea; in winter south to Long Island, New York. Field Museum Collection. — 21: Quebec (Bird Rock, 1; Magdalen Islands, 9; Grosse He de Kamouraska, 1; St. Andre", 2); Newfound- land (Codroy, 1); Nova Scotia (Seal Island, 2); New Brunswick (Grand Manan, 1; Grand Manan Island, 2; unspecified, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1). *Cepphus columba columba Pallas. PIGEON GUILLEMOT. Cepphus columba Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 348, 1811 — Kamchatka and Bering Straits; Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 21, 1885— Bering and Copper Islands (crit.; meas.); Ridgway, I.e., 50, (8), p. 740, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 167, 1919 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 25, 1923 — Pribilof Islands (winter visitant). Uria columba Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 586, 1898 (monog.). Una columba columba Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 130, 1920 — Bering and Copper Islands (crit.); idem, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1777, 1921 (monog.). Cepphus columba columba Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 354, 1934 (range). Cepphus columba kaiurka Portenko, Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 22, p. 228, Oct. 30, 1937 — Copper Island, Bering Sea (type in Leningrad Museum). Range. — Breeds on the islands in Bering Sea and on the Pacific coast and islands of North America from the Aleutian Islands1 south to British Columbia (Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands), Washington (Puget Sound region), Oregon (Three Arch Rocks) and California (Santa Barbara Islands and the Farallons) ; extralimitally on Kamtehatka, the Chukchi Peninsula, and north to Herald and Wrangell Islands; winters from the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands south to California.2 Field Museum Collection. — 32: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 1; Little Diomede Island, 2; St. Lawrence Island, 1; Canoe Bay, 1; Ball Island, 1; Unalaska, 1; Unimak Island, 1); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 3) ; Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 1 Subdivision of the Pigeon Guillemot on the basis of size has been attempted by Portenko, but it seems to be impracticable. Birds from the Commander Islands and the Aleutians are stated to be smaller (wing of males, 171-176, against 181-189; of females, 168-172, against 185-195). While this difference holds in a good many cases, we find the wings in a male from Copper Island to be fully 182, and in others from California (Farallon Islands) to range from 176 to 180 mm. The divergency thus seems to be too slight to be expressed in nomenclature. 2 About the alleged occurrence in Unalaska of Cepphus carbo Pallas, cf. Stej- neger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, pp. 225-227, 1884. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 355 7); California (Del Monte County, 1; Point Reyes, 1; San Francisco, 1; Carmel Bay, 5; Moss Landing, 1; San Miguel Island, 1; Santa Cruz County, 2). Genus BRACHYRAMPHUS Brandt Brachyramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), B. mar- moratus (La.th.)=Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin. Brachyrhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation). Apobapton Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— type, by subs, desig., Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Water Bds. N. Amer., 2, p. 498, 1884, Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin. Anobapton G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 77, 1840— emendation of Apobapton Brandt. Micruria (not of Reiter, 1875) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 594, 1898 (no type specified). Endomychura Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 201— new name for • Micruria Ogilvie-Grant, preoccupied (type, by orig. desig., Brachyramphus hypoleucus Xantus). *Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus (Gmelin). MARBLED MURRELET. Colymbus marmoratus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 583, 1789— based on "Marbled Guillemot" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 517, pi. 22, and Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 3, (2), p. 336, pi. 96, "in America occidentali et Camts- chatca"= Prince William Sound, Alaska (ex Pennant). Brachyramphus tfrangelii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe'tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— Aleutian Islands (type in Leningrad Museum ;= winter plumage). Uria townsendi Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 430, 1838; idem, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 251, 1839— near mouth of Columbia River (type apparently lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 17). Brachyrhamphus marmoratus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 61 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 590, 1898 (monog.); Barber, Murrelet, 22, p. 38, 1941— Coos River (juvenile taken). Brachyrhamphus wrangeli Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 63 — Sitka and Puget Sound (monog.). Brachyramphus marmoratus Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21, p. 38, 1901— Cumshewa and Skidegate Inlets, Queen Charlotte Islands; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 746, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 141, 1919 (life hist.); Sutton and Semple, Auk, 58, p. 580, 1941— Vancouver Island (egg). Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range). 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds on the Queen Charlotte Islands and probably within its summer range extending from Unalaska and Kodiak Islands to the coast of Humboldt County, California; winters south to San Diego, California. Field Museum Collection. — 34: Alaska (Icy Strait, 7; Baranof Island, 2; Howkan, 1; Skagway, 1; Sitka, 1); British Columbia (Quatsino, 2; Comox, Vancouver Island, 2); Washington (Clallam Bay, 2; Port Townsend, 8); California (Monterey, 4; Pacific Grove, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Capitola Harbor, 1). *Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors). KITTLITZ'S MURRELET. Uria brevirostris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 47, Oct., 1828 — Jan., 1829, p. 357, 1829 — "San Bias" [Nayarit], Mexico, emire= North Pacific Ocean (type in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Blossom, Birds, p. 32, 1839 (no locality). Brachyramphus Kittlitzii(i) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837 — [Petropaulski], Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 44, pi. 1, 1887— Unalaska Harbor (summer plumage). Brachyramphus brevirostris Stejneger, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 3, p. 211, 1886 (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 593, 1898 (monog.; type listed); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 749, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 146, 1919 (life hist.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range); Ford, Auk, 53, p. 214, 1936— Wales Mountain, Alaska (breeding). Range. — Occurs in summer on the coast and islands of Alaska east to Glacier Bay (definite breeding records from Mount Pavloff, and Hill Point, near Prince of Wales), in the Aleutian Islands, and extralimitally on islands in the Bering Sea, in Kamtchatka, and northeastern Siberia; winters south to the Kurile Islands and northern Japan. Field Museum Collection. — 11: Alaska (Barrow, 2; Diomede Islands, 2; Nome, 2; Icy Strait, 2; Morzhovoi Bay, 1; Unimak Island, 1; Unalaska Island, 1). *Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus.1 XANTUS' MURRELET. Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for Nov., 1859, p. 299, 1860— "Cape San Lucas," Lower California (type, from 1 Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus Xantus, according to Green and Arnold, is restricted to Guadalupe Island, and, while agreeing with the coastal form of California and Lower California in all essential features, may be recognized 8194 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 357 "fourteen miles off the coast of Cape San Lucas,"1 in U. S. National Museum). Brachyramphus hypoleucus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 15, 1902 — part, Cape San Lucas region, Lower California; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 281, 1926— Melpomene Cove, Guadalupe Island; Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part). Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752, 1919 — part, Cape San Lucas region and Guadalupe Island (descr. of "winter plumage"); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928— part, Cape San Lucas region; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25, 1939 — Guadalupe Island and Cape San Lucas region (crit.; char.). Brachyramphus hypoleucus hypoleucus van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range). Range. — Breeds on Guadalupe Island, off Lower California; found once in the waters off Cape San Lucas. Field Museum Collection. — 2: Guadalupe Island, 2. *Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold).2 SCRIPPS'S MURRELET. Endomychura hypoleuca scrippsi Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 28, Jan. 17, 1939— Anacapa Island, California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus (not of Xantus) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 64— part, San Diego, California (descr.); Goss, Auk, 1, p. 396, 1884— off San Diego, California (May 20); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 149, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, pp. 80-82, 1926 — California and Lower California (excl. of Guadalupe Island) (char.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 355, 1934 (range in part). Endomychura hypoleuca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 752, 1919 — part, "breeding plumage" and range excl. of Cape San Lucas and Guada- lupe Island (full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928— Lower California (excepting Cape San Lucas region). Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsae van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 442, 1939 (range). Range. — Breeds on coastal islands of California and Lower California from Anacapa Island to Natividad Island; winters north to Point Arena, Mendocino County, California. by the white, instead of slaty-black, color of the loral, suborbital, and auricular regions. The type and another specimen from the waters off Cape San Lucas were found to be identical with breeding birds from Guadalupe Island. 1 Cf. Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, p. 25 (in text), 1939. 2 Brachyramphus hypoleucus scrippsi (Green and Arnold): Similar to the nomi- nate race, but with loral, suborbital, and auricular regions slaty-black instead of white. 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Field Mitseum Collection. — 21: California (Pacific Beach, 1; off San Diego, 1; Monterey County, 1; Orange County, 1; Ventura County, 3); Lower California (Coronados Islands, 14). Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem.1 SAN BENITO ISLAND MURRELET. Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 441, Oct., 1939 — San Benito Islands, off central Lower California, Mexico (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Micruria hypoleuca Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 594, 1898 — San Benito Islands, Lower California (descr.). Range. — Breeds on the San Benito Islands off the Pacific coast of Lower California, Mexico. Said to occur also (not breeding) along the adjacent mainland (Port San Bartolome*). *Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvador!).2 CRAVERI'S MURRELET. Uria Craveri Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 8, p. 387, 1865— Gulf of California, Lat. 27° 50' 12* N., Long. 110° 10' 45" W.3 (type in Turin Museum). Brachyrhamphus craveri Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 32, 1877 — Raza Island, Gulf of California (crit.; habits; nest and eggs descr.). Micrura craveri Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 595, 1898 (descr. of type erroneously credited to "near Cape San Lucas, South California"). Brachyramphus craveri Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 16, 1902 — San Jose and Espiritu Santo Islands, Gulf of California (crit.; char.); Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 153, 1919 (life hist.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, pp. 80-83, 1926 (char.; range); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range). Endomychura craven Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 753, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 58, 1928— Lower California; Green and Arnold, Condor, 41, pp. 26-28, 1939 — near Guadalupe Island and off San Diego (disc.). 1 Brachyramphus hypoleucus pontilis van Rossem is said to resemble most closely B. h. scrippsi, but to differ by having the inner webs of the outer primaries with a light brown area next to the shaft and the neck outline between dorsal and ventral areas very close to that of B. h. craveri. The bill shape is intermediate between that of scrippsi and craveri. We have seen no specimens. 2 Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri (Salvadori) differs markedly from typical B. hypoleucus by longer, slenderer bill; grayish white, dusky-mottled (not pure white) quill-lining; pale grayish brown instead of pure white inner webs of outer primaries; more brownish (less sooty) upper parts; finally by the dark dorsal coloration encroaching onto the sides of the foreneck. 8 Probably Raza Island (cf. Cooke, Auk, 33, p. 80, 1910). 948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 359 Brachyramphus hypoleucus craveri van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 443, 1939 (range); idem, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ., 21, p. 96, 1945— Gulf of California (resident). Range. — Breeds on various islands in the Gulf of California; ccurs in post-breeding season on the Pacific coast from Monterey lay south along the Lower California Peninsula. Field Museum Collection. — 8: Mexico, Lower California (off Idefonso Island, 4; between Isla Estaban and Isla Rasa, 2; Rattler sland, 1; Georges Island, 1). Genus SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS Brandt Synthliboramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 347, 1837— type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), Alca antiqua Gmelin. Synthliborhamphus G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 98, 1841 (emendation). Rhamphosynthlipis Cones, Key N. Amer. Bds., 5th ed., 2, p. 1075, Dec., 1903 — type, by monotypy, Uria vntmizusume Temminck. Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin). ANCIENT MURRELET. Alca antiqua Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 554, 1789— based on "Ancient Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p^ 512, "from the west of North America to Kam- tschatka and the Kuril Island" (type now in Liverpool Museum; cf. Forbes and Robinson, Bull. Liverpool Mus., 2, p. 52, 1899). Uria senicula Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 367, 1811— Kurile and Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, and Penshina Bay. Brachyramphus brachypterus (Kittlitz MS.) Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— Unalaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors, Zool. Voy. "Blossom," Birds, p. 32, 1839 — no locality stated = northwest coast of America (type in British Museum).1 Uria cana Kittlitz,2 Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 288, 1858— Amachnak Island, Alaska (type in Leningrad Museum). Synthliborhamphus antiquus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 56 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 596, 1898 (monog.). Synthliboramphus antiquus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 757, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 132, 1919 (life hist.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 24, 1923— St. Paul and St. George Islands, Pribilofs; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928— near Ensenada, Lower California (Dec. 25, 1927); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range). 1 Though not listed as such, spec, w (of S. antiquus), presented by Sir E. Belcher, First Lieutenant of the "Blossom," is without much question the type )f Mergulus cirrhocephalus Vigors. 2 In Lutke", Voy. Se"niavine, 3, p. 272, 1836, Uria cana is a nomen nudum. 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from the Aleu- tian Islands and Kodiak Island to southeastern Alaska (St. Lazaria and Forrester Islands) and the Queen Charlotte Islands (Sangar Island) and extralimitally in northeastern Asia south to Cheefoo, Shantung, China; winters south to southern California and north- western Lower California (one record from near Ensenada). Field Museum Collection. — 26: Alaska (Aleutian Islands, 4; Howkan, 3; Prince of Wales Island, 1; Forrester Island, 1; Ball Island, 2); British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1); California (Monterey, 6; Pacific Beach, 1; Pacific Grove, 5; San Clemente Island, 1; Hyperion, 1). Genus PTYCHORAMPHUS Brandt Ptychoramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— type, by monotypy, Uria aleutica Pallas. Ptychorhamphus Brandt, Isis, 1837, col. 502 (emendation). *Ptychoramphus aleuticus aleuticus (Pallas). CASSIN'S AUKLET. Uria aleutica Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 370, 1811 — "ad Oceanum orientalem"= North Pacific Ocean. Mergulus cassinii Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2, for Aug., 1845, p. 266, pub. Dec. 5, 1845 — California (type in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 19, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 275, 1932). Ptychorhamphus aleuticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 52 (monog.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 599, 1898 (monog.). Ptychoramphus aleuticus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 761, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 110, 1919 (life hist.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1932— Lower California (resident); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 356, 1934 (range); Slipp, Murrelet, 23, p. 18, 1942— Puget Sound. Range. — Breeds on the coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands and southern Alaska south to Lat. 30° N., on the western coast of Lower California. Field Museum Collection. — 36: California (off Shore Rock, Hum- boldt County, 6; Farallon Islands, 2; San Francisco, 1; Pacific Grove, 14; Carmel Bay, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Clemente Island, 8; Catalina Islands, 1; San Miguel Island, 1); Mexico (Los Coronados Islands, Lower California, 1). 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 361 Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem.1 SAN BENITO ISLAND AUKLET. Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11), 4, p. 443, Oct., 1939— West San Benito Island, Lower California (type in Dickey Collection, now in University of California at Los Angeles). Range.— From San Benito Island south to San Roque Island. Genus CYCLORRHYNCHUS Kaup Cyclorrhynchus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Nat. Syst. Eur. Thierw., p. 155, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Alca psittacula Pallas. Ombria Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4, p. 3, 1831— type, by orig. desig., Alca psittacula Pallas. *Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus (Pallas). PAROQUET AUKLET. Alca psittacula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 15, pi. 2, and pi. 5, figs. 4-6, 1769— Kamchatka and islands toward Japan and North America (type, from Kamchatka [ex Steller], in Leningrad Museum). Ombria psittacula Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 4, p. 3, pi. 17, 1831— St. Paul Island (descr.; crit.). Simorhynchus psittaculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 36 (monog.). Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 38, pi. 4, fig. 6, and pi. 5, fig. 1, 1885— Bering and Copper Island (nomencl.; crit.; habits); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 357, 1934 (range); Storer, Condor, 46, p. 244, 1944— Marin County, California. Phaleris psittaculus(a) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 607, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 764, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 116, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 20, 1923— Pribilof Islands. Range— Breeds from the northeastern coast of Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula) and northwestern Alaska (including Diomede, St. Law- rence, Hall, St. Matthews, Pribilof, Walrus, and Otter Islands) south to the Commander, Aleutian, and Shumagin Islands; winters to Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, and coast of central California. Field Museum Collection.— 15: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 9; Little Diomede Island, 2; King Island, 1; Nome, 1; Amchitka Island, 1); (?) Arctic America (Franklin Bay, 1). * Ptychoramphus aleuticus australis van Rossem is said to differ from i the tvDical race only by its size. Adult males have wings from 110 to 115 mm whEhe like se?in P. a. aleuticus has them from 118 to 128. No measurements are given for females. 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus AETHIA Merrem •Aethia Merrem, Vers. Grundr. Allg. Gesch. Nat. Einth. Vogel, 1, Tentamen Nat. Syst. Av., pp. 7, 13, 20, 1788 — type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas (cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 23, pp. 339-340, 1916). Simorhynchus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wissens. Ktinste, 2, p. 405, 1819 — type, by orig. desig. and monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas. Phaleris Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd e"d., 1, p. cxii, Oct., 1820 — type, by subs, desig. (G. R. Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 77, 1840), Alca tetracula Pallas=AZca cristatella Pallas. Tyloramphus Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Pe"tersb., 2, col. 348, 1837— type, by monotypy, Alca cristatella Pallas. Ciceronia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., p. 53, 1852 (=1853) — type, by orig. desig., Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte=AZca pygmaea Gmelin. Alcella Stone, Auk, 24, pp. 197, 198, 1907 — type, by orig. desig., Alca pygmaea Gmelin. *Aethia cristatella (Pallas). CRESTED AUKLET. Alca cristatella Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 20, pi. 3, and pi. 5, figs. 7-9, 1769 — Kamchatka (type in Leningrad Museum).1 Alca tetracula Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 24, pi. 4, and pi. 5, figs. 10-12, 1769 — Kamchatka (type2 in Leningrad Museum=winter plumage). Alca cristata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 104, 1776 — based on Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, pi. 3. Uria dubia Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 371, 1811 — Awacha Bay, Kam- chatka (descr. of young). Phaleris superciliosa (not Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein) Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838 — based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402. Simorhynchus cristatellus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 37 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 32, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5, and pi. 5, fig. 2, 1885 — Bering Island (plumages); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 601, 1898 (monog.). Simorhynchus tetraculus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 43 (monog. ;= winter plumage). Aethia cristatella Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 775, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 120, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1783, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 21, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 357, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and con- tiguous parts of the North Pacific south to Kodiak Island, the Aleu- tian and Commander Islands, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands; 1 Pallas expressly states (p. 19) that he described and figured the specimens sent by Steller to the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg. 2 Likewise collected by Steller. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 363 ranges in summer north to the Arctic coast of Alaska, Herald and Wrangell Islands, etc. Field Museum Collection— 2Q: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 12; Little Diomede Island, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1; St. Paul Island, 5; St. George Island, 1). *Aethia pusilla (Pallas). LEAST AUKLET. Uria pusilla Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 373, 1811— Kamchatka (descr. excl. of synonyms). Phaleris microceros Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., 2, col. 346, 1837— no locality stated (type in Leningrad Museum). Phaleris nodirostris Audubon, Bds. Amer., folio ed., pi. 402, fig. 3, 1838; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 101, 1839— said to occur on the northwest coast (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London). Phaleris nodirostra Bonaparte, Geog. Comp. List, p. 66, 1838— based on Audubon, Bds. Amer., pi. 402 [fig. 3]. Simorhynchus microceros Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 46 (monog.). Simorhynchus pusillus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 48 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 35, pi. 4, fig. 3, and pi. 5, fig. 5, 1885— Bering Island (soft parts; molt; plumages); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 605, 1898 (monog.). Ciceronia pusilla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 768, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Aethia pusilla Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 128, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1786, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 23, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range.— Breeds in northeastern Siberia (Chukchi Peninsula), on islands in Bering Sea (Diomede, St. Lawrence, King, and the Pribilof s), on the Aleutians, and at Cape Lisburne, Alaska; occasional at Point Barrow, Alaska; winters south to Washington (Tacoma) and Japan. Field Museum Collection.— 36: Alaska (Diomede Islands, 16; Little Diomede Island, 3; island off Nome, 2; St. George Island, 7; St. Paul Island, 8). Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin). WHISKERED AUKLET. Alca pygmaea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 555, 1789— based on "Pigmy Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 513, Bird Island, Bering Sea. Alca camtschatica Lepechin, Nov. Act. Petrop., 12, p. 369, pi. 8, 1801— "in insulis inter Americam Septentrionalem et Kamtschatcam sitis." Uria mystacea Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 372, 1811— Kurile Islands. 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mormon superciliosa Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 89, Sept., 1823 — new name for Phaleris cristatella (not Alca cristatella Pallas) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 34, pi. 200, May, 1823. Simorhynchus cassini Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 45 — Ounimak Pass, Unalaska Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of young). Simorhynchus camtschaticus Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 41 (monog.). Simorhynchus pygmaeus Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 25, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, and pi. 5, figs. 3, 4, 1885 — Bering and Copper Islands (plumages; habits); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 603, 1898 (monog.). Alcella pygmaea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 771, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.). Aethia pygmaea Bent, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 107, p. 125, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1785, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range. — Breeds on the Kuriles, in Kamtchatka, and on the Com- mander Islands, possibly on some of the Aleutians east to Unalaska; chiefly resident, but recorded in winter from northern Japan (Yesso). Genus CERORHINCA Bonaparte Cerorhinca Bonaparte,1 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 427, 1828— type, by monotypy, Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte =Alca monocerata Pallas. Chimerina Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, 1829 — type, by [virtual] monotypy, Chimerina cornuta Eschscholtz = A Ua monocerata Pallas. *Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas). RHINOCEROS AUKLET. Alca monocerata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 362, 1811 — Cape St. Elias and Kodiak Island, Alaska (type lost). Phaleris cerorhynca Bonaparte, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 9, p. 53, Jan., 1827 — west coast of North America (type, without exact locality other than North Pacific, in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte, now in Paris Museum; cf. Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 1, p. 60, 1929). Cerorhinca occidentalis Bonaparte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 2, p. 428, 1828 — new name for Phaleris cerorhinca Bonaparte. Chimerina cornuta Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, Heft 3, p. 2, pi. 12, 1829 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (type probably in Leningrad Museum). Cerorhina suckleyi Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pac., 9, p. 906, 1858 — Fort Steilacoom, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum). Ceratorhyncha monocerata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 28 (monog.). 1 Variously "emended" by Bonaparte and others to Ceratorrhina, Ceratorhina, Cerorhina, Ceratorhynchus, Ceratorhyncha, and Cerorhyncha. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 365 Sagmatorrhina suckleyi Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 32 (monog.). Cerorhyncha monocerata Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 609, 1898 (monog.). Cerorhinca monocerata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 779, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 104, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1788, 1921 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 56, 1928— Lower California (winter); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range). Range.— Breeds (chiefly on islands) in northwestern North America from southern Alaska (Forrester Island, St. Lazaria Island, and Egg Island) west to the Aleutian Islands and south to Washing- ton (Destruction Island) and extralimitally in Kamtchatka, on the Kurile Islands, in Hokkaido, and Korea; winters at sea south to Lower California and Japan. Field Museum Collection.— 41: Alaska (Howkan, 2; Ball Island, 3; Forrester Island, 2); British Columbia (mouth of Skeena River, 1; Prince Rupert, 1); Washington (Puget Sound, 1); California (Monterey, 5; Pacific Grove, 13; Cypress Point, 2; Santa Cruz Island, 1; Santa Monica, 1; Hyperion, 2; off San Diego, 1; Pacific Beach, 6). Genus FRATERCULA Brisson Fratercula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 52, 6, p. 81, 1760— type, by tautonymy, "Fra- tercula" =AZca arctica Linnaeus. Mormon Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mam. Av., p. 283, 1811— substitute name for Fratercula Brisson. Larva Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 67, 1816— type, by orig. desig., "Macareux"=AZca arctica Linnaeus. Ceratoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. Pftersb., 2, col. 348, 1837— type, by subs, desig. (Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 615, 1898), Alca arctica Linnaeus. *Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton.1 LARGE-BILLED PUFFIN. Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, (5), pp. 144 (note), 145, pi. 2, fig. 3, May 20, 1901— near Hakluyt's Head, Spitsbergen (type in U. S. National Museum);2 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 788, 1919 (monog.; part, Spitsbergen); Bent, I.e., 107, 1 Fratercula arctica naumanni Norton differs from the nominate race by longer wings and tail as well as larger, deeper bill. Its range seems to be restricted to Spitzbergen and northwestern Greenland. 2 Although reference is made to Mormon glacialis (not of Temminck) Naumann, Isis, 1821, col. 782, pi. 7, fig. 2, where a bird of unspecified origin is discussed and 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 96, 1919 — northwestern Greenland (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 358, 1934 (range in part); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938 (range). Fratercula glacialis (not Mormon glacialis Temminck) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 23— Port Foulke, Greenland (crit.). Fratercula arctica (not Alca arctica Linnaeus) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 — part, spec. c"-g", Spitsbergen; Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898 — part, Disco Bay, Greenland (meas.). Range. — Northwestern Greenland (from Smith Sound to Disco Bay) and Spitzbergen, possibly also Franz Josef Land. Field Museum Collection. — 3: Greenland (unspecified, 1; Rath- bone's Island, 1; Lat. 68° N., 1). *Fratercula arctica arctica (Linnaeus). PUFFIN. Alca arctica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 130, 1758 — based principally on Faun. Svec., No. 118, "in rupibus et praecipitiis montium maris atlantici" = Norway . Alca deleta Briinnich, Orn. Bor., p. 25, 1764 — Iceland. Alca labradorica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 550, 1789 — based on "Labrador Auk" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 512, Labrador (=young). Alca labradora Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 793, 1790 — based on the same. (l)Mormon glacialis (Leach MS.) Temminck, Man. Orn., 2nd ed., 2, p. 933, Oct., 1820 — "aux c6tes septentrionales d'Ame'rique." l Mormon polaris Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 985 — Greenland (type lost). Fratercula arctica Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 616, 1898 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nl., 21, p. 239, 1898— Greenland (in part, Julianehaab, etc.); Norton, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 140, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 1901— Labrador (crit.); Wynne-Edwards, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 40, p. 336, 1935 (distr. in North Atlantic). Fratercula arctica arctica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 784, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 89, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1792, 1921 (monog.); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range); Bird and Bird, Ibis, 1935, p. 855— Jan Mayen (crit.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., p. 506, 1938 (range). Range. — Breeds from southern Greenland and Ungava south to the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia and extralimitally on Iceland, figured, Norton clearly based the measurements (p. 145) and the drawing of the bill on U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 86019, from Hakluyt's Head, Spitzbergen, which consequently must be regarded as the type. 1 Temminck's diagnosis, though rather ambiguous, appears to have been taken from specimens in the British Museum obtained by Captain Ross, as has been pointed out by Norton (Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, pp. 143-144, 1901). We do not know what has become of them, and unless they can be found, the exact meaning of Temminck's name will remain in doubt. 1948 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR AND CONOVER 367 Jan Mayen, Bear Island, northern Scandinavia, the Murman coast, and Novaya Zemlya; in winter south to Massachusetts, Long Island, and eastern Pennsylvania. Field Museum Collection.— 25: Greenland, west coast (Sukker- toppen, 2); Labrador (Gannett Island, 3; Davis Inlet, 1; Lettel Land Island, 3; Lance au Loup, 2); Quebec (Cape Whittle, 1; Magdalen Islands, 4; Bayonne Islands, 2; Bird Rocks, 4); Nova Scotia (Dover, 1); Maine (Eastport, 1); Massachusetts (Massa- chusetts Bay, 1). *Fratercula corniculata (Naumann). HORNED PUFFIN. Mormon corniculata Naumann, Isis, 1821, (2), col. 782, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4— Kamchatka (location of type not stated). Fratercula corniculata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 24 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 59, pi. 3, 1885— Bering Island (crit.); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 620, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 789, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.) ; Bent, I.e., 107, p. 97, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1796, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 19, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range). Range— Breeds on the coast and islands of Bering Sea and ad- jacent parts of the Arctic and North Pacific Ocean from Koliuchin Island and northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne) south to the Kurile and Commander Islands and Forrester Island, Alaska; winters south to Japan (Hondo) and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and California. Field Museum Collection.— 27 : Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 3; King Island, 1; St. Michael, 5; St. Paul Island, 1; St. George Island, 3; Bluff City, 8; Morzhovoi Bay, 3; Unimak Island, 1); Califor- nia (Eureka, 1; Pacific Grove, 1). Genus LUNDA Pallas Lunda Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 363, 1811— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 76, 1840), Alca cirrhata Pallas. Gymnoblepharum Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. Sci. St. PStersb., 2, col. 349, 1837- type, by monotypy, Alca cirrhata Pallas. Sagmatorrhina Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202, pub. June 29, 1853— type, by monotypy, Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte= Alca cirrhata Pallas. Cheniscus (not of Eyton, 1838) G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 127, 1855— type, by orig. descr., Alca cirrhata Gmelin (= Pallas). 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Lunda cirrhata (Pallas). TUFTED PUFFIN. Alca cirrhata Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 5, p. 9, pi. 1, and pi. 5, figs. 1-3, 1769 — seas between Kamchatka, America, and the Kurile Islands (cotypes [ex Steller and Krascheninikof] in Leningrad Museum). [Fratercula] carinata Vigors, Zool. Journ., 4, No. 15, Oct. 28-Jan., 1829, p. 358 (in text), 1829 — no locality indicated (type not known to be extant). Sagmatorrhina lathami Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 19, "1851," p. 202, pi. 44, pub. June 29, 1853 — "north-western Arctic regions of America" (type in British Museum ;= young); Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 31, fig. 3 (crit.). Lunda cirrhata Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 26 (monog.); Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 29, p. 43, pis. 1, 2, 1885— Bering Island (molt; plumages; shedding of bill); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 26, p. 612, 1898 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, (8), p. 793, 1919 (monog.; full bibliog.); Bent, I.e., 107, p. 82, 1919 (life hist.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 3, p. 1790, 1921 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 17, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 235, 1928 — "Lower California" (occurrence questionable); Peters, Bds. World, 2, p. 359, 1934 (range). Range.— Breeds from the north coast of Chukchi Peninsula, Koliuchin Island, and northern Alaska (Cape Lisburne) south on the coasts and islands of Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean to the Kurile Islands and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Field Museum Collection. — 23: Alaska (Little Diomede Island, 1; Diomede Islands, 2; St. George Island, 1; Teller,'!; Howkan, 1; Unimak Island, 1); Oregon (Tillamook County, 1); California (Farallon Islands, 1; Eureka, 7; Trinidad, 1; Westport, 5; San Miguel Island, 1). INDEX Current names in boldfaced type aalge, Colymbus, 348, 350 aalge, Uria, 350 Actia, 180 Actidurus, 86 ACTITIS, 122 Actiturus, 86 Actochelidon, 323 Actodromas, 180 acuflavida, Sterna, 328 acuflavidus, Thalasseus, 328, 329 acuminata, Erolia, 194, 195 acuminata, Heterppygia, 195 acuminata, Pisobia, 195 acuminata, Tringa, 192, 195 acuminatus, Totanus, 180, 194 acutirostris, Sterna, 303 Adelarus, 253 adspersa, Limosa, 102, 104 Aegialeus, 51 Aegialites, 51 Aegialitis, 51 Aegialophilus, 51 AETHIA, 362 affinis, Larus, 264 Aganaphron, 331 alba, Arenaria, 171 alba, Calidris, 171 alba, Chionis, 240 alba, Crocethia, 169, 171 alba, Gygis, 337, 338 alba, Pagophila, 253 alba, Scolopax, 100 alba, Sterna, 337 alba, Trynga, 169 alba, Vaginalis, 240, 241 albifrons, Sterna, 294, 301, 321, 322 albipennis, Larus, 282 albus, Larus, 252, 286 ALCA, 347 Alcella, 362 aleutica, Sterna, 313 aleutica, Uria, 360 aleuticus, Ptychoramphus, 360 aleuticus, Ptychorhamphus, 360 alexandrinus, Aegialites, 57 alexandrinus, Charadrius, 51, 59 alle, Alca, 345 alle, Alle, 346 alle, Mergulus, 346 alle, Plautus, 346 alle, Plotus, 345, 346 Alphagygis, 337 alpina, Erolia, 199, 200 alpina, Pelidna, 200 alpina, Tringa, 179, 180, 200 alticola, Aegialitis, 63 alticola, Charadrius, 63, 64 altifrons, Charadrius, 45 altifrons, Pluvialis, 44, 45 Amblyrhynchus, 221 americana, Calidris, 170 americana, Fedoa, 100, 104 americana, Microptera, 164 americana, Pelidna, 186, 200 americana, Recurvirostra, 214, 215 americana, Sterna, 321 americana, Tringa, 200 americanus, Anoiis, 335, 336 americanus, Charadrius, 47 americanus, Himantopus, 215 Americanus, Laroides, 263 americanus, Megalopterus, 336 americanus, Numenius, 95, 98, 99 americanus, Oedicnemus, 226 americanus, Pluvialis, 47 americanus, Scolopax, 147 anaestheta, Haliplana, 313 anaestheta, Sterna, 313, 314 anaethetus, Sterna, 302, 313 Ancylocheilus, 180 andina, Capella, 156 andina, Gallinago, 156 andina, Recurvirostra, 215 andina, Scolopax, 156 andinus, Himantopus, 216 anglica, Gelochelidon, 297, 298, 299 anglica, Sterna, 297, 298, 299 angustirostris, Phalaropus, 219 annulata, Hiaticula, 51, 52 annuligerus, Charadrius, 61 Anobapton, 355 ANGUS, 331 Anousella, 332 antarctica, Catharacta, 244, 245 antarctica, Lestris, 242, 244 antarctica, Magalestris, 244 antarctica, Megalestris, 245 antarctica, Sterna, 303 antarcticus, Lestris, 244 antarcticus, Lobipes, 219 antarcticus, Phalaropus, 220 antarcticus, Stercorarius, 242, 244, 245 Anteliotringa, 166 antillarum, Sterna, 320, 323 antillarum, Sternula, 320, 321, 322 antiqua, Alca, 359 antiquus, Synthliboramphus, 359 antiquus, Synthliborhamphus, 359 antistropha, Sterna, 307 APHRIZA, 132 369 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Appbapton, 355 apricaria, Pluvialis, 45 apricarius, Charadrius, 44, 45 apricarius, Pluvialis, 45 aranea, Gelochelidon, 297, 298 aranea, Sterna, 298, 299, 303 aranea, Viralva, 299 Arctica, 345 arctica, Alca, 365, 366 arctica, Calidris, 200 arctica, Erolia, 199, 200 arctica, Fratercula, 366 arctica, Sterna, 306 arctica, Uria, 352 arcticus, Cepphus, 352, 353 arcticus, Haematopus, 20 arcticus, Larus, 263 arcticus, Mergulus, 346 ARENARIA, 134, 169 arenaria, Arenaria, 171 arenaria, Calidris, 170 arenaria, Tringa, 169, 170 argentatus, Larus, 263, 264, 266 argentea, Sterna, 319, 321 argenteus, Larus, 264 arquata, Numenius, 98 arquata, Scolopax, 98 Arquatella, 180 arquatus, Numenius, 98 Arra, Cepphus, 349 arra, Uria, 349 articus, Haematopus, 20 Asarcia, 1 asiaticus, Charadrius, 76 Atalolestris, 246 ater, Haematopus, 15, 26, 28 athalassos, Sterna, 321 atlanticus, Anoiis, 336, 337 atlanticus, Megalopterus, 336 atricapilla, Tringa, 13 atricapillus, Numenius, 93 Atricilla, 254 atricilla, Chroicocephalus, 274 atricilla, Hydrocoloeus, 275 atricilla, Larus, 254, 273, 274, 275, 277 atricilla, Xema, 274 atrifrons, Charadrius, 51 atrofasciata, Sterna, 307 ATTAGIS, 228 audubonii, Hemipalama, 203 audubonii, Tringa, 203 aurea, Pluvialis, 44 aurita, Pisobia, 195 australasiana, Limosa, 103 australis, Limosa, 101 australis, Ptychoramphus, 361 australis, Squatarola, 41 australis, Tringa, 166 austrinus, Larus, 273 Avosetta, 214 avosetta, Recurvirostra, 214 azarae, Aegialitis, 65 azarae, Charadrius, 60, 65 azarae, Dpminicanus, 272 azarae, Hiaticula, 60, 65 azarae, Larus, 272 azarai, Charadrius, 65 bachmani, Haematopus, 15, 16, 26 bairdi(i), Pisobia, 189 bairdi(i), Tringa, 188, 192 bairdii, Actpdromas, 188 bairdii, Calidris, 189 bairdii, Erolia, 188, 189 bairdii(i), Heteropygia, 188 barrovianus, Larus, 260, 261 bartrami, Actitis, 87 BARTRAMIA, 86 bartramia, Totanus, 87 bartramia, Tringa, 86, 87 Bartramius, 86 bartramius, Actitis, 87 bartramius, Actiturus, 87 bartramius, Totanus, 86 bartramius (a), Tringoides, 87 baueri, Limosa, 102, 103 baueri, Vetola, 103 Belanopterus, 29 belcheri, Larus, 256 beldingi, Charadrius, 72 beldingi, Pagolla, 72 BELONOPTERUS, 29 bifasci at a, Hiaticula, 61 bistriatus, Burhinus, 224, 225, 226 bistriatus, Charadrius, 224 bistriatus, Oedicnemus, 224, 225, 226 Blasipus, 254 bolivianus, Thinocorus, 236 bonapartei(ii), Tringa, 180, 185 bonaparti, Larus, 284 bonapartii, Chroicocephalus, 283 bonapartii, Larus, 278, 283 borealis, Mesoscolopax, 91 borealis, Numenius, 90, 95 borealis, Phaeopus, 92 borealis, Rissa, 286 borealis, Ryncops, 339 borealis, Scolopax, 90 borealis, Strepsilas, 133 borealis, Tringa, 133 brachypterus, Brachyramphus, 359 BRACHYRAMPHUS, 355 Brachyrhamphus, 355 brachyrhyiichus, Larus, 257, 258, 259 brachyrhynchus, Rissa, 287 brachytarsa, Pagophila, 253 brachytarsus, Larus, 253 brachytarsus, Pagophila, 253 brasiliensis, Gallinago, 151 brasiliensis, Haematopus, 20 brasiliensis, Himantopus, 213 brasiliensis, Numenius, 95 brasiliensis, (?)Parra, 11 INDEX 371 brasiliensis, Scolopax, 150, 151 braziliensis, Gallinago, 151, 152 braziliensis, Scolopax, 145, 150 brehmi, Gallinago, 140 brevipes, Limosa, 103 brevipes, Heteractitis, 130, 131 brevipes, Heteroscelus, 130, 131 brevipes, Totanus, 130 brevipes, Tringa, 131 brevirostris, Brachyramphus, 356 brevirostris, Charadrius, 53 brevirostris, Numenius, 90 brevirostris, Rhynchops, 342 brevirostris, Rissa, 288 brevirostris, Tringa, 174 brevirostris, Uria, 356 bridgesii, Blasipus, 255 bridgesii, Larus, 254, 255 Brissonii, Pelidna, 174 browni, Sterna, 322 browni, Sternula, 323 bruchi, Gavina, 258 briinnichi, Alca, 348 brunnichii, Rissa, 286 Brunnichii, Uria, 348 buffoni, Stercorarius, 250 buffonii, Lestris, 250 Buphagus, 241 BURHINUS, 224 Cabanisii, Tringa, 177 cajennensis, Tringa, 29, 30 CALIDRIS, 166, 169 calidris, Charadrius, 169 calidris, Tringa, 166, 170 californica, Uria, 351 californicus, Catarrhactes, 351 californicus, Larus, 266 caligatus, Totanus, 116 campestris, Totanus, 87 campestris, Tringa, 90, 185 camtschatica, Alca, 363 camtschaticus, Simorhynchus, 364 cana, Uria, 359 Candida, Alca, 345 Candida, Gygis, 337, 338 Candida, Sterna, 337, 338 candidus, Larus, 252 cantiaca, Sterna, 323 cantiacus, Thalasseus, 323 cantianus, Aegialitis, 57 cantianus, Aegialophilus, 51 cantianus, Charadrius, 51, 60 Canus, 166 canus, Larus, 259 canuti, Tringa, 167 Canutus, 166 canutus, Calidris, 167, 168 canutus, Canutus, 167, 168 canutus(a), Tringa, 166, 168 CAPELLA, 145 Capella, Vanellus, 28 capistratus, Larus, 253 carinata, [Fratercula], 368 caspia, Hydroprogne, 301 caspia, Sterna, 300 caspius, Charadrius, 76 caspius, Thalasseus, 301 cassini, Simorhynchus, 364 cassinii, Mergulus, 360 cassinii, Sterna, 303 Cataractes, 348 catarractes, Larus, 241, 242 catarractes, Lestris, 242, 244 catarrhactes, Megalestris, 241, 242 catarrhactes, Stercorarius, 242 catesbaei, Atricilla, 274 catesbyi, Atricilla, 274 CATHARACTA, 241 CATOPTROPHORUS, 126 Catosparactes, 252 cautiaca, Sterna, 328 cavennensis, Belanopterus, 37 cayamensis, Belonopterus, 36 cayana, Sterna, 324 cayanensis, Sterna, 326 cayanensis, Vanellus, 30, 32 cayannensis, Belonopterus, 31 cayanus, Charadrius, 35, 37 cayanus, Hoplopterus, 35, 39 cayanus, Hoploxypterus, 37, 38 cayanus, Philomachus, 32, 35 cayanus, Vanellus, 35, 39 cayennensis, Belonopterus, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36 cayennensis, Parra, 29, 30, 35 cayennensis, Sterna, 324 cayennensis, Vanellus, 30, 32, 35 CEPPHUS, 351 Cepphus, Catharacta, 248 Ceratoblepharum, 365 Ceratorhina, 364 Ceratorhyncha, 364 Ceratorhynchus, 364 Ceratorrhina, 364 Cerorhina, 364 CERORHINCA, 364 Cerorhyncha, 364 cerorhyncha, Phaleris, 364 Cetosparactes, 252 chalcopterus, Laroides, 262 chapmani, Chubbia, 161 CHARADRIUS, 51 cheeputi, Attagis, 232 Cheimonea, 286 Chelido, 302 Chema, 290 Cheniscus, 367 chilensis, Belonopterus, 30, 34, 36 chilensis, Catharacta, 242, 243 chilensis, Gallinago, 155 chilensis, Megalestris, 242, 243 chilensis, Parra, 33, 35 chilensis, Philomachus, 35 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII chilensis, Scolopax, 155 chilensis, Stercorarius, 242 chilensis, Totanus, 113 chilensis, Vanellus, 33, 35, 36 chimborazensis, Attagis, 228 Chimerina, 364 CHIONIS, 240 chionis, Vaginalis, 240 CHLIDONIAS, 291 chloripoda, Phaetusa, 296 chloropoda, Phaetusa, 295, 296 chloropoda, Sterna, 294 chloropygius, Rhynchophilus, 116 chlorppygius, Totanus, 106, 116 Chroicocephalus, 253 CHUBBIA, 160 Ciceronia, 362 Cinclus, 134 Cinclus, Charadrius, 135 cinclus, Tringa, 179, 180 cincta, Squatarola, 82 cinctus, Vanellus, 81, 82 cinerarius, Larus, 286 cinerascens, Phalaropus, 219 cinerascens, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 343 cinerascens, Rynchops, 339, 341, 342, 343 cinerea, Procelsterna, 331 cinerea, Squatarola, 41 cinerea, Tringa, 166 cinereo-caudatus, Larus, 279 cinereus, Anous, 331 cinereus, Phalaropus, 219 cinnamomea, Tringa, 116, 120, 121 cinnamomeus, Helodromas, 120, 121 cinnamomeus, Totanus, 120 cinnamomina, Charadrius, 76 cinnamomina, Pagolla, 75 cinnamominus, Charadrius, 75, 76 circumcinctus, Aegialitis, 56 circumcinctus, Charadrius, 56 Cirrepidesmus, 51 cirrhata, Alca, 367, 368 cirrhata, Lunda, 368 cirrhepidesmos, Charadrius, 51 Cirrhocephala, 254 cirrhocephalum, Xema, 282 cirrhocephalus, Hydrocoloeus, 277 cirrhocephalus, Larus, 282 cirrhocephalus, Mergulus, 359 cirrhocephalus, Xema, 282 cirrocephalus, Larus, 254, 275, 276, 277 clarkii, Catharacta, 245 coccineirostris, Sterna, 306 coelestis, Scolopax, 145 Coleoramphus, 240 collaris, Aegialites, 67 collaris, Aegialitis, 65 collaris, Charadrius, 60, 64, 67 collaris, Hiaticula, 65 collaris, Morinella, 134, 135 collaris, Strepsilas, 135, 136 columba, Cepphus, 352, 354 columba, Uria, 354 columbarius, Plautus, 345 comata, Sterna, 327 consul, Larus, 260 cooperi, Tringa, 185 Coprotheres, 246 Coprotheres, Catharacta, 248 cordifera, Parra, 2 corniculata, Fratercula, 367 corniculata, Mormon, 367 cornuta, Chimerina, 364 couesi, Arquatella, 196, 197, 198, 199 couesi, Erolia, 196, 197, 198, 199 couesi, Tringa, 196, 198 Cracticornis, 90 crassirostris, Charadrius, 73 crassirostris, Larus, 254 crassirostris, Octhodromus, 76 crassirostris, Pagolla, 76 crassirostris, Totanus, 127 crassirostris, Tringa, 169 craveri, Brachyramphus, 358, 359 craveri, Endomychura, 358 craveri, Micrura, 358 Craveri, Uria, 358 crawfordi, Gygis, 337 CREAGRUS, 288 crepidatus, Larus, 248 crepidatus, Stercorarius, 249 crissalis, Haliplana, 316 crissalis, Sterna, 316 cristata, Alca, 362 cristatella, Aethia, 362 cristatella, Alca, 362 cristatellus, Simorhynchus, 362 cristatus, Vanellus, 28 CROCETHIA, 169 Crymophila, 217 Crymophilus, 217 cucullatus, Chroicocephalus, 280 cucullatus, Larus, 279 cuneicauda, Glareola, 235 cuneicauda, Thinocorus, 235, 236 curonicus, Charadrius, 51 CYCLORRHYNCHUS, 361 cynosurae, Squatarola, 43 damacensis, Totanus, 180, 181 damacensis, Tringa, 181 delawarensis, Larus, 257 deleta, Alca, 366 delicata, Capella, 147, 148 delicata, Gallinago, 148, 151 delicata, Scolopax, 147 Delopygia, 180 diamesus, Anoiis, 335 diamesus, Micranous, 335 Dipsaleon, 302 dominica, Pluvialis, 45, 48, 49 Dominicanus, 253 INDEX 373 dominicanus, Larus, 253, 270, 272, 273 dominicensis, Burhinus, 227 dominicensis, Oedicnemus, 227 dominicensis, Tringa, 192 dominicus, Charadrius, 45, 47, 50 dominicus, Pluvialis, 47, 48 d'orbignianus, Tinochorus, 234 d'orbignyanus, Tinochorus, 234 dorsalis(a), Jacana, 12 dorsalis, Tringa, 191 dougalli(i), Sterna, 312 dougallii, Sterna, 311, 312 douglasii, Scolopax, 147 douglasii, Tringa, 203 Dromicus, 78 drummondii, Scolopax, 147 dubia, Uria, 362 durnfordi, Haematopus, 23, 24 durvillei, Squatarola, 83 eburnea, Pagophila, 252, 253 eburneus, Larus, 252 eburneus, Pagophila, 253 edwardsii, Limosa, 100 elegans, Sterna, 326, 327, 328 elegans, Thalasseus, 327 Endomychura, 355 Epitelarus, 251 Epitelolarus, 251 EREUNETES, 173 EROLIA, 179 erythropus, Larus, 282 erythrorhyncha, Sterna, 325 erythrorhynchos, Sterna, 324 eschscholtzii, Tinochorus, 238 EUDROMIAS, 80 Euliga, 86 Euligia, 86 EUPODA, 76 Eupodella, 76 Eupodes, 76 europaea, Rusticola, 163 eurygnatha, Sterna, 326 eurygnatha, Thalasseus, 326 eurygnathus, Thalasseus, 326 EURYNORHYNCHUS, 178 exilis, Sterna, 292, 319 Fabricii, Larus, 267 faeroeensis, Capella, 146 Faeroeensis, Telmatias, 146 falklandica(us), Aegialitis, 62 falklandica, Attagis, 231 falklandica, Leucopolius, 62 falklandica, Megalestris, 244 falklandica, Oegialitis, 63 falklandica, Pernettyva, 62 falklandicus, Aegialites, 62 falklandicus, Attagis, 231 falklandicus, Charadrius, 51, 61, 62 falklandicus, Leucopolius, 63 falklandicus, Tetrao, 231 fasciatus, Limnodromus, 141 fasciolata, Scolopax, 147 Fedoa, 100, 224 fedoa, Limosa, 104 fedoa, Scolopax, 100, 104 fedoa, Vetola, 105 femoralis, Numenius, 97 ferruginea, Erolia, 202 ferrugineicollis, Totanus, 143 Ferrugineus, Tringa, 202 fimbriatus, Phalaropus, 223 fissipes, Hydrochelidon, 292 fitzgeraldi, Attagis, 230 flavipes, Gambetta, 108 flavipes, Neoglottis, 109 flavipes, Scolopax, 106 flavipes, Tringa, 106, 109 flavirostris, Charadrius, 51 floridanus, Glottis, 115 fluviatilis, Sterna, 304, 305 forsteri, Chionis, 240 forsteri, Sterna, 310 foxii, Limosa, 102 Francsii, Uria, 349 franklini, Chroicocephalus, 280 franklini, Larus, 254 franklini, Xema, 279 franklinii(i), Lams, 279 FRATERCULA, 365 frazari, Haematopus, 16, 17, 22 frazari, Totanus, 113 frenata, Gallinago, 150, 154, 156 frenata, Scolopax, 150, 153, 156 frenata, Sterna, 320 frenatus, Phalaropus, 223 fretensis, Belonopterus, 34, 37 frobeenii, Sterna, 304 frobeni. Sterna, 304 frobenii, Larus, 257 frobenii, Sterna, 304 fulicaria, Tringa, 217 fulicarius, Crymophilus, 218 fulicarius, Phalaropus, 217 fuliginosa, Haliplana, 315, 316 fuliginosa, Sterna, 302, 314, 316 fuliginosus, Blasipus, 254 fuliginosus, Haematopus, 26 fuliginosus, Larus, 254, 255 fuliginosus, Onychoprion, 315 fuliginosus, Totanus, 131 fulva, Pluvialis, 49, 50 fulvus, Charadrius, 47, 49, 50 fulvus, Pluvialis, 48, 50 furcata, Creagrus, 289 furcata, Xema, 289 furcatum, Xema, 289 furcatus, Creagrus, 288, 289 furcatus, Larus, 288 furcatus, Xema, 288 fusca, Hiaticula, 82 fusca, Squatarola, 82 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII fusca, Tringa, 219 fuscata, Sterna, 302, 314, 315 fuscicollis, Actodromas, 186 fuscicollis, Calidris, 187 fuscicollis, Erolia, 185, 187 fuscicollis, Heteropygia, 186 fuscicollis, Pisobia, 186 fuscicollis, Tringa, 180, 185 fuscocapillus, Totanus, 106 fuscus, Larus, 264, 266, 267 gaini, Sterna, 308 galapagensis, Anoiis, 334 galapagensis, Haematopus, 16, 21, 23 galeata, Gallinula, 6 galericulata, Sterna, 324, 326, 327 Gallinago, 145, 160 gallinago, Capella, 146, 147, 150 gallinago, Gallinago, 146 gallinago, Scolopax, 145 gallinula, Limnocryptes, 165 gallinula, Scolopax, 165 Gavia, 28 gayi, Attagis, 228, 229, 230 GELOCHELIDON, 297 georgiae, Sterna, 308 gigantea, Capella, 159 gigantea, Gallinago, 159, 163 gigantea, Homoptilura, 159 gigantea, Scolopax, 158, 159 gigantea, Xylocota, 159 glacialis, Alca, 347 glacialis, Fratercula, 366 glacialis, Larus, 260 glacialis, (?)Mormon, 366 glacialis, Tringa, 221 glacialis, Una, 352 glareola, Rhyacophilus, 122 glareola, Totanus, 122 glareola, Tringa, 105, 122 glaucescens, Larus, 261 glaucodes, Larus, 280, 281 glaucoides, Larus, 262, 263, 265, 283 glaucopterus, Larus, 261 glaucopus, Charadrius, 49 glaucotes, Chroicocephalum, 282 glaucotis, Larus, 283 Glaucus, 253 glaucus, Larus, 253, 260 glocitans, Colymbus, 345 Glottis, 105 glottis, Totanus, 105, 115 gracilis, Aegialitis, 67 gracilis, Charadrius, 67 gracilis, Sterna, 312 gracilis, Tringa, 198 grisea, Calidris, 171 grisea, Scolopax, 140, 143 grisescens, Belonopterus, 33 grisescens, Vanellus, 33, 36 griseus, Eurynorhynchus, 178, 179 griseus, Limnodromus, 142, 143, 144 griseus, Macrorhamphus, 141, 142, 144 gronvoldi, Gelochelidon, 299 Grylle, 352 grylle, Alca, 351, 353 grylle, Cepphus, 352, 353 grylloides, Colymbus, 353 Guinetta, 122 gusdurnfordi, Haematopus, 24 guttata, Sterna, 302 Gyges, 337 GYGIS, 337 Gylochelidon, 300 Gymnoblepharum, 367 gymnostoma, Jacana, 2, 4 gymnostoma, Parra, 2 Gyralca, 347 haemastica, Limosa, 100, 101 haemastica, Scolopax, 100 haemastica, Vetula, 101 HAEMATOPUS, 15 haematorhynchus, Larus, 251 haematorhynchus, Leucophaeus, 251 Haliplana, 302 havelli, Sterna, 310 heermanni, Adelarus, 356 heermanni, Blasipus, 256 heermanni, Larus, 255 Helodromas, 105 Helopus, 300 helvetica, Squatarola, 41, 42 helvetica, Tringa, 41 Hemipalama, 173 henderspni, Limnodromus, 140, 142 Heteractitis, 130 Heteropoda, 173 Heteropygia, 180 Heteroscelis, 130 HETEROSCELUS, 130 hiaticola, Aegialitis, 52 Hiaticula, 51 hiaticula, Aegialitis, 52, 54 Hiaticula, Charadrios, 51 hiaticula, Charadrius, 51, 52, 56 hiaticula, Tringa, 52 hilairea, Rhynchaea, 13, 14 Himantellus, 209 HIMANTOPUS, 209 himantopus, Charadrius, 209 himantopus, Ereunetes, 204 himantopus, Hemipalama, 204 himantopus, Himantopus, 211, 214 himantopus, Micropalama, 202, 223 himantopus, Totanus, 204 himantopus, Tringa, 202, 203 hirundinacea, Sterna, 302 hirundo, Sterna, 301, 303, 304, 305 310 Hodites, 126 Holopodius, 221 Homoptilura, 145 INDEX 375 Homoscolopax, 160 HOPLOXYPTERUS, 37 hudsonica (us), Limosa, 100 hudsonica, Numenius, 95 hudsonica, Scolopax, 100 hudsonica, Tringa, 136 hudsonicus, Numenius, 92, 93, 96, 98 hudsonicus, Phaeopus, 95, 96 hudsonius, Numenius, 95 hutchinsii, Larus, 260 hybrida, Hydrochelidon, 292 hybrida, Sterna, 291 Hydrochelidon, 291 Hydrocolocus, 253 HYDROPROGNE, 300 hyperborea, Tringa, 219 hyperboreus, Larus, 253, 259, 260, 262, 266 hyperboreus, Lobipes, 217, 220 hyperboreus, Phalaropus, 219 hypoleuca, Endomychura, 357 hypoleuca, Micruria, 358 hypoleucos, Actitis, 122 hypoleucos, Tringa, 122 hypoleucus, Brachyramphus, 355, 356, 357 hypomelaena, Jacana, 5, 6, 7 hypomelaena, Parra, 5 hypomelaena(?), Parra, 2 hypomelanus, Charadrius, 41 hypomelus, Charadrius, 41 Hypsibates, 209 lamaicensis, Charadrius, 70 iardreka, Scolopax, 100 ichla, Thalasseus, 328 imitatrix, Procelsterna, 331 impennis, Alca, 346, 347 impennis, Pinguinus, 347 impennis, Plautus, 347 imperator, Hydroprogne, 301 imperator, Thalasseus, 301 imperialis, Chubbia, 160 imperialis, Gallinago, 160 imperialis, Homoscolopax, 160 imperialis, Scolopax, 160 Inca, 329 inca, Anous, 330 inca, Larosterna, 329, 330 inca, Naenia, 330 inca, Noddi, 330 inca, Sterna, 329, 330 incana, Scolopax, 131 incana, Tringa, 132 incanus, Heteractitis, 132 incanus, Heteroscelus, 131, 132 incanus, Lobipes, 223 incanus, Totanus, 132 ingae, Thinocorus, 232, 233, 235 innotata, Capella, 157 inornata, Symphemia, 128 inornata, Uria, 351 inornatus, Catoptrophorus, 128, 129 intercedens, Rhynchops, 343 intercedens, Rynchops, 340, 343, 344 intermedia, Jacana, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12 intermedia, Parra, 10 intermedia, Rynchops, 340, 341 intermedius, Belonopterus, 33 intermedius, Numenius, 95 interpres, Arenaria, 135, 136, 138 interpres, Cinclus, 136 interpres, Morinella, 137 interpres, Strepsilas, 135, 136 interpres, Tringa, 134, 135 islandica, Alca, 348 islandica, Tringa, 168 islandicus, Larus, 260 islandicus, Numenius, 92, 93 JACANA, 1 jacana, Jacana, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 35 Jacana, Parra, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 Jadreka, Scolopax, 100 jamesoni, Capella, 161 jamesoni, Chubbia, 160, 161 jamesoni, Gallinago, 161 jamesoni, Scolopax, 161 jamesoni, Xylocota, 160 jassana, Parra, 11 jourdaini, Phalaropus, 218 kaiurka, Cepphus, 354 Kittlitzii(i), Brachyramphus, 356 Kittlitzii, Chroicocephalus, 379 Kotzebui, 288 Kotzebuii, Rissa, 288 kumlieni, Larus, 265 labradora, Alca, 366 labradorica, Alca, 366 lachrymans, Uria, 350 lactea, Chionis, 241 lacteolus, Cepphus, 351, 353 lampronotus, Belonopterus, 30, 31, 33 lampronotus, Charadrius, 30, 31 lapponica, Limosa, 102, 103 lapponica, Scolopax, 100, 103 Laropis, 297 LAROSTERNA, 329 LARUS, 253 Larva, 365 larvatus, Charadrius, 65 lathami, Sagmatorrhina, 367, 368 laticauda, Bartramia, 86, 87 latreillii, Attagis, 228, 229, 230 Leimonites, 179 Leptodactylus, 85 Leptopus, 85 Leptosceles, 85 Leptoscelis, 85 lessonii, Dromicus, 78 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leucanous, 337 leuceretes, Larus, 260 lewcocapillus, Anous, 332 leucocapillus, Micranous, 336 leucoceps, Gavia, 332 leucopareia, Hydrochelidon, 292 leucopareia, Sterna, 291 leucophaea, Calidris, 171 leucophaea, Scolopax, 143 leucophaea, Tringa, 171 LEUCOPHAEUS, 250, 251 leucophthalmus, Larus, 253 leucopodus, Haematopus, 24 Leucopolius, 51 leucopolius, Charadrius, 51 leucoptera, Chlidonias, 291, 292 leucoptera, Hydrochelidon, 291 leucoptera, Sterna, 291 leucoptera, Una, 353 leucopterus, Larus, 260, 262, 263 leucopus, Haematopus, 21, 25 leucopus, Ostralega, 26 leucurus, Himantopus, 210 leucurus, Scolopax, 145, 146 L'Herminieri, Anous, 315 Limnocinclus, 180 LIMNODROMUS, 140 LIMOSA, 99, 100 limosa, Limosa, 99 limosa, Scolopax, 100 livens, Larus, 269, 270 lobata, Tringa, 219 lobatus, Lobipes, 219, 220 lobatus, Phalaropus, 220, 223 LOBIPES, 219 lomatina, Tringa, 166 Lomyia, 348 lomvia, Alca, 348 lomvia, Uria, 348, 349 longicauda, Actiturus, 88 longicauda, Bartratnia, 86, 88 longicauda, Lestris, 250 longicauda, Tringa, 86 longicaudatus, Actiturus, 87 longicaudis, Catoptrophorus, 127 longicaudus, Actiturus, 88 longicaudus, Stercorarius, 246, 249 longirostra, Numenius, 98 Longirostris, 140 longirostris, Heteropoda, 177 longirostris, Numenius, 98 longirostris, Scolopax, 140 lonnbergi, Catharacta, 245, 246 lorata, Sterna, 319 loricata, Sterna, 319 low!, Jacana, 1, 4 luctuosa, Sterna, 317 luctuosus, Haem[atopus], 26 LUNDA, 367 luzoniensis, Numenius, 93 luzoniensis, Scolopax, 93 LYMNOCRYPTES, 165 Lymnodromus, 140 maccormicki, Catharacta, 246 maccormicki, Megalestris, 246 maccormicki, Stercorarius, 246 Macdougalli, Sterna, 312 Machetes, 208 Machophilus, 208 Macrodura, 145 macroptera, Atricilla, 274 macroptera, Tringa, 116 macropterus, Totanus, 116 Macroramphus, 140 Macrotarsus, 209 macroura, Sterna, 307 macrura, Sterna, 306 macularia, Actitis, 122, 125 macularia, Tringa, 122 macularius (a), Actitis, 123 macularius, Totanus, 123, 125 macularius, Tringites, 125 macularius (a), Tringoides, 123 maculata, Actodromas, 192 maculata, Heterppygia, 192 maculata, Pisobia, 192 maculata, Sterna, 319 maculata, Tringa, 188, 190 maculatus, Totanus, 105, 111 maculipennis, Hydrocoloeus, 283 maculipennis, Larus, 276, 280, 283 magellanica, Capella, 153, 155 magellanica, Gallinago, 153, 155 magellanica, Scolopax, 154 magellanicus, Scolopax, 153, 154 magnirostris, Charadrius, 224 magnirostris, Phaetusa, 294 magnirostris, Sterna, 293, 294 magnirostris, Thalasseus, 294 magnus, Schoeniclus, 169 major, Alca, 347 major, Cirrhocephalus, 276 major, Gallinago, 145 major, Scolopax, 145 malacophaga, Haematopus, 24 malouinus, Attagis, 231, 232 Malouinus, Tetrao, 231 maluina, Attagis, 231 mandti, Uria, 352 mandtii, Cepphus, 352 mandtii, Uria, 352 marginatus, Charadrius, 51 marginatus, Larus, 283 marinus, Larus, 253, 267, 268 maritima, Arquatella, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 ' maritima, Calidris, 195 maritima, Erolia, 195, 199 maritima, Tringa, 180, 195, 198 marmorata, Scolopax, 104 marmoratus, Brachyramphus, 355 marmoratus, Charadrius, 46 INDEX 377 marmoratus, Colymbus, 355 Mataeoptera, 347 mauri, Ereunetes, 176, 177 mauri, Heteropoda, 176 maxima, Sterna, 323, 325 maximus, Thalasseus, 323, 325 media, Capella, 145, 146 media, Gallinago, 146, 147 media, Scolopax, 145 medius, Lams, 260 Megalestris, 241 Megaloptems, 331 megalopterus, Atricilla, 274 megalopterus, Larus, 275 megalorhynchus, Charadrius, 42 megarhynchos, Squatarola, 41, 42 Meisneri, Cephus, 353 melanocephala, Arenaria, 139 melanocephalus, Strepsilas, 139 melanogaster, Vanellus, 41 melanogenys, Anous, 336 Melanolarus, 254 melanoleuca, Gambetta, 113 melanoleuca, Glottis, 113 melanoleuca, Neoglottis, 113 melanoleuca, Scolopax, 106, 110 melanoleuca, Tringa, 110, 113 melanoleucos, Mergulus, 346 melanoleucus, Totanus, 111 melanops, Sterna, 291, 292 melanoptera, Sterna, 314 melanopus, Numenius, 95, 98 melanopygia, Jacana, 6, 7, 9 melanopygia, Parra, 5, 7, 9 melanopygius, Totanus, 87 melanorhynchus, Larus, 283 melanorhynchus, Numenius, 92 melanorhynchus, Sternula, 320 melanosterna, 302 melanotis, Pisobia, 193 melanotos, Erolia, 190, 193 melanotos, Pisobia, 193 melanotos, Tringa, 188, 190, 191 melanotus, Tringa, 186 melanura, Rhynchops, 341, 342, 344 melanurus, Himantopus, 211, 212, 214 melanurus, Rhyncops, 342 melodus, Aegialeus, 56 melodus, Aegialitis, 56 melodus, Charadrius, 56 menzbieri, Limosa, 103 Mergulus, 345 meridionalis, Gelochelidon, 297 meridionalis, Scolopax, 162 meridionalis, Sterna, 297, 303 Mesoscolopax, 90 mexicana, Sterna, 322 mexicanus, Charadrius, 209 mexicanus, Himantopus, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 mexicanus, Larus, 258 meyeri, Limosa, 102 Micranous, 331 microceros, Phaleris, 363 microceros, Simorhynchus, 363 MICROPALAMA, 202 Micropelama, 202 Microptera, 164 micropterus, Atricilla, 274 microrhyncha, Gygis, 337 microrhynchus, Numenius, 91 Micruria, 355 minima, Lymnocryptes, 165 minima, Scolopax, 165 minimus, Lymnocryptes, 165 minor, Hemipalama, 174 minor, Larus, 260 minor, Philohela, 164 minor, Rubicola, 164 minor, Rusticola, 164 minor, Scolopax, 164 minor, Uria, 346 minuta, Tringa, 179, 180 minutilla, Actodromas, 182 minutilla, Erolia, 181, 183 minutilla, Leimonites, 182 minutilla, Limonites, 182 minutilla, Pelidna, 182 minutilla, Pisobia, 182 minutilla, Tringa, 181, 182 minutus, Anous, 332 minutus, Hydrocoloeus, 284 minutus, Larus, 253, 284 minutus, Megalopterus, 335 minutus, Numenius, 90 mitchelli, Leptosceles, 86 mitchelli(i), Phegornis, 85 mitchellii, Leptopus, 85 mitchellii, Leptoscelis, 86 mitchellii, Phegornis, 85 modesta, Eudromias, 82 modesta, Squatarola, 82 modesta(us), Zonibyx, 83 modestus, Charadrius, 81, 83 modestus, Eudromias, 83 modestus, Larus, 254 modestus, Morinellus, 82 modestus, Vanellus, 82 modestus, Zonibyx, 81 molina, Belonopterus, 36 molouina, Attagis, 231 Moltke, Larus, 262 mongolus, Charadrius, 71 monocerata, Alca, 364 monocerata, Cerorhinca, 364, 365 monocerata, Ceratorhyncha, 364 montana, Eupoda, 77 montanus, Charadnus, 76, 77 montanus, Podasocys, 77 Morinella, 134 morinella, Arenaria, 135, 136, M 1 S8 morinella, Tringa, 134, 136 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Morinellus, 80 morinellus, Charadrius, 80, 81 morim-llus, Eudromias, 81 Mormon, 365 mulleri, Larus, 267 multistriata, Hemipalama, 203 mystacalis, Inca, 330 mystacea, Una, 363 Naenia, 329 naevius, Actidurus, 205 naevius, Charadrius, 41 naevius, Larus, 286 nana, Tringa, 182 nanus, Cephus, 346 natator, Totanus, 111 naumanni, Fratercula, 365 nebularia, Glottis, 115 nebularia, Scolopax, 115 nebularia, Tringa, 115 nebularius, Scolopax, 105 nebulosus, Charadrius, 82 necrophagus, Chionis, 241 neglectus, Epitelarus, 251 neglectus, Procellarus, 251 nelsoni, Larus, 262, 266 nelsoni, Sterna, 314 Neoglottis, 106 Neomenius, 90 Neopisobia, 180 nigellus, (?)Totanus, 170 niger, Anoiis, 331, 332 niger, Haematopus, 26 niger, Hydrochelidon, 291 nigra, Hydrochelidon, 292 nigra, Jacana, 6, 7 nigra, Parra, 6 nigra, Rhynchops, 339, 340, 341, 342, 344 nigra, Rynchops, 339, 343, 344 nigra, Scolopax, 15 nigra, Sterna, 291 nigricans, Alle, 345 nigricapillus, Stercorarius, 247 nigricollis, Himantopus, 209, 213 nigricollis, Hypsibates, 210 nigricollis, Macrotarsus, 210 nilotica, Gelochelidon, 297, 298, 300 nivalis, Coleoramphus, 240 nivea, Sterna, 338 nivea, Uria, 353 niveifrons, Charadrius, 51 niveus, Larus, 253 nivosa, Aegialitis, 59, 60 nivosa(us), Aegialitis, 57 nivosus, Aegialites, 60, 65 nivosus?, Aegialites, 59, 67 nivosus, Charadrius, 57, 58, 59, 60 nobilis, Capella, 157, 158 nobilis, Gallinago, 145, 157, 158, 162 nobilis, Scolopax, 158 Noddi, 331 nodirostra, Phaleris, 362, 363 nodirostris, Phaleris, 363 notata, Actitis, 125 novaezealandiae, Limosa, 102, 103 noveboracensis, Limnodromus, 144 noveboracensis, Scolopax, 140, 143 NUMENIUS, 90 nutans, Scolopax, 143 nuttalli, Sterna, 298 NYCTICRYPHES, 13 oahuensis, Arenaria, 135 oahuensis, Tringa, 135 oblita, Rynchops, 340 occidentalis, Aegialitis, 59, 63 occidentalis, Belonopterus, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 occidentalis, Cerorhinca, 364 occidentalis, Charadrius, 59, 60, 63, 64, 67, 75 occidentalis, Ereunetes, 177 occidentalis, Haematopus, 24 occidentalis, Larus, 268, 269, 270 occidentalis, Numineus, 99 occidentalis, Recurvirostra, 215 occidentalis, Rhynchaea, 14 occidentalis, Vanellus, 34 oceanicus, Totanus, 131 ochropus, Helodromas, 115 ochropus, Totanus, 115 Ochthedromus, 51 Ochthodromus, 51 ocrophus, Tringa, 105, 115 Ocypetes, 232 Odurella, 145 Oedicnemus, 224, 225 Oedicnemus, Charadrius, 224 Oedicnemus, Fedoa, 224 Oerolia, 179 okenii, Charadrius, 56 Ombria, 361 Onychpprion, 302 orbignianus, Thinocorus, 234 orbignianus(?), Thinocorys, 233 orbignianus, Tinpchorus, 234 orbignyanus, Thinochorus, 234 orbignyanus, Thinocorus, 233 orbignyanus, Thinocorys, 235 orbignyanus, Thynocorus, 233 orbignyanus, Tinpchorus, 234 orbignyianus, Thinochorus, 235 orbignyianus, Thinocorus, 234, 235 orbignyianus, Tinochorus, 234 oreophilos, Charadrius, 44 Oreophilus, 78 OREOPHOLUS, 77 orientalis, Charadrius, 50 orientalis, Eurhinorhynchus, 179 ostragelus, Haematopus, 23 Ostralega, 15 Ostralegus, 15 INDEX 379 ostralegus, Haematopus, 15, 24 Oxyechus, 51 pacifica, Erolia, 200, 201 pacifica, Pelidna, 200, 201 pacifica, Scolopax, 131 pacifica, Tringa, 200 Pacificolarus, 254 Pagolla, 51 palaeartica, Xema, 291 pallescens, Stercorarius, 250 palliatus, Haematopus, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 pallida, Gallinago, 154 pallidissimus, Larus, 261 pallidus, (?)Oreophilus, 80 pallidus, Thinocorus, 235, 236 paludosa, Gallinago, 158, 162 paludosa, Scolopax, 145, 158 paludosa, Xylocota, 158 panayensis, Onychoprion, 313 paradisaea, Sterna, 306 paradisea, Sterna, 307, 312 paraguaiae, Capella, 150, 152, 155, 156 paraguaiae, Gallinago, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157 paraguaiae, Scolopax, 145, 150, 153 paraguaiae, Telmatias, 150 paraguayae, Gallinago, 151, 153 paraguia, Gallinago, 153 paraguiae, Gallinago, 153 parasitica, Lestris, 248 parasiticus, Larus, 246, 247 parasiticus, Stercorarius, 247, 248, 249, 250 pardela, Charadrius, 41 Parra, 1 parvus, Numenius, 99 patagonicus, Thinocorus, 238 Pavoncella, 208 paykullii, Scolopax, 143 pectoralis, Charadrius, 46 pectoralis, Pelidna, 191 pectoralis, Pisobia, 193 pectoralis, Tringa, 192 Pelidna, 179 Pelodes, 291 Pernettyva, 51 personatus, Chroicocephalus, 278 personatus, Larus, 278 peruviana, Jacana, 9, 10 peruvianus, Charadrius, 70, 71 peruvianus, Oxyechus, 71 peruvianus, Thihocorus, 236 petrificatus, Ereunetes, 173 Phaeopus, 90 phaeopus, Numenius, 92, 93, 95 phaeopus, Phaeopus, 93 phaeopus, Scolopax, 90, 92 Phaethusa, 294 PHAETUSA, 293, 294 PHALAROPUS, 216, 217 Phaleris, 362 PHEGORNIS, 85 Philadelphia, Chroicocephalus, 283 Philadelphia, Hydrocoloeus, 284 Philadelphia, Larus, 283, 285 Philadelphia, Sterna, 283 philadelphiae, Larus, 283 PHILOHELA, 164 PHILOMACHUS, 208 Phoetusa, 294 pikei, Sterna, 306 pileatus, Anous, 334 Pingouin, 347 Pinguin, 346 PINGUINUS, 346 pipixcan, Hydrocoloeus, 280 pipixcan, Larus, 254, 278 Pisobia, 179 pitanay, Haematopus, 22, 23, 24 Planetis, 302 platyrhynchos, Phalaropus, 217 platyrhynchus, Phalaropus, 217 platyrostris, Phalaropus, 217 Plautus, 345, 346 PLOTUS, 345 plumbea, Hydrochelidon, 292 plumbea, Sterna, 292 plumbiceps, Cirrocephalus, 276 PLUVIALIS, 44 pluvialis, Charadrius, 44, 47 PLUVIANELLUS, 84 Podasocys, 76 polaris, Mormon, 366 polaris, Uria, 349 poliocephalus, Larus, 276 pollicaris, Rissa, 287 polynesiae, Totanus, 131 pomarinus, Coprotheres, 247 pomarinus, Larus, 246 pomarinus, Lestris, 246 pomarinus, Stercorarius, 246, 247 pomatorhina, Lestris, 247 pomatorhinus, Stercorarius, 247 pontilis, Brachyramphus, 358 Pontochelidon, 300 portlandica, Sterna, 307 pratii, Haematopus, 18 prattii, Haematopus, 18 Procellarus, 251 PROCELSTERNA, 330 Prohaematopus, 15 Psalidorhamphos, 339 psammodroma, Charadrius, 52 Pseuduria, 352 psittacula, Alca, 361 psittacula, Ombria, 361 psittaculus, Cyclorrhynchus, 361 psittaculus(a), Phaleris, 361 psittaculus, Simorhynchus, 361 ptilocnemis, Arquatella, 197, 198, 199 ptilocnemis, Erolia, 197, 198 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII ptilocnemis, Tringa, 196, 197, 198 Ptiloscelis, 39 ptiloscelis, Vanellus, 39 PTILOSCELYS, 39 PTYCHORAMPHUS, 360 Ptychorhamphus, 360 pugnax, Machetes, 208 pugnax, Pavoncella, 208 pugnax, Philomachus, 208 pugnax, Totanus, 208 pugnax, Tringa, 208 punctatus, Macroramphus, 144 punctatus, Totanus, 116 pusilla, Aethia, 363 pusilla, Ciceronia, 363 pusilla, Erolia, 175 pusilla, Tringa, 173, 182 pusilla, Uria, 363 pusillus, Ereunetes, 173, 174, 175, 177 pusillus, Simorhynchus, 363 pygmaea, Aethia, 363, 364 pygmaea, Alcella, 364 pygm(a)eus, Eurynorhynchus, 179 pygmaeus, Simorhynchus, 364 pygmea, Platalea, 178, 179 pygmeus, Eurynorhynchus, 179 pyrocephalus, Charadrius, 61, 62 pyrrhothorax, Charadrius, 51 quarta, Erolia, 199 quoyi, Haematopus, 15, 28 ramicivorus, Thinocorus, 238 recognita, Melanosterna, 313 recognita, Sterna, 313, 314 RECURVIROSTRA, 214 regia, Sterna, 325 regius, Thalasseus, 325 resplendens, Charadrius, 39 resplendens, Ptiloscelis, 40 resplendens, Ptiloscelys, 39, 40 resplendens, Vanellus, 40 Rhamphosynthlipis, 359 Rhincops, 339 RHODOSTETHIA, 285 Rhyacophilus, 105 rhynchomega, Squatarola, 42 Rhynchophilus, 106 Rhynchops, 339 Richardsonii, Larus, 285 Richardsonii, Lestris, 248 ridgwayi, Anous, 333 ridibundus, Larus, 253, 274, 275 Riga, Larus, 286 ringvia, Uria, 350 RISSA, 286 Rissa, Larus, 286 robusta, Tringa, 106 robustus, Totanus, 106 rogersi, Calidris, 166 rosea, Rhodostethia, 285 rosea, Sterna, 312 roseiventris, Gavia, 282 roseiventris, Larus, 282 roseus, Larus, 285 roseus, Rhodostethia, 285 Rossia, 285 rossii, Larus, 285, 286 Rostratula, 13 rousseaui, Anous, 334 royana, Gygis, 338 rubecola, Charadrius, 82, 83 rubecola, Squatarola, 82 rubidus, Charadrius, 170 rubidus, Oxyechus, 70 rufa, Tringa, 166, 167 rufescens, Actitis, 206 rufescens, Phalaropus, 217 rufescens, Tringa, 205 rufescens, Tringites, 206 rufescens, Tringoides, 206 rufescens, Tryngites, 205 ruficollis, Charadrius, 78 ruficollis, Erolia, 180 ruficollis, Limonites, 180 ruficollis, Oreophilus, 78, 79 ruficollis, Oreopholus, 78, 79 ruficollis, Phalaropus, 219 ruficollis, Pisobia, 180 ruficollis, Trynga, 180, 181 rufinucha, Aegialitis, 73, 76 rufinucha, Charadrius, 74 rufinucha, Octhodromus, 76 rufinucha, Pagolla, 74 rufinuchus, Ochthodromus, 76 rufiventris, Numenius, 95 rufus, Calidris, 166, 167, 168 rufus, Canutus, 167 rufus, Numenius, 95 rufus, Phalaropus, 217 rumicivorus, Thinocorus, 232, 236, 237 rumicivorus, Tinochorus, 238 russata, (?)Gallinago, 146 Rusticola, 163, 164 rusticola, Scolopax, 163 Rusticula, 163 rusticula, Scolopax, 163 Rygchopsalia, 339 RYNCHOPS, 339 sabini, Larus, 289, 290 sabini, Xema, 290 sabini (i), Xema, 290 Sagmatorrhina, 367 sakhalina, Erolia, 201 sakhalina, Pelidna, 200, 201 sandvicensis, Sterna, 323 sasashew, Totanus, 111 scapularis, Grylle, 353 scapularis, Jacana, 9, 10 schinzi, Pelidna, 185 schinzii, Erolia, 199 INDEX 381 schinzii, Schaeniclus, 188 schinzii, Tringa, 186, 200 schistisagus, Larus, 268 Schleepii, Lestris, 248 Schoeniclus, 180 scolopacea, Limosa, 140 scolopaceus, Limnodromus, 140, 141, 142 scolopaceus, Macroramphus, 141 scolopaceus, (?)Macrorhamphus, 142 scolopacina, Gallinago, 146, 148 SCOLOPAX, 163 scoresbii, Gabianus, 252 scoresbii, Larus, 251 scoresbii, Leucophaeus, 251, 257 scoresbyi, Leucophaeus, 251 scrippsae, Brachyramphus, 357 scrippsi, Brachyramphus, 357 scrippsi, Endomychura, 357 Semi-alba, Sterna, 338 semi-collaris, Nycticryphes, 13, 15 semicollaris, Rhynchaea, 14 semicollaris, Rostratula, 14 semi-collaris, Totanus, 13 semipalmata, Heteropoda, 175 semipalmata, Scolopax, 126, 127 semipalmata, Symphemia, 127, 129 semipalmata, Tringa, 173 semipalmatus (a), Aegialeus, 53 semipalmatus, Aegialitis, 54 semipalmatus, Catoptrophorus, 127 129 semipalmatus, Charadrius, 51, 52, 54 semipalmatus, Ereunetes, 174 semipalmatus, Scolopax, 126 semipalmatus, Totanus, 126, 127 senicula, Uria, 359 septentrionalis, Aegialitis, 52 septentrionalis, Charadrius, 52 septentrionalis, Rissa, 259 serranus, Hydrocoloeus, 278 serranus, Larus, 274, 277, 278, 282, 284 serrata, Sterna, 302 sibiricus, Larus, 280 simonsi, Attagis, 229 simonsi, Oreophilus, 79, 80 Simorhynchus, 362 simplex, Phaetusa, 294, 296 simplex, Sterna, 293, 294 skottsbergii, Procelsterna, 330, 331 skua, Buphagus, 242 skua, Catharacta, 241, 242, 243 skua, Megalestris, 242 skua, Stercorarius, 242 smithsonianus, Larus, 263, 264, 265, 268 sociabilis, Charadrius, 84 sociabilis, Pluvianellus, 84 socialis, Pluvianellus, 84 solitaria, Tringa, 106, 116, 118, 120, 121 solitaries, Helodromas, 117, 118, 120 solitarius, Rhyacophilus, 117 solitarius, Totanus, 117 solitarius, Tringa, 119 spadicea, Sterna, 315 spectabilis, Scolopax, 162 speculifera, Sterna, 294 speculiferus, Totanus, 129 spinosa, Asarcia, 3 spinosa, Fulica, 2 spinosa, Jacana, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12 spinosa, Parra, 1 spinosus, Charadrius, 37 spinosus, Hoplopterus, 39 SQUATAROLA, 41 squatarola, Charadrius, 42 squatarola, Squatarola, 41, 42, 43 squatarola, Tringa, 41 staebleri, Sterna, 323 stagnalis, Totanus, 109 stagnatilis, Totanus, 108, 113 STEGANOPUS, 221 stenodactylus, Phalaropus, 223 STERCORARIUS, 246 STERNA, 301, 302 Sternolophota, 329 Sternula, 301 stolatus, Charadrius, 37 Stolida, 331 stolida, Sterna, 331, 332 stolidus, Anoiis, 332, 333, 334, 335 stolidus, Megalopterus, 334 Strepsilas, 134 stricklandi, Capella, 163 stricklandi, Gallinago, 160 stricklandi, Gallinazo, 162 stricklandi, Xylocota, 162 stricklandii, Chubbia, 162, 163 stricklandii(i), Gallinago, 162 stricklandii, Scolopax, 160, 162 subarquata, Scolopax, 180, 202 subarquata, Tringa, 202 subarquatus, Ancylochilus, 202 subleucopterus, Laroides, 263 subminuta, Erolia, 181 subminuta, Pisobia, 181 subminuta, Tringa, 180, 181 subruficollis, Tringa, 205 subruficollis, Tringites, 207 subruficollis, Tryngites, 205, 206 subulirostris, Chroicocephalus, 283 suckleyi, Cerorhina, 364 suckleyi, Larus, 259 suckleyi, Sagmatorrhina, 365 superciliaris, Burhinus, 228 superciliaris, Oedicnenus, 228 superciliaris, Sterna, 317, 319 superciliaris, Sternula, 319 superciliosa, Mormon, 364 superciliosa, Phaleris, 362 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII superciliosus, Anous, 333 surinamensis, Chlidonias, 292, 293 surinamensis, Hydrochelidon, 292 surinamensis, Sterna, 291, 292 Svarbag, Uria, 348 swainsoni, Thinocorus, 238 Symphemia, 173 SYNTHLIBORAMPHUS, 359 Synthliborhamphus, 359 tahitensis, Numenius, 97 tahitiensis, Numenius, 97 tahitiensis, Phaeopus, 97 tahitiensis, Scolopax, 97 taitensis, Charadrius, 49 Telmatias, 145 temminckii, Tringa, 179 tenuirostris, Aegialeus, 59 tenuirostris, Aegialitis, 59 tenuirostris, Anous, 336 tenuirostris, Calidris, 169 tenuirostris, Charadrius, 58, 59 tenuirostris, Sterna, 331 tenuirostris, Totanus, 166, 169 tephras, Stercorarius, 248 tereticollis, Sterna, 330 teretirostris, Sterna, 330 ternominatus, Charadrius, 69, 70 testacea, Erolia, 202 testacea, Scolopax, 179, 180, 202 tetracula, Alca, 362 tetraculus, Simorhynchus, 362 THALASSEUS, 323, 326 Thalassites, 293 thayeri, Larus, 262, 265 THINOCORUS, 232 Thinocorys, 232 tibialis, Numenius, 97 Tinochorus, 232 Torda, 347 torda, Alca, 347 torquata, Scolopax, 90 torquatus, Charadrius, 70 torquatus, Ocypetes, 232, 238 torquatus, Oxyechus, 70 totanirostris, Charadrius, 79 totanirostris, Morinellus, 78 totanirostris, Oreophilus, 78, 79, 80 totanirostris, Oreopholus, 77, 78 Totanus, 105 totanus, Scolopax, 105, 111 totanus, Totanus, 106 townsendi, Aphriza, 132 townsendi, Haematopus, 27 townsendi, Tringa, 133 townsendi, Uria, 355 townsendii, Aphriza, 133 trachydactyla, Scolopax, 147 tricolor, Phalaropus, 223 tricolor, Steganopus, 221 tridactyla, Rissa, 286 tridactylus, Larus, 286 tridactylus, Rissa, 286 trifasciata, Hiaticula, 62 trifasciatus, Charadrius, 61 trifasciatus, Hiaticula, 61 TRINGA, 105, 188 Tringites, 205 Tringoides, 122 Trobeni, Sterna, 304 troile, Uria, 350 troille, Colymbus, 348 troille, Uria, 350, 351 trudeaui, Sterna, 308 Trudeaui, Thalasseus, 310 TRYNGITES, 205 Tryngodes, 122 tschegrava, Hydroprogne, 300, 301 tschegrava, Sterna, 300 tschuktschorum, Arquatella, 196 tschuktschorum Erolia, 196, 197 tschuktschorum, Xema, 290 tundrae, Charadrius, 54 Tylpramphus, 362 typicus, Charadrius, 45 typicus, Larus, 264 undulata, Capella, 158 undulata, Homoptilura, 158 undulata, Scolopax, 145, 158 unicolor?, Haematopus, 28 URIA, 348 uropygialis, Limosa, 102, 103 urvillii, Eudromias, 82 urvillii(ei), Squatarola, 82 urvillii, Tringa, 81 Vaginalis, 240 vaginalis, Chionis, 241 VANELLUS, 28 vanellus, Tringa, 28 vanellus, Vanellus, 28, 29 vanrossemi, Gelochelidon, 297 varia, Tringa, 41 variabilis, Asarcia, 3 variabilis, Parra, 1, 2 variegata, Erolia, 179 variegatus, Numenius, 93 variegatus, Tantalus, 93 variegatus, Totanus, 87 vegae, Larus, 262, 265, 266 venturii, Thinocorus, 238 veredus, Charadrius, 76 verreauxi, Larus, 272 Vetola, 100 vigilans, Burhinus, 225 violacea, Jacana, 2, 3 violacea, Parra, 2 Viralva, 291 virgata, Aphriza, 133 virgata, Strepsilas, 134 virgata, Tringa, 132, 133 virgatus, Strepsilas, 134 virgianus, Charadrius, 49 INDEX 383 virginiacus, Charadrius, 46 virginianicus, Charadrius, 47 virginianus, Charadrius, 47 virginicus, Charadrius, 46, 47 virgininus, Charadrius, 46 vittata, Sterna, 308 vocifer, Aedicnemus, 226 vocifer, Burhinus, 225, 226, 227 vocifer, Oedicnemus, 227 vocifera, Aegialitis, 68, 71 vociferus, Aegialites, 71 vociferus, Charadrius, 51, 68, 71 vociferus, Dominicanus, 272 vociferus, Oxyechus, 68, 70, 71 vociferus, Scolopax, 111 vulgaris, Arenaria, 169, 170 vulgaris, Phalaropus, 219 vulgaris, Rusticola, 163 vulgaris, Vanellus, 28 Warnecki, Larus, 288 wiedi, Actitis, 125 wilsoni, Catharacta, 246 wilsoni, Charadrius, 73, 74 wilsoni, Eudromias, 74 wilsoni(i) Gallinago, 147 wilsoni, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 76 Wilsoni (ii), Phalaropus, 222 wilsoni, Scolopax, 148 wilsoni, Squatarola, 42 wilsoni, Steganopus, 223 wilsoni, Sterna, 304 wilsonia, Aegialitis, 72, 73 wilsonia, Charadrius, 51, 73, 74 wilsonia, Ochthodromus, 74 wilsonia, Pagolla, 74 wilsoniana, Aegialitis, 72 wilsonianus, Aegialites, 72, 73 wilsonii, Charadrius, 73 wilsonii, Phalaropus, 221 wilsonii', Scolopax, 147 wilsonii, Sterna, 303 wilsonii, Tringa, 182 wilsonii, Xema, 274 wilsonius, Aegialites, 73, 76 wilsonius, Aegialitis, 72 wilsonius, Charadrius, 73 wilsonius, Ochthodromus, 72, 73, 74 Winterfeldti, Charadrius, 133 woznesenskii, Xema, 290 wrangeli, Brachyrhamphus, 355 wrangelii(i), Brachyramphus, 355 wumizusume, Uria, 359 wymani, Larus, 269 xanthocheilus, Charadrius, 49 XEMA, 289 Xylocota, 145 Zema, 289 ZONIBYX, 81 zonorhynchus, Gavina, 258 zonorhynchus, Larus, 258 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN*