LI B R.ARY OF THE UN I VER.5ITY OF ILLINOIS FI v. p. 2. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 PUBLICATION 266 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XIII CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARGES E. HELLMAYR Associate Curator of Birds PART VI OXYRUNCIDAE - PlPRIDAE - COTINGIDAE RUPICOLIDAE - PHYTOTOMIDAE WILFRED H. OSGOOD Curator, Department of Zoology EDITOR f NATURAL tt> HISTORY CHICAGO, U. S. A. November 14, 1929 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION 266 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOL. XIII CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA. MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA. SOUTH AMERICA. THE WEST INDIES. AND ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA. THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE IN- CLUDED ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR Associate Curator of Birds PART VI OXYRUNCIDAE - PlPRIDAE - COTINGIDAE RUPICOLIDAE - PHYTOTOMIDAE WILFRED H. OSGOOD Curator, Department of Zoology EDITOR CHICAGO, U. S. A. November 14, 1929 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS •2- PREFACE TO PART SIX The present instalment concludes the enumeration of the American Mesomyodian Passeres, the other families of that section having been dealt with in the three preceding parts. For the sake of convenience, it has been deemed advisable not to include in Part VI any other family, but to restrict it to the catalogue of the Manakins, Chatterers and allies, which form a natural group of closely related birds. As stated in the preface to Part V, proper definition of the various families of the Mesomyodian Passeres, particularly of the Haploo- phonae, is unusually difficult owing to the incompleteness of data on their anatomical structure, and the reference of certain genera to one family rather than to another must largely be regarded as provisional. Moreover, the exact status of two groups now ranked as families — the Sharp-Bills and the Cocks-of-the-Rock — is quite unsettled, and further researches into their anatomical peculiarities may lead to their suppression. Publication of this volume has unexpectedly been delayed. The greater part of the manuscript having been compiled in 1926 and 1927, the results of recent investigations by other students have not been considered beyond their inclusion in footnotes, wherever it was possible to make such additions. On the other hand, the long time that has elapsed since its preparation afforded me an opportu- nity to examine much pertinent material (including many types) in various museums in this country as well as in Europe. The account of certain genera of Manakins is practically based on the splendid series of these birds in the collections at Pittsburgh and Munich. As in the past, the author has enjoyed, in the performance of his task, the cooperation of museums and numerous correspondents by the generous loan of material and other acts of courtesy for which he wishes to publicly express his gratitude. Acknowledgments are particularly due to Mr. Outram Bangs, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Mons. J. Berlioz, of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dr. F. M. Chapman, of The American Museum of Natural History, New York; Mr. C. F. Cooper, of the University Museum, Cambridge, England; Mr. Donald R. Dickey and Mr. A. van Rossem, of Pasa- dena, California; Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, of the Stockholm Museum, Sweden; Mr. N. B. Kinnear, of the British Museum, London, England; Dr. A. Laubmann, of the Zoological Museum, Munich; Dr. C. W. Richmond and Mr. J. H. Riley, of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Lord Rothschild, of Tring, England; Dr. Simpson, of the Free Public Museums, Liverpool, England; Dr. E. Stresemann, of the Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany; and Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mr. Charles Westcott, of Springfield, Massachusetts, again has been very helpful in checking references and revising the manuscript for the press. NOVEMBER 2, 1929 C. E. HELLMAYR IV CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera included in Part VI ORDER PASSERIFORMES SUBORDER MESOMYODI FAMILY OXYRUNCIDAE (Sharp-Bills) Oxyruncus Tcmminck I FAMILY PIPRIDAE (Manakins) Piprites Cabanis 3 Pipra Linnaeus 8 Teleonema Reichenbach 38 Machaeropterus Bonaparte 40 AUocotopterus Ridgway 42 Chloropipo Cabanis and Heine .... 43 Ceratopipra Bonaparte 46 Xenopipo Cabanis 47 Tyranneutes Sclater and Salvin .... 47 Masius Bonaparte '. 49 Antilophia Reichenbach 51 Chiroxiphia Cabanis 52 Ilicura Reichenbach 60 Corapipo Bonaparte 61 Manacus Brisson 64 Neopipo Sclater and Salvin 75 Massornis Oberholser 77 Schiffornis Bonaparte 78 Sapayoa Hartert 86 Neopelma Sclater 87 Heterocercus Sclater 90 FAMILY COTINGIDAE (Chatterers) Phoenicircus Swainson 92 Laniisoma Swainson 95 Phibalura Vieillot 97 Heliochera Filippi 98 Doliornis Taczanowski 100 Tijuca Ferussac 101 Ampelion Cabanis 101 Porphyrolaema Bonaparte 103 Cotinga Brisson 104 Xipholena Gloger 109 Carpodectes Salvin . 1 1 1 Euchlornis Filippi 113 Ampelioides Verreaux 124 lodopleura Lesson 125 Calyptura Swainson 127 Attila Lesson 128 Casiornis Des Murs 146 Laniocera Lesson 149 Rhytipterna Reichenbach 1 52 Lipaugus Boie 156 Chirocylla Sclater and Salvin 163 Pachyramphus Gray 163 Platypsaris Sclater 193 Tityra Vieillot 204 Haematoderus Bonaparte 225 Querula Vieillot 226 Pyroderus Gray 228 Cephalopterus Geoffrey Saint-HHaire 231 Perissocephalus Oberholser 234 Gymnoderus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire . 235 Procnias Illiger 237 FAMILY RUPICOLIDAE (Cocks-of-the-Rock) Rupicola Brisson 242 FAMILY PHYTOTOMIDAE (Plant-Cutters) Phytotoma Molina 247 LIST OF NEW NAMES PROPOSED IN PART VI Schiffornis turdinus panamensis subsp. nov 84 Attila spadiceus pacificus nom. nov 140 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS By Charles E. Hellmayr PART VI ORDER PASSERIFORMES— Continued. Suborder MESOMYODI— Continued. FAMILY OXYRUNCIDAE.1 SHARP-BILLS. Genus OXYRUNCUS Temminck. Oxyruncus TEMMINCK, Anal. Syst. G6n. d'Orn., in Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., I, p. LXXX, Oct., 1820 — generic characters, but no genotype indicated. Oxyrhyncus SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., i, No. 9, pi. 49, July, 1821 — new name for Oxyruncus TEMMINCK; type by monotypy Oxyrhyncus cristatus SWAIN- SON. Oxyrhynchus (not of LEACH, 1816) TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 21, pi. 125, April, 1822 — type by monotypy Oxyrhynchus flammiceps TEMMINCK = Oxyrhyncus cristatus SWAINSON. Oxyrhamphus STRICKLAND, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 420, 1841 — new name for Oxyrhynchus TEMMINCK, preoccupied. Oxyramphus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 211, 1850 — emendation. *Oxyruncus cristatus cristatus (Swainson). CRESTED SHARP-BILL. Oxyrhyncus cristatus SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., i, No. 9, pi. 49, July, 1821 — Brazil. Oxyrhynchus flammiceps TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 21, pi. 125, April, 1822 — Brazil. Oxyrhynchus serratus MIKAN, Del. Flor. et Faun. Bras., fasc. 3, pi. [17], 1823 — Rio de Janeiro (descr. adult and young). Oxyrhamphus flammiceps BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 33, 1856 — Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., i, p. 42, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro and Rio affinities of this family are not satisfactorily determined, and it may become necessary to merge it with the Cotingidae. 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Parana, Sao Paulo; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 254, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 281, 1888 — "Novo" Friburgo, Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 206, 1899 — Iguap£, Sao Paulo; idem, i. c., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 296, 1907 — Estagao Rio Grande, Iguape', Itapura, and Ubatuba (Sao Paulo), Marianna (Minas Geraes), and Espirito Santo; BERTONI, Rev. Inst. Parag., 1907, — (sep. p. 5) — Paraguay. Oxyruncus cristatus cristatus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 333, 1907 — southeastern Brazil. Oxyrhamphus flammiceps paraguayensis CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 597 — Sapucay, Paraguay. Oxyruncus flamiceps paraguayensis BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 57, 1914 — Sapucay, Paraguay. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo and southern Minas Geraes (Marianna) to Santa Catharina, and Paraguay (Sapucay).1 i: Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo i). Oxyruncus cristatus hypoglaucus (Salvin and Godmari).* WHITE- BELLIED SHARP-BILL. Oxyrhamphus hypoglaucus SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), i, p. 206, 1883 — Roraima and Merum£ Mountains, British Guiana; SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 291 — same localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 282, 1888 — same localities. Oxyruncus hypoglaucus CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 240, 1921 — Roraima and Merum6 Mountains. Range: Mountain ranges of British Guiana (Roraima, Merume'). Oxyruncus cristatus brooksi Bangs and Barbour.3 BROOKS'S SHARP- BILL. 'Birds from Paraguay appear to be inseparable from others taken in Brazil. When describing O. f. paraguayensis, Chubb compared the Paraguayan series with a number of old skins of faded coloration. Recently collected Brazilian specimens, however, are fully as bright, both above and below, as Foster's birds from Sapucay. Material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro 5; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo i; Victoria, Sao Paulo 4; Blumenau, Santa Catharina i. — Paraguay: Sapucay 5. ^Oxyruncus cristatus hypoglaucus (SALVIN and GODMAN): Similar to O. c. cristatus, but under parts white, with only the sides and tail coverts tinged with pale greenish yellow; lores and cheeks white instead of pale yellow; median upper wing coverts more conspicuously margined with yellow; back slightly brighter green. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima 6. ^Oxyruncus cristatus brooksi BANGS and BARBOUR: Nearest to O. cristatus f rater, and wings similarly marked; but under parts white, washed with pale greenish yellow on sides and tail coverts only, as in O. c. hypoglaucus, and black 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 3 Oxyruncus brooksi BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 220, 1922 — Mount Sapo, eastern Panama (type examined); GRISCOM, I.e., 69, p. 178, 1929 — Cana. Range: Eastern Panama (Mount Sapo and Cana, Darie'n). *Oxyruncus cristatus frater (Sclater and Salvin).1 COSTA RICAN SHARP-BILL. Oxyrhamphus frater SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1868, p. 326 — Calove- vora, Veragua; idem, Exotic Orn., Part 9, p. 131, pi. 66 (adult female and young), 1868 — Veragua and Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 194 — Calovevora and Chitrd, Veragua; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 281, 1888 — Calovevora and Castillo, Veragua, and Costa Rica; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 2, 1888 — Costa Rica and Panama. Oxyrhynchus flammiceps (not of TEMMINCK) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 106, 1868 — San Jos£, Costa Rica; FRANTZIUS, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 304, 1869 — Orosi, Costa Rica; SALVIN, Ibis, 1869, p. 314 — Costa Rica (crit.). Oxyruncus cristatus frater RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 334, 1907 — Panama and Costa Rica (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6. P- 736, 1910 — Santa Maria de Dota, San Carlos, La Vijagua, and Cari- blanco de Sarapiqui, Costa Rica (habits). Range: Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). i: Costa Rica (Buena Vista de San Carlos i). FAMILY PIPRIDAE. MANAKINS. Genus PIPRITES Cabanis. Piprites CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 234, 1847 — type by monotypy Pipra pileata TEMMINCK. Hemipipo CABANIS, I.e., p. 234, 1847 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, 1855, p. 55) Pipra Moris TEMMINCK. * spots less numerous and more restricted than in any other race, becoming evanes- cent on the flanks. Superficially resembling O. c. hypoglaucus in white under parts, but back much brighter as well as more yellowish green, and larger wing coverts and tertials much more broadly margined with yellow. Wing (adult male) 90, (female) 88-90; tail 54-57; bill 16-18. Material examined. — Panama: Mount Sapo (including the type) 3. lOxyruncus cristatus frater (SCLATER and SALVIN): Like O. c. cristatus with yellow under parts; but above much brighter, fresher green and wing coverts as well as tertials much more broadly edged with yellow. Material examined. — Costa Rica: La Vijagua 2, San Carlos 2. — Panama: Boquete, Chiriqui I. *The insignificant divergency in structure and the similarity of the sexes seem hardly sufficient grounds for generic separation of this group. 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Piprites pileatus (Temminck). PILEATED MANAKIN. Pipra pileata (NATTERER MS.) TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 172, fig. i (male), Dec., 1822 — Brazil =Curityba, state of Parana (descr. of male and female). Piprites pileata BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 449, 1856 — Brazil. Piprites pileatus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — Curytiba, Parana (spec, examined); PELZELN, MADARASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. i, pi. i, (male, female), 1887 — Curytiba; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 284, 1888 — Brazil; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 297, 1907 — Campos do Jordao, Sao Paulo; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 13, 1910 — "Novo" Friburgo, Rio and Curytiba, Parana; SZTOLC- MAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 178, 1926 — Invernadinha, Cara Pintada and Vermelho, Parana. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo) to Parana.1 Piprites chloris chloris (Temminck). TEMMINCK'S MANAKIN. Pipra Moris (NATTERER MS.) TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 29, pi. 172, fig. 2, Dec., 1822 — Brazil (type from Ypanema, Sao Paulo, in Vienna Museum examined). Piprites chloris BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 449, 1856 — "Im Innern Brasiliens (Goyaz, Matto Grosso)", errore; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo (spec, examined); PELZELN, MADA- RASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 3, pi. 2, fig. i, 1887 — Ypanema; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 284, 1888 — Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 207, 1899 — Piracicaba and Iguap£, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 297, 1907 — Piracicaba and Rio Feio, Sao Paulo; BERTONI, Rev. Inst. Parag., Asunci6n, p. 5, 1907 — Alto Parana, Paraguay, and Misiones; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 598 — Sapucay, Paraguay; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 432, 1910 — Paraguay and Misiones; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana. Piprites chloris chloris HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 13, pi. 2, fig. 8, 1910 — Sao Paulo and Espirito Santo, Brazil; idem, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 137, 1915 — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.). Hemipipo chloris SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 178, 19^6 — Salto de Uba and Porto Mendes, Parana. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo to Parana; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Misiones).2 *Piprites chloris chlorion (Cabanis). GRAY-BREASTED MANAKIN. Hemipipo chlorion CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 234, 1847 — Cayenne; idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 697, 1848 — Cayenne. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo I, Rio I. — Parana: Curityba 8. 2Material examined. — Brazil, Sao Paulo: Ypanema (including the type) 5, Victoria 2, Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema 3; Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo I. — Paraguay: Sapucay 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 5 Piprites Morion PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Barra do Rio Negro [= Manaos] and Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined); SAL VIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1882, p. 78 — British Guiana (crit.); SAL VIN, I.e., 1885, p. 299 — Bartica Grove, Merum£ Mts., and Roraima; PELZELN, MADARAsz and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 2 ("male"), 1887 —part, descr. of male and hab. French and British Guiana, Barra [do Rio Negro], and Borba, Rio Madeira; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 285, 1888 — Roraima, Bartica Grove, and Merum£ Mts., British Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 288, 1907 — Cussary, lower Amazon (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 56, p. 504, 1908 — Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z (spec, examined); BER- LEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 315, 1908 — Cayenne; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 361, 1914 — Quati-puni, Rio Guamd (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel), Cussary, Rio Tapajoz (Goyana, Villa Braga), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 91, 1916 — Utinga, Para; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 251, 1921 — Ituribisi River, Supenaam, Bartica, Roraima, and Merum6 Mts.; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Piprites Moris Morion HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 302, 1910 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 13, 1910 — Cayenne, British Guiana, and northern Brazil; CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 7, 1924 — (?) foot of Mount Duida, upper Orinoco, and Cussary, lower Amazon; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 333, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil, west to Manaos and the lower Rio Madeira (Borba), east to northern Maranhao (Tury-assu).1 i: Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao i). Piprites chloris bolivianus Chapman* BOLIVIAN GREENISH MAN- AKIN. 'Specimens from British Guiana are conspicuous for their grayish hind neck and their uniform pale gray breast and abdomen, strongly contrasted with the yellow throat and tail coverts, while the rectrices are but indistinctly tipped with yellowish. An adult male from Borba, Rio Madeira, is similar, except for wider tail tips. Another male from Manaos and a female from Cussary (south bank of the lower Amazon) are slightly smaller; and, besides, they show a faint yellowish tinge on the anal region. A single male from Maranhao (Tury-assu) is grayer above than any other specimen examined. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne I. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove I, Roraima 5, Quonga i. — Brazil: Manaos i; Cussary I; Villa Braga, Tapajdz i; Borba, Rio Madeira i; Tury-assu, Maranhao I. 1 Piprites Moris bolivianus CHAPMAN: Nearly allied to P. c. Morion, but with much smaller bill; grayish breast and sides tinged with yellowish; middle of abdomen brighter yellow; rectrices broadly tipped with pale yellowish as in P. c. tschudii. Wing 67-69; tail 50-53; bill 9. A specimen from Bolivia has the nape extensively gray like P. c. Morion; while the two Brazilian birds, in this respect, rather resemble P. c. tschudii. Material examined. — Bolivia: Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba ( d* ad., June 28, 1892. G. Garlepp. Beilepsch Collection) I. — Brazil: Salto do Girap, Rio Madeira (d*imm., Oct. 15, 1829. J. Natterer) i; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore1, Matto Grosso (o"imm., July 19, 1826. J. Natterer) i. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Piprites chloris bolirianus CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 6, 1924 — Mission San Antonio, Rio Chimor6, Bolivia. Piprites Morion (not of CABANIS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso and Salto do Girao, upper Rio Madeira (spec, examined); PELZELN, MADARAsz and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 5, 1887 — part, Engenho do Gama and Salto do Girao. Piprites chloris chlorion HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 302, 1910 — part, En- genho do Gama and Salto do Girao. Range: Northern Bolivia (San Antonio, Rio Chimore"; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba) and adjacent sections of central Brazil (Salto do Girao, upper Rio Madeira; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore", western Matto Grosso). *Piprites chloris tschudii (Cabanis). TSCHUDI'S MANAKIN. Hemipipo tschudii CABANIS. Journ. Ornith., 22, p. 99, 1874 — "central Peru" = Ninabamba, dept. Junin (type in Berlin Museum examined); TACZA- NOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, p. 539 — Peru. Pipra chloris (not of TEMMINCK) TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 271, 1844 — Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 144, 1846 — montanas of "north- western" Peru. Piprites chloris SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogotd. Piprites chlorion (not of CABANIS) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 26, p. 72, 1858 — Rfo Napo; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1866, p. 190 — Upper Ucayali; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 282 — Upper Ucayali, Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Marabitanas and mouth of the Xie, Rio Negro, and Rio Icanna, Brazil (spec, examined); TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 22 — Huambo and Yurimaguas, Peru; PELZELN, MADARAsz and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 2 ("female"), 1887 — part, descr. of female and young, and hab. Peru, Ecuador, Bogota, Marabitanas and Rio Iganna. Piprites tschudii TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 334, 1884 — Huambo, Yuri- maguas, upper Ucayali, and Ninabamba, Peru; PELZELN, MADARAsz and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 7, pi. 3, fig. i, 1887 — Peru (descr. and fig. of type discolored by preservation in alcohol); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 284, 1888 — Bogota, Sarayacu, Rio Napo; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 367 — La Gloria and La Merced, dept. Junfn, Peru. Piprites chloris tschudii HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 13, 1910 — Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and upper Rio Negro, Brazil; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 534, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jose", Ecuador. Range: Upper Amazonia, from the eastern slopes of the East- ern Andes in Colombia south through eastern Ecuador to central Peru (dept. Junin), east to northwestern Brazil (upper Rio Negro).1 i: Colombia (Bogotd i). *Birds from Peru (La Gloria, La Merced) have the tips to the median upper wing coverts paler, so as to suggest a second light wing bar. On the upper Rio Negro this form passes gradually into P. c. chlorion. A couple from Marabitanas 1929 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 7 Piprites chloris antioquiae Chapman.1 CHAPMAN'S GREENISH MANA- KIN. Piprites chloris antioquiae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 6, 1924 — La Frijolera, lower Cauca, Antioquia, Colombia. Piprites tschudi (not Hemipipo tschudii Cabanis) CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 483, 1917 — La Frijolera. Range: Tropical Zone of the lower Cauca, state of Antioquia, northern Colombia. *Piprites griseiceps Salvin* GRAY-HEADED MANAKIN. Piprites griseiceps SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., "1864," p. 583, pub. April, 1865 — Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 116, 1868 — Tucurriqui; PELZELN, MADARASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 9, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1887 — Tucurriqui; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 285, 1888 — Tucurriqui; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 107, pi. 41, fig. 3, 1890 — Tucurriqui; SALVIN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., i, p. XXXII, 1893 — San Carlos, Nicaragua; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, 768, 1907 — Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Jime'nez, Reventazon) and Nicaragua (San Carlos); BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 32, 1909 — La Vijagua, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 676, 1910 — Reventazon, La Vijagua, El Hogar, and Miravelles, Costa Rica; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 14, 1910 — Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Range: Costa Rica (chiefly on the Caribbean slope) and Nicaragua (San Carlos). i: Costa Rica (El Hogar i). and a female from the mouth of the Rio Xie closely match Ecuadorian examples, being just a little paler yellow below, with less greenish suffusion across the chest. The Marabitanas male has the whitish tips to the rectrices fully as wide, and the median wing coverts as distinctly marked with yellowish, as in birds from Peru; while the female, in coloration of tail, resembles Morion of Guiana. A male from the Rio Iganna [ =Rio Isana], in coloration of under parts, is exactly intermediate between chlorion and tschudii; and except for its larger bill it can hardly be dis- tinguished from P. c. bolivianus. Finally, another male from Marabitanas is gray-breasted like chlorion and apparently is not separable from Guianan examples. The type of H. tschudii, owing to its preservation in alcohol, has lost most of the greenish and yellow tints of the plumage, thereby misleading the authors of the "Monograph of the Manakins" as to its true characters. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota" 5. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2. — Peru: Ninabamba (the type) i, La Gloria 2, La Merced i. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro 3, Rio Iganna [ = Rio Isana] i, mouth of the Rio Xi6 I. 1 Piprites chloris antioquiae CHAPMAN: "Similar to P. c. tschudii, but upper parts brighter green, nape with less gray; under parts brighter, clearer yellow, less suffused with olive." (CHAPMAN, I.e.). We are not acquainted with this race, based on a single male from La Frijolera in the lower Cauca region. griseiceps SALVIN differs from its allies by reason of slate gray top and sides of the head, without any yellow on forehead and lores; white instead of yellow orbital ring; and by having the greater upper wing coverts narrowly margined with olive-green like the back, instead of broadly tipped with yellowish white, besides several minor differences. Wing (one adult male) 65; tail 46. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Genus PIPRA Linnaeus. Pipra LINNAEUS, Mus. Adolph. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 32, 1764 — type by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 33, 1840) Par us aureola LINNAEUS. Pythis "VIEILL[OT]" (not Pithys VIEILLOT, 1816) BOIE, Isis, 1826, p. 971 — type Pipra leucocUla LINNAEUS. Dixiphia REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, 1850 — type Pipra leucocitta LINNAEUS. Lepidothrix BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6), 1854— type by subs, desig. (GRAY, 1855, p. 147) Pipra cyanocapilla HAHN. Dasyncetopa BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 ( = Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6), 1854 — type by monotypy Pipra serena LINNAEUS. *Pipra aureola aureola (Linnaeus). ORANGE-HEADED MANAKIN. Parus Aureola LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., loth ed., i, p. 191, 1758 — based on EDWARDS, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 83, pi. 83, fig. 2, "from some part of South America, near the equinoctial line" — Surinam suggested as type locality (auct. HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 6). Pipra rubra P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 177, 1776 — based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 302, fig. 2, Cayenne. Pipra aurantiaca DAUDIN in BUFFON, Hist. Nat., (DiDOT £d.), Quadr., 14, p. 289, 1799 — based on "Le Manakin orang6 BUFF. VIII, p. 60," Cayenne. Pipra aurantia SUCKOW, Anfangsgr. Naturg., 2, (2), p. 1188, 1801 — based on "Manakin orang£" BUFFON; Daubenton, PI. enl. 302, fig. 2; and EDWARDS, Nat. Hist. Birds, 2, p. 83, pi. 83, fig. 2. Pipra dubia MADARAsz, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 3, p. 270, pi. 9, 1886 — locality un- known ( = discolored specimen) . Pipra aureola DESMAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manak. et Todiers, livr. 6, pi. 54 (adult male), 55, 56 (immature males); livr. 8, pi. 57 (variety), 1806 — Guiana; HAHN, Vogel aus Asien etc., Lief. 2, pi. 5, 1818 — Guiana; WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 933 — Cayenne; CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 696, 1848 — mouth of the Barima: BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 37, 1857 — Cayenne; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Rio Negro (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z. S.Lond., 1868, p. 168 — Pilar, Sucre, Venezuela; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 293, 1888 — Surinam, Cayenne, Bartica Grove, Pilar (Venezuela), "Trin- idad"; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 4, p. 55, 1892 — El Pilar, Vene- zuela; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Saint Georges, Ouanary, and Mahury, French Guiana; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 6 — part, excl. Santare"m (monog.); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 288, 1907 — "Maraea" [=Maraca], Mexiana, Maraj6, "Rio Mojii," Monte Alegre; HAGMANN, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 32, 1907 — Mexiana: MENE- GAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 12, 1908 — French Guiana; BER- LEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 136, 318, 1908 — Cayenne, Roche-Marie, 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 9 Approuague (French Guiana localities); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 524, 1913 — part, north side of lower Amazon; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p- 363, 1914 — part, Marajo (Sao Natal, Chaves), Mexiana, Maraca, Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 242, 1921 — Bartica, Bonasica, Anarica River, Abary River, Merum6 Mts., Roraima. Pipra flavicollis (not of SCLATER) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 579 — part, Mexiana. Pipra aureola aureola HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 6, pi. 2, fig. 7, 1910 — part, Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana, Venezuela, "Para" and "Barra do Rio Negro"; idem, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 304, 1910 — part (excl. Santare'm); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — "Rio Moju"; I.e., p. in, 1912 — Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 248, 1916 — Las Barrancas, Orinoco delta; BEEBE, Trop. Wild Life, i, p. 134, 1917 — Bartica Grove; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northeastern Venezuela (Orinoco delta; El Pilar, near Carupano, Sucre); and extreme northeastern Brazil, north of the Amazon, as far west as the Rio Maecuru, supposedly also on the Rio Negro.1 9: French Guiana (Cayenne 5); Dutch Guiana (vicinity of Paramaribo i); British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River i); Brazil (Rio Maecuru 2). Pipra aureola aurantiicollis Todd.* ORANGE-THROATED MANAKIN. Pipra aureola aurantiicollis TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 96, 1925 — Santarem (type examined). 'Birds from the islands in the delta of the Amazon (Maraj6, Mexiana) and from near Monte Alegre (on the north bank of that river) agree in every respect with a large series from Guiana. Three adult males from an unspecified locality on the "Rio Negro" — erroneously stated to be from Manaos in Nov. Zool., 17, p. 304, 1910, and in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 6, 1910 — merely differ by having a darker red breast and less orange about forehead and throat; they are very dif- ferent from P. a. flavicollis, originally described from Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], of which I have seen a series from Obidos, about one hundred miles west of Monte Alegre. If really from the Rio Negro, they probably came from the upper stretches of that river where quite a number of Guianan species are known to occur. No reliable record exists for Trinidad, sometimes included in the habitat of the Orange-headed Manakin, although there is in the Paris Museum a male said to have been sent from that island by Robin in 1816. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 15, Roche-Marie 2, Approu- ague 2, Mana 5. — Dutch Guiana: vicinity of Paramaribo 10. — British Guiana: Demerara River 4. — Venezuela: Guanoco, Orinoco delta i; El Pilar, Sucre I. — Brazil: Sao Natal, Marajo 2; Palheta, Maraj6 2; Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana 11; Monte Alegre 2; Rio Maecuru 2; "Rio Negro" 3. *Pipra aureola aurantiicollis TODD: Similar in the male sex to P. a. aureola, but throat cadmium yellow with merely a few orange chrome tips (instead of orange, most of the feathers largely tipped with flame scarlet) ; cheeks and auric- io FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra aureola (not of LINNAEUS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Santar^m (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 6 — part, Santare'm; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 298, 1907 — part, Santar6m; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 524, 1907 — Cussary; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 363, 1914 — part, Cussary and Tamucury, south bank of lower Amazon. Pipra aureola aureola HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 6, 1910 — part, Santar£m; idem, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 304, 1910 — part, Santar6m. Pipra aureola flaviceps (lapsu) RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 24, 1891 — Santar£m. Range: Northern Brazil, on the south bank of the lower Ama- zon (Santarem; Cussary; Tamucury). *Pipra aureola flavicollis Sclater.1 YELLOW-THROATED MANAKIN. Pipra flavicollis SCLATER, Contrib. Ornith., 1851, p. 143 — Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Brazil ' (type in British Museum examined) ; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 579 — part, north side of the Amazon; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 294, 1888 — Barra do Rio Negro. ulars less suffused with scarlet; scarlet pectoral area less "solid," with more of the yellowish basal portion of the feathers showing through. Wing (adult male) 60-64; tail 28-31; bill 8K-IO. While somewhat inclined toward P. a. flavicollis, the present form may be sep- arated from it by generally darker, more orange forehead and by the decidedly deeper (more orange) yellow of the throat not being abruptly defined against the red of the chest. Fifteen males from Santar6m in the collection of the Carnegie Museum are fairly uniform, although one or two approach the allied races in cer- tain respects. The majority resemble aureola in coloration of tail, the lateral rectrices having no white at all or merely a narrow streak along the shaft. Two specimens, however, show a distinct white subbasal band across the inner web of the outermost rectrix; and another in the Vienna Museum has the outermost pair banded on both webs, and the two succeeding ones marked with a white spot at the base of the inner web, thus closely resembling the pattern of Peruvian examples of P. fasciicauda purusiana. This form is known to me only from Santare'm, but I do not doubt that the examples recorded by Madame Snethlage from the south bank of the lower Amazon (Cussary, Tamucury) will prove to be referable to the same race. Material examined. — Brazil: Santarem 20. 1 Pipra aureola flavicollis SCLATER: Nearly allied to P. a. aurantiicollis, but adult male with throat and foreneck lighter yellow (varying from light cadmium to cadmium yellow), abruptly contrasted with scarlet of breast; frontal band lighter cadmium yellow and more strongly defined; lores and sides of head like- wise clearer cadmium yellow, with but little scarlet suffusion on the upper portion of the auriculars. Wing 62-64; tail 27-30. The range of this well-marked race is rather peculiar. It replaces P. a. aureola in western Lower Amazonia, extending on the north bank of the Amazon as far east as Obidos, but it is also found along both sides of the Rio Madeira. Males from the last-named river, as a rule, have the yellow forehead more extensive and the auriculars less suffused with scarlet, though the divergency is insignificant. In the light of the material secured by S. M. Klages at Obidos, it appears that the type locality Manaos, which had been questioned by both Sclater and myself, was, after all, correct. Material examined. — Brazil: Manaos (the type) 2; Itacoatiara 2; Obidos 5; islands at Obidos 4; Rio Madeira, Borba 2, Marmellos I, Humaytha n. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. n Pipra aureola (not of LINNAEUS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined) ; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 363, 1914 — part, Obidos and Rio Jamunda (Faro). Pipra aureola flavicollis HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 8 — Barra and Borba (monog.); idem, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 358, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, pp. 303, 305, 1910 — Marmellos, Rio Madeira (crit., range); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — west bank of the Rio Madeira. Range: Northern Brazil, on the north bank of the lower Ama- zon (from Obidos to Manaos) and on the Rio Madeira (Borba, right bank; Marmellos and Humaytha, left bank). 2: Brazil (Itacoatiara 2). *Pipra fasciicauda fasciicauda Hellmayr. BANDED-TAILED MANAKIN. Pipra fasciata (not of THUNBERG, 1822)* LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 38, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Voyage Ame"r. M£rid., Ois., p. 295, pi. 30, fig. i, 1839 — Santa Cruz and Guarayos, Bolivia; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1879, p. 616 — Bolivia (ex D'ORBIGNY); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 294, 1888 — part, Bolivia; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 87, 1889 — Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia. Pipra fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Ibis, (8), 6, p. 9, 1906 — new name for Pipra fasciata LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, preoccupied (syn. part, Bolivian localities). Pipra fasciicauda fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 54, 1908 — range in part, eastern Bolivia; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Bolivia. Pipra aureola fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 305, 1910 — part, eastern Bolivia; idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 123, 1915 — eastern Bolivia and extreme southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo, Carabaya); idem, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 61, 1920 — Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Peru; idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 12, 1925 — Bolivia (note on type). Range: Eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz; Buena vista; Guarayos; Rio San Mateo; falls of the Rio Madeira) and extreme southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo, north slope of Sierra de Carabaya).* 2: Bolivia (Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz 2). *Pipra fasciicauda scarlatina Hellmayr.3 SCARLET MANAKIN. Pipra aureola scarlatina HELLMAYR, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 122, 1915 — Fazenda Cayod, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil. JSee Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 13, Part 5, p. 465, 1927. *Material examined. — Bolivia: Guarayos (including the type) 2; Rfo San Mateo 3; Santa Cruz i; Buenavista 2. — Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya 3. 1 Pipra fasciicauda scarlatina HELLMAYR: Similar to P. f. fasciicauda in tail markings (viz., all of the rectrices with a continuous yellowish-white band across \ 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra fasciata (not of LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY) SCLATER and SAL VIM, P.Z.S. Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Rio Tocantins; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., a, p. 127, 1868 — Rio Parana (Sao Paulo), Goyaz, Villa Maria, Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore1, [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, and Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 321 — Lagda Dourada and near Lagda Santa, Minas Geraes; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 294, 1888 — part, spec, b-d, Matto Grosso, Engenho do Gama, and Rio Parana; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 109, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 298, 1907 — Piracicaba, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema, Avanhandava, Itapura, and Bebedouro, Sao Paulo. Pipra fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 9 — part, descr. and hab. part, Brazilian localities; BERTONI, Seg. Contrib. Omit. Parag. in Rev. Inst. Parag., 1907, p. 5 — Paraguay; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 12 1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 528, 1908 — Aru- matheua, Rio Tocantins; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 600 — Sapucay, Paraguay; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 — Tapaj6z, Jamauchim, Curua and Tocantins rivers; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 364 — Ilha Pirunum and Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; (?) BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y), 2, p. 90, 1916 — Utinga, near Para; BERTONI, El Hornero, i, p. 257, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Pipra fasciicauda fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 54, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, central Brazil and Lower Amazonia. Pipra aureola fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 303, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados; idem, I.e., p. 305, 1910 — part, Brazilian localities; idem, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 123, 1915 — synon., range. Range: Paraguay (Sapucay; Puerto Bertoni) and the interior of Brazil, south to northern Sao Paulo and western Minas Geraes, west to Matto Grosso and the Rio Machados, north to Lower Amazonia (Rio Tapajoz, Rio Curua, and Rio Tocantins). 3: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso 3). both webs) ; but cheeks, auriculars, and throat largely tipped with scarlet, partly concealing the cadmium yellow ground-color; foreneck and breast much darker, scarlet instead of cadmium orange or orange chrome; the scarlet color, in form of lateral edges, frequently extending down to the lower tail coverts. Female not distinguishable from P. f. fasciicauda. There is obviously no difference between specimens from various localities. Birds from the Tapaj6z, including a male from Miritituba, agree with others from Matto Grosso and show not the least tendency in the direction of P. a. aurantii- collis, found at Santar^m; and as the ranges of P. a. flavicollis and P. f. calamae closely approach each other on the Rio Madeira, without evidence of intergrada- tion, it is perhaps safer for the present to treat P. fasciicauda as specifically dis- tinct. Material examined. — Sao Paulo: Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema 7, Rio Parana 3. — Minas Geraes: Rio Jordao, near Araguary 4. — Matto Grosso: Engenho do Gama 3, Villa Maria 3, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso 3, Chapada 7. — Goyaz: Goyaz City 2, Fazenda Esperanca 2. — Amazonas: Maroins, Rio Machados 2; Rio Tapaj6z, Itaituba 2, Villa Braga 3, Miritituba I. 1 929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 13 Pipra fasciicauda purusiana Snethlage.1 PURUS MANAKIN. Pipra fasciicauda purusiana SNETHLAGE, Ornith. Monatsber., 15, p. 160, 1907 — Ponto Alegre, Rio Punis, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Ponto Alegre, Monte Verde, Rio Punis; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 364, 1914 — same localities; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 54, 1908 — crit., range; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — western Brazil to eastern Peru. Pipra fasciata (not of LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1873, p. 282 — Rio Ucayali, Peru (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 294, 1888 — part, spec. e,f, upper Ucayali, Peru. Pipra fasciicauda HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 9 — part, Ucayali and Chuchurras (Huanuco), Peru. Pipra aureola purusiana HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 306, 1910 — Rio Punis and eastern Peru (crit.). Range: Western Brazil, banks of the upper Rio Punis, west to eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali; Chuchurras, Rio Palcazu, dept. Huanuco). Pipra fasciicauda calamae Hellmayr.2 CALAMA MANAKIN. Pipra aureola calamae HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, pp. 303, 306, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, Brazil. Range: Central Brazil, on the right bank of the upper Rio Madeira (Calama, Allianca, Santa Izabel). Pipra anomala Todd.3 ANOMALOUS MANAKIN. Pipra anomala TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 97, 1925 — Santare'm, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum examined). 1 Pipra fasciicauda purusiana SNETHLAGE: Adult male similar to P. f. fascii- cauda, but central rectrices uniform black, and black tips to under tail coverts much more extensive; throat and foreneck cadmium orange as in P. f. fasciicauda, from which the female is indistinguishable. Wing (adult male) 63-65; tail 26-30. In specimens from the Rio Punis two or four of the median rectrices are entirely black, and the two or three external pairs are banded with yellowish on both webs, while the intervening ones have a white patch near the base of the inner vane. In Peruvian skins the six median rectrices are devoid of white. Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Purus: Monte Verde 3, Ponto Alegre (the type) I , Bom Lugar i . — Peru : Rio Ucayali I ; unspecified I ; Chuchurras, dept. Huanuco 4. 1 Pipra fasciicauda calamae HELLMAYR: Similar in the male sex to P.f. puru- siana, and agreeing with topotypical Brazilian examples in tail markings; but the entire fore part of the crown is cadmium yellow; breast deeper crimson; flanks strongly washed with olive; abdomen and basal portion of under tail coverts suffused with crimson. Wing (male) 64-65; tail 27-28. Material examined. — Brazil: Calama 6, Allianca 2, Santa Izabel, Rio Preto 2. 'Pipra anomala TODD: Pileum and nape deep orange chrome; back dark olive green, most of the feathers apically edged with sooty black, more broadly so on the mantle; wing coverts, wings, and tail dusky black, exteriorly edged with olive green; lores pale yellow, tipped with blackish; circumocular region and auriculars black, forming a large dark patch on the sides of the head; throat 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Northern Brazil, in state of Para (Santare'm, Rio Tapaj6z). *Pipra isidorei Isidore! Sclater. ISIDOR'S MANAKIN. Pipra isidorei SCLATER, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 9, 1852 — "Nouvelle Grenade" = Bogotei (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Contrib. Ornith., 1852, p. 132, pi. 100, fig. i — Bogotd; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — San Jos6, Ecuador. Pipra isidori SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador! idem, l.c , 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 298, 1888 — Bogota, and Sarayacu, Ecuador (excl. Peruvian references); GOODFELLOW, Ibis, iQOi, p. 708 — Baeza, Ecuador. Pipra isidorii isidorii HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 28 — Bogota and Ecuador (monog.) Pipra isidorei isidorei HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Bogota and eastern Ecuador. Pipra isadorei isadorei CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 481, 1917 — Buenavista, eastern Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 531, 1926 — Zamora and below San Jos£, Ecuador. Range : Tropical Zone of eastern Ecuador and of the eastern slope of the Eastern Andes of Colombia.1 2: Colombia (Bogotd i); Ecuador (Napo region i). *Pipra isidorei leucopygia Hellmayr.2 WHITE-RUMPED MANAKIN. Pipra isidorei leucopygia HELLMAYR, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 200, I9°3— Huambo, Peru; idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 29 — northern Peru (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Huayabamba Valley, Peru; MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, Peru. light orange yellow, deeper on chin and malar region, continuous with a narrow streak of dull orange along the sides of the neck connecting with the orange of the nape; breast washed with cadmium orange, forming a brightly colored zone, fading into the maize yellow of the abdomen; flanks washed with olive grayish; under tail coverts sooty black, basally white and edged with yellowish; under wing coverts very pale buffy grayish; bill black. Wing (male) 74; tail 40; bill 12. The type (and only known specimen), by the coloration of the under parts, somewhat resembles P. fasciicauda; but the much larger bill and greater dimen- sions, together with the black sides of the head, distinguish it at a glance from that group of Manakins. The coloring of the upper parts is very peculiar, too, and while the type may be not quite mature, I have little doubt of its specific distinctness. 'Specimens from Ecuador agree with Bogotd skins. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogotd 25. — Ecuador: Baeza 2, Napo re- gion 2, Sarayacu 3. 1 Pipra isidorei leucopygia HELLMAYR: Adult male similar to P. i. isidorei, but rump for the greater part milky white like the cap, instead of light Amparo blue; female with rump slightly more yellowish green. Wing (male) 48-50; tail 2O-2I. Material examined. — Peru: Huambo (including the type) 3; Huayabamba i; Moyobamba 3; Nuevo Loreto 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 15 Pipra isidori (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 23 — Huambo; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 342, 1884 — Huambo. Range: Tropical zone of northern Peru (Huambo; Huayabam- ba; Moyobamba; Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, dept. Libertad). 4: Peru (Moyobamba 3; Nuevo Loreto i). *Pipra coronata velutina Berlepach. VELVETY MANAKIN. Pipra velutina BERLEPSCH, Ibis, (5), i, p. 492, 1883 — Veragua; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 299, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Bugaba, Chiriqui, and Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. no, 1890 — part, Bugaba, Chiriqui, Santiago de Veraguas; CHERRIE, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 535, 1891 — Pozo Azul, Costa Rica (crit., descr. of female); idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, 6, p. 72, 1893 — Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 364, 1901 — Divala, Panama; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 30 — part, Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Veragua; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 750, 1907 — part, southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama (Divala, Santa F6 de Veragua, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui); BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca, Paso Real, and El Pozo de TeYraba, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 681, 1910 — Buenos Aires, El General, Pozo Azul de Pirns, El Pozo de TeYraba, and Boruca, southwestern Costa Rica (habits). Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) SALVIN, P. Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santiago de Veragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 200 — Bugaba and Volcdn de Chiriqui, Panama. Pipra coronata velutina HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Veragua. Range : Extreme southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).1 8: Costa Rica (Terraba i, Boruca 4, Buenos Aires i, Lagarto i); Panama (Chiriqui i). *Pipra coronata minuscula Todd.2 SHORT-WINGED VELVETY MAN- AKIN. *Birds from Bugaba, Chiriqui agree in size and coloration with a Costa Rican series. I have not seen any material from Veraguas, the type locality, but accord- ing to Berlepsch's measurements (wing 61; tail 27), specimens from this province appear to be referable to the northern larger race. Material examined. — Costa Rica 21. — Panama (Chiriquf, Bugaba, Divala) 14. 1 Pipra coronata minuscula TODD: Very similar to P. c. velutina, but wings and tail shorter; bill decidedly smaller; plumage in adult males deeper black, and crown a shade darker blue. Wing (male) 55-58, (female) 54)4-57 ; tail 24^-27; bill 7-8. Birds from the Panama Railroad average slightly larger (wing 58-59^; tail 26K-28), but have the small bill and deep coloration of South American speci- mens. Material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill (adult males) 3. — Colombia: Alto Bonito i, Remedies I, N6vita 6, Sipi 6, Juntas de Tamana I, Noanama 3, Rio Cajon i, San Joaquin [= Buenaventura ] I. — Ecuador: Cachavi 3, San Javier 7. 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra velutina minuscula TODD, Proc. Biol Soc. Wash., 32, p. 115, 1919 — Quibd6, Rfo Atrato, Colombia; BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 215, 1922 — Mount Sapo and Jesusito, DariSn. Pipra coronata (not of SPIX) LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 70, 1847 — "Nouvelle Grenade," coll. DELATTRE. Chiroxiphia cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad. Pipra cyaneocapilla SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 362 — Panama (crit.); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 517 — Medellin, Remedios, Rio Neche, Colombia. Pipra velutina (not of BERLEPSCH) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 299, 1888 — part, spec, d-i, Panama, Lion Hill, Remedios; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. no, 1890 — part, Lion Hill, Panama, and Colombia; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 488, 1898 — Cachavi, Ecuador; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 30 — part, Panama, western Colombia, and north- western Ecuador (crit.); RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 750, 1907 — part, Panama (Lion Hill), western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 381, 1917 — Alto Bonito, Bagado, Andagueda, Juntas de Tamana, N6vita, Noanama, San Jose", Buenaventura, Barbacoas, and Puerto Valdivia, Colombia; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 268, 1918 — Gatun, Panama. Pipra coronata velutina HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Panama, western Colombia and northwestern Ecuador; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1140 — N6vita, Sipi, Noanama, Rio Caj6n, and San Joaqufn [= Buenaventura], Pacific Colombia. Range: Eastern Panama, from the Panama Railroad east- wards; western Colombia (Pacific coast, extending east to the lower Cauca and Rio Nechi, Antioquia), and northwestern Ecuador (prov. Esmeraldas). 2: Colombia (Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio i; Noanama, Rio San Juan i). Pipra coronata carbonata Todd.1 COAL-BLACK MANAKIN. Pipra carbonata TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 98, 1925 — Tonantins, north bank of Rio Solimoes, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum examined). 1 Pipra coronata carbonata TODD: Most nearly allied to P. c. coronata, from the south bank of the Rio Solimoes, but adult males much deeper Cvelvety) black; under parts entirely uniform, the abdomen not paler than the breast; under tail coverts as a rule more grayish olive, less yellowish; cap on average darker, about salvia blue. Wing 58-61; tail 29-32; bill 8-9. The excellent material secured by S. M. Klages for the Carnegie Museum proves beyond doubt that the black blue-capped Manakins from north of the Solimoes, heretofore united with P. c. coronata, are easily distinguishable by their blacker coloration. In this respect, P. c. carbonata approaches P. c. minuscula, but differs on account of the purplish blue rump, much narrower black frontal band, and paler under tail coverts. The under parts are almost uniform velvety black, while in typical coronata the abdomen is decidedly duller, more sooty than BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 17 Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN?)1 SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 190 — "Upper Ucayali," errore* (spec, in British Museum exam- ined); idem, I.e., 1867, p. 580 — upper Rio Negro; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 978 — Pebas, Rio Maran6n, Peru (spec, in British Museum examined); idem.l.c., I873, p- 283 — part, Pebas and "Upper Ucayali"; PELZELN, Orn, Bras., 2, p. 128, 1868 — Sao Pedro, Cocuy, Marabitanas, and Rio Icanna, upper Rio Negro (spec, examined); TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 343, 1884 — part, Pebas and Loretoyacu, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 299, 1888 — part, spec. a,b,g,h,j-n, Sarayacu, "Upper Ucayali," Pebas, Peruvian Amazon, Rio Napo, Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Rio Napo. Pipra cyanocapitta SALVADORI and FESTA, Bull Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Rio Santiago, Ecuador. Pipra coronata (not of SPIX) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Rio Napo; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 32 — part, descr. and hab. Rio Negro, northeastern Peru, and eastern Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — Florencia and La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 532, 1926 — Rio Suno and below San Jos6, Ecuador; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — Rfo Suno and San Jos£, Ecuador. Pipra coronata coronata HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Ecuador, Peru, and Rio Negro. Range: Upper Amazonia, from the north bank of the Rios Solimoes (Tonantins, Manacapurii) and Maranon (Nauta, Pebas, Loretoyacu) north through eastern Ecuador to southeastern Colombia (Caqueta region), east to the upper Rio Negro in northwestern Brazil. the breast. From P. c. hoffmannsi the north Amazon form may be told, in addi- tion to its blacker coloring, by the absence of the olivaceous tinge on the lower belly, purplish instead of verditer blue rump, and by lacking the greenish edges to the wings. Adult males from the north bank of the Marafitfn (Pebas, Nauta), eastern Ecuador, and the Caqueta region in Colombia agree with the Tonantins series. Three from the upper Rio Negro, although somewhat faded through age, appear to belong to the same race. Two (out of three) males from Manacapuni, farther east on the Solimoes, by reason of a faint olivaceous tinge on the abdomen and a dusky blue wash across the chest, slightly diverge in the direction of P. c. hoff- mannsi. Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Solimoes: Tonantins 8, Manacapuni 3; Marabitanas, Rio Negro 3; Rio Icanna [=Rio Isana] 4. — Peru: Nauta 3, Rfo Tigre I, Yahuas Territory, near Pebas I, Pebas I. — Ecuador: San Jos6 4, Rfo Napo 8. — Colombia, Caqueta: La Morelia 3, Florencia 4. lPipra cyanocapilla HAHN (Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 15, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1826 — Brazil) may have been based on a specimen of the present form. Considering the similarity of the three races found on the banks of the Solimoes and in the absence of a more definite locality than "Brazil", it seems best to drop the name altogether as ambiguous. The whereabouts of the type purchased from a dealer and formerly in the describer's private collection is unknown. *The specimen which has no original label is no doubt incorrectly marked "Upper Ucayali." No black form of this group has been found on the Ucayali, where one of the green-plumaged races is more likely to occur. 1 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra coronata coronata Spix.1 BLUE-CAPPED MANAKIN. Pipra coronata SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 5, pi. 7, fig. i, 1825 — Sao Paulo de Oli- venga, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (types in Munich Museum examined); (?) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri; HELLMAYR, Ab- handl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 640, 1906 — note on type; idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 32 — part, Sao Paulo de Olivenca and (?) Rio Javarri; IHER- ING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 299, 1907 — part, Rio Juru£ (spec, examined). (?) Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 283 — part, Rio Javarri; (?) TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 343, 1884 — part, Rio Javarri; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — part, Rio Jurua (spec, in Museu Paulista examined). Pipra coronata coronata HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Sao Paulo de Olivenca and Rio Jurua. Pipra herbacea SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 6, pi. 8a, fig. I, 1825 — "in sylvis flum. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined; =female); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 640, 1906 (crit.). Range: Extreme northwestern Brazil, from the south bank of the Rio Solimoes (Sao Paulo de Olivenga) south to Sao Felippe, on the upper Rio Jurua, and (?) west to the Javari. Pipra coronata hoffmannsi Hellmayr.2 HOFFMANNS'S MANAKIN. Pipra hoffmannsi HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 49, 1907 — Teffe", Rio Soli- moes, Brazil; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Teffe\ *The adult male of P. c. coronata has the upper parts markedly duller, more of a brownish black than either P. c. carbonata or P. c. hoffmannsi; the color of the abdomen is intermediate between the two, being neither deep velvety black like the breast as in the former, nor dingy olive greenish as in the latter, but dull sooty, distinctly paler than the anterior under parts. Immature males closely approach P. c. hoffmannsi. A single male obtained by E. Garbe at Sao Felippe, on the upper stretches of the Rio Jurud, on December 16, 1901 (Museu Paulista, No. 2260), is perfectly identical with examples from Sao Paulo de Olivenga in the Carnegie Museum, which were directly compared with the types in the Munich Museum. The type of P. herbacea is evidently a female of the same form, and we formally suggest Sao Paulo de Olivenga as its type locality, in order to finally dispose of that name. The westward extension of its range cannot be traced with certainty, owing to lack of material from the country between the Jurua and Ucayali, and it re- mains to be ascertained where the green and black forms meet in eastern Peru. Material examined. — Brazil: Sao Paulo de Olivenga (including the types) n; Sao Felippe, Rio Jurua I. *Pipra coronata hoffmannsi HELLMAYR: Adult male nearest to P. c. coronata, but cap shorter and darker blue; back, sides of the head, and throat deeper (vel- vety) black; rump washed with yerditer blue instead of with purplish ; greater upper wing coverts, quills, and rectrices distinctly edged with green; middle of breast and abdomen dingy olive yellowish; sides dark green; female more conspicuously yellowish along the abdominal line. Wing 58-61, (female) 55-59; tail 27-30; bill 8-9. This form apparently replaces P. c. coronata on the south bank of the Soli- moes east of the Rio Teffe\ The dark shade of the blue cap, the distinct green wing-edgings, and the extensive yellowish abdominal line in the original series IQ2Q. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HfiLLMAYR. 19 Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 299, 1888— part, spec, e, Ega=Teffe. Range: Northwestern Brazil, on the south bank of the Rio Solimoes, from the Rio Teffe east to Caviana, near the mouth of the Rio Puriis. Pipra coronata chloromelaena Todd.1 GREEN-BLACK MANAKIN. Pipra chloromelaena TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 97, 1925 — Nova Olinda, left bank of lower Purvis, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum examined). Range: Western Brazil, on the left bank of the lower Rio Purus (Nova Olinda). Pipra coronata arimensis Todd.2 ARIMA MANAKIN. Pipra chloromelaena arimensis TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 98, 1925 — Arima, right bank of lower Punis, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum examined). from Teff£ reveal close affinity to P. c. chloromelaena, of the lower Purus. Four males from Caviana (opposite Manacapuni) , on the other hand, differ by reason of duller black dorsal surface, with more bluish rump and less conspicuous green edges on the wings, somewhat lighter blue cap, and more restricted as well as more oliva- ceous (less yellowish) abdominal line. Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Solimoes: Teff6 9, Caviana 4. 1 Pipra coronata chloromelaena TODD: Adult male closely similar to P. c. hoffmannsi, but upper back varying from dusky green to greenish slaty black (instead of plain black), passing into Danube green on rump and tail coverts; green edges on wing coverts, quills, and rectrices wider and brighter; throat somewhat duller, more greenish black, shading into dark green on chest; extensive area along middle of breast and abdomen dingy primrose yellow; sides brighter green; female not distinguishable. Wing (male) 59-61; tail 29-31; bill 8-9. This most interesting form connects the black and green races of the blue- capped group, thus confirming my suspicion that they are all representatives of a single specific unit. The darkest specimens closely approach hoffmannsi, being, however, more tinged with greenish on mantle, sides of the head and throat, while the lower back and tail coverts are decidedly green, instead of being blackish, tinged with verditer or dusky blue. Wings and tail are more broadly margined with brighter green. The cap is about the same tone, salvia blue, with a faint violaceous cast, the bases of the feathers dusky as in P. c. hoffmannsi. Material examined. — Brazil: Nova Olinda, lower Punis 9. 1 Pipra coronata arimensis TODD: Adult male closely similar to P. c. chloro- melaena, but cap much paler, light cerulean blue instead of salvia blue, with the bases of the feathers decidedly greenish; back without any black, the anterior portion being Danube green, becoming brighter posteriorly; sides of head and throat dusky green (less blackish) ; chest brighter, about empire green ; middle of belly and under tail coverts brighter, barium yellow rather than primrose yellow. Wing (male) 56-60; tail 27-30; bill 8-9. Reexamination shows specimens from Humaytha to be identical with the series from Arima. The darker blue lateral and posterior edge of the cap is but slightly suggested in males of this form. Females are hardly different from P. c. chloromelaena, though the yellowish abdominal area averages a little brighter. Material examined. — Brazil: Arima, Rio Punis 15; Humaytha, Rio Madeira 7. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra caelesti-pileata (not of GOELDI) HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 359, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 307, 1910 — Humaytha; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Rio Madeira (Humaytha). Range: Western Brazil, from the right bank of the lower Rio Punis (Arima) to the left bank of the Rio Madeira (Humaytha). Pipra coronata caelesti-pileata Goeldi.1 AZURE-CAPPED MANAKIN. Pipra caelesti-pileata GOELDI, Compt. Rend. Six. Congr. Internat. Zool. Berne, p. 549, May 25, 1905 or later2 — upper Rio Purus = Uby Cachoeira (type examined); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 366, 1914 — Cachoeira; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — part, Rio Purus. Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — part, "Rio Jurua" =Rio Chiruao (Churuan), Brazil (spec, examined). Pipra exquisita HELLMAYR, Ibis, p. 35 — part, Rio Purus and "Rio Jurua" [=Rio Chiruao ]. Pipra coronata (not of SPIX) IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 299, 1907 — "Rio Jurua," part. Pipra exquisita caelesti-pileata HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 63, 1920 — Yahuarmayo, Sierra de Carabaya, Peru (crit.), and "Rio Jurua" [=Rio Chiruao ]. Range: Western Brazil, from the Rio Chiruao (Churuan), a southerly tributary of the Jurua, and the upper stretches of the Rio 1 Pipra coronata caelesti-pileata GOELDI: Most nearly related to P. c. arimensis, but cap of adult male less shining and appreciably darker, about light methyl-blue, with more of the greenish bases showing through; upper parts including the edges of wing and tail feathers much brighter and clearer, grass or spinach green; sides of head and throat more greenish (dark cress green); breast brighter, spinach green rather than Danube green; middle of belly and crissum as a rule clearer yellow. Wing (male) 58-62; tail 29-31; bill 8-9. This form is unquestionably distinct from both P. c. arimensis and P. c. exquisita, as shown by a very satisfactory series in the Carnegie Museum from Hyutanahan. The cap of the adult males lacks the purplish posterior margin, and is intermediate in tone between the salvia blue of chloromelaena and the light cerulean blue of arimensis, the bluish tips being, at the same time, shorter and less flattened. The type of P. caelesti-pileata has the crown lighter blue than any of the Hyutanahan birds, more like arimensis, but this is likely to be individual. Two males from the upper stretches of the Rio Chiruao (Churuan), a southerly tributary of the Jurua, halfway between that river and the Punis, agree well with the average from Hyutanahan. According to information received from their collector, the late Ernesto Garbe, they came from a section of the Jurua region, far away from Sao Felippe, where a single male of the black-plumaged P. c. coronata was obtained, as recorded under that form. Ihering's and Hellmayr's intimation, that the two races are found together, thus proves to be fallacious. Birds from southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo), while pointing to exquisita be- cause of the slightly paler crown, are not otherwise different from Purus specimens. Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Punis: Uby Cachoeira (the type) I, Hyu- tanahan 14; Rio Chiruao (Churuan) 3. — Peru: Yahuarmayo 6. 'Although there is a note on the title-page "sorti de presse le 25 mai 1905," the volume evidently was not issued until October or November of that year. igag. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 21 Purvis (Hyutanahan, Uby Cachoeira) south to extreme southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo, north slope of Sierra de Carabaya, dept. Puno). *Pipra coronata exquisita Hellmayr.1 EXQUISITE MANAKIN. Pipra exquisita HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 15, p. 56, March, 1905 — Chu- churras, near Pozuzo, dept. Huanuco, Peru; idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 35, pi. I — part, Chuchurras, Peru; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Chuchurras. Range: Central Peru, in depts. of Junin (Puerto Bermudez) and Hudnuco (Chuchurras). 4: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, Ucayali drainage basin, dept. Junin 4). *Pipra coronata circumpicta Zimmer? HUALLAGA MANAKIN. Pipra coronota circumpicta ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 84, 1929 — Munichis, Yurimaguas, Peru. Pipra cyaneocapilla (not of HAHN) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 751 — Chyavetas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 283 — part, Chyavetas; TACZA- NOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 343, 1884 — part, Chyavetas; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 299, 1888 — part, spec. f,i, Chyavetas and Rio Huallaga (spec, examined). Pipra exquisita (not of HELLMAYR) HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 35 — part, Chya- vetas and Rio Huallaga. Range: Northeastern Peru, south of the Maran6n (Chyavetas; Yurimaguas, lower Huallaga, dept. Loreto). i: Peru (Munichis, Yurimaguas i). *Pipra caeruleocapilla Tschudi* TSCHUDI'S BLUE-CAPPED MANAKIN. 1Pipra coronata exquisita HELLMAYR: Agreeing with P. c. caelesti-pileata in bright spinach green upper parts and breast, but cap of adult males much paler and more greenish blue (between calamine blue and pale cerulean blue) ; sides of head and throat lighter ciess green (hardly darker than the back), and middle of the belly brighter as well as clearer yellow. Wings (male) 57-60; tail 26-29; bill 8-9. Males from Puerto Bermudez are perfectly identical with a cotype from Chu- churras. Material examined. — Peru: Chuchurras 4; Puerto Bermudez 4. 1 Pipra coronata circumpicta ZIMMER: Adult male nearest to P. c. exquisita, but crown decidedly deeper, about pale cerulean blue, encircled by a light methyl blue border; middle of abdomen somewhat dingier yellow. Wing 57-60; tail 26-28; bill 8-9. Material examined. — Peru: Yurimaguas (the type) i; Chyavetas i; "Hual- laga" i. 'Pipra caeruleocapilla TSCHUDI, in its velvety black plumage of the male, resembles P. coronata carbonata, but is immediately distinguished by the light blue uropygial patch and much paler cap. It is possibly a zonal representative of the P. coronata group. The late W. Hoffmanns obtained it at Pozuzo, Rfo Pozuzo, at elevations of from 800 to 950 meters, while lower down in the same river 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra caeruleocapilla1 TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 271, 1844 — Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 145, 1846 — Montanas of "northwestern" Peru, we suggest Montafias of Vitoc, dept. Junfn; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, pp. 780, 782 — Cosnipata, dept. Cuzco; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, p. 538 — Amable Maria and Soriano, dept. Junfn; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 344, 1884 — same localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 300, 1888 — Peru; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 368— La Gloria, Vitoc and La Merced, Chanchamayo, dept. Junfn; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 114, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata Valley, dept. Cuzco; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 29 — Peru (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Peru; idem, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 62, 1920 — Chaquimayo, Sierra de Carabaya, Peru. Range: Upper Tropical Zone of central and southeastern Peru, in depts. Huanuco, Junin, Cuzco, and northern Puno (Sierra de Carabaya). 5: Peru (Huachipa, dept. Huanuco 5). *Pipra iris iris Schinz. OPALESCENT MANAKIN. Pipra Iris SCHINZ, Naturg. Vogel, 2nd ed., livr. 7, p. 91, pi. 39,* left upper fig. (=male), 1851 — "Guyana," eirore, we substitute Para; see ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 87, 1925 (crit.). Pipra opalizans PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 128, 186, Sept., 1868 — Pard (descr. of male); BERLEPSCH, Ibis, 1898, p. 60, pi. 2 ( =male) — Oure'm, Rio Guamd; HELLMAYR, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 201, 1903 — Benevides, near Pard (descr. of female); idem, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 294, 1905 — Igarap^- assu, Para; idem, I.e., 13, p. 363, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata; idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 41 — Pard district (monog.); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Santo Antonio do Prata; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — near Para; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 29, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi, east of Pard (Pard localities); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 367, 1914 — Mocajatuba, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Apehu, Santa Izabel, Peixe-Boi, and Santo Antonio do Prata, Pard district, and (?) Cussary,1 lower Amazon; BEEBE, Zoologica (N. Y.), 2, p. 91, 1916 — Utinga, near Pard; BOND, Auk, 44, p. 563, 1927 — "Patagonia," forty miles east of Pard; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 167, 1928 — Utinga, Santa Izabel, and Castanhal, Pard. valley at Chuchurras, alt. 320 meters, P. coronata exquisita was found. Females of the two species are inseparable. Material examined. — Dept. Hudnuco: Pozuzo 7, Huachipa 5. — Dept. Junfn: La Gloria 2. — Dept. Cuzco: Marcapata (alt. loop meters) 5. — Dept. Puno: Rio Huacamayo (alt. 1000 meters) i, Chaquimayo, Sierra de Carabaya 2. 'Sometimes spelled caeruleicapilla. *The plate erroneously inscribed "P. strigilata." *The locality "Cussary", if correct, may be referable to P. i. eucephala. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 23 Range: Northeastern Brazil, in the eastern section of the state of Para, from the Tocantins east to Our^m, Rio Guama.1 6: Brazil (Utinga, near Pard 6). Pipra iris eucephala Todd.* WESTERN OPALESCENT MANAKIN. Pipra iris eucephala TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 112, 1928 — Miriti- tuba, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil. Range: Northern Brazil, in the western section of the state of Para (Santare"m, Colonia do Mojuy, and Miritituba, on the right bank of the Rio Tapajoz). Pipra nattereri Sdater.3 NATTERER'S MANAKIN. Pipra nattereri SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., "1864," p. 611, pi. 39, 1865 — Borba, Rio Madeira; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 127, 1868 — Borba, Rio Madeira and Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined) ; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 302, 1888 — Borba; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 40 — Borba (monog.); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 504, 1908 — Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 360, 1907 — Borba (crit.); idem, l.c., 17, p. 307, 1910 — Calama and Allianca (Rio Madeira), Santa Izabel (Rio Preto), and Jamarysinho, Rio Machados (crit.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — left bank of Tapaj6z to Rio Madeira; SNETH- LAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 366, 1914 — Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Villa Braga) and (?) Rio Jamauchim (Tucunare1).4 Pipra gracilis HELLMAYR, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 202, 1903 — Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore\ Matto Grosso (descr. of female); idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 39 — Engenho do Gama. Range : Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the left bank of the Tapajoz west to the right bank of the Rio Madeira, extend- ing south to western Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore"). 1Material examined. — Brazil, Para: Igarape'-assu 3, Benevides I, Santo An- tonio do Prata i, Utinga 6, Peixe-Boi 14, Oure'm (Rio Guamd) I. tPipra iris eucephala TODD; "Similar to P. i. iris in heavy bill, but adult male with the opalescent feathers of the pileum continued over the forehead almost to the base of the bill; female with the pileum decidedly bluish, in contrast •with the back, instead of pure green." (W. E. C. TODD, I.e.)- This is obviously a well-defined race, pointing in certain respects to P. nat- tereri, of the left bank of the Tapaj6z, which may ultimately prove to be con- specific with P. iris. *Pipra nattereri SCLATER is probably a western race of P. iris. The females are very much alike, that of P. nattereri differing chiefly by reason of its smaller darker bill and more bluish crown. Birds from the Rio Tapajoz are identical with a topotypical series, while those from Calama and farther up the Rio Madeira are, as a rule, more deeply and more solidly green on throat and chest. However, the variation is not constant enough to warrant the recognition of a separate race, for which the name P. gracilis would be available. Material examined. — Rio Tapaj6z: Villa Braga 3, Itaituba 3. — Rio Madeira: Borba 16, Calama 14, Allianca 3, Parafso i; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto i; Jamary- sinho, Rio Machados 3. — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (female) i. 'Probably referable to P. iris eucephala. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Pipra serena serena Linnaeus. WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN. Pipra serena LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., I, p. 340, 1766 — based on BRISSON, Orn., 4, p. 457, pi. 36, fig. 2, Cayenne and Surinam; DESMAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manak. et Todiers, livr. 4, pi. 62 (male), 1805; livr. 8, pi. 64 (young male or female), 1806 — "la Guyane"; VIEILLOT and OUDART, Galerie Ois., I, (2), p. 95, pi. 72, 1823 — "Guyane et Br6sil"; WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 935 — "Guiana," Cajenna (descr.); DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., p. 35, pi. 40, fig. 2, circa 1856 — "Maranhao et Para" (errore); SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 249, 1862 — Cayenne; idem. Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 300, 1888— Cayenne; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 38 — Cayenne (monog.); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 137, 1908 — Ipousin, R. Approu- ague, French Guiana; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 190, 1910 — Surinam (?). Dasycetopa serena BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 37, 1857 — Cayenne. Pipra serena serena HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Cayenne. Range: French Guiana and adjacent districts of northern Brazil (Upper Rocana, northern Pard), possibly also Surinam.1 i: French Guiana (Cayenne i). *Pipra serena suavissima Salmn and Godman. ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN. Pipra suavissima SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (4), 6, p. 79, pi. i, 1882 — Merum6 Mountains and Bartica Grove, British Guiana; SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 300 — Bartica Grove, Merume' Mts., R. Atapurow, and Roraima; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 300, 1888 — same localities; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 37 — British Guiana (monog.); BEEBE, Trop. Wild Life, i, p. 134, 1917 — Bartica Grove; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 247, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Pipra serena (not of LINNAEUS) SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245, 1848 — Our Village, Kukenam Valley, dist. Yuruari, Venezuela; CABANIS, I.e., 3, p. 697, 1848 — Roraima region. Pipra serena suavissima HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 6, 1910 — British Guiana. Range: British Guiana and adjacent parts of southeastern Venezuela (dist. Yuruari).1 3: British Guiana (Roraima 2, Merume' Mountains i). Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 8, Ipousin, Approuague River 2, Tamanoir, Mana River 5, Pied Saut, Oyapock 16. — Brazil: Upper Rocana, northern Para 3. 2Beebe's record (Zoologica, N.Y., 2, p. 91, 1916) from Utinga, near Para, Brazil requires confirmation. Unfortunately, the specimen is not at present accessible for reexamination. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima 7, Merumg Mts. 3, Quonga i, Mazaruni River 3, Essequibo River 2. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 25 *Pipra chloromeros Tschudi.1 PERUVIAN MANAKIN. Pipra chloromeros TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 271, 1844 — Peru; idem Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 144, 1846 — Montanas of "northwestern" Peru, we suggest valley of Vitoc, dept. Junin; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, dept. Cuzco; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Baganti, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, P- 539 — Amable Maria, dept. Junin and Monterico, dept. Ayacucho; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 22 — Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 339, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 295, 1888 — Cosnipata, Peru and Baganti, Bolivia; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 368 — La Gloria, La Merced, and Borgona, dept. Junin; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 17 — Peru and Bolivia (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — Peru and Bolivia; HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 62, 1920 — Chaqui- mayo and Yahuarmayo, Sierra de Carabaya, Peru; CHAPMAN, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 99, 1921 — Rio Cosireni, Urubamba region, Peru; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. n, 1925 — Yuracares and Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Pipra rubrocapitta (not of TEMMINCK) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., I, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 38, 1837 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Yura- cares, Bolivia (descr. of female; spec, in Paris Museum examined); D'OR- BIGNY, Voyage Ame'r. M£rid., Ois., p. 294, 1839 — Yuracares, Bolivia. Range: Tropical zone of Bolivia and Peru (north to the valley of Huayabamba). 2: Peru (Vista Alegre, dept. Huanuco i); Bolivia (Rio Espirito Santo i). *Pipra mentalis mentalis Sclater. YELLOW-THIGHED MANAKIN. Pipra mentalis SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, "1856," p. 299, pi. 121, Jan., 1857 — C6rdova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 125, — Guatemala; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 837 — Honduras; SALVIN, Ibis, 1872, p. 318 — Chontales, Nicaragua; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 295, 1888 — part, spec, a-s, C6rdova, Yucatan, Mugeres and Meco Islands, Honduras, Rio de la Pasion and Choctum (Guatemala), Chontales (Nic- aragua), Angostura, Tucurriqui, and Tuirialba (Costa Rica); SALVIN, Ibis, 1889, P- 364 — Mugeres and Meco Islands, Yucatan (crit.); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 108, 1890 — part, Mexico to (eastern) Costa Rica; RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 509, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits); HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 13 — Mexico to Nicaragua (monog.); DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 100, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala. lPipra chloromeros TSCHUDI differs from the other red-headed species by reason of the strongly rounded tail, with the shafts of the lateral rectrices rigid and some- what thickened at the base. Material examined. — Peru: Huambo I, Huayabamba 2; Pozuzo, Huanuco 2, Vista Alegre, Huanuco i; La Gloria, Junin 3; Chaquimayo 5, Yahuarmayo, Sierra de Carabaya I. — Bolivia: San Mateo 12, Rio Espirito Santo I, Yuracares i, Santa Cruz I. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra mentalis mentalis RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 746, 1907 — southeastern Mexico to Nicaragua (monog., full bibliography); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — Mexico to Nicaragua. Pipra mentalis ignifera RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 747, 1907 — part, east Costa Rican localities and references; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 681, 1910 — part, La Florida, Cuabre, Rfo Sicsola. Range: Southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan) and southward through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, and Nicaragua to eastern Costa Rica (Talamanca).1 13: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal 5, unspecified i); Nicara- gua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua 5); Costa Rica (Orosi 2). *Pipra mentalis ignifera Bangs. SOUTHERN YELLOW-THIGHED MAN- AKIN. Pipra mentalis ignifera BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 363, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca, Paso Real, Pozo del Rfo Grande, western Costa Rica; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 15 — part, Chiriqui and Costa Rica (excl. Angostura and Paiz) (monog.); RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 747, 1907 — part, Chiriqui and western Costa Rica (monog., full bibliography); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 681, 1910 — part, western Costa Rica (habits); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Chiriqui and Costa Rica; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 38, p. 457, 1928 — Boquete Trail, Panama. Pipra mentalis (not of SCLATER, 1857) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 200 — Mina de Chorcha and Bugaba, Chiriqui; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 295, 1888 — part, spec, v, Bugaba, Chiriqui; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 108, 1890 — part, Bugaba and Mina de Chorcha; CHERRIE, Anal. Inst. Fisico-Geog. Nac. Costa Rica, 6, p. 72, 1893 — Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica; UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Volcan de Mira- velles, Costa Rica; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 369, p. 6, 1899 — Chiriqui. Range: Western Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui).2 4: Costa Rica (Boruca 3, TeYraba i). *Pipra mentalis minor Hartert* LESSER YELLOW-THIGHED MANAKIN. 'The few adult males seen from eastern Costa Rica (Orosi, Angostura, Tala- manca) appear to me decidedly referable to the northern race, with which they agree in proportion of tail, pale yellow thighs and chin-spot, as well as in the more crested, flame-scarlet head. Twenty-nine specimens from Mexico (C6rdoba) to Nicaragua, and five from eastern Costa Rica examined. *Material examined. — Panama: Chiriqui 15, Sevilla Island 2. — Costa Rica (Boruca, Pozo Azul de Pirns, T£rraba, Miravelles) 22. 1 Pipra mentalis minor HARTERT: Adult male agreeing with P. m. ignifera in deep black under parts; but on average smaller, with shorter, weaker bill; head 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 27 Pipra mentalis minor HAETERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Cachavf, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type examined); HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 16 — western Ecuador (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — western Ecuador; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1139 — Rio Caj6n, Sipi, Noanama, and N6vita, Pacific Colombia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 480, 1917 — Baudo, Noanama, N6vita, San Jose", and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 531, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Rio de Oro, Ecuador; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 179, 1929 — Cana, Dari6n. Chiroxiphia mentalis (not Pipra mentalis SCLATER) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama. Pipra mentalis SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 362 — Panama; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 295, 1888 — part, spec, w-a1, Panama; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 108, 1890 — part, Lion Hill, Panama. Pipra mentalis ignifera (not of BANGS) HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 15 — part, Lion Hill, Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 747, 1907 — part, Panama; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Panama; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 268, 1918 — Gatun, Panama. Pipra mentalis subsp. minor SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Rio Peripa, Ecuador. Range: Tropical lowlands of the Pacific coast of Ecuador and Colombia, north to eastern Panama (Canal Zone). 6: Ecuador (Carondeled, prov. Esmeraldas i); Colombia (Con- doto, Rio Condoto i); Panama (Barro Colorado Island 4). *Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala (Linnaeus). GOLDEN-HEADED MANAKIN. Parus erythroccphalus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., loth ed., x, p. 191, 1758 — based on EDWARDS, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, p. 21, lower figure, Surinam. Pipra aurocapilla1 LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 29, 1823 — "Brazil" (descr. of male); WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 934 — Cayenne (descr.); even deeper red, this being particularly noticeable on the forehead and crown; gonydeal angle but narrowly bordered with yellow; inner secondaries only with narrower, yellowish inner margins; thighs somewhat paler; female merely distin- guishable by shorter wings, smaller bill, and more yellowish under wing coverts. Wing (male) 55-58; tail 26-28; bill 8-9 with topotypes. Birds from western Colombia agree in coloration and small bill, but approach P. m. ignifera in length of wing and tail, ten adult males measuring 57-60, resp. 28-29 mm. Three from Panama, however, are small again (wing 54-55 mm.), though their bills are larger than in Ecuadorian specimens. Material examined. — Ecuador, prov. Esmeraldas (Cachavi, San Javier, Carondeled) 15. — Colombia: Rio Cajon 2, Sipi 4, Noanama 4, N6vita 6, Condoto, Rio Condoto i. — Panama: Barro Colorado Island 4. frequently spelled auricapttla. z8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, i, p. 215, 1847 — Whomana River, an affluent of the Barima; CABANIS, I.e., 3, p. 696, 1848 — British Guiana; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 444, 1856 — "bei Para" and Guyana; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 127, 1868 — Barra [ = Manaos], Sao Pedro, Marabitanas, Barcellos, and Rio Icanna, Rio Negro region (spec, examined); TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, p. 87 — Trinidad; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — "Para" (errore) and Barra do Rio Negro; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 628 — San Esteban, Venezuela; FINSCH, I.e., 1870, p. 573 — "Trinidad"; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 516 — Remedies and Neche, Antioquia; SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1880, p. 169 — Minca, Santa Marta; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume" Mts., Atapurow River, and Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 296, 1888 — part, spec, a-q, e'-l', Cayenne, Maroni River, Georgetown, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Atapurow River, Roraima, "Para" (errore), San Esteban, Venezuela, Cauca, Minca, and Chepo, Panama; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 109, 1890 — Chepo, Panama; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 6, p. 45, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad; BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 137, 1898 — Santa Marta; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 156, 1900 — Bonda, Onaca, Minca, Agua Dulce, Las Nubes, and Valparaiso, Santa Marta district; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Mahury, French Guiana. Pipra chrysocephala DESCOURTILZ, Ornith. Bre'sil., Part 4, p. 36, pi. 41, fig. i, circa 1856 — "Au Maranhao et Para" (errore). Pipra erythrocephala actinosa BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 214, 1922 — Mount Sapo, eastern Panama; GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 282, p. 7, 1927 — Chiman, Panama; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 178, 1929 — El Tigre, Rio Cupe, Dari6n. Dixiphia erythrocephala BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 37, 1 8 57 — Cayenne. Pipra erythrocephala LEOTAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 255, 1866 — Trinidad; BER- LEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, 1902 — Maipures, Somborge, and Nericagua, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure, La Pricion, Nicare, and La Uni6n, Rfo Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, I.e., 13, p. 27, 1906 — Caparo, Valencia, Chaguaramas, and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 14, p. 30, 1907 — Obidos (crit.; occurrence at Para denied); CHER- RIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., I, p. 190, 1906 — Aripo, Trinidad; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 20 — part, Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Rio Negro, Colombian localities (except Bogota), and Panama; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 137, 318, 1908 — Ipousin, R. Approuague, Cayenne, and Mahury, French Guiana; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), i, p. 94, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 365, 1914 — Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru, Obidos, and Rio Jamunda (Faro); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Pipra erythrocephala erythrocephala RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 748, 1907 — eastern Panama through Colombia and Venezuela to Trinidad and Cayenne; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., i, p. 364, 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 29 1908 — Aripo and Carenage, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 2, p. 248, 1916 — from Somborge, near mouth of Rio Meta, up the Orinoco, and Caura Valley; HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 86, 1912 — San Esteban, Cumbre Chiquita, and Las Quiguas, Carabobo; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 479, 1917 — Rio Salaqui, Los Cisneros (Rio Dagua), Puerto Valdivia and Rio Frio, Cauca, and west of Honda, Colom- bia (spec, examined); BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — Lelydorp, Wanaweg, Javaweg, and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 334, 1922 — Onaca, Cin- cinnati, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Las Taguas, Minca, and Don Diego, Colombia; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 179, 1929 — Cana, Darie'n (crit.). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; extreme north- eastern Brazil, from the Guianan border south to the north bank of the lower Amazon, west to the Rio Negro; Trinidad; Venezuela, from the north coast south to the Orinoco Valley; Colombia, west of the Eastern Andes (except the valley of the Rio Lebrija), and eastern Panama, west to the Canal Zone (Chepo).1 5 : Dutch Guiana (Lelydorp, Surinam i) ; British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River 2); Venezuela (Puerto Cabello, Carabobo i); Brazil (Conceigao, Rio Branco i). further subdivision of this race appears to be impracticable. Adult males from Trinidad, the north coast of Venezuela, Santa Marta, and Darien (eastern Panama) have the head generally of a slightly deeper orange yellow hue, but as only about 40% of the specimens are distinguishable, I do not see any advantage in recognizing P. e. actinosa. Birds from the Caura River are precisely similar to a Guianan series, while those from the north bank of the lower Amazon (Obidos and Rio Maecuru) and Manaos ate among the smallest I have seen. Specimens from Pacific Colombia (Rio Salaqui: Murindo and Sautata, Rio Atrato; Los Cisneros, Rio Dagua) agree with those from the northern districts (Santa Marta; Jaraquiel, Bolivar) and Panama. Birds from the Cauca Valley evidently form the transition to P. e. flammiceps. One male each from Puerto Valdivia and Rio Frio are inseparable, in size as well as in coloration, from the specimen with the most deeply colored head from the Pacific coast (Murindo; Carnegie Museum, No. 64179), while another from Puerto Valdivia, by reason of its shorter wings and more reddish orange cap, closely approaches the paler example of flammiceps from El Tambor. Three males from west of Honda, Magdalena River, however, are again indistinguishable from the Santa Marta average. On the upper Rio Negro, this form gradually passes into the western P. e. berlepschi, and six (out of seven) males from Barcellos and various localities farther up the river have the light cadmium yellow head of that form, though in dimensions they rather agree with Guianan specimens. Females vary much individually. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 7, Mana I, Tamanoir, Mana River 10, Pied Saut, Oyapock 7, Mahury I. — Dutch Guiana; Lelydorp i, near Paramaribo 4. — British Guiana: Demerara River 2, Merum6 Mountains 2. — Brazil: Upper Rocana i; Conceicao, Rio Branco i; Obidos 2; Rio Maecuru i; Manaos 6; Barcellos 2; Marabitanas 4; Rio Icanna [ =Rio Isana] I ; Rio Xi6 I. — Venezuela: Maripa, Caura 5, Upper Caura i, El Llagual, Caura district 3; Puerto Cabello 3, San Esteban 3, Las Quiguas 4, Cumbre Chiquita I ; Nevesi, Paria Peninsula 2, Vacua, Paria Peninsula 2. — Island of Trinidad 28. — Colombia: Santa Marta region 21; Jaraquiel, Bolivar 3; west of Honda, Magdalena Valley 3; Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca 2; Rio Frio, Cauca i; Los Cisneros, Rio Dagua 3; Murindo, Antioquia I ; Sautata, Rio Atrato I ; Rio Salaqui, Choc6 I. — Panama: Mount Sapo, Darien 20. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Pipra erythrocephala berlepschi Ridgway.1 BERLEPSCH'S GOLDEN- HEADED MANAKIN. Pipra erythrocephala berlepschi RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 117, 1906 — Nauta, northeastern Peru; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6og. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 60, 1911 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; CHAP- MAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 480, 1917 — La Morelia, Florencia, Buenavista, and Villavicencio, eastern Colombia (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 55, p. 530, 1926 — Zamora, Rfo Suno, and below San Jos6, Ecuador (spec, examined); BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 453, 1918 — Perico, Rfo Marafi6n, Peru; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — Rio Suno, Ecuador. Pipra auricapilla (not of LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER P.Z.S.Lond., 26, p. 457, 1858 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1866, p. 567 — Peru (probably Nauta); idem, I.e., 1867, p. 751 — Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.C., 1867, p. 978 — Pebas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 283 — Nauta, Chyavetas, Pebas; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 340, 1884 — Nauta, Chyavetas, Iquitos; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 296, 1888 — part, spec, r-d', Pebas, Chyavetas (Peru), Rfo Napo, Bogota; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Rfo Napo, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37. P- 99. !889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 1899 — Gualaquiza and Zamora; GOOD- FELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 708 — Coca, upper Napo. Pipra erythrocephala (not of LINNAEUS) HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 20 — part, "Tocantins" [= Tonantins], Rio Solimoes, Brazil, Peru, eastern Ecuador, and Bogota; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av. Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Ecuador, Peru, eastern Colombia. Range: Upper Amazonia, from the eastern slope of the East Colombian Andes (north to Boyaca) through eastern Ecuador south to the north bank of the Rio Solimoes in Brazil (Tonantins) and to northern Peru (chiefly on the north bank of the Maran6n, but crossing that river west of the Huallaga). 15: Colombia (Bogotd 5); Peru (Moyobamba 9, Yurimaguas i). 1 Pipra erythrocephala berlepschi RIDGWAY: Similar to P. e. erythrocephala, but on average larger, and head in adult male decidedly paler, cadmium yellow rather than orange, without any, or with mere traces of a blood-red posterior margin. Birds from eastern Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru agree well together, while three males from Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil, have a slight suggestion of the red posterior border to the yellow cap. On the Solimoes as well as in Peru, the range of this race is separated from that of the red-headed form by the Amazon Valley, and in the eastern section of the Maran6n River it apparently is found only on its northern bank. However, west of the junction of the Huallaga River, it crosses the Maran6n, numerous specimens having been taken at Chya- vetas and Moyobamba. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota" 15; Palmar, Boyaca 3; La Colo- rada, Boyaca 2; Villavicencio i; Florencia, Caqueta 3; La Morelia, Caqueta 2. — Ecuador: Rfo Suno 10, San Jos6 5, Zamora 6. — Peru: Rfo Tigre I, Nauta 2, Pebas 2, Chyavetas I, Moyobamba 9, Yurimaguas I. — Brazil: Tonantins, Rio SolimSes 3. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 31 Pipra erythrocephala flammiceps Todd.1 FLAME-HEADED MANAKIN. Pipra erythrocephala flammiceps TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 115, 1919 — El Tambor, Santander, Colombia (type examined). (J)Pipra auricapilla (not of LICHTENSTEIN) BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 304, 1884 — Bucaramango. Range: Eastern Colombia (Valley of the Rio Lebrija, dept. Santander) . *Pipra erythrocephala rubrocapilla Temminck.1 RED-HEADED MANA- KIN. Pipra rubrocapilla3 TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 9, pi. 54, fig. 3 (male), 1821 — "Bresil," we suggested Bahia as type locality; SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Ega, Rio Solimoes; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 127, 1868 — Bahia, Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso), Borba (Rio Madei- ra), and Manaqueri (Rio Solimoes), Brazil (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 283 — Santa Cruz, Rio Huallaga, Peru (spec, in Tring Museum examined); FORBES, Ibis, i88i,p. 344 — Caxanga, Recife, and Beberibi, Pernambuco; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 295, 1888 — Pernambuco, Bahia, "Rio Claro, Goyaz,"4 "Iquitos," Peru,4 Ega, Brazil; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar£m; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo; idem, I.e., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurua (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. n — Brazil and eastern Peru (monog.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 299, 1907 — Porto Cachoeira (Espirito Santo), Bahia, Rio Jurua, and Santarem; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Para, Rio Capim, Castanhal; idem, I.e., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purtis; idem, I.e., p. 504, 1908 — Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz; idem, I.e., p. 529, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 49, 1907 — Teff£, Rio Solimoes; idem, I.e., 17, p. 307, 1910 — Calama, Allianca, and 1 Pipra erythrocephala flammiceps TODD: Very close to P. e. erythrocephala, but slightly smaller; adult male with head more deeply colored, occiput and hind neck being strongly suffused with orange chrome; sides of head likewise more reddish orange; no red posterior border to cap. Wing (two adult males) 54; tail 18; bill 8#. This form rests on two males from the Rio Lebrija in the Carnegie Museum. The type has a redder head than any specimen of the Golden-headed Manakin seen by me. The second example, taken on the same day, however, is less charac- teristic, being closely approached by one of the Puerto Valdivia skins in the American Museum of Natural History. As pointed out above, birds from the Honda region appear to be inseparable from typical erythrocephala, leaving rather a peculiarly restricted habitat for flammiceps. More information is necessary before its claims for distinction can be considered as established. Material examined. — Colombia: El Tambor, Rio Lebrija, Santander 2. JAn earlier name is possibly Pipra erythrolophos VIEILLOT (Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., i, livr. 89, p. 390, 1820 — "le PeYou"). No mention being made of thecolora- tion of thighs or under wing coverts, it cannot be decided, however, whether it is referable to P. e. rubrocapilla or P. chloromeros, both of which are found in Peru. The type is not in the Paris Museum. 'Often spelled rubricapilla. 4Localities doubtless erroneous. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Maroins (Rio Machados), Rio Madeira; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — eastern Peru and Brazil, south of the Amazon; SNETH- LAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 365, 1914 — Para, Mocajatuba, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Santa Izabel, Castanhal, Peixe-Boi, Santo An- tonio do Prata, Rio Capim (Aproaga), Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins (Aruma- theua), Rio Xingii (Victoria), Tamucury, Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Villa Braga), Rio Purus (Cachoeira); LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhex>s to Belmonte, Bahia. Pipra erythrocephala (not of LINNAEUS) WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 187 (ed. in 8vo p. 184), 1820 — Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo; LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 29, 1823 — Brazil (descr. of female); WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 422, 1830 — eastern Brazil; WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 933 — "Guiana," Brasilia; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 433. !8s6 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Pipra auricapilla (not of LICHTENSTEIN) LAYARD, Ibis, 1 873, p. 384 — Nazare", near Para (seen only); GOELDI, Ibis, 1903, p. 499 — Rio Capim. Pipra rubrocapilla subsp. HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 362, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para (crit.). Pipra erythrocephala rubrocapilla HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.- phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 27, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi and Ipitinga (Para local- ities); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 90, 1916 — Utinga, near Para; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 167, 1928 — Para, Rio Guama, Rio In- hangapy, Pinheira, Para district. Range: Brazil, south of the Amazon, extending along the Rio Madeira south to western Matto Grosso (Rio Guapore") and on the east coast to Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro; also the adjacent section of northeastern Peru, east of the Huallaga River (Santa Cruz).1 10 : Brazil (Bahia 2; Santo Amaro, Bahia 3; Magoary, Pard i; Utinga, Para 3; Santare"m i). *Pipra pipra anthracina Ridgway* ZELEo6N's MANAKIN. is obviously no local variation in th'e Red-headed Manakin, specimens from eastern Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro) being inseparable from an Amazonian series. A single adult male obtained by E. Bartlett at Santa Cruz, on Sept. 24, 1866, likewise compares well with the Brazilian average. Certain skins from Para exhibit a decided tendency toward P. e. erythrocephala, of the north bank, by having the bases of the feathers on the anterior crown distinctly orange. In addition to the scarlet head, P. e. rubrocapilla may be distinguished from the yellow-headed forms by its longer tail and more grayish green (less yellowish) under parts of the female sex. Material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro i; Bahia 15, Santo Amaro, Bahia 3; Sao Lourenco, Pernambuco 5; Para region 24; Santare'm i ; Rio Madeira, Calama 3, Borba 5, Maroins I; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (o*ad.) i; Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes 3; Teff£ 4; Rio Jurua I. — Peru: Santa Cruz I. 1 Pipra pipra anthracina RIDGWAY: Adult male closely similar to P. p. coracina, but decidedly smaller; body plumage duller, opaque velvety black, without trace of the bluish gloss; under tail coverts mostly tipped with grayish or dingy yellowish. Wing 60-63; tail 27-29; bill 9. No female seen. Material examined. — Panama: Chiriquf i; Chitra, Veraguas i ; Cordillera de Tele" i ; Veraguas (unspecified) 6. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 33 Pipra pipra anthracina RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 117, 1906 — Moravia, Costa Rica; idem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 751, 1907 — Panama and southwestern Costa Rica (monog., full bibliography); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 680, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica. Pipra leucocitta (not of LINNAEUS) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Cordil- lera de Tote, Veragua (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 200 — Calove- vora, Chitra, and Boqueti de Chitra, Veragua (spec examined) ; SCLATEE, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, c-h, Chitra, Calevovora, Santa Fe', and Cordillera de Tote, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. no, 1890 — part, Panama; CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., 14, p. 536, 1891 — Costa Rica (female descr.); HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p 22 — part, Veragua. Pipra leucocitta anthracina HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — southwestern Costa Rica and Veragua; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p 29, 1912 — Costa Rica and western Panama (crit.). Range: Costa Rica (Moravia; Guayabo) and western Panama (Chiriqui; Veraguas). i: Panama (Veraguas i). Pipra pipra minima Chapman.1 LEAST MANAKIN. Pipra leucocitta minor (not Pipra mentalis minor HARTERT, 1898) CHAPMAN Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 623, 1914 — Cocal, Western Andes of Colombia (type examined). Pipra leucocitta minimus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 480, 1917 — new name for P. leucocitta minor CHAPMAN, preoccupied; Cocal, Colombia. Range: Western Andes of Colombia (Cocal, west of Popaydn). *Pipra pipra coracina Sclater.* SCLATER'S BLACK MANAKIN. Pipra coracina SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 29, June, 1856 — Bogota (type in British Museum examined) ; idem, I.e., 26, p. 71 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. 1 Pipra pipra minima CHAPMAN: Adult male most nearly resembling P. p. coracina and body plumage, as in this form, velvety black, with a slight silky gloss; but much smaller; white crest shorter; under tail coverts tipped with gray- ish, as in P. p. anthracina. Female unknown. Wing (two adult males from Cocal) 54-55; tail 24-25; bill 8K-9- *Pipra pipra coracina SCLATER: Differing from P. p. pipra by larger size; deep velvety black but faintly glossed body plumage of the adult male, and brighter green coloration, particularly below, of the female sex. Wing (male) 66-70, (female) 67; tail 27-32; bill 9. Ecuadorian specimens agree with those from Bogota, and so does also a single male from Pomara, Peru, in the American Museum of Natural History. A male from the Boca de Rio Curaray, in southeastern Ecuador, however, hardly differs from P. p. pipra. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 8, Buena vista 2. — Ecuador: San Jos<6 5, Gualaquiza 2, "Rio Napo" 3; Guayaba, Rio Zamora i; Rfo Suno, above Avila i. — Peru: Pomara, lower Marafi6n I. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra leucocilla (not of LINNAEUS) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador; idem, 1 c., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, i-o, Bogota, Sarayacu, and Rio Napo; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador. Pipra leucocilla coracina HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 26 — part, Bogota and eastern Ecuador; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Colombia and Ecuador; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26. No, 2, p. 29, 1912 — Colombia and eastern Ecuador (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 481, 1917 — Buenavista (above Villavicencio) and Anda- lucia, Eastern Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 531, 1926 — Guayaba, Zamora, Rfo Suno, and below San Jos6, Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of the Eastern Andes of Colombia,1 eastern Ecuador, and northwestern Peru (Pomara, lower Maran6n, dept. Amazonas). i: Colombia (Bogotd i). *Pipra pipra pipra Linnaeus. WHITE-CROWNED BLACK MANAKIN. Parus pipra LINNAEUS,* Syst. Nat., loth ed., i, p. 190, 1758 — based on "Caco- tototl" SEBA, Thes., 2, p. 102, pi. 96, fig. 5, "in Indiis"= Surinam. Pipra leucocilla LINNAEUS, Mus. Ad. Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 33, 1764 — no locality indicated, Surinam suggested as type locality (auct. BERLEPSCH and HAR- TERT, 1902); SCHOMBIJRGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, i, p. 215, 1847 — Who- mana River, affluent of the Barima; CABANIS, 1. c., 3, p. 697, 1848 — British Guiana; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 127, 1868 — Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos ], Marabitanas, and Rio Icanna, Rio Negro (spec, examined); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Merum£ Mts., British Guiana; W. SCLATER, 1. c., 1887, p. 318 — Maccasseema, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, w — c', Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Cayenne, Maroni River; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, 1902 — Suapure, La Pricion, and Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela (spec, examined); MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Camopi, Mahury, and Oyack Mts., French Guiana; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 22 — part, Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana, eastern Venezuela (Caura), and Rio Negro; BERLEPSCH, 1. c., 15, PP- J37. 3*8, 1908 — Ipousin, Appiouague River (French Guiana) localities; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 12, 1908 — French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 365, 1914 — part, Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Obidos, and Rio Jamunda (Faro); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 246, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). lPipra leucocilla SCLATER and SALVIN (P.Z.S.Lond., 1875, P- 237 — San Cris- t6bal, Tachira, western Venezuela) probably belongs here. Unfortunately, the specimens are lost. 1 Although the more detailed description, added on p. 191, refers to another species, Arundinicola leucocephala, as pointed out by BERLEPSCH and HARTERT (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 50, note*, 1902), Linnaeus's diagnosis and references pertain exclusively to the White-crowned Black Manakin which must, therefore, be called P. p. pipra (see ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, pp. 86-87, 1929). 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 35 Pipra leucocapilla GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 1002, 1789 — new name for Pipra leucocilla LINNAEUS. Pipra leucocilla leucocilla HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Guiana, Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil (Rio Negro); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 28, 1912 — part, excl. Peru; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — Lelydorp, Libanonweg, and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam. Pipra pipra pipra CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 248, 1916 — Caura, Venezuela. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley); northern Brazil, north of the Amazon, west to the Rio Negro and Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes.1 13: French Guiana (Saint Jean du Maroni i, Saint Laurent du Maroni i) ; Dutch Guiana (Rijsdijkweg i) ; British Guiana (Demerara River 3, Caramang River 3); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco 3; Itacoatiard i). *Pipra pipra microlopha Zimmer* SHORT-CRESTED MANAKIN. Pipra pipra microlopha ZIMMER, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 85, 1929 — Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, Ucayali drainage basin, Peru. Pipra leucocilla (not of LINNAEUS) SCLATER, P. Z. S. Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Ega, Rio Solimoes; SCLATER and SALVIN, 1. c., 1866, p. 190 — Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru; idem, 1. c., 1873, p. 283 — part, Sarayacu; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P£r., 2, p. 341, 1884 — part, Sarayacu; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, q, r, Ega and Rio Ucayali; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurua; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 299, 1907 — part, Rio Jurua; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 22 — part, Ega, Rio Jurud, Brazil, and Sarayacu, Peru; idem, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 49, 1907 — Teffe", Rio Solimoes. 'Birds from Manacapuru and the Rio Negro are identical with series from Guiana and eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley). Material examined. — French Guiana: Maroni River 2, Ipousin, Approuague River I. — Dutch Guiana: Near Paramaribo 4, Rijsdijkweg I. — British Guiana: Demerara River 3, Caramang River 3, Camacusa 3. — Brazil: Rio Negro (Manaos, Marabitanas, Rio Icanna [=Rio Isana]) 15; Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes 3. — Venezuela: Caura Valley (Suapure, Nicare, La Pricion) 25. 1 Pipra pipra microlopha ZIMMER: Adult male nearest to P. p. comata, but crest decidedly shorter and ending in a point instead of being rounded posteriorly, and upper parts less glossed with metallic blue. Wing (adult male) 65-69; tail 29-30; bill Sya-g. This form cannot well be united to any other known race. Although more information about the exact limits of its range is urgently desired, it appears to replace P. p. comata in the low tropical destricts of eastern Peru. By its less glossy plumage in the male sex, it points in the direction of P. p. coracina, but has a much shorter, differently shaped crest with much less black at the base of the feathers. Birds from Orosa (on the south bank of the Marafi6n about halfway between the mouth of the Napo and Pebas, dept. Loreto) and Sao Paulo de OH- venga, Brazil, agree with the type except in being slightly larger and in having more extensive dusky bases to the crest feathers. Here should no doubt also be referred specimens recorded as P. leucocilla from Sarayacu (Ucayali), Teff6 (Rio SolimSes), and Jurua. 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra leucor.illa leucocilla HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — part, Rio Solimoes, Rio Jurua, and northeastern Peru. Range: Tropical lowlands of the Ucayali drainage basin in eastern Peru, south to Puerto Bermudez, dept. Junin, north to the south bank of the Maranon,1 and adjacent section of western Brazil (Rio Jurua; Teffe" and Sao Paulo de Olivenca, south bank of Rio Solimoes). 6: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, dept. Junin 6). *Pipra pipra comata Berlepsch and Stolzmann.2 SNOWY-CRESTED MANAKIN. Pipra comata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 392, 1894 — La Gloria, Chanchamayo and Garita del Sol, Vitoc, dept. Junin (type ex- amined); idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 368 — same localities. Pipra coracina (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 22 — Chirimoto (spec, examined); idem, Orn. P£r., 2, p. 342, 1884 — Huambo and Chirimoto, Peru. Pipra leucocilla (not of LINNAEUS) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, t-v, Huambo and Chirimoto, Peru; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 709 — "Baeza, Ecuador," errore.1 JI am unable to identify a single male from Yurimaguas (Munichis) in the collection of Field Museum. It is too small (wing 61; tail 25) for P. p. comata, but differs also from P. p. microlopha in more glossy plumage and somewhat fuller, more rounded crest. Apparently similar specimens from Chamicuros are in the Tring Museum. The subjoined references pertain to this form of doubtful standing. Pipra leucocilla (not of LINNAEUS) SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. Lond., 1867, p. 751 — Xeberos, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 283 — part, Xeberos, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas, Chamicuros; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 22 — Yurima- guas; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 341, 1884 — part, Xeberos, Yurimaguas, Chyavetas, Chamicuros; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, c, Chami- curos; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 22 — part, Chamicuros, Xeberos, Yurimaguas. 1 Pipra pipra comata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN: Very similar to P. p. pipra, but tail on average longer; crest of adult male longer, fuller, and on the forehead white down to the base of the feathers. Two adult males from Garita del Sol, Vitoc, have somewhat longer tails and fuller crests than any other specimen seen. Birds from Huanuco are smaller, the tail especially is shorter, while the crest is not quite so long and always shows, at least on pileum and nape, distinct dusky bases to the feathers. A series from Huayabamba and two from Uchco (50 miles east of Chachapoyas) are inter- mediate in length of tail, but in other respects are nearer to the Huanuco birds. Adult males. — Wing: Garita del Sol 69, 70; Huanuco (Chuchurras, Chinchao, Vista Alegre, Huachipa) 64, 65, 65, 67, 67; Huayabamba 65-66; Chirimoto 61; Uchco 67, 69. — Tail: Garita del Sol 35, 36; Huanuco 28, 28, 28^, 29, 31; Huaya- bamba 33-34; Chirimoto 31; Uchco 31, 32. Material examined. — Peru: Uchco, east of Chachapoyas 2; Huayabamba 6; Chirimoto 2; Chuchurras, dept. Huanuco 2; Vista Alegre 2; Chinchao 2; Huachipa 2; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, dept. Junfn 2. 'The specimen (now in the Tring Museum) proves on examination, to be one of O. T. Baron's Huayabamba skins, erroneously labeled as being from Baeza. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 37 Pipra leucocilla coracina (not of SCLATER) HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 26 — part, Guayabamba, Nuevo Loreto, Chirimoto, Huambo, Chuchurras, Peru; MENEGAUX, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Cueva Seca, RioTocache, Peru. Pipra leucocilla comata HELLMAYR, Ibis 1906, p. 27 — Valleys of Vitoc and Chanchamayo, Peru (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 8, 1910 — Chanchamayo; CHAPMAN, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 117, p. 99, 1921 — Idma, Urubamba Valley, dept. Cuzco, Peru. Range: Subtropical Zone of Peru, from dept. San Martin south to Junin and (according to Chapman) Cuzco (Urubamba Valley). 6: Peru, dept. Hudnuco (Vista Alegre 2, Chinchao 2, Huachipa 2). Pipra pipra cephaleucos Thunberg. SLATY-BELLIED MANAKIN. Pipra cephaleucos THUNBERG. M£m. Ac. Sci. St. P^tersb., 8, p. 286, 1822 — Brazil1 (=descr. of male in first annual plumage); LONNBERG, Ibis, 1903, p. 241 — note on type. Pipra pipra bahiae RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 117, 1906 — Bahia, eastern Brazil. Pipra leucocilla (not of LINNAEUS) BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 444, 1856 — "Waldgebiet der Kustenstrecke Brasiliens," Nova Friburgo. Rio; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Para; LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 384 — Para; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 297, 1888 — part, spec, d'-n', Para, Bahia, "Novo" Friburgo, "Sao Paulo," Brazil; IHER- ING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo, Nova Friburgo; GOELDI, Ibis, 1903, p 499 — Capim River; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 294, 1905 — Igarape-assu, Para; idem, Ibis, 1906, p. 22 — part, eastern Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Nova Friburgo, Rio), Para, Magoary, Benevides, Capim River; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 299, 1907 — part, Bahia; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Para and Santo Antonio do Prata; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 365, 1914 — part, Para, Mocajatuba, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Santa Izabel, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocantins (Baiao, Cameta) ; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhebs to Belmonte, Bahia; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro. 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury- assu, Maranhao. Pipra leucocapUla (not of GMELIN) WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 184), 1820 — Barra do Juoi, Espirito Santo; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 427, 1830 — eastern Brazil. Pipra leucocilla leucocilla HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 363, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. Pipra leucocilla bahiae HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 7, 1910 — eastern Brazil; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, 'The type was presented by the Swedish Consul General Westin and, as most of the other species described by Thunberg from his collections are natives of eastern Brazil, there is hardly any doubt that P. cephaleucos was based on a young male of the form separated by RIDGWAY as P. pipra bahiae. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. No. 2, pp. 27, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi and Ipitinga (Pard localities; crit., coloration of female); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 91, 1916 — Utinga, Para; STONE, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 167, 1928 — Castanhal, Para. Range : Eastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo north to Para, extending west apparently to the Tocantins.1 Genus TELEONEMA Reichenbach. Teleonema REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, March i, 1850 — type Pipra filicauda Spix. Cirrhipipra BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 172, 1850, March or later1 — type by monotypy Pipra filicauda Spix. Teleonema filicauda (Spix). CIRRHATE MANAKIN. Pipra filicauda SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 6, pi. 8, figs, i, 2, 1825 — Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (types in Munich Museum examined); WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 936 — Amazon River (descr.); TSCHUDI, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 413, 1846 — prov. Maynas; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 446, 1856 (ex Spix); SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogotd; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 579 — lower Rio Negro; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 628 — Vene- zuela; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — Manaqueri (Rio Solimoes), Rio Negro, Marabitanas, and Rio Amajau (spec, examined); SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1871, p. 749 — "Oyapoc, Cayenne"; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1873, p. 282 — Sarayacu, Upper Ucayali, Rio Paranapura, and Rio Javari, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. PeY., 2, p. 336, 1884 — Maynas, Pebas, Iquitos, and Loretoyacu, Peru; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 708 — Archidona, Ecuador. Pipra filifera LESSON, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 40, 1839 — Peru. Pipra setifera DESCOURTILZ, Ornith. Bre'sil., p. 35, pi. 40, fig. 3, circa 1856 — "Bresil." Cirrhipipra filicauda subpailida TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 112, 1928 — Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela. Cirrhipipra filicauda BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 172, 1850; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 289, 1888 — Barra do Rio Negro, Pebas, Sarayacu, Rio Napo, Bogota, San Esteban; HELLMAYR, 'Adult males from the Pard region diverge slightly in the direction of P. p. pipra by having the under parts faintly glossed, while birds of eastern Brazil are well characterized by the dull slaty black breast and abdomen. The male in first annual plumage has the crest grayish white. Material examined. — Bahia 9. — Para district: Benevides 2, Magoary i, Santo Antonio do Prata 4, Peixe-Boi 9, Ipitinga 6. 2Part i (pp. 1-272) of vol. i of Bonaparte's "Conspectus Avium" was pre- sented to the Paris Academy on June 24, 1850, but even if issued in March, as claimed by Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci., 37, p. 423, Sept., 1850), the section of Reichenbach's work, published on the first day of that month, would still seem to have priority. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 39 Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 640, 1906 (note on types); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 3, 1910 (range); idem and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 85, 1912 — Campanero, Cumbre Chiquita, and Las Quiguas, state of Carabobo, Venezuela; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 297, 1907 — Rio Jurua; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 247, 1916 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — La Morelia and Flo- rencia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 532, 1926 — Rio Suno, below San Jos4, Rio Napo, Ecuador. Tcleonema filicaudum CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 91, 1859 — "Porto" Cabello and Peru. Cirrhopipra filicauda BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 302, 1889 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 52, 1902 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurud; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Punis; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 362, 1914 — Rio Punis. Range: Western Brazil (from the Rio Jurua and the Rio Punis north to the Rio Negro and Rio Branco); northeastern Peru (Rio Javari; Rio Ucayali; Yurimaguas, lower Huallaga; Pebas, Iquitos, Loretoyacu, Rio Maraii6n); eastern Ecuador; eastern Colombia (Caqueta region); Venezuela (Maipures on the Orinoco; Campanero, San Esteban, Cumbre Chiquita, and Las Quiguas, state of Cara- bobo; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo, state of Lara; Orope and Rio Catatumbo, state of Zulia).1 8: Colombia (Bogota 2); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco i); Venezuela, state of Zulia (Rio Catatumbo 3, Orope 2). Teleonema heterocerca (Sclater).2 SHARP-TAILED MANAKIN. Pipra heterocerca SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 313, 1860 — "in ripis fl. Ama- zonum sup." Specimens from the Venezuelan coast district (C. t. subpallida], while larger on the average, appear to be inseparable from those of Upper Amazonia. I find much individual variation in the color of the tibial feathers and in the depth of the yellow on the anterior under parts. Material examined. — Brazil: Sao Paulo de OHvenca, Rio Solimoes (types) 3; Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes I ; Rio Amajau I ; Rio Negro I ; Marabi tanas i ; Con- ceicao, Rio Branco I. — Peru: Yurimaguas 3, Rfo Tigre 4, Iquitos I. — Ecuador: Archidona 2, Rio Napo 3. — Colombia: "Bogota" 5. — Venezuela: Maipures 10; Campanero 3, Cumbre Chiquita 4, Las Quiguas 3, San Esteban 2; mountains near Bucarito, Tocuyo 5; Catatumbo River 3, Orope 2. *Teleoncma heterocerca (SCLATER): Similar to T. filicauda, but "the outer rectrices acuminate and produced; the second, third, and succeeding pairs in a less degree than the first; the outer pair exceeding the medial rectrices, which have nearly the ordinary normal form, by nearly half an inch; the crimson color extending lower down the back above, and pervading the breast and upper part of the belly." This species was based on a single male forwarded by one of Jules Verreaux's correspondents from Pard, which has been lost. No other specimen answering the description having since come to hand, its status remains uncertain. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Cirrhopipra heterocerca SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 289, 1888 — Ama- zonia. Cirrhipipra heterocerca HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 9, 1910 — Upper Amazonia. Range: Upper Amazonia (exact locality unknown). Genus MACHAEROPTERUS Bonaparte. Machaeropterus BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. 11, p. 316 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6), 1854 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, 1855, p. 147) Pipra strigilata WIED = Pipra regulus HAHN. *Machaeropterus regulus regulus (Hahn).1 STRIPED MANAKIN. Pipra regulus HAHN, Vogel aus Asien, Africa, etc., Lief. 4, pi. 4, figs, i, 2, 1819 — Brazil (types, now in Munich Museum, examined). Pipra strigilata WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 184), 1820 — Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo (descr. of male); TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 9, pi. 54, figs, i, 2, April, 1821 — Brazil (descr. of male and female); WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 936 — Brazil; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 430, 1831 — Brazil; SWAINSON, Ornith. Draw., Part 2, pi. 25 (d* 9), 1834 — Brazil; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 445, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Pipra lineata THUNBERG, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb , 8, p. 284, pi. 8, fig. I (male), 1822 — Brazil (descr. of male and female). Machaeropterus regulus SCLATER, Ibis, 1862, p. 176 — southeastern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 128, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 304, 1888— Bahia, "Novo" Friburgo, "Rio Claro, Goyaz" (errore), Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 300, 1907— Bahia and Porto Cachoeira, Espirito Santo. Machaeropterus strigilatus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 236, 1889 — note on Wied's types. Machaeropterus regulus regulus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. II, 1910 — Bahia to Rio de Janeiro. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Bahia south to Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. i: Brazil (Bahia i). 1 Machaeropterus regulus regulus (HAHN), having white bases to the crown feathers, reminds one of M. regulus striolatus, but may be easily distinguished by lacking the red stain on the chest, by much darker, light buffy olive rather than dingy white throat, and much narrower as well as rather duller (less chestnut) streaking of the under parts. Material examined. — Bahia 10; Rio de Janeiro 3; "Brazil" (the types) 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 41 Machaeropterus regulus striolatus (Bonaparte). BONAPARTE'S STRIPED MANAKIN. Pipra striolaia BONAPARTE, P.Z.S.Lond., 5, "1837," p. 122, June, 1838 — "from that portion of Brazil, bordering on Peru"; GRAY and MITCHELL, Gen. Birds, i, p. 274, pi. 67, fig. 2 (male), 1846; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p- 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem, I.e., 26, p. 72, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. Machaeropterus striolatus SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 567 — eastern Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 751 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 978 — Pebas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 283 — Nauta, Xeberos, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, Pebas, and Rfo Javarri; TACZANOWSKI, l.c., 1882, p. 23— Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, o. 347, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 304, 188 — part, spec, a-g, Rio Ucayali, Chamicuros, Pebas, Rio Napo; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., a, p. 73, 1889 — Rio Napo; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Zamora, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — part, Florencia and La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia. Machaeropterus regulus striolatus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. ii, 1910 — part, Upper Amazonia from Peru to eastern Colombia. Machaeropterus striolatus striolatus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 532, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, below San Jos6, and Rio Napo, Ecuador. Range: Upper Amazonia, from eastern Colombia (Caquetd re- gion) through eastern Ecuador south to northeastern Peru (dept. Loreto).1 *Machaeropterus regulus antioquiae Chapman* ANTIOQUIA MAN- AKIN. Machaeropterus striolatus antioquiae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 5, Oct., 1924 — Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia. Pipra striolata (not of BONAPARTE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota. Machaeropterus striolatus SCLATER, Ibis, 1862, p. 176 — "Venezuela" and New Granada; idem and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 517 — Medellin, Reme- dies, and Neche, Colombia; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 305, 1884 — Bucaramanga; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 304, 1888 — part, spec. 'Material examined. — Colombia: La Morelia, Rio Bodoquera i; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo 10. — Ecuador: Rio Napo 3, Zamora 2, Rio Suno 2, below San Jos£ 6. — Peru: Rio Tigre, near Pebas u, Iquitos i. 1 Machaeropterus regulus antioquiae CHAPMAN: Closely similar to M. r. strio- latus, but pileum darker, spectrum red rather than scarlet red, with the bases of the feathers pale gray instead of pure white; back lighter, yellowish citrine rather than warbler green, washed with old gold on lower rump and upper tail coverts; white streaks beneath on average wider. Female indistinguishable from that of striolatus. Wing 51-53; tail 21-23. Material examined. — Colombia: Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio i ; La Frijolera, lower Cauca i; upper Cauca 3; "Bogota" 20. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. h-m, Remedies and Bogota; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — part, Puerto Valdivia and La Frijolera (lower Cauca), Alto Bonito (Rio Sucio), and west of Honda, Colombia. Machaeropterus regains striolatus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. ii, 1910 — part, Cauca Valley. Range: Western and central parts of Colombia (Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio; Cauca Valley; Bucaramanga; Bogota). 7: Colombia (Bogota 7). *Machaeropterus pyrocephalus (Sdater). FIERY-HEADED MANAKIN. Pipra pyrocephala SCLATER, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 9, 1852 — locality un- known, probably eastern Peru (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Contrib. Ornith., 1852, p. 132, pi. 97, fig. i (fig. of type = male). Machaeropterus pyrocephalus SCLATER, Ibis, 1862, p. 176 — Rfo Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, eastern Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 128, 1868 — Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapor6, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 139 — Rioja and Moyobamba, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r.f 2, p. 346, 1884 — Moyobamba; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 305, 1888 — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, and Rfo Ucayali; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 54, 1902 — La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined) ; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. ii, pi. 3, fig. 5, 1910 (range); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 368, 1914 — Boim, Rio Tapaj6z; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 249, 1916 — La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela. Range: Eastern Venezuela (La Pricion, Rio Caura); northern Brazil (Boim, Rio Tapaj6z, state of Para; Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Rio Guapore*, western Matto Grosso); and eastern Peru (Rio Ucayali, Rioja, Moyobamba, dept. San Martin ; Marcapata Valley, dept. Cuzco).1 3 : Peru (Moyobamba 3). Genus ALLOCOTOPTERUS Ridgway. AUocotopterus RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 209, 1905 — type by orig. desig. Pipra deliciosa SCLATER. AUocopterus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — emendation. *Allocotopterus deliciosus (Sclater).2 CLUB-WINGED MANAKIN. Pipra deliciosa SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 90, 1860 — Nanegal, Ecuador. XI am unable to discover any local variation in this species with the possible exception of the red crown-stripe being somewhat less extensive in males from the Caura Valley. Material examined. — Peru: Moyobamba 3, Marcapata Valley i. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Engenho do Gama 6, Sao Vicente 3. — Venezuela: La Pricion, Caura 2. *The propriety of separating the species generically from Machaeropterus may well be questioned, the principal point of distinction — the peculiar structure of 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 43 Machaeropterus deliciosus SCLATER, Ibis, 1862, p. 176, pi. 6 (crit.); idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 305, 1888 — Nanegal, Intac, Sical, "Sarayacu," Ecua- dor; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 73, 1889 — Nanegal; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 488, 1898 — Cachavf, Ecuador; SALVADORI and PESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — Gualea and Intac; GOOD- FELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 709 — Gualea, Intac, and Mindo; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. n, pi. 3, fig. i, 1910 — western Ecuador; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arnie'e Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. B6i, 1911 — Pachijal, Esmeraldas; IX)NNBERG, and RENDAHL Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — Mindo, Gualea. Allocopterus deliciosus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 482, 1917 — Cocal and Buena vista (Narino), Colombia. Allocotopterus deliciosus CHAPMAN, I.e., 55, p. 533, 1926 — Mindo and Nanegal, Ecuador. Range : Lower Subtropical Zone of western Ecuador and south- western Colombia (state of Narino). 2: Ecuador (unspecified 2). Genus CHLOROPIPO Cabanis and Heine.1 Chloropipo CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 90, note 2, 1859 — type by orig. desig. Chloropipo flavicollis CABANIS and HEINE = Pipr a flavicapilla SCLATER. Chloropipo flavicapilla (Sclater). YELLOW-HEADED MANAKIN. Pipra flavicapilla SCLATER, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 9, 1852 — "Nouvelle Grenade" = Bogota (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Contrib. Ornith., 1852, p. 132, pi. 97, fig. 2 — New Granada (type figured); idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota. Chloropipo flavicollis (lapsu) CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 91, 1859 — Colombia (ex SCLATER). Chloropipo flavicapilla SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 247, 1862 — Bogota^ SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 516 — Medellin, Antioquia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 286, 1888 — Bogotd and Medellin, Colombia; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 12, pi. i, fig. 4, 1910 — Bogota and Cauca Valley, Colombia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 483, 1917 — San Antonio, Western Andes, Colombia. Range : Subtropical Zone of Colombia (San Antonio, Primavera, Riolima, Western Andes; Medellin, Central Andes; "Bogota").1 the inner secondaries — being a purely sexual character of the adult male. How- ever, the comparatively much shorter tail and the more operculate nostrils per- haps justify the recognition of the genus. Material examined. — Twenty specimens from Western Ecuador. 'Key to the species; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 326, 1906. *Material examined. — Western Andes: Primavera (adult male) i; Riolima (female) i. — Medellm, Antioquia (males) 2. — "Bogota" 7. Females and immature birds are less brightly colored, the pileum being duller yellow, and the anterior under parts as well as the sides of the head more strongly suffused with greenish olive. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Chloropipo holochlora litae Hellmayr.1 WESTERN GREEN MANAKIN. Chloropipo holochlora litae HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 325, 1906 — Lita, prov. Imbabura, Ecuador; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 12, 1910 — northwestern Ecuador and southwestern Colombia ("Pasto in the Cauca Valley"); idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1138 — Sipi and N6vita, Choc6, Colombia (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 483, 1917 — Baud6, San Jose\ and Barbacoas, western Colombia; idem, I.e., 55. P- 533. T926 — eastern Panama to northwestern Ecuador; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 178, 1929 — Cana, Dari6n. Chloropipo holochlora SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 287, 1888 — part, spec, b, "vicinity of Pasto," Colombia (spec, examined); HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 488, 1898 — Cachavi and Paramba, Ecuador (spec, examined). Range : Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from eastern Panama (Rio Tuyra) south to northwestern Ecuador (prov. Esmeraldas and Imbabura). i: Ecuador (Lita, prov. Imbabura i). Chloropipo holochlora holochlora Sclater. GREEN MANAKIN. Chloropipo holochlora SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 287, 1888 — part, spec. a,c-f, Bogota (type), Sarayacu, Ecuador, and Chyavetas, Peru (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 325, 1906 — Bogota to northern Peru (crit.). Chloropipo sp. ign. SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, pp. 751, 758 — Chyavetas, Peru (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 1873, p. 282 — Chyavetas. Chloropipo flavicapilla (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1885, p. 93 — Mapoto, Ecuador.1 Chloropipo holochlora holochlora HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 12, 1910 — Bogotd, eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (Chyavetas); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 483, 1917 — Florencia, Caqueta, and Villa vicencio, eastern Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 533, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, below San Jose\ Ecuador. Range: Upper Amazonia, from eastern Colombia (Villa vicen- cio; Florencia, Caqueta; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo, Narino) through eastern Ecuador to northern Peru (Chyavetas, dept. Loreto).3 1 Chloropipo holochlora litae HELLMAYR: Similar in size to C. h. holochlora, but upper parts, throat, chest, and sides light olivaceous green instead of shining grass- green. Material examined. — N. W. Ecuador (Cachavi, Lita, Paramba, Ventanas, Cachyiacu) 20. — Colombia: Sipi, Rio Sipi 2; N6vita, Rio Tamana i; "Pasto" I. 2Count Berlepsch's MS. notes, now in my possession, clearly show that the Mapoto specimen is referable to C. h. holochlora. 'Birds from eastern Ecuador and a single skin from Chyavetas are identical with Colombian specimens. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogotd (including the type) 3; Cuembi, Rio Putumayo I. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2, Rio Napo i. — Peru: Chyavetas I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 45 Chloropipo holochlora viridior Chapman.1 SOUTH PERUVIAN GREEN MANAKIN. Chloropipo holochlora viridior CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 5, 1924 — La Pampa (type) and Rio Tavara, southeastern Peru. Chloropipo holochlora holochlora (not of SCLATER) HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 60, 1920 — Yahuarmayo, Carabaya (crit.). Range: Southeastern Peru, in northern section of dept. Puno (La Pampa, Rio Tavara, and Yahuarmayo, northern slope of the Sierra de Carabaya). Chloropipo uniformis Salvin and Godman.* RORAIMA GREEN MAN- AKIN. Chloropipo uniformis SALVIN and G'ODMAN, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 447, 1884 — Roraima; SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 299 — Merum6 Mountains and Roraima; idem, I.e., 1886, p. 500 — Mount Twek-quay; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 286, 1888 — Roraima, Merum6 and Twek-quey mountains; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 12, 1910 — mountains of British Guiana; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, a, p. 250, 1921 — Roraima, Merume', Twek- quey, "Kamarang" [=Caramang ] River. Range : Mountains of the interior of British Guiana. Chloropipo unicolor Taczanowski.3 TACZANOWSKI'S MANAKIN. 1 Chloropipo holochlora viridior CHAPMAN: Very close to C. h. holochlora, but upper parts of a fresher, more yellowish (moss) green; throat and chest also rather lighter; abdomen deeper yellow. Wing (two females) 72, 73; tail 46, 47. Material examined. — Peru: Yahuarmayo I, Rio Tavara i. tChloropipo uniformis SALVIN and GODMAN: Not unlike C. holochlora lilac, but larger, and tail notably much longer; axillars and under wing coverts pale yellowish, scarcely tinged with grayish in the middle; throat and chest darker olive green, etc. Wing 80, (female) 77-79; tail 55-58, (female) 53-55. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima 6. ^Chloropipo unicolor TACZANOWSKI: Adult male glossy black, with wings and under wing coverts dull brownish black; axillars and a tuft of elongated silky feathers on sides of chest snowy white; bill black. Female much like C. uniformis, but smaller; upper parts much darker green, inclining to blackish green on pileum; ventral surface duller, more suffused with grayish, and a large tuft of silky white feathers under the wings; bill dark brown, beneath brownish white. Wing 75 (male), 72-75^ (females); tail 51 (male), 49-50 >£ (females); bill 12-13. This species is almost certainly generically distinct from Chloropipo. Aside from the marked sexual dimorphism and the glossy black coloring of the male, which remind one of Xenopipo, it, furthermore, differs from the genotype and allied species by having a much smaller, slenderer bill with strongly ridged culmen, while the elongated plumes on the sides of the chest form another peculiar feature. Unfortunately, no specimen is at present available for reexamination of its struc- tural characters. Material examined. — Peru, dept. Junin: Amable Maria, alt. 2000 ft. (the type) i (female); Garita del Sol, alt. 5740 ft., i (female). — San Martin: Guayabamba [ =Huayabamba], alt. 4000 to 5500 ft., (types of X. subalaris) 2 (male, female). 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Chloropipo unicolor TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 335, 1884 — Amable Maria, near Tulumayo River, dept. Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum exam- ined; =female); BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 368 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru (crit.); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 12, 1910 — Peru. Xenopipo subalaris GODMAN, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 10, p. XXVII, 1899 — Guaya- bamba [=Huayabamba ], dept. San Martin (descr. of male and female; types in British Museum examined); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 324, 1906 — Peru (crit.). Range: Tropical Zone of Peru, in depts. Junin (Amable Maria, Garita del Sol) and San Martin (Huayabamba), at altitudes of from 2000 to 5700 feet. Genus CERATOPIPRA Bonaparte. Ceratopipra BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6), 1854 — type by monotypy Pipra cornuta SPIX. Ceratopipra cornuta (Spix). CRESTED MANAKIN. Pipra cornuta SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 5, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1825 — "in sylvis flum. Amazonum" (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum); WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 933 (descr. of type); SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 245, 1848 — Our Village, Kukenam Valley, dist. Yuruari; CABANIS in SCHOM- BURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 696, 1848 — Roraima; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 444, 1856 — Amazon River and British Guiana; BATES, Naturalist on the Amazons, i, p. 254, 1863 — Obidos; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 127, 1868 — Rio Marou, Brazil; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., a, p. 337, 1884 — part, descr. of male and female, British Guiana; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 — Roraima. Pipra iracunda SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 447, 1884 — Roraima, British Guiana (type examined); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 229 — Roraima. Ceratopipra cornuta SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 288, 1888 — Roraima, British Guiana; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 14, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1910 — British Guiana and Lower Amazonia; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 253, 1921 — Roraima. Ceratopipra iracunda SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 288, pi. 19, 1888 — part, spec, a, Roraima; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 14, 1910 — Roraima; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 254, 1921 — Roraima. Range: Eastern Venezuela (El Llagual, Caura River; Kuke- nam Valley, dist. Yuruari); British Guiana (Roraima); northern Brazil (Rio Marou, tributary of the Rio Negro; Obidos, north bank of lower Amazon).1 1Two males from the Rio Marou, Brazil, in the Vienna Museum and a female taken by M. A. Carriker, Jr., on January n, 1910, at El Llagual, Caura, Vene- zuela (Carnegie Museum, No. 33294) agree with others from British Guiana. An example with only a small yellowish-red chin spot and the rest of the throat black like the belly was described as P. iracunda. The type specimen, obtained 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 47 Genus XENOPIPO Cabanis. Xenopipo CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 235, 1847 — type by orig. desig. Xenopipo atronitens CABANIS. * Xenopipo atronitens Cabanis. BLACK MANAKIN. Xenopipo atronitens CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 235, 1847 — British Guiana; idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 697, 1848 — coast forests of British Guiana; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Forte do Sao Joaquim (Rio Branco), Rio Iganna (Rio Negro), and Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 299 — Merum6 Mts. and Mount Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 287, 1888 — Merum6 Mts. and Demerara (British Guiana), Oyapoc ("Cay- enne"), Rio Negro, Rio Iganna, and Borba; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 136, 1908 — Oyapock; HELLMAYR, I.e., 17, p. 308, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 15, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1910 (range); BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 255, 1921 — Berbice River, Abary River, Merume' Mts., and Mount Roraima. Range: British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil (Rio Negro; Rio Branco; Borba, Rio Madeira).1 i: Brazil (Manaos i). Genus TYRANNEUTES Sclater and Salvin.2 Tyranneutes SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, (4), 5, p. 268, 1881 — type by monotypy Tyranneutes brachyurus SCLATER and SALVIN = Pipra virescens PELZELN. *Tyranneutes virescens (Pelzeln).3 OLIVE-GREEN MANAKIN. by the late H. Whitely, Jr., on Mount Roraima, at an altitude of 3500 feet, on June 20, 1883, along with normally-colored males, is certainly but an individual variant of C. cornuta. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima 10. — Venezuela: El Llagual, Caura I. — Brazil: Rio Marou, Rio Negro district 2. 'Material examined. — British Guiana: Rupununi River 3, Merume' Mountains 2. — Brazil: Manaos i; Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco 2; Rio Icanna [=Rio Isana] 2; Borba, Rio Madeira i. *The exceedingly short secondaries and tarsi, together with the delicate toes and relatively large bill, seem to be excellent characters for generic separation. The sexes are alike in coloration and structure. 1 Tyranneutes virescens (PELZELN) is characterized by the large (half-concealed) bright yellow crown patch and by the outermost rectrix being extremely narrowed and shortened, only about half as long as tail, with rigid shaft. Wing 47-51; tail 19-23; bill 9-10. Birds from British Guiana (brachyurus) differ from the type by having less extensive as well as darker, golden yellow rather than lemon yellow, crown patch. Material examined. — Brazil: Manaos (the type) I. — British Guiana: Cama- cusa 8, Bartica Grove 3, Caramang River 2. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra virescens PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 128, 187, Sept., 1868 — part, descr. of adult male only from Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos ], Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined); SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1883, p. 208 (crit.); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 300 — Camacusa, British Guiana; HELLMAYR, Ibis, 1906, p. 42 — Manaos, Brazil, and British Guiana (monog.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 9, 1910 — range; SNETH- LAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 367, 1914 — Obidos and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; BEEBE, Trop. Wild Life in Brit. Guiana, i, p. 134, 1917 — Bartica Grove; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 248, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Tyranneutes brachyurus SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, (4), 5, p. 269, 1881 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana (type examined). [Pipra virescens] Subsp. brachyura SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 303, 1888 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Carimang River, British Guiana (spec, examined). Pipra brachyura BEEBE, Our Search for a Wilderness, pp. 342, 348, 392, 1910 — Aremu, British Guiana (habits). Range: British Guiana, and northern Brazil, north of the Amazon (Obidos; Rio Jamunda, Faro; Mandos). i: British Guiana (Camacusa i). *Tyranneutes stolzmanni (Hellmayr).1 STOLZMANN'S MANAKIN. Pipra stolzmanni HELLMAYR, Ibis, (8), 6, p. 44, 1906 — Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil (monog., range); idem, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 360, 1907 — Paraiso and Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 308, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 9, 1910 (range); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 30, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi, Para; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 367, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Rio Tocantins (Cameta), Cussary, Rio Jamau- chim (Tucunar£), and Rio Tapaj6z (Boim), Brazil; BOND, Auk, 44, p. 563, 1927 — "Patagonia," forty miles east of Pard; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 167, 1928 — Castanhal, Para. Pipra virescens PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 128, 187, 1868 — part, descr. of female and young male, Borba, Rio Madeira and Marabitanas, Rio Negro (spec examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 283 — Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Chamicuros, Peru (spec, examined); TACZA- NOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 345, 1884 — 1 Tyranneutes stolzmanni (HELLMAYR): Similar to T. virescens, but without yellow crown patch or with mere traces of pale yellow at the extreme base of a few feathers; outermost rectrix of normal shape, neither narrowed nor abbreviated, and but slightly shorter than the median; subexternal rectrix as a rule from two to four millimeters shorter than the outermost and third pairs. Material examined. — Venezuela: Nericagua, Orinoco 2; Suapure, Caura River i. — Colombia: Villavicencio i, "Bogota" 15. — Ecuador: Santiago i, Sarayacu 2, Rio Napo 2. — Peru: Yurimaguas i, Xeberos 2, Chamicuros 2, Chya- vetas i, Puerto Bermudez I. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro 2; Borba, Rip Madeira 5; Paraiso, Rio Madeira 2; Maroins, Rio Machados i; Pard i; Peixe-Boi, near Belem 3. 1929. BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 49 Yurimaguas; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Santiago, Ecuador (spec, examined); BERLEPSCH and HAR- TERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, 1902 — Nericagua, Orinoco River, and Suapure, Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 300, 1907 — Bogota (range in part). Pipra sp. ign. SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 751 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru (spec, examined). Pipra virescens Subsp. typica SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 303, 1888 — "Rio Negro" [ =Marabi tanas ], Xeberos, Chamicuros, Chyavetas, Sarayacu (Ecuador), and Bogota. "Pipra virescens an P. stolzmanni" (sic) SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Pard (spec, examined). Tyranneutes stolzmanni CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 248, 1916 — Nericagua, Orinoco, and Caura River, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 532, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jos6, Ecuador, and Rio Tavara, Peru. Range: Amazonian region, from southern Venezuela (Orinoco- Caura basin) and eastern Colombia (Villavicencio) south through eastern Ecuador and northwestern Brazil (Marabitanas, upper Rio Negro) to southeastern Peru (Rio Tavara, Carabaya), and along the south bank of the Amazon through northern Brazil east to the Para district. 2 : Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, Ucayali drainage basin, dept. Junin i); Colombia (Bogota i). Genus MASIUS Bonaparte. Masius BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 175, 1850 — type by monotypy Pipra chrysoptera Lafresnaye. Anticorys CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 90, 1859 — new name for Masius BONAPARTE. *Masius chrysopterus chrysopterus (Lafresnaye). GOLDEN-WINGED MANAKIN. Pipra chrysoptera LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 97, 1843 — Santa F£ de Bogota; idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi. 44, 1843 — same locality; GRAY and MITCHELL, Gen. Birds, i, p. 274, pi. 67 (upper figure), 1846. Masius chrysoptera BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 175, 1850 — Colombia. Masius chrysopterus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogotd; TAC- ZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — Mapoto, Ecuador; PELZELN, MADARASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipridae, p. u, pi. 4, 1887 — Bogotd and eastern Ecuador (monog.); BERLEPSCH, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 — Bogota; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 291, 1888 — Bogota; GOOD- FELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 708 — Baeza, Ecuador (spec, examined); CHAPMAN, 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 483, 1917 — La Candela (east slope of Central Andes, head of Magdalena Valley), Fusugasuga, and Aguadita, Eastern Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 534, 1926 — Macas, lower Sumaco, San Jos6 de Sumaco, Baeza, and below Oyacachi, eastern Ecuador. • Masius chrysopterus chrysopterus HARTERT and HELLMAYR, Ornith. Mo- natsber., u, p. 33, 1903 — Eastern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador (crit.); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 16, 1910 (range). Range: Northwestern Venezuela (Guarico, state of Lara); eastern Colombia (Eastern Andes, and east slope of Central Andes at the head of the Magdalena Valley); eastern Ecuador.1 5: Colombia (Bogotd 5). *Masius chrysopterus coronulatus Sclater. CORONATED MANAKIN. Masius coronulatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 91, 1860 — Nanegal, Ecuador (type examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 247, pi. 19, 1862 — Nanegal; PELZELN, MADARASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 13, 1887 — part, hab. Ecuador only; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 291, 1888 — part, spec, a-i, Nanegal, "Sarayacu," Intac, and "Quito," Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Nanegal; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 14, 1899 — Gualea and Intac; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 708 — Canzacota, Gualea, and Intac; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Ge"og. Arme'e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B6o, 1911 — "Quito," Gualea ; LONNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75. 1922 — Gualea and Nanegal; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 534, 1926 — Nanegal, Gualea, Las Pinas, and Alamor. Masius chrysopterus coronulatus HARTERT and HELLMAYR, Ornith. Monats- ber., ii, p. 34, 1903 — western Ecuador (crit.); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 16, 1910 — western Ecuador. Masius corunulatus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 484, 1917 — part, Gallera (west of Popayan) and Buenavista, Narino, Colombia. Range: Western Ecuador and southwestern Colombia (north to Gallera, west of Popaydn).2 5: Ecuador (Gualea 2, Pachajal i, Ana Maria i, "Quito" i). tips of the crest feathers vary from orange chrome to grenadine red in Bogota skins. Three males from Baeza (Ecuador) are of the dark-crested type, while a single male from Guarico (Venezuela) agrees with the average from Bogota in having the tips flame-scarlet. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 27. — Ecuador: Baeza 4. — Vene- zuela: Guarico, Lara (Carnegie Museum, No. 36888. cfad., Feb. 10, 1911. M. A. Carriker, Jr.) I. 2Two (out of three) adult males from Gallera (Andes west of Popaydn, Cauca) are indistinguishable from topotypes, while the third specimen, like one from Gualea, closely approaches certain individuals of M. c. bellus. Material examined. — Pachajal i, Ana Maria i — Colombia: Gallera 3. — Ecuador: Gualea 6, Nanegal 3, Intac 4, Canzacota 2, "Sarayacu" 2, unspeci- fied 4. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 51 Masius chrysopterus bellus Hartert and Hellmayr.1 BEAUTIFUL MANAKIN. Masius chrysopterus bellus HARTERT and HELLMAYR, Ornith. Monatsber., n, p. 35, 1903 — Riolima, Cauca, Colombia; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 16, 1910 — western Colombia; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1138 — Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, Colombia. Masius coronulatus (not of SCLATER) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 516 — Antioquia [ = Medellfn ] (spec, examined); PELZELN, MADA- RASZ and LORENZ, Monog. Pipr., p. 13, pi. 5, 1887 — part, descr. and hab. Medellin, Colombia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 291, 1888 — part, spec, j, Antioquia. Masius corunulatus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 484, 1917 — part, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cocal (Western Andes), and La Frijolera, lower Cauca, Colombia. Range: Western Andes of Colombia (except the extreme south- erly section). Genus ANTELOPHIA Reichenbach. Metopia (not of MEIGEN, 1803) SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 491, Feb., 1832 — type by orig. desig. Pipr a galeata LICHTENSTEIN. Antilophia REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, 1850 — type Pipra galeata LICHTENSTEIN. *Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein) . HELMETED MANAKIN. Pipra galeata LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 28. 1823 — Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum examined); SWAINSON, Orn. Draw., Part 2, pi. 23, 1834 (=adult male). Pipra wiedii LESSON, Traite" d'Orn., livr. 4, p. 258, Sept., 1830 — no locality given. Metopia galeata BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 440, 1856 — Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Borda do Matto, Irisanga, Paciencia, Rio Parana, and Rio das Pedras (Sao Paulo), Jos6 Dias and Goyaz (Goyaz), and Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 318 — Lagda Santa, Sete Lagdas, and Curvelo, Minas Geraes, and Villa Franca, 1Masius chrysopterus bellus HARTERT and HELLMAYR: Similar to M. c. coronu- latus, but the thick flattened horny ends of the crest english red (instead of to- bacco brown, glossed with golden brown apically). Wing (adult males) 58-60; tail 41-43; bill 7-8. Seven adult males from the central and northern parts of the Western Andes differ noticeably from a series of Ecuadorian skins. However, one from the Heights of Caldas, Valle, and another from Las Lomitas, Cauca, have the tips of the crest feathers decidedly duller and more tinged with brownish, and can hardly be distinguished from certain dark-crested examples of coronulatus. Material examined. — Medellfn, Antioquia i ; Pueblo Rico, San Juan slopes, Choc6 i; Bitaco Valley, Valle 3; La Cumbre, Valle i; Heights of Caldas, Valle i; Riolima, Cauca (the type) i; Las Lomitas, Cauca I. ; OF ILU UK 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. northeastern Sao Paulo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 290, 1888 — part, spec, a-h, Bahia, "Rio," Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer Mus. N.H., 5, p. 107, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Antilophia galeata IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 298, 1902 — Batataes, Sao Paulo (nest descr.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 298, 1907 — Batataes, Franca, and Avanhandava (Sao Paulo), Chapada and Porto do Faya (Matto Grosso); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 55, 1908 — Goyaz and Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 17, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6, 1910 (range); REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 76, 1910; p. 166, 1925 — Santa Philomena, Piauhy (spec, examined). Range: Table-land of central Brazil, from northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso north through western Minas Geraes, western Bahia, and Goyaz to southern Maranhao and Piauhy (Santa Philo- mena).1 7 : Brazil (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes 3 ; Chapada, Matto Grosso 4). Genus CHIROXIPHIA Cabanis.2 Chiroxiphia CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 235, 1847 — type by subs, desig. (Gray, 1855, p. 55) Pipra caudata SHAW. Chiroprion (SCHIFF MS.)3 BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 315 ( = Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 5 ), 1854 — tyPe by monotypy Pipra pareola LINNAEUS. Cercophaena (SCHIFF MS.) BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 ( = Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6 ), 1854 — type by monotypy Pipra linearis BONAPARTE. *Chiroxiphia linearis (Bonaparte).4 LONG-TAILED MANAKIN. Pipra linearis BONAPARTE, P.Z.S.Lond., 5, "1837," p. 113, June, 1838 — Mexico; Gould in HINDS, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Birds, p. 40, pi. 20 (male), 1843 — Realejo, Nicaragua. Pipra fastuosa LESSON, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 174, 1842 — Realejo, Nicaragua; idem, Echo du Monde Savant, 10, No. 40, p. 947, 1843 — Realejo. Chiroxiphia linearis SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 309, 1888 — Guate- mala to Costa Rica; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, ^orty-six specimens, including a female from Santa Philomena, Piauhy, examined. JSee W. DEW. MILLER, A Review of the Manakins of the Genus Chiroxiphia; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, pp. 331-344, 1908. ^Separation of the genus Chiroprion seems impracticable (see MILLER, I.e., p. 340. *C. linearis and C. lanceolata should probably be looked upon as geographic races of C. pareola with strongly pronounced characters. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 53 p. 112, 1890 — Mexico to Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Paso Real and Barranca de TeYraba, Costa Rica; MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, p. 332, 1908 — southern Mexico to Costa Rica (crit.;) HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, pi. 2, fig. 9, 1910 — southern Mexico to Costa Rica. Ckiroprion linearis RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 739, 1907 — southern Mexico to Costa Rica (monog., full bibliography); DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., I, p. 101, 1907 — Mazatenango and Patulul, Guatemala; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 682, 1910 — Pacific slope of Costa Rica (habits). Chiroprion linearis linearis BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 397, 1928 — Chivela and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Range: Southern Mexico (in states of Oaxaca and Chiapas) south through Guatemala, San Salvador, and Nicaragua to the Pacific slope of Costa Rica.1 34: Guatemala (Mazatenango 2, near Patulul, Solola 7); San Salvador (unspecified i); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega 22); Costa Rica (Bebedero i, Bolson i). *Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler). LANCE-TAILED MANAKIN. Pipra lanceolata WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 931 — "Guiana sive Cajenna," errore (type in Munich Museum examined). Pipra pareolides D'ORBIGNY and LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., i, p. 165, 1838 — Carthagena, Colombia. Pipra pareola (not of LINNAEUS) HAHN, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 16, pi. 4 (male), 1829 — "Brazil, Cayenne, Cuba," errore; LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 4, p. 257, pi. 51, fig. i (male), Sept., 1830 — "Br6sil." Pipra melanocephala (not of VIEILLOT, 1820) BONAPARTE, P.Z.S.Lond., 5, "1837," p. 113, 1838 (crit.). Chiroxiphya melanocephala SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 151, 1855 — "Bogota;" idem, I.e., 24, p. 141, 1856 — David, Chiriquf. Chiroxiphia lanceolata CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 96, 1859 — Carthagena, Colombia and Caracas, Venezuela; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 462 — Lion Hill, Panama; SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 150 — Santa Fe", Veragua and David, Chiriqui; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1868, p. 168 — Pilar, Sucre, Venezuela; idem, 1. c., p. 628 — Venezuela; SALVIN, I.e., 1870, p. 200 — Castillo, Calovevora, Chitra, Boquete de Chitra, and Calobre (Veragua), and Mina de Chorcha (Chiriqui); FINSCH, I.e., 1870, p. 574 — "Trinidad" (errore); SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1879, p. 202 — Manaure, Santa Marta; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 309, 1888 — Veragua, Chiriquf, Panama, Manaure, Pilar and San Esteban (Venezuela), 1While this paper was passing through the press, Messrs. BANGS and PETERS (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 397, 1928) have pointed out that, according to the length of the middle rectrices, the species may be subdivided into two races: C, I. linearis (southern Mexico and Guatemala), and C. I. fastuosa (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. "Trinidad"; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 112, 1890 — Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and "Trinidad"; ROBINSON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 672, 1896 — El Valle, Margarita Island (habits, nest and eggs descr.); idem, I.e., p. 684, 1896 — La Guayra, Venezuela; PHELPS, Auk, 14, p. 365, 1897 — Cumanacoa, Venezuela; BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 137, 1898 — Santa Marta; ROBINSON and RICHMOND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 173, 1901 — La Guaira and San Julian, Venezuela; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala and David, Chiriquf; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boquete, Chiriqui; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 155, 1900 — Bonda, Minca, and Cacagualito, Santa Marta; idem, I.e., 21, p. 288, 1905 — Bonda (nest and eggs descr.); CLARK, Auk, 19, p. 263, 1902 — Margarita Island; THAYER and BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 217, 1906 — Sabana de Panama; LOWE, Ibis, 1907, p. 563 — Margarita Island; MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24« P- 334i X9°8 — Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela (crit.); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, pi. 2, fig. 2, pi. 3, fig. 7, 1910 (range); idem and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 86, 1912 — Campanero and San Esteban, Venezuela; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 206, 1913 — Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 334, 1922 — Fundaci6n, Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, and La Tigrera, Santa Marta region; HALLINAN, Auk, 41, p. 319, 1924 — Sosa Hill, Rfo Algarrobo, and Rio Velasquez, Panama (nest and eggs descr.). Chiroxiphia caudata (not Pipra caudata SHAW) LAWRENCE, Ann Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — line of Panama Railroad. Chiroprion lanceolata RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 737, 1907 — Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and "Trinidad" (monog.); CORY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 246, 1909 — Margarita Island; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Cerro de Ancdn, Panama. Range: Panama, west to Chiriqui, including Coiba Island; northern Colombia (Sabanilla; Cartagena; Santa Marta region, south to Santander and Bogota), and northern coast of Venezuela as far east as the Paria Peninsula, state of Sucre.1 23: Colombia (El Guayabal, ten miles north of San Jose* de Ciicuta, Santander 3) ; Venezuela (San Esteban i ; Macuto, Caracas i; Margarita Island 18). "Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica Dalmas.2 TOBAGO MANAKIN. Venezuelan specimens average slightly duller, less blackish underneath, but the divergency is insignificant. There is no reliable record of its occurrence in Trinidad, although trade skins are sometimes — no doubt erroneously — labeled as coming from that island. Material examined. — Panama (Chiriquf and Railroad line) 8. — Colombia: Cartagena 2; Bonda, Santa Marta 5; Bogota 3; El Guayabal 3. — Venezuela: San Esteban 8; Campanero 2; Macuto, Caracas i; Cumanacoa, Bermudez (now Sucre) 6; Guiria, Paria Peninsula 4; Margarita Island 18. 'Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica DALMAS: Similar to C. p. pareola, but decidedly larger; red crest of adult males fuller and longer; female somewhat lighter, particu- 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 55 Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica DALMAS, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 139, 1900 — Tobago; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, 1910 — Tobago. Metopia pareola (not Pipra pareola LINNAEUS) JARDINE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847 — Tobago. Chiroxiphia pareola SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 307, 1888 — part, spec, g, Tobago; CORY, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago. Chiroxiphia atlantica MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 336, 1908 — Tobago (crit.). Range: Island of Tobago. 40: Tobago Island. *Chiroxiphia pareola pareola (Linnaeus). BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN. Pipra pareola LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 339, 1766 — based on BRISSON, EDWARDS, and MARCGRAVE, "Brasilia et Cayana"; DESMAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manak. et Todiers, livr. 4, pi. 50 (adult male), 51, 52 (young males), 1805; livr. 8, pi. 53 (female), 1806 — "Bresil et Caienne" (descr. of plumages); WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 187 (8vo ed., p. 184), 1820 — Barra do Jucu, Espirito Santo; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 418, 1831 — Espirito Santo and Mucuri River; SWAINSON, Ornith. Draw., Part 4, pi. 44 (male, female), 1836 (?); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 442, 1856 — Bahia to Guyana. Manacus superbus PALLAS, Spicil. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 8, pi. 3 fig. i, 1769 — Surinam. Pipra plumata P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 177, 1776 — based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 303, fig. 2 (= young male), Cayenne. Pipra aegithalodes A. H. LICHTENSTEIN, Cat. Rer. Nat. Rar., p. 52, 1793 — based on DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 303, fig. 2, Cayenne. Chiroxiphia pareola CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 695, 1848 — Rupununi River; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Forte do Rio Branco and Para; LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 384 — Para; FORBES, I.e., 1881, p. 344 — Parahyba; SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 300 — British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 307, 1888 — part, spec. a-f,h,i,l-v, British Guiana, Cay- enne, Demerara, Pernambuco, Bahia, "Novo" Friburgo, "Rio Claro, Goyaz," Brazil; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar^m; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 300, 1907 — Bahia and Santare'm; SNETHLAGE, Journ, Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Pard, Santo Antonio do Prata, Our6m (Rio Guama), Marajo, Monte Alegre, Maranhao; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 138, larly more yellowish along the abdominal line. Wing 76-80, (female) 75-78; tail 39-42, (female) 41-44. This well-marked insular race is peculiar to Tobago. The original description is confused as regards the coloration of the female, and also disfigured by a mis- print in the tail measurement which should read 42 instead of 52 mm. Material examined. — Tobago 70. 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 1908 — Cayenne and Roche-Marie, French Guiana; MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 337, 1908 (crit.); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 369, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ilha das Ongas, Quatipuni, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama (Oure"m), Rio Tocantins (Mazagao, Cameta, Baiao, Arumatheua), Rio Tapaj6z (Santare"m, (?) Boim), Maraj6 (Soure, Sant' Anna), Monte Alegre, Serra de Paituna, Maranhao; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. loo, 1920 — Ilhe"os to Belmonte, Bahia; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 256, 1921 — Upper Takutii Mts., Mazaruni River, Abary River, Annai; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910; p. 166, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Anil and Tury-assu, Maranhao. Chiroxiphia longicauda (not Pipra longicauda VIEILLOT) CABANIS in SCHOM- BURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 695, 1848 — "British Guiana" (ex SWAINSON MS.), errore; see HELLMAYR, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 273, 1920. Chiroprion pareola BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 37, 1857 — Cayenne. Chiroxiphia pareola pareola HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 363, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 31, 1907 — Obidos; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 18, 1910 (range); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 31, 90, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acard, and Para localities; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 92, 1916 — Utinga, Para; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 167, 1928 — Rio Capim, Rio Inhangapy, Para; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 334, 1929 — Maranhao. Chiroprion pareola pareola BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern and eastern Brazil, on the north bank of the Amazon west to the Rio Branco, south of the river to the right bank of the Tapaj6z,and extending along the east coast as far south as Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.1 18: French Guiana (Cayenne i); Dutch Guiana (vicinity of Paramaribo i); Brazil, Amazonas (Serra Grande, Rio Branco i, *The locality "Rio Claro, Goyaz" is no doubt erroneous, and it is also ques- tionable whether the species is of regular occurrence in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. It is, however, common along the coast of Bahia and Espirito Santo, specimens from the former state being, so far as I can see, indistinguishable from Guianan ones. South of the lower Amazon, it does not seem to extend be- yond the Tapaj6z, and I expect that the record from Boim (left bank of this river) will prove to be referable to C. p. regina. Like those of the allied races, the females have no red on the crown or any black in the plumage, and the specimens described by Miller were doubtless immature males. Material examined. — French Guiana (Cayenne, Roche-Marie, Saint Jean du Maroni, etc.) 20. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo 3. — British Guiana: Rupu- nuni River 3, Annai I. — Brazil: Upper Rio Branco (Serra da Lua, Forte do Sao Joaquim) 16; Para (and vicinity) 9; Obidos i ; Maranhao 14; Bahia (City of Bahia, Santo Amaro, etc.) 17. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 57 Serra da Lua, Rio Branco i), Maranhao (Anil, Sao Luiz i, Rosario 2, Tury-assii 4), Bahia (Santo Amaro 5, unspecified 2). Chiroxiphia pareola regina Sclater.1 QUEEN MANAKIN. Chiroxiphia regina (NATTERER MS.) SCLATER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 469, 1856 — Borba, Rio Madeira (type in Vienna Museum examined); idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 266, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 251, pi. 20, 1862 — Upper Amazon; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Borba, Rio Madeira, and Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1873, p. 283 — Rio Javarri; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 348, 1884 — Rio Javarri; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 308, 1888 — Rio Javari; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 361, 1907 — Humaytha and Paraiso, Rio Madeira (descr. female); idem, l.c., 17, p. 309, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira, and Maroins, Rio Machados (crit.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, 1910 (range); MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 337, 1908 (crit.); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 369, 1914 — Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz (spec, examined). Range: Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the left bank of the Rio Tapajoz west to the Javari, on the Peruvian border. Chiroxiphia pareola napensis Miller.2 NAPO MANAKIN. Chiroxiphia napensis MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 338, pi. 25, 1908 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. Pipra cornuta (not of SPIX) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo (spec, in British Museum examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 751; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 282 — Chyavetas, Peru (spec, examined). Chiroxiphia pareola (not Pipra pareola LINNAEUS) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 307, 1888 — part, spec, j, k, Sarayacu (spec, examined); ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Napo, Ecuador. ^Chiroxiphia pareola regina SCLATER: Similar to C. p. napensis, but vertical crest of adult male lemon or gamboge yellow instead of red; female much darker and more uniform green below than those of C. p. pareola and C. p. atlantica. Wing 69-74, (female) 67-71; tail 32-36, (female) 34-36; bill 9-10. Two males from Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z agree with a series from the Rio Madeira. Material examined. — Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z 2. — Rio Madeira, Borba (in- cluding the type) 4, Calama 5, Paraiso 2, Humaytha 5; Maroins, Rio Machados i. — Manaqueri, Rio Solimoes 2. *Chiroxiphia pareola napensis MILLER: Similar to C. p. pareola and of about the same proportions except for the relatively larger bill; but vertical crest of adult male lighter, scarlet vermilion rather than crimson; back much darker azure-blue; legs and feet reddish instead of yellowish. Female not certainly distinguishable from that of C. p. regina. Wing (males) 69-72; tail 32-34; bill 10. A bird, marked "male," in the green plumage, from Loretoyacu, on the north bank of the Maran6n near Pebas, agrees with a female from the Rio Napo, while a young male, obtained by E. Bartlett at Chyavetas in August 1866, has the few fresh feathers just appearing in the middle of the crown of a lighter, more orange- vermilion tone than birds from Sarayacu. Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2, Rio Napo 3. — Peru: Loretoyacu i, Chyavetas I. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Ceratopipra iracunda (not of SALVIN and GODMAN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 288, 1888 — part, spec, b-d, Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Chyavetas and Loretoyacu, Peru (spec, examined). Chiroxiphia pareola napensis HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, 1910 — Rio Napo, Sarayacu, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 484, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 534, 1926 — Rio Napo, Rio Suno, and below San Jos£, Ecuador. Range: Southeastern Colombia (Comisaria del Caqueta); east- ern Ecuador; and northeastern Peru (Loretoyacu, near Pebas, Rio Maran6n; Chyavetas). Chiroxiphia pareola boliviana Allen.1 BOLIVIAN MANAKIN. Chiroxiphia pareola boliviana ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 87, 1889 — Yungas, Bolivia; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, p. 114, 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, Peru; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19 1910 — southeastern Peru and Bolivia. Chiroxiphia pareola (not Pipra pareola LINNAEUS) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 617 — Nairapi and Tilotilo, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 307, 1888 — part, spec, w-d', Tilotilo and Nairapi, Bolivia. Metopia galeata (not of LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 617 — Simacu, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 290, 1888 — part, spec, i, Simacu (specimen in British Museum examined ; = female). Chiroxiphia boliviana MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 339, pi. 25, 1908 — Yungas, Santa Cruz (near Apolobamba), and Quebrada Onda, Bolivia (crit.). Range: Southeastern Peru and Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz). *Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw and N odder). AZARA'S LONG-TAILED MANAKIN. Pipra caudata SHAW and NODDER, Natur. Misc., 5, pi. 153, 1793 — "in the warmer parts of South America"; THUNBERG, M6m. Ac. Sci. St. Petersb., 8, p. 284, pi. 7, fig. i (adult male), 1822 — Brazil; SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 5, 1 Chiroxiphia pareola boliviana ALLEN: Similar to C. p. pareola, but with much smaller, slenderer bill, and much longer tail, the rectrices being also decid- edly broader; black frontlet wider; vertical crest much more restricted and of a darker crimson color; blue of mantle duller; legs and feet darker, reddish rather than yellowish flesh color, with the feathering extending down to the heel-joint. Wing 69^-75; tail 46-53; bill 9-10. Material examined. — Peru: Huaynapata, Marcapata 3. — Bolivia: San An- tonio, Yungas of La Paz 2 ; Simacu I ; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba 7 ; Santa Cruz 4. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 59 pi. 6, fig. i (adult male), 2 (young male), 1825 — "Rio Solimoens," errore; SWAINSON, Orn. Draw., Part 4, pi. 45 (male, female), 1836 (?) — Brazil; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 441, 1856 — Brazil; EULER, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 223, 1867 (nest and eggs descr.). Pipra longicauda VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 19, p. 163, 1818 — based on AZARA, No. 112, Paraguay; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 413, 1831 — Jiboya, Bahia; KITTLITZ, Kupfert. Naturg. V6gel, Part 2, p. 14, pi. 18, fig. 2 (male), 1832; BONAPARTE, P.Z.S.Lond., 5, "1837," p. 113, 1838 (char.). Pipra viridis THUNBERG, Me"m. Ac. Sci. St. P£tersb., 8, p. 285, pi. 8, fig. 3 (female), 1822 — Brazil. Pipra ignicapilla WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 931 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum examined); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, 1910 — Brazil. Ckiroxiphia caudata PELZELN, Reise Novara, Zool., i, Vogel, p. 79, 1865 — on the trail to the Corcovado, Rio; idem, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro, Ypanema, and Ytarare1 (Sao Paulo), Cury- tiba (Parana); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 319 — Minas Geraes; HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 305 — S&o Paulo; PELZELN, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; WHITE, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 608 — San Javier, Misiones; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 138, 1885 — Taquara, Arroio Grande, and Linha Pirajd, Rio Grande do Sul; SCLATER and HUDSON, Arg. Orn., i, p. 161, 1888 — banks of the Uruguay, Misiones; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 310, 1888 — "Novo" Friburgo, "Rio Claro, Goyaz," Santa F6 (Minas Geraes), S5o Paulo, Rio, Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones; BOUCARD and BERLEPSCH, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 45, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio; SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. ii, 1895 — Ajos, Paraguay; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 208, 1899 — Ypiranga, Piquete, Iguape", and Piracicaba, S5o Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, I.e., 5, p. 298, 1902 (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 301, 1907 — Ypiranga, Campos do Jordao, MattHo, Franca, Itarare1, Alto da Serra, Piracicaba, IguapS, and Ubatuba (Sao Paulo), Vargem Alegre (Minas Geraes); MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 24, p. 340, 1908 (crit.); CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 599 — Sapucay, Paraguay (plumages descr.); HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 206, 1909 — Piray, Misiones; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., 18, p. 313, 1910 — Misiones; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 19, pi. 2, fig. i, 1910 (range); CHROSTOWSKI, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 483, 498, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 323, 1912 — Villa Rica, Paraguay; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; MENEGAUX, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., No. 115, p. 334, 1918 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones; PINTO-PEIXOTO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 262, 1924 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 178, 1926 — Vermelho, Parana; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 309, 1928 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Misiones).1 1 1 : Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo i ; Sao Paulo 2 ; Rio das Velhas, near Lagda Santa, Minas Geraes 4); Argentina, Misiones (Puerto Segundo 2, Rio Paranay 2). Genus ILICURA Reichenbach. Ilicura REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 63, 1850 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, 1855) Pipra militaris SHAW. Hicura BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 (=Consp. Voluc. Ani- sod., p. 6), 1854 — emendation. Heilicura SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 320, 1882 — emendation. Helicura SCLATER Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 311, 1888 — emendation. Illicura BOUCARD and BERLEPSCH, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 45, 1892 — emen- dation.. *Ilicura militaris (Shaw and N odder). MILITARY MANAKIN. Pipra militaris SHAW and NODDER, Natur. Misc., 20, pi. 849, 1808 — South America, we suggest vicinity of Rio de Janeiro; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 441, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; PELZELN, Reise Novara, Zool., I, Vogel, p. 79, 1865 — Corcovado, near Rio de Janeiro. Pipra rubrifrons VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 19, p. 161, 1818 — "1'Amerique meridionale."* Pipra oxyura NORDMANN in ERMAN'S Reise, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 12, pi. 9, figs. 1,2, 1835 — Brazil. Ilicura militaris PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 129, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro and Capivari (Rio), Ypanema, Sao Paulo; HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 305 — Sao Paulo; PELZELN, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 311, 1888 — Rio de Janeiro, "Novo" Friburgo, Santa F6 (Minas Geraes), and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" [= Sao Paulo ]; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 208, 1899 — Ypiranga and Iguape', Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 301, 1907 — Ypiranga, Iporanga, Alto da Serra, and Ubatuba, Sao Paulo; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 20, pi. 2, fig. 4, 1910 (range); idem, Verh. 1Birds from Paraguay appear to be identical with others from Brazil. The type of P. ignicapilla is nothing but an individual variant with golden yellow in- stead of scarlet cap. Twenty-nine specimens from Brazil (Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and Misiones examined. *Pipra melanocephala (not of P. L. S. MULLER, 1776) VIEILLOT (Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., i, livr. 89, p. 389, 1820 — "1'ile de la Trinite"), according to the description, resembles /. militaris, but lacks the red frontal patch, while the outer webs of the secondaries are rufous ("rousses") instead of olive green. No such bird has ever been found on the island of Trinidad or anywhere else, nor does the type exist in the Paris Museum. The name is at any rate preoccupied by MtJLLER. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 61 Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 137, 1915 — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo. Chiroxiphia militaris REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 320 — Lag6a Santa and Sete Lagdas, Minas Geraes, and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Itticura militaris BOUCARD and BERLEPSCH, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 45, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio. Range: Southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo and Minas Geraes south to Santa Catharina.1 i : Brazil (Sao Paulo i). Genus CORAPIPO Bonaparte. Corapipo BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 316 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 6 ), 1854 — type by monotypy Pipra gutturalis LINNAEUS. Coropipo CABAMS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 94, 1859 — emendation. *Corapipo gutturalis (Linnaeus). WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN. Pipra gutturalis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 340, 1766 — based on "Le Manakin & gorge blanche" BRISSON, Ornith., 4, p. 444, pi. 36, fig. i, 1760 — "in America," hab. subst. Cayenne (auct. BERLEPSCH, 1908); DES- MAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Man. et Todiers, pi. 63 (male), 65 (young male), 1805-6 — Cayenne; WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 935 (descr.); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 300 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merum6 Mts., and Mount Roraima, Brit. Guiana; W. SCLATER, I.e., 1887, p. 318 — Maccasseema, Brit. Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 301, 1888 — Cayenne, Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mts., Camacusa; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 138, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 191, 1910 — Surinam. Pipra ptrspicUlata, WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 935 — based on DESMAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Man. et Todiers, pi. 65, Cayenne (= young male ). Corapipo gutturalis HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 21, 1910 — Cayenne and British Guiana; BEEBE, Trop. Wild Life in Brit. Guiana, I, p. 134, 1917 — Bartica Grove; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 259, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana.2 6: British Guiana (Camacusa 3, Caramang River 3). *Corapipo leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Sclater).3 COLOMBIAN WHITE- THROATED MANAKIN. 'Material examined. — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo i ; Rio de Janeiro 3; Capivari, near Rio i; Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, Rio 10; Rio Jprdao, near Araguary, Minas Geraes 3; Ipanema, Sao Paulo 3; Sao Paulo i; Blumenau, Santa Catharina i. "Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 3. — British Guiana: Cama- cusa 6, Caramang River 3, Roraima 2. 'Corapipo I. leucorrhoa (SCLATER) is characterized by the outermost primary being reduced to a narrow lanceolate feather, not exceeding 14 to 16 mm. in 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra leucorrhoa SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1863, p. 63, pi. 10, 1863 — Bogota (type in British Museum examined); BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 305, 1884 — Bucaramanga (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 301, 1888 — part, spec, p, q, Bogota; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 2, p. ill, 1890 — part, Colombia. Corapipo leucorrhoa leucorrhoa HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 21, 1910 — Bogota, Bucaramanga, and Primavera, Colombia; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 754, 1907 — Colombia (char.). Corapipo leucorrhoa CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 484, 1917 — El Consuelo and Honda, Magdalena Valley, and San Antonio, Western Andes, Colombia. Range: Tropical and lower Subtropical Zone of Colombia (Bucaramanga, El Consuelo, and Honda, Magdalena Valley; Bogotd; San Antonio, near Pavas, La Maria, Dagua Valley, and Primavera, Western Andes, dept. Cauca). i: Colombia (Bogota i). *Corapipo leucorrhoa altera Hellmayr.1 COSTA RICAN WHITE- THROATED MANAKIN. Corapipo leucorrhoa altera HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 84, 1906 — part, type from Carrillo, eastern Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 755, 1907 — Panama to eastern Nicaragua, excl. Guaitil (monogr., full bibliography); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 21, pi. i, fig. 2, 1910 — part, Panama, Veragua, Costa Rica, and Nica- ragua; idem, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 87, 1910 — eastern Costa Rica; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 457, 1928 — Boquete Trail, Panama. Pipra leucorrhoa (not of SCLATER) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santa F6 de Veragua and Tucurriquf, Costa Rica (descr. female); idem, l.c., 1870, p. 200 — part, Calovevora and Laguna de Castillo, Veragua; LAW- RENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 116, 1868 — part, Cervantes and length, while the fifth and sixth primaries form the tip of the wing. I notice some variation in the proportions of the third to the sixth primaries in different individ- uals, but the series examined is not large enough to ascertain whether this is of geographical significance. Material examined. — Bogota 4; Bucaramanga i; Primavera, Cauca 2; near Pavas, Western Andes 4; La Maria, Dagua Valley i. 1 Corapipo leucorrhoa altera HELLMAYR: Male similar to C. I. leucorrhoa in having the posterior border of the white throat patch nearly straight; but under parts duller, less glossed with steel-blue; wing-formula very different, the fourth primary being longest, and the outermost about half as long as wing, neither conspicuously narrowed nor lanceolate. Wing of adult males 58^-60 (eastern Costa Rica), 60 (Veraguas), 57-59 (Mount Sapo, Darie"n); tail 31-33 (Costa Rica), 32 (Veraguas), 27-30 (Dari6n); bill 8-8K- Specimens from eastern Panama and Choc6, Colombia are slightly smaller than a topotypical series. Material examined. — Eastern Costa Rica (Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, etc.) 12. — Veraguas i. — Panama: Mount Sapo, Darie"n 4. 1929. BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 63 Angostura, Costa Rica; SALVIN, Ibis, 1872, pp. 313, 318 — Chontales, Nica- ragua; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 66 — Cervantes and Juan Vinas, Costa Rica; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. C.R., i, p. 118, 1887 — part, Naranjo de Cartago and Chirripo, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 301, 1888 — part, spec, a-m, Chontales, Nicaragua; Angostura, Tucur- riquf; Santa F6, Calovevora, Chitra, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. in, 1890 — part, Chontales, Tucurriqui, Angos- tura, Laguna de Castillo, Boquete de Chitra, Calvevora, Santa Fe"; CHER- RIE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 536, 1891 — Costa Rica (descr. of female and young male); UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Miravelles, Costa Rica. Corapipo altera altera CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 678, 1910 — Carib- bean slope and extreme northwestern Pacific slope of Costa Rica (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 485, 1917 — Baud6 Mts., Choc6, Colombia; BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 215, 1922 — Mount Sapo, DariSn (spec, examined); GRISCOM, I.e., 69, p. 179, 1929 — Cana, Darie"n. Range : Eastern Nicaragua ; Caribbean slope and extreme north- western Pacific slope of Costa Rica; Veraguas1; Panama; and coast district of northwestern Colombia (Baud6 Range, Choco). i : Panama (Veraguas i). *Corapipo leucorrhoa heteroleuca Hellmayr.2 PACIFIC WHITE- THROATED MANAKIN. Corapipo leucorrhoa heteroleuca HELLMAYR, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 87, March, 1910 — Boquete, Chiriquf. Corapipo altera albibarbis CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 679, August, 1910 — Guaitil, southwestern Costa Rica (crit., range). Pipra leucorrhoa (not of SCLATER) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 116, 1868 — part, Guaitil, Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 200 — part, Volcan de Chiriquf and Bugaba; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — part, Pozo Azul de Pirris and Guaitil, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 301, 1888 — part, spec. n,o, Bugaba and southern slope of Volcan de Chiriquf; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. in, 1890 — part, Guaitil (Costa Rica), Chiriquf and Bugaba (Panama); CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1890 — 91, p. 36, 1893 — Palmar and Boruca; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama. Corapipo leucorrhoa altera (not of HELLMAYR) RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 755, 1907 — part, Guaitil, Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 'Mr. L. Griscom (in litt.) states that this form is the only one found in Veraguas, ranging as far west as Cerro Flores in extreme eastern Chiriqui. tCorapipo leucorrhoa heteroleuca HELLMAYR: Agreeing with C. I. altera in shape of wing, but adult male easily distinguished by the different form of the white throat patch, the posterior border of which is deeply indented medially towards the chin, giving the impression of an inverted V. Wing 58-62; tail 31-34; bill 8-9. Material examined. — Southwestern Costa Rica (Boruca, Guayabo, Pozo Azul de Pirris, etc.) 14. — Panama: Boquete 4, Chiriquf 5. 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca and Paso Real, Costa Rica; FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica. Range: Southwestern Costa Rica and adjacent section of Panama (Bugaba, Boquete, Volcan de Chiriqui, western Chiriqui). 7: Costa Rica (Boruca 3, Guayabo i); Panama (Boquete i, Chiriqui 2). Genus MANACUS Brisson. Manacus BRISSON, Orn., 4, p. 442, 1760 — type by tautonomy "Manacus" BRISSON = Pipra manacus LINNAEUS. Chiromachaeris CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 235, 1847 — type by monotypy Pipra manacus LINNAEUS. *Manacus manacus trinitatis (Hartert).1 TRINIDAD MANAKIN. Chiromachaeris manacus trinitatis HARTERT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 29, p. 63, 1912 — Chaguaramas, Trinidad. Pipra gutturalis (not of LINNAEUS) LEOTAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 253, 1866 — Trinidad. Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, p. 87 — Trinidad; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec, f-h, Trinidad. Manacus manacus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 6, p. 45, 1894 — Princes- town, Trinidad; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., i, p. 190, 1906 — Aripo, Trinidad. Manacus manacus manacus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., I, p. 34, 1899 — part, Trinidad; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., i, p. 364, 1908 — Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; (?) BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), I, p. 94, 1909 — north of Guanoco, Orinoco delta, Venezuela. Chiromachaeris manacus manacus HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 27, 1906 — Caparo, Laventille, Valencia, and Chaguaramas, Trinidad; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 22, 1910 — part, Trinidad. Range: Island of Trinidad, and possibly the delta of the Ori- noco in northeastern Venezuela. 3: Trinidad (Port of Spain i, unspecified 2). lManacus manacus trinitatis (HARTERT): Very similar to M. m. manacus, but averaging larger, with heavier (though not always longer) bill, and under parts whiter, only the flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts being pale gray, the latter more extensively tipped with white; female distinguishable only by larger bill and slightly greater dimensions. Wing (adult male) 54-55, rarely 52 or 53; tail 32-35, once 31; bill 11-12. This form I have seen only from Trinidad where it is widely distributed. It is, however, possible that birds from the Orinoco delta belong likewise to this race. Unfortunately, the specimens secured by Beebe at Guanoco cannot be found. Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo 24, Laventille 2, Chaguaramas I, Aripo 3, Port of Spain i. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 65 *Manacus manacus manacus (Linnaeus'). WHITE-BEARDED MAN- AKIN. Pipra manacus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 340, 1766 — based on EDWARDS (Glean. Nat. Hist., i, p. 107, pi. 260, sup. fig., Surinam) and BRISSON (Orn., 4, p. 442, 1760, Cayenne, excl. syn. MARCGRAVE and hab. "Brasilia"), we accept Surinam as type locality; SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 490, 1848 — Sand hills of the Demerara River. Pipra melanocephala P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 177, 1776 — evidently based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 303, fig. i, Cayenne. Manacus edwardsi BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 171, 1850 — based on ED- WARDS, pi. 260, sup. fig., Surinam, and DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 302, fig. i.1 Manacus gutturosus (not Pipra gutturosa DESMAREST) BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 37, 1857 — Cayenne. Chiromachaeris manacus CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 696, 1848 — Demerara River; SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 252, 1862 — Cayenne; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 130, 1868 — part, Barra do Rio Negro [= Manaos] (spec, examined); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec, a-e, British Guiana, Cayenne, Bartica Grove, and Camacusa; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Saint-Georges d'Oyapock, French Guiana; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 138, 318, 1908 — Cayenne, Roche-Marie, Ipousin, R. Approuague, Saint-Georges d'Oyapock, Maroni, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 369, 1914 — Monte Alegre, Obidos, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 261, 1921 — numerous localities. Chiromachaeris gutturosa(us) (errore) Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 153 — Counany, Brazil; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Maroni, French Guiana. Manacus manacus manacus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, i, p. 34, 1899 — part, Guianas; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — Paramaribo, Lelydorp, Rijsdijkweg, Surinam. Chiromachaeris manacus manacus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 22, 1910 — part, Guianas and northern Brazil; BEEBE, Trop. Wild Life, i, p. 134, 1917 — Bartica Grove. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil, south to the north bank of the lower Amazon, west to Mandos.2 2: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River 2). ^aubenton's "Manakin du Bre'sil" (pi. 302, fig. i) is clearly a copy of Ed- wards's "Black-capped Manakin" (pi. 260, upper figure), with a wrongly assigned habitat. *Birds from the north bank of the Amazon (Monte Alegre, Manaos) agree perfectly with a series from French and Dutch Guiana. Adult males from various localities in British Guiana appear to me likewise indistinguishable, showing the characteristic short wing tip, the grayish suffusion on breast and belly, as well as the black mottling in the white nuchal collar and postocular region. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 7, Saint Jean du Maroni I, Roche-Marie 10, Approuague 3. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo 5, "Surinam" 3. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove 2, Mazaruni River i, Demerara River 5. — Brazil: Monte Alegre i, Manaos 2. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Manacus manacus purus Bangs.1 LOWER-AMAZONIAN MANAKIN. Manacus manacus purus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., I, p. 36, 1899 — Santare"m, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 31, 90, 1912 — Marco da Legua, Para (Para localities); REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 166, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Rio Guama, Rio Muraiteua, Para. Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) SCLATER and SAL- VIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 130, 1868 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined); LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 384 — Para; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec, j, k, Para; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499 — Capim River; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Para, Santo Antonio, Capim River. Manacus manacus RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Diamantina, near Santare"m; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. loo, 1910 — Maranhao. Chiromachaeris manacus purus HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 363, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Marco da Legua, and Magoary, Para (crit.); idem, I.e., 17, p. 310, 1910 — range in part, Borba to Maranhao; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, pi. i, fig. i, 1910 — part, Maranhao to lower Madeira; IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 302, 1907 — Santare"m; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 370, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Santa Izabel, Quati-puni, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Capim (Araproaga), Rio Tocantins (Cameta, Baiao, Arumatheua), Tamacury, and Rio Tapaj6z (Boim); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 92, 1916 — Utinga, Para; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 335, 1929 — Maranhao. Chiromachaeris gutturosus (not Pipra gutturosa DESMAREST) IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 302, 1907 — part, Maioba, Maranhao. Range: Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from northern Maranhao west to the lower Rio Madeira (Borba).2 9: Brazil, Para (Utinga 2); Maranhao (Tury-assu 4, Rosario 3). 1 Manacus manacus purus BANGS: Differs in the male sex from M. m. mana- cus by reason of much longer wing tip (8 to 12 instead of 4 to 6J^ mm.); wider white nuchal band, without any black mottling; less black on the back; more extensive slate gray uropygial area; pure white middle of the abdomen and under tail coverts. Birds from Maranhao are identical with those from the Para region. Three adult males from Borba, lower Rio Madeira, show a certain tendency towards the characters of M. m. subpurus on the under parts, but by their slightly shorter wing tip (7 to 8 mm.) and grayish-tinged under tail coverts they diverge in the direction of M . m. manacus. Material examined. — Maranhao: Miritiba 7, Tury-assu 4, Rosario 3. — Para: Para 5, Marco da Legua 3, Magoary (E.F.B.) 2, Santo Antonio do Prata 9. — Amazonas: Borba, lower Madeira 3. 2While this was passing through the press, Mr. TODD (Proc. Bipl. Soc. Wash., 41, p. in, 1928) has separated the birds of the Para region (Benevides) as M. m. purissimus, basing the distinction on the more extensively white upper back and IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR. 6j Manacus manacus subpurus Cherrie and Reichenberger.1 MATTO GROSSO MANAKIN. Manacus manacus subpurus CHERRIE and REICHENBERGER, Amer. Mus. Novit., 58, p. 4, 1923 — Tapirapoan, Siputuba River, Matto Grosso (type examined). Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 130, 1868 — part, Engenho do Gama and Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Chiromachaeris manacus purus (not of BANGS) HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 309, 1910 — part, Calama, Jamarysinho and Santa Izabel, Rio Preto, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — part, Rio Madeira to Matto Grosso. Range: Central Brazil, in northern Matto Grosso, extending along the Rio Madeira as far north as the junction of the Rio Ma- chados. Manacus manacus interior Chapman? UPPER AMAZONIAN MANAKIN. Manacus manacus interior CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 624, 1914 — Villa vicencio, eastern Colombia (type) and Maripa, lower Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 36, p. 486, 1917 — Villa vicencio; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 249, 1916 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, and Maripa, Caura, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 535, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jos6, Ecuador. Chiromachaeris gutturosa (not Pipra gutturosa DESMAREST) SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador. correspondingly reduced black area above. The specimens from Borba, men- tioned above, no doubt belong to M. m. purus, as defined by Mr. TODD. The range of the latter form would thus seem to be restricted to western Lower Am- azonia, extending from the Tapaj6z to the lower Rio Madeira, while birds from east of the Tocantins should be called M. m. purissimus 1 Manacus manacus subpurus CHERRIE and REICHENBERGER: Closely similar to M. m. purus, but black dorsal area much more extensive; gray uropygial zone consequently more restricted, also darker in tone; flanks more strongly washed with darker gray. Wing (adult male) 51-53; tail 29-31 ; bill 9-9^- Material examined. — Matto Grosso: Tapirapoan, Siputuba River (the type) i; Mutum Cavallo r; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore' 2; Sao Vicente i. — Rio Madeira: Calama i, Santa Izabel 3, Jamarysinho i. 1 Manacus manacus interior CHAPMAN: In the male sex somewhat intermedi- ate between M. m. manacus and M. m. abditivus, combining, as it does, the loose, soft "chin-beard" and immaculate white nuchal collar of the former with the gray abdomen of the latter ; differing, however, from both by reason of somewhat larger size and much longer wing tip (9 to n, instead of 4 to 6 % mm.), while the belly is even more uniform and darker gray than in abditivus. Wing (male) 52-55; tail 31-34- Birds from eastern Colombia, the Napo region, and a single male from Iqui- tos, Peru, agree very well together. Two from the Caura Valley are likewise wholly typical of this race, while one from Barcellos, Rio Negro, by its less grayish abdomen and slightly mottled postocular region, forms the transition to M. m. manacus. Material examined. — Colombia: Villayicencio (including the type) 2, "Bo- gota" 9. — Ecuador: Rio Napo 4, Gualaquiza i. — Peru: Iquitos I. — Venezuela, Caura Valley: La Uni6n I, Maripa 2. — Brazil: Barcellos, Rio Negro i. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Manacus edwardsi (not of BONAPARTE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 151, 1855 — Bogota. Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 130, 1868 — part, Barcellos, Rio Negro (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 567 — Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 751 — Chya- vetas; p. 978 — Pebas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 283 — Nauta, Chyavetas, Pebas, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 349, 1884 — Nauta, Pebas, Chyavetas, Balza- Puerto, Yurimaguas, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec. i,l,q,r, Pebas, Sarayacu, "Bogota"; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — part, Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador; BER- LEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 53, 1902 — Maipures, Rfo Orinoco, and La Uni6n, Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined). Manacus manacus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 73, 1889 — Rfo Napo; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Geog. Arme"e Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. B6i, 1911 — part, eastern Ecuador. Manacus manacus manacus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., i, p. 34, 1899 — part, Pebas, Peru. Chiromachaeris manacus manacus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 22, 1910 — part, Orinoco region to eastern Ecuador and south to Pebas, Peru. Range: Upper Amazonia, from the eastern slope of the Andes in Colombia through eastern Ecuador to northern Peru, east to the Caura Valley, Venezuela, and the upper stretches of the Rio Negro, northwestern Brazil (Barcellos). *Manacus manacus abditivus Bangs.1 SANTA MARTA MANAKIN. Manacus manacus abditivus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, I, p. 35, 1899 — Santa Marta, Colombia; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 155, 1900 — Bonda, Minca, Cacagualito, Donama [ =Don Amo], Masinga Vieja, and Jordan, Santa Marta region; idem, I.e., 21, p. 287, 1905 — Don Diego (nest and eggs descr.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 485, 1917 — Puerto Valdivia, Medellm, and Malena, lower Magdalena, Colombia; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 336, 1922 — Minca, Buritaca, Don Diego, Mamatoco, La Tigrera, Agua Dulce, Las Vegas, Loma Larga, Chirua, San Miguel, La Concepci6n, and Fundacion, Santa Marta region. Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 517 — Remedies and Neche; SALVIN and GODMAN, 1 Manacus manacus abditivus BANGS: Nearest to M. m. manacus and wing tip hardly longer (6 to 8 mm.), but easily distinguished by more elongated as well as more rigid "chin-beard," darker gray abdomen, and by lacking the black mottling on postocular region and nuchal collar. Wing (adult male) 51-54; tail 28-32. Two males from Remedies have the white areas of the plumage very faintly tinged with yellowish, suggesting intergradation with M. m. flaveolus, the form found in the upper Magdalena Valley. Material examined. — Colombia, Santa Marta region: Masinga Vieja I, Don Amo I, Minca 5, Bonda 3; Remedies, lower Cauca 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 69 Ibis, 1880, p. 169 — Minca, Santa Marta region; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec, s-u, Remedies, Minca. Manacus manacus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 137, 1898 — Santa Marta. Chiromachaeris manacus abditivus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — part, Santa Marta. Range : Northern Colombia, from the Santa Marta region south to the lower Cauca (Puerto Valdivia, Medellin) and lower Magda- lena River (Malena). i: Colombia (Santa Marta i). *Manacus manacus flaveolus Cassin.1 YELLOWISH MANAKIN. Manacus flaveolus CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1851, p. 349 — Bogota; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 151, 1855 — Bogota. Pipra flavitincta SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 20, "1852," p. 34, pi. 48, pub. Dec., 1853— Santa Fe de Bogotd. Chiromachaeris flaveola BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 305, 1884 — Bucara- manga (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 315, 1888 — Bogota, Bucaramanga; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — Bogota and Bucaramanga. Manacus manacus abditivus (not of BANGS) STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1899, p. 306 — Honda. Manacus manacus flaveolus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 486, 1917 — Honda and Chicoral, upper Magdalena Valley (spec, examined). Range : Arid Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena Valley, in eastern Colombia. 2: Colombia (Bogota 2). Manacus manacus bangs! Chapman? BANGS'S MANAKIN. 1 Manacus manacus flaveolus CASSIN: Nearest to M. m. abditivus, but the white portions of the plumage tinged with pale yellowish; rump slate olive instead of slate gray; abdomen olive gray. Wing (adult male) 49-53; tail 27-31. The wing tip in this race is somewhat longer than in M. m. abditivus, thus more like the Pacific forms. Males from Bogota and Chicoral (near Girardot) are strongly tinged with yellow (about naphthalene or sulphur yellow), and have the "chin-beard" hardly more developed than in M. m. manacus, while those from Honda in the latter respect resemble M. m. abditivus, which they also approach in their less yellowish coloring. Material examined. — Bogota 14; Bucaramanga i; Chicoral, Coello River, Tolima 4; Honda i; within twenty miles of Honda 5. *Manacus manacus bangsi CHAPMAN: Very similar to M. m. leucochlamys, but posterior under parts darker gray, this color sharply defined against the white chest, and "chin- beard" less elongated; female much darker green underneath than the neighboring races, and in coloration much like M. m. gutturosus, from which it is, of course, easily distinguished by its much shorter tail, narrower, less falcate outer primaries, and rather longer wing tip. Wing (adult male) 52-53; tail 25^-27- This race differs from M. m. abditivus, in the male sex, by shorter tail, more pointed wing, and much darker gray, strongly defined abdominal area, while in 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Manacus manacus bangsi CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 625, 1914 — Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 486, 1917 — Bar- bacoas. Range: Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast of southwestern Colombia (Barbacoas, state of Narino). *Manacus manacus leucochlamys Chapman.1 WEST ECUADORIAN MANAKIN. Manacus manacus leucochlamys CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 626, 1914 — Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem I.e., 55, p. 535, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Manavi, and Bucay. Manacus manacus maximus CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 7, 1924 — Alamor, prov. Loja, southwestern Ecuador; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55. P- 535. X926 — Naranjo, Bucay, Chimbo, Rios Chimbo and Coco, Rio Jubones, La Chonta, Santa Rosa, and Alamor. Chiromachaeris manacus (not Pipra manacus LINNAEUS) SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 28, p. 89, 1860 — Nanegal; p. 279 — Babahoyo; p. 296 — Esmeraldas; BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1883, p. 559 — Chimbo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 313, 1888 — part, spec, m-p, Santa Rita, Nanegal, Ecuador; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 488, 1898 — Paramba, Cachavf, Chimbo; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. !5> J899 — part, Rfo Peripa; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 709 — "Archidona," errore, = western Ecuador. Manacus manacus manacus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., i, p. 34, 1899 — part, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Manacus manacus MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. B6i, 1911 — part, Gualea. the development of the gular feathers it is intermediate between M. m. abditivus and M. m. leucochlamys. The deep slate gray belly reminds one of M. m. gut- turosus, from which it can easily be told, however, by much shorter tail, nar- rower, less falcate outer primaries, and longer wing tip (fully 10 mm. long). Material examined. — Colombia: Barbacoas, Narino 5. 1 Manacus manacus leucochlamys CHAPMAN: Male similar to M. m. interior, but with shorter tail; white nuchal collar wider; black dorsal area more restricted; slate gray of upper tail coverts spreading all over the rump ; posterior under parts on average more whitish; wing tip and "chin- beard" as in M. m. interior. Further subdivision of the west-Ecuadorian race seems to me impracticable, though males from Chimbo and southwards are as a rule somewhat whiter be- neath, certain specimens recalling M. m. trinitatis. I do not find any constant difference in dimensions between skins from the north and south, although it must be admitted that two from Alamor have the wings one or two millimeters longer than any other example seen by me. Length of wing (adult males). — Prov. Esmeraldas (San Javier, Paramba, etc.) 51-55 (twelve); Gualea 53-55 (three); Bucay 52-54 (four); Chimbo 53-55 (three); Ana Maria, Quevedo, prov. Guayas 54; Alamor, prov. Loja, 56, 57 (two). An interesting individual variant, secured by G. Flemming at Paramba, on January 8, 1900, together with normally colored males of leucochlamys, is pre- served in the collection of the Tring Museum. This bird has the white areas of the plumage even more strongly tinged with yellowish than flaveolus, while rump, upper tail coverts and abdomen are light olive green. Material examined. — Western Ecuador (Esmeraldas to Alamor) 40. IQ29- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 71 Chiromachaeris manacus abditivus (not of BANGS) HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — part, western Ecuador. Ranges: Western Ecuador, from Esmeraldas south to the province of Loja. 2 : Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, prov. Guayas i ; Pambilar, prov. Esmeraldas i). *Manacus manacus gutturosus (Desmarest). DESMAREST'S MANAKIN. Pipra gutturosa DESMAREST, Hist. Nat. Tang., Manakins et Todiers, livr. 6, pi. 58, 1806 — no locality specified. Pipra manacus (not of LINNAEUS) WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 432, 1831 — southeastern Brazil; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 446, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; EULER, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 89, 1867 (nest and eggs descr.). Chiromachaeris gutturosa(us) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 130, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, Registo do Sai, and Ypanema, Sao Paulo; REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 455 — Lagda Santa and Sete Lagdas, Minas Geraes; HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 305 — Sao Paulo; CABA- NIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; PELZELN, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., *4. P- 3I3» 1888 — Bahia, "Novo" Friburgo, "Rio Claro, Goyaz," Sao Paulo, Brazil; BOUCARD and BERLEPSCH, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 45, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 209, 1899 — Sao Sebastiao, Iguape\ Piquete, and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 302, 1907 — part, Jaboticabal, Cachoeira, Piquete, Sao Sebastiao, Iguape', Rio Feio, Avanhandava, Barretos, and Ubatuba (Sao Paulo), Ourinho (Parana), Marianna (Minas Geraes), and Porto Cachoeiro (Espirito Santo); LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe"os to Belmonte, Bahia; PINTO PEIXOTO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 262, 1924 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 309, 1928 — near Monte Serrat, Itatiaya. Chiromachaeris manacus gutturosus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — Bahia to Sao Paulo. Manacus manacus gutturosus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool., i, p. 36, 1899 — southeastern Brazil; DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 435, 1914 — Santa Ana, Misiones BERTONI, El Hornero, i, p. 257, 1919 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Parana, and adjacent parts of eastern Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni) and northeastern Argentina (Misiones).1 9: Brazil (Bahia i; Santo Amaro, Bahia 7; Rio de Janeiro i). 'In addition to our own, the following specimens have been examined: Bahia 9; Victoria, Espirito Santo 2; Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Rio) 5; Sao Paulo (various localities) 16. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Manacus vitellinus vitellinus (Gould}. GOULD'S MANAKIN. Pipra vitellina GOULD, P.Z.S.Lond., II, p. 103, Dec., 1843 — Panama; idem in HINDS, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Birds, p. 41, pi. 21, 1843 — Panama; LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 69, 1847 — Panama. Chiroxiphia vitellina LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad. Chiromachaeris vitellina(us) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 362 — Lion Hill, Panama; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 315, 1888 — part, spec, a-k, "Nicaragua," "Veragua," Paraiso Station, Panama; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 114, 1890 — "Veraguas," Lion Hill, Obispo, and Paraiso Station, Panama; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Dari6n; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — part, Panama. Manacus vitellina(us) BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 22, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama; THAYER and BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 217, 1906 — Sabana de Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 732, 1907 — Panama and adjacent parts of Colombia; STONE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 70, p. 268, 1918 — Gatun, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); HALLINAN, Auk, 41, p. 318, 1924 — Rio Algarroba, Gorgona, Rio Velasquez, and Corozal, Panama. Manacus vitellinus vitellinus BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 214, 1922 — Rio Esnape and Jesusito, Darie'n. Range: Eastern Panama, from the Panama Railroad east to Darie'n.1 * Manacus vitellinus viridiventris Griscom* GREEN-BELLIED MANAKIN. Manacus vitellinus viridiventris GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 179, 1929 — "Jiminez" [=Jim6nez], above Buenaventura, Pacific Colombia (type), and Cana, extreme eastern Panama. Chiromachaeris vitellina (us) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 517 — part, Cauca; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 315, 1888 — part, spec. 1, m, Cauca; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — part, 'Its occurence in western Panama (Veraguas) requires confirmation. Material examined. — Panama: near Panama City 9; Panama Railroad 2; Loma del Le6n 9; Esnape i, Jesusito, Dari6n 5. * Manacus vitellinus viridiventris GRISCOM: Very similar to M. v. vitellinus, but male with breast and abdomen more solidly and darker green, near Warbler green; female above decidedly darker (between warbler green and olive green), and under parts more uniform warbler green, without pyrite yellow suffusion along the middle of the belly. Wing 53-55, (female) 54-56; tail 28-30; bill 10. I do not find any constant difference in the color of the yellow portions of the plumage between vitellinus and viridiventris, though a few males of the latter slightly diverge in the direction of M. v. milleri. According to Griscom (I.e.), specimens from Cana (upper Tuyra, Darie'n), while intermediate, are nearer to the present form than to typical vitellinus. Material examined. — Colombia: Noanamd 6, N6vita 4, San Jos6 I, Buena- ventura, Choc6 I ; Florida, Cauca I ; Cauca Seca 2 ; Rio Frio, Cauca, I ; Rio Lima, Cauca i. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 73 western Colombia; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1141 — Noanama and N6vita, Choco, Colombia. Manacus vitellinus vitellinus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 487, 1917 — Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Rfo Sucio, Quibd6 (Rfo Atrato), Juntas de Tamana, N6vita, Noanama, Buenaventura, San Jos£, Los Cisneros (Choc6), Rio Frio, Guengu6, and Cauca Seca (upper Cauca), Colombia. Range: Western Colombia (Pacific coast and upper Cauca Valley) and north to extreme eastern Darien (Cana, upper Tuyra River). 2: Colombia (San Jose" i, Buenaventura i). Manacus vitellinus milleri Chapman.1 MILLER'S MANAKIN. Manacus vitellinus milleri CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 34, p. 645, 1915 — Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca; idem, I.e., 36, p. 487, 1917 — Puerto Valdivia. Chiromachaeris ritellina (not Pipra viteUina GOULD) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 517, pi. 42, fig. 10 (egg) — part, Remedies. Range: Northern Colombia, in the lower Cauca Valley and adjacent districts (Remedies, Rio Ite"). *Manacus aurantiacus (Salvin).2 SALVIN'S MANAKIN. Chiromachaeris aurantiaca SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 200 — Mina de Chorcha and Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Las Trojas, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 316, 1888 — Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui, and Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 115, pi. 41, figs, I, 2, 1890 — Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha; CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1890-91, p. 26, 1893 — Palmar, Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — Chiriqui and Costa Rica. 1 Manacus vitellinus milleri CHAPMAN: Differs from M. v. vitellinus, in the male sex, by reason of much paler, lemon chrome (instead of between light cad- mium and cadmium yellow) throat and foreneck, deepening into empire yellow or light cadmium on auriculars, sides of neck, and nuchal collar, and much lighter, pale olive yellow rather than pyrite yellow or warbler green abdomen, while the females are merely somewhat paler greenish on the anterior lower parts. Wing 52-53. (female) 53-56; tail 27-30. It is rather singular that this well-marked race lives side by side with M. manacus abditivus, although the intermediate nature of its characters would seem to favor the theory that M. manacus and M. vitellinus are subspecifically related, inasmuch as representatives of the two groups otherwise replace each other geographically. The problem of their relationship is one of unusual interest and may have some bearing on the origin of specific units. Material examined. — Colombia: Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca 7. ^Manacus aurantiacus (SALVIN) almost certainly is merely a northern repre- sentative of M. vitellinus, but more information about the distribution of the two "species" in southern Central America (western Panama) is needed before the use of trinomials seems advisable. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Manacus aurantiaca(us) BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala, Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 734, 1907 — western Panama and Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca, El Pozo, Paso Real, and Lagarto de Te'rraba, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 683, 1910 — southwestern Costa Rica (nest and eggs descr.). Range: Southwestern Costa Rica (north to Las Trojas) and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).1 6: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires i, Boruca 3, Te'rraba 2). *Manacus cerritus Peters.2 ALMIRANTE MANAKIN. Manacus cerritus PETERS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 10, p. 9, 1927 — Almirante Bay, northwestern Panama. Range: Caribbean slope of northwestern Panama (Almirante Bay). i: Panama (Changuinola i). *Manacus candei (Parzudaki). CANDE'S MANAKIN. Pipra candei PARZUDAKI, Rev. Zool., 4, p. 306, 1841 — Truxillo, Honduras; idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 45, 1843 — Truxillo. Manacus candei SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 299, pi. 121, 1856 — C6rdoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 558, 1869 — Vera Cruz; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 730, 1907 — southeastern Mexico to Costa Rica (monog., full bibliography); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 684, 1910 — northern portion of Caribbean Costa Rica (habits); PETERS, Auk, 30, p. 375, 1913 — Xcopen and Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua. Manacus candaei SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, i, p. 124, 1859 — Honduras, Guatemala (Lake Pete"n), and Mexico (C6rdoba, Vera Cruz); RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 509, 1893 — Rfo Escondido, Nicaragua (hab- its); DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 101, 1907 — Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Chiromachaeris candaei SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 314, 1888 — Honduras, Guatemala, British Honduras, Costa Rica; SALVIN and GOD- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 114, 1890 — Mexico to Costa Rica. 'Although Sclater records both M. vitellinus and M. aurantiacus from "Vera- gua (Arc6)," Mr. Ludlow Griscom (in litt.) found only the latter form in the lowland forests throughout that province. 1 Manacus cerritus PETERS: Adult male nearest to M. v. vitellinus, but breast and abdomen mainly lemon chrome, though slightly shaded with greenish, especially on flanks and under tail coverts; median upper wing coverts pale yellow at base instead of uniform black; yellow nuchal collar wider and black dorsal area corres- pondingly less extensive; wing slightly longer. Wing 54-56; tail 35; bill 9. By the yellow belly, lesser amount of black on the back, and partly yellow median upper wing coverts, this form approaches M. aurantiacus, but agrees with M. vitellinus in the deep black wings and tail without greenish edges and in the cadmium yellow instead of orange color of the nuchal collar, sides of head, throat, and chest. Like M . aurantiacus, it is probably a geographical race of M. vitellinus. Material examined. — Panama: Changuinola i. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 75 Chiromachaeris candei HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — eastern Mexico to Costa Rica. Manacus candei electilis BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 106, 1903 — Vera Cruz, Mexico. Range: Southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and territory of Quintana Roo) , south through Guate- mala, British Honduras, Honduras, and Nicaragua to northeastern Costa Rica. 7: Guatemala (Puerto Barrios i, unspecified 2); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua 4). Manacus coronatus (Boucard).1 BOUCARD'S MANAKIN. Chiromachaeris coronata BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 178, pi. 17 — Colom- bia = Bogota (type in Paris Museum examined) ; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 316, 1888 — Bogota; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 23, 1910 — Bogota. Range: Colombia (Bogota). Genus NEOPIPO Sclater and Salvin. Neopipo SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1869, p. 438 — type by orig. desig. Neopipo rubicunda SCLATER and SALVIN = Pipra cinnamomea LAWRENCE. Neopipo cinnamomea cinnamomea (Lawrence). CINNAMON MANAKIN. Pipra ? cinnamomea LAWRENCE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 429 — "Upper Amazon." 1 Manacus coronatus (BOUCARD): Crown glossy black; forehead, cheeks, orbital region, auriculars, and nuchal collar lemon yellow (about the same shade as the abdomen of M. candei); back, wings and tail glossy black; chin white, slightly tinged with yellowish; throat and foreneck dull black, the whitish bases of the feathers showing through in the middle of the lower throat and suggesting an irregular pale patch; remainder of under parts dark gray, indistinctly flam- mulated with whitish. Bill horn brown, whitish below. Wing 57; tail 28; bill 10. The type, a skin of the well-known Bogota "make," is still unique in the Paris Museum. In structural characters, this singular bird stands somewhat between Pipra and Manacus. There is but a faint suggestion of the "beard," so conspicuous a feature in Manacus, the feathers of the chin being hardly more elongated than in Pipra erythrocephala. The outer primaries are neither so broad and straight as in Pipra nor strongly attenuated and incurved as in Manacus, but merely show a distinct sinuation along the inner web, while the tip is very slightly bent inwards. The wing is longer than in Manacus, but the tail about the same proportion. The bill is larger, particularly when viewed from below, than in Manacus, and its color, especially the pale lower mandible, also reminds one of Pipra. The gray uropygium, save for a few edges, is replaced by the black of the back, which is very nearly as strongly glossed with metallic blue as in Pipra erythrocephala, instead of being opaque (dull) as in Manacus. The markings of breast and abdomen give an abnormal impression. The feathers have a dingy white mesial stripe laterally margined with dark gray, these edges forming in places a kind of ill-defined streaking. I have little doubt this supposed species is nothing but a hybrid between Manacus manacus (subsp.) and one of the yellow- headed varieties of Pipra erythrocephala. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Neopipo rubicunda SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1869, p. 438, pi. 30, fig. 3 — Chamicuros, Peru (type examined). Neopipo cinnamomea SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. Lond., 1873, p. 283 — Xeberos and Chamicuros, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. PeY., 2, p. 346, 1884 — same localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 303, 1888 — part, spec, a-e, Chamicuros, Peru and Sarayacu, Ecuador; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 361, 1907; I.e., 17, p. 308, 1910 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 24, 1910 — part, eastern Ecuador, Peru, and western Brazil; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 536, 1926 — Rfo Suno, Ecuador. Neopipo cinnamomea cinnamomea HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 20, p. 247, 1913 (range, characters); idem, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 65, 1920 — Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, Peru. Range : Upper Amazonia, from eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu, Rio Suno) and eastern Peru (Chamicuros, Xeberos [=Jeveros], dept. Loreto; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, dept. Puno) east to western Brazil (Humaytha, left bank of the Rio Madeira).1 Neopipo cinnamomea helenae McConnell.* HELENA'S MANAKIN. Neopipo helenae McCoNNELL, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 27, p. 105, 1911 — Ituri- bisce, British Guiana (type examined); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 262, pi. 4, fig. i, 1921 — Ituribisi and Makauria Rivers. Neopipo cinnamomea (not of LAWRENCE) SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 — Cama- cusa, Brit. Guiana (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 303, 1888 — part, spec. f,g, Camacusa; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 138, 1908 — Ipousin, Approuague River, French Guiana (spec, examined); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 24, 1910 — part, "Cayenne" and British Guiana. Neopipo cinnamomea helenae HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 20, pp. 246, 247, 1913 — British and French Guiana (char., crit.). Range: French and British Guiana. 'Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu I. — Peru: Chamicuros 3, Yahuar- mayo I. — Brazil: Humaythd, Rio Madeira I. 1 Neopipo cinnamomea helenae McCoNNELL : Very close to N. c. cinnamomea, but upper back duller, less cinnamomeous, with a grayish cast; lores grayish white instead of buff; sides of head pale grayish olive, not deep buff; under parts on average paler. Wing 50-52; tail 36-38; bill 7-8. Three adult males have a large yellow crown patch, tipped with olive gray, while in the single female examined there is but a small cinnamon vertical spot to be seen. I have little doubt that the same sexual difference obtains in typical cinnamomea, although no female examples have been available for comparison. The coloration of the lower parts is not diagnostic. A male from Ipousin has the throat paler buffy than any other specimen seen (though by no means grayish white), but the type and another from Camacusa do not differ in this respect from typical cinnamomea. Material examined. — French Guiana: Ipousin, Approuague River i. — British Guiana: Ituribisce River (type) i, Camacusa 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 77 Genus MASSORNIS Oberholser. Schiffornis (not of BONAPARTE, 1854) DES MURS in CASTELNAU, Expect. Am6r. Sud, Ois., livr. 18, p. 66 — June, 1856 — type by monotypy Schiffornis major DES MURS. Massornis OBERHOLSER, Auk, 37, p. 455, 1920 — type by orig. desig. Schiffornis major DES MURS. Massornis major (Des Murs).1 GREATER MANAKIN. Schiffornis major DES MuRS1 in CASTELNAU, Expe"d. Amei. Sud, Ois., livr. 18, p. 66, pi. 18, fig. 2, June, 1856 — Sarayacu, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined); HARTLAUB, Journ. Orn., 5, p. 47, 1857 (German translation of original description); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 190 — Nauta, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 284 — Nauta; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 352, 1884 — Sarayacu and Nauta; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 323, 1888 — "Oyapoc, Cayenne," Nauta and Samiria, Peru; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurua (spec, examined); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 304, 1907 — Rio Jurua; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 139, 1908 — "Oyapoc, Cayenne" (ex SCLATER); HELLMAYR, I.e., 14, p. 362, 1907 — Borba, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem, I.e., 17, p. 310, 1910 — Calama, Santa Izabel (Rio Preto), Jamarysinho (Rio Machados), Rio Madeira; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 25, 1910 — Amazonia; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 371, 1914 — Bom Lugar, Rio Purus. Hcteropelma rufum PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 124, 185, Sept., 1868 — Borba, Rio Madeira, and Rio Amajau, Rio Negro (spec, in Vienna Museum examined). Schiffornis rufa SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 323, 1888 — Rio Amajau; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 — lower Jamunda; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 371, 1914 — Rio Jamunda, Faro. Range: Northern Brazil, on both sides of the lower Amazon, east to the Tapajoz (Santare'm) and Jamundd (Faro), north to the Rio Negro, south to the Rio Machados; and eastern Peru (Nauta, Samiria; Sarayacu, lower Ucayali).* supposed two species are merely individual variants, both gray-capped and rufous-capped specimens, together with every possible intermediate stage, being found on the Rio Amajau, Rio Madeira, at Santare'm, along the Rio SolimSes, and in eastern Peru. Material examined. — Brazil: Santare'm 4; Rio Amajau (Rio Negro) 4; Rio Madeira, Borba 3, Calama 2; Santa Izabel, Rio Preto I ; Jamarysinho, Rio Macha- dos i; Rio Jurud I; Fonte B6a, Rio Solimoes 3. — Peru: Sarayacu (the type) I, Nauta i, Samiria 2. ^Schiffornis major BONAPARTE (Ateneo Italiano, a, No. n, p. 314, 1854; Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 4, 1854) is a nomen nudum. JThe locality "Oyapoc, Cayenne" is open to doubt. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Genus SCHIFFORNIS Bonaparte. Schiffornis BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 314 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 4), 1854 — type virtually by monotypy Muscicapa turdina WIED.I Heteropelma (not of WESMAEL, 1840) BONAPARTE, I.e., p. 314 ( =Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 4), 1854 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, 1855, p. 56) "Pipra unicolor MENETR." = Heteropelma unicolor BONAPARTE. Scoiothorus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 208 — new name for Heteropelma BONAPARTE nee WESMAEL. Schiffornis virescens (Lafresnaye) . GREENISH MANAKIN. Muscicapa virescens (not of TEMMINCK, 1824) WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 802, 1831 — Arrayal da Conquista, southern Bahia. Ptil[oMoris] virescens LAFRESNAYE,2 Rev. Zool., i, p. 238, 1838 — type from "Bre"sil" (= Rio de Janeiro), coll. DELALANDE, in Paris Museum examined. Heteropelma unicolor BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 314 ( =Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 4), 1854 — new name for Ptilochloris virescens LA- FRESNAYE. Muscicapa viridis PUCHERAN,* Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, livr. 3, p. 370, 1855 — tvPe fr°m "Bresil," coll. A. DE SAINT-HILAIRE, in Paris Museum examined. Pipra morenoana BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. i, p. 104, 1901 — Djaguarasapa, Paraguay. Heteropelma virescens SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 467, 1860 — southeastern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 124, Sept., 1868 — Ypanemd, Sao Paulo and Curytiba, Parand; idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 90, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 139, 1885 — Taquara and LinhaPiraja, Rio Grande do Sul; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 321, 1888 — Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 237, 1889 — Arrayal da Conquista, Bahia (note on Wied's type) ; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — [Taquara do] Mundo Novo; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 210, 1899 — Iguap6, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio. Scotothorus unicolor OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, pp. 208, 209 (nomencl.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 303, 1907 — Campos do Jordao, Ubatuba, Alto da Serra, Jundiahy, Itatiba, ItararS, Itapura, Iguap6, and Sao Paulo, Est. Sao Paulo; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, ^ee OBERHOLSER, Auk, 45, p. 454, 1920. ^Ptilochloris virescens being independently described as a new species, there is no reason for rejecting the specific name, which is by no means affected by the earlier Muscicapa virescens TEMMINCK. The case would be quite different if Lafresnaye had merely transferred Muscicapa virescens WIED to the genus Ptilochloris. 'Muscicapa viridis LESSON (Trait6 d'Orn., p. 384, 1831 — Bresil, coll. SAINT- HILAIRE) is a nomen nudum. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 79 Gen. Av., Pait 9, p. 27, pi. i, fig. 7, 1910 — Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 601 — Sapucay, Paraguay; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 313, 1910 — Alto Parand, Paraguay; BERTONI, Fauna Parag., p. 58, 1913 — Alto Parana; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 178, 1926 — Cara Pintada, Vermelho, Therezina, Candido de Abreu, and Salto Guayra, Parana; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 309, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from extreme southern Bahia (Cidade da Conquista) south to Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraguay.1 Schiffornis turdinus turdinus (Wied)* THRUSH-LIKE MANAKIN. Muscicapa turdina WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 817, 1831 — eastern Brazil (the type, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is from Bahia). Muscicapa rufo-olivacea LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 3, cl. 2, text to pi. 13 [p. 3], 1833 — no locality given. Ptilochloris rufo-olivaceus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., i, p. 238, 1838; idem, l.c., 10, p. 185, 1847 — Brazil. Heteropelma turdinum SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 467, 1860 — southeastern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 124, 1868 — "Brazil" = Bahia (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 319, 1888 — Bahia; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 236, 1889 — Bahia (note on Wied's type). Scotothorus turdinus IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 302, 1907 — Bahia. Scotothorus turdinus turdinus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — Bahia. Scotothorus turdinus amazonum (not of SCLATER) LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe'os to Belmonte, southern Bahia. Range: Eastern Brazil, in the southern section of the state of Bahia (exact limits unknown). Schiffornis turdinus wallacii (Sclater and Salvin).3 WALLACE'S MANAKIN. species of which fifteen specimens from Minas Geraes (Sao Francisco) to Rio Grande do Sul have been examined is perhaps subspecifically related to the S. turdinus group, but until we acquire a better knowledge of their ranges it is impossible to say whether S. virescens and 5. /. turdinus, both recorded from Bahia, live side by side or inhabit different areas. *This is the largest form of the genus, the wing ranging from 96 to 102 mm., with strong, heavy bill. In coloration, it is nearest to S. t. amazonus, but paler below, with a slight brownish tinge on throat and foreneck. Five trade skins from Bahia examined. ^Schiffornis turdinus wallacii (SCLATER and SALVIN): Very close to 5. /. amazonus, but upper parts more greenish, with very little, if any, rufescent tinge 8o FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Heteropelma wallacii SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Pard (type in British Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 319, pi. 20, 1888 — part, spec, a, Pard; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 196, 1910 — Surinam; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — Para. Heteropelma surinamensis PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 197, 1910 — Surinam. Scotothorus amazonum wallacii HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 363, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Pard; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 139, 320, 1908 — Oyapock and Saint Jean du Maroni, French Guiana; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — Paramaribo, Surinam. Scotothorus turdinus •wallacii HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 311, 1910 — Para district, Saint Jean du Maroni (French Guiana), and near Paramaribo, Surinam (char., crit.); idem in WYTSMAN, Gen Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — Para; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Para and Santo Antonio, Para; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Pard. Scotothorus turdinus olivaceus (not of RIDGWAY) HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — part, Cayenne. Scotothorus wallacii SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 370, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Rio Tocantins (Alcobaga), Rio Xingu (Vic- toria), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Rio Jamunda (Faro); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Range: Northern Brazil, on the lower Amazon, from northern Maranhao west to the Xingu and Jamunda rivers, north to French and Dutch Guiana. Schiffornis turdinus olivaceus (Ridgway).1 OLIVACEOUS MANAKIN. Scotothorus olivaceus RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 118, 1906 — Rfo Mato, Caura, Venezuela; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 264, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Heteropelma amazonum ? (not of SCLATER) SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Carimang River, and Roraima, British Guiana (spec, examined). on the crown; ventral surface paler, more grayish olive; the throat but slightly, if at all, shaded with brownish. Two specimens from French and Dutch Guiana appear to agree with topo- types. Material examined. — Brazil: Para (the type) i, Santo Antonio do Prata, Pard 5. — French Guiana: Saint Jean du Maroni i. — Dutch Guiana: near Para- maribo (authentic specimen of H. surinamensis) I. ^Schiffornis turdinus olivaceus (RIDGWAY): Somewhat intermediate between S. t. wallacii and S. t. amazonus; differing from the former by more brownish olive back, and much more brownish throat and f oreneck ; from the latter by slightly paler back, less cinnamomeous pileum, and more grayish (less olivaceous) belly. Material examined. — Venezuela: La Pricion, Caura i; Nicare, Caura i; Rfo Yurudn (Carnegie Museum, No. 33866) i. — British Guiana: Caramang River i, Bartica Grove I, Camacusa 3, Roraima I, unspecified 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 81 Heteropelma wallacii (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 319, 1888 — part, spec, b-j, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima. Scotothorus wallacei BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 54, 1902 — Nicare and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined). Scotothorus turdinus olivaceus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av.f Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — part, eastern Venezuela (Caura district) and British Guiana; idem, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 311, 1910 — Caura Valley, Venezuela, and British Guiana; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 249, 1916 — Caura Valley. Heteropelma flavigula PENARD and PENARD,1 Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 196, 1910 — British Guiana. Range: Eastern Venezuela (Mato River, La Pricion and Nicare, Caura River; Rio Yurudn) and British Guiana. *Schiffornis turdinus amazonus (Sclater). AMAZONIAN MANAKIN. Heteropelma amazonum SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 466, 1860 — Chamicuros, Rk> Huallaga, Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 125, 1868 — Marabitanas, Rio Xie", Borba, Villa Maria and Engenho do Gama, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 186 — Cosnipata, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 350, 1884 — Yurimaguas; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — part, spec, b-d, f-j, Sarayacu (Ecuador), Chami- curos, River Ucayali, and Cosnipata (Peru); BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 368 — La Gloria, Vitoc. Peru. Schiffornis turdinus intercedens TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 113, 1928 — Hyutanahan, Rio Punis, Brazil. Heteropelma wallacii (not of SCLATER and SALVIN, 1867) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 283 — Chamicuros; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, p. 539 — Soriano, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 351, 1884 — Soriano and Chamicuros, Peru. Scotothorus amazonum BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 54, 1902 — Nericagua and Munduapo, upper Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined) ; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 371, 1914 — Bom Lugar, Rio Punis. Scotothorus amazonum amazonum HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 361, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira. Scotothorus turdinus amazonum HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 (range); idem, Nov. Zool., 17, pp. 310, 311, 1910 — Calama, Allianca, Borba, Rio Madeira and Maroins, Rio Machados (crit., range); CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., a, p. 249, 1916 — Munduapo and Nericagua, Orinoco River. Scotothorus turdinus amazonus SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 12, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Punis; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 537, 1926 — Zamora, Sabanilla, lower Sumaco, Macas, San Jose', and below San Jos6, Ecuador. on a single specimen in the Georgetown Museum, no doubt an indi- vidual variant, with scattered yellowish feathers on pileum and throat. 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Upper Amazonia, from the upper stretches of the Ori- noco in Venezuela (Munduapo, Nericagua) and eastern Ecuador through eastern Peru and western Brazil south to the Urubamba Valley and western Matto Grosso, east to the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira.1 i: Peru (Huachipa, dept. Hudnuco i). Schiffornis turdinus steinbachi Todd* STEINBACH'S MANAKIN. Schiffornis turdinus steinbachi TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 113, 1928 — Rio Yapacani, Provence del Sara, Bolivia. Scotothorus amazonum (not of SCLATER) BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, p. 114, 1906 — Chontapunco and Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru. Schiffornis turdinus amazonum HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 65, 1920 — Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru. Range: Northern Bolivia and extreme southeastern Peru (Marcapata Valley and northern slope of Sierra de Carabaya, dept. Puno). Schiffornis turdinus rosenbergi (Hartert).3 ROSENBERG'S MANAKIN. Heteropelma rosenbergi HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Cachabi, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Museum examined) ; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — Rio Peripa. from eastern Ecuador, Venezuela, and the upper Rio Negro (Marabi- tanas, Rio Xi£) agree well together, being brownish olive above, with the crown more or less rufescent, while the under parts are decidedly olivaceous, washed with brownish on throat and foreneck. Specimens from the Rio Madeira and its headwaters in Matto Grosso are as a rule more olive, less brownish on the dorsal surface, and somewhat paler, more grayish olive on the belly. Apart from certain individuals, which closely approach 5. t. wallacii, they appear to be inseparable from Peruvian skins. If the present race requires subdivision, it is the birds from north of the Maran6n that should be separated. By naming S. t. intercedens, Mr. Todd, it seems to me, has merely redescribed typical amazonus. Material examined. — Venezuela: Munduapo 2; Nericagua i. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2. — Brazil: Rio Xi6 i; Marabitanas, Rio Negro 5; Rio Madeira, Borba 5, Calama 2, Allianca i, Humaytha 4; Maroins, Rio Machados 2; Villa Maria [=Sao Luiz de Caceres] i, Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore", Matto Grosso I. — Peru: Chamicuros, i; Huachipa I. 1 Schiffornis turdinus steinbachi TODD: Closely similar to S. t. amazonus, but brown of the throat and chest deeper, more strongly contrasted with the rest of the lower parts, which are more greenish (olive) than in amazonus ; upper parts slightly less brownish. Material examined. — Bolivia, Yungas of Cochabamba: Rio San Mateo 3, Juntas i. — Peru: Chaquimayo, Carabaya I. ^Schiffornis turdinus rosenbergi (HARTERT) : Closely similar to S. t. amazonus, but on average smaller; upper and under parts more uniform as well as more greenish olive; the rufescent tinge on the crown barely suggested; the throat but faintly shaded with brownish; outer aspect of the wings less rufous. Wing 85-88; tail 63-68; bill 13-14- Material examined. — Ecuador: Cachavi (the type) i, Rio Verde 2, Lita I, Paramba l, Cachyjacu I, Mindo I, Chimbo I ; La Puente, prov. del Oro I ; Alamor, prov. Loja I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 83 Heteropelma wattacii (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S. Lond., 1877, P- 332 — Palmar, near Santa Rosa, prov. del Oro, Ecuador. Heteropelma amazonum (not of SCLATER, 1860) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — part, spec, e, Balzar. Scotothorus turdinus rosenbergi HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — western Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 487, 1917 — Choc6, above N6vita, and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 537, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Mindo, Chimbo, La Puente, and Alamor, Ecuador. Range: Western Ecuador and western Colombia (north to Choc6). Schiffornis turdinus stenorhynchus (Sdater and Salvin).1 SLENDER- BILLED MANAKIN. Heteropelma stenorhynchum SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1868, pp. 628, 632, pub. April, 1869 — San Esteban, Venezuela (type in British Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — San Esteban; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 116, 1890 — part, Venezuela. Heteropelma amazonum (not of SCLATER) WYATT, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 — Naranjo, west of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Heteropelma verae-pacis (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 155, 1900 — Bonda and Cacagualito, Santa Marta region. Scotothorus turdinus stenorhynchus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 27, 1910 — part, Venezuela and Colombia; idem and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 87, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 488, 1917 — El Con- suelo, above Honda, Magdalena Valley, Colombia (spec, examined). Scotothorus amazonus stenorhynchus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 762, 1907 — part, Colombia and western Venezuela. Schiffornis amazonus stenorhynchus TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., J4> P- 333. 1922 — Bonda, Las Vegas, Don Diego, Pueblo Viejo, and Tucu- rinca, Santa Marta region, Colombia, lSchiffornis turdinus stenorhynchus (SCLATER and SALVIN): Allied to S. t. amazonus, but larger, with slenderer and paler (horn brown rather than blackish) bill; upper parts much more brownish (Dresden brown to Saccardo's umber), pileum more strongly tinged with rufescent; breast and abdomen much paler grayish olive. From 5. t. verae-pacis it may be distinguished by larger size, slenderer bill; much more brownish upper surface, with Brussels brown pileum; much paler and grayer (grayish olive instead of citrine drab or buffy olive)lower parts, and by having the throat and chest more decidedly tinged with tawny olive or cin- namomeous. Wing 90-97, (female) 89-92; tail 64-72, (female) 63-64; bill 14-15. Certain specimens, in size, closely approach S. t. turdinus. Material examined. — Venezuela: San Esteban (the types) 2, Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo i ; El Hacha, Bolivar Railroad, Lara i ; Lagunita de Aroa, Lara 2 ; Azulita, Merida I. — Colombia, Santa Marta region: Bonda 2, Las Vegas 4, Don Diego 2, Pueblo Viejo I, Tucurinca i; El Consuelo, above Honda, Mag- dalena Valley I. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Northern Venezuela (in states of Carabobo, Lara, and MeYida) and eastern Colombia (Santa Marta region; Magdalena Valley, south to El Consuelo, above Honda). Schiffornis turdinus panamensis subsp. nov.1 PANAMA MANAKIN. Heteropelma verapacis (not H. verae-pacis SCLATER and SALVIN) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 463, 1862 — Panama (spec, examined). Heteropelma verae-pacis SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 424 — Panama; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — part, spec, r, Panama. Heteropelma stenorhynchum (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) SALVIN and GOD- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 116, 1890 — part, Panama. Scotothorus amazonus stenorhynchus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 762, 1907 — part, Frijole Station and Panama City, Panama. Scotothorus turdinus stenorhynchus HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 27, 1910 — part, Panama; BANGS and BARBOUR Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, P- 215, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Rio Esnape, and Jesusito, Darie"n (spec. examined). Range: Lower Tropical Zone of eastern Panama from the Canal Zone east to the Rio Sambu. Schiffornis turdinus furvus (Ridgway).2 SWARTY MANAKIN. Scotothorus furvus RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 118, 1906 — Boquete de Chitra, Veraguas, Panama; idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 761, 1907 — "Pacific slope of western Panama." lSchiffornis turdinus panamensis subsp. nov. Type from El Real, Rio Tuyra, eastern Panama, in American Museum of Natural History, New York. No. 135027. Adult female. December 29, 1914. W. B. Richardson. Characters. — Most nearly related to S. turdinus stenorhynchus and about the same size, but immediately recognizable by its much more saturated coloration; upper parts much darker and more rufescent (Brussels brown to raw umber instead of Dresden brown to Saccardo's umber), the edges to the wings deeper, more auburn, and the crown more rufous (cinnamon brown to Argus brown rather than Brussels brown); throat and chest much darker, buckthorn or antique brown rather than tawny olive; breast and abdomen slightly more olivaceous; bill as a rule stouter. Wing 90-96, (female) 85-92 ; tail 64-72, (female) 60-65; bill Remarks. — Although heretofore united with 5. /. stenorhynchus, of north- western South America, this form proves to be easily separable by its much darker coloring, the deep tawny brown throat and chest, strongly contrasting with the olivaceous abdomen, being the most striking feature. Three specimens from the Panama Railroad, collected by McLeannan, agree precisely with a series from Darie'n. Material examined. — Panama: Panama Railroad 3; El Real, Rio Tuyra 7, Tapalisa (400 ft.) I, Chepigana I ; Mount Sapo 3, Rio Esnape I, Jesusito, Dari£n i. ^Schiffornis turdinus furvus (RIDGWAY): Nearest to S. t. verae-pacis, but somewhat darker, more tawny olive above, with the crown slightly more rufes- cent; under parts likewise deeper, throat and foreneck more strongly tinged with brownish. In coloration not unlike S. t. rosenbergi, but much larger, with heavier, 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 85 Heteropelma verae pacis (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 200 — part, Castillo and Calovevora, Veragua; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — part, spec, l-o, Calovevora, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 116, 1890 — part, Chitra, Castillo, and Calovevora, Veragua. Scotothorus turdinus furous HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 191 o — Veragua. Range: Western Panama (Veraguas, except coastal forests of Pacific slope), extending east to the upper Tropical Zone of Mount Tacarcuna, in eastern Panama. *Schiffornis turdinus verae-pacis (Sclater and Salvin). BROWN MANAKIN. Heteropelma verae-pacis SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 300, 1860 — Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; SCLATER, I.e., p. 467 — Guatemala; SALVIN, I.e., 1870, p. 200 — part, Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 320, 1888 — part, spec, a-k, p, q, Choctum, Vera Paz, Yzabel, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Volcan de Chiriquf, and Bugaba; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 116, 1890 — part, southern Mexico to Chiriqui (excl. Veraguan localities). Scotothorus verae-pacis verae-pacis RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 758, 1907 — southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, western and central Honduras (monog., full bibliography). Scotothorus verae-pacis DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Cm. Sen, i, p. 101, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 32, 1909 — Costa Rica (crit.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 677, 1910 — Costa Rica (numerous localities, habits, crit.). Scotothorus verae pacis dumicola BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 103, 1903 — Divala, Chiriqui (type examined); idem, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — El Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 759, 1907 — coast of British Honduras to Panama. stronger bill; crown, throat, and chest as a rule more rufescent. Wing 90-95, (female) 86-90; tail 68-75, (female) 62-67; bill 14-16. In the light of the splendid series supplied by the American Museum of Nat- ural History, this race proves to be much less distinct from 5. t. verae-pacis, of Central America, than was supposed by its describer who based his diagnosis upon a single example. Ten skins obtained by H. E. Anthony, D. S. Ball, and W. B. Richardson in the upper Tropical Zone of Mount Tacarcuna, eastern Panama, at altitudes of from 3600 to 4600 feet, are evidently inseparable from a topo-typical Veraguan series, though averaging slightly larger. They are, however, very different from 5. t. panamensis, which Richardson secured on the Rio Tuyra and even at Tapalisa (400 ft.), on the lower slopes of Mount Tacarcuna, because of much larger, blacker bill and decidedly greenish olive (not brownish) coloration. The upper parts vary between dark citrine and medal bronze, with the crown hardly more reddish than the back, and the wing edgings are duller, Prput's brown rather than auburn, while the ventral surface ranges from dull citrine to dark citrine, with a slight olive tawny or medal bronze tinge on the anterior parts. Material examined. — Panama, Veraguas: Santa Fe" (1600 to 2200 ft.) 4, Guaval, Rio Calovevora 7; Mount Tacarcuna (3600 to 4600 ft.), Daridn 10. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Scotothorus turdinus verae-pacis HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 26, 1910 — Guatemala to Chiriquf. Range: Southeastern Mexico, in state of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente), and southwards through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, and Costa Rica to western Panama (including the coastal forests of western Veraguas).1 4: Guatemala (Vera Paz i, Los Amates, Izabal i); Costa Rica (Tuis i, Boruca i). Genus SAPAYOA Hartert.2 Sapayoa HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 10, p. 117, 1903 — type by orig. desig. Sapayoa aenigma HARTERT. *Sapayoa aenigma Hartert.3 ENIGMA MANAKIN. Sapayoa aenigma HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 10, p. 117, 1903 — Rfo Sapayo, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Museum examined; = female); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 28, pi. i, figs. 5, 8, 1910 — Rio Sapayo; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1141 — Novita and Noanama, Choc6, Pacific Colombia (descr. of adult male and young) ; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 488, 1917 — Baud6, Noanama, and Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 538, 1926 (range); BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 215, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darie"n; GRISCOM, 1. c., 69, p. 1 80, 1929 — Cana Darie"n. Range : Tropical Zone of the Pacific coast from eastern Panama (Mount Sapo and Cana, Daridn) to northwestern Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas). i: Panama (Mount Sapo i). 1There is so much individual variation within the same locality that the dis- crimination of more than one form in Central America seems impracticable. Birds from the coastal forests of western Veraguas very slightly approach 5. /. furvus. Material examined. — Guatemala (Choctum, Los Amates) 4; Manatee Lagoon, British Honduras 5; San Pedro Sula, Honduras 3; Costa Rica 17; Divala, Chiri- quf (including the type of S. v. dumicola) 2; Cerro Montosa, Veraguas 3; Wilcox Camp, San Lorenzo River, Veraguas 3. *Sapayoa HARTERT. Superficially resembling Schiffornis, but easily distinguished by much wider, more depressed, distinctly uncinate bill, with more numerous, stronger as well as more rigid rictal bristles; circular, entirely exposed nostrils; much shorter, slen- derer tarsus, with its upper half feathered, etc. 'Sapayoa aenigma HARTERT: General coloration light olive green, more yellowish green underneath; wings and tail dusky, exteriorly edged with color of back; adult male with a large, semiconcealed yellow crown patch. Wing 81-82, (female) 79-82; tail 61-66, (female) 59; bill 15. Material examined. — Panama: Mount Sapo 4. — Colombia: N6vita, Rio Tamana I, Noanama, Rfo San Juan, Choc6 3. — Ecuador: Rfo Sapayo, prov. Esmeraldas (the type) i. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 87 Genus NEOPELMA Sclater. Neopelma SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 467, 1860 — type by monotypy Mus- cicapa aurifrons WIED. Neopelma aurifrons (Wied). WIED'S MANAKIN. Muscicapa aurifrons WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 829, 1831 — "Cam- amu, southern Bahia" (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). Muscicapa brevipes WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 831, 1831 — south- eastern Brazil (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined; =juv.). Muscicapa luteocephala (not of LESSON, 1830) LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 3, cl. 2, pi. 13, 1833 — no locality given (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Minas Geraes, coll. A. de Saint-Hilaire) ; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 327, 1906 (crit.). Euscarthmus aurifrons BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 489, 1856 — "Bahia" (ex WIED). Heteropelma aurifrons SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 467, 1860 — part, Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 125, 1868 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo (spec, examined); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Neopelma aurifrons SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 323, 1888 — Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 237, 1889 (crit. notes on Wied's types); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 210, 1899 — Santo Amaro and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 304, 1907 — Alto da Serra, Itatiba, and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 28, pi. i, fig. 9, 1910 — southeastern Brazil; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 309, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Sao Paulo north to Rio de Janeiro, southern Minas Geraes, and (according to Wied) even to southern Bahia (Camamu, south of Bahia City).1 JThe type of M. luteocephala LAFR. agrees with specimens from Rio and Sao Paulo. I am not so certain, however, that M. aurifrons of Wied is quite the same. The original example courteously lent by Dr. F. M. Chapman has slightly longer wings, a much larger bill, and the upper part of the head distinctly tinged with grayish, which I never noticed in southern specimens. The type of M. brevipes is a very young bird, with undeveloped bill, partly in the downy juvenile plumage, without trace of the yellow vertical patch, as has already been pointed out by the late J. A. Allen, and judging from the grayish forehead, I should unhesitatingly refer it to the same form as the type of M. aurifrons. Thirteen specimens (Minas, Rio, Sao Paulo) measure as follows: wing 65-68, (female) 62-64; tail 58-60, (female) 55-57; bill 10. Type of M. aurifrons Wied: wing 70; tail 56; bill 1 1. Material examined. — Bahia: Camamu (type of M. aurifrons) i. — Minas Geraes (type of M. luteocephala) I. — Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo I. — Sao Paulo: Ipanema 9, Victoria 2. — "Brazil" (type of M. brevipes) i. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Neopelma sulphureiventer (Hellmayr).1 SULPHUR-BELLIED MAN- AKIN. Scotothorus sulphureiventer HELLMAYR, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges., 53, pp. 202, 203, 1903 — [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso (type )and San Mateo, Bolivia. Heteropelma chrysocephalum PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 125, 185, 1868 — part, descr. of supposed jun. and hab. Matto Grosso (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 322, 1888 — Matto Grosso; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 27, 1910 — Matto Grosso and northern Bolivia. Range: Southwestern Brazil, in western Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso), and northern Bolivia (Rio San Mateo; Todos Santos, Rio Chapare"). 4: Bolivia (Todos Santos, Rio Chapare' 4). *Neopelma chrysocephalum (Pelzeln).* ORANGE-CRESTED MANAKIN. Heteropelma chrysocephalum PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 125, 185, 1868 — part, descr. of adult and hab. San Carlos, Rio Guainia, Venezuela (type), Marabitanas, Rio Negro, and Rio Iganna, Brazil (spec, examined). Heteropelma igniceps SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1871, p. 750, pub. March, 1872 — Oyapoc, "Cayenne"; idem, I.e., 1881, p. 214 — Essequibo and Corentyne River, common on the "Rupumini" [=Rupununi] Savannahs, British Guiana; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 — Camacusa and Roraima; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 322, pi. 22, 1888 — Oyapoc, Essequibo, Camacusa. Elaenea aurifrons (not Muscicapa aurifrons WIED) CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 701, 1848 — British Guiana. Scotothorus chrysocephalus HELLMAYR, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges., 53, pp. 202, 203, 1903 (char., syn., range); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 321, 1908 (nomencl.); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 27, pi. i, fig. 3, 1910 — "Cayenne," British Guiana, and upper Rio Negro. Scotothorus igniceps BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 139, 1908 — Oyapoc, French Guiana. 1 Neopelma sulphureiventer (HELLMAYR): Nearly allied to N. aurifrons, and crown patch of the same lemon chrome shade, but somewhat larger, with much stronger feet and bill; upper mandible blackish instead of horn color; under parts much paler and less greenish, being sulphur yellow, tinged with pale grayish olive on throat and chest. Wing 70-74, (female) 66-69; tail 57-61, (female) 54- 57; bill 11-12^- Material examined. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Villa Bella de Matto Grosso 3. — Bolivia: Todos Santos, Rfo Chapare' 4, Rio San Mateo I . * Neopelma chrysocephalum (PELZELN) : Nearly related to N. sulphureiventer, but with shorter tail; crown patch much larger and darker, deep cadmium yellow instead of lemon chrome; lateral portions of crown shaded with dark ashy; throat and foreneck paler, more grayish white. Wing (adult males) 67-72; tail 49-54; bill II-I2K- Material examined. — British Guiana: Camacusa I, Rfo Rupununi 9, un- specified i. — Venezuela: San Carlos, Rio Guainia (the type )i. — Brazil: Rio Iganna [=Rio Isana] r, Marabitanas, Rio Negro i. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 89 Ncopelma chrysocephalum BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam. Neopelma chrysocephala CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 265, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil (Rio Iganna [=Rio Isana] and Marabitanas, upper Rio Negro), and extreme southern Venezuela (San Carlos, Rio Guainia). 5: British Guiana (Rio Rupununi 4, unspecified i). *Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye).1 YELLOW-CRESTED MANAKIN. Tyrannula pallescens LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 57, 1853 — Bahia. Heteropelma flavicapillum SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 466, 1860 — south- eastern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 125, 1868 — Nas Lages and Rio das Pedras (Sao Paulo), Goyaz, and Engenho do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 321 — Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 321, pi. 21, 1888 — Bahia and "Rio," Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. 109, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Heteropelma chrysocephalum (lapsu) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 125, 1868 — part, Sao Vicente, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Scotothorus pallescens HELLMAYR, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 53, pp. 202, 203, 204, 1903 (char., crit., range); IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 303, 1907 — Bahia (range); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 27, 1910 (range); REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 76, 1910; p. 166, 1925 — Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao, and Sao Martin, Piauhy (spec, examined); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 371, 1914 — Serra de Paituna [Monte Alegre) and Maranhao (spec, ex- amined). Neopelma pallescens HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 55, 1908 — Goyaz, Rio Thesouras, and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 335, 1929 — Rosario, Miritiba, and Tranqueira, Maranhao. Range: Campo region of eastern and central Brazil, from Matto Grosso, northern Sao Paulo, and Minas Geraes through 1 Neopelma pallescens (LAFRESNAYE) is readily distinguished among its af- fines by its large size, pale dingy grayish throat and breast, and very pale yellow- ish abdomen. The vertical crest is bright lemon chrome, as in N. aurifrons. Wing 77-83, (female) 72-76; tail 64-70, (female) 61-64; bill 12-13. Two adults from the Rio Tapaj6z (Santar^m, Itaituba) agree in coloration and size with specimens from eastern Brazil. Material examined. — Sao Paulo: Nas Lages I, Rio das Pedras 2. — Matto Grosso: Engenho do Gama i, Sao Vicente I. — Goyaz: Goyaz City 7, Rio The- souras i, Rio Araguaya 2. — Minas Geraes: Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa 6, Agua Suja, near Bagagem I, Rio Jordao, near Araguary I. — Bahia: Santo Amaro 2, unspecified 6. — Piauhy: Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba 2. — Maranhao: Cachoeira, Rio Parnahyba I, Tranqueira 3, Miritiba I, Rosario I. — Para: Serra de Paituna, near Monte Alegre i (Mus. Goeldi, No. 5966. July 22, 1908. E. Snethlage); Santarem I ; Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z I . QO FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Goyaz and Bahia north to Piauhy and Maranhao, and even to the lower Amazon (Santare"m; Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; Serra de Paituna, near Monte Alegre).1 13: Brazil, Minas Geraes (Rio das Velhas, near Lag6a Santa 6); Bahia (Santo Amaro 2, unspecified i); Maranhao (Rosario i, Tranqueira 3). Genus HETEROCERCUS Sclater.' Heterocercus SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 245, 1862 — type by mono- typy Elaenia linteata STRICKLAND. Heterocercus linteatus (Strickland)* FIRE-CROWNED MANAKIN. Elaenia linteata STRICKLAND, Contrib. Orn., 1850, Illust. Orn., p. 121-15, pi- [63], left fig. — part, descr. of alleged male, "Upper branches of the Amazon River." Heterocercus linteatus SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 245, 1862 — "Upper Amazon"; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 125, 1868 — Borba, Rio Madeira (descr. of female; spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 324, 1888 — "Upper Amazons"; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 289, 1907 — "Monte Alegre"; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 362, 1907 — Humay- tha, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 312, 1910 — Allianca, Rio Madeira, and Maroins, Rio Machados; idem in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 30, 1910 (range); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 504, 1908 — Goyana, Ilha do Papageio, Ilha do Coata, and Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z; idem, I.e., 61, p. 525, 1913 — Islands of the Tapaj6z, Santa Julia, Rio Iriri, and Cussary; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 372, 1914 — "Monte Alegre" [?=Cussary], Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Rio Jamauchim (Viragao), Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana, Villa Braga, Papagaio, Coata). Heterocercus flavivertex (not of PELZELN) RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santare'm. Heterocercus lineatus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 351, 1884 — part, descr. only (excl. locality "Nauta"); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 47 (type in Coll. Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). Range: Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Xingu west to the Rio Madeira, possibly even to the Javari, south to north- ern Matto Grosso (Rio Roosevelt).4 xThe locality "Rio de Janeiro," sometimes quoted for this species, is unques- tionably erroneous. *Key to the species; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 327, 1906. 3 Heterocercus linteatus (STRICKLAND) differs from the other members of the genus by having, in the male sex, the upper part and sides of the head deep black, and the crown patch fiery red instead of yellow or orange. Besides, the upper parts are of a much duller, more brownish olive, which also serves to distinguish the female from the allied species. Material examined. — Brazil: Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z 2; Rio Madeira, Borba 3, Allianca i, Humaytha 4; Maroins, Rio Machados 5. 4The record from "Monte Alegre," north bank of the Amazon, is open to doubt (see Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913). BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 91 Heterocercus flavivertex Pelzeln. YELLOW-CROWNED MANAKIN. Heterocercus flavivertex PELZELN, Orn. Bras., a, pp. 125, 186, Sept., 1868 — Rio Negro, Marabitanas, Rio Xi6, Rio Icanna, Rio Vaup6, and Barcellos, Brazil (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 325, 1888 — part, spec, a-g, Rio Negro and "Oyapoc, Cayenne"; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 54, 1902 — Maipures and Perico, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined); BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, p. 139, 1908 — "Oyapoc, Cayenne" (ex SCLATER); HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 30, pi. I, fig. 6, 1910 (range); CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., a, p. 249, 1916 — Maipures and Perico, Rio Orinoco. Elaenia linteata STRICKLAND, Contrib. Orn., 1850, Illust. Orn., p. 121-15, pi. [63], right fig. — part, descr. of alleged female, "Upper branches of the Amazon River." Heterocercus angostwae BERLEPSCH and LEVERKUHN, Ornis, 6, p. 19, 1890 — "Angostura," Rfo Orinoco, Venezuela (type in Berlin Museum examined; = female). Range: Northwestern Brazil, in state of Amazonas (on the Rio Negro, above the junction of the Rio Branco, and its tributaries), and southern Venezuela, on the upper Orinoco (Maipures and Perico).1 Heterocercus aurantiivertex Sclater and Salvin* ORANGE-CROWNED MANAKIN. Heterocercus aurantiivertex SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1880, p. 157 — Sarayacu, Ecuador (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 325, pi. 23, 1888 — Sarayacu; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, 'Specimens from the upper Orinoco, including the type of H. angosturae, are perfectly similar to Natterer's original series from the Rio Negro. The locality "Angostura" [=Ciudad Bolivar] is certainly inaccurate, and the occurrence of this species in French Guiana also remains to be confirmed. The five skins in the British Museum, labeled "Oyapoc, Cayenne," were obtained from Madame Verdey, a natural history dealer of Paris, and are quite different in "make" from the ordinary trade skins imported from that colony. Material examined. — Brazil, Rio Negro: Rio Negro, near the junction of the Rio Branco 2, Marabitanas 5, Barcellos I ; Rio Xi6 I ; Rio Icanna [ =Rio Isanaj i; Rio Vaup£ i. — Venezuela, upper Rio Orinoco: Maipures 10, Perico 4, "Angos- tura" i. — "Oyapoc, Cayenne" 5. 1 Heterocercus aurantiivertex SCLATER and SALVIN: Adult male (female un- known) nearly related to, and agreeing with, H. flavivertex in dark gray sides of head as well as in olive green forehead and lateral portions of crown; but vertical patch bright orange instead of yellow, and breast ochraceous tawny like the abdomen, not chestnut. Wing 87; tail 49-50; bill 13. This form which, in all probability, is but a western race of H. flavivertex is known only from three adult males in the British Museum. A young male from Chamicuros, Peru, agrees with them in pale coloration of under parts, but the few bright feathers just appearing in the middle of the crown are golden yellow, more like H. flavivertex. The proper identification of the Peruvian form must be left in abeyance until satisfactory material comes to hand. Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu (types) 3. — Peru: Chamicuros, (o* ) juv., July 27, 1867. E. Bartlett (all in the British Museum). 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. p. 30, 1910 — Sarayacu; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 538, 1 926 — Sarayacu. (?) Heterocercus linteatus (not of STRICKLAND) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1873, p. 284 — Chamicuros, Peru (spec, examined). (?) Heterocercus lineatus TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 351, 1884 — part, "Nauta" = Chamicuros. (?) Heterocercus flaviver lex (not of PELZELN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 325, 1888 — part, spec, h, i, Chamicuros, Peru. Range: Eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu); (?) northern Peru (Chami- curos). Heterocercus luteocephalus (Lesson).1 GOLDEN-CRESTED MANAKIN. Muscicapa luteocephala LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 392, 1830 — locality unknown (type in Paris Museum examined); PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 374, 1855 — South America (descr., crit.). Heterocercus luteocephalus HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 326, 1906 (crit.); BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, p. 139, 1908 — Cayenne?; HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 30, 1910. Range: South America (exact locality unknown). FAMILY COTINGIDAE. CHATTERERS. Genus PHOENICIRCUS Swainson.2 Phocnicircus SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 491, Feb., 1832 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, List Gen. Birds, p. 33, 1840) Ampelis carnifex LINNAEUS. Phoenicercus STRICKLAND, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 29, 1841 — emendation. Phoenicocercus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 236, 1847 — emendation. Phaenicocercus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., I, p. 170, 1850 — emendation. Carnifex SUNDEVALL, Vetenskaps Akad. Handl. for 1835, p. 78, 1836 — type by monotypy Ampelis carnifex LINNAEUS. 1 Heterocercus luteocephalus (LESSON): In coloration much like Neopelma pallescens, but lateral portions of pileum, postocular region, hind neck and sides of neck pure ashy gray, instead of mainly light green, and posterior under parts much brighter yellow, more as in Neopelma chrysocephalum. Vertical crest bright yellow. The type (and only known specimen) of this species appears to be different from any Manakin I am acquainted with. Wings and tail being in full molt, the measurements, as published elsewhere (Nov. Zpol., 13, p. 326), cannot be relied upon. The rectrices, though not full-grown, distinctly exhibit the peculiar shape and the same proportions as in other species of Heterocercus, with which the bird also agrees in shortness of tarsi and structure of bill. More information about this obscure species is much desired. *A genus of doubtful affinity, perhaps more nearly related to the Rupicolidae or constituting a family by itself. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HfiLLMAYR. 93 *Phoenicircus carnifex (Linnaeus). RED CHATTERER. Lanius carnifex LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., loth ed., i, p. 94, 1758 — based on "The Red Bird from Surinam" EDWARDS, Nat. Hist. Birds, i, p. 39, pi. 39, Surinam. Cotingarubra MERREM, Av. Rar. Icon., Part i, p. i, pi. i, fig. i (male), 1784 — Surinam. Cotinga cuprea MERREM, Av. Rar. Icon., Part i, p. 5, pi. I, fig. 2 (female), 1 784 — Surinam. Ampelis coccinea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 839, 1789 — based on MERREM, Beytr. Bes. Gesch. V6gel, Part i, p. 6, pi. i, fig. 2, 1784, Surinam (=female). Phoenicocercus carnifex CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 695, 1848 — British Guiana; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., a, p. 439, 1856 — Guiana; BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — part, Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 131, 1868 — Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos] and Para; LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 385 — ten miles from Para; C. B. BROWN, Canoe and Camp Life in Brit. Guiana, p. 40, 1876 — Car- toonie, tributary of Puruni River; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit Mus., 14, p. 367, 1888 — British Guiana (Camacusa, Bartica Grove, Demerara), Cayenne, Barra do Rio Negro, Para; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Riviere Carsevenne, French Guiana; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 312, 1907 — range; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Para and Oure"m, Rio Guama; idem, I.e., 56, p. 529, 1907 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 142, 318, 1908 — Cayenne and Carsevenne River, French Guiana; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 164, 1910 — Surinam; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 354, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Peixe- Boi, Rio Guama (Our6m), and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 291, 1921 — numerous localities; YOUNG, Ibis, 1929, p. 233 — Plantation Wales, west Bank, Demerara, British Guiana. Ampelis carnifex DESCOURTILZ, Orn. fire's., p. 26, pi. 29, fig. 4, circa 1856 — range imaginary. Phoenicircus carnifex HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 34, 91, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acara (Para localities); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Murutucu, Para. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil, on the north bank of the Amazon west to Manaos, south of that river from the Para region west to the Tapajoz (Santare*m; Villa Braga).1 *A series from Colonia do Mojuy, Santar£m, and a couple from Villa Braga, on the left bank of the Tapaj6z, in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, are perfectly identical with Guianan specimens. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 3; Tamanoir 12 ; Pied Saut, Oyapock I. — Surinam I. — British Guiana: Groote Creek i, unspecified 4. — Brazil: 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 8: British Guiana (Groote Creek i, unspecified i); Brazil, state of Para (Para 2, Murutucu i, Providencia i, Utinga 2). *Phoenicircus nigricollis Swainson.1 BLACK-NECKED RED CHATTERER. Ampelis carnifcx (not Lanius carnifex LINNAEUS) SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 4, pi. 5, 1825 — Rio Negro, near Barcellos, Brazil (spec, in Munich Museum examined). Pipra coccinea (not Ampelis coccinea GMELIN) WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 938 — part, descr. of adult male (ex SPIX) only. Phoenicircus nigricollis SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 491, Feb., 1832 — based on Ampelis carnifex SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 4, pi. 5, Barcellos, Rio Negro. Ampelis merremii LESSON, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 104, 1839 — "Perua." Phoenicocercus coccineus (not of GMELIN) BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 438, 1856 — "Rio Negro bei Barcellona" (sic). Phoenicocercus nigricollis SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 567 — Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 751 — Xeberos, Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 131, 1868 — Borba (Rio Madeira), Rio Negro below Thomar, Cocuy, Marabitanas, and Carvoeiro, Rio Negro (descr. of female) ; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 285 — Sarayacu, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 374, 1884 — Peru- vian localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 368, 1888 — Pebas, Chamicuros, Loretoyacu, Xeberos, and Santa Cruz (Peru), and Rk> Copo- taza, Ecuador; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, a, No. 6, p. 52, 1926 — Rio Curua, Xingu; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 546, 1926 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. Para district (Para, Murutucu, Providencia, Benevides, etc.) 9; Ipitinga, Rio Acara 4; Obidos i; Manaos 8; Colonia do Mojuy, Santare'm 9; Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z 2. 1 Phoenicircus nigricollis, as a whole, appears to be the western representative of the Guianan Red Chatterer. North of the Amazon, the latter evidently does not range beyond Manaos, while farther up the Rio Negro, above the junction of the Rio Branco, at Carvoeiro, Barcellos, Thomar, etc., we meet with the Black- necked form which is the only one found along the Rio Madeira and on the banks of the Solimoes. However, on the lower Tapaj6z both species P. carnifex and P. nigricollis seem to occur. The Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, has a perfectly typi- cal female of nigricollis, collected by S. M. Klages at Villa Braga on November 28, 1919 (C. M., No. 75136), while another female secured at the same locality on December 19, 1919 (C. M., No. 75819) and an adult male are undoubtedly refer- able to P. carnifex. Again, on the right bank of the Tapaj6z the same collector ob- tained no less than nine specimens, including adults of both sexes and an immature male, of P. carnifex at Colonia do Mojuy, Santare'm, whereas farther up the river at Miritituba (opposite Itaituba) an adult male and two females of P. nigricollis, apparently inseparable from Upper-Amazonian specimens, were taken. Further researches are required to show whether the western form is of regular occurence in the Tapaj6z Valley. In the meantime, it seems advisable to maintain the specific distinctness of the Red Chatterers. Material examined. — Brazil: Miritituba, Rio Tapaj6z 3; Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z i; Rio Negro, Carvoeiro i, Barcellos (the type) I, below Thomar I, Cocuy i; Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes 3; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes 3; Rio Madeira, Calama I, Borba 2. — Peru: Chamicuros 3. — Ecuador: Rio Copotaza i, Rio Pastasa I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 95 Phoenicocercus carnifex SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — part, Guia, Rio Negro. Phoenicocercus nigrigularis SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 978 — Pebas, Peru. Phoenicircus nigricottis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 74, 1889 — Rio Napo; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 639, 1906 — note on type; idem, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 316, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira. Range : Northern Brazil (east to the junction of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco, south of the Amazon to the Rio Tapajoz), eastern Peru (dept. Loreto), and eastern Ecuador. i: Amazonia (unspecified i). Genus LANHSOMA Swainson. Laniisoma SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 492, Feb., 1832 (generic characters; the type species "Lanius arcuatus, Mus. Paris" is a nomen nudum here, and was not described until a year later). Ptilochloris SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, 2, p. 250, 1837 — type by monotypy "P. lunatus North. Zool., 2, p. 492. Braz. B. pi. 95. "l Laniisoma elegans (Thunberg). SHRIKE-LIKE CHATTERER. Ampelis elegans THUNBERG,1 Dissert. Tullberg Nov. Spec. Ampelis, p. 2, 1823 — Brazil, coll. Freyreiss (types in Upsala Museum examined; descr. of immature male and female). Muscicapa squamata WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 814, 1831 — south- eastern Brazil (descr. of female). Lanius arcuatus (GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE MS.) LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, pi. 12, 1833 — "du Bre"sil .... rapporte"e au Museum par Lalande" = Rio de Janeiro (descr. of immature male). Ptilochloris arcuatus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., i, p. 237, 1838 (descr. of im- mature male). 'Evidently a new name for Laniisoma, "P. lunatus" being an obvious misprint for arcuatus. Plate 95 (of the "Birds of Brazil and Mexico") referred to by Swain- son was never issued. •Through the good offices of Count Nils Gyldenstolpe, I have been enabled to examine the types preserved in the Upsala Museum. The male is a bird in change of plumage, the pileum being still partly covered with the fluffy ochraceous-buff black- tipped feathers of the juvenile dress (referred to by Thunberg as "crista capitis erecta et cervice flava"), traces of which are also to be found on the upper back and rump. The greater upper wing coverts, likewise retained from the juve- nile plumage, are dusky, broadly tipped with ochraceous tawny ("alae subfas- ciatae e maculis brunneis") and apically narrowly edged with blackish. The female, in adult dress withplain greenish wing coverts, does not differ from other examples of the same sex. Thunberg's statement "cauda rotundata, alis paullo longior" is an obvious pen-slip, as may be seen from the appended measurements of the types. Male: Wing 101; tail 60; bill 16. Female: wing 100; tail 63; bill 17. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Ptilochloris rcmigialis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., i, p. 237, 1838 — no locality stated (type now in Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge examined; = adult male); idem, I.e., 10, pp. 183, 184, 1847 (crit.). Ptilochloris squamata BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 435, 1856 — Brazil (ex WIED); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — Ypanema, Sao Paulo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 317, 1888 — Bahia and "Novo" Friburgo, Brazil;1 ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 240, 1889 (Wied's type no longer in American Museum); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 209, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 302, 1907 — Piracicaba, Sao Sebastiao and Itapura, Sao Paulo. Ampclis arcuata DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 26, pi. 29, fig. 3, (mas imm.), circa 1855 — from the Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, "to Matto-Grosso" (errore). Laniisoma squamatum HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 29, pi. i, fig. 10, 1910 — southeastern Brazil. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to Sao Paulo.2 Laniisoma buckleyi (Sclater and Salvin).3 BUCKLEY'S SHRIKE-LIKE CHATTERER. Ptilochloris buckleyi SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1880, p. 158, pi. 16 — Pindo, eastern Ecuador (descr. of female and pullus); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 318, 1888 — Pindo. Laniisoma arcuatum (not of LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador. Laniisoma buckleyi HELLMAYR in WYTSMAN, Gen. Av., Part 9, p. 29, 1910 — eastern Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 538, 1926 — eastern Ecuador. Range: Eastern Ecuador (Pindo; Archidona; Quijos). xThe localities "Rio Napo" and "Bogota" are doubtless erroneous. *Birds from various parts of southern Brazil agree well together. Adult males have the pileum coal black, the wings coverts plain olive green, and the fourth primary strongly attenuated on the apical portion of the inner web, while the three outer remiges, though of normal width, are somewhat pointed at the tip. The female, besides lacking the modification of the primaries, differs by reason of the less elongated crown feathers being mainly dull green, apically edged with sooty, and the much more heavily marked under parts. The type of P. remigialis, courteously lent by Mr. Outram Bangs, has fewer olive blackish bars under- neath, and is slightly smaller (wing 100, against 102-106; tail 63, against 65-69) than four other adult males examined by me. Material examined. — Bahia 3; Nova Friburgo, Rio i; Rio i; Ipanema, Sao Paulo i; "Brazil" (types of A. elegans) 2; unspecified (type of P. remigialis) I. 'Laniisoma buckleyi (SCLATER and SALVIN) is known from only two females and two nestlings. The female differs from the same sex of L. elegans by its more greenish crown, the blackish tips being barely suggested by slight dusky edges and deeper yellow under parts, with coarser as well as more numerous blackish markings. Until the male is discovered, the proper status of this form cannot be ascertained. — Wing (female) 98; tail 62; bill 17. Material examined. — Ecuador: Pindo (including the type) 3; Archidona (U.S. National Museum, No. 55346. W. Orton) i. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HfiLLMAYR. 97 Genus PHIBALURA Vieillot. Phibalura VIEILLOT, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 31, 1816 — type by mono- typy Phibalura flavirostris VIEILLOT. Chelidis GLOGER in FRORIEP'S Notizen Geb. Natur- und Heilkunde, 16, p. 278, 1827 — new name for Phibalura VIEILLOT. Amphibolura CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 233, 1847 — new name for Phibalura VIEILLOT. Dicranura VAN DER HOEVEN, Handb. Dierk., 3rd ed., 2, p. 733, 1859 — new name for Phibalura VIEILLOT. Psaliurus BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. i, p. 105, 1901 — type by monotypy Psaliurus acevalianus BERTONI = Phibalura flavirostris VIEILLOT. *Phibalura flavirostris Vieillot. SWALLOW-TAILED CHATTERER. Phibalura flavirostris VIEILLOT, Analyse Nouv. Orn. fil6m., p. 68, 1816 — Brazil; TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 20, pi. 118, 1822 — Sao Paulo; VIEILLOT (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 97, pi. 74, 1823 — Brazil; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br£s., p. 23, pi. 25, fig. I, 1855 — Brazil (habits); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 433, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 131, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro, Taipa, Mugy das Cruzes, and Campo Largo, Sao Paulo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., J4» P- 372. I888 — "Novo" Friburgo, Sao Paulo, Rio Claro, "Goyaz," Brazil; BOUCARD and BERLEPSCH, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 45, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio; GOELDI, Ibis, 1894, p. 484 — Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro (nesting habits and eggs descr.); IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — Colonia de Sao Louren$o, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 215, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Biaz., i, p. 312, 1907 — Alto da Serra, Rineao, Itarar6, and Campos de Jordao, Sao Paulo; MIRANDA RIBEIRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, J3i P- 183, 1906 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 313, 1910 — Misiones; DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 349, 1914 — Paraguay and Misiones; BERTONI, Anal. Soc. Cietat. Arg., 75, p. 94, 1913 — northern Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana; MIRANDA RIBEIRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, pp. 254, 262, 1923 — Itatiaya; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 178, 1926 — Fazenda Zawadzki and Candido de Abreu, Parana; CHAPMAN, Auk, 43, p. 99, 1926 — Atten, near Apolobamba, Bolivia; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 310, 1928 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya. Phibalura cristata SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., i, pi. 31, March, 1821 — South America. Pipr a forflcata THUNBERG, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Pe'tersb., 8, p. 284, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1822 — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pipr a chrysopogon WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 930 — new name for Phibalura flavi- rostris VIEILLOT. Psaliurus acevalianus BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. I, No. I, p. 105, 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Parand, accidentally in Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent districts of Paraguay and Misiones (Alto Parand)1; also recorded from Bolivia (Atten, near Apolobamba, dept. La Paz).J 3: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Therezopolis i, Itatiaya i, Porto Real i). Genus HELIOCHERA Filippi. Heliochera FILIPPI, Mus. Mediol., No. I, Animalia Vertebrata. Classis 2, (Aves), pp. 12, 31, March, 1847 — type by monotypy Ampelis rubrocristata LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY. Heliochaera SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 520 — emendation. Heliochoera MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Geog. Arm£e Mes. Arc Mend. Equat., 9, p. 864, 1911 — emendation. *Heliochera rubro-cristata (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). RED-CRESTED CHATTERER. A(mpelis) rubro-cristata LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 39, 1837 — Ayupaya and Yungas, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined; descr. of adult and young); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame>. Me"rid., Ois., p. 297, pi. 31, fig. i, 1839 — Chupe', prov. Yungas, and Palca, prov. Ayupaya, Bolivia. Ampelis rufocristata BOISSONNEAU, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 3, 1840 — Santa F6 de Bogota. Ampelion rubricristatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota. Carpornis rubrocristata JARDINE, New Edinb. Philos. Journ., (n.s.), 6, p. 91, 1856 — eastern Cordillera of Ecuador. Ampelion rubrocristatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 26, p. 553, 1858 — Mates and Titiacun, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 78, 1860 — Lloa; idem, I.e., p. 89, 1860 — Calacali and above Puellaro, Ecuador. Heliochera rubrocristata SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 781 — Paramos of Culata and MeYida, Venezuela; WYATT, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 — Pamplona Road and Paramo above Vetas, Santander, Colombia; TAC- ZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, p. 540 — Maraynioc, Peru; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1874, P- 678 — Ccachupata, dept. Cuzco, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1879, p. 237 — Montana de Pal to, near Tambillo, Peru; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 618 — Yungas and Ayupaya, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1880, p. 203 — Cutervo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 381, 1884 — Peruvian localities; BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1884, p. 298 — Cechce, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — San Rafael, Ecuador; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 390, 1888 — Bogota, Sierra Nevada de 1Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro 2, Porto Real i, Therezopolis i, Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos 6, Itatiaya i; Sao Paulo, Mugy das Cruzes I, Campo Largo 2. 'Bolivian birds may prove to be separable when additional material comes to hand. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 99 Santa Marta, Medellin, Santa Elena, San Lucas, Matos, "Yauayacu," Quito; SALVIN, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 13, 1895 — Cajabamba, Peru; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Maraynioc, Peru; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 490, 1898 — Cayambe Mountain, Ecuador; BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 98, 1898 — Paramo de Chiruqua and Paramo de Macutana, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 17, 1899 — Huaca, Pun, Chaupi (Paramo of Illiniza), Nanegal, Pelagallo, Pichincha, Frutillas, Lloa, and Papallacta, Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 152, 1900 — Santa Marta region; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 714 — Pichincha and Papallacta, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 499, 1917 — Paramillo, coast range west of Popayan, Valle de las Pappas, Laguneta, Santa Isabel, El Pinon, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 552, 1926 — Yanacocha, Chical, Taraguacocha, San Bartolo, Salvias, Oyacachi, Papallacta, and upper Sumaco, Ecuador; idem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 101, 1921 — Cedro- bamba, Occobamba Valley, and Lucma, Urubamba region, Peru; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 332, 1922 — Cerro de Caracas, Macotama, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua, Santa Marta region, Colombia; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 12, 1925 — Bolivia (note on types); BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — Pilon, Ecuador. Heliochaera rubrocristata SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 520 — Santa Elena, Colombia. Heliochoera rubrocristata MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G£og. Arme"e Mes. Arc Me"rid. Equat., 9, p. 664, 1911 — Frutillas and Chambo, Ecuador. Heliochera rubricristata PIGUET, M6m. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914 — Angelopolis, near Medellin, Colombia; LONNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 76, 1922 — below Lloa, Ecuador. Range: Temperate Zone of the Andes from extreme northern Colombia (Santa Marta range) and southwestern Venezuela (states of Tdchira and MeYida) south through Ecuador and Peru to western Bolivia.1 21 : Venezuela (Pdramo de Tamd, Tachira 2; Escorial, near Me*rida i; Culata, Mdrida i); Colombia (Bogotd 3; Paramillo, Western Andes, Antioquia i) ; Ecuador (Chical, province Canar 4) ; Peru (Molinopampa i ; mountains east of Balsas 2 ; Hudnuco Mountains 5; Panao Mountains, Hudnuco i). Heliochera ruf axilla ruf axilla (Tschiidi). TSCHUDI'S CHATTERER. Ampelis rufaxilla TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 270, 1844 — Peru; idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, pi. 7, fig. i, 1846. Ampelion rufaxilla TSCHUDI, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 137, 1846 — "Montaflas des mittleren Peru," we suggest Vitoc Valley, dept. Junin. 'Examination of more than one hundred specimens covering the whole range except the Santa Marta region fails to reveal any racial variation in this wide- spread species. zoo FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Heliochera rufaxilla TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 237 — Tambillo; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 24 — Tamiapampa; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 383, 1884 — Tambillo, Tamiapampa; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 391, 1888 — part, Peru; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, dept. Junfn; BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 450, 1918 — Tabaconas, northern Peru. Heliochera rufaxilla rufaxilla CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 8, 1924 — Chaupe, northeast of Huancabamba, Peru. Range: Subtropical Zone of Peru, from dept. of Cajamarca (Chaupe, near Huancabamba; Tabaconas; Tambillo; Tamiapampa) south to Junin (Vitoc Valley).1 Heliochera rufaxilla antioquiae Chapman.2 ANTIOQUIA CHATTERER. Heliochera rufaxilla antioquiae CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 138, p. 8, 1924 — Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia. Heliochaera rufaxilla (not of TSCHUDI) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 520 — Santa Elena and "Bogota."* Heliochera rufaxilla SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 391, 1888 — part, Santa Elena, Retiro, Medellin, and Antioquia, Colombia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 500, 1917 — San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, and Santa Elena, Colombia. Range : Subtropical Zone of the Western and Central Andes of Colombia. Genus DOLIORNIS Taczanowski. Doliornis TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, p. 135 — type by monotypy Doliornis sclateri TACZANOWSKI. Doliornis sclateri Taczanowski. SCLATER'S CHATTERER. Doliornis sclateri TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, P- !36> pi- 2O — Maraynioc, Peru; idem, I.e., p. 541 — Maraynioc; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 384, 1884 — Maraynioc; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 390, 1888 — Maraynioc. Range: Temperate Zone of central Peru (Maraynioc, dept. Junin).4 Material examined. — Peru: Tamiapampa i, Garita del Sol, Vitoc i. 1 Heliochera rufaxilla antioquiae CHAPMAN: Very similar to H. r. rufaxilla, but larger and more heavily streaked underneath. Wing 122-124, (female) 120; tail 82-84, (female) 78; bill 18-19. Material examined. — Colombia: Santa Elena 2, Retiro I. 'The specimen which I have examined in the Paris Museum is by no means from "Bogota." It was in a small collection sent by M. Triana containing among other things the type of Capita quinticolor and, though no locality is specified on the label, it doubtless came from the Western Cordillera. 4Material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc (including the type) 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 101 Genus TIJUCA Ferussac. Tijuca FERUSSAC, Bull. Sci. Nat., 19, for Nov.-Dec., p. 324, 1829 — type by monotypy Tijtica atra "LESSON"; LESSON, Cent. Zool., livr. i, p. 30, March, 1830 — type by monotypy Tijuca nigra LESSON. Chrysopleryx SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 492, Feb., 1832 — type by orig. desig. Chrysopteryx erythrorhynchus SWAINSON = Tijuca atra FERUSSAC. Tijuca atra Ferussac. TIJUCA. Tijuca atra (LESSON MS.) FERUSSAC, Bull. Sci. Nat., 19, for Nov.-Dec., p. 324, 1829 — "inter ieur du Br6sil." Tijuca nigra LESSON, Cent. Zool., livr. i, p. 31, pi. 6 (male), March, 1830 — "int&ieur du Br6sil"; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868 — "Bahia"; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 373, 1888 — "Novo" Friburgo, Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 313, 1907 — "Santa Catharina to Rio de Janeiro and Bahia"; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 310, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya (song). Chrysopteryx erythrorhynchus SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 492, Feb., 1832 — interior of Brazil (descr. of male and female). Ampelis chrysoptera NORDMANN in ERMAN'S Reise, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 15, pi. 10, fig. i, 1835 — Brazil (descr. of adult and immature male); DESCOUR- TILZ, Orn. Bre^., p. 25, pi. 28, fig. I, circa 1855 — "les serras de 1'inte'rieur du Bresil" (habits). Ptilochloris chrysoptera BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 435, 1856 — "der mehr den sudlichen Gegenden (St. Paulo, St. Catharina) angehort" (errore). Range: Mountain ranges of southeastern Brazil, in state of Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo; Petropolis; Therezopolis ; Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos; Serra do Itatiaya) and adjacent section of Minas Geraes (Sao Francisco).1 i: Brazil (Therezopolis i). Genus AMPELION Cabanis. Ampelion CABANIS in TSCHUDI, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 137, 1846 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, p. 56, 1855)* "Ampelis" [=Procnias] cucullata SWAINSON. *No reliable record exists for any locality outside the area circumscribed above. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Macieiras, Serra do Itatiaya I (U.S. Nat. Museum); Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos 15 (E. A. Goeldi coll., Zoolog- ical Museum, Berne, Switzerland); Petropolis i (adult male, May 3, 1886. J. Young. Tring Museum); Therezopolis I; "Rio" trade skins 3. — Minas Geraes: Sao Francisco, alt. 1580 meters, i (adult male, March 30, 1901. A. Robert. Tring Museum). *In the Appendix of the same work (p. 147) Gray selected Ampelis rubrocris- tata LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, the other species originally included in the loa FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Carpornis GRAY (and MITCHELL), Genera Birds, i, p. 279, Dec., 1846 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, p. 147, 1855) "Am- pelis" [ = Procnias] melanocephala SWAINSON. Ampdio CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 104, 1859 — emendation for Ampelion CABANIS. *Ampelion cucullatus (Swainson). HOODED BERRY-EATER. Procnias cucullata SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., I, pi. 37, April, 1821 — Brazil (descr. of adult male). Ampelis cucullata TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 61, pi. 363 (=adult male), 1825 — Brazil; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 26, pi. 29, fig. 2, circa 1855 — Brazil (habits). Ampelion cucullatus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 432, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 374, 1888 — Rio, "Novo" Friburgo, Sao Paulo, Rio Claro, "Goyaz," Pelotas and Lagda dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 216, 1899 — Iguap6 and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 313, 1907 — Santo Amaro, Ubatuba, Alto da Serra, and Iguape1, Sao Paulo; HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 139, 1915 — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo (descr. of female). Ampdio cucullatus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868 — Campo Largo and Rio Grande, near Sao Paulo (descr. of female); HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 306 — Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., ai, p. 266, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 140, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo south to Rio Grande do Sul.1 i : Brazil (Rio i). Ampelion melanocephalus (Wied). BLACK-HEADED BERRY-EATER. Procnias melanocephalus WIED, Reise Bras., I, p. 168 (8vo ed., p. 166), 1820 — Quartel das Barreiras, road from the Rio Itape'mirim to the Rio Itabapuana, southern Espirito Santo; SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., i, pi. 25, Feb., 1821 — forests of Pitanga, Bahia (descr. of male). Turdus melanocephalus VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 2, p. 647, 1822 — "Bresil," coll. Delalande; PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 7, livr. 3, p. 351. 1855 (crit.). genus Ampelion, but under the rules there is no justification in reversing his earlier action. Material examined. — Braco do Sul, Espirito Santo i ; Nova Friburgo, Rio 2 ; Campo Largo, Sao Paulo I ; Rio Grande, near Sao Paulo City 2 ; Santa Catha- rina (Aguas Pretas, Serra do Mirador, Laguna, Blumenau) 6; Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul 7. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 103 Ampelis viridis TnuNBERG,1 Dissert. Tullberg Ampelis Nov. Spec., p. 4, 1823 — Brazil, coll. Freyreiss. Ampelis melanocephala WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 401, 1830 — Das Barreiras, Espirito Santo. Ampelio(n) melanocephalus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 432, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868 — Bahia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 374, 1888 — Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 241, 1889 — note on Wied's type; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 216, 1899 — Iguape', Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900— Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, I.e., p. 240, 1900 — Sao Paulo (egg descr.); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 313, 1907 — Alto da Serra and Iguap^, Sao Paulo, and Rio Doce, Espirito Santo; LIMA, Rev. Mus Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — southern Bahia. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to Sao Paulo.2 Genus PORPHYROLAEMA3 Bonaparte. Porphyrolaema BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 315 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 5), 1854 — type by monotypy Cotinga porphyrolaema DEVILLE and SCLATER. Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema (Deville and Sclater). PURPLE- THROATED COTINGA. Cotinga porphyrolaema DEVILLE and SCLATER, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 226, 1852 — Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined); SCLATER, Contrib. Orn., 1852, p. 136, pi. 96 — Sarayacu; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 191 — Sarayacu; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 285 — Sarayacu, Ucayali; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 155 — Sarayacu, Ecuador; TAC- ZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 386, 1884 — Sarayacu, Ucayali; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 386, 1888 — River Ucayali and Samiria, Peru, and Sara- yacu, Ecuador; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 357, 1914 (range); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 551, 1926 — eastern Ecuador. Porphyrolaema phygas BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. 1 1, p. 315 ( =Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 5), 1854 — new name for Cotinga porphyrolaema DEVILLE and SCLATER. Cotinga (Ampelis) porphyrolaema DES MURS in CASTELNAU, Expe'd. Am6r. Sud, Ois., p. 65, 1856 — Sarayacu, Peru. Range: Eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (lower Maran6n and Ucayali River), and western Brazil (Rio Punis).4 'Except for the obvious lapsus "cauda .... alis multo longior," Thunberg's description corresponds to the characters of A . melanocephalus. I am informed by Count Gyldenstolpe that the types are no longer to be found in the Upsala Museum. 'Material examined. — Bahia 3; "Rio de Janeiro" i; Iguape1, S§o Paulo I. 1 Porphyrolaema is easily separable from Cotinga by ks much larger (more swollen as well as basally wider) bill and nearly square (not emarginate) tail. 4Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2. — Peru: Sarayacu (including the type) 2, Samiria I. — Brazil: Arima, Rio Punis 14. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Genus COTINGA Brisson. Cotinga BRISSON, Ornith., 2, p. 339, 1760 — type by tautonomy "Cotinga" BRISSON = A mpelis cotinga LINNAEUS. Ampelis LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 297, 1766 — type by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 34, 1840) Ampelis cotinga LINNAEUS. Hylocosmia SUNDEVALL, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 62, 1872 — new name for Cotinga BRISSON. *Cotinga cotinga (Linnaeus). PURPLE-BREASTED COTINGA. Ampelis cotinga LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 298, 1766 — based on "Le Cotinga" BRISSON (Orn., 2, p. 340, pi. 34, fig. i, 1760), "Bre'sil"; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., p. 25, pi. 28, fig. 3, circa 1856 — range imaginary; CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 105, 1859 — Guiana; BATES, Natural- ist on the Amazons, I, p. 119, 1863 — Vista Alegre, above Cameta, Rio Tocantins. Ampelis caerulea VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 760, 1822 — based on "Le Cotinga" BRISSON and "Cotinga du Bre'sil" BUFFON, Brazil and Cayenne; idem (and Oudart), Galerie Ois., I, (2), p. 183, pi. 116, 1823 — Cayenne and Surinam; CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 693, 1848 — Demerara. Cotinga coelestis GRAY, List Gen. Birds, 2nd ed., p. 46, 1841 — new name for Ampelis cotinga LINNAEUS (excl. ref. DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 188). Cotinga caerulea BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — near Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 132, 1868 — Cachoeira do Rio Xie", Rio Vaupe\ Rio Negro, Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Para; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 — Bartica Grove and Atapurow River, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 382, 1888 — Cayenne, Bartica Grove, Atapurow River, Carimang River; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25. 1891 — Santar^m; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Para; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 158, 1910 — Surinam. Cotinga cotinga IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 313, 1907 — range; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 142, 1908 — Cayenne; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 91, 1912 — Para; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 356, 1914 — Para and Providencia Para district; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 299, 1921 — numerous localities. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil (Rio Negro, from Manaos up to the Vaup£ and Xie rivers; Pard and vicinity; Santare"m, Rio Tapajdz). 3: British Guiana (Mazaruni River 2; unspecified i). *Cotinga maculata (Mutter).1 BANDED COTINGA. 1Cotinga maculata (MULLER) is probably conspecific with, and appears to re- place, C. cotinga in eastern Brazil. Its range, however, is very imperfectly known, and unacquainted with the female as I am, I provisionally accord it full specific rank. Material examined. — Brazil: Bahia 4, "Rio de Janeiro" 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 105 Ampelis maculatus P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 147, 1776 — based on "BUFFON" [ = DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 188] and EDWARDS [=Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, pi. 340], Brazil; we suggest Rio de Janeiro. Ampelis super ba SHAW (and NODDER), Natur. Misc., 19, No. n, pi. 821, July, 1808 — based on "Le Cotinga Cordon Bleu" LEVAILLANT (Hist. Nat. Ois. Nouv. et Rar. Amerique et Indes, i, pi. 42) and EDWARDS (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, pi. 340), Brazil. Ampelis cincta KUHL, Buflfoni et Daubentoni Fig. Av. Nom. Syst., p. 4, 1820 — based on "Cotinga du Bresil" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 188, Brazil; STRICKLAND, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 373, 1842 (crit.); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 430, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Ampelis cotinga (not of LINNAEUS) WIED, Reise Brasil., i, p. 275 (8vo ed., p. 272), 1820 — Vicoza, north of Rio Mucuri, southern Bahia; VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 761, 1822— Brazil; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 391, 1830 — Rio St. Matthaeus (Espirito Santo), Mucuri, Rio das Contas, and Rio Jiquirica (Bahia), Brazil. Ampelis fasciata (not of THUNBERG, 1823) DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 26, pi. 29, fig. i, circa 1856 — "aux confins de la province de Rio Janeiro pres Campos dos Goytacazes .... Morro do Frade; .... Bahia et . . . . Pard." ("Pard" errore). Cotinga catrulea (not Ampelis caerulea VIEILLOT) BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, p. 175, 1850 — Brazil. Cotinga cincta SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 383, 1888 — Bahia, Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Fri- burgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 314, 1907 — Rio Doce, Espirito Santo. Range: Wooded coast-region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro north to southern Bahia. i: Brazil (Bahia i). *Cotinga amabilis Gould.1 LOVELY COTINGA. Cotinga amabilis GOULD, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 64, pi. 123, July, 1857 — Guate- mala; SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 125 — Vera Paz, Guatemala; SALVIN, I.e., 1860, p. 193 — Coban, Guatemala; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 252, 1860 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 117, 1868 — "San JoseV' Costa Rica; FRANTZIUS, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 310, 1869 — Orosi, Costa Rica; ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Naranjo de Cartago and Birris, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 384, 1888 — Vera Paz, Choctum, and Coban (Guatemala), and Costa Rica; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 2, p. 138, 1891 — part, Orizaba and Chimalapa, Tehuantepec (Mexico), Guatemala, and Costa Rica; BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 781, 1907 — southeastern Mexico through Guatemala and Hon- 1 Cotinga amabilis and the two next species are nearly related to, and probably conspecific with, C. maynana, of Upper Amazonia. io6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. duras south to eastern Costa Rica (monog.) ; DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 100, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; CAR- RIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 676, 1910 — Carrillo, Tuis, and Cachi, Costa Rica. Ampelis amabilis CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 253, 1861 — Costa Rica. Range: Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Mirador, Pasa Nueva) and Oaxaca (Chimalapa) and southward through Guatemala and Honduras to eastern Costa Rica.1 5: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal 3; Gualan, Zacapa 2). *Cotinga ridgwayi Ridgway. RIDGWAY'S COTINGA. Cotinga ridgwayi (ZELED6N MS.) RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 10, p. I, pi. 6, fig. 3, 1887 — part, type from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, only; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Pozo Azul de Pirris; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 384, 1888 — part, spec. a,b, Bugaba, Chiriqui; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 139, 1891 — part, Pozo Azul, Costa Rica, and Bugaba, western Panama; CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1891-92, p. 37, 1893 — Lagarto; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 3, p. 41, 1902 — Bogaba, Chiriqui; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 783, 1907 — southwestern Costa Rica and western Panama; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 675, 1910 — Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica. Cotinga amabilis (not of GOULD) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 200 — Bugaba, Panama. Range: Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Pigres, Lagarto) and western Panama (Bugaba and Boquete, Chiriqui). * 2: Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui 2). Cotinga nattererii (Boissonneau).3 NATTERER'S COTINGA. Ampelis nattererii BOISSONNEAU, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 2, 1840 — Santa F6 de Bogota, Colombia (descr. of adult male). 'Material examined. — Guatemala: Los Amates 3, Gualan 2, Vera Paz 2. — Honduras: San Pedro i, Los Caminos I. *Birds from Boquete agree with topotypes from Pozo Azul, Costa Rica. Two specimens — adult male and female — in the U.S. National Museum, said to be from "Isthmus of Panama, May, 1887, W. E. Safford," likewise belong to the present species, but the locality is open to doubt. *Cotinga nattererii (BOISSONNEAU): Adult male nearest to C. ridgwayi, but second primary decidedly longer (almost equaling the third) and apically not attenuated; purple of throat and pectoral area darker and narrowly barred with blackish; blue pectoral band much wider; female more deeply buff underneath, especially anteriorly. Wing (adult male) 107-111, (female) 106-110; tail 66-69, (female) 71-75; bill 1^^-15. A single adult male from Panama (Chorera) is identical with a series from the Pacific coast of Colombia. The only Bogota skin seen by me (U.S. National Museum, No. 78,108) differs by the lighter purple of the abdominal area, resem- bling in that respect the Costa Rican ridgwayi. In all other particulars, however, 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 107 Cotinga simoni BERLEPSCH, Ornis, 14, p. 361, Feb., 1907 — San Jos£, Rio Dagua, Colombia (type in Berlepsch Collection examined). Cotinga nattereri (i) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 140, footnote, 1891 (crit.); RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 785, 1907 — eastern Panama (line of Panama Railway) to Bogota, Colombia (monog.); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1146 — N6vita, Choc6, Colombia (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 499, 1917 — Iguamiand6, Noana- ma, and Barbacoas, Pacific coast, and Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; HALLINAN, Auk, 41, p. 319, 1924 — Sosa Hill, Panama; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 551, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 58, p. 163, 1920 — Barro Colorado Island, Panama (nesting habits); GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — El Tigre, Rio Cupe, Dari6n. Cotinga amabilis (not of GOULD) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 473, 1862 — line of Panama Railway. Cotinga ridgwayi (not of RIDGWAY) RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 10, p. I, 1887 — part, Bogota; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 384, 1888 — part, spec, c, "Central America (probably Panama)"; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 139, 1891 — part, Panama Railroad and Bogota. Cotinga natteri (sic) BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 212, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darien (habits). Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Panama (Panama Railroad; Darie'n), Colombia (Pacific coast, east to the lower Magdalena Valley; occasionally in "Bogota" collections), and northwestern Ecuador (Esmeraldas). "Cotinga maynana (Linnaeus'). MAYNAS COTINGA. Ampelis maynana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 298, 1766 — based on "Le Cotinga des Maynas" BRISSON, Orn., 2, p. 341, pi. 34, fig. 2, 1760, Maynas, Peru; coll. Godin, in Mus. Reaumur. Cotinga maynana SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Ri° Javarri; idem. I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., a, p. 133, 1868 — Rio Joanari, right bank of Rio Negro, and Tabatinga, Rio SolimSes, Brazil; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 285 — Chamicuros and Santa Cruz, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 24 — Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 385, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 386, 1888 — Iquitos, Rio Ucayali, Chamicuros, Pebas (Peru), it agrees with males from western Colombia, notably in the shape of the second primary, the width of the blue pectoral band, and the presence of greenish-black bars on throat and abdominal area. From the numerous buffy edges and lateral spots on the throat feathers I infer that the bird is not quite adult. Nevertheless the examination of a good series from "Bogota" seems desirable. Material examined. — Panama: Chorera I. — Colombia: Bogota I; N6vita, Choc6 18; Iguamiand6, Choc6 i; San Jos£, Rio Dagua i; El Paillon, near Buena- ventura 2. io8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Sarayacu and Napo (Ecuador); ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 74, 1889 — Rio Napo; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 714 — Upper Napo, Ecuador; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 314, 1907 — range; HELL- MAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 51, 1907 — Tefite, Rio Solimoes; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Ge'ogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. B 64, 1911 — eastern Ecuador; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio Punis; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 356, 1914 — Bom Lugar, Rio Punis; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 — Sarayacu, Ecua- dor; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 551, 1926 — Rfo Napo and below San Jose" de Sumaco, Ecuador. Range: Upper Amazonia, from eastern Ecuador south to eastern Peru and east to northwestern Brazil (Teffe" and Tabatinga, Rio Solimoes; Rio Joanari, an affluent on the right side of the Rio Negro; Rio Punis).1 i: Peru (Yurimaguas i). *Cotinga cayana (Linnaeus). CAYENNE COTINGA. Ampelis cayana LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed.f i, p. 298, 1766 — based on "Le Cotinga de Cayenne," BRISSON, Orn., 2, p. 344, pi. 34, fig. 3, 1760: "Bre"sil et Cayenne, d'ou il a £te" envoye" a M. de Re'aumur par M. des Essars," type locality therefore Cayenne; LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 40, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia; CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 693, 1848 — Demerara; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., p. 25, pi. 28, fig. 4, circa 1856 — "Maranhao" et Para. Ampelis cayennensis D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Am^r. M6rid., Ois., p. 297, 1839 — Yuracares, Bolivia (descr. of male). Ampelis cajana BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 429, 1856 — northern Brazil. Cotinga cayana SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 191 — Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 580 — Rio Negro; idem, I.e., p. 751 — Xeberos, Peru; idem, I.e., p. 978 — Pebas; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 133, 1868 — Borba (Rio Madeira), Rio Xie", Rio Vaup6, Cachoeira Sao Jeronimo, Rio Negro, Manaos, Para; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 285 — Sarayacu, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz, and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 618 — Yuracares, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 384, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 385, 1888 — Bartica Grove, Cayenne, Chyavetas, Sarayacu, Rio Napo; ALLEN, Bull Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — lower Beni, Bolivia; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar^m, Rio Tapaj6z; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435. I9°5 — Rio Jurua; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 314, 1907 — Rio Jurua; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Santo Antonio do Prata and Para; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 142, 1908 — Cayenne; Material examined. — Ecuador: Upper Rfo Napo 2, Sarayacu i. — Brazil: Teffe", Rio Solimoes i; Tabatinga i; Rio Joanari, Rio Negro 4. — Peru: Pebas 3, Iquitos i, Yurimaguas I. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR. IOQ HELLMAYR, I.e., 17, p. 316, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 169, 1910 — Surinam; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 35, 91, 1912 — Ipitinga and Peixe-Boi (Para localities); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 356, 1914 — Para, Mocajatuba, Providencia, Benevides, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Acara, Rio Tocantins (Mazagao), Rio Tapaj6z (Boim), Rio Negro; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 95, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 300, 1921 — numerous localities; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 13, 1925 — Bolivia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55. P- 551. 1926 — eastern Ecuador; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Rio Inhangapy, Para. Cotinga cayenna C. B. BROWN, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 395i 1876 — near Waipah, Upper Ireng River. Cotinga nattereri (not of BOISSONNEAU) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 385, 1888 — Bogota. Dacnis (lapsu) cayana BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 31, p. 233, 1925 — Sarayacu, Ecuador (spec, examined). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil, east to Para, south to the upper Rio Madeira; eastern Colombia (not uncommon in native "Bogota" collections); eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru; northern Bolivia (Yuracares; lower Beni).1 3: British Guiana (Corentyne River i, Demerara River i); Peru (Rioja i). Genus XIPHOLENA Gloger.2 Xipholena GLOGER, Gemeinnutz. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., i, p-32O, 1841 — generic characters, no species mentioned; type by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 56, 1855) Ampdis pompadora LINNAEUS = Turdus puniceus PALLAS. * Xipholena punicea (Pallas). POMPADOUR CHATTERER. Turdus puniceus PALLAS in Vroeg's Catalogue, Adumbrat., p. 2, 1764 — "Zuyd America," we suggest Surinam. Ampelis pompadora LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 298, 1766 — based on Turdus puniceus PALLAS (I.e.), "Cotinga purpurea" BRISSON (Orn., a, P- 347 1 pl- 35i fig- !» r?6o — Cayenne) and "Pompadour" EDWARDS (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 275, pi. 341 — Cayenne); HAHN, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 9, pi. 3, 1821 — Cayenne, Guiana; SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 90, 1848 — upper Takutu River; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 25, pi. 28, fig. 2, circa 1856 — "Maranhao et Para" (errore). 'Material examined. — Cayenne 3. — British Guiana 7. — Brazil: Ipitinga, Rio Acara 14; Peixe-Boi i; Pard i; Rio Negro 4; Calama, Rio Madeira I. — Colombia: "Bogota" 7. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2. — Peru: Iquitos 2, Rioja I. *The three species of the genus, while obviously geographical representatives, differ so much in structure and proportions that I hesitate to treat any of them as subspecies. no FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. (?) Ampelis grisea BODDAERT, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 43, 1783 — based on "Cotinga gris de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 699,' Cayenne. (?) Ampelis cinerea LATHAM, Ind. Orn., i, p. 367, 1790 — based on Lanius nengeta var. 0, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (i), p. 299, 1788: ex "Cotinga gris de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 699, and "Varie'te' du Guirarou" BUFFON, Cayenne. Xipholena pompadora CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 693, 1848 — British Guiana; BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, a, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., p. 9, 1866 — Cayenne and British Guiana, west to Guia, Rio Negro; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Guia, Rio Negro; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 133, 1868 — Borba (Rio Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Rio Xfe, Rio Icanna, and Rio Vaupe", Brazil; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume" Mountains, Atapurow River; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 387, 1888 — Cayenne, Bartica Grove, Atapurow River, Cama- cusa, Maroni River ;!HERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Riojurud; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 142, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 170, 1910 — Surinam. Xipholena punicea IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 314, 1907 — British Guiana and Rio Jurua, Brazil; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 321, 1908 — Cayenne; HELLMAYR, I.e., 17, p. 316, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 357, 1914 — Rio Jamunda (Faro) and upper Rio Negro; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 302, 1921 — numerous localities. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil (east of Man&os north of the Amazon only, but farther west also south of that river from the Rio Madeira at least to the Jurud).2 4: British Guiana (Demerara River 3, unspecified i). * Xipholena lamellipennis (Lafresnaye). LAFRESNAYE'S CHATTERER. Ampelis lamellipennis LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., (2), i, cl. 2, pi. 9, 1839 — "1'Ame'rique du Sud," we specify Para. Xipholena lamellipennis SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., p. 10, 1866 — Para; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 133, 1868 — Para; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 389, 1888— Para; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 295, 1905 — Igarape"-assii, Para; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 292, 1907 — Para, Santo Antonio do Prata; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910; I.e., p. 154, 1925 — Miritiba, Maranhao; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.- phys. KL, 26, No. 2, pp. 35, 91, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Ipitinga (Para localities); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 357, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Bene- 'Daubenton's unusually poor figure appears to have been taken from a female example of the Pompadour Chatterer. •Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 5. — British Guiana: Deme- rara River 5, Bartica Grove 3. — Brazil: Rio Negro 5; Borba, Rio Madeira i; Rio Jurua I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. in vides, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocantins (Mazagao, Cameta, Baiao), and Rio Tapajtfz (Boim); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Pinheiro, Para. Range: Northern Brazil south of the Amazon, from the Tapa- j6z to Para and extending east into the northern districts of Maranhao (Miritiba).1 i: "Brazil" (unspecified i). *Xipholena atro-purpurea (Wied). WIED'S CHATTERER. Ampelis atro-purpurea WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 262 (8vo ed., p. 260), 1820 — Morro d'Arara, Mucuri River, Espirito Santo. Ampelis purpurea LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 57, 1823 — Bahia (descr. of adult and immature male); WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3. (Oi P- 397. J83O — Lagda d'Arara, Espirito Santo; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 428, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Xipholena atropurpurea SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., p. 9, pi. 5, 1866 — wooded region of eastern Brazil; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 388, 1888 — Pernambuco and Bahia, Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 241, 1889 — Rio Mucuri (note on type); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 314, 1907 — Bahia and Espirito Santo; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — southern Bahia. Xipholena purpurea PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 133, 1868 — Brazil = Bahia (plumages). Range: Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco south to Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo). 4: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia 3; Bahia i). Genus CARPODECTES Salvin.2 Carpodectes SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., "1864," p. 583, pub. April, 1865 — type Carpodectes nitidus SALVIN. Carpodectes nitidus nitidus Salvin. SNOWY COTINGA. Carpodectes nitidus SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., "1864," p. 583, pi. 36, pub. April, 1865 — Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 183, 1865 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9, p. 117, 1868 — Tucur- riquf, Costa Rica; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 65 — San Carlos, Costa Rica (descr. of female); RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., I, p. 255, 1878 — Pacuar6, Costa Rica (descr. of young male); idem, I.e., u, p. 544, 1888 — 'Material examined. — Para district (Para, Igarape'-assu, Ipitinga, Peixe-Boi, etc.) 15; Miritiba, Maranhao 2. *The three members of the genus, while presenting excellent distinguishing characters, are clearly but races of a single specific unit. ii2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pacuar£ (descr. of imm. male); ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, I, p. 118, 1887 — Carrillo and Pacuar6; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 389, 1888 — Tucurriqui; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 140, pi. 42 (male, fenjale), 1891 — Nicaragua (Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Pacuare", San Carlos); RICHMOND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 509, 1893 — Rio Frio, Costa Rica and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 150, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras; RIDGWAV, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 788, 1907 — Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and Nicaragua; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 674, 1910 — Carrillo, Rfo Frio, Guacimo, Lim6n, Reventaz6n, Guapiles, Costa Rica; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Pacuarito, Costa Rica; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 458, 1928 — Almi- rante, Panama. Range: Caribbean slope of Honduras (Ceiba), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and extreme northern Panama (Almirante Bay). *Carpodectes nitidus antoniae Ridgway. ANTONIA'S COTINGA. Carpodectes antoniae (ZELED6N MS.) RIDGWAY, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 27, pi. 2 (male), Jan., 1884 — Pirris, southwestern Costa Rica; idem, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, No. 26, "1883," p. 410, April, 1884 — Pirris; idem, I.e., 10, p. 20, 1887 — Pirris (descr. of female); ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Pozo Azul de Pirris; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 389, 1888 — western Costa Rica; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 141, 1891 — Pirris; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 41, 1902 — Pedregal, Chiriqui, Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 789, 1907 — Pacific slope of Costa Rica and western Panama; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 674, 1910 — Pozo Azul de Piris, Costa Rica. Range: Pacific slope of Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris and Pigres) and western Panama (Chiriqui). i: Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris i). Carpodectes nitidus hopkei Berlepsch.1 HOPKE'S COTINGA. Carpodectes hopkei BERLEPSCH, Orn. Monatsber., 5, p. 174, 1897 — San Jose1, Rio Dagua, Colombia (type examined); HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 611, 1902 — Ventana, Ecuador (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1147 — N6vita, Choc6, Colombia (crit., plumages); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 499, 1917 — Iguamiand6, Choc6, Colombia; idem, 1-c., 55, p. 552, 1926 — Ecuador. Range: Pacific coast of Colombia (Novita, Iguamiand6, Rio Dagua) and northwestern Ecuador (Ventanas, prov. Esmeraldas). 1 Carpodectes nitidus hopkei BERLEPSCH: Immediately recognizable from its allies by much larger size, black bill, and by the black apical spots on the six outer primaries and the central rectrices of the adult males. Wing (male) 158- 171, (female) 140-145; tail 95-102, (female) 85-90; bill 20-22, (female) 18-20. Material examined. — Colombia: N6vita, Rio Tamand 13, San Jos4, Rio Dagua n. — Ecuador: Ventanas, prov. Esmeraldas 3. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 113 Genus EUCHLORNIS Filippi.* Euchlornis FILIPPI, Mus. Mediol., No. i., Anim. Vertebr., Cl. 2, (Aves), pp. 12, 31, 1847 — type Ampelis riefferii BOISSONNEAU. Pyrrhorhynchus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, p. 103, 1849 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 166) Ampelis viridis LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY. Pyrorhynchus BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 315 (=Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 5), 1854 — emendation of Pyrrhorhynchus LAFRESNAYE. Euchlorornis CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 103, 1859 — emendation of Euchlornis FILIPPI. *Euchlornis riefferii melanolaema (Sclater). VENEZUELAN FRUIT- EATER. Pipreola melanolaema SCLATER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), 17, p. 469, 1856 — "in Venezuela, Caraccas" (type in Paris Museum examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1868, p. 628 — Caracas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 781 — upper wood region of Merida; SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 167 — part, Caracas, Merida, Venezuela; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 377, 1888 — part, spec, a-d, Caracas, Merida, Venezuela. Euchlornis viridis melanolaema HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 208, 1915 — Silla de Caracas and Andes of Merida. Range: Subtropical Zone of northwestern Venezuela, from Ca- racas to MeYida.1 5: Venezuela, Andes of Merida (El Valle 2, Rio Mucujon 3). *Euchlomis riefferii riefferii (Boissonneau). RIEFFER'S FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis riefferii BOISSONNEAU, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 3, 1840 — Santa F£de Bogota; HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, p. 494, 1849 — Colombia. Pipreola. riefferi SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 22, p. 113, 1854 — Quixos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 166 — Bogota and "vicinity of Quito" =eastern Ecuador; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 519 — Retiro, Medellin, and Santa Elena, Antioquia; BERLEPSCH Journ. Orn., 32, p. 306, 1884 — Bucaramanga; idem, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887— Bogota; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 377, 1888 — Bogota, Retiro, Santa Elena, "vicinity of Quito" and "San Lucas, Ecua- dor"; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 17, 1899 — Pun, Ecuador; PIGUET, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914 — Cafetal La Camelia, near Angelopolis, Antioquia. *An earlier name is probably Pipreola SWAINSON (Anim. Menag., p. 357, Dec., 1837 — type by monotypy Pipreola chlorolepidota SWAINSON), but as long as the genotype has not been identified beyond doubt, it cannot be accepted under the present rules of nomenclature. *Birds from Merida generally have the upper parts slightly more yellowish green, and the whitish apical edges to the lateral rectrices hardly suggested. Material examined. — North coast mountains, near Caracas (Silla de Caracas and Cerro del Avila) 26. — Andes of Merida: El Valle 4, Escorial 2, La Hechisera 2, Rio Mucuj6n 3. ii4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Euchlornis viridis riefferii HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 208, 1915 — Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia). Euchlornis riefferi riefferi CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 498, 1917 — Fusugasugd, El Roble, and Subia (Eastern Andes), El Eden and Santa Elena (northern Central Andes), Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 549, 1926 — Sabanilla, Macas region, Baeza, below Oyacachi, and upper Sumaco, eastern Ecuador. Range : Subtropical Zone of eastern Ecuador and northern Cen- tral as well as Eastern Andes of Colombia, east to the Venezuelan line (Paramo de Tama).1 7: Colombia (Bogotd 2; El Eden, East Quindio Andes i; Paramo de Tama, Santander 4). *Euchlornis riefferii occidentalis Chapman.2 WEST ANDEAN FRUIT- EATER. Euchlornis riefferi occidentalis CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 630, 1914 — San Antonio, Western Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 498, 1917 — San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, La Florida, Cocal, and Almaguer (Western Andes), and (?) Salento (west slope of Central Andes), Colom- bia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 549, 1926 — "Gualea," Verdecocha, and Salvias, Ecuador. Pipreola melanolaema (not of SCLATER, 1856) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 67, 1860 — Chillanes, above Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 167 — part, Chillanes and Intaj f=Intac], Ecuador; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 377, 1888 — part, spec, e-g, Intac and Chillanes, Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 17, 1899 — Nanegal; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Amide Mes. Arc Mend. Equat., 9, p. 663, 1911 — Canchacoto (above Santo Domingo) and Gualea, Ecuador. from the Paramo de Tama form the transition to E. r. melanolaema, and one of our specimens (an adult male) approaches it very closely. Three adult males from the northern section of the Central Andes (Santa Elena, El Eden) and one from Pun, northeastern Ecuador agree with the average of Bogota skins. The localities "Vicinity of Quito" and "San Lucas, Ecuador," given by Sclater, are doubtless incorrect, the only form found on the western slope of the Ecuadorian Andes being the dark-headed E. r. occidentalis. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 14; Santa Elena, Antioquia 2; El Eden, East Quindio Andes i. — Ecuador: Pun i, "near Bafios" 2. 1 Euchlornis riefferii occidentalis CHAPMAN: Most nearly related to, and agree- ing in blackish head with, E. r. melanolaema, but upper parts rather darker (less yellowish) green; edges to greater upper wing coverts broader, less sharply defined, and wholly green, there being at best a narrow yellowish fringe at the very tip; tertials with much more green, this color occupying the whole of the outer web, and .the whitish apical edges decidedly narrower. Wing (adult males) 92-95; tail 70-73; bill 14-15. Birds from Ecuador agree with those from Colombia in wing markings, but approach E. r. chachapoyas in having the middle as well as the sides of the posterior under parts spotted with green. Material examined. — Colombia: San Antonio 6, Almaguer I. — Ecuador: above Gualea 2, Mindo i, Nanegal 3, Canchacoto i, "Ambato" I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 115 Pipreola riefferi (not of BOISSONNEAU) GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 713 — Mindo, Ecuador (spec, examined). Euchlornis (Pipreola) melanolaema LONNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 76, 1922 — road to Nanegal, near Mindo, and road to Gualea, Ecuador. Range: Subtropical Zone of western Ecuador and Western Andes of Colombia.1 3: Colombia (San Antonio i; Almaguer, Cauca i); Ecuador (Nanegal i). Euchlornis riefferii chachapoyas Hellmayr.2 CHACHAPOYAS FRUIT- EATER. Euchlornis viridis chachapoyas HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 206, July, 1915 — Chachapoyas, northern Peru. Pipreola riefferi (not of BOISSONNEAU) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 24 — Tamiapampa, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 375, 1884 — Tamiapampa. Pipreola viridis (not of LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBINGY) MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — part, Nuevo Loreto, east of Tayabamba, Peru (descr. of female; spec, in Paris Museum examined). Range: Northern Peru, in depts. of Amazonas (Chachapoyas, San Pedro, Tamiapampa) and Libertad (Nuevo Loreto, prov. Pataz). Euchlornis intermedia intermedia (Taczanowski).* INTERMEDIATE FRUIT-EATER. Pipreola viridis intermedia TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 376, 1884 — Maray- nioc, dept. Junin, Peru; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Chilpes, Vitoc, and Culumachay, Maraynioc, dept. Junin. 'The northwestern limit of its range cannot at present be defined, and until adult males become available for comparison, it will be impossible to decide whether a single female from Sal en to (east of Cartago), on the west slope of the Central Andes, in the American Museum is referable to occidentalis or riefferii. 1 Euchlornis riefferii chachapoyas HELLMAYR: Adult male similar to E. r. occidentalis, but wings shorter and bill smaller; upper parts deeper, more bluish green; yellow collar around the hind neck either complete or interrupted but for a short distance in the middle; no plain yellow abdominal line, the median under parts being spotted with green like the sides and flanks; tail without any, or with mere traces of, white apical edges; female exactly like E. r. occidentalis in coloration, but smaller. Wing (adult males) 86 #-91, twice 92, (female) 83; tail 67-75; bill 12. Material examined. — Peru: Chachapoyas 12, San Pedro I, Nuevo Loreto 2. 'Euchlornis intermedia intermedia (TACZANOWSKI) appears to constitute a distinct species, as I am led to believe by material recently examined in the Paris Museum. It differs from E. riefferii chachapoyas and its northern allies by larger size; deep black head all round, with large glossy steel-blue marginal edges; bicolored tail, the entire inner web and a distinct subapical band across the outer web of the five outer rectrices being black in abrupt contrast to the green of the remaining portion, while the median pair is provided with a black subapical u6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Ampelis viridis (not of THUNBERG) TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 269, 1844 — Peru; idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 135, 1846 — Montafias of central Peru (descr. of female). Pipreola viridis TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, P- 54° — Maraynioc, Peru; SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 167 — part, Junm destrict, Peru; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 378, 1888 — part, spec, a, Pumamarca; MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — part, Cumpang, east of Tayabamba, Peru (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Range: Subtropical Zone of central and northern Peru, in depts. of Junin (Rumicruz, Maraynioc, Chilpes, Culumachay, Pumamarca) and Libertad (Cumpang). Euchlornis intermedia signata Hellmayr.1 D'ORBIGNY'S FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis viridis (not of THUNBERG, 1823) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., I, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 40, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; =female); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame'r. M£rid., Ois., p. 298, pi. 31, fig. 2, 1839 — Chulumani, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia. Euchlornis riefferii signata HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 199, 1917 — new name for Ampelis viridis LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, preoc- cupied; idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 13, 1925 — Yungas (note on type). Pipreola melanolaema (not of SCLATER, 1856) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1873, p. 186 — Huasampilla, Peru; SCLATER, I.e., 1873, p. 780 — Huasampilla. Pipreola viridis SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 167 — part, descr. and hab. Andes of Cuzco and Bolivia; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Chulumani and Tilotilo, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 378, 1888 — part, spec, b-g, Huasampilla, Peru and Tilotilo, Bolivia. band (about 12 mm. wide) across the whole width of the feather; very conspicuous white apical edges to all of the rectrices and remiges, excepting the two outer- most primaries, and by having the under parts (below the black foreneck) densely variegated all over with greenish black squamate markings. The female, except for lacking the black head, exhibits similar difference. Wing 99, (female) 95; tail 87, (female) 81; bill 13. The late G. A. Baer, in August, 1900, obtained a single adult male in perfect plumage at Cumpang, alt. 2400 meters, east of Tayabamba, dept. Libertad, which seems to be inseparable from topotypical examples of E. i. intermedia, while in the same general region, though at a lower altitude, at Nuevo Loreto, alt. 1200 meters, a pair of E. r. chachapoyas was secured by the same collector in July, 1900. Although there may be a difference in the vertical distribution of the two forms, it seems advisable to regard them — at least, for the present — as specifically distinct. Material examined. — Peru: Rumicruz, alt. 9700 ft., dept. Junin (American Museum of Natural History, New York) 2; Cumpang, alt. 2400 meters, dept. Libertad (Paris Museum) i. Euchlornis intermedia signata HELLMAYR: Similar to E. i. intermedia, but adult male with a post-auricular band of lemon chrome across sides of neck, and with the middle of the breast and abdomen extensively plain (unmarked) bright yellow; female with yellow orbital ring much more conspicuous, lores and upper throat strongly suffused with yellowish, etc. Wing 98-100, (female) 91-98; tail 85-87, (female) 80-87; bill 13-14. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 117 Range: Subtropical Zone of southeastern Peru (Huasampilla, dept. Cuzco; below Limbani, dept. Puno) and Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba).1 Euchlornis lubomirskii ( Taczanowski) * LUBOMIRSKI'S FRUIT-EATER. Pipreola lubomirskii TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 236, pi. 22 — Tambillo, dept. Cajamarca, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 377, 1884 — Tambillo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 380, 1888 — Tambillo; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, iQOi, p. 713 — Baeza, eastern Ecuador (spec, examined). Euchlornis lubomirskii CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 499, 1917 — La Candela, sources of the Magdalena River, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, P- 55°. X926 — below Oyacachi, Ecuador. (?) Pipreola chlorolepidota (not of SWAINSON) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 441, 1859 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. (?) Pipreola formosa (not of HARTLAUB) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 378, 1888 — part, spec, f, Rio Napo. Range: Subtropical Zone of southern Colombia (La Candela, head of the Magdalena Valley), eastern Ecuador (Baeza; below Oyacachi), and northern Peru (Tambillo, prov. Jaen). Euchlornis jucunda (Sclater).3 YELLOW-VENTED FRUIT-EATER. Pipreola jucunda SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 89, pi. 160, 1860 — Cachi- Llacta, near Nanegal, Ecuador (descr. of male); idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 171 — Ecuador (monog., descr. of female); TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1884, p. 298 — Cayandeled; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, JTwo specimens from below Limbani, the male unfortunately immature, appear to be inseparable from a Bolivian series, except by smaller size. Material examined. — Peru: below Limbani, northern Puno 2. — Bolivia: Chulumani (the type) i; Chaco, near La Paz 3; San Antonio i; Sandillani 7; Cocapata 4 ; San Cristobal I ; Incachaca , Cochabamba 6 ; Yungas of Cochabamba i . 1 Euchlornis lubomirskii (TACZANOWSKI): Differs from the E. riefferii group by lacking the yellow band across the sides of the neck and nape, as well as the white apical edges to the inner secondaries and lateral rectrices; by having the tertials entirely green, including their inner webs, and the lower surface of the tail tinged with glaucous. Besides, the head and throat, in the adult male, are even deeper black than in E. intermedia, while the middle of the breast and abdomen is uniform bright yellow, without any greenish markings. Wing 91-96, (female) 92; tail 64-68; bill 14-15. E. lubomirskii is nearly related to, and resembles, E. jucunda in the absence of white markings on wings and tail, glaucous olive under surface of the rectrices, and wholly green tertials, but differs in that the male has the foreneck (like the throat) glossy black instead of orange, whereas the female may be distinguished by lacking the crescent of orange yellow streaks across the foreneck. Material examined. — Ecuador: Baeza 6. — Peru: Tambillo i. 'Euchlornis jucunda (SCLATER) : Adult male agreeing with E. pulchra in the large, wholly orange bill, in possessing an orange post-auricular band across sides of neck and an orange yellow jugular area, as well as in lacking every trace of white apical margins to remiges and rectrices; but somewhat smaller; top and sides of the head and upper throat (chin) glossy black (instead of dusky green); n8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. p. 381, 1888 — Cachi-Llacta, Intac, and "Quito", western Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, iQOi, p. 713— Nanegal; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Geog. Arm6e Mes. Arc Mend. Equat., 9, p. 863, 1911 — Gualea. Euchlornis (Pipreola) jucunda LONNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 76, 1922 — road to Gualea and Mindo, Ecuador. Euchlornis jucunda CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 550, 1926 — "Quito." Range: Subtropical Zone of western Ecuador. Euchlornis pulchra Hellmayr.1 BEAUTIFUL FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis elegans (not of THUNBERG, 1823) TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 9, (i), p. 385, 1843 — "ad flumen Tullumayo," dept. Junin, Peru (descr. of male); idem, I.e., 10, (i), p. 269, 1844 — Peru; idem, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 135, 1846 — Peru; HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, p. 494, 1849 — part, Peru. Euchlornis pulchra HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 199, 1917 — new name for Ampelis elegans TSCHUDI, preoccupied. Pipreola elegans SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 172 — Peru (descr. of type); TAC- ZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 378, 1884 — near Achamal, Peru (descr. o* 9); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 381, 1888 — Peru (descr. of male); BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru; MENEGAUX, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Cueva Seca, Rfo Tocache, Peru (spec, in Paris Museum examined). blackish border to orange jugular area interrupted in the middle; yellow zone along middle of breast and abdomen brighter and much more extensive. Wing 90-93; tail 60-63; bill 15-16. The male of this form stands somewhat between E. pulchra and E. lubomirs- kii, and combines the orange yellow post-auricular band and jugular area of the former with the glossy black head and extensive bright yellow abdominal zone of the latter. Material examined. — Ecuador: Cayandeled 4, Nanegal i, Gualea 2, Mindo 2, "Quito" 3. 1 Euchlornis pulchra HELLMAYR, together with E. lubomirskii and E. jucunda, forms a natural group in the genus, and when we shall have acquired a fuller knowledge of their ranges and variation, it may be found necessary to merge them into a single specific unit. In the male sex, it differs from both of its allies by dusky green (instead of glossy black) head and upper throat. On the under parts, it is very similar to E. jucunda and, like this species, has on the sides of the neck a broad orange yellow post-auricular band, margined posteriorly by blackish; however, it can be easily told by the black border to the orange yellow jugular area being continuous, and by the much paler as well as much less exten- sive yellow abdominal area. The female closely resembles that of E. aureopectus, but lacks the yellowish white apical margins to lateral remiges and inner remiges. Wing 95 (Cushi Libertad), 101 (Cueva Seca), (female) 93; tail 67-78; bill 14-15. An adult male from Cueva Seca, alt. 1800 meters, Libertad, differs from two from central Peru (Cushi Libertad and Garita del Sol) by having the blackish border to the orange yellow jugular area medially interrupted, and approaches in that respect the Ecuadorian E. jucunda. Material examined. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Vitoc (adult male) i; Chelpes, Junm (female) i; Cushi Libertad, alt. 1820 meters, Huanuco (adult male) i; Cueva Seca, alt. 1800 meters, Libertad (adult male) I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 119 Pipreola aureipectus (not of LAFRESNAYE) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 24 — Achamal, near Chirimoto, Peru. Range: Subtropical Zone of Peru, in depts. of San Martin (near Achamal, Rio Huambo; Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache), Hudnuco (Cushi Libertad), and Junin (Rio Tulumayo; Garita del Sol, Vitoc; Chelpes). Euchlornis aureopectus festiva Todd.1 TODD'S GOLDEN-BREASTED FRUIT-EATER. Euchlornis aureipectus festiva TODD, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 211, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum examined). Pipreola aureipectus (not Ampelis aureopectus LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 171 — part, Caracas, Venezuela; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 380, 1888 — part, spec, a-g, Caracas, Venezuela. Euchlornis aureopectus aureopectus HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 94, 1911— La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.). Range : Subtropical Zone of coast ranges of northern Venezuela, in state of Carabobo (Cumbre de Valencia) and Distrito Federal (Silla de Caracas; Galipdn, Cerro del Avila). *Euchlornis aureopectus aureopectus (Lafresnaye). GOLDEN- BREASTED FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis aureo-pectus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 68, 1843 — Santa F6 de Bogota; idem, Mag. Zool.. (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 39, 1843 — Santa F£ de Bogota; HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, p. 494, 1849 — part, Bogota. Pipreola aureipectus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 171 — part, Antioquia and Bogota, Colombia; idem and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 380 — " Antioquia" =Concordia, Colombia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 380, 1888 — part, spec. h,i, Concordia, Colombia. Euchlornis aureipectus aureipectus TODD, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 211 (in text), 1912 — Bogotd; Guarico and Anzoategui, Lara, Venezuela (spec, examined). 1 Euchlornis aureopectus festiva TODD: Adult male similar to £. a. aureopectus, but yellow area underneath much larger, extending in a broad zone down to the anal region, only the sides of the breast and flanks being spotted or streaked with green; female not distinguishable. Size perhaps larger on the average. Various specimens show a few narrow yellow cross-bands on the sides of the neck, and an adult male from Galipan possesses even a well-defined post-auricular band, very nearly as wide as in E. a. decora. Material examined. — Venezuela, Distrito Federal: Galipan, Cerro del Avila 19; Silla de Caracas 2; La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo 15. Length of wing in adult males in millimeters: E. a. aureopectus. — Bogotd, 90, 93, 94; La Palmita, Santander, 88, 90, 90, 90, 92, 94; Pedregosa, MeYida, 93; Guamito, Trujillo, 92, 92, 96; Anzoategui, Lara, 90; Guarico, Lara, 90, 94. E. a. festiva.— Galipan, Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, 89, 90, 91, 91, 94, 94, 95t 95. 96, 96; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 93^, 95, 95, 95, 97, 99. i2o FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Ranges: Subtropical Zone of western Venezuela (in states of Lara, Trujillo, and Merida) and of the Eastern and Western Andes of Colombia (Bogota; La Palmita, Santander; Concordia, Antio- quia).1 2: Venezuela, MeYida (Pedregosa i; Nevados i). Euchlornis aureopectus decora (Bangs).2 SANTA MARTA FRUIT- EATER. Pipreola aureipectus decora BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 98, 1899 — Chirua, Santa Marta region; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 155, 1900 — Valparaiso and El Libano, Santa Marta region. Euchlornis aureopectus decora TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 332, 1922 — El Libano, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Taguas, Las Vegas, San Miguel, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Range: Subtropical Zone of Santa Marta Range in northern Colombia. Euchlornis frontalis frontalis Sclater. BOLIVIAN FRUIT-EATER. Euchlornis frontalis SCLATER,* P.Z.S.Lond., 26, p. 446, 1858 — Bolivia (descr- of female; type in Derby Museum, Liverpool). Pipreola frontalis SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 169, pi. 6 — Tilotilo, Bolivia (descr. of male and female); idem and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Tilo- tilo (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 379, 1888 — part, spec. b,c, Tilotilo; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, dept. Junin. *Adult males from the western districts of Venezuela (Gudrico and Anzoa- tegui, Lara; Guamito, Trujillo; Pedregosa, M6rida) agree with a series from the East Colombian Andes (La Palmita, Santander) in having the bright yellow area beneath restricted to throat and foreneck and well defined posteriorly, while the rest of the under parts is heavily spotted or streaked with green, leaving but a narrow, indistinct unmarked pale yellow abdominal line. Only one male from Bogotd and another from La Palmita (Carnegie Museum, No. 55061) approach E. a. festiva, being, however, more boldly striped below. According to Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 551, 1926), the bird from Buenavista, Narino, southwestern Colombia, previously recorded as E. jucunda (I.e., 36, p. 499, 1917), is probably referable to a form of E. aureopectus. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 4; La Palmita, Santander 9. — Venezuela: Guarico, Lara 4; Anzoategui, Lara 2; Guamito, Trujillo 6; Pedregosa, M6rida i ; Nevados, M£rida I . 1 Euchlornis aureopectus decora (BANGS): Similar to E. a. aureopectus, but somewhat smaller, and adult male with a distinct post-auricular band of bright yellow across sides of neck. Wing 83-88, (female) 84; tail 63-67; bill 12-13. Six specimens from Valparaiso, El Libano, etc., examined. 'Pipreola chlorolepidota SWAINSON (Anim. Menag., p. 357, Dec., 1837 — Peru) appears to have been based on a female of this section, but I cannot make it fit either frontalis or squamipectus. The passage "chin with a central stripe of orange yellow" would seem to correspond to frontalis, while the description of the under parts "yellow, each feather having a green border and an additional blackish lunule in the centre, only seen when the feathers are raised" applies better to squamipectus. The type, which is unfortunately lost, probably came from northern Peru, whence no material is available. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 121 EuMornis frontalis frontalis CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 187, p. 6, 1925 — Santo Domingo and Rfo Inambari, Carabaya, Peru. Range: Southern Peru, in depts. of Junin (Garita del Sol, Vitoc) and northern Puno (Santo Domingo and Rio Inambary, northern slope of Sierra de Carabaya), and Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba).1 Euchlornis frontalis squamipectus Chapman* SCALY-BREASTED FRUIT-EATER. Euchlornis frontalis squamipectus CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 187, p. 5, 1925 — Zamora, eastern Ecuador; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 549, 1926 — near Macas and Zamora, Ecuador. Pipreola frontalis (not of SCLATER) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 379, 1888 — part, spec, a, Pindo, Ecuador (spec, examined). Range: Eastern Ecuador (Zamora; Pindo; near Macas). Euchlornis formosa3 formosa (Hartlaub}. HANDSOME FRUIT-EATER. A mpelis formosa HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, pp. 275, 493, pi. 14, fig. i, 1849 — Venezuela = Caracas. Pipreola formosa SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Coast Range of Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 168 — part, Caracas; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 378, 1888 — part, spec, c-e, Caracas and Puerto Cabello. Euchlornis formosa HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 93, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.). Range: Subtropical Zone of northern Venezuela, from the Dis- trito Federal (Caracas region) through Carabobo (La Cumbre de Valencia; Las Quiguas )west to Lara (Lagunita de Aroa).4 *A single male from Junin (Garita del Sol) agrees with others from more southern localities. Material. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Junin i; Santo Domingo, Puno 4. — Bolivia: Tilotilo 2; Yungas de Samaipata i. 1 Euchlornis frontalis squamipectus CHAPMAN: Similar to E. f. frontalis, but with decidedly larger (wider) bill; adult male with top and sides of the head antique green, much darker than the bright grass-green back, instead of concolor- ous with the latter; scarlet throat area less extensive; sides of body more definitely barred with green; female with more yellow about the forehead, and entire under parts, from bill to tail coverts, yellow regularly barred or lunulated with dark green (instead of the upper throat being bright yellow, tinged with scarlet, and the breast uniform dark green). Wing (male) 88, (female) 83; tail 62, (female) 54; bill 11-12. Material examined. — Ecuador: near Macas i; Zamora (the type) i, Pindo i. 'The small grayish horn-color bill, the white apical markings to the tertials, the scarlet jugular spot, and the absence of the blackish lateral border to the orange yellow pectoral area distinguish this rather aberrant species from the large- and orange-billed section (E. lubomirskii,jucunda, pulchrd). Its nearest rela- tive is perhaps E. sclateri which is, however, much smaller and quite differently colored in the male sex. ^Material examined. — Venezuela: La Cumbre de Valencia 42; Las Quiguas 5; Lagunita de Aroa, Lara 3. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Euchlornis formosa rubidior Chapman.1 TURUMIQUIRE FRUIT-EATER. Euchlornis formosa rubidior CHAPMAN, Amer. Mus. Novit., 191, p. 10, 1925 — La Trinidad, near Carapas, Mount Turumiquire, Venezuela. Pipreola formosa (not of HARTLAUB) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1868, pp. 1 68, 172 — near Caripe"; SCLATER, Ibis, 1878, p. 168 — part, descr. et hab. Caripe"; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 378, 1888 — part, spec. a,b, Caripe\ Range: Subtropical Zone of northeastern Venezuela, in states of Sucre and Monagas (Caripe'; Los Palmales; Santa Ana Valley; La Trinidad, near Carapas; Mount Turumiquire). *Euchlornis sclateri Cornalia* SCLATER'S FRUIT-EATER. Euchlornis sclateri CORNALIA, Contrib. Ornith., 1852, p. 133, pi. 101, 1852 — "Peru" (errore); Quijos, Ecuador, to be regarded as type locality; idem, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 107, pi. 4, 1853 — "Bolivia" (errore). Euchlornis sclateri pallidigula ZIMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 60, 1924 — Huachipa, upper Huallaga River, dept. Huanuco, Peru. Pipreola sclateri SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 22, p. 113, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador (crit.); SALVIN, Ibis, 1874, p. 324 — Archidona, Ecuador; SCLATER, l.c., 1878, p. 170 — eastern Ecuador (monog.); idem and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1880, p. 155 — Sarayacu, Ecuador; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 379, 1888 — Sarayacu and Rfo Napo, Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 74, 1889 — Rio Napo. Euchlornis sclateri sclateri CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 549, 1926 — Rfo Suno and below San Jose\ Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Ecuador (Quijos; Archidona; Sarayacu; Rio Suno; Rio Napo; below San Jose") and Peru (Huachipa and Pozuzo, dept. Hudnuco; Rio Perene", dept. Junin).8 2 : Peru (Huachipa 2). 1 Euchlornis formosa rubidior CHAPMAN: Similar to E. f. formosa, but white markings on tertials much more restricted, being only about half as wide; remiges, except the four outer primaries, distinctly, though narrowly, margined with white apically; chest spot of male generally less (not more, as stated by Chapman) suffused with orange; female with throat yellowish, spotted or barred with dusky greenish (instead of wholly green or very nearly so). Wing 87-90, (female) 87-89; tail 65-68; bill n-12. Material examined. — Venezuela: Santa Ana Valley i; Los Palmales 3; mountains inland of Cumana 3. *The small size, the parti-colored bill, and the deep green abdomen, sharply defined against the red chest, distinguish this species from the rest of the genus. *Examination of additional material in the collections at London and Tring shows E. s. pallidigula to have been based on individual rather than geographic variation. Birds from Pozuzo (Huanuco) and Perene" (Junfn) are, so far as colora- tion is concerned, nowise different from a series of Ecuadorian skins. The only point of distinction that seems to hold is the slightly shorter wing. Five Peruvian BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 123 Euchlornis whitelyi (Salvin and Godman).1 WHITELY'S FRUIT-EATER. Pipreola whitelyi SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 449, 1884 — Roraima (descr. of female); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 304 — Roraima; idem. l,c., 1886, pp. 500, 502, pi. 12 (male, female) — Mount Twek-quay; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 381, 1888 — Roraima and Mount Twek-quey. Euchlornis whitelyi CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 296, 1921 — Mount Twek-quey and Roraima. Range : Mountains of British Guiana (Roraima and Twek-quey, alt. 3000 to 6000 feet). *Euchlornis arcuata (Lafresnaye). ARCUATE FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis arcuata LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 98, 1843 — "Colombie" = Bogota; idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 40 (=male), 1843 — Colombia; HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), i, p. 494, 1849 — Colombia; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Tilotilo, Bolivia. Colin go. arcuata JARDINE, Contrib. Orn., 1849, p. 44 — west side of Pichincha, Ecuador. Ampclion arcuatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Lc., 26, p. 553, 1858 — Matos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p.8g, 1860 — Puellaro, Ecuador; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 375, 1888 — Bogota, Meiida, Intac, Matos, "Quito," Tilotilo (Bolivia); ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 74, 1889 — near Quito; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6og. Arme'e Mes. Arc M6rid. Equat., 9, p. B 63, 1911 — Gualea, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Cumpang, n. e. of Tayabamba, Peru; L#NNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — below Calacali, south- west side of Mojanda, and road to Gualea, Ecuador. Ampelio arcuatus SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 255, 1862 — Matos and Bogota; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 781 — Upper wood region of MeYida, Venezuela; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, P- 54° — Maraynioc, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 24 — Chachapoyas, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 379, 1884 — Maraynioc and Chachapoyas, Peru; TACZANOWSKI and BER- LEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1885, p. 93 — San Rafael, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, I.e., 1896, p. 370 — Maraynioc, Peru; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 713 — Mindo, near Intac, Gualea, and Baeza, Ecuador. Pipreola arcuata SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 17, 1899 — Nanegal, Gualea, and Frutillas, Ecuador. Euchlornis arcuata CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 498, 1917 — Lagu- neta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 548, 1926 — Nono, above Gualea, above specimens measure: 72, 73, 73, 74, 75, while in eight from Ecuador the figures run from 74 to 78. Material examined. — Ecuador: Rio Suno 2, Rio Napo i, Sarayacu 5. — Peru: Huachipa, Huanuco 2; Pozuzo, alt. 750 meters, Huanuco (Tring Museum) 2; Peren6, Junin (adult male, March 10, 1899. P. O. Simons. British Museum) I. *An isolated species with no near ally. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima (the type) I, Mount Twek- quey 3. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Mindo, above Nanegal, below Oyacachi, and upper Suraaco, Ecuador; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — Pilon, Ecuador. Range: Upper Subtropical and humid Temperate Zones of the Andes, from extreme western Venezuela (Cordillera de MeYida) and Colombia (Central and Eastern Andes) to northern Bolivia (dept. La Paz).1 i: Venezuela (El Valle, Me*rida i). Genus AMPELIOIDES Verreaux. Ampelioides VERREAUX, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 3, Bull., p. 5, 1867 — type by monotypy Ampelioides flavitorques VERREAUX = A mpelis cincta TSCHUDI. Stictornis RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 209, 1905 — type by orig. desig. Ampelis cincta TSCHUDI. Ampeleia REICHENOW, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 555, 1913 — type by orig. desig. Ampelis cincta TSCHUDI. *Ampelioides tschudii (Gray). GIRDLED FRUIT-EATER. Ampelis cincta (not of KUHL, 1820) TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 9, (i), p. 385, 1843 — "in sylvis Pangoae" = Pangoa, east of Tarma, dept. Junfn, Peru (descr. of female); idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 136, 1846 — Peru. Cotinga tschudii GRAY (and MITCHELL), Genera Birds, i, p. 279, 1846 — new name for Ampelis cincta TSCHUDI, preoccupied. Ampelioides flavitorques VERREAUX, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 3, Bull., p. 5, pi. 2, fig. i (=adult male), 1867 — Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in Paris Museum examined); NEWTON, Ibis, 1868, p. 222 (crit.). Ampelio(n) cinctus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, pi. 104 (male, female), 1855 — Bogota (descr.); idem, I.e., 28, p. 67, 1860 — Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 89, 1860 — Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 255, 1862 — Pallatanga, Bogota; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Ornith., p. 172, 1869 — syn., range; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p-52O — Frontino, Colombia; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 380, 1884 — descr. of type from Peru and spec, from Ecuador and Bogota; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 375, 1888 — Pallatanga, Intac, Frontino, Bogota (monog.); GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 714 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Mdrid. Equat., 9, p. 864, 1911 — Gualea; LSNNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 76, 1922 — road to Nanegal. Ampelioides tschudii HELLMAYR, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. no, 1917 — Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (crit., plumages); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. *No racial variation is noticeable in a large series from throughout the range. Material examined. — Venezuela: Culata 3, El Valle 4, "MeYida" 3. — Colom- bia: Bogotd 7. — Ecuador: above Gualea 4, Mindo 4, Intac 2, near Quito 3, Baeza 2. — Peru: Maraynioc i. — Bolivia: Cocapata, dept. La Paz 9. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 125 Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 548, 1926 — Gualea, Salvias, Las Pinas, Zamora, below Rio Sardinas, and near Macas, Ecuador. Stictornis cinctus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 498, 1917 — Las Lomitas, San Antonio, and Cocal (Western Andes), Andalucia (Eastern Andes), Colombia. Range: Subtropical Zone of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (south to Junin).1 2: Peru (Huachipa, dept. Huanuco i); Colombia (Bogota i). Genus IODOPLEURA Lesson. lodopleura LESSON, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 45, 1839 — type by orig. desig. Pardalotus pipra LESSON. Heliophilus (not of MEIGEN, 1803) DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., livr. 2, p. 22, circa 1854 — type by monotypy Heliophilus taunaysii DESCOURTILZ = Pardalotus pipra LESSON. *Iodopleura pipra pipra (Lesson). LESSON'S CHATTERER. Pardalotus pipra LESSON, Cent. Zool., p. 81, pi. 26, 1831 — "a Trinquemale' sur la c6te de Ceylan," coll. Reynaud — errore, we suggest Rio de Janeiro. Euphone aurora SUNDEVALL, Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl. for 1833, p. 312, pi. ii, fig. 5, 1834 — Brazil; GYLDENSTOLPE, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. i, p. 71, 1926 (crit.). Heliophilus taunaysii DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., livr. 2, p. 22, pi. 24, fig. i, circa 1854 — Brazil (habits). lodopleura pipra DES MURS, Icon. Ornith., livr. 12, pi. 71, fig. 2, 1849; BUR- MEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 465, 1856 — "Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes"; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 392, 1888 — "Novo" Friburgo, Rio; HARTERT, Katalog Vogels. Senckenb. Mus., p. 106, 1892 — "Sao Paulo"; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 217, 1899 — Sao Paulo (ex HARTERT); idem, I.e., 4, p. 157, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz. '• P- 3J5. J9O7 — range; HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 139, 1915 — Brago do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, in states of Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo, Cantagallo).2 i: Brazil ("Rio" skin i). 'Birds from Colombia (Bogota) average slightly larger than those from more southern localities, but do not differ in coloration. Immature birds have the greater upper wing coverts tipped with yellow, preceded by a black subapical spot. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogotd 4. — Ecuador: Santo Domingo 3, above Gualea 4, Rio Napo i. — Peru: Huachipa i. *Its occurrence in Sao Paulo is still to be confirmed, and Burmeister's record from Lagda Santa also appears somewhat questionable in view of the fact that the Danish collectors failed to find it in Minas Geraes (see Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 321). Four (out of ten) Rio specimens have i26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. lodopleura pipra leucopygia Salvin.1 WHITE-RUMPED CHATTERER. lodopleura leucopygia SALVIN, Ibis, (5), 3, p. 305, 1885 — British Guiana (types in British Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 393, pi. 26, 1888 — British Guiana; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 304, 1921 — British Guiana. lodopleura pipra (not of LESSON) CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 697, 1848 — Demerara, British Guiana. Range: British Guiana. lodopleura fusca (Vieillot).* DUSKY CHATTERER. Ampelis fusca ViEiLLOT,3 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 162, 1817 — "Br6sil," errore, hab. subst. Cayenne (auct. BERLEPSCH, 1908). Pipra laplacei EYDOUX and GERVAIS, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, pi. 68, 1836 — "Guyane";idem, Voyage Favorite, 5, (2), p. 41, pi. 16, 1839 — "Guyane." lodopleura fusca SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 393, 1888 — Bartica Grove, Cayenne, Demerara; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 143, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 171, 1910 — interior of Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 305, 1921 — Makauria River, Demerara, Bartica Grove. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana. *Iodopleura isabellae Parzudaki* ISABELLA'S CHATTERER. traces of a white uropygial band, which is altogether absent in the others. Wing 57-60, (female) 56. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro (trade skins) 10, Cantagallo i, Braco do Sul, Espirito Santo I. 1 lodopleura pipra leucopygia SALVIN: Similar to /. p. pipra, but slightly smaller; rump with a well-defined white cross-band (from 5 to 6 mm. wide); throat paler, light ochraceous salmon rather than fawn color; sooty edges on under parts decidedly narrower; lower tail coverts likewise paler. Wing (two unsexed adults) 54, 56; tail 30; bill 7. The types (and only known specimens) are trade skins of the characteristic "Demerara" preparation. * I. fusca is very nearly allied to, and agrees with, the better known I. isabellae in large size (wing 73-78; tail 38-42), heavy bill, extensive white uropygial area, and lack of salmon color on throat and under tail coverts. It may, however, be distinguished by blackish slate (instead of fuscous or fuscous black) upper parts; absence of white markings on lores, cheeks, and postocular region; more blackish sides of the head; plain fuscous throat, sides of breast, and belly, the flanks being but slightly suffused with white. As in 7. isabellae the silky tuft on the sides of the breast is violet in the male, white in the female. While probably subspecifically related one to another, 7. fusca and I. isabellae are doubtless specifically different from 7. pipra. Material examined. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove 2, Macauria Creek i, Demerara 3. *Vieillot's description, though none too good, can hardly apply to another species of the present genus. ^lodopleura guttata LESSON (Rev. Zool., 2, p. 45, 1839 — "le S&ie'gal?") may be an earlier name, though the passage "thorax, flanc et yentre grisatre avec crois- sans bruns" hardly fits the present species. The type is obviously lost. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 127 lodopleurus isabellae PARZUDAKI, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 186, 1847 — Rfo Negro, "in Venezuela," coll. Thirion (type now in Paris Museum). lodopleura isabellae DES MURS, Icx>n. Ornith., livr. 12, text to pi. 71, fig. I, 1849; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 266, 1857 — Rio Javarri and Rio Tocantins; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 579 — Rio Tocantins; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 751, 758 — Xeberos, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 285 — Xeberos, Chamicuros, Rio Javarri; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 126, 1868 — Rio Vaup£, Brazil; LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 385 — Pard; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S. Lond., 1882, p. 24 — Yurimaguas; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 388, 1884 — Xeberos, Chamicuros, Rio Javarri, and Yurimaguas, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 393, 1888 — Rio Tocantins, Xeberos, Chamicuros, Pebas, Rio Copotaza; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 303, 1889 — Tarapoto, Peru; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 292, 1907 — Para; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 91, 1912 — Para; p. 132, 1912 — Island of Maraj6; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 358, 1914 — Pard, Providencia, Rio Tocantins (Cameta, Alcobaca); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 552, 1926 — Napo, Ecuador and Barrigon, near Villavicencio, Colombia; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Pinheiro, Para. lodopleura emiliae DES MURS, Icon. Ornith., livr. 12, pi. 71, fig. i, 1849 — figure of type. Range: Northern Brazil (Maraj6 Island; Pard; Rio Tocantins; Rio Vaup£ ; Rio Solimoes ; Rio Puriis) ; eastern Peru, north through eastern Ecuador to eastern Colombia (Villavicencio).1 i : Peru (Yurimaguas i). Genus CALYPTURA Swainson. Calyptura SWAINSON in RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 491, Feb., 1832 — type by orig. desig. Pardalotus cri status VIEILLOT. Calyptura cristata (Vieilloi). SHORT-TAILED CHATTERER. Pardalotus cristatus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 24, p. 528, 1818 — "Br6sil, coll. Delalande, jr." =Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum examined). Pipra tyranulus (sic) WAGLER, Isis, 1830, p. 940 — new name for Pardalotus cristatus VIEILLOT. Calyptura cristata SWAINSON, Ornith. Draw., Part 2, pi. 24, 1834; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 448, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; CAB AMIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 394, 1888 — "Novo" Friburgo; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., *t P- 3*5. I9°7 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. 'Material examined. — Brazil: Pard i; Benevides, Para 4; Marajo I; Rio Tocantins i; Rio Vaup6 5; Arima, Rio Purus 5; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes i. — Colombia: "Bogota" 2. — Ecuador: Rio Copotaza i. — Peru: Yurimaguas i; Chamicuros 2; Xeberos 2. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pardalotus coronatus DESCOURTILZ, Orn. fire's., p. 22, pi. 24, fig. 2, circa 1854 — Brazil (habits). Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, in state of Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo, Nova Friburgo).1 Genus ATTILA Lesson.2 Attila LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 360, end of 1830 — type by monotypy Attila brasiliensis LESSON = M uscicapa spadicea GMELIN. Dasycephaia SWAINSON, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, p. 486, Feb., 1832 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 41, 1855) Tyrannus rufescens SWAINSON = Muscicapa spadicea GMELIN. Dasyopsis REICHENBACH, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 66, 1850 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 358, 1888) Attila brasiliensis LESSON = Muscicapa spadicea GMELIN. *Attila spadiceus spadiceus (Gmelin)* POLYMORPHIC ATTILA. Muscicapa spadicea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 937, 1789 — based on "Yel- low-rumped Flycatcher" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, 2, (i), p. 354, Cayenne (type in Leverian, now in Vienna Museum examined; = rufous phase). xThe range of this rare species is very imperfectly known, the only definite localities on record being Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, in the hinterland of Rio de Janeiro. Material examined. — Nova Friburgo I ; Rio (trade skins) 6. *This genus should probably be included among the Tyrannidae. 3 Attila spadiceus spadiceus (GMELIN) offers an almost unique example of polymorphic variation or mutation. Not less than twelve names have been pro- posed for the various types of coloration, which, in the light of nearly one hundred specimens from the Guianan-Amazonian subregion, prove to be merely phases of a single taxonomic unit. The principal stages may be characterized as follows: (a) Upper parts decidedly green, varying from dull olive citrine to serpentine green; rump clear yellow; wing bands rather indistinct, varying from buffy olive to dark olive buff and buffy citrine; secondaries scarcely edged with dull brownish exteriorly; tail dusky, frequently with a rusty cast; throat and chest citrine of different shades, more or less variegated with grayish or yellowish streaks; belly white, anteriorly streaked with gray; flanks and under tail coverts more or less tinged with lemon yellow or pale greenish yellow; under wing coverts pale greenish yellow. This is the variation described as A . brasiliensis, A . viridescens, A . wighti, and A. neoxenus. (b) The green of the head, throat, and chest is replaced by gray, and this color also invades, to a varying degree, the dorsal plumage, while the yellowish of the flanks and under wing coverts inclines to a paler tint. This is the stage described as A. spodiostethus. (c) Upper parts brown, varying through every imaginable shade from medal bronze to deep raw umber; wing bands decidedly rufescent, tawny olive to cin- namomeous; tertials and edges of secondaries brown or rufous brown like the back; rump buffy or primuline yellow; tail distinctly rufescent; throat and chest without any green or yellow, being dull gray, streaked with brown; flanks, under tail and wing coverts tinged with buffy or ochraceous. Specimens of this color- type were named D. uropygialis. (d) The entire plumage is invaded by a rufous pigment; the upper parts, including the inner secondaries, deep cinnamon or Prout's brown; the wing bars and the tail tawny; the rump buffy yellow to ochraceous tawny; the sides of the 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 129 Tyrannus rufescens SWAINSON, Quart. Journ. Sci., Litt., Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 40, p. 278, Jan., 1826 — locality unknown (=rufous phase). AUila brasiliensis LESSON, Trait£ d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 360, end of 1830 — "Brgsil," errore (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Cayenne ; = green phase); LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., n, pp. 40, 45, 1848 — Cayenne (descr. of type); PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, livr. 3, p. 366, 1855 (type stated to be from Cayenne, not from Brazil); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 303 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana (spec, examined); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 328, 1906 — Cayenne and British Guiana (note on type; variation; descr. of immature plumage) ; BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, p. 141, 1908 — Roche- Marie, French Guiana (crit.); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 162, 1910 — Surinam; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 352, 1914 — Benevides, Rio Tocantins (Cameta, Alcobaca), Cussary, Monte Alegre, Brazil; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 94, 1916 — Utinga, Para (habits and song descr.). head and the ventral surface tawny, paler on the abdomen; under wing coverts ochraceous buff or tawny ochraceous. This mutant was described as Muscicapa spadicea and AUila rufigularis. As long ago as 1906, 1 had called attention to the surprising variation exhibited by a series from British Guiana and eastern Venezuela, and four years later I even cast doubts on the specific distinctness of A . brasiliensis and A . spadiceus. More recently, E. Stresemann insisted on the mutational nature of this variability, and the careful study of ample material in the present connection fully corroborates his contention. "Pure-blooded" specimens of the brasiliensis type, characterized above under (a), are relatively rare in comparison with the large number of individuals which, by one or more characters, connect them with (b) or (c). To illustrate these facts, we will consider an exceptionally instructive series of twenty-four skins from the lower Tapaj6z (Santar6m; Diamantina; Colonia do Mojuy; Itaituba; Villa Braga; Miritituba; Apacy), kindly forwarded by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Five specimens, including the type of A. viridescens in the U. S. National Museum, may be termed typical "brasiliensis," though there is some slight variation in the shade of the green parts, in the amount of yellowish streaking on the throat, as well as in the width and coloring of the wing bands. In three others, the upper parts are tinged with orange citrine; the rump deeper, more primuline yellow; the tail and inner secondaries more rufescent; the flanks buffy yellow, etc. They mark a decided step in the direction of "uropygialis," particularly a female from Santarem (Carnegie Museum, No. 72442), which resembles certain individuals of this "phase" also in the coloring of the throat and chest. Eight additional specimens may be classed as "uropygialis." They are distinctly brown above, although not two are of exactly the same shade. The lightest-backed is hardly different from the preceding variety, while the darkest (Carnegie Museum, No. 72811), in its deep raw umber dorsal surface, closely approaches the "spadiceus" plumage. The majority of these birds lack any yellow or greenish tints on the anterior lower parts, the throat and chest being dull gray, distinctly or obscurely streaked with brownish olive; others, by their more citrine, yellowish-streaked throats, form the transition to the "brasiliensis" stage. An adult from Apacy (Carnegie Museum, No. 77759) represents the "spodiostethus" plumage, having the head clear gray all round, the throat feathers laterally edged with whitish, and just a faint greenish shade across the chest, differing from the types of that supposed species only by its hair brown (instead of rufescent) tail and brighter green back. There is no doubt that A. obscurus was based on an individual of this phase, in which, owing to an influx of phaeo- melanin, the greenish of the back and chest has turned to brownish. Three ex- amples, finally, are referable to the rufous (spadiceus) variety, for which Strese- mann suggests the provisional term "phaeomelanoidism." The series fully bears out Stresemann's statement that, as far as the upper parts are concerned, an unbroken line can be constructed from the green, brown- 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Dasycephala uropygialis CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 686, 1848 — British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum examined; = immature of the brown-backed phase with grayish, brown-streaked anterior under parts). Attila spadiceus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., n, p. 46, 1848 — Cayenne; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 — Cayenne; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 195, 1862 — Cayenne; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Barra do Rio Negro = Manaos (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 362, 1888 — part, spec, e-g, Iquitos (Peru) and Cayenne; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 142, 1908 — Cayenne; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 506, 1908 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z (spec, examined); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 163, 1910 — Surinam; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 352, 1914 — Providencia, Rio Tapaj6z (Santare'm, Itaituba), and Obidos; STRESEMANN, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 274, 1925 (crit., variation). Attila rufigularis PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 96, 170, Sept., 1868 — Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (type in Vienna Museum examined; = rufous phase); idem, Ibis, 1873, p. 113; IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 311, 1907 — "Matto Grosso" (ex PELZELN); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 353, 1914 — Rio Madeira (ex PELZELN). tailed "brasiliensis" to the rufous "spadiceus" stage, while, seen from below, the latter seems to be separated by a wide gap. Still, a specimen from Tamanoir, French Guiana (Carnegie Museum, No. 62415) is decidedly intermediate, having the anterior under parts much less tawny, suffused with yellow; the flanks ex- tensively yellow; and the middle of the belly very pale buff (between cartridge buff and cream buff). The juvenile plumage exhibits much variation in the streaking below, the general tone of coloring, and the ruf escence of the tail. The majority of the young birds examined by us correspond to the brown-backed "uropygialis" phase, while only two are of the "spadiceus" type. Neither the green nor the gray- headed variety is represented in the series, which seems to indicate that the "brasiliensis" and " spodiostethus" mutants constitute an advanced stage of comparatively recent development. As to geographic variation, I have not been able to make out any local races. Birds from Amazonia (Para to the Peruvian border) appear to be inseparable from a Guianan series, and almost every combination of color-characters may be found in any locality, whence a sufficient number of specimens is available. Bo- livian examples are not different either, so far as I can see. The type of A . neoxenus and an adult female from the Rio Surutii are ordinary specimens of the "brasil- iensis" phase, and can be matched by various individuals in the series from French Guiana and the Tapajoz Valley. The type of A. arizelus, a brown-backed example with rufous tail, is very similar to others from Amazonia, particularly one from Santare'm, while underneath it is more nearly like a bird from Nova Olinda, Rio Purus. A fourth skin from Bolivia (Rio Surutu; Carnegie Museum, No. 79591) belongs to the "spodiostethus" phase with gray head and chest, and hardly any yellowish on the flanks, but with the back medal bronze (instead of green) and the tail conspicuously rufescent. With the scanty material at hand it is hardly possible to dispose of the Caribbean form, described as A. wighti from a single specimen secured on the Heights of Aripo, Trinidad. In coloration, the type cannot be distinguished from average specimens of the "brasiliensis" variety from French Guiana and Amazonia, but is slightly larger. Three adults from the opposite Venezuelan mainland (Crist6bal Col6n), however, do not differ in size from the general run of Guianan birds, with which they also agree in coloration. All of them belong to the intermediate type, showing an approach to "uropygialis" in the coloring of the dorsal parts, but average more rufous on the tail. An adult male from El Hacha, Bolivar Railroad, state of Lara, is closely similar to the type 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 131 Attila uropygialis PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (spec, examined); SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 — Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 360, 1888 — Bartica Grove, Carimang River, and Camacusa, Brit. Guiana; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902 — Suapure and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela (spec, examined); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 161, 1910 — British Guiana; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 255i 1916 — Caura River (ex BERLEPSCH and HARTERT). Attila spodiostethus SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), i, p. 209, 1883 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana (types in British Museum examined; = grayish of A. wighti, both in color and dimensions. Without further evidence, I am not prepared to separate the Caribbean race, which does not seem to possess a single character of its own. WING MEASUREMENTS OF ADULT BIRDS. French Guiana. — Males: 85, 85, 85, 86, 87, 90. — Females: 78, 80, 83. Surinam. — Female: 83. British Guiana. — Males: 85, 85, 87, 87, 89. — Females: 80, 81, 83, 85, 87. Rio Yuruan, Venezuela. — Male: 85. Caura Valley, Eastern Venezuela. — Males: 84, 87, 90. — Female: 85. Trinidad (type of A. wighti). — Male: 93. Crist6bal C61on, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. — Male: 89. — Females: 84, 85. El Hacha, Lara, Venezuela. — Male: 92. Diamantina, near Santare'm, Brazil (type of A. viridescens) . — Male: 84. Santare'm, Brazil. — Males: 83, 84, 85, 87, 87, 88, 90. — Females: 80, 81, 81, 81, 82, 83, 87. Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil. — Males: 86, 88. Miritituba, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil. — Male: 84. Apacy, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil. — Male: 88. Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil. — Females: 81, 82. Benevides, Para, Brazil. — Females: 78, 80. Manaos, Rio Negro. — Female: 82. Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira. — Males: 85, 82 (type of A. rufigularis). Teffe", Rio Solimoes. — Female: 80. Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes. — Males: 79, 86. — Female: 81. Tonantins, Rio SolimSes. — Males: 86, 86. — Female: 78. Nova Olinda, Rio Punis. — Male: 88. Yurimaguas, Peru. — Female: 78. Rio Yapacani, Bolivia. — Males: 84 (type of A.'neoxenus), 91 (type of A. arizelus). Rio Surutu, Bolivia. — Females: 88, 88. Material examined. — French Guiana: Roche-Marie i; Cayenne (including the types of M. spadicea and Attila brasiliensis) 5; Saint Jean du Maroni I ; Tama- noir, Mana River 5; Pied Saut, Oyapock 4. — Dutch Guiana: Kwata i. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove (including the types of A. spodiostethus) 5; Caramang River 3; Camacusa 3; unspecified (type of D. uropygialis) i. — Venezuela: Rfo Yurudn i; Suapure, Caura 3; La Pricion, Caura 2; San Pedro, Caura i; Crist6bal Col6n, Paria Peninsula 5; El Hacha, Bolivar Railroad, Lara I. — Trinidad: Heights of Aripo (type of A. wighti) i. — Brazil: Benevides, Pari 2; Santare'm 17; Dia- mantina, near Santare'm (type of A . viridescens) I ; Itaituba 3 ; Villa Braga 2 ; Miritituba i ; Apacy i ; Obidos i ; Manaos i ; Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (in- cluding the type of A. rufigularis) 2; Nova Olinda, Rio Purvis 2; Teff6 I ; SSo Paulo de Olivenca, Rio SolimSes 3; Tonantins, Rio SolimSes 3. — Peru: Yurimaguas i. — Bolivia: Rio Yapacani (types of A. arizelus and A. neoxenus) 2; Rio Surutu 2. 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. phase); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 304 — Bartica Grove; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 360, 1888 — Bartica Grove; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 162, 1910 — British Guiana (ex SALVIN and GODMAN). Attila citriniventris (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 371, 1884 — part, descr. of juv., Moyobamba, Peru. Attila viridescens RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 10, "1887," p. 522, Aug., 1888 — Diamantina, Santare"m (type in U. S. National Museum examined; = green phase); CHAPMAN and RIKER, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santare'm. Attila brasiliensis brasiliensis HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 329, 1906 — British Guiana, Venezuela (Caura River), and Brazil (Sal to do Girao); idem, I.e., 17, p. 315, 1910 — Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira; MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 12, 1925 — Guiana, Venezuela, and northern Brazil (crit.). Attila wighti CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., i, p. 191, 1906 — Heights of Aripo, Trinidad (type now in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined; = green phase). Attila spadiceus spadiceus HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 51, 1907 — Teff6, Rio Solimoes; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 285, 1921 — Supenaam and lower Mazaruni River; STRESEMANN, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 276, 1925 (range, synonymy). Attila spadiceus rufigularis HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 315, 1910 — Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira (crit.). Attila surinamensis PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 163, 1910 — Surinam (descr. of an intermediate specimen). Attila arizelus TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 169, 1915 — Rio Yapacani, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum examined; = intermediate phase). Attila neoxenus TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 4, 1917 — Rfo Yapacani, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum examined; = green phase). Attila spadiceus uropygialis CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 286, 1921 — numerous localities. Attila spadiceus spodiostethus CHUBB, I.e., p. 288, 1921 — Ituribisi River, Supenaam, and Bartica Grove. Attila obscurus SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 267, 1925 — Acajutuba, lower Rio Negro (= gray-headed phase). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Trinidad; Vene- zuela (Rio Yuruan; Suapure, La Pricion, and San Pedro, Caura Valley; Crist6bal Colon, Paria Peninsula; El Hacha, Bolivar Rail- road, Lara) ; northern Brazil, the whole of the Amazon Valley from Para west to the Rio Solimoes, south to the Punis and Madeira Rivers; extreme northeastern Peru (Iquitos; Yurimaguas; Moyo- bamba) ; and northern Bolivia (Rio Yapacani and Rio Surutii, dept. Santa Cruz). i: Peru (Yurimaguas i). 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 133 Attila spadiceus uropygiatus (Wied).1 WIED'S ATTILA. Muscicapa uropygiata WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 868, 1831 — Rio Doce, Espirito Santo, eastern Brazil (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). Myiarchus uropygiatus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 472, 1856 — Rio Doce (ex WIED). Attila brasiliensis (not of LESSON) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 — Brazil (spec, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 195, 1862 — Brazil; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 359, 1888 — Bahia, Brazil (spec, examined); ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 241, 1889 — Rio Doce (note on type). Attila spadiceus (not Muscicapa spadicea GMELIN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 362, 1888 — part, spec, a-d, Bahia (spec, examined). Attila brasiliensis uropygiata HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 329, 330, 1906 — Rio Doce, Rio, and Bahia (crit.); MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 12, 1925 — eastern Brazil (crit.). Attila uropygiata IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 310, 1907 — Rio, Espirito Santo, and Bahia. Attila spadicea uropygiata STRESEMANN, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 277, 1925 — eastern Brazil, north to Bahia. Range: Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, in states of Bahia (Caravellas), Espirito Santo (Rio Doce), and Rio de Janeiro. *Attila spadiceus parvirostris Allen.2 SMALL-BILLED ATTILA. Attila parvirostris ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 153, 1900 — Minca, Santa Marta Region, Colombia (type in American Museum of Natural 1 Attila spadiceus uropygiatus (WiED): Similar in coloration to A. s. spadi- ceus, but somewhat larger, with stronger, heavier bill. The plumage of this form is just as variable as that of its Amazonian repre- sentative. Four of the nine specimens examined are in the "brasiliensis" four others in the "spadiceus" stage, while the remaining example is of the intermediate type. No gray-headed mutant (spodiostethus) appears to be on record from eastern Brazil. The smallest individuals are not certainly distinguishable from true spadiceus. Wing of adults (unsexed). — Bahia: 88, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97. — Rio de Janeiro: 95. 1 Attila spadiceus parvirostris ALLEN: Similar to A. s. spadiceus, but with larger bill, and in the rufous ("spadiceus") phase apparently not distinguishable by any other character; normal type of coloration much like the "uropygialis" variant, but upper parts brighter rufous brown (Sudan to amber brown), the pileum frequently duller, rarely dull citrine; throat and chest strongly washed with orange citrine and streaked with dusky, rarely flammulated with grayish, buffy citrine and whitish, or yellowish with dark citrine striations; grayish streaks on upper abdomen absent or barely suggested. Wing (male) 85-91, (female) 82- 86; tail 70-73, (female) 66-70; bill 21-22. There can be little doubt that A. rufipectus is merely the rufous phase of A. parvirostris. The type of A . r. confinis, an immature female, is somewhat darker throughout, but this variation is paralleled in the corresponding stage of A. s. spadicea. The Santa Marta series, while fairly constant in the coloration of the dorsal surface (which is much brighter rufous brown than in any specimen of the 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. History, New York, examined); TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 329, 1922 — Minca, Agua Dulce, Don Diego, and Trojas de Cataca, Santa Marta Region (crit.; spec, examined). Attila rufipectus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 153, 1900 — Las Nubes, Santa Marta Region, Colombia (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined; = rufous phase). Attila rufipectus confinis CORY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 289, 1913 — Orope, Zulia, Venezuela (= rufous phase). Attila idiotes TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 96, 1916 — Fundaci6n, Santa Marta Region, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum examined); idem and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 331, 1922 — Fundaci6n (crit.). Attila rufipectus rufipectus TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 330, 1922 — Las Nubes (note on type). Attila brasiliensis parvirostris MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 13, 1925 — Santa Marta Region (crit.). Attila spadicea parvirostris STRESEMANN, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 277, 1925 — Santa Marta. Range: Tropical Zone of northern Colombia (Santa Marta re- gion) and adjacent section of northwestern Venezuela (Orope, Rio Zulia, and Guachi, state of Zulia). i: Venezuela (Orope, Zulia i). Attila spadiceus caniceps Todd.1 GRAY-HEADED ATTILA. Attila caniceps TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 4, 1917 — Jaraquiel, dept. Bolivar, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum examined). Amazonian form), presents the usual amount of variation below. Only one speci- men (Carnegie Museum, No. 42208, Minca) recalls, by its grayish and buffy citrine streaks on throat and chest, certain individuals from Brazil. The majority have these parts strongly washed with orange citrine, differing thereby very markedly from A . s. spadiceus. The type of A . parvirostris, however, bridges the gap in this respect, being more yellowish on the throat and chest than any other in the present series. The type of A. idiotes, from Fundaci6n, western base of the Santa Marta Mountains, differs by decidedly greenish (somewhat brighter than dull citrine) pileum; slightly lighter, less rufous back; and much brighter Picric yellow ground color of throat and chest. However, an adult male from Guachi, south of Lake Maracaibo, in the coloration of the crown and nape, is halfway between the Fundaci6n bird and a male from Don Diego (Carnegie Museum, No. 44470), while the stronger yellowish suffusion in the orange citrine of the anterior under parts marks another step in the direction of A. idiotes. The type, on the dorsal surface, closely resembles specimens from Crist6bal Col6n, Paria Peninsula, dis- cussed under A. s. spadiceus, and for the present I am inclined to regard it as an extreme variant of A . s. parvirostris with which it agrees in proportions and shape of bill. Material examined. — Venezuela, Zulia: Guachi i; Orope (type of A. r. confinis) i. — Colombia, Santa Marta region: Las Nubes (type of A. rufipectus) i ; Don Diego 3; Minca (including the type of A. parvirostris) 5; Trojas de Cataca i; Fundaci6n (type of A. idiotes) i. 1 Attila spadiceus caniceps TODD: Closely similar to A. s. sclateri, of eastern Panama, but pileum grayish (instead of greenish like the upper back); throat BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 135 Attila citreopygus citreopygus (not Dasycephala citreopyga BONAPARTE) CHAP- MAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — part, Puerto Berrio, lower Magdalena, Colombia (spec, examined). Attila brasiliensis sclateri (not of LAWRENCE) MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 12, 1925 — part, Puerto Berrio. Range: Northern Colombia (Puerto Berrio, lower Magdalena, dept. Antioquia; Jaraquiel, dept. Bolivar). Attila spadiceus parambae Hartert.1 PACIFIC ATTILA. Attila, braziliensis parambae HARTERT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., n, p. 39, Dee., 1900 — Paramba, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Museum examined); idem, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 610, 1902 — Paramba, San Javier, and Pambflar, Ecuador (spec, examined); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55. P- 546i 1926 — below Mindo, Ecuador. Attila sclateri (not of LAWRENCE) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 361, 1888 — part, spec, q, Ecuador; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 134, 1891 — part, "eastern" Ecuador. Attila fuscicauda CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 31, p. 155, 1912 — Gallera, Andes west of Popayan, Colombia. Attila brasiliensis parambae CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — Gallera, Colombia; MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 12, 1925 — western Ecuador and Colombia (crit.). Attila spadicea parambae STRESEMANN, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 277, 1925 (range). Range: Tropical Zone of western Ecuador and western Colom- bia, north to the upper Atrato (Quibd6). and chest streaked with dull (grayish) white and dusky, the latter tinged with dull yellowish citrine. Wing (two males) 87; tail 71, 72; bill 22. This form is exceedingly close to A. s. sclateri, but appears to be separable, as far as one can judge from two specimens. East Panama birds, as a rule have much more yellow on throat and chest, though an adult male from Lorn a del Leon (Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 107265), viewed from below, is an exact duplicate of the Puerto Berrio example which, owing to its fresher plumage, is somewhat more brightly colored throughout than the worn type. On the upper parts, too, caniceps can be matched by various specimens of A. s. sclateri, although the latter generally has more brownish suffusion. The grayish pileum, however, separates the two Colombian birds from any in the series from eastern Panama. Material examined. — Colombia: Jaraquiel, dept. Bolivar (the type) i; Puerto Berrio, lower Magdalena, dept. Antioquia i. 1 Attila spadiceus parambae HARTERT: Nearest to A. s. sclateri, but pileum and back olive green, very rarely tinged with brownish on the lower back; rump lemon yellow (without any buff); tail darker, nearest to sepia; wing bands duller, varying from olive buff to buff y olive (instead of buckthorn brown) ; under parts similar, viz., throat and chest broadly streaked with yellow and citrine, and abdo- men white, but sides and flanks greenish yellow, without any buff suffusion. Wing 87-93, (female) 82-86; tail 69-73, (female) 65-69; bill 21-23. This form shows very little variation and does not seem to have a rufous §hase, not infrequent in the eastern races A. s. spadiceus and A. s. parvirostris. pecimens from Pacific Colombia agree with the Ecuadorian ones. Material examined. — Ecuador: below Mindo 2; Paramba (including the type) 2; Pambflar i; San Javier i. — Colombia: Juntas, Rfo Dagua i; Malagita, Chocd i; Quibd6, Rio Atrato I. 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Attila spadiceus sclateri Lawrence.1 SCLATER'S ATTILA. Attila sclateri LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 470, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad (types in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 358 — Isthmus of Panama; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 361, 1888 — part, spec, m-p, San Pablo, Panama; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 134, 1891 — part, San Pablo and Lion Hill, Panama; BANGS, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 23, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama. Attila spadiceus (not Muscicapa spadicea GMELIN) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 327, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama. Attila citreopygius (not Dasycephala citreopyga BONAPARTE) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 7, 1863 — Lion Hill, Panama. Attila citreopygus citreopygus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 805, 1907 — part, eastern Panama (Lion Hill, Frijole, San Pablo, Panama City); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — part, Rio Salaqui, Colombia (spec, examined); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 269, 1918 — Gatiin, Panama; HALLINAN, Auk, 41, p. 319, 1924 — Grazes Trail, near Corozal, Panama. Attila citreopyga citreopyga BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 213, 1922 — Mount Sapo. Darie"n (spec, examined). Attila brasiliensis sclateri MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 12, 1925 — part, northwestern Colombia and eastern Panama (crit.). Range: Eastern Panama, from the Canal Zone eastwards, and extreme northwestern Colombia (Rio Salaqui). * Attila spadiceus citreopygus (Bonaparte}. CITRON-RUMPED ATTILA. Dasycephala citreopyga BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 657, 1854 — Nicaragua; idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 86, 1854 — Nicaragua. Attila citreopygius (a) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 — part, Nicaragua; idem, Ibis, 1859, p. 438 — part, Nicaragua; NUTTING, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, "1883," p. 385, 1884 — Sucuya, Nicaragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 133, 1891 — part, Costa Rica and Chiriquf; 1 Attila spadiceus sclateri LAWRENCE: Most nearly related to A. s. citreopygus, but pileum and back olive instead of brown, and blackish streaks restricted to anterior part of crown. Wing 86-91, (female) 82-87; tail 69-74, (female) 67-71; bill 21-25. While the majority from eastern Panama have much less brown above, the predominating color of pileum and back being olive or dark citrine, there occur certain specimens which, by the Dresden brown tone of the back, are hardly distinguishable from the dullest extreme of A. s. citreopygus, as represented in a series from Costa Rica. On the other hand, birds from Dari6n (Rio Tuyra; Mount Sapo) and a single adult male from the Rfo Salaqui, in extreme northwestern Colombia, closely approach A. s. parambae, from which they mainly differ by the ochreous tinge on rump and flanks. Material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill (Loma del Leon) 9; Frijole, Panama Railroad i ; San Pablo, Isthmus of Panama I ; Tapalisa I ; El Real, Rio Tuyra I ; Mount Sapo, Darie'n I. — Colombia: Rio Salaqui i. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 137 RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 509, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nica- ragua. Attila sclateri (not of LAWRENCE, 1862) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. no, 1868 — Guaitil, Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p 146 — Santa F6, Veragua and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 1870 p. 196 — Calovevora, Veragua and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; NUTTING, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 6, "1883," p. 404, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; ZELE- o6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 361, 1888 — part, spec, a-1, Irazii, Tucurriqui, Costa Rica, Volcan de Chiriquf, Calovevora and Santa F6, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 134, 1891 — part, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Chiriqui, and Calovevora, Veragua; UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Miravelles, Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 18, P- 365, 1901 — Divala, Chiriquf; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boquete, Chiriquf. Attila tephrocephala (us) RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 118, 1906 — Talamanca, eastern Costa Rica (type in U.S. National Museum examined; =gray-headed variant); idem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 804, 1907 — Talamanca; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 672, 1910 — Talamanca (crit.). Attila citreopyga luteola (us) RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 118, 1906 — San Jose", Costa Rica (type in U.S. National Museum examined); idem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 810, 1907 — San Carlos, Nicaragua and San Jose', Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica. Attila citreopygus citreopygus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 805, 1907 — part, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veragua); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 670, 1910 — Costa Rica (crit.). Attila citreopygia citreopygia BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca and Pozo del Rfo Grande, Costa Rica. Attila flammulatus citreopygus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 224, 1922 — part. Attila brasiliensis citreopygus MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 13, 1925 — Pacific side of Canal Zone to Nicaragua (crit.). Range: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama (Chiri- qui and Veraguas).1 9: Nicaragua (San Ger6nimo, Chinandega i, San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua i, Matagalpa i); Costa Rica (Lagarto i, Cabagre i, Boca Rio Matina i, Siquirres i, Orosi i, unspecified i). 'Study of a very large series shows plainly that there is only one form of Attila in southern Central America. The "luteolus" type of coloration is not confined to any particular area, but occurs, along with ordinary individuals of citreopygus and intermediates, both on the Caribbean and Pacific slope of Costa Rica. A small series from Nicaragua exhibits the same variation. The type of A . tephro- cephala is merely a gray-headed variant, corresponding to the "spodiostetfius" phase of the Amazonian A. s. spadiceus. It is approached, in one respect or an- other, by several specimens in the Costa Rican series. Birds from western Panama (Chiriqui), as a whole, agree very well with those from more northern localities, 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Attila spadiceus flammulatus Lafresnaye. FLAMMULATED ATTILA. Attila flammulatus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., n, p. 47, 1848 — "Colombia," errore; Vera Cruz, Mexico, substituted by BANGS and PENARD, 1922 (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, examined). Attila hypoxanthus SALVIN and GoDMAN,1 Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 135, 1891 — part, type from Vera Paz, Guatemala ( = xanthochroic variant). Attila mexicanus NELSON,* Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 172, 1901 — Frontera, Tabasco (type in U.S. National Museum examined). Attila citreopyga salvini RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 118, 1906 — Pasa Nueva, Vera Cruz (type in U.S.National Museum examined); idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 807, 1907 — southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and British Honduras (monog.); DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Sen, i, p. 100, 1907 — Los Amates, San Jose", Patulul, and Mazatenango, Guatemala; PETERS, Auk, 30, p. 375, 1913 — north of Bacalar and Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo. Attila citreopygia(us) (not Dasycephala citreopyga BONAPARTE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 228, 1857 — Santecomapam, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, p. 41, 1859 — part, southern Mexico and Guatemala; idem, I.e., p. 366, 1859 — Jalapa; idem, I.e., p. 383, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 120 — Guatemala; SCLATER, I.e., p. 438 — part, southern Mexico and Guatemala; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., x» P- 536» 1869 — Vera Cruz; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 837 — Honduras; LAWRENCE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 4, p. 25, 1876 — Santa though one adult male from Boquete can hardly be told from sclateri of the Canal Zone. A single adult male from Veraguas (Nata, Code') is difficult to place, but for geographic reasons I refer it to citreopygus rather than to sclateri. A. s. citreopygus is a rather variable race, and while generally smaller and more olivaceous, less brownish on the head, is sometimes barely distinguishable from A . s. flammulatus. Material examined. — Nicaragua: Sucuya i; Los Sabalos i; Escpndido River 2; San Ger6nimo, Chinandega i; Matagalpa i; San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua I. — Costa Rica: Pacuar6 i; Jime'nez i; Boca Rio Matina i; Siquirres i; Orosi i; El Hogar 2; La Hondura 2; Carrillo 4; Guayabo 3; Bonilla i; Coliblanco i; La Vija- gua i; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui i; "Talamanca" (type of A. tephrocephala) i; San Jos6 (type of A . citreopyga luteola) I ; Guaitil i ; Lagartp i ; Cabagre I ; Bebedero i ; Miravelles i ; Bolson 3 ; Tenorio i ; Pozo Azul de Pirris i ; Pozo del Rio Grande 3; Boruca 2; El General i. — Panama: Almirante Bay i; Divala 2; Boquete 5; El Banco, Chiriqui i; Chiriquf i; Nata, Code" I. 1A. hypoxanthus is merely a "xanthochroic" phase, without any white on the under parts which are continuously clear yellow, with, however, the usual dusky streaks on throat and chest, and ochraceous sides. It is not peculiar to any par- ticular area, but represents a purely individual variant. Specimens in this plu- mage have been examined from Mazatlan, Sinaloa (A. s. paciflcus), eastern Guate- mala (.4. s. flammulatus), Costa Rica- (.4. s. citreopygus), and even French Guiana (A. s. spadiceus) I *The type (and only available specimen from Tabasco) has the lower throat and chest streaked with tawny brown rather than dusky or citrine, and the ochraceous tawny color of the sides and flanks more extensive than any other specimen. Still I am inclined to attribute these divergencies to individual varia- tion, since birds from Guatemala and Honduras are inseparable from typical flammulatus, as represented by a series from Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Chiapas, and the existence of a distinct form in Tabasco seems hardly possible. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 139 Efigenia, Oaxaca; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 361, 1888 — part, spec, a, d-j, Jalapa, Choctum, TCamkhal, and Vera Paz, Guatemala; SAL- VIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 133, 1891 — part, Jalapa, Santa Efigenia, and Guatemala; LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 16, p. 221, 1899 — Naranjo, Guatemala; BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras. Attila citreopygus mexicanus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 810, 1907 — Frontera, Tabasco (monog.). Attila citreopygus gaumeri (not of SAL YIN and GODMAN) RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 811, 1907 — part, coast of British Honduras (near Manatee Lagoon). Attila flammulatus flammulatus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, pp. 223, 224, 1922 — Vera Cruz and Puebla, south to Honduras (crit.; note on type). Attila brasiliensis flammulatus MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 13, 1925 — southeastern Mexico to Honduras (crit.). Range: Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca (Tehuantepec), Tabasco, Chiapas, and southern Quintana Roo, and southward through Guatemala and British Honduras to Salvador and Honduras.1 7 : Mexico (Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca i) ; Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal i, San Jose", Escuintla i, Patulul, Solola i, Mazatenango 2); Honduras (San Pedro Sula i). xThe type of A. flammulatus, supposed to be from "Colombia," proves to be identical with A. c. salvini, and aside from its somewhat faded under parts and "foxy" back, agrees perfectly with specimens from Vera Cruz in eastern Mexico. Birds from Guatemala (Pacific and Caribbean slopes) and Honduras appear to be inseparable from those of eastern Mexico, though they possibly average slightly deeper, more rufous brown on the upper parts. Three adults from Tehuantepec (Cacoprieto and Santa Efigenia) likewise belong here. The majority of the ex- amples from British Honduras cannot be distinguished from the general run of flammulatus, though one (out of three) from Manatee Lagoon and another from San Felipe, Upper Belize River, are more olivaceous above. However, they can be matched in this respect by various skins from other localities (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Honduras). Two adults from southern Quintana Roo, by smaller size and reduction of greenish suffusion on foreneck, form the transition to A. s. gaumeri, of Yucatan. A small series from Salvador is rather puzzling. They are much paler and more cinnamomeous above, and have light ochraceous-tawny tails, more like A. s. pacificus, but resemble A. s. flammulatus in their bright yellow (instead of ochraceous) rump. It is quite possible that additional material may show them to be separable. Material examined. — Mexico: Vera Cruz, Pasa Nueva (including the type of A. c. salrini) 3, Buena vista 2, Jalapa i; Metlaltoyuca, Puebla i; Palenque, Chia- pas i ; Frontera, Tabasco (type of A . mexicanus) I ; Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca i; Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Oaxaca 2; Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo i ; twenty miles north of Bacalar, Quintana Roo i. — Guatemala: Vera Paz i; pine forests of Choctum 3; Savanna Grande i ; Los Amates, Izabal i ; Escuintla i ; San Jos6, Escuintla i; Mazatenango 2; Patulul, Solola i. — Salvador: Lake Olomega 4; Rio San Miguel i; Hacienda Miraflores, dept. La Paz 2; Hacienda Chilata, dept. Sonsonate 3. — British Honduras: Toledo District 4; San Felipe, Upper Belize River i; Manatee Lagoon 4. — Honduras: Ceiba i; Chamelec6n 3; Santa Ana i ; San Pedro Sula 2. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Attila spadiceus gaumeri Salvin and Godman.1 GAUMER'S ATTILA. Attila gaumeri SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 134, 1891 — Tizimfn, Yucatan. Attila citreopygius (not Dasycephala citreopyga BONAPARTE) BOUCARD, P.Z.S. Lond., 1878, p. 449 — Tizimin, Yucatdn; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 361, 1888 — part, spec. b,c, Tizimin; SALVIN, Ibis, 1889, p. 364 — Meco, Holbox, and Mujeres Islands, Yucatdn (crit.). Attila cozumelae (not of RIDGWAY) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 362, 1888 — part, spec, j-n, Holbox, Meco, and Mugeres Islands. Attila citreopygus gaumeri RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 811, 1907 — part, Yucatdn, Meco, Holbox, and Mugeres Islands (monog.). Attila brasiliensis gaumeri MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 13. *925 — part, Yucatdn; GRISCOM, I.e., 235, p. 15, 1926 — Chunyaxche and Acomal, Yucatdn. Range: Yucatdn, including Holbox, Meco, and Mujeres Islands. *Attila spadiceus cozumelae Ridgway.* COZUMEL ATTILA. Attila cozumelae RIDGWAY, Descr. New Sp. Birds from Cozumel, p. 3, Feb. 26, 1885 — Cozumel Island; idem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 23, 1885 — Cozumel; idem, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 8, p. 572, 1885 — Cozumel (crit.); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 362, 1888 — part, spec, a-i, Cozumel; SALVIN, Ibis, 1889 p. 364 — Cozumel (crit.); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 134, 1891 — Cozumel. Attila sp. SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, P- I9I — Cozumel (crit.; habits). Attila citreopygus cozumelae RIDGWAY, U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 812, 1907 — Cozumel (monog.). Attila brasiliensis cozumelae MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 183, p. 13, 1925 — Cozumel. Range: Cozumel Island, off Yucatdn. i : Cozumel Island. Attila spadiceus pacificus nont nov.3 LAWRENCE'S ATTILA. Attila cinnamomeus (not Muscicapa cinnamomea GMELIN) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 10, p. 8, 1871 — Mazatldn, Sinaloa (types in U.S. 1Attila spadiceus gaumeri SALVIN and GODMAN: Very close to A. s. flammu- latus, but smaller, with proportionately larger bill; upper parts on average paler; throat and chest streaked with grayish instead of with dusky, and barely, if at all, tinged with pale sulphur yellowish. Wing 89-92, (female) 83-87; tail 73-81, (female) 68-74; bill 24-26. Material examined. — Yucatdn: Puerto Morelos 2 ;Chichen-Itza i ; unspecified I. 1 Attila spadiceus cozumelae RIDGWAY: Very similar to A. s. gaumeri, partic- ularly below, but rump ochraceous tawny (instead of yellow ocher), and sides, axillaries, and under wing coverts deeper, cinnamon buff or ochraceous buff (instead of yellowish buff or buff yellow). Wing 89-92, (female) 81-88; tail 72-76, (female) 62-73; bill 24-26. Material examined. — Cozumel Island 9. 1 Attila spadiceus pacificus HELLMAYR: Nearly allied to A. s. flammulatus, but upper parts much lighter and more cinnamomeous (tawny brown or ochra- 1929. BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 141 National Museum examined); idem, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., 2, p. 285, 1874 — Mazatlan (habits); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2. P- I35i J89i — Santiago (Tepic), Beltran, Hacienda de San Marcos, and Tonild (Jalisco), Santiago (Colima), Omiteme, Amula, and Rinc6n (Guer- rero), and Juchatengo and Sola (Oaxaca); MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 21 » P- SS^i 1905 — Sierra de Juan de Lisiarraga, Sinaloa. Attila hypoxanthus SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 135, 1891 — part, spec, from Venta de Pelegrino, Guerrero ( = xanthochroic variant). Attila citreopygus cinnamomeus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 809, 1907 — Pacific slope of Mexico (monog.). Attila flammulatus cinnamomeus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 224, 1922 — Pacific slope of Mexico. Attila brasiliensis cinnamomeus MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., I83, p. 13, 1925 — Pacific slope of Mexico (crit.). Range: Pacific slope of Mexico, in states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, and western Oaxaca. *Attila bolivianus bolivianus Lafresnaye. BOLIVIAN ATTILA. Tyrannus rufescens (not of SWAINSON, 1826) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 44, 1837 — Guarayos, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Amer. M6rid., Ois., p. 308, 1839 — Guarayos, Moxos, and Chiquitos, Bolivia. Attila bolivianus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., II, p. 46, 1848 — new name for Tyrannus rufescens LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, preoccupied; HELLMAYR, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 52, p. 97, 1902 (crit., synon.); idem, Nov. Zool., *3. P- 33°. 1906 — Guarayos, Bolivia (crit.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 310, 1907 — part, Bolivia and Matto Grosso; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus (spec, examined); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 353, 1914 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus. Attila validus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 96, 169, 1868 — Villa Maria [=Sao Luiz de Caceres], Engenho do Gama, and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 364, 1888 — Matto Grosso and Bolivia; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Attila bolivianus bolivianus HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 316, 1910 (range, crit.); idem, I.e., 32, p. 21, 1925 — Guarayos, Bolivia, Matto Grosso, and Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Peru (crit.). ceous brown), even the pileum often cinnamomeous like the back; rump and tail coverts ochraceous or yellow ocher; tail uniform ochraceous tawny, without any brownish or dusky shade; foreneck and chest very slightly, if at all, tinged with sulphur yellow; sides and flanks as a rule deeper ochraceous tawny. This well-marked race had to be renamed, since Lawrence's specific term turned out to be preoccupied in the genus by Muscicapa cinnamomea Gmelin, an earlier name for Attila thamnophiloides (Spix). Material examined. — Sinaloa: "Mazatlan" (the types) 2. — Jalisco: San Sebastian 2. — Guerrero: Omilteme i; Acahuizotla i; Egido Nuevo i; Coquillo i ; Coyuca i ; Papayo 6. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Southwestern Brazil, in state of Matto Grosso (Cha- pada; Descalvados; Sao Luiz de Caceres; Engenho do Gama and Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Rio Guapore"), and lowlands of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos; Moxos; Guarayos; mouth of Rio San Antonio, Rio Espirito Santo; Buena vista, dept. Santa Cruz), north to the upper Purus (Cachoeira) and Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, eastern Peru.1 i: Bolivia (Buena vista, dept. Santa Cruz i). Attila bolivianus nattereri Hellmayr.2 NATTERER'S ATTILA. Attila nattereri HELLMAYR, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 52, p. 95, 1902 — Borba, Rio Madeira (type) and Para, Brazil; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 311, 1907 (range); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 526, 1913 — Monte Alegre (Cussary?) and Faro; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 353, 1914 — Monte Alegre and Faro (Rio Jamunda). Attila bolivianus (not of LAFRESNAYE) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Borba and Para (spec, examined); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 310, 1907 — part, Borba and Para. Attila bolivianus nattereri HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, pp. 315, 316, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira (range); idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math- phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 91, 1912 — Para. Range: Northern Brazil, on the banks of the lower Amazon, from Pard to Borba, Rio Madeira. *Attila rufus (Vieillot). GRAY-THROATED ATTILA. Muscicapa cinerea (not of P. L. S. MULLER, 1776) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 933, 1789 — based on "Le Gobe-mouche roux, de Cayenne" BRISSON, Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 51, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1760, Cayenne (errore); SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 19, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1825 — "in sylvis Brasiliae" (spec, in Munich Museum examined); WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 853, 1831 — southeastern Brazil. 'Birds from Bolivia (bolivianus) and Matto Grosso (validus) agree well to- gether, although the latter are on average slightly paler above, with the pileum somewhat more grayish. A single specimen from the Rio Purus (Cachoeira) resembles those from Matto Grosso, whereas a male from Sarayacu, Peru, in its brownish head, is more like the types from Guarayos. Material examined. — Brazil: Descalvados i; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso 3; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore1 i; Sao Luiz de Caceres 5; Cachoeira, Rio Purus i. — Bolivia: Guarayos (the types) 3; mouth of Rio San Antonio, Rio Espirito Santo i; Buenavista I. — Peru: Sarayacu, Ucayali I. 1 Attila bolivianus nattereri HELLMAYR: Similar to A. b. bolivianus, but smaller and much darker throughout; pileum sepia rather than Dresden brown; sides of the head cinnamon brown rather than buckthorn brown; back and margins to rectrices much more deeply colored and more olivaceous, less cinnamomeous; rump, tail, and under parts much deeper rufous. Wing 91-93 (against 94-100, in A. b. bolivianus); tail 76-81; bill 23-25. Material examined. — Brazil: Para i; "Monte Alegre", lower Amazon 2; Borba, Rio Madeira (the types) 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 143 Tyrannus rufus VIEILLOT,* Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 35, p. 87, 1819 — "le Bre"sil, d'ou il a 6t6 apporte" par M. Delalande fils"=Rio de Janeiro (types in Paris Museum examined). Attila griseigularis BERLEPSCH, Ibis, (5), 3, p. 290, 1885 — "Santa Catharina, Brazil (?)" (type in Berlepsch Collection examined); HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 310, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya. Tyrannus cinereus SWAINSON, Quart. Journ. Sci., Litt., and Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 40, p. 278, Jan., 1826 — Brazil. Attila rufus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., u, p. 46, 1848 — Brazil. Dasycephala cinerea BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 85, 1856 — Brazil; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 86, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio. Attila cinereus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 — southern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 95, 1868 — Sapitiba, Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro, Mattodentro and Ypanema, Sao Paulo, and Paranagua, Parana (spec, examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 363, 1888 — Bahia and Sao Paulo, Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 214, 1899 — part, Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; EULER, I.e., p. 54, 1900 — Brazil (nest and eggs descr.); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 651, 1906 — southeastern Brazil (variation, crit.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 310, 1907 — Cachoeira, Iguap6, Ubatuba (Sao Paulo), Porto Cachoeiro (Espirito Santo), Bahia and Joinville (Santa Catharina); LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe"os to Belmonte, southern Bahia; MIRANDA RIBEIRO, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 254, 1923 — Monte-Serrat, Itatiaya; PINTO-PEIXOTO, I.e., p. 262, 1923 — Itatiaya. Attila cinerea PELZELN, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 291, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to Santa Catharina.2 2: Brazil (Bahia i; Rio de Janeiro i). Examination of the types (Nos. 3843-44, of the mounted bird collection) shows the description to be inaccurate in several respects, the back being amber brown (passing into ochraceous tawny on the rump) and by no means "brun verdatre," while the central rectrices do not differ in color from the lateral ones. In other words, they agree in every way with specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, which the adult bird (No. 3844) further resembles in having the entire throat and foreneck whitish gray, streaked with dusky. *Birds from Rio de Janeiro (including the types) and Sao Paulo agree very well together, the throat and foreneck being grayish white, streaked with dusky, and the remainder of the under parts nearly uniform tawny, the abdomen but little paler than the breast. The type of A. griseigularis, purchased from a dealer and said to be from "Santa Catharina," merely differs by having the middle of the belly much paler, almost lemon yellow. In this respect, it is closely matched by an adult male from Paranagua, Parana, and in my revision of Spix's types (Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 652, 1906) I have, accordingly, proposed to separate the birds from extreme southern Brazil under Berlepsch's term. However, an adult from Joinville, Santa Catharina, examined since does not bear out this difference, and seems to be indistinguishable from Rio examples. Bahia skins, which Count Berlepsch, when describing A. griseigularis, took for 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Attila citriniventris Sclater.1 CITRON-BELLIED ATTILA. Atlila citriniventris SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 40, 1859 — Rfo Ucayali, eastern Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Rio Vaupe\ Brazil (spec, examined); TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 371, 1884 — part, descr. of type only, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 363, 1888 — upper Peruvian Amazon; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 303, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru (spec, examined). Range: Upper Amazonia, in eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Rio Ucayali; Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, lower Huallaga), and northwestern Brazil (Rio Vaupe", an affluent of the upper Rio Negro). Attila phoenicurus Pelzeln.2 RUFOUS-TAILED ATTILA. Attila phoenicurus (NATTERER MS.) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 96, 171, Sept., 1868 — banks of the Rio Parahyba near Mattodentro (Sao Paulo), Cury- tiba (Parand), Goyaz, and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso (Matto Grosso); I select Mattodentro as type locality (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ; HELLMAYR, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 52, p. 97, 1902 (crit.); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 350, March, 1905 — Ubatuba, Sao Paulo (spec. examined); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 311, 1907 — Ubatuba. typical cinereus, have the grayish gular area restricted to the chin and upper throat, and were it not for a Rio specimen, which is practically identical, I would not hesitate to discriminate a northern race. More satisfactory and properly labeled material is required in order to determine any possible local forms. Material examined. — Bahia (trade skins) 5. — Rio de Janeiro (including the types) 8; Sapitiba, Rio 2; Registo do Sai, Rio i; Ipanemd, Sao Paulo i; IguapS, Sao Paulo i ; Paranagua, Parana i ; Joinville, Santa Catharina I ; "Santa Cathanna (?)" (type of A. griseigularis) i. 1 Attila citriniventris SCLATER: Nearest to Bahia specimens of A. rufus in having merely the chin and upper throat grayish white, and the pileum including the hind neck gray with dusky shaft-streaks; but much smaller, with differently shaped bill (shorter, wider at base, and more constricted apically); chest only tawny ochraceous; breast and abdomen medially yellow, tinged with ochraceous tawny along flanks and on under tail coverts. Wing ( 9 ad., Yurimaguas) 82, (o"imm., Rio Vaup<§) 85; tail 63, (Rio VaupS) 72; bill i8tf, (Rio Vaup6) 20. The Rio Vaup6 bird differs from the two others by reason of longer tail, darker (less yellowish) rump, more brownish pileum and sides of head, buffy whitish (instead of grayish) upper throat, and darker abdomen. A little-known species of uncertain affinities, of which more material is much desired. Material examined. — Peru: Shanusi, near Yurimaguas i. — Ecuador: "Ori- ente" (unspecified) i. — Brazil: Rio Vaup6 I. 1 Attila phoenicurus PELZELN, a very distinct species, is immediately recogniz- able by the strongly defined grayish brown hood embracing the top and sides of the head, the chestnut cinnamon back, and the somewhat paler under parts. The bill, though variable in shape, is much shorter than in any other species, and leads to the allied genus Casiornis. Wing (five males) 91-95, (two females) 88, 92; tail 77-85; bill 17-19- Material examined. — Goyaz City i ; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso i ; Curityba, Parand 4; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo (type) i, all in the Vienna Museum; Ubatuba, Sao Paulo (Museu Paulista, No. 5475) I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 145 Range: Southern Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso), Goyaz (Goyaz City), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro and Ubatuba), and Parana (Curityba). *Attila cinnamomeus cinnamomeus (Gmelin). CINNAMOMEOUS Am LA. Muscicapa cinnamomea GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 937, 1789 — based on "Cinnamon Flycatcher" LATHAM, Gen. Syn. Birds, 2, (i), p. 354, Cayenne.1 Muscicapa thamnophiloides SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 19, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1825 — "in lotis sylvaticis fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined). Tyrannus rutilus LESSON, ficho du Monde Sav., n, 2nd sem., No. n, p. 254, 1844 — Cayenne, French Guiana; idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeVSque, 20, (Descr. Mammif. et Ois.), p. 310, 1847 — Cayenne. Attila rutilus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., n, p. 47, 1848 — French Guiana (ex Lesson). Lanius unirufus (CuviER MS.) PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 332, 1855 — Cayenne (type in Paris Museum examined); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 330, 1906 (crit.). Thamnophilus strenuus SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 173, 1862 — Cayenne. Dasycephala thamnophiloides CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 222, 1847 — part, excl. ref. to SWAINSON and D'ORBIGNY; idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 686, 1848 — coastal forests of British Guiana; BUR- MEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 86, 1856 — in part. Dasycephala cinnamomea BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 35, 1857 — Cayenne. AUila thamnophiloides SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 — interior of Brazil; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1866, p. 187 — Sarayacu, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 577 — Mexiana; idem I.e., 1873, p. 285 — Sarayacu, Peru (crit.); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Borba, Rio Madeira, and Cayenne (spec, examined); LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 385 — Para; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 372, 1884 — Sarayacu, Peru; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 — British Guiana (ex SCHOMBURGK); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 364, 1888 — Demerara, Cayenne, Mexiana, Elvira, Samiria, Sarayacu, Ucayali; GOELDI, Ibis, 1897, p. 161 — Amapa, northern Para; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 651, 1906 — note on Spix's type (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 13, 1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; idem, l.c., 14, p. 364, 1907 — Borba, Rio Madeira; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 311, 1907 — range; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 'Although the type, formerly in the Leverian Museum, appears to be lost, Latham's description fits Attila thamnophiloides in every detail except for the statement that the wing coverts are tipped with yellow, which may be due to a pen-slip or to the faded condition of the specimen. It will be noticed that Latham places it next to the "Yellow-rumped Flycatcher" [= Attila s. spadiceus,] for which he gives as patria "Inhabits Cayenne, with the last" [= Cinnamon Fly- catcher], the two only species of Attila known to occur in French Guiana. 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. — Amapa, Para, Maraj6, Monte Alegre (food); idem, I.e., 56, p. 506, 1908 — Goyana, Rio Tapaj6z; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 142, 1908 — Cayenne and Approuague, French Guiana; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 315, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 160, 1910 — Surinam (nest and egg descr.); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 34, 91, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acara; p. 120, 1912 — Mexiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 353, 1914 — Pard, Quati-puni, Cussary, Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), Amapa, Maraj6 (Sao Natal), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, Rio Jamundd (Faro); BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 71, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Javaweg, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 289, 1921 — Ituribisi River, Supenaam, Mazaruni River, Bartica, Bonasika River, Abary River, Anarika River; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64, 1926 — Tury-assii, Maranhao; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Rio Inhangapy, Para. Attila thamnophiloides thamnophiloides HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 344, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the whole valley of the Amazon, including its tributaries, from northern Maranhao (Tury-assii) west to northeastern Peru (Elvira and Sa- miria, Rio Maranon; Sarayacu, Ucayali; Lagunas, lower Huallaga).1 3: Dutch Guiana (vicinity of Paramaribo i); Brazil (Tury- assu, Maranhao i); Peru (Lagunas, lower Huallaga i). Attila cinnamomeus torridus Sclater* FRASER'S ATTILA. Attila torridus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 280, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1878, p. 139 — Santa Rosa, Ecuador; TACZA- NOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 372, 1884 — Babahoyo; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 365, 1888 — Babahoyo, San Lucas, and Santa Rita, Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — Vinces and Rfo Peripa; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 6n, 1902 — San Javier and Pambflar, prov. Esmeraldas (spec, examined) ; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 546, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Manavi, Daule, La Chonta, and Alamor, Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of western Ecuador, from Esmeraldas to Loja (Alamor). Genus CASIORNIS Des Murs. Casiornis (BONAPARTE MS.) DES MURS in CASTELNAU, Exp. AmeY. Sud, Ois., p. 55, June, 1856 — type by monotypy Casiornis typus DES MURS. Examination of thirty-nine specimens from Guiana and Amazonia fails to reveal any geographic variation. Peruvian birds, by paler rump and posterior under parts, form the transition to A. c. torridus. 8 Attila c. torridus differs from the typical race by much lighter coloration and blacker wing coverts, with much narrower, paler apical margins. Material examined. — Ecuador, prov. Esmeraldas: Pambflar 3, San Javier 3. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 147 *Casiornis rufa (Vieillot). RUFOUS CASIORNIS. ThamnophHus ruftis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 3, p. 316, 1816 — based on "Batara roxo" AZARA, No. 218 [ =No. 217 in Walckenaer- Sonnini's French edition], Paraguay. Thamnophilus rutilus (not of VIEILLOT, 1816) VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Me'th., Orn., 2, p. 747, 1822 — based on "Batara roxo" AZARA — erroneously quoted as No. 215 — Paraguay. (?) Muscicapa rubra VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 22, p. 457, 1818 — based on "Suiriri roxo" AZARA, No. 188, Paraguay. Dasycephala haematodes CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 222, 1847 — Brazil. Tyrannula rufula HARTLAUB, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 6, 1852 — Brazil. Casiornis typus (BONAPARTE MS.) DES MURS in CASTELNAU, Exp. Amer. Sud, Ois., p. 55, pi. 18, fig. I, 1856 — Goyaz (type in Paris Museum ex- amined). Tyrannus rufus LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 44, 1837 — Yungas and Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Tyrannus thamnophiloides (not Muscicapa thamnophUoides SPIX) D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Amer. M6rid., Ois., p. 308, 1839 — Yungas and Chiquitos, Bolivia. Dasycephala rubra BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 86, 1856 — "St. Paulo, St. Catharina, Montevideo" (errore). Casiornis rubra SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 41, 1859 (synonymy); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 96, 1868 — Porto do Rio Parana (Sao Paulo), Goyaz and Ponte Alta (Goyaz), Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso), Brazil; REIN- HARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 361 — Faz. Mocambo and Faz. Roca (Minas Geraes), Batataes (Sao Paulo), Catalao (Goyaz); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Yungas and Chiquitos, Bolivia; SCLATER and HUDSON, Arg. Orn., i, p. 163, 1888 — Campo Colo- rado, Oran, Salta; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 365, 1888 — Goyaz, Brazil, and Oran, Argentina; KERR, Ibis, 1892, p. 131 — near Fortin Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus., N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. ii, 1895 — Baranquera la Novia and Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 17, 1897 — San Francisco, Bolivian Chaco; idem, l.c., 15, No. 378, p. 7, 1900 — Uruciim, Matto Grosso; BRUCH, Rev. Mus. La Plata, n, p. 256, 1904 — Oran, Salta; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 311, 1907 — Jaboticabal, Rincao, Avanhandava, Bebe- douro, and Itapura, Sao Paulo; GRANT, Ibis, 1911, p. 125 — Puerto San Juan, Paraguay; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Asunci6n. Casiornis rufa rufa HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 56, 1908 — Goyaz, Rio Thesouras, Rio Araguaya, and Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 312, 1910 — Oran, Salta, and lower Pilcomayo; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 22, 1925 — Yungas, Bolivia (crit.). Casiornis rufus CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 606 — Sapucay, Paraguay. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Casiornis rufus rufus DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 33, p. 322, 1912 — San Rafael, Paraguay. Casiornis rufa SNBTHLAGE, Journ. Ornith., 61, p. 526, 1913 — Monte Alegre; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 354, 1914 — Monte Alegre, lower Amazon; WETMORE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 133, p. 294, 1926 — Las Palmas, Chaco, and west of Puerto Pinasco and eastern bank of Rio Paraguay, Paraguay; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 344, 1929 — Barra do Corda, Maranhao. Range: Northern Argentina (Chaco, Salta, and Jujuy); Para- guay; eastern Bolivia, and the interior of the Brazilian table-land, from northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso through western Minas Geraes and Goyaz north to Maranhao (Barra do Corda) and Lower Amazonia (Monte Alegre).1 19: Argentina, prov. Jujuy (Rio Lavallen i, Ledesma i); Bolivia (Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz 4); Brazil (Bauru, Sao Paulo 3; Chapada 2, Urucum de Corumbd 2, Piraputanga, Matto Grosso 3; Barra do Corda, Maranhao 3). *Casiornis fusca Sclater and Salvin. DUSKY CASIORNIS. Casiornis fusca SCLATER and SALVIN, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 57, 159, 1873 — Bahia (type in British Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., *4. P- 366, 1888 — Bahia; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 312, 1907 — Bahia; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Pard, Santo Antonio do Prata; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 354, 1914 — Pard, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Xingu (Vic- toria), and Rio Tapaj6z (Boim); REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, pp. 70, 154, 1910, 1925 — Pao de Can6a and Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia, and Lag6a Missao, near Parnagua, and above Pintados, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 44, 64, 1926 — Ceard and MaranhSo (Anil, Sao Bento); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Rio Muraiteua, Para; HELL- MAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 344, 1929 — Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara. Casiornis rufa fusca HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 91, 1912 — Para, Santo Antonio do Prata, state of Para. Range: Northeastern Brazil, in states of Bahia, Ceard, Piauhy, Maranhao, and Para, extending along the south bank of the Amazon as far west as the Tapajoz (Boim).2 'Birds from Jujuy and Bolivia are generally somewhat paler on the belly, but the difference is trifling and not quite constant. No material is available from the type locality. Forty-five specimens examined. 1 Although representing its ally in the greater part of its range, C. fusca can- not well be treated as a subspecies of C. rufa, since both are known to occur on 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 149 13: Brazil (Jud, near Iguatii, Ceara 8; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 3; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao i; Sao Bento, Maranhao i . Genus LANIOCERA Lesson.1 Laniocera LESSON, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1840 — type by monotypy Laniocera sanguinaria LESSON = A mpelis hypopyrrha VIEILLOT. Aulea (SCHIFF MS.) BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 314 ( = Consp. Voluc. Anisod., p. 4), 1854 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, Cat Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 56, 1855) Ampelis hypopyrrha VIEILLOT. Aulia CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 101, 1859 — emendation of Aulea BONAPARTE. *Laniocera hypopyrrha (Vieillot). CINEREOUS MOURNER. Ampelis hypopyrra (sic) VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 8, p. 164, 1817 — "la Guyane" = Cayenne. Ampelis hypopyrrha VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 762, 1 822 — Cayenne. Muscicapa sibilatrix WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 810, 1831 — forest road of Capitao Filisberto, near Ilh^os, southern Bahia. Laniocera sanguinaria LESSON, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1840 — hab. ign. (descr. juv.). Lipangus hypopyrrhus HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 3, 1846 (descr. juv.); idem, I.e., p. in, 1846 (crit.). Ptilochloris hypopyrrhus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 9, pp. 43, 239, 1846 (crit.). Lipangus later alis GRAY and MITCHELL, Genera Birds, i, pi. 60, 1847. Lipaugus sibilatrix BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 422, 1856 — Brazil (ex WIED). Aulia hypopyrrha CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 101, 1859 — Bogota; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 123, 1868 — Bahia; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 303 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 354, 1888 — Bahia, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Chyavetas and Santa Cruz (Peru), Sarayacu (Ecuador); ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 239, 1889 — note on Wied's types in American Museum of Natural History, New York; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Para; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 158, 1910 — interior of Surinam. the lower Amazon, while recently the latter species was discovered even at Barra do Corda, in the heart of the area occupied by C. fusca in the state of Maranhao. Material examined. — Bahia (including the type) 3; Rio Preto, Bahia 4; Jud, Ceard 8 ; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 3 ; Sao Luiz i , Miritiba 3, Fazenda Inhuma i , Sao Bento, Maranhao i ; Benevides, Para i ; Santar6m, Rio Tapaj6z 3. 'In spite of its exaspidean tarsus and the extensive cohesion of the toes I cannot but feel that the affinities of this genus are with Lipaugus and Rhytip- terna, and not with the Pipridae. 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Lipaugus hypopyrrhus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 211 — Brazil, Amazonia, Nova Grenada; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 6, 1866 — south- eastern Brazil. Lipaugus lateralis SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 6, 1866 — Brazil sept. et Valle Amazonum; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, pp. 751, 757 — Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 285 — Chyavetas and Santa Cruz, Peru. Aulia lateralis PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 124, 1868 — Marabitanas, Rio Negro; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 369, 1884 — Chyavetas, Santa Cruz. Laniocera hypopyrrha BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 57, 1902 — Nericagua, Orinoco River, and Suapure, La Pricion, La Uni6n, and Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurud; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 309, 1907 — Rio Jurud (range); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 141, 1908 — Ipousin, R. Ap- prouague, and Cayenne, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 505, 1908 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; p. 529, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocan- tins; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 351, 1914 — Pard, Apehti, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Tamucury, Rio Tapaj6z (Itai- tuba), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Obidos; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 250, 1916 — Nericagua, Orinoco, and Caura Valley, Venezuela; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 73, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Lelydorp, and Javaweg, Surinam; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilh£os to Belmonte, southern Bahia; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 281, 1921 — numerous localities; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 545, 1926 — Sarayacu, Ecuador. Laniocera hypopyrra HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 364, 1906 — Santo An- tonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 364, 1907 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 314, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 34, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi, Pard (Pard localities); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Pard. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Vene- zuela (Orinoco-Caura basin), and all over Amazonia, from Pard west to the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia ("Bogota^'), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and Peru (Chyavetas; Santa Cruz, Rio Hual- laga; Puerto Bermudez, Ucayali drainage basin), and south to the Rio Madeira and northern Bolivia (Rio San Mateo, Yungas of Cochabamba); also in eastern Brazil (southern Bahia).1 i: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Rio Pichis, dept. Junin i). 'Specimens from Guiana and various parts of Amazonia agree well together. Birds from Bahia are slightly larger (wing 112-114, against 105-111 mm.) and apparently more tinged with olivaceous; but with only three old skins before me, I cannot be certain whether these rather trifling differences justify the recognition of a separate race, L. hypopyrrha sibilatrix (WiED). Material examined. — French Guiana: Ipousin, Approuague River i. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove 4, Camacusa i, Caramang River i. — Venezuela: Nerica- gua, Orinoco River i; Caura Valley 20. — Colombia: "Bogotd" 3. — Brazil: Santo Antonio do Prata i; Peixe-Boi, Pard 2; Borba, Rio Madeira i; Calama, Rio Madeira i; Marabitanas, Rio Negro 3; Bahia 3. — Peru: Puerto Bermudez i. — Bolivia: San Mateo I. IQ2Q. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HfiLLMAYR. 15! *Laniocera rufescens rufescens (Sclater). RUFESCENT MOURNER. Lipaugus rufescens SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, "1857," p. 276, pub. Jan., 1858 — Coban, Guatemala1 (type in Derby Museum, Liverpool); idem and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 124 — Coban; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 211 — Guatemala; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1864, p. 361 — Panama Railroad; idem, Exot. Orn., pp. 5, 6, pi. 3, 1866 — Veragua and Panama; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 330, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 9, p. n 6, 1868 — Barranca and Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; SALVIN, Ibis, 1866, p. 203 — occurrence in Guatemala questioned; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santa F6, Veragua. Aulia rufescens SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 519 — Remedies, Antioquia (?); ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Pozo Azul de Pirns, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 355, 1888 — Santa F6, Chepo, Panama, and (?) Remedies, Colombia; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 130, 1891 — Coban, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, and (?) Colombia; UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Volcan de Miravelles, Costa Rica. Laniocerca rufescens RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 589, 1888 — Rio Segovia, Honduras (crit.). Laniocera rufescens RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (crit.); BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 13, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4. P- 765, 1907 — part, Guatemala to Panama and (?) Colombia (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 677, 1910 — Cariblanco de Sarapi- qui and La Vijagua, Costa Rica; BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 215, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darien; GRISCOM, I.e., 69, p. 181, 1929 — El Real, Darien. Range: Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz) and southward through Honduras (Rio Segovia), Nicaragua (Rio Escondido; San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua), and Costa Rica to Panama (Santa Fe de Veragua; Panama Railroad; El Real and Mount Sapo, Darie'n), and possibly northern Colombia (Remedies, Antioquia).2 3: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua 2); Costa Rica Reventazon i). Laniocera rufescens tertia (Hartert).3 ECUADORIAN RUFESCENT MOURNER. 'Although the correctness of this locality given on the authority of Adolphe Delattre was subsequently questioned by Sclater and Salvin (Exot. Orn., p. 5), two more specimens from Guatemala have since come to hand. *Owing to lack of material, I cannot say whether specimens from Colombia are really identical with those from Central America. According to the authors of the "Biologia" (I.e., p. 131), two birds from Remedies differ from the latter by having a grayish tinge on the head, lower back, and throat. Material examined. — Honduras i; Nicaragua 2; Costa Rica 7; Panama I. 'Laniocera rufescens tertia (HARTERT): Adult male similar to L. r. rufescens, but general coloration decidedly darker, more tinged with chestnut, particularly above. Female unknown. This rather ill-defined race needs corroboration by a larger series. Material examined. — Ecuador: Bulun, prov. Esmeraldas 4. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Aulia tertia HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 609, 1902 — Bulun, Ecuador (type in Tring Museum examined). Laniocera rufescens (not of SCLATER) RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 765, 1907 — part, Ecuador. Laniocera rufescens tertia CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 545, 1926 — Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of northwestern Ecuador (Bulun, prov. Esmeraldas). Genus RHYTIPTERNA Reichenbach. Rhytipterna Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 65, 1850 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds, p. 49, 1855) Tyrannus calcaratus SWAINSON = Muscicapa simplex LICHTENSTEIN. *Rhytipterna simplex simplex (Lichtenstein) . GRAYISH MOURNER. Muscicapa simplex LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 53, 1823 — Bahia, Brazil. Muscicapa cinerascens SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 16, pi. 21, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 648, 1906 (type lost). Tyrannus calcaratus SWAINSON, Quart. Journ. Sci., Litt., and Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 40, p. 271, Jan., 1826 — Bahia; JARDINE and SELBY, Illustr. Orn., *» pl- 37. April, 1828 — no locality stated. Muscicapa rustica WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 866, 1831 — south- eastern Brazil. Lipangus simplex HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 3, 1846 (crit.). Myiarchus rusticus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 470, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, and Bahia. Lipaugus simplex BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 422, 1856 — part, Bahia; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 211 — Brazil; idem and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., p. 6, 1866 — Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 123, 1868 — part, Rio de Janeiro; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 90, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 356, 1888 — part, spec, k-s, Bahia, "Sao Paulo," Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 240, 1889 — southeastern Brazil (note on Wied's types); IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 214, 1899 — "Sao Paulo" (ex SCLATER); idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Canta- gallo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 309, 1907 — Bahia and Porto Cachoeiro, Espirito Santo (range in part); LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe'os to Belmonte, southern Bahia. Range: Wooded coast region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro north to Bahia.1 i: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia). ^aterial examined. — Bahia (trade skins) 6; Santo Amaro, Bahia i; Rio de Janeiro 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 153 *Rhytipterna simplex frederici (Bangs and Penard).1 AMAZONIAN GRAYISH MOURNER. Lipaugus simplex frederici BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 71, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 343, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Lipaugus simplex (not of LICHTENSTEIN) CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 694, 1848 — British Guiana; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 422, 1856 — part, Para; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 190 — lower Ucayali, Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 123, 1868 — part, Engenho do Gama and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso (Matto Grosso), Salto do Girao and Borba (Rio Madeira), Barra [=Mandos], Pard; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 284 — lower Ucayali, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, P- 54° — Monterico, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 24 — Huambo and Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 370, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 303 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Merum6 Mts., British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 356, 1888 — part, spec, a-j, Bogota, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Cayenne, Sarayacu (Ecuador), and lower Ucayali, Peru; BERLEPSCH and LEVER- KUHN, Ornis, 6, p. 19, 1890 — Angostura, Orinoco, Venezuela; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Diamantina, near Santar6m, Brazil; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — Rfo Santiago, Ecuador; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Mountains of the Upper Carsevenne and Camopi, French Guiana; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 315, 1908 — same localities; IHER- ING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 309, 1907 — part, range excl. southeastern Brazil; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Pard; idem, I.e., 56, p. 505, 1908 — Goyana, Rio Tapaj<5z; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 351, 1914 — Pard, Quati-purti, Rio Guamd (Santa Maria de Sao Miguel), Rio Tocantins (Cametd), Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Goyana, Villa Braga, Villa Nova), Rio Maecuru, Rio Jamundd (Faro); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 159, 1910 — Surinam; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — Florencia, eastern Colombia; SNETHLAGE Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maran- hao. Lipaugus simplex simplex CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 545, 1926 — eastern Ecuador. ! Lipaugus simplex immundus (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 57, 1902 — Perico and Nericagua, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela. lRhytipterna simplex frederici (BANGS and PENARD): Very similar to R. s. simplex, but upper parts decidedly darker, more purely slate gray; breast like- wise darker; abdomen less tinged with yellowish; base of lower mandible hardly paler than the rest. Although single specimens are not always distinguishable, this form is fairly separable in a series. Certain individuals from Pard and Maranhao form the transition to R. s. simplex. Material examined. — British Guiana 4. — Venezuela: Caura Valley 8. — Co- lombia: Bogotd 3. — Brazil: Tury-assu, Maranhao i; Pard district 4; Itaituba, Tapajbz i; Teff6, Rio SolimSes i; Rio Madeira 5; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso i. 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Lipaugus immundus CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 255, 1916 — La Cascabel, San Feliz River, Orinoco, Venezuela. Lipangus simplex HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 295, 1905 — Igarap6-assu, Para; idem, I.e., 13, p. 364, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 13, 1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; idem, I.e., 14, p. 51, 1907 — Teff6, Rio Solimoes; idem, I.e., 14, p. 364, 1907 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 314, 1910 — Calama, Jamarysinho, and Maroins, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Para localities; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 283, 1921 — numerous localities. Range: The Guianan- Amazonian forest region, from French, Dutch, and British Guiana west through southern Venezuela (valley of the Orinoco and its tributaries) to the eastern base of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador, and throughout Amazonia from northern Maranhao to eastern Peru and western Matto Grosso (Villa Bella and Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore"). 2: Colombia (Bogota i); Brazil (Tury-assu, Alto de Alegria, Maranhao i). Rhytipterna immunda (Sclater and Salvin).1 CAYENNE MOURNER. Lipaugus immundus SCLATER and SALVIN, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 57, 159, 1873 — "Oyapoc, Cayenne" (types in British Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 357, 1888 — Oyapoc; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 141, 1908 — Oyapoc (ex SCLATER and SALVIN). Range: Supposed to be French Guiana (Oyapock). *Rhytipterna holerythra holerythra (Sclater and Salvin). RUFOUS MOURNER. Lipaugus holeryihrus SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 300, 1860 — Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 400 — Vera Paz, 1 Rhytipterna immunda (Sclater and Salvin) is known only from the two original specimens in the British Museum. One is an adult bird, just completing its annual molt, with the fourth to the eight primaries and the central pair of rectrices in the process of growing, and a number of pinfeathers in the body plumage. In coloration it is strikingly similar to Myiarchus phaeonotus, though the pileum is not quite so dark, being hardly different from the color of the back, and the throat and chest are somewhat dingier grayish (less whitish gray), also less sharply contrasted with the pale yellow of the remaining under parts. The second specimen is an immature bird in fresh plumage, without traces of molt- ing. It has the smaller upper wing coverts conspicuously edged all round with buffy white, while those of the greater series merely show exteinal margins of rufescent buff; the rectrices (except the outermost pair), too, are exteriorly edged with light cinnamon rufous, of which traces may likewise be seen on some of the upper tail coverts. Both specimens differ, however, from Myiarchus phaeonotus by somewhat higher (not so depressed), less ridged and more strongly hooked bill, the serrated upper portion of the planta tarsi, and proportionately longer tail. Wing 86; tail 82, 85; tars. 20; bill 17, 18. Its habitat, supposed to be Oyapock, is perhaps open to doubt. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 155 Guatemala; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 211 — Guatemala; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1864, p. 361 — Panama Railroad; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 279 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; idem, Exotic Orn., p. 6, 1866 — Guatemala and Isthmus of Panama; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 330, 1862 — Panama Railroad; idem. I.e., 9, p. 116, 1868 — Angostura, Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santa F6 de Veragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 199 — Calovevora, Boqueti de Chitra, Chitra, and Volcan de Chiriquf; WYATT, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 — one day's journey from Paturia, Magdalena Valley, Colombia; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 65 — San Carlos and Naranjo, Costa Rica; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 519 — Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; ZELED6N, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Talamanca, Las Trojas, Jimenez, and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 357, 1888 — "southern Mexico" to Remedios and Neche, northern Colombia; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 131, 1891 — "Mexico" to Colombia; CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1890-91, p. 37, 1893 — Boruca, Costa Rica; RICHMOND, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Rfo Frio, Costa Rica and Rfo Escondido, Nicaragua; UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Miravelles, Costa Rica; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras; DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 100, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala. Lipangus holerythrus BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama. Lipaugus holerythrus holerythrus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 820, 1907 — Guatemala to northern Colombia (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 669, 1910 — Costa Rica; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — Alto Bonito, lower Atrato, and Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia; BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 213, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Dari£n; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 458, 1928 — Boquete Trail, Panama; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — El Tigre, Rio Cupe, Dari&i. Range: Guatemala and southwards through Honduras, Nica- ragua, Costa Rica, and Panama to northern Colombia (lower Atrato ; Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca; Nechi, Remedios, and near Paturia, lower Magdalena region).1 6: Guatemala (Los Amates i, unspecified i); Costa Rica (Orosi 2, Boruca i, Lim6n i). Rhytipterna holerythra rosenbergi (Hartert).2 ROSENBERG'S MOURNER. ^irds from northern Colombia (Rfo Nechf) and Dari£n diverge slightly in the direction of R. h. rosenbergi. Material examined. — Guatemala 3; Chamelec6n, Honduras i; Costa Rica 10; Panama 2; Rfo Nechf, Colombia 2. ^Rhytipterna holerythra rosenbergi (HARTERT) : Similar to R. h. holerythra, but much more deeply colored throughout, approaching cinnamon russet above and cinnamon chestnut underneath. Wing 97-104; tail 86-94; bill 19-20. Material examined. — Colombia: Novita 2; Sipi i; Juntas, Rfo Dagua 7. — Ecuador: Cachavf, prov. Esmeraldas 2. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Lipaugus holerythrus rosenbergi HARTERT, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 12, 1905 — Rio Dagua, western Colombia (type in Tring Museum examined); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1145 — N6vita and Sipi, Choc6, Pacific Colombia (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 495, 1917 — Los Cisneros, Rfo Dagua, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 546, 1926 — western Ecuador. Lipaugus holerythrus (not of SCLATER and SALVIN) HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Cachabf, Ecuador. Range: Pacific coast of Colombia, from the Rio San Juan southwards, and northwestern Ecuador (prov. Esmeraldas). Genus LIPAUGUS Boie. Lipangus (typogr. error)1 BOIE, Isis, 21, p. 318, 1828 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, List Gen. Birds, p. 29, 1840) Muscicapa plumbea LICHTENSTEIN. Lathria SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, 2, p. 255, 1837 — type by monotypy "Le Cotinga cendr6" LEVAILLANT = ^W/>C/W cinerea VIEILLOT. Turdampelis LESSON, Echo du Monde Savant, n, 2nd sem., No. 7, p. 156, 1844 — type by monotypy Turdampelis lanioides LESSON. "Lipaugus fusco-cinereus (Lajresnaye). DUSKY PIHA. Querula fusco-ciner ea LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 — "Colombie" = Bogota. Lipangus fuscocinereus HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 43, 1846 ((crit.). Lipaugus fusco-cinereus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — "Rio Napo," Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1861, p. 210 — "Nova Granada"; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 6, 1866 — "Nova Grenada." Lathria fusco-cinerea SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 518 — Alegria, Antioquia, Colombia; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 306, 1884 — Bucara- manga; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 350, 1888 — Bogota and Ale- gria, Colombia, and "Baisa" [=Baeza], Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — Pun, eastern Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 711 — Baeza, Ecuador; LONNBERG and REN- DAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — Baeza road to Napo, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 543, 1926 — above Loja, above Baeza, and upper Sumaco, Ecuador; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — Huila, Ecuador. Lathria fuscocinerea fuscocinerea CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 494, 1917 — Paramillo Trail, above Sal en to, Laguneta, El Roble, and Subia, Colombia. Lathria fusco-cinerea guayaquilensis RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 120, 1906 — "Guayaquil, western Ecuador" (errore). 1In a footnote the derivation is given as "AtTovyos splendore deficiens." 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 157 Range: Humid Temperate Zone of eastern Ecuador and of all three Andean ranges of Colombia.1 4: Colombia (Bogotd 2; Pdramo de Tama, Santander 2). *Lipaugus cineraceus (Vieilloi). GRAY SCREAMING PIHA. Ampelis cinerea (not of LATHAM, 1790) VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 8, p. 162, 1817 — based on "Le Cotinga cendr6" LEVAILLANT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Nouv. et Rares AmeY. et Indes, i, p. 98, pi. 44, 1801, Cayenne. Ampelis cincracea VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 761, 1822 — based on "Le Cotinga cendr6" LEVAILLANT, I.e., p. 98, pi. 44, 1801, Cayenne. Muscicapa vociferans WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 242 (8vo ed., p. 240), 1820 — Fazenda Pindoba, north of Caravellas, Bahia; idem, I.e., 2, p. 118, 1821 — lower Ilh^os, Bahia. Muscicapa plumbea LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 53, 1823 — Bahia, Brazil; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 806, 1831 — Mucuri, Alcobaca, road of Cap. Filisberto, Bahia. Querula cinerea LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av.f I, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 39, 1837 — Moxos, Bolivia. Querula cineracea D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame'r. M6rid., Ois., p. 296, 1839 — Mission de Magdalena, Moxos, Bolivia. Lathria cinerea SWAINSON, Natur. Libr., Orn., 10, (Flycatchers), p. 78, pi. 2, 1838 — "southern Brazil"; SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 325, 1882 — Para; idem, Ibis, 1885, p. 302 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume' Mts., and Roraima, Brit. Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 352, 1888 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume1 Mts., Roraima, Cayenne, Maroni River, Para, Peruvian Amazon, Sarayacu (Ecuador); RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar6m; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 711 — Suyano, Rfo Napo, and near mouth of Coca River, Ecuador; SCHULZ, Journ. Orn., 50, p. 361, 1902 (habits); BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., g, p. 57, 1902 — Munduapo and Nericagua, Orinoco River, and Suapure, La Uni6n, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; GOELDI, Ibis, 19°3> P- 499 — Rio Capim; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Lunier River and Camopi, French Guiana; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurud; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 309, 1907 — Rio Jurua; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 295, 1905 — Igarap6- assu, Pard; idem, I.e., 13, p. 364, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 363, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 314, 1910 — Calama and Allianca, Rio Madeira; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Pard, Rio Capim, Santo Antonio do Prata, and Castanhal, Para; idem, I.e., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Bom Lugar and Monte 'Specimens from eastern Ecuador are indistinguishable from Colombian skins. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 9; Paramo de Tamd 2. — Ecuador: Pun i ; Baeza I ; near Bafios 3. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Verde, Rio Punis; idem, I.e., 56, p. 505, 1908 — Bella Vista, Rio Tapaj6z; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 141, 318, 1908 — Ipousin and Regina, Approuague River, Lunier River, and Camopi, French Guiana; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 157, 1910 — Surinam; HELLMAVR, Ab- handl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, 26, No. 2, p. 33, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi (Pard localities); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 351, 1914 — numerous localities in the Para district, Rio Tocantins (Mazagao), Rio Xingii (Victoria), Rio Tapaj6z (Bella Vista, Villa Braga), Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena), Rio Punis (Bom Lugar, Monte Verde), Obidos, Rio Jamunda (Faro), Maranhao; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 254, 1916 — Munduapo, Nericagua, Orinoco River (habits, call- note); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 74, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 494, 1917 — Florencia, eastern Colombia; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilheos to Belmonte, southern Bahia; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 278, 1921 — various localities; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 64, 1926 — Tury- assu, Maranhao; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Rio Inhangapy and Castanhal, Para. Turdampelis cinereus LESSON, Echo du Monde Savant, n, 2nd sem., No. 7, p. 156, 1844 — "Guyane;" idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, £d. LeVeque, 20, [=Descr. Mammif. et Ois], p. 325, 1847 — "Guyane." Lipangus plumbeus HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 3, 1846 (crit.). Lipaugus cineraceus CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 693, 1848 — British Guiana; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 421, 1856 — Brazil; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 210 — Cayenne, Guiana, and Amazon Valley; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 6, 1866 — same range; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Para; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 284 — Chamicuros, Peru. Lipaugus plumbeus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 122, 1868 — Dourado and Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso), Borba (Rio Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos]. Lathria plumbea SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Guanai, Yungas, and Mission de Magdalena, Moxos, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 351, 1888 — Bahia and Guanai, Bolivia; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — Mapiri, Bolivia. Lathria cineracea TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 368, 1884 — Chamicuros, Peru, and Cayenne; GOELDI, 1897, p. 155 — Counany, northern Para; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 12, 1925 — Bolivia. Lathria vociferans ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 239, 1889 — note on Wied's types. Lathria cinerea cinerea BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 71, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Lelydorp, Javaweg, and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 544, 1926 — Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador. Lathria cineracea cineracea HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 342, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 159 Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and westward through southern Venezuela (the Orinoco Valley and its tributaries) to eastern Colombia, and south through the whole of Amazonia to northern Bolivia and western Matto Grosso, and from Para along the wooded coast belt of eastern Brazil to southern Bahia.1 17: Dutch Guiana (near Paramaribo 2); British Guiana (Maza- runi River 2); Brazil (Serra Grande, Rio Branco 7; Conceigao, Rio Branco i; Utinga, Pard i; Tury-assu, Maranhao i); Peru (Moyo- bamba i; Rioja i; Puerto Bermiidez, Rio Pichis, dept. Junin i). *Lipaugus lanioides (Lesson).2 CINNAMON-VENTED PIHA. Turdampelis lanioides LESSON, ficho du Monde Savant, n, 2nd sem., No. 7, p. 156, July, 1844 — "Br6sil"; idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeV6que, 20, [=Descr. Mammif. et Ois.], p. 324, 1847 — "Bre'sil." Turdampelis rufococcix LESSON, ficho du Monde Savant, n, 2nd sem., No. 7, p. 156, in text, 1844. Turdampelis rufococcyx LESSON, Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeVSque, 20, [ = Descr. Mammif. et Ois.], p. 325, in text, 1847. Lipaugus virussu PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 122, 184, Sept., 1868 — Mat- todentro and Ypanema, Sao Paulo (types in Vienna Museum examined). Lipangus lanioides HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 3, 1846 (crit,). *I do not see my way clear to separate the southern race, Lipaugus cineraceus vociferans, lately revived by BANGS and PENARD (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 71, 1918). The wings of five (unsexed) skins from Bahia measure 119-125, of ten adult males from French and British Guiana 116-128; the variation in size is, therefore, about the same in the two series. Two of the Bahia skins are slightly washed with brownish on the apical portion of the rectrices and inner secondaries, which may indicate an approach to the large L. lanioides, of southern Brazil; but the remaining specimens are not distinguishable in coloration from the Guianan average. Bahia birds have possibly somewhat longer tails (111-117, against 109-113), though this insignificant difference is likely to disappear in a larger series. While Peruvian specimens are not markedly different from those of Guiana and Venezuela, eight skins from San Mateo, Yungas of Cochabamba, Bolivia, may be separable subspecifically on account of their larger size (wing 128-133^; tail 116-122, once only 112) and slightly more olivaceous coloring. A single example from Sarayacu, Ecuador, however, is similar. Material examined. — French Guiana 6. — British Guiana 6. — Dutch Guiana 3. — Venezuela: Caura Valley 15. — Colombia: "Bogota" 3. — Ecuador: Sarayacu I. — Brazil: Tury-assu, Maranhao i; Pard district 10; Rio Madeira 3; Rio Branco 8; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso i; Bahia 5. — Peru (as specified above) 3. — Bolivia: San Mateo, Yungas of Cochabamba 8. gus lanioides (LESSON) is most probably conspecific with L. cineraceus, but its range and variation are top little known to admit of a final conclusion. It differs from its ally principally in its larger size (wing 132-140; tail 115-122), decidedly brownish rump, tail, and wing edgings, and (buffy) brownish gray under parts, passing into cinnamomeous on the lower tail coverts. Material examined. — Espirito Santo: Braco do Sul i. — Sao Paulo: Victoria 2, Mattodentro I, Ipanemd 4. — Santa Catharina: Blumenau I, Joinville i. 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Lipaugus plumbeus (not Muscicapa plumbea^ LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 1861, p. 210 — Brazil (diag.; excl. synonymy); SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 6, 1866 — Brazil. Lathria virussu CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 90, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 351, 1888 — Mattodentro and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," Brazil; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 213, 1899 — Cantagallo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — Iguap£, Sao Paulo and Marianna, Minas Geraes. Lathria lanioides HELLMAYR, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 138, 1915 — Braco do Sul, near Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.). Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Espirito Santo and southern Minas Geraes (Marianna) south to Santa Catha- rina. 2: Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo i; Joinville, Santa Catharina i). Lipaugus streptophorus (Salvin and Godmari).1 PINK-COLLARED PIHA. Lathria streptophora SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 448, pi. 14, 1884 — Roraima, British Guiana (descr. of male); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 303 — Roraima; idem, I.e., 1886, pp. 500, 502 — Mount Twekquay, Brit. Guiana (descr. of female); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 352, 1888 — Ror- aima and Twek-quey Mts.; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 280, 1921 — same localities. Range: Mountains of British Guiana (Roraima, Twek-quey). Lipaugus subalaris Sclater. GRAY-RUMPED PIHA. Lipaugus subalaris SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 210 — Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in British Museum examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, Exot. Orn., p. 3'6, pi. 2, 1866 — Rio Napo. Lathria subalaris SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 353, 1888 — Rio Napo and Sarayacu (Ecuador), "Upper Amazons"; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 15, 1899 — San Jos6, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 544, 1926 — Rio Suno and below San Jose", Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sara- yacu, San Jose", Rio Suno).1 *Lipaugus cryptolophus cryptolophus (Sclater and Salvin). OLIVA- CEOUS PIHA. Lathria cryptolopha SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1877, p. 522 — "Mongi" = Monji, eastern Ecuador (type in British Museum examined); SCLATER. Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 354, 1888 — Monji; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus, N.H., 36, p. 494, 1917 — Andalucia, summit of Eastern Andes, Colombia. *An excellent species, in structure nearest to L. cineraceus. Five specimens from British Guiana examined. 'Material examined. — Ecuador: Rio Napo I, Sarayacu 2. IQ2Q. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR. l6l Lathria cryptolopha cryptolopha HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 90, 1914 — El Topo, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador, and Cueva Seca and Piquitamba, Rio Tocache, dept. San Martin, Peru (descr. of female) ; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 544, 1926 — Zamora and Sabanilla, eastern Ecuador. Range : Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zone of eastern Colom- bia (Andalucia, alt. 7000 ft., summit of Eastern Andes), eastern Ecuador (Monji; Zamora; Sabanilla; El Topo, Rio Pastasa), and eastern Peru (Cueva Seca and Piquitamba, Rio Tocache, dept. San Martin; Chinchao, dept. Huanuco).1 i: Peru (Chinchao, dept. Huanuco i). Lipaugus cryptolophus mindoensis (Hellmayr and Seilern).1 WESTERN OLIVACEOUS PIHA. Lathria crypotolopha (sic) mindoensis HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 89, 1914 — Mindo, western Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 545, 1926 — Mindo. Range: Western Ecuador (Mindo). *Lipaugus unirufus unirufus Sclater. RUFOUS PIHA. Lipaugus unirufus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 385, 1859 — state of Oaxaca, Mexico (type) and Coban, Guatemala; idem and SALVIN, Ibis, 1860, p. 36 — Coban, Guatemala; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 211 — Mexico and Guatemala; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., pp. i, 6, pi. i, 1866 — part, Oaxaca and Guatemala; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — Vera Cruz, Mexico. Lathria unirufa SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 353, 1888 — part, spec, a-g, Vera Cruz and Choctum, Guatemala, and British Honduras; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 129, 1891 — part, Vera Cruz (Mexico), British Honduras, and Guatemala. Lathria unirufa unirufa RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 823, 1907 — southeastern Mexico to Guatemala and British Honduras (monog.); BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 478, 1927 — Presidio, Vera Cruz. 1Material examined. — Ecuador: Monji (the type) i; El Topo, Rio Pastasa, alt. 2200 ft., 9 ad., Oct. 21, 1910. M. G. Palmer (Coll. Seilern). — Peru, dept. San Martin: Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache, alt. 1800 meters, d"ad., Aug., 1900. G. A. Baer; Piquitamba, Rio Tocache, alt. 1100 meters, d*ad., Sept., 1900. G. A. Baer (Tring Museum); Chinchao, dept. Huanuco, alt. 5700 ft., 9 ad., Nov. 19, 1922. J. T. Zimmer (Field Museum). — Wing 130-132; tail 105-113; bill 22. ^Lipaugus cryptolophus mindoensis (HELLMAYR and SEILERN): Adult male similar to L. c. cryptolophus, but smaller, and concealed base of black crest feath- ers extensively creamy white. Wing 125-126; tail 98-100; bill 22. Female un- known. Material examined. — Western Ecuador: Mindo 2. 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz and Tabasco, south to Guatemala and British Honduras. i: Guatemala (unspecified i). *Lipaugus unirufus castaneotinctus (Harterf).1 SOUTHERN RUFOUS PIHA. Lathria unirufus castaneotinctus HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 610, 1902 — Rio Durango, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (type in Tring Museum examined). Lathria unirufa clara RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 120, 1906 — Panama (Lion Hill Station?); idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 824, 1907 — Nicaragua to northern Colombia (monog.); BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 668, 1910 — Costa Rica (habits); RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Siquirres, Costa Rica. Lathria unirufa castaneotincta HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1144 — N6vita, Sipi, and Rfo Caj6n, Pacific Colombia (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 494, 1917 — Atrato River, Baud6, Noanama, N6vita, Barbacoas, and Puerto Valdivia, Colombia (crit.); BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 213, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Dari^n (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 544, 1926 — Ecuador (ex Hartert). Lipaugus unirufus (not of SCLATER) CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 143 — Turbo and Rio Truando, Colombia; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 330, 1862 — Panama Railway; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 361 — Panama Railway; idem, Exotic Orn., pp. i, 6, 1866 — part, Panama; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santa F6, Veragua; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 279 — Bluefields River, Nica- ragua; SALVIN, I.e., 1870, p. 199 — Bugaba, Panama; idem, Ibis, 1872, p. 318 — Chontales, Nicaragua. Lathria unirufa SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 518 — Remedios and Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; NUTTING, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, p. 404, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Pacuar6, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 353, 1888 — part, spec, h-o, Chontales (Nicaragua), Bugaba (Chiriquf), Veragua, Chepo, Panama, Remedios and Neche (Colombia); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 129, 1891 — part, Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia; RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1890-91, p. 37, 1893 — Lagarto and Boruca, Costa Rica; idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Nac. Costa Rica, 6, p. 72, 1893 — Rio Naranjo, Costa Rica; Comparison of a larger series leads me to consider the form of southern Central America (L. u. clarus) as inseparable, though specimens from Panama northwards average perhaps slightly paler or duller than those from western Colombia and Ecuador. Material examined. — Costa Rica n. — Panama 7. — Colombia: N6vita 5, Rfo Caj6n 3, Sipi, Rio Sipi i. — Ecuador, prov. Esmeraldas: Rfo Durango i, Ven- tanas i, Cachavf 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 163 HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 490, 1898 — Cachavi, Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Laguna Pita, Dari6n; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui. Range: Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia (Pacific coast, extending east to the lower Cauca and Rio Nechi, Antioquia) ; northwestern Ecuador (Esmeraldas). 2: Costa Rica (Boruca 2). Genus CHIROCYLLA Sclater and Salvin. Chirocylla SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1876, p. 357 — type by orig. desig. Lathria uropygialis SCLATER and SALVIN. Chiroxilla SHARPE, Hand-List Gen. and Spec. Birds, 3, p. 166, 1901 — emenda- tion. Chirocylla uropygialis (Sclater and Salvin). CHESTNUT-RUMPED PIHA. Lathria uropygialis SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1876, p. 355, pi. 32 — Tilotilo, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Tilotilo. Chirocylla uropygialis SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 350, 1888 — Tilotilo, Bolivia; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 907, 1907 (crit.). Range: Subtropical Zone of Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba).1 Genus PACHYRAMPHUS Gray. Pachyramphus* GRAY, List Gen. Birds, p. 31, 1840 — type by orig. desig. Psaris cuvierii SWAINSON = Tityra viridis VIEILLOT. Pachyrhamphus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 240, 1847 — emendation of Pachyramphus GRAY. Bathmidurus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 243, 1847 — type by orig. desig. "Lanius atricapillus GMELIN," rectius Todus marginatus LICHTEN- TEIN (see I.e., p. 245). Chloropsaris KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 45, Oct., 1852 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 337, 1888) Tityra viridis VIEILLOT. * Calhpsaris* SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 76, July, 1857 — type by monotypy Vireo versicolor HARTLAUB. Zetetes CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 87, 1859 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 337, 1888) Pachyrhynchus niger SPIX. 'Material examined. — Bolivia: Chaco (Yungas of La Paz) 3; Sandillani, alt. 2500 meters, 5; San Antonio 2; near Locotal, alt. 2500 meters, i. 1 Pachyramphus is the spelling used by G. R. Gray throughout his writings. *Cattopsaris BONAPARTE (Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), Zool., i, p. 134, 1854) is a pure nomen nudum. 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Climacocercus (not of CABANIS, 1845) BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. I, p. 112, 1901 — type by monotypy Climacocercus cyanocephalus BERTONI = Pachyramphus polychopterus spixii (SWAINSON). Berlepschia (not of RIDGWAY, 1887) BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. I, No. 1, p. 114, 1901 — type by monotypy Berlepschia chrysoblepkara BERTONI = Tityra viridis VIEILLOT. *Pachyramphus viridis viridis (Vieillot). GREEN-BACKED BECARD. Tityra viridis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 348, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 210, Paraguay. Psaris cuvierii SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., i, pi. 32, April, 1821 — Brazil. Platyrhynchus dupontii VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 843, 1822 — 'TJle de la Trinitey errore (descr. of male). Muscicapa nigriceps LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 56, 1823 — Bahia (descr. of male and female). Tityra vieilloti JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Orn., i, pi. 10, fig. i (=female), Feb., 1827 — Brazil. Tyrannus armiger (Cuvier MS.) PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, livr. 3, p. 332, 1855 — no locality given (descr. of female). Berlepschia chrysoblephara BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. I, p. 114, 1901 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Pachyrhynchus cuvierii SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 33, pi. 45, fig. 2, 1825 — Brazil; SWAINSON, Natur. Libr., Orn., 10, (Flycatchers), p. 85, pi. 4 (male), 1838 (descr. of male and female). Muscipeta nigriceps WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 914, 1831 — Cama- mu and Bahia. Pachyrhamphus cuvieri CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 242, 1847 (synonymy). Pachyrhamphus nigriceps EULER, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 224, 1867 — Cantagallo (nest and eggs descr.); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 454, 1856 — Bahia. Pachyrhamphus viridis SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 75, 1857 — Bahia; PEL- ZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro, Ypanema (Sao Paulo), Curytiba (Parana), Sangrador, Cuyaba, and Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 322 — Lagda Santa, Minas Geraes, and near Rio de Janeiro; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 263, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 359, 1884 — part, descr. of male, evidently based on a Brazilian example; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 140, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 14, 1887 — Lambare", Paraguay (crit.); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 338, 1888 — Pernambuco, Bahia, "Novo" Friburgo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; KERR, Ibis, 1892, p. 130 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Corumba, Matto Grosso; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — [Taquara do] Mundo 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 165 Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 212, 1899 — Ypor- anga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 307, 1907 — Yporanga and Bebedouro (Sao Paulo), Espirito Santo, and Bahia; OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., as, p. 134, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay (crit.); LILLO, Apunt. Hist. Nat., i, p. 43, 1909 — Santa F6, Argentina; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 604 — Sapucay, Paraguay; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 311, 1910 — San Vicente and Ocampo, Chaco, and Rio Pilcomayo; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 70, 1910 — Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia; GRANT, Ibis, 1911, p. 125 — opposite Rabicho, Matto Grosso; DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 348, 1914 — Chaco Austral and Santa Ana, Misiones; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana; MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., No. 96, p. 57, 1917 — Caceres, Matto Grosso; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 52, 1926 — Maraj6 Island. Pachyrhynchus viridis cuvierii HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 669, 1906 — Brazil (crit.); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 340, 1929 — Ibiapaba, Piauhy and Baturit^ and Jua, Ceara (crit.). Pachyrhamphus viridis viridis HARTERT and VENTUKI, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 205, 1909 — San Vicente, Chaco (spec, examined); WETMORE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 293, 1926 — Las Palmas, Chaco; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 180, 1926 — Therezina, Invernadinha, and Candido de Abreu, Parana. Pachyrhynchus viridis REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 153, 1925 — Santa Rita, Rio Preto, Bahia (crit.). Range: Eastern and southern Brazil, from Maraj6, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz); northern Argentina (Tucumdn, Chaco, Santa Fe", and Misiones); Paraguay.1 15: Argentina (Conception, Tucumdn 6; Eldorado, Misiones 2; Puerto Segundo, Misiones 2); Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy i; Jud, near Iguatu, Ceard 2; Santo Amaro, Bahia 2). Examination of more comprehensive material tends to show that size is too variable a character to be used for the discrimination of local races. It must be conceded, however, that the largest measurements are attained in Argentina and Paraguay, while Bahia birds average smaller than the rest. Wing (adult males): San Vicente, Chaco 81; Lambare', Paraguay 77; Con- cepci6n, Tucuman 80, 80; Misiones 73, 74; Santa Cruz, Bolivia 78; Curityba, Parana 78 #; Sao Paulo 75, 76; Matto Grosso (Cuyabd, Engenho do Gama, Sangrador) 71, 74, 76, 76; Rio de Janeiro 76; Bahia 70, 70, 70, 71, 75, 75; Santo Amaro, Bahia 72; Ceara 73, 74; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 78. Material examined. — Argentina: San Vicente, Chaco i; Ocampo, Santa F6 i; Concepci6n, Tucuman 6; El Dorado and Puerto Segundo, Misiones 4. — Para- guay: Lambar6 i. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz i. — Brazil: Parand (Curityba; Roca Nova, Serra do Mar) 2; Sao Paulo (Iguap£, Victoria, Ipanema) 4; Rio de Janeiro 2; Bahia 10; Santo Amaro, Bahia 2; Ceara Qua, Baturit^) 4; Ibiapaba, Piauhy i; Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Sangrador, Engenho do Gama) 5. 1 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Pachyramphus viridis xanthogenys Salvador! and Festa.1 YELLOW- CHEEKED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus xanthogenys SALVADOR: and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 13, No. 330, p. i, 1898 — Rio Zamora, Ecuador (type in Turin Museum examined; = adult male); idem, I.e., 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Rio Zamora; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 541, 1926 — below San Jos6, Ecuador (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus peruanus HARTERT and GOODSON, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 410, 1917 — Chanchamayo, "state of Cuzco" [ =dept. Junin,] Peru (type in Tring Museum examined; = adult female); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 541, 1926 — Macas region, Ecuador (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus viridis (not Tityra viridis VIEILLOT) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S. Lond., 1874, p. 540 — Amable Maria, Peru (one female); idem, Orn. Pei., 2 > P- 359. J884 — part, descr. of female, Amable Maria. Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Ecuador (Rio Zamora; below San Jose"; near Macas) and eastern Peru (Vista Alegre, dept. Hua- nuco; Amable Maria and Chanchamayo, dept. Junin). 2: Peru (Vista Alegre, dept. Huanuco 2). Pachyramphus viridis griseigularis Salvin and Godman.2 Ro RAIMA BECARD. 1 Pachyramphus viridis xanthogenys SALVADOR! and FESTA: Similar to P. v. viridis, but adult male with orbital ring, cheeks, auriculars, and throat greenish yellow instead of white or grayish, this color being much duller and more greenish than the pectoral band in P. v. viridis-, grayish nuchal collar absent or faintly suggested; black areas of larger upper wing coverts more extensive; female with a chestnut patch on the wings as in P. v. viridis, but pileum mainly grayish like the hind neck (instead of bright green like the back); throat grayish (not white or buffy white) like sides of head; pectoral band greenish instead of bright yellow; middle of abdomen more purely white, washed with grayish along sides and flanks. Wing (males) 71-74, (female) 71-73; tail 52-56, (female) 51-54; bill 12^-14- On comparing two males each from Ecuador and Peru, I notice that those from the latter country have the primaries more conspicuously edged with green- ish and the greenish yellow on the anterior under parts slightly brighter. The type of P. peruanus, an adult female secured by C. O. Schunke at Chan- chamayo, alt. 1500 meters, in January, 1905, differs from an Ecuadorian speci- men in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, by having pure white (instead of buffy) abdomen and by lacking the olivaceous tinge on the lateral and posterior portions of the pileum. These divergencies are evidently individual, since Taczanowski's description of a female from Amable Maria, as far as the head is concerned, agrees with the Ecuadorian bird. Material examined. — Ecuador: Rfo Zamora (male) i, below San Jos£ (male) I, near Macas (female) i. — Peru: Vista Alegre (males) 2; Chanchamayo (female, type of P. peruanus) i . * Pachyramphus viridis griseigularis SALVIN and GODMAN: Agreeing with P. v. xanthogenys in the extensive black areas of the upper wing coverts and the absence of the grayish nuchal collar in the male sex; but readily distinguishable in both sexes by having the throat and foreneck pale grayish, without any greenish or yellowish jugular band; sides of the head, in the male, about the same shade as in xanthogenys; female without trace of a gray nape band. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima (including the type) 2. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR, 167 Pachyrhamphus griseigularis SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, (5), i, p. 208, 1883 — Roraima, British Guiana (descr. of female); idem, I.e., 1884, p. 448 — Roraima (descr. of male); SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 302, pi. 8 — Roraima; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 339, 1888 — Roraima; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 272, 1921 — Roraima. Range: Mount Roraima in British Guiana. *Pachyramphus versicolor versicolor (Hartlaub). VARIEGATED BECARD. Vireo versicolor HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 289, 1843 — "Nouvelle Grenade" = Bogotd (descr. of female). Pachyrhynchus squamatus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 — "Colom- bie" = Bogota (descr. of male). Pachyrhynchus versicolor LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 46, 1844 (crit.). Pachyrhamphus versicolor CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 243, 1847 — "Neu Granada" (descr. of adult male); SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 150, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 25, p. 76, 1857 — Bogotd (descr. of male and female); idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 243, 1862 — Bogota; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 518 — Antioquia = Medellin; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, P- 54° — Pumamarca, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 236 — Tambillo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Tamiapampa, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 366, 1884 — Pumamarca, Sillapata, Tambillo, and Tamiapampa, Peru; BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1884, p. 298 — Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — Machay, Ecuador; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., *4i P- 339i !888 — Bogotd, Medellin, and Intac (Ecuador); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 125, 1890 — part, Colombia and Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 369 — Vitoc, Huacras, Peru; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Gualea, Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Intac, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, p. 90, 1906 — Idma, above Santa Ana, Peru; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 843, 1907 — part, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6og. Arme"e Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. B6i, 1911 — Anca (Nanegal), Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 490, 1917 — San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, Miraflores, El Eden, Aguadita, El Roble, Colombia. Pachyrhamphus versicolor versicolor CHAPMAN, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 117, p. 100, 1921 — San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 541, 1926 — Baeza, below Oyacachi, lower Sumaco, Ecuador. Range: Subtropical Zone of Colombia (all three ranges of the Andes) and extreme western Venezuela (Cordillera de Me'rida), south through Ecuador and Peru to the Urubamba Valley, dept. Cuzco.1 Specimens from Colombia and Ecuador appear to agree, while the few Peruvian skins seen by me are generally less barred underneath. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogotd. 12; Antioquia 2; Cerro Munchique i. — Ecuador: Intac 6; Nanegal i; unspecified 2. — Peru: Vitoc i; Idma, Uru- bamba, Cuzco i. — Venezuela: El Esconal, MeYida i. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 3 : Colombia (Bogota 2 ; Cerro Mtmchique, coast range west of Popayan, Cauca i). *Pachyramphus versicolor costaricensis Bangs.1 BARRED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus versicolor costaricensis BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 26, 1908 — Irazu, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 665, 1910 — Volcan de Irazu and Rio Luisa, Costa Rica; FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Coliblanco, Costa Rica. Pachyrhamphus versicolor (not of HARTLAUB) BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 65 — La Candelaria, Costa Rica; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 2, p. 125, 1890 — part, La Candelaria, Costa Rica; CHERRIE, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 535, 1891 — La Palma de San Jos6; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 843, 1907 — part, Costa Rica. Range: Subtropical Zone of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazii; Rio Luisa; La Palma de San Jose"; Coliblanco; La Candelaria). i: Costa Rica (Coliblanco i). Pachyramphus surinamus (Linnaeus'). SURINAM BECARD. Muscicapa surinama LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 325, 1766 — Surinam (descr. of male).* Tityra surinama STRICKLAND, Contrib. Ornith., 1848, p. 62-9, pi. n (=adult male) — South America, probably Surinam. Pachyrhamphus dimidiatus FILIPPI, Mus. Mediolan., Animalia Vertebr., Cl. 2, (Aves), p. 31, 1847 — locality uncertain (descr. of male). Bathmidurus melanoleucus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 244, 1847 — part, descr. of young male, "Brazil," errore, = Cayenne or Guiana (see Mus. Hein., 2, p. 88, 1859). Pachyrhamphus surinamus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 74, 1857 — Surinam and Cayenne (descr. of male and female); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, note 4, 1868 — Cayenne (descr. of immature male); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 340, 1888 — Cayenne; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 141, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 154, 1910 — Surinam. Zetetes surinamus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 88, 1859 — Cayenne or Guiana (synon. in part). 1 Pachyramphus versicolor costaricensis BANGS: Very similar to P. v. versi- color, but male with sides of the head much brighter olive yellow, and wider as well as blacker bars underneath; female likewise much brighter olive yellow on under parts, cheeks, and auriculars. Material examined. — Costa Rica: Irazu i, Coliblanco i. ?Linnaeus fails to mention the white patch at the base of the scapulars, a character easily overlooked in a mounted specimen. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 169 Range: French and Dutch Guiana, and northern Brazil (Obidos).1 Pachyramphus spodiurus Sclater.* GRAY-TAILED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus spodiurus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 279, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (descr. of male and female); idem, I.e., p. 296, 1860 — Esmeraldas, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1883, p. 559 — Chimbo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 362, 1884 — Lechugal, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 341, pi. 25, 1888 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Vinces, Ecuador; GOOD- FELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p, 542, 1926 — Bucay, Daule, and Porto Velo, Ecuador. Range : Tropical Zone of western Ecuador (north to Esmeraldas) and extreme northwestern Peru (Lechugal, prov. Tumbez). *Pachyramphus rufus (Boddaert). CINEREOUS BECARD. Muscicapa rufa BODDAERT, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 27, 1783 — based on "Le Gobe- mouche roux, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 453, fig. i, Cayenne ( = female).' *A single adult male from Obidos has the lateral rectrices more decidedly tipped with white than two from French Guiana. The female of this rare species, in pattern of coloration, recalls that of Xcnopsaris albinucha, suggesting that the latter 's affinities may be, after all, with the Cotingidae rather than with the Flycatchers. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne 2; Tamanoir, Mana River 2; Pied Saut, Oyapock I. — Brazil: Obidos I. * Pachyramphus spodiurus SCLATER is most nearly related to P. rufus and may utimately prove to be its Pacific representative. The male resembles it in the but faintly glossed pileum and in the pattern of the upper wing coverts, partic- ularly in the narrow, irregular white fringes to the greater series, and the female agrees with that of its eastern ally in the ochraceous tawny upper parts and in having the primaries, along the outer web, narrowly edged with ochraceous tawny, abruptly defined from the blackish inner half of the vane. P. spodiurus differs, however, in larger size, longer, slenderer bill, and in the male sex by more elongated nuchal feathers, blackish upper back, dark gray (instead of whitish) under parts and lores, blackish auriculars, and in lacking the white frontal band and apical edges to the tail, while the female may be distinguished by its uniform ochraceous lower surface. Wing (male) 70-78, (female) 71-76; tail 55-59; (female) 55-56; bill 14-15. Material examined. — Ecuador: Chimbo 2, Daule i, Porto Velo I. *I do not know what to make of Muscicapa eques BODDAERT (Tabl. PI. Enl., 6. 51, 1783 — based on "Le Gobe-mouche roux a poitrine orang^e, de Cayenne" UFFON, Hist. Nat. Ois., (Impr. Roy.), 5, p. 247, 1778, and DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 831, fig. i — "un specimen au Cabinet du Roi ) and Muscicapa aurantia GMELIN (Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 932, 1789-— based on the same references). Among the numerous females of P. rufus examined in the present connection, there is not one answering to Buffon's description: "la tete et le haut du cou sont d'un brun verdatre; le dos est d'un roux surcharge^ de la mfime teinte de vert," nor do these terms fit any other Guianan species with which I am acquainted. The original specimen unfortunately is no longer in the Paris Museum. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pipra cinerea BODDAERT, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 43, 1783 — based on "Manakin cendr6, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 687, fig. I, Cayenne (=adult male). Muscicapa rufescens GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 932, 1789 — based on "Le Gobe-mouche roux, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 453, fig. i, Cayenne ( = female). Pipra atricapilla GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 1003, 1789 — based on "Man- akin cendr6, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 687, fig. i, Cayenne (= adult male). Lanius mitratus LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., pp. 50, 51, 1823 — Cayenne (descr. of adult male and female). Pachyrhynchus rufescens SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 34, pi. 46, fig. 2 (=female), 1825 — Para (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum). Pachyrynchus leucogaster SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 289, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (descr. of immature male). Pachyrhynchus simplex LESSON, Echo du Monde Savant, 11, 2nd sem., No. 10, p. 231, 1844 — Brazil (descr. of male); idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, (6d. LeVeque), 20, ( = Descr. Mammif. et Ois.), p. 317, 1847 — Brazil; HARTLAUB, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 2, 1846 (synon.). P saris exilis LESSON, Oeuvr. Buffon, (6d. LeVSque), 20, (= Descr. Mammif. et Ois.), p. 316, 1847 — "1'Amerique me'ridionale" (=female). Psaris parinus KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 48, Oct., 1852 — Para (types in Liverpool Museum examined). Pachyrhamphus griseus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 18, 1857 — based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 687, fig. i; Bogota, Santa Marta, "Trinidad," and Cayenne. Pachyrhamphus marcidus CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sei. Bull., i, p. 389, 1909 — Las Barrancas, Orinoco River, Venezuela (=juv.); idem, I.e., 2, p. 252, 1916 — Las Barrancas. Pachyrhamphus atricapUlus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 242, 1847 — Cayenne (synon.); idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 698, 1848 — Cayenne and Surinam. Pachyrhamphus mitratus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 454, 1856 — part, descr. of male, Guyana to the mouth of the Amazon. Pachyrhamphus cinereus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 75, 1857 — Cayenne, Surinam, Venezuela, "Trinidad," Santa Marta, Bogota (monog.); LAW- RENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 330, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 361 — Panama; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 579 — Mexiana Island and Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — Para (spec, examined); ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — Santare'm; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 360, 1884 — part, descr. of Cay- enne specimens; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 341, 1888 — Lion Hill and Chepo, Panama, Santa Marta, Bogota, "Trinidad," Cayenne, Para- maribo, Para, Mexiana; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 171 2, p. 125, 1890 — Lion Hill, Paraiso, Chepo, Panama; RIKER and CHAP- MAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santare'm; PHELPS, Auk, 14, p. 365, 1897 — Guanaguana, Bermudez, Venezuela; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 23, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902 — Caicara and Altagracfa, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; GOELDI, Ibis, 1903, p. 499 — Rio Capim, Brazil; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 290, 1907 — Pard, Rio Capim, Rio Moju, Monte Alegre (crit.); RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 838, 1907 — part, Panama to Colombia, Venezuela, Cayenne, Surinam, and Lower Amazonia (excl. eastern Peru and "southern Brazil, Rio Jurua, Sao Paulo") (monog.); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 140, 1908 — Cayenne and R. Approuague, French Guiana; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 153, 1910 — Surinam (eggs descr.) ; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 349, 1914 — Para, Rio Capim (Aproaga), Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Xingii (Victoria), Cussary, Maraj6 (Chaves), Monte Alegre, and Rio Jamunda (Faro); CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 252, 1916 — Orinoco Region; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 269, 1918 — Gatun, Panama. Pachyrhynchus rufus HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 669, 1906 (crit., synonymy). Pachyrhamphus rufus HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Para, Rio Moju, Capim; p. m, 1912 — Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 205, 1913 — Manimo River, Orinoco delta, Venezuela; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), a, p. 93, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 491, 1917 — Rio Lima, Colombia; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 70, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Lelydorp, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 273, 1921 — Supenaam River, Mazaruni River, Bonasica, Great Falls of Demerara, and Bartica Grove; TODD and CAR- RIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 328, 1922 — Don Diego, Tucurinca, Fundaci6n, and Loma Larga, Santa district (spec, examined); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Castanhal, Para. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (from the north coast in states of Sucre, Caracas, Carabobo, Lara, and Zulia south to the Orinoco and its tributaries); Colombia (Eastern Andes; Magdalena and Cauca Valleys; Santa Marta region); Pana- ma; northern Brazil, in states of Pard and Amazonas, west to the Tapaj6z and the Rio Negro (Manacapurii).1 JNo authentic record exists for its occurrence on the island of Trinidad. As far as I can see, birds from so widely separated regions as Colombia, French Guiana, and Lower Amazonia agree well together. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 6; El Cauca, Santander 2 ; Aguachica, dept. Magdalena 2; Loma Larga, dept. Magdalena I ; Fundaci6n 6; Don Diego I; Tucurinca 2; Yumbo, dept. Valle 2. — Venezuela: San Feliz, Orinoco River i; Upata 2; El Callao, Rio Yuruari 4; Macuto, Caracas I; San Esteban, Carabobo 2; El Trompillo, Carabobo 2; Anzoategui, Lara i; Sabana Mendoza, MeYida 5; Catatumbo River, Zulia I. — French Guiana: Cayenne 4; Mana River 8; Pied Saut, Oyapock 6. — Brazil: Pard 3; Itacoatiara i; Santarem 7; Goyana i; Villa Braga i; Miritituba i; Obidos 6; Manacapuni 8. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 8: Colombia (Bogota 5 ); Venezuela (Catatumbo River, Zulia i; Macuto, Caracas i); Brazil (Itacoatiara i). *Pachyramphus castaneus castaneus (Jardine and Selby). RUFOUS BECARD. Tityra castanea JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Orn., i, pi. 10, fig. 2 ("Tityra castaneus" on plate), Feb., 1827 — South America = Brazil.1 Muscipeta aurantia (not Muscicapa aurantia GMELIN) WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 911, 1831 — southeastern Brazil (descr. of male and fe- male). Pachyrynchus ruficeps SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 288, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (type in Cambridge (Eng.) Museum examined; = female).1 Bathmidurus melanoleucus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 244, 1847 — part, descr. of female only and references to JARDINE and SELBY, WIED, and SWAINSON; BURMEISTER, Syst. tJbers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 451, 1856 — part, descr. of "young male" and female, Nova Friburgo, Rio; EULER, Journ. Orn., is, p. 223, 1867 — Cantagallo, Rio (nest and egg descr.). Pachyrhamphus rufescens (not Pachyrhynchus rufescens SPIX) SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 25, p. 79, 1857 — part, description and habitat southeastern Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 122, 1868 — Pahor and Ypanema, Sao Paulo, and Curytiba, Parand; idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio. Pachyrhamphus rufus (not Muscicapa rufa BODDAERT) BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 264, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); EULER, I.e., 32, p. 284, 1874 (crit.); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1888 — part, spec, a-h, Bahia, Sao Paulo, Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 239, 1889 — note on the types of Muscipeta aurantia WIED; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 212, 1899 — Piquete and Iguape1, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, I.e., 5, p. 299, 1902 — Bauni, Sao Paulo (nest and eggs descr.). Zetetes polychropterus (not Platyrhynchos polychopterus VIEILLOT) CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 87, 1859 — part; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio (crit.). Hadrostomus borellianus BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. I, No. I, p. 108, 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Pachyrhynchus castaneus HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 670, 1906 (nomenclature). Pachyrhamphus castaneus IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 307, 1907 — Itatiba, Piquete, Ubatuba, Bauru, Rio Feio, and Iguap6 (Sao Paulo), Rio Doce (Espirito Santo), and Bahia; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 'The type formed part of the shipment containing the type of Tityra vieilloti [=P. v. viridis], for which Brazil is given by the describers as habitat. *The type, labeled "Pachyrhynchus ruficeps Sw. Brazil. Lan. milrata LIGHT. 9 ," is a female, without spurious (second) primary, of the south-Brazilian form, with the gray band encircling the rufous crown laterally and posteriorly. It measures: wing 76; tail 67; bill 13. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 173 1S> P- 57. I9°8 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 603 — Sapucay, Paraguay; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 311, 1910 — Alto Parana; BERTONI, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75. p. 94, 1913 — Misiones; idem Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Paraguay; DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Physis, I, p. 348, 1914 — Santa Ana, Misiones. Pachyrhamphus castaneus castaneus DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 321, 1912 — Gran Potrero, Paraguay. Range: Eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia, Minas Geraes, and southern Goyaz (Fazenda Esperanga, near Goyaz City) south to Santa Catharina, adjoining sections of Paraguay (Sapucay; Alto Parana^, and Argentina (Misiones).1 5: Argentina, Misiones (Eldorado 2, Puerto Segundo i, Rio Par- anay i, Caraguatay, Rio Parana, 100 mi. south of Rio Iguassu i). Pachyramphus castaneus intermedius Berlepsch.2 INTERMEDIATE BECARD. Pachyrhamphus intermedius BERLEPSCH, Ornith. Centralblatt, 4, p. 63, 1879 — San Esteban and Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; idem, Journ. Orn., 27, p. 208, 1879 — same localities. Pachyrhamphus sp. SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1868, p. 628 — San Esteban. Pachyrhamphus rufus (not Muscicapa rufa BODDAERT) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1888 — part, spec. 1, m, San Esteban, Venezuela. Pachyrhamphus castaneus intermedius HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 88, 1912 — Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley, Venezuela (crit.). Range: North coast of Venezuela, from Sucre west to Lara. Pachyramphus castaneus saturatus Chapman.3 SATURATED BECARD. 'Birds from Misiones agree with a series from southern Brazil, while three from Bahia average rather smaller. Material examined. — Misiones (as specified above) 5. — Brazil: Blumenau, Santa Catharina 2 ; Curityba, Parana I ; Ipanema, Sao Paulo 5 ; Pahor, Sao Paulo i; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes 4; "Rio" skins 3; Bahia 3. ^Pachyramphus castaneus intermedius BERLEPSCH: Similar to P. c. castaneus, but slightly smaller, particularly with shorter tail; under parts much paler, less tawny, passing into buff on throat and along middle of abdomen. Wing (adult male) 77-79. (female) 71-77; tail 57-62. Material examined. — Sucre: inland of Cumand 8. — Distrito Federal: Gali- pan, Cerro del Avila i, Loma Redonda, north of Caracas 6.— Carabobo: Las Quiguas, San Esteban Valley 2; Sierra de Carabobo 2. — Lara: Aroa 3. 'Pachyramphus castaneus saturatus CHAPMAN: Near to P. c. castaneus, but darker above, the cap deeper chestnut, the back deep hazel, little lighter than the crown; under parts paler and not so uniform ochraceous tawny. Wing (female) 70-73; tail 53-55. Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu 2, Rio Zamora I, Rio Santiago I. — Peru: Rio Tigre, near Pebas (9 ad., Oct. 19, 1883. J. Hauxwell. Berlepsch Collection) I. — Brazil: Manacapuru i; Tonantins 6; Sao Paulo de Olivenca 2; Caviana, Rio Solimoes 3; Hyutanahan, Rio Punis 2. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pachyrhamphus castaneus saturatus CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 628, 1914 — La Morelia, Rio Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 492, 1917 — La Morelia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 542, 1926 — eastern Ecuador. Pachyrhamphus niger (not of SPIX) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas, Peru, part (female); SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 227, 1926 — part, descr. of female, Yurimaguas.1 Pachyrhamphus rufescens (not of SPIX) TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 368, 1884 — Pebas and Yurimaguas, Peru (descr. of male and female). Pachyrhamphus rufus (not Muscicapa rufa BODDAERT) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1888 — part, spec, j, k, Sarayacu, Ecuador; (?) IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 307, 1907 — part, Rio Jurua; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Rio Zamora and Rfo Santiago, Ecuador (spec, examined); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 541, 1926 — Ecuador (ex SALVA- DORI and FESTA). Pachyrhamphus castaneus intermedius (not of BERLEPSCH) CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 604 — Sarayacu, Ecuador (crit.). (?) Pachyrhamphus cinereus (not of BODDAERT) IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, P- 435. 1905— Rio Jurua. Range: Tropical Zone of southeastern Colombia (La Morelia, Rio Caqueta), eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu; Rio Zamora; Rio San- tiago), northern Peru (Pebas and Rio Tigre, Rio Maranon; Yuri- maguas, lower Huallaga, dept. Loreto), and northwestern Brazil (Caviana, Manacapuru, Tonantins, and Sao Paulo de Olivenga, Rio Solimoes; Hyutanahan, Rio Purus).2 Pachyramphus castaneus subsp.3 XM. Sztolcman is, of course, quite mistaken in associating this rufous female with P. niger. It is now a well-established fact that there are a number of species in which both sexes are rufous, the adult male differing only by possessing the spurious second primary. 2I suspect that Pachyrhamphus cinereus SCLATER and SALVIN (P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 190 — Sarayacu; I.e., 1873, p. 284 — Sarayacu, Chyavetas, and Chami- curos, Peru) and TACZANOWSKI (Orn. P6r., 2, p. 360, 1884 — part, same localities) were also based on specimens of this rufous species, considered at that time to represent the female and immature plumage of species with gray or black males. There is an example from the upper Ucayali in the British Museum, erroneously referred to P. cinnamomeus by the late P. L. SCLATER (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1888— spec. y). It remains to be seen to what form Bolivian birds (Pachyrhamphus rufescens (not of SPIX) ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — "La Paz") should be referred. As in the case of so many other species in H. H. Rusby's collection, the locality "La Paz" is doubtless erroneous. ^Pachyramphus castaneus subsp. : Nearly related to P. c. saturatus, but paler throughout, the under parts particularly more buffy, less ochraceous tawny. Material examined. — In addition to an immature male from Ig. de Paituna (Monte Alegre) in the Goeldi Museum and an unsexed bird (without rudimentary second primary) from Santar^m in the Museu Paulista, I have seen thirty-six skins of this obviously undescribed form from Santare"m, Obidos, and islands near Obidos in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 175 Pachyrhamphus rufus (not Muscicapa rufa BODDAERT) RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar£m, Rio Tapaj6z; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 307, 1907 — part, Santare"m (spec, examined); SNETH- LAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 — Varzea north of the Amazon. Pachyrhamphus castaneus (not Tityra castanea JARDINE and SELBY) SNETH- LAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 350, 1914 — Monte Alegre (Ig. de Paituna), Obidos, and Rio Jamunda (Faro). Range: Northern Brazil, on the banks of the lower Amazon (Faro, Rio Jamunda; Obidos; Santare"m, Rio Tapaj6z). *Pachyramphus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus Lawrence. CINNAMON BECARD. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 295, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad. Pachyrhamphus rufescensf (not of SPIX) CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 189 — Turbo, Colombia. Pachyrhamphus — ? SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1860, p. 36 — Coban, Guatemala; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama. Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 182, 1867 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9, p. 116, 1868 — San Jos6, Angostura, Turrialba, Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 589, 1887 — Segovia River, Honduras; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 342, 1888 — part, spec, a-p, u, Choctum, Vera Paz, Angostura, Tucurriquf, Lion Hill, Chepo, Balzar (Ecuador);1 SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr-.Amer., Aves, 2, p. 126, 1890 — part, British Honduras and Guatemala south to Ecuador (excl. Remedios, Colombia); RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Nus., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; HAR- TERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Chimbo and Cachavi, Ecuador; SAL- VADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Panama; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 23, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 840, 1907 — part, southern Mexico south to western Ecuador (excl. Bogota, Remedios, Bucaramanga, "Cauta, "Colombia, and Ucayali, eastern Peru);1 CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 666, 1910 — Carrillo, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Tuis, Guacimo, and El Hogar, Costa Rica; FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica; HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1144 — Guineo, El Tigre, San Joaquin, Noanama, and N6vita, Pacific Colombia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 491, 1917 — part, Alto Bonito, Juntas de Tamana, N6vita, Noanama, Buenaventura, San Jos£, Los Cisneros, and Barbacoas, Pacific Colombia; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 269, 1918 — Gatun, Panama; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Siquirres, Costa Rica and San Juan del Norte, Nicaiagua; BANGS and BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 213, 1922 — Jesusito, Dari6n; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. bird from the Ucayali, Peru, is probably referable to P. castaneus satu- ratus CHAPMAN. ij6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 542, 1926 — Bucay, Esmeraldas, Manavi, Chimbo, Santa Rosa, and Porto Velo, Ecuador; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — Cana, Darie'n. Range: Tropical Zone of southern Mexico (in state of Tabasco) and southward through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama to Pacific Colombia and western Ecuador.1 5: Costa Rica (Guayabo 2); Colombia (Quibdo, Atrato River i; Alto Bonito, Antioquia i; Novita, Rio San Juan i). *Pachyramphus cinnamomeus magdalenae Chapman.2 MAGDALENA BECARD. Pachyrhamphus magdalenae CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 629, 1914 — Algodonal, lower Magdalena Valley, Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 491, 1917 — Algodonal. JBirds from Pacific Colombia, while agreeing 'in the coloring of the upper parts with those from Costa Rica, are less deeply colored underneath, and thereby form the transition to P. c. magdalenae, of eastern Colombia. The majority are not so dark or so uniformly ochraceous as those from Costa Rica and Guatemala, but deeper buff, especially on breast and sides, than the average from Santa Marta and the Magdalena Valley, though the most deeply colored individuals are not separable from certain light-bellied Central American skins, whereas the palest (one from Sautata and one from C6rdoba, Valle) can be exactly matched by the darkest variety of magdalenae (Carnegie Museum, No. 52798, Jaraquiel). Unfortunately, no material from the Canal Zone, the type locality, has been available for examination. Material examined. — Guatemala 3; Costa Rica 12. — Colombia: Sautata, Rfo Atrato 3; Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio i; Murindo, Antioquia 3; Quibd6 4; El Tambo, Choc6 i; Andagoya, Choc6 4; Potedo, Choco i; Malagita, Choc6 i; Noanama, Rfo San Juan 2; N6vita, Rio Tamana 2; El Tigre, Rio Tamana i; Guineo, Rfo Calima i; San Joaquin, Bahia del Choc6 2; C6rdoba, Valle 2. — Ecuador: Chimbo i. tPachyramphus cinnamomeus magdalenae CHAPMAN: Similar to P. c. cin- namomeus, but decidedly paler throughout; upper parts browner, sayal brown rather than rufous tawny, the cap hardly darker than the back; the wing coverts with more conspicuous pale edges; lower surface buffy rather than ochraceous tawny, passing into whitish on the abdomen. Birds from the Santa Marta region (Tucurinca and Fundaci6n) are identical with a series from the lower Magdalena (Calamar and Gamarra) and Jaraquiel, (dept. Bolivar) in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Six speci- mens from Santa Elena, M^rida, and six from Zulia, Venezuela, as well as two adult males from Santander, eastern Colombia (Carnegie Museum, No. 59317, Bucaramanga; No. 58705, El Tambor, Rio Lebrija) are very similar, though perhaps on the average more reddish on the back, with the crown somewhat darker, but not so chestnut rufous as in P. c. cinnamomeus, from Pacific Colombia. Underneath, they resemble the darker specimens from the Magdalena, the male from El Tambor being in no way distinguishable from No. 54360, Gamarra, but can also be matched by certain individuals from the Pacific coast of Colombia. Unless separated again, they must doubtless be ranked with magdalenae rather than cinnamomeus. Material examined. — Colombia: Fundaci6n 8; Tucurinca 2; Jaraquiel, dept. Bolivar 4; Calamar, lower Magdalena 5; Gamarra, dept. Magdalena 2; Bucara- manga i; El Tambor, Rio Lebrija, Santander i; "Bogota" 2. — Venezuela: Santa Elena, M6rida 6; Encontrados, Zulia 3; Orope, Zulia 3. IQ2Q. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 177 Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus (not of LAWRENCE )SCLATER and SALVIN, P. Z. S. Lond., 1879, p. 518 — Remedies, Antioquia; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Om., 32, p. 305, 1884 — Bucaramanga; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 342, 1888 — part, spec, q-t, v-x, Remedies, Bogota, "Cauta" [=Canta, below Bucaramanga, Santander], Colombia; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 840, 1907 — part Bogota, Remedies, Bucaramanga, "Cauta," Colombia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 491, 1917 — part, Puerto Valdivia, Malena, west of Honda and (?) Buenavista, above Villavicencio, Colombia. Pachyrhamphus sp.? WYATT, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 — San Nicolas, below Bucara- manga, Santander, Colombia. Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus magdalenae TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 328, 1922 — Fundaci6n and Tucurinca, Santa Marta region (crit.). Range: Northern and eastern Colombia (Jaraquiel, dept. Boli- var; lower Cauca; Magdalena Valley and tributaries; Santa Marta region; "Bogota") and western Venezuela (Santa Elena, MeYida; Encontrados and Orope, Zulia). 6: Venezuela, Zulia (Encontrados 3, Orope 3). *Pachyramphus polychopterus spixii (Swainson). SPIX'S BECARD. Pachyrhynchus spixii SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 289, Dec., 1837 — Brazil? (type of male in Coll. SWAINSON, now in Cambridge (Eng.) Museum examined).1 Pachyrhamphus notius BREWSTER and BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, P- 53. Feb- 15, 1901 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 1 8, p. 311, 1910 — lower Uruguay. 1Swainson, in diagnosing the species, ascribes it to the Paris Museum and his own collection, and while I have not been able to trace the whereabouts of the female, two adult males bearing the name P. spixii are still in existence. One, kindly sent by Dr. H. Gadow from the Swainson Collection, now in the Univer- sity Museum of Cambridge, England, and labeled by Swainson himself "Pachy- rhynchus Spixii. Male. Brazil?", agrees in every particular with his description, notably in having the nape, back and interscapulars dull black, decidedly con- trasted with the dark gray rump and upper tail coverts, and the under parts but slightly paler than the rump. In coloration and size, it is identical with speci- mens from Rio de Janeiro, which I am unable to separate from Paraguayan and Argentina skins (P. notius). The other example, a mounted bird in the Paris Museum (No. 3625. cf- P- polychropterus V., P. spixii Sw. type, M. Menetrier [sic], 1824. Bresil"), however, is very different, having a whitish orbital ring, the back light ashy gray like the rump, with restricted outer margins of glossy black to some of the lateral interscapulars only, and the under parts of a very much paler, clearer gray, while the dimensions are much smaller. As a matter of fact, it is a perfectly typical specimen of P. marginatus (as stated in Nov. Zool., 32, p. 17, footnote i, 1925), but it disagrees so absolutely with the characters given by Swainson that I have no doubt whatever it is wrongly marked as "type." The handwriting on the label, while unknown to me, is certainly not Swainson's. Under these circumstances, I do not see any alternative but to accept Swainson's term spixii for the large southern race of the gray-bellied South American Becard, and venture to suggest Rio de Janeiro as its type locality. The specimen now in 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Climacocercus cyanocephalus BERTONi,1 Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. i, p. 112, Jan., 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus (not of VIEILLOT) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 77, 1857 — Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (synon. in part); PEL- ZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — part, Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, Mugy das Cruzes (Sao Paulo), Curytiba (Parana), ItararS (Sao Paulo), Rio Araguay (Goyaz), Cuyaba and Barra do Jauni (Matto Grosso); DURN- FORD, Ibis, 1878, p. 61 — Belgrano, Buenos Aires; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 140, 1885 — Linha Pirajd, Rio Grande do Sul; SCLATER and HUDSON, Arg. Orn., i, p. 162, 1888 — Buenos Aires; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 345, 1888 — part, spec, l-o, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Belgrano, Buenos Aires; WITHINGTON, Ibis, 1888, p. 466 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (spec, examined); KERR, I.e., 1892, p. 131 — near Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; APLIN, Ibis, 1894, p. 181 — Rio Negro, Uruguay (spec, examined); IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Sao Lourenco; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 213, 1899 — Iguap6 and Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — part, Bebedouro, Itatiba, Yporanga, Itapura, Alto da Serra, Ubatuba, Avanhandava, Iguap£, Rincao, and Sao Sebas- tiao, Sao Paulo; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 605 — Sapucay, Paraguay; PEREYRA, El Hornero, 3, p. 169, 1923 — Escobar and San Isidro, Buenos Aires. Bathmidurus polychropterus STEMPELMANN and SCHULZ, Bol. Ac. Nac. C6rdoba, 10, p. 402, 1890 — C6rdoba. Pachyrhamphus sp. incog. BARROWS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 203, 1883 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios. Pachyrhamphus niger (not of SPIX) BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 13, 1887 — Lambar6, Paraguay; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 (ex BERLEPSCH). Zetetes polychropterus LILLO, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 188, 1902 — Tapia, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 51, 1905 — Tapia. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus polychropterus HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 205, 1910 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and Ocampo, the University Museum at Cambridge (Eng.) is obviously the actual type from which Swainson drew up his description. P. polychopterus spixii, while closely related to the typical race, may be recognized by its larger size and, in the male sex, by its darker, more slaty under parts and more solidly black back. Males from Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro average paler underneath and are perhaps slightly smaller than those from Paraguay and Argentina. Length of wing (adult males): type (unspecified) 82; Rio de Janeiro 80, 81, 82; Sao Paulo 82, 83; Sapucay, Paraguay 83; Santa Florencia, Rfo Negro, Uru- guay 82; Belgrano, Buenos Aires 82; Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires 84; Ocampo, Santa F6 84; Isca-yacu, Santiago del Estero 84; Concepci6n, Tucuman 81, 82. 1Bertoni identifies his bird with Thamnophilus cyanocephalus VIEILLOT (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 318, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 237, Paraguay), which is described as having a white stripe along the middle of the crown, a fea- ture not found in Spix's Becard. Azara's species appears to be undeterminable. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 179 Santa F6; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 311, 1910 — range in Argentina; MARELLI, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. Buenos Aires, for 1922-23, p. 643, 1924 — Argentina; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 310, 1928 — Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya. Pachyrhamphus polichropterus BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus polychopterus BANGS and PENARD, Bull Mus., Comp. Zool., 64, p. 383, 1921 — northern Argentina, southern Bolivia, Uruguay, southern Brazil (monog.); SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., $, p. 180, 1926 — Guarapuava, Candido de Abreu, and Inverna- dinha, Parana. Pachyrhamphus polychroplerus notius DABBENE, El Homero, I, p. 239, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia (crit.) ; TREMOLERAS, I.e., 2, p. 21, 1920 — Montevideo; BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 225, 1922 (crit.); MARELLI, Mem. Minist. Obr. Publ. Buenos Aires, for 1922-23, p. 643, 1924 — estuary of La Plata River; WETMORE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 133, p. 293, 1926 — San Vicente, Uruguay. Range: Northern Argentina, south to Buenos Aires and Cordo- ba; Uruguay; Paraguay; southern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro, southern Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; and eastern Bolivia (in depts. Santa Cruz and Tarija). 5 : Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman 3 ; Isca-yacu, Santiago del Estero i; Ocampo, Santa Fe i). *Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieillot). VIEILLOT'S BECARD. Platyrhynchos polychopterus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 27, p. 10, 1818 — "Nouvelle Hollande," errore; we suggest Bahia, eastern Brazil (type in Paris Museum examined) -1 idem, Tabl. Enc. M£th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 835, 1821 — "Nouvelle Hollande." Platyrhynchos polychropterus PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, p. 357t J855 — note on type. Muscipeta spUndens WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 906, 1831 — eastern Brazil, locality not specified (type in American Museum of Natural History examined; = adult male). Bathmidurus variegatus [not of SPIX (?)]* CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 244, 1847 — Brazil, part; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., a, p. 452, 1856 — Brazil, part. 'I have recently compared the type in the Paris Museum (No. 3621. Exp. Baudin) with numerous examples from various parts of Brazil and Argentina, and found it to be identical, in coloration and size, with skins from Bahia. The wing measures 75 (in other Bahia specimens 73, 75, 75, 77, 78, 78); the tail 57 (against 57, 58, 60, 60, 60, 62). *Pachyrhynchus variegatus SPIX (Av. Bras., 2, p. 31, pi. 43, fig. 2, 1825 — no locality given; type lost), based on a female or immature example of this group, appears to me utterly unidentifiable. It might have been either polychopterus, i8o FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 345, 1888 — part, spec, f-k, Bahia; IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — part, Bahia; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 70, 1910 — Fazenda de Fora, Rio Grande, Bahia, and Lagda do Purgatorio and Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus niger polychropterus ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 238, 1889 — note on Wied's type. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus splendens BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 385, 1921 — Bahia to Ceard (monog.). Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 225, 1922 (crit.); HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 341, 1929 — Barra do Corda, Maranhao and Ibiapaba, Piauhy (crit.). Pachyrhynchus polychropterus REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 154, 1925 — Rio Grande, near Fazenda de Fora, Bahia and southern Piauhy. Range: Eastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Ceara, Piauhy, and southern Maranhao (Barra do Corda).1 3: Brazil (Bahia i; Ibiapaba, Piauhy i; Barra do Corda, Maranhao i). *Pachyramphus polychopterus niger (Spix). BLACK-BELLIED BECARD. Pachyrhynchus niger SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 33, pi. 45, fig. I (=adult male), 1825 — no locality stated — "Amazonas, prope Fonteboa" designated by BERLEPSCH and HARTERT (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902) — type lost; SWAIN- SON, Anim. Menag., p. 290, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (descr. of male); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 669, 1906 (crit.). Pachyrhamphus nigriventris SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 76, 1857 — new name for Pachyrhynchus niger SPIX, part, North Brazil. Pachyrhamphus niger SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 978 — Pebas; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 284 — Nauta, Pebas, and upper Ucayali, Peru; TAC- ZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas (part, male); idem, Orn. P6r., 2> P- 363. 1884 — Nauta, Pebas, upper Ucayali, Yurimaguas, and Tara- poto, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343,1888 — part, spec, o-w, Pebas, Nauta, Rio Napo and Sarayacu, Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — lower Beni, Bolivia; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 369 — La Merced, Peru; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Archidona, Ecuador (spec, examined); IHERING, Cat. spixii, or niger, in the ranges of all of which Spix did some collecting, and I con- sider it undesirable to substitute it for any of these terms which rest on sub- stantial evidence. Material examined. — Bahia 10; Fazenda de Fora, Rio Grande, Bahia i; Ibiapaba, Piauhy i; Lag6a do Purgatorio, Piauhy i; Parnagua, Piauhy 2; Barra do Corda, Maranhao i; unspecified (the type) I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 181 Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — range (part); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Monte Verde and Bom Lugar, Rio Punis; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 350, 1914 — part, Bom Lugar and Monte Verde, Rio Punis; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 227, 1926 — Yurimaguas (part, male). Pachyrhamphus polychropterus (not of VIEILLOT) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — part, Salto do Girao and Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus sp. inc., TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas, Peru (descr. of young male and female). Pachyrhamphus niger niger HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 363, 1907 — Humay- tha and Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 314, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira. Pachyrhamphus polychropttrus niger CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 492, 1917 — part, La Morelia and Florencia, Caquetd, southeastern Colom- bia.. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus variegatus (not of SPIX?) BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 386, 1921 — lower Beni, Bolivia, and Porto Velho, Rio Madeira (monog.); CHAPMAN, Bull Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 542, 1926 — eastern Ecuador. Range: Western Brazil, from the Rio Madeira and Rio Negro westwards; eastern Peru; eastern Ecuador; southeastern Colombia (La Morelia and Florencia, Caquetd).1 4 : Peru (Yurimaguas i ; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo i ; Hua- chipa, Huanuco 2). *Pachyramphus polychopterus tristis (Kaup).* KAUP'S BECARD. Psaris marginatus tristis KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 48, October, 1Material examined. — Peru: Nauta 2; Pebas 3; Yurimaguas I ; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo i; Huachipa 2. — Ecuador: Archidona i; Sarayacu 3; Rio Napo 2. — Brazil: Hyutanahan, Rio Punis 8; Arima, Rio Punis 3; Caviana, Rio Soli- moes 5; Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes 2; Borba, Rio Madeira 5; Calama, Rio Madeira 2 ; Humaytha, Rio Madeira 4. *Pachyramphus polychopterus tristis (KAUP) is exceedingly close to, and in many cases not distinguishable from, P. p. niger. Yet on comparing twelve males from French Guiana (Cayenne and Mana River) with a series from Upper Ama- zonia, it is evident that they generally have less black in the plumage, the under parts being mostly slate gray, more or less freckled with whitish along the abdom- inal line, and the rump likewise extensively slate gray, whereas in P. p. niger both upper and lower surfaces are almost entiiely black. Birds from Venezuela, British Guiana, and Trinidad vary within the same limits, and I do not see how either P. macconnelli or P. albUoris can be maintained. The type of P. n. toba- gensis, too, is matched by numerous examples from Guiana and Venezuela. Males from Lower Amazonia (Obidos; Santar6m; Rio Branco) are exactly intermediate between tristis (of Guiana and Venezuela) and niger (of Peru and adjacent parts of western Brazil). A series from Santar6m is particularly instructive in this respect. The darkest specimen (Carnegie Museum, No. 73178) is hardly separa- ble from certain individuals taken on the banks of the Rio Punis, while the male with the lightest under parts is even clearer gray than P. p. cinereiventris, being, 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 1852 — no locality stated, type in Derby Collection, now in Liverpool Museum; Cayenne suggested by BANGS and PENARD, I92I.1 Pachyrhamphus niger tobagensis CORY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 343, 1916 — Tobago. Pachyrhamphus macconnelli CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 73, 1920 — Bonasica River, British Guiana; idem, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 274, 1921 — Upper Takutii Mountains, Ituribisi River, Supenaam River, Bartica, Essequibo, Bonasica River, Roraima. Pachyrhamphus albiloris CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 73, 1920 — San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela. Pachyrhamphus nigriventris SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 76, 1857 — part, Cayenne, Venezuela, Trinidad. Bathmidurus niger (not of SPIX) CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 243, 1847 — Guiana, Surinam, Cayenne, and Brazil; idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 698, 1848 — coastal forests. Pachyrhynchus niger JARDINE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 331, 1847 — Tobago. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus (not of SCLATER) TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, p. 87 — Trinidad (spec, examined; = female); CORY, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago (=female); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 58, 1906 — Trinidad (ex TAYLOR). Tityra nigra LEOTAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 241, 1866 — Trinidad. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus (not of VIEILLOT) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1867, p. 579 — Mexiana Island; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — part, Serra Carauman and Barra [ = Manaos] (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus niger TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, p. 87 — Trinidad; SALVIN, I.e., 1885, p. 302 — Roraima; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1888 — part, spec, d-n, Bogota, Valencia (Venezuela), Trinidad, Roraima (British Guiana), Cayenne, Para; CORY, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 4, p. 55, 1892 — El Pilar, Bermudez, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, I.e., 6, p. 47, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad; DALMAS, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 139, 1900 — Tobago; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902 — Maipures, Caicara, Altagracfa, and Ciudad however, more distinctly freckled with white along the middle of the belly. Taken as a whole, birds from Amazonia east of the Rio Negro appear, however, nearer to the Guianan type, and the black phase, predominating on the Rio Solimoes and west of the Rio Madeira, is only occasionally met with on the eastern stretches of the Amazon. Some specimens from northern Venezuela, notably one from Lagunita de Aroa, again closely approach the Santa Marta race (P. p. cinerei- ventris), thus forming the link to the western representatives of the group. Material examined. — Northern Brazil: Santar6m 8; Obidos 5; Rio Branco (Serra Carauman and B6a Vista )2. — French Guiana (Cayenne and Mana River) 14. — British Guiana (Roraima) 4. — Venezuela (north coast from Sucre to Aroa; San Pedro, Caura Valley) 82. — Trinidad (Caparo, Aripo) 15. — Tobago 7. — "Bo- gotd" 5. 'The type should be reexamined. Unfortunately, it was not among the speci- mens kindly forwarded to me by Dr. Simpson from the collection of the Liverpool Museum. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 183 Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure, La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; CHER- RIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., I, p. 190, 1906 — Aripo, Trinidad; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Para, Maraj6, Mexiana, Monte Alegre; HAGMANN, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 32, 1907 — Mexiana; IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — range (part); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 140, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (crit.); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 350, 1914 — part, Para, Providencia, Quati-puru, Rio Tocantins (Ilha Pirunum, Arumatheua), Maraj6 (Sao Natal), Mexiana, Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru, Obidos, Rio Jamunda (Faro); idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Sao Bento and Tury-assu, northern Maranhao. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris (not of SCLATER) PHELPS, Auk, 14, p. 365, 1897 — Cumanacoa and San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela; HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 89, 1912 — Cumbre Chiquita and Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela (crit.); HELL- MAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 120, 1912 — Mexiana. Pachyrhamphus niger cinereiventris HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 27, 1906 — Caparo and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus niger CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., i, p 364, 1908 — Carenage and Aripo, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 2, p. 252, 1916 — banks of the Orinoco from Las Barrancas as far as San Fernando de Atabapo, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 492, 1917 — part, Buena vista and Villa vicencio, eastern Colombia; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 70, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 205, 1913 — Guinipa Village, Bermudez, Venezuela. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus tristis BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 387, 1921 — Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago (monog.). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela, from the north coast south to the Orinoco and its tributaries; islands of Trinidad and Tobago; eastern Colombia ("Bogota"; Buena vista and Villa vicencio, at the eastern foot of the Eastern Andes) ; northern Brazil, west to the Rio Negro and Rio Tapajoz, east to the wooded coast region of Maranhao. 4: Brazil (B6a Vista, Rio Branco i); Venezuela (Col6n, Tachira i); Tobago 2. Pachyramphus polychopterus cinereiventris Sclater.1 GRAY-BELLIED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 242, 1862 — Santa Marta, Colombia (type in British Museum examined); idem, 1 Pachyramphus polychopterus cinereiventris SCLATER: Male nearest to P. p. tristis, but smaller; under parts clearer and more uniform gray, sometimes ob- scurely freckled with whitish along middle line, very rarely washed with blackish 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 344, 1888 — part, spec, n-p, Santa Marta; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 154, 1900 — part, Bonda and Cie'naga; idem, I.e., 21, p. 287, 1905 — Cacagualito and Bonda (nest and eggs descr.). Pachyrhamphus niger (not of SPIX) SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1880, p. 169 — Santa Marta. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 829, 1907 — part, Santa Marta; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 326, 1922 — Bonda, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, Funda- ci6n, and Valencia, Santa Marta district (crit.); GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — Cana, Dari&i. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus cinereiventris BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 390, 1921 — Santa Marta region (monog.). Range: Northern Colombia, in depts. of Bolivar (Jaraquiel) and Magdalena (Gamarra and Calamar, lower Magdalena; Santa Marta region), and extreme eastern Panama (Cana, Darie"n). *Pachyramphus polychopterus similis Cherrie.1 SLATE-BELLIED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus similis CHERRIE, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 343, in text, Sept. 4, 1891 — Greytown, Nicaragua. Pachyrhamphus costaricensis (not P. versicolor costaricensis BANGS, 1908) CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 74, 1920 — Bebedero, Costa Rica. Pachyramphus polychopterus tantulus BANGS and PENARD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p. 78, 1921 — new name for Pachyrhamphus costaricensis CHUBB, preoccupied. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus (not of VIEILLOT) MOORE, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 56, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras; SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 124 — Omoa; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 182, 1867 — Grey- town, Nicaragua. Pachyrhamphus marginatus? (not Todus marginatus LICHTENSTEIN) LAW- RENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 330, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris (not of SCLATER) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1864, p. 361 — Panama Railroad; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. on throat andforeneck. Wing (adult male) 72-74, (type) 73; tail 54-59, (type) bill 13-14. Recent reexamination of the type shows it to be a specimen of the north- Colombian race, although it represents the rather unusual variant with some blackish tinge on the anterior under parts. Material examined. — Santa Marta region: Bonda 7; Fundaci6n 4; Cieiiaga i; Santa Marta" (the type) i. — Calamar, Bolivar i; Gamarra, Magdalena i. lPachyramphus polychopterus similis CHERRIE, though nearly allied to P. p. cinereiventris, may be distinguished by slightly smaller size, and somewhat paler gray under parts in the male sex. After examining a very large series from Nicaragua to Panama I fully agree with M. A. Carriker that the characters separating the birds of the Atlantic and Caribbean slopes are too unstable to justify the recognition of more than one form in Central America. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 185 N.Y., 9, p. 116, 1868 — Barranca, Angostura, and San Mateo, Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 149 — Santa Fe", Veragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 199 — Calovevora, Veragua and Bugaba, Chiriqui; BOUCARD, I.e., 1878, p. 65 — San Mateo, Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, p. 385, 1884 — Sucuyd, Nicaragua; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, I, p. 118, 1887 — San Mateo, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 344, 1888 — part, spec, a — m, Choctum (Guatemala), Bugaba, Chiriquf, Calove- vora, Santa Fe", Veragua, Panama, Lion Hill; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 127, pi. 43, fig. i, 1890 — part, Guatemala to Panama (excl. Colombia); CHERRIE, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1891 — Costa Rica (crit.); RICHMOND, I.e., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Greytown and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (nest and eggs descr.); RIDGWAY, I.e., 16, p. 611, 1893 — Costa Rica (crit.); SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Panama; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boqueteand Bogaba, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca, Paso Real, El Pozo del Rio Grande, and Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Pachyrhamphus polychropterus cinereiventris RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 829, 1907 — part, Nicaragua to Panama (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 667, 1910 — Costa Rica (crit., habits); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 269, 1918 — Gatiin, Panama. Pachyrhamphus dorsalis (not of SCLATER) RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 832, 1907 — part, Panama Railroad. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus costaricensis BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 391, 1921 — Panama to western Costa Rica (crit.). Pachyrhamphus polychopterus similis BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp* Zool., 64, p. 392, 1921 — eastern Costa Rica to Honduras (crit.). Range: Guatemala (Choctum) and southward through Hon- duras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to Panama, east to the Canal Zone. 6 : Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua i ) ; Costa Rica (Buenos Aires 2; Turrialba i; TeYraba i); Panama (Chiriqui i). *Pachyramphus polychopterus dorsalis Sclater.1 BOGOTA BECARD. Pachyrhamphus dorsalis SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 243, 1862 — Bogota? (the type examined in the British Museum is an undoubted Bogota trade skin); RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 832, 1907 — part, Bogota, Rio Cali, Rio Barratero, and Castilla, Colombia (monog.); BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 157, 1908 — "northwestern Colombia just south of Darie"n"=San Antonio, Western Andes; HELL- MAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1143 — Pueblo Rico, western Colombia, and Paramba, Ecuador (crit., female descr.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. 1 Pachyramphus polychopterus dorsalis SCLATER: Nearly allied to P. p. cinerei- ventris, but somewhat larger; under parts of adult male very much paler gray (without the slightest trace of blackish or whitish freckles) ; hind neck often with 1 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. N.H., 36, p. 493, 1917 — San Antonio, Andes above Cali, Ricaurte, and Aguadita, above Fusugasuga, Colombia (crit.). Pachyrhamphus chapmani CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 74, 1920 — Santa Elena, Antioquia. Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris (not of SCLATER) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1879, p. 518 — Santa Elena, Antioquia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 344, 1888 — part, spec, q-v, Antioquia and Bogota. Pachyrhamphus polychopterus dorsalis BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 392, 1921 — western Colombia and Ecuador (monog.)- Range: Subtropical Zone of Colombia (Pueblo Rico, San An- tonio, above Cali, Rio Barratero, Castilla, and Ricaurte, Western Andes; Santa Elena, Central Andes; Aguadita, above Fusugasugd, western slope of Eastern Andes) and northwestern Ecuador (Param- ba, prov. Esmeraldas). 2 : Colombia (Bogotd i ; Castilla, Western Andes i). Pachyramphus marginatus marginatus (Lichtenstein) . BLACK-CAPPED BECARD. Todus marginatus LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 51, 1823 — Bahia (type in Berlin Museum examined; = female). Pachyrhynchus swainsonii JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Orn., 2, Part 7, Ad- denda, p. [4], Dec., 1830 — Brazil (descr. of female). Muscipeta marginata WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 909, 1831 — eastern Brazil (descr. of female). Pachyrynchus swainsonii SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 288, Dec., 1837 — eastern Brazil (part, descr. of "male" =female). Pachyrynchus albifrons SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 289, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (descr. of adult male). Bathmidur us atricapillus (not Lanius atricapillus MERREM)1 CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 245, 1847 (synonymy). Psaris marginatus minor KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 48, Oct., 1852 — no locality stated. a gray collar separating the black of the pileum from that of the back. Wing 75-79. (female) 75; tail 57-60; bill 13^-14. An adult male, collected by R. Micketta on April 9, 1899, at Paramba, alt. 3500 ft., Ecuador, in the collection of the Tring Museum, agrees with Colombian examples. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota (including the type) 6; Santa Elena, Antioquia i; Castilla i; San Antonio 2; Pueblo Rico I. — Ecuador: Paramba I. 1Lanius atricapillus MERREM (Av. Rar. Icon., fasc. 2, p. 26, pi. 8, 1786- supposedly Surinam) appears to me unidentifiable. While obviously based on some species of Pachyramphus, both description and plate are very unsatisfactory and might just as well be referred to P. marginatus nanus as P. polychopterus tristis, and the name had better be dropped altogether. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 187 Bathmidurus marginatus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 451, 1856 — part, Bahia. Pachyrhamphus marginatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 77, 1857 — part, Bahia (descr. of male and female). Pachyrhamphus atricapillus PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — part, Rio de Janeiro and Sapitiba, Rio (spec, examined); (?) REINHARDT, Videnskab. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 322 — Rio de Janeiro, and Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes; FORBES, Ibis, 1881, p. 344 — Macuca, Pernambuco; SCLA- TER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 347, 1888 — part, spec, q-v, Bahia, Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 238, 1889 — southeastern Brazil; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 308, 1907 — Bahia and Espirito Santo; (?) CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 606 — Sapucay, Paraguay. Pachyrhamphus marginatus marginatus BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 394, 1921 — Bahia and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo (excl. Diamantina; monog.). Range: Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco (Macuca) south to Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao); (?) Paraguay (Sapucay).1 *Pachyramphus marginatus nanus Bangs and Penard.2 DWARF BLACK-CAPPED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus marginatus nanus BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 395, 1921 — Xeberos, Peruvian Amazon, Peru; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser.f 12, p. 342, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao. Pachyrhynchus marginatus (not of LICHTENSTEIN) LAFRESNAYE and D'OR- BIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 42, 1837 — Yuracares, Bolivia (descr. of female; spec, in Paris Museum examined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Am&. M6rid., Ois., p. 303, pi. 31, fig. 2, 1839 — Yuracares. Bathmidurus marginatus BURMEISTER, Syst. tJbers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 451, 1856 — part, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny). Pachyrhamphus marginatus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 77, 1857 — part, Bolivia, eastern Peru, and Rio Napo; idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 141, 1908 — Oyapoc, French Guiana; HELL- MAYR, I.e., 17, p. 313, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Para and Our6m; 1 Material examined. — Bahia (including the type) 9; Rio de Janeiro 2; Sapi- tiba, Rio i. tPachyramphus marginatus nanus BANGS and PENARD: Similar to P. m. marginatus, but decidedly smaller. Wing 63-69 (against 68-76) ; tail 47-54 (against 53-58)- Material examined. — Venezuela: Caura Valley 8. — Brazil: Tury-assu, Maran- hao i; Rio Icanna [=Rio Isana] i; Barcellos, Rio Negro i; Marabitanas, Rio Negro 7; Maroins, Rio Machados 3. — Peru: Pebas 2. — Bolivia: Yuracares I. i88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 350, 1914 — Para, Santa Izabel, Peixe Boi, Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Tocantins (Mazagao, Cameta), Rio Xingti (Forte Ambe), Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Itaituba, Goyana, Villa Braga), Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena, Maloquinha), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), Obidos, Rio Jamundd (Faro), Maranhao; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 93, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 253, 1916 — Munduapo, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 16, 1925 — Yuracares, Bolivia (crit.); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Para. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus (not Lanius atricapillus MERREM) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Ix>nd., 1867, p. 751 — Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., p. 978 — Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 284 — Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Yuracares, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); PELZELN, On. Bras., 2, p. 121, 1868 — part, Borba (Rio Madeira), Marabitanas, Rio Icanna, and Barcellos, Rio Negro (spec, examined); LAYARD, Ibis, 1873, p. 384 — Para; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. PeY., 2, p. 365, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 302 — Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mts., and Camacusa, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 347, 1888 — part, spec, a-p, San Esteban, "Caracas," Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mts., Camacusa, Oyapoc, "Cayenne," Chamicuros, Sara- yacu, and Rio Napo; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 303, 1889 — Yuri- maguas, Peru; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santarem; (?) ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 7io — Archidona, eastern Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902 — Munduapo, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure and La Pricion, Caura; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 291, 1907 — Par£ and Our£m, Rio Guama; idem, I.e., 56, p. 505, 1908 — Goyana and Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; PENARD and PENARD Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 156, 1910 — Surinam; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 493, 1917 — La Morelia, Colombia; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 275, 1921 — various localities. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (Caura- Orinoco region; Sierra de Carabobo and San Esteban, Carabobo); the whole of Amazonia from northern Maranhao west to the eastern slopes of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. i: Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao i). Pachyramphus albogriseus albogriseus Sclater. BLACK-AND-WHITE BECARD. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 76, 1857 — part, descr. of male only, Bogotd (type in British Museum examined) ; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1868, p. 168 — Caracas, Venezuela; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 347, 1888 — part, descr. of male and spec. f,l, Bogota, Merida; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 128, 1890 — part, Colombia, Venezuela. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 189 Pachyrhamphus albogriseus albogriseus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 836, 1907 — part, Bogota, Colombia, and M6rida and Caracas, Venezuela; HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, pp. 90, 91, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela (crit., range). Pachyrhamphus similis (not of CHERRIE), SALVIN, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 13, 1895 — part, MeYida, Venezuela. Range: North coast mountains of Venezuela, from Sucre to Caracas and Merida, and west into the Eastern Andes of Colombia (Bogota).1 Pachyramphus albogriseus ornatus Cherrie.* ARCE'S BECARD. Pachyrhamphus ornatus CHERRIE, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 338, 1891 — Barranca, Costa Rica (=female); RIDGWAY, I.e., 16, p. 611, 1893 — San Jos6, Costa Rica (crit.); idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 842, 1907 — Costa Rica (Barranca, San Jose^ and Colombia (Valparaiso, Santa Marta region). Pachyrhamphus albogriseus (not of SCLATER) SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 199 — Calovevora (Veragua) and Bugaba (Chiriqui); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 347, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Nicaragua, Calovevora, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 128, pi. 43, fig. 2 (male),1 1890 — part, Corinto (Nicaragua), Bugaba and Calo- vevora (descr. of male only). Pachyrhamphus cinereiventris (not of SCLATER) ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 154, 1900 — part, Valparaiso, Santa Marta. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus albogriseus RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 836, 1907 — part, Nicaragua (Corinto), Panama (Calovevora, Chitrd, Bugaba), and Colombia (Santa Marta); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 666, 1910 — Bebedero, Costa Rica (crit.). Pachyrhamphus albogriseus ornatus HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 92, 1912 — Boquete, Chiriqui (crit., range); TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 324, 1922 — Valparaiso, Santa Marta region (crit.). Range: Western Nicaragua (Corinto), Costa Rica, western Panama (Bugaba, Boquete, Chitrd, Chiriqui; Calovevora, Vera- guas), and northern Colombia (Valparaiso, Santa Marta region). 'The type, while identical with Venezuelan males in coloration, is somewhat larger (wing 77, against 75; tail 62, against 59-60). The characters of both sexes have been fully set forth by HELLMAYR and SEILERN (I.e., p. 91). Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota (the type) i. — Venezuela: Los Palmales, Bermudez (now Sucre) 2; Galipdn, Cerro del Ayila, Distrito Federal 3; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo 8; Rio Albarregas, M6rida i. 'Pachyramphus albogriseus ornatus CHERRIE: Adult male similar to P. a. albogriseus, but central rectrices grayish for the two basal thirds of their length; female with light markings on wings and tail much paler buffy yellow; pileum darker; under parts more greenish. Wing 75, (female) 72; tail 55-58; bill 13. Material examined. — Panama: Boquete 2; Calovevora I. 'The female figured on the same plate (fig. 3) belongs to some other species. 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pachyramphus albogriseus subsp. ECUADORIAN BECARD. Callopsaris albogriseus (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1877, p. 327 — Lechugal, Rfo Zurumilla, prov. Tumbez, Peru. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 559 — Chimbo; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — Mapoto, Ecuador; TACZA- NOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 361, 1884 — part, Lechugal; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Chimbo; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Archidona (spec, examined).1 Pachyrhamphus similis (not of SALVIN?) SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Rio Peripa, Ecuador. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus similis HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 609, 1902 — Chimbo, San Javier (Esmeraldas), and Archidona (spec, examined). Pachyrhamphus albogriseus salvini (not of RICHMOND?) CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 543, 1926 — Mindo, Chongoncito, Daule, Guayaquil, Puna Island, Punta Santa Ana, Zamora, below Oyacachi, and below San Jose', Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru (Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, prov. Tumbez).1 *Pachyramphus albogriseus salvini Richmond.3 SALVIN'S BECARD. Pachyrhamphus similis (not of CHERRIE, 1891) SALVIN, Nov. Zool., a, p. 13, J895 — part, Chusgon (type), Vina, SucCha, and Malca (Huamachuco), dept. Cajamarca, Peru. Pachyrhamphus salvini RICHMOND, Auk, 16, p. 186, 1899 — new name for Pachyrhamphus similis SALVIN, preoccupied. Pachyrhamphus albogriseus salvini HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 92, 1912 — northern Peru (crit., char.). Pachyrhamphus albogriseus (not of SCLATER) TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 236 — Tambillo and Guajango; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 203 — Callacate; idem, Orn. P£r., 2, p. 361, 1884 — part, Tambillo, Guajango, Callacate. 'The male brought back by Goodfellow, now in the Tring Museum, is wrongly labeled "Archidona, Ecuador, April, 1899." It is one of O. T. Baron's skins of P. a. salvini from northern Peru, as its unmistakable "make" clearly shows. 2Owing to lack of sufficient material, I am unable to determine to what form birds from Ecuador should be referred. A single adult male from Chimbo is much like P. a. ornatus, but smaller, with shorter white tips to the rectrices, and lacks the black loral spot; while a female from San Javier, prov. Esmeraldas, differs only by its smaller dimensions. In size of bill, both these specimens are inter- mediate between P. a. ornatus and P. a. salvini. Chapman refers the Ecuadorian form to P. a. salvini, but apparently had no Peruvian material for comparison. In opposition to his statement, the San Javier female has the throat yellow, not white. Wing (male) 68, (female) 65; tail 51, (female) 54; bill 13. 3 Pachyramphus albogriseus salvini RICHMOND: Much like P. a. ornatus, but apical spots of median upper wing coverts much smaller, and bill shorter as well as slenderer; back of adult female somewhat duller, more of a grayish olive tone. Wing 73-75, (female) 69-72; tail 57-63, (female) 55-60; bill 10^-12. Material examined. — Peru: Vina, Huamachuco 4; Chusgon i; Malca 2; Poco Tambo i; Guajango I. IQ29- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 191 Range : Northern Peru, in depts. of Cajamarca and San Martin (Chusgon, Vina, Succha, and Malca, near Huamachuco; Poco Tambo, east of Uchco; Tambillo; Callacate; Guajango, Rio Maran6n). i : Peru (Poco Tambo, east of Uchco i). *Pachyramphus major australis Miller and Griscom.1 NICARAGUAN BECARD. Pachyrhamphus major australis MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., I59. P- 3. J925 — San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua. Pachyrhamphus major (not of CABANIS) SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1860, p. 36 — Coban, Guatemala; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 346, 1888 — part, spec, i-q, Choctum, Coban, Vera Paz, Medio Monte, Calderas, and Duenas, Guatemala; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 127, 1890 — part, Guatemala. Pachyrhamphus major major RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 833, 1907 — part, Guatemala. Range: Guatemala, Honduras, and eastern Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte; Arenal district, Matagalpa). 3: Guatemala (Pet6n i, unspecified 2). Pachyramphus major2 major (Cabanis). MEXICAN BECARD. Bathmidurus major CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 246, 1847 — Xalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Heine Collection; descr. of female); BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., 9, p. 165, 1858 — Boquillo, Nuevo Leon; idem, Birds N. America, p. 166, pi. 47, fig. 2 (female), 1860 — Boquillo; idem, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, Part 2, p. 7, pi. 19, fig. 2, 1859 — Boquillo; CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 89, 1859 — Jalapa; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — Vera Cruz. Pachyrhamphus marginatus major KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 48, Oct., 1852 (diag.). 1 Pachyramphus major australis MILLER and GRISCOM: "Resembling typical P. m. major (CABANIS) of eastern Mexico, but adult male with interscapular region with much less black, and slightly paler below, in these respects inter- mediate between typical major and P. m. itzensis of Yucatan; female much darker than in major, cinnamon-rufous above rather than light buff-tawny, the yellow tinge beneath more marked; size slightly smaller than major, larger than itzensis." (MILLER and GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 159, p. 3, 1925). In the absence of typical major from eastern Mexico I cannot add anything to this description. An adult female from Volcdn de Puca, Honduras, collected by E. Wittkugel on March 7, 1889, 1 found to be identical with others from Guate- mala. 1 Pachyramphus major is possibly conspecific with P. albogriseus. In view of the very differently colored female, however, it does not seem desirable to reduce its rank, until we acquire a better knowledge of its range in Nicaragua, where it is expected to meet P. albogriseus ornatus. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pachyrhamphus marginatus (?) (not Todus marginatus LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 298, 1856 — Cordova, Vera Cruz. Pachyrhamphus major SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 78, 1857 — Jalapa, Mexico (descr. of male and female); idem, I.e., p. 204, 1857 — Jalapa; idem, I.e., 26, p. 97, 1858 — southern Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, p. 366, 1859 — Jalapa; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 176 — near Mexico City; idem, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 346, 1888 — part, spec, a-f, near Mexico City and Jalapa, Mexico; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 127, 1890 — part, Mexico City, Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Jalapa, and Huatusco, Mexico; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 10, p. 32, 1898 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz. Pachyrhamphus major major RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 833, 1907 — part, eastern Mexico (monog.); BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 478, 1927 — Presidio, Vera Cruz. Range: Eastern Mexico, in states of Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, and Oaxaca. Pachyramphus major uropygialis Nelson. SINALOA BECARD. Pachyrhamphus major uropygialis NELSON, Auk, 16, p. 28, 1899 — Plomosas, Sinaloa; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 836, 1907 — western Mexico (monog.). Pachyrhamphus major (not of CABANIS) SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 2, p. 127, 1890 — part, Amula, Guerrero. Range: Western Mexico, in states of Sinaloa (Plomosas) and Guerrero (Amula). *Pachyramphus major itzensis Nelson. YUCATAN BECARD. Pachyrhamphus major itzensis NELSON, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 173, 1901 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; COLE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 134, 1906 — Chichen-Itza; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 836, 1907 — Yucatan (monog.); BANGS and PECK, Proc. Biol Soc. Wash., 21, p. 44, 1908 — Toledo District, British Honduras (crit.); GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 15, 1926 — Chunyaxche, Quintana Roo. Pachyrhamphus major (not of CABANIS) BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 449 — Izalam, Tizimm, and Rio Lagartos, Yucatan; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 346, 1888 — part, spec, g, h, northern Yucatan; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 127, 1890 — part, Peto and Buctzotz, Yucatan. Range: Yucatan (Chichen-Itza; Calatmul; Izalam; Tizimm; Rio Lagartos; Peto; Buctzotz), Quintana Roo (Chunyaxche), and British Honduras (Toledo District). i: Yucatan (Izalam i). 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 193 Genus PLATYPSARIS Sclater.1 Platypsaris SCLATER,* P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 72, 1857 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 333, 1888) Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE. Pachyrhamphus (not of CABANIS, 1847) KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 45, Oct., 1852 — for Lanius validus LIGHT. [ = Tityra rufa VIEILLOT ], Pachyrhamphus nigrescens CAB., Pachyrhynchus pectoralis SWAINSON [=Querula minor LESSON], and Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE; no genotype specified. Hadrostomus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 84, 1859 — new name for Pachyrhamphus KAUP; type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 333, 1888) Tityra atricapilla VIEILLOT = Tityra rufa VIEILLOT. *Platypsaris rufus rufus (Vieillot). CRESTED BECARD. Tityra rufa VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 3, p. 347, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 208, Paraguay; =female. Tityra atricapilla VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 3, p. 347, 1816 — based on Azara, No. 209, Paraguay; = immature male. Lanius validus LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 50, 1823 — Sao Paulo (descr. of adult and immature male). Pachyrhynchus cinerascens SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 34, pi. 46, fig. i, 1825 — no locality stated (type lost ;= immature male). Psaris cristatus SWAINSON, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 7, p. 355, Oct., 1825 — southern part of Brazil (=adult male); idem, Zool. Illust., (2nd ser.), i, Part 9, pi. 41, 1830 — "from the mining provinces of Brazil" (=adult male). Tityra pileata JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Ornith., i, Part 2, pi. 17, June, 1827 — South America (= adult female). Psaris strigatus SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 287, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (descr. of young male). Pachyrynchus megacephalus SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 287, Dec., 1837 — Brazil (descr. of immature male). Psaris atricapillus LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 42, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Psaris roseicollis D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Amer. M6rid., Ois., p. 302, 1839 — part, descr. of "young male," Chiquitos, Bolivia. Psaris affinis LESSON, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 354, 1840 — Brazil (descr. of male). Psaris validus KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 (crit.). Pachyrhamphus validus CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 240, 1847 — Brazil (synonymy); BURMEISTER, Syst. tJbers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 455, 1856 'This genus is barely separable from Pachyramphus GRAY. 1 Platypsaris BONAPARTE (Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), Zool., i, p. 134, 1854) is a nomen nudum. GRAY (Cat. Gen. Subgen. Birds, p. 146, 1855) quotes for "Platyp- saris BP. 1854" as tyPe "P saris latirostris? PR. B.," but the question mark makes it doubtful whether this action constitutes a valid designation under the rules. 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. — Sete Lag6as, Minas Geraes; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 72, 1857 — Sao Paulo (monog.). " Pachyramphus validus seu leucoptilon (LiCHT.)" (sic) DES MURS in CASTEL- NAU, Exp6d. Ame>. Sud, Ois., p. 54, 1856 — Brazil (descr. of female). Hadrostomus atricapillus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 84, 1859 — Brazil (synonymy); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — part, Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, Taipa, Mattodentro, Goyaba, Ypanemd (Sao Paulo), Curytiba and Castro (Parana), Rio dos Piloens, Goyaz (spec, examined); BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 13, 1887 — Lambare', Paraguay; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 333, 1888 — Bahia and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," Brazil; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. n, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 211, 1899 — Piquete and Iguape", Sao Paulo; REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 70, 1910; p. 153, 1925 — Pedrinha, Piauhy. Hadrostomus rufus HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3* p. 669, 1906 (crit.); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 306, 1907 — Piquete, Iguap6, Ubatuba, Barretos, and Itapira (Sao Paulo), Bahia, and Rio Doce, Espirito Santo; LILLO, Apunt. Hist. Nat., i, p. 42, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa Fe"; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 602 — Sapucay, Paraguay. Hadrostomus rufa rufa HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 204, 1909 — Ocampo and Mocovi, Santa Fe\ Platypsaris rufus DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 310, 1910 — Ocampo and Mocovi; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 348, 1914 — same localities. Platypsaris atricapillus GRANT, Ibis, 1911, p. 125 — Cabo Emma, Paraguay. Platypsaris rufus rufus DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 320, 1912 — San Rafael, Paraguay; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 15. I925 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (crit.); SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 180, 1926 — Marechal Mallet and Rio Claro, Parana; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 339, 1929 — Ibiapaba and Deserto, Piauhy and Jua, Ceard. Range: Campo region of Brazil, from Santa Catharina, Parand, and Matto Grosso north to Ceara and Piauhy, and adjacent sections of Paraguay, Argentina (prov. of Santa Fe"), and eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos).1 *I cannot make out Hadrostomus atricapillus surinamensis PENARD and PENARD (Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 152, 1910 — Surinam) which, the authors state, is apparently identical with the Brazilian bird. The only species seen from the Guianas is the pink-chested P. minor, and I strongly doubt the occurrence of P. r. rufus in Surinam. A single adult male from Chiquitos, Bolivia agrees with others from Brazil. Material examined. — Piauhy: Deserto 3, Ibiapaba 5, Pedrinha, near Parna- gua i. — Ceara: Jua, near Iguatu i. — Bahia 3. — Goyaz: Rio dos Piloens i, Ama- roleite 2. — Rio de Janeiro: Sapitiba i, Rio i. — Sao Paulo: Iguape" 2, Mattodentro 2, Ipanema 2, Goyaba i, Taipa i. — Parana: Castro i, Curityba 3. — Bolivia: Chiquitos I. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 195 10 : Brazil (Bahia i; Jua, near Iguatii, Ceara i; Deserto, Piauhy 3 ; Ibiapaba, Piauhy 5). *Platypsaris rufus audax (Cabanis).1 BOLD BECARD. Hadrostomus audax CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 68, 1873 — Monterico, dept. Ayacucho, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, P- 54° — Monterico; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 356, 1884 — Monterico; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, p. 90, 1906 — Casinchihua, Urubamba, dept. Cuzco, Peru. Platypsaris atricapillus (not Tityra atricapilla VIEILLOT) LILLO, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 188, 1902 — Tucuman, Tafi Viejo, and La Hoyada, Argentina; BAER, Ornis, 12, p. 221, 1904 — La Criolla, Tucu- man. Hadrostomus rufus audax HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 205, 1909 — La Hoyada and Las Cuchillas, Tucuman, Argentina. Platypsaris audax LILLO, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 51, 1905 — Tucuman, Tafi Viejo, and La Hoyada; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 310, 1910 — La Hoyada; CHAPMAN, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 117, p. 99, 1921 — midway between Torontoy and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru. Hadrostomus rufus audax GIACOMELLI, El Hornero, 3, p. 72, 1923 — Santa Cruz, Rio Saladillo, La Rioja. Range: Tropical Zone of southern Peru (Monterico, dept. Ayacucho; Casinchihua and between Torontoy and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, dept. Cuzco), central Bolivia (Samaipata, western Santa Cruz), and northwestern Argentina (in prov. of Salta Tucuman, and La Rioja). i: Argentina (Las Cuchillas, Tucuman i). *Platypsaris homochrous2 homochrous (Sclater). ONE-COLORED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus homochrous SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 142, 1859 — Palla- tanga, Ecuador (descr. of male and female); idem, I.e., 28, p. 279, 1860 — 1 Platypsaris rufus audax (CABANIS): Adult male similar to P. r. rufus, but back much darker, blackish rather than sooty gray, without any buffy tinge on rump and tail coverts; under parts dingy grayish instead of deep buff, only the under tail coverts slightly washed with dull buffy; axillars and under wing coverts much paler, buffy grayish rather than deep buff, approaching ochraceous buff; female not distinguishable from that of its Brazilian ally. Wing 98-104, (female) 96-98; tail 67-75. Specimens from Samaipata, Bolivia, agree with a series from western Argen- tina. No Peruvian material is available for comparison. Material examined. — Argentina, prov. Tucuman: Las Cuchillas 3, La Hoyada 2, Tucuman 2; Rio Bermejo, Salta i. — Bolivia: Samaipata, alt. 1500 meters, 4. ^Platypsaris homochrous is of doubtful affinity. The adult male has a very short, narrow second primary, while the female may be recognized from every other species by having the whole pileum tawny rufous like the back. 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Babahoyo; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 473, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 362 — Panama Railroad (ex LAWRENCE). Hadrostomus homochrous SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 240, 1862 — Pallatanga and Babahoyo, Ecuador; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1877, p. 326 — Lechugal, Tumbez, Peru; (?) SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 517, pi. 42, fig. 12 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia (nest and eggs de- scribed);1 TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, I.e., 1885, p. 93 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 357, 1884 — Lechugal, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 334, pi. 24, 1888 — part, spec. a-l,n, Pallatanga, Babahoyo, Santa Rita, "Monji," Balzar, "Sarayacu," Lechu- gal, Panama; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Chimbo, Ecuador; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Rfo Peripa and Vinces, Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Santo Domingo and Guanacillo, Ecuador. Platypsaris homochrous RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 859, 1907 — part, (?) eastern Panama, (?) Remedies (Antioquia), western Ecuador, and Lechugal, northern Peru (monog.); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S. Lond., 1911, p. 1143 — N6vita, Condoto, and Tad6, Pacific Colombia. Platypsaris homochrous homochrous CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 490, 1917 — N6vita, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 540, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Manavi, Daule, Duran, Bucay, Santa Rosa, Zaruma, and Alamor, western Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of (?) eastern Panama (Railroad line), western Colombia, and western Ecuador south to extreme north- western Peru (Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, dept. Tumbez).2 2: Ecuador (Pambilar, prov. Esmeraldas i; Milagro, prov. Guayas i). Platypsaris homochrous canescens Chapman.3 SANTA MARTA ONE- COLORED BECARD. Platypsaris homochrous canescens CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 31, p. 155, 1912 — "Cagualito" = Cacagualito, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia; JThis reference may pertain to P. h. canescens. 'Specimens from Pacific Colombia are identical with others from Ecuador. No material from Panama is available. According to CHAPMAN (Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 31, p. 155, 1912), a single adult male examined by him probably represents a separate race. Material examined. — Ecuador: Vinces 2; Chimbo 2; Milagro i; Pambflar, Esmeraldas 3; Yaguachi i. — Colombia: Potedo, Choc6 2; Andagoya, Choc6 2; Quibd6, Rfo Atrato 3; N6vita 3; Condoto i; Tad6 i; Murindo, Antioquia I. 3 Platypsaris homochrous canescens CHAPMAN: Similar to P. h. homochrous, but adult male decidedly paler gray underneath, and the back slate gray, contrasting with the black of the pileum. Wing 85-88; tail 62-64. Two males from Jaraquiel, dept. Bolivar, are somewhat darker above, thereby approaching certain worn specimens of typical homochrous. Material examined. — Fundaci6n 5 ; Cacagualito I ; Mamatoco 2 ; Dibulla I ; Don Diego 2; Calamar, lower Magdalena 2; Gamarra, Magdalena i; Jaraquiel, Bolivar 3. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 197 TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 324, 1922 — Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Fundaci6n, Don Diego, and Dibulla, Santa Marta region (spec, examined). Hadrostomus homochrous SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 334, 1888 — part, spec, m, Santa Marta; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 154, 1900 — Cacagualito and Bonda. Platypsaris homochrous RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 859, 1907 — part, Santa Marta, Bonda, and Cacagualito. Range: Northern Colombia, in depts. of Magdalena (Gamarra, Rio Magdalena; Santa Marta district) and Bolivar (Calamar, Rio Magdalena; Jaraquiel).1 Platypsaris minor (Lesson). LESSER BECARD. Querula minor LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 363, end of 1830 — Cayenne (descr. of immature male); PUCHERAN, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 7, livr. 3, p. 366, 1855 (crit.). Psaris roseicollis LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 42, 1837 — Guarayos and Yuracares, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined ;= adult male); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage AmeY. Me'rid., Ois., p. 302, 1839 — part, descr. of adult male, Yuracares and Guarayos; JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Orn., n. ser., Part 5, pi. 28 (=adult male), March, 1839 — locality unknown. Pachyrynchus pcctoralis SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 288, Dec., 1837 — Cayenne (descr. of immature male). Pachyramphus atricilloldes DES MURS in CASTELNAU, Expe"d. Ame>. Sud, Ois., p. 55, in text, June, 1856 — Cavallo-Coche, Peru (descr. of female). Pachyrhamphus minor CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 241, 1847 — part, Bolivia. Psaris perforates KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 (diag.). Pachyrhamphus pcctoralis SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 18, 1857 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 25, p. 73, 1857 — Cayenne and Bogota (crit.). Pachyrhamphus roseicollis SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 73, 1857 — Bolivia (crit.). Hadrostomus roseicollis CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., a, p. 85, 1859 — Bolivia (ex D'ORBIGNY). Hadrostomus minor CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 85, 1859 — Cay- enne and Colombia; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 190 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 579 — Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., *Two specimens from western Venezuela (state of Zulia) in Field Museum cannot properly be referred to any known form. The adult male, taken by H. T. Raven on October 20, 1910, at Catatumbo, is very nearly as dark above as P. h. homochrous from the Pacific coast, while the under parts are even a shade deeper gray. An immature male (with rufous wings and tail), secured by W. H. Osgood and H. B. Cpnover on March i, 1920, on the Rfo Cogollo, eastern base of the Sierra de Perija, however, can be closely matched by a specimen (in correspond- ing plumage) of P. h. canescens from Mamatoco, Santa Marta. Additional material is required to establish the status of the Venezuelan race. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. a, p. 1 20, 1868 — Engenho do Cap. Gama, western Matto Grosso; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 284 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Yuracares and Guarayos, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 358, 1884 — Peruvian localities; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 302 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 337, 1888 — Cayenne, Camacusa, Bartica Grove, Para, Chamicuros, Iquitos, upper Ucayali, Samiria, Sarayacu (Ecuador), Bogota; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santarein; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Archidona, Ecua- dor; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 56, 1902 — Suapure, Caura, Venezuela; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 307, 1907 — range; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 51, 1907 — Teffe\ Rio Soli- moes; idem, I.e., 17, p. 313, 1910 — Calama and Las Oncas, Manicore, Rio Madeira; BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, p. 140, 1908 — Cayenne; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 290, 1907 — Para; idem, I.e., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Cachoeira, Bom Lugar, and Ponto Alegre, Rio Purus; idem, I.e., p. 529, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 152, 1910 — Surinam. Hadrostomus atricapillus (not Tityra atricapilla VIEILLOT) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — part, Para (spec, examined); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 290, 1907 — Para (one female). Platypsaris rufus (not Tityra rufa VIEILLOT) HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Para (crit.). Platypsaris minor HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 33, 90, 1912 — Ipitinga and Para, Para; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 349, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Peixe-Boi, Rio Tocantins (Baiao, Arumatheua), Rio Tapaj6z (Villa Braga, Pimental), Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar, and Ponto Alegre) ; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 251, 1916 — Caura River, Venezuela; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 93, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 490, 1917 — La Morelia and Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 70, 1918 — Lelydorp, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 269, 1921 — various localities; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 16, 1925 — Guarayos, Bolivia (note on d'Orbigny's type); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 540, 1926 — Rio Suno, Ecuador; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 63, 1926 — Tury- assii, Maranhao; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Para. Range: The whole Guianan-Amazonian forest region from northern Maranhao (Tury-assii), the estuary of the Amazon, and French Guiana west to the eastern slope of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, south to northern Bolivia (Yuracares ; Guarayos ; Rio Yapacani and Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz) and western Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore").1 1There is no racial variation in this widespread species, except that males from south of the Amazon are on the average rather paler, more grayish. Females exhibit a wide amount of individual variation in color. The extremes are repre- sented by a specimen from Para (Carnegie Museum, No. 44093) with mainly 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 199 *Platypsaris aglaiae aglaiae (Lafresnaye) . ROSE-THROATED BECARD. Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAVE, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 98, 1839 — Mexico.1 Platypsaris affinis (not Psaris affinis LESSON) ELLIOT, Ibis, i, p. 394, pi. 13, 1859 — Mexico; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 366, 1859 — Jalapa (crit.). Pachyrhamphus minor (not Querula minor LESSON) CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., I3» (i). P- 24*i J847 — part, descr. of female, Valle-Real, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Pachyrhamphus aglaiae SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 74, 1857 — part, Jalapa (monog.); idem, I.e., 27, p. 366, 1859 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz (crit.); BAIRD, Rep. Pacific R.R. Surv., 9, p. 164, 1858 — San Diego, Nuevo Leon; idem, Birds N. America, p. 164, pi. 47, fig. I, 1860 — San Diego. Platypsaris aglaiae SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — part, alpine region of Vera Cruz; RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 18, p. 629, 1896 — Altamira, Tamaulipas; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 10, p. 31, 1898 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz (habits, nest descr.); NELSON, North American Fauna, 14, p. 47, 1899 — range (part). Hadrostomus aglaiae (?) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 176 — city of Mexico; FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 9, p. 156, 1886 — part, Rancho del Ahuehuete, Puebla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X4f P- 335. J888 — part, spec, c-e, Jalapa; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, localities from eastern Mexico. Platypsaris aglaiae aglaiae RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 850, 1907 — northeastern Mexico, from Nuevo Leon, northern and western Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi to highlands of Vera Cruz and Puebla (monog., full bibliography); PHILLIPS, Auk, 28, p. 78, 1911 — Galindo, Rio Santa, Altamira, Rio Martinez, Santa Leonor, and Rio Cruz, Tamau- lipas. Range: Northeastern Mexico, from states of Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi to highlands of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and (?) Mexico (Mexico City). 9: Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosi 3; Tampico, Tamaulipas 5; Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz i). olive gray back, and another from Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rio Solimoes (Carnegie Museum, No. 95754), which closely approaches the rufous-backed female of P. r. rufus. The lower mandible is either blackish, yellowish, or parti-colored. I am now inclined to regard the two young birds obtained by Natterer near Para, formerly referred to P. rufus, as individual variants of the present species, their dimensions (wing 87, 91; tail 63, 70) being too small for the southern bird. Material examined. — French Guiana: Tamanoir 8; Pied Saut, Oyapock i. — Venezuela: San Pedro, Caura River I. — Colombia: Bogotd 2. — Brazil: Cayari, Uassa Swamp, northern Pard i ; upper Rocana, northern Pard I ; Oucoupi Island, Uassa Swamp i; Pard 3; Ipitinga, Rio Acard i; Santar^m 2; Colonia do Mojuy, Santar6m 7; Villa Braga, Rio Tapaj6z i; Obidos 2; Calama, Rio Madeira 2; Manicor6, Rio Madeira i; Hyutanahan, Rio Punis 4; Nova Olinda, Rio Punis i; Arima, Rio Purus 3; Sao Paulo de Olivenca, Rip SolimSes 4; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes 2. — Peru: Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali I. — Bolivia: Guarayos i; Rio Yapa- cani 2; Buenavista I. according to Nelson (North American Fauna, 14, p. 47, 1899), from vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti Nelson. SUMICHRAST'S BECARD. Platypsaris aglaiae sumichrasti NELSON, Auk, 14, p. 52, 1897 — Otatitlan, Tlacotalpan, southern Vera Cruz; idem, North American Fauna, 14, p. 47, 1899 — humid lowlands of Vera Cruz and thence to Guatemala; RIDG- WAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 852, 1907 — part,1 lowlands of Vera Cruz through Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas to Guatemala and British Honduras (monog.); DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 100, 1907 — Mazatenango and Patulul, Guatemala; PETERS, Auk, 30, p. 375, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 398, 1928 — Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Pachyrhamphus aglaiae (not of LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 297. J856 — C6rdova, Vera Cruz (descr., crit.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 74, 1857 — part, descr. and hab. C6rdova; idem and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 124 — Cajab6n, Guatemala; OWEN, I.e., 1861, p. 64, pi. 2, fig. 4 — Choacus, Guatemala (nest and egg descr.). Platypsaris aglaiae SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 385, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Rfo Tesechoacan, southern Vera Cruz; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — part, hot and temperate regions of Vera Cruz. Hadrostomus aglaiae ELLIOT, Ibis, 1859, p. 394 (crit.); FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 9, p. 156, 1886 — part, Oaxaca; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — part, spec, f-h, n-b', Tonala (Chiapas), Cacoprieto (Oaxaca), Choctum, Vera Paz, Retalhuleu, Chisec, and Volcan de Fuego (Guatemala); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, localities in southern Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Guatemala. Hadrostomus albiventris (not of LAWRENCE) LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 16, p. 221, 1899 — Naranj6, Guatemala. Range: Southeastern Mexico, from southern Vera Cruz (Tlaco- talpan; Otatitlan; Cordoba; Playa Vicente, etc.) through Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas to British Honduras, Guatemala, and Sal- vador (Lake Guja; Hacienda Zapotitan).2 6: Guatemala (Mazatenango i; Patulul, Solola 5). Platypsaris aglaiae hypophaeus Ridgway. GRAY-THROATED BECARD. Platypsaris aglaiae hypophaeus RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 467, Oct. 26, 1891 — San Pedro Sula, Honduras; idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 854, 1907 — Honduras to Costa Rica, and (?) southeastern Guatemala (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 664, 1910 — El Hogar, Caribbean Costa Rica. Platypsaris aglaiae obscurus RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 474, Oct. 31, 1891 — Jimenez, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 16, p. 612, 1893 — Jimenez Specimens from southern Tamaulipas (Tampico; Altamira), referred here by R. Ridgway, appear to me inseparable from P. a. aglaiae, the males being much paler, the females much less rufous throughout than Guatemalan skins which I take to represent sumichrasti. 2Fide VAN ROSSEM (in litt.). 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 201 (crit.); BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras (crit.)- Hadrostomus aglaiae (not Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 837 — Honduras; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — part, Honduras; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, San Pedro, Honduras. Platypsaris aglaiae CHERRIE, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 535, 1891 — Jimenez, Costa Rica. Range: Atlantic slope of Honduras (San Pedro Sula; Santa Ana; Ceiba), Nicaragua, and extreme northeastern Costa Rica (Jime'nez; El Hogar). 'Platypsaris aglaiae latirostris (Bonaparte). BROAD-BILLED BECARD. Pachyrhamphus latirostris BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci., 38, p. 658, 1854 — Nicaragua; idem, Not. Coll. Ornith. Delattre, p. 87, 1854 — Nicara- gua; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 74, 1857 — Nicaragua (monog.). Hadrostomus aglaiae (not Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE) CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 252, 1861 — Lepanto, Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica; LAW- RENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 116, 1868 — Costa Rica (ex Cab- anis); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — part, spec, c'-e', Nicaragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Hadrostomus homochrous? (not of SCLATER) RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 5. P- 397. *882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Hydrostomus (typog. error) latirostris RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, p. 393, 1884 — Ometepe, Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua (crit.). Platypsaris latirostris RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, pp. 468, 469, 474, in text, 1891 — Ometepe, Nicaragua and La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Platypsaris aglaiae latirostris RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, pp. 468, 469, 1891 — Ometepe, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 16, p. 612, in text, 1893 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 855, 1907 — Pacific slope of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Salvador (monog.); BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 32, 1909 — Bolson, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 664, 1910 — Bolson, Costa Rica. Range: Pacific slope of Salvador (west to Salvador City), Nicaragua (Ometepe; San Ger6nimo, Chinandega), and Costa Rica (Bolson; La Palma de Nicoya and Lepanto, Gulf of Nicoya). 5: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega 5). *Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris (Lawrence). XANTUS'S BECARD. Hadrostomus albiventris LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 475, 1867 — Plains of Colima, Colima, Mexico; idem, Mem. Bost. Soc. N.H., 2, p. 289, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and plains of Colima; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — Presidio, Sinaloa. 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. (?) Pachyrhamphus aglaiae (not of LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 74, 1857 — part, Coahuila. Hadrostomus aglaiae LAWRENCE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 4, p. 28, 1876 — Don- dominguillo, Oaxaca; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, localities in Sonora, Jalisco, Colima, and Guerrero. Platypsaris albiventris PRICE, Auk, 5, p. 425, 1888 — Huachuca Mts., Ari- zona; JOUY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 783, 1893 — Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 21, p. 356, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa; SWARTH, Pacific Coast Avif., 4, p. 20, 1904 — Huachuca Mts., Arizona. Platypsaris aglaiae albiventris RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 469, 1891 — western Mexico; NELSON, North Amer. Faun., 14, p. 57, 1899 — west coast of Mexico from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Arizona; RIDG- WAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 856, 1907 — Pacific slope of Mex- ico, northward into southern Arizona; SWARTH, Pacific Coast Avif., 10, p. 40, 1914 — Huachuca Mts., Arizona. Range: Pacific slope of Mexico, in states of Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Colima, Guerrero, and Oaxaca (Dondominguillo), and Nayarit (Tepic), northward into southern Arizona (Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains), eastward (?) to Coahuila and Nuevo Le6n (Cerro de la Silla). 1 1 : Mexico (Chihuahua i ; Presidio, near Mazatldn, Sinaloa i ; Tuxpam, Jalisco 6; Colima 3). Platypsaris aglaiae insularis Ridgway. TRES MARIAS BECARD. Platypsaris insularis RIDGWAY, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 325, 1887 — Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico. Hadrostomus aglaiae var. affinis GRAYSON, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 14, p. 279, 1871 — Tres Marias Islands; LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., 2, p. 289, 1874 — Tres Marias. Hadrostomus aglaiae (not Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE) SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890 — part, Tres Marias Islands. Platypsaris aglaiae insularis RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 14, p. 469, 1891 — Tres Marias; NELSON, North Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 47, 1899 — Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 857, 1907 — Tres Marias Islands (monog.). Range: Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico. *Platypsaris aglaiae yucatanensis Ridgway. YUCATAN BECARD. Platypsaris aglaiae yucatanensis RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. ,19, p. 120, 1906 — Yucatan; idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 858, 1907 — Yucatan (monog.); GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 233, p. 15, 1926 — Vigia Chica and Xcaret, Yucatan. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 203 Hadrostomus aglaiae (not Pachyrhynchus aglaiae LAFRESNAYE) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 204, 1869 — Merida, Yucatan; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 449 — Menda, Izamal, and Tizimin, Yucatan (habits); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — part, spec, i-k, Tizimfn, MeYida, Yucatan; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 121, 1890 — part, M£rida, Buctzotz, Peto, and Tizimin, Yucatan. Tityra aglaiae NEHRKORN, Journ. Orn., 29, p. 67, 1881 — Yucatan (descr. of eggs). Platypsaris aglaiae COLE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 134, 1906 — Chichen- Itza, Yucatan. Range: Yucatdn, eastern Mexico.1 4: Yucatdn (San Felipe i; Rio Lagarto i; unspecified 2). *Platypsaris niger (Gmelin). JAMAICAN BECARD. Lanius niger GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (i), p. 301, 1788 — based on "Black Shrike" LATHAM, Gen. Syn. Birds, i, (i), p. 187, 1781, Jamaica (descr. of male). Pachyrhynchus aterrimus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 320, 1846 — Jamaica (descr. of male). Tityra leuconotus GRAY (and MITCHELL), Genera Birds, i, pi. 63, (male, female), 1846 — Jamaica; GOSSE, Birds Jamaica, p. 187, 1847 — Jamaica (habits). Pachyrhamphus nigrescens CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 241, 1847 — Jamaica (descr. of male and female). Psaris nigrescens KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 (diag.). Pachyrhamphus niger SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 72, 1857 — Jamaica (mon- og.)- Platypsaris nigra SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1861, p. 77 — Jamaica; ALBRECHT, Journ. Orn., 10, p. 199, 1862 — Jamaica. Hadrostomus niger MARCH, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 290 — Jamaica; CORY, Auk, 3, p. 337, 1886 — Jamaica (descr.); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 334, 1888 — Spanishtown, Jamaica; CORY, Birds W. Ind., p. 132, 1889 — Jamaica (descr.); SCOTT, Auk, 10, p. 177, 1893 — Jamaica, above 3000 feet. Platypsaris niger RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 849, 1907 — Jamaica (monog.). Range: Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 2: Jamaica (Trelawney i, unspecified i). 1Birds from Holbox and Cozumel Islands, recorded as Hadrostomus aglaiae by SALVIN (Ibis, 1885, p. 191 — Cozumel; I.e., 1889, p. 364 — Holbox and Cozumel), SCLATER (Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 335, 1888 — spec. 1, m), and SALVIN and GOD- MAN (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 121, 1890) probably belong likewise here. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Genus TITYRA Vieillot.' Tiiyra VIEILLOT, Analyse Nouv. Orn. fil6m., p. 39, April, 1816 — type by monotypy "Be'carde" BUFFON = Lanius cayanus LINNAEUS. Psaris CUVIER, Regne Anim., i, p. 340, Dec., 1816 — type by monotypy Lanius cayanus LINNAEUS. Pachyrhynchus WAGLER in HAHN, V6gel aus Asien, Afrika, etc., livr. 13, pi. 6, 1822 — type by monotypy Pachyrhynchus melanocephalus WAGLER = Lanius cayanus LINNAEUS. Erator KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 47, Oct., 1852 — type by subs. desig. (GRAY, 1855, p. 51) Lanius inquisitor LICHTENSTEIN. Exetastes CABANIS and HEINE,* Mus. Hein., 2, p. 83, 1859 — new name for Erator KAUP. *Tityra cayana cayana (Linnaeus). CAYENNE TITYRA. Lanius cayanus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., I2th ed., i, p. 137, 1766 — based on "La Pie-griesche grise de Cayenne" BRISSON, Orn., 2, p. 158, pi. 14, fig. i (=male), 1760, Cayenne. Lanius naevius GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (i), p. 304, 1788 — based on DAUBEN- TON, PI. Enl. 377 (=female), Cayenne. Pachyrhynchus melanocephalus WAGLER in HAHN, Vogel aus Asien, Africa, etc., livr. 13, pi. 6 (=female), 1822 — Brazil. Tityra cinerea VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., a, livr. 93, p. 859, 1823 — based on BRISSON'S "La Pie-griesche grise" and DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 304, fig. i (=male), and 377 ( = female), Cayenne; VIEILLOT (et OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 217, pi. 134 ( = male), 1824 — Cayenne. Psaris virgata (H. SMITH MS.) J. E. GRAY in GRIFFITH, Animal Kingdom, 6, plate facing p. 488 (=female), 1829 — no locality given. Psaris cayanensis SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, 2, p. 255, July, 1837 — based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 377, Cayenne. Psaris guianensis SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec., 1837 — interior of Guiana. Pachyrhynchus cajanus SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 32, pi. 44, fig. I (=male), 1825 — part, descr. of male. Psaris cayanus LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 41, 1837 — Guarayos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Am6r. M6rid., Ois., p. 301, 1839 — Guarayos (descr. of male); KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 — diag. Tityra cayana CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 238, 1847 (synonymy); idem in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 697, 1848 — British Guiana (habits); BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 150, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 25, p. 69, 1857 — Cayenne, British Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela (Cumana), Bogota (monog.); idem, I.e., p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarrf; LEO- TAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 239, 1866 — Trinidad; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. *I do not see any practical advantage in subdividing this well-defined group. *Exetastus BONAPARTE (Ann. Sci. Nat., 4th ser., Zool., i, p. 134, 1854) is a nomen nudum. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 205 Lond., 1867, p. 578 — Pard; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 168 — Pilar, Bermudez, Venezuela; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Borba, Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos ], Barcellos, Forte do Rio Branco, and Para, Brazil (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 284 — Santa Cruz and Rio Javarrf, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Guarayos, Bolivia (ex D'ORBIGNY); TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 354, 1884 — Santa Cruz and Rio Javarrf, Peru; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 301 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Merume' Mts., and Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 328, 1888 — Cayenne, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima, Para, Rio Ucayali, Iquitos, Sarayacu (Ecuador), Bogota, Pilar (Venezuela), Trinidad; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santar£m; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 4, p. 55, 1892 — El Pilar, Bermudez, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, I.e., 6, p. 46, 1894 — Princestown, Trini- dad; GOELDI, Ibis, 1897, pp. 154, 155, 161 — Counany and Amapa, n. Para; PHELPS, Auk, 14, p. 365, 1897 — San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, loxn, p. 709 — Rio Suno and Rio Coca, Upper Napo, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 55, 1902 — Maipures, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 435, 1905 — Rio Jurua; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 667, 1906 — part, excl. Retire, Matto Grosso (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 294, 1905 — Igarap£-assu, Para; idem, I.e., 13, p. 27, 1906 — Caparo, Trinidad; I.e., p. 364, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 17, p. 312, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 495, 1907 — French Guiana; IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 304, 1907 — Rio Jurua; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 139, 1908 — Roche-Marie, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 290, 1907 — Para, Amapd, Rio Mojii, Santo Antonio do Prata, and Monte Alegre; idem, I.e., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Rio Purus; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math-.phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 31, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi and Ipitinga (Pard localities); STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 205, 1913 — Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 347, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Benevides, Apehu, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Mojii, Rio Tocantins (Baiao), Rio Punis, Amapa, Monte Alegre, Rio Jamunda (Faro); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), a, p. 92, 1916 — Utinga, Para; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 251, 1916 — from Caicara to above the falls at Mai- pures, Orinoco River, Venezuela; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 488, 1917 — Florencia and Villavicencio, Colombia; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 70, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Lely- dorp, and Javaweg, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 267, 1921 — various localities; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 14, 1925 — Guarayos, Bolivia (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 538, 1926 — eastern Ecuador; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 168, 1928 — Pinheiro, Para. Tityra intermedia CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein,. 2, p. 81, 1859 — Para (type in Heine Collection examined; =immature female).1 JThe type which I have recently examined proves to be an immature female of T. c. cay ana. It is certainly misleading to compare it with T. semifasciata, for the coloration of the bill, particularly on the lower mandible, does not materially differ from certain other specimens from the Par£ region and French Guiana, with 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Tityra brasiliensis (not of SWAINSON) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Barra [ = Mandos] and Pard (spec, in Vienna Museum examined). Tityra braziliensis HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 667, 1906 — part, females Nos. 6, 7, Barra do Rio Negro and Pard; idem, I.e., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Pard. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Trinidad; Venezuela; eastern Colombia; eastern Ecuador; eastern Peru; northern Brazil, along the Amazon and its tributaries east to the Para District; eastern Bolivia.1 10 : Dutch Guiana (vicinity of Paramaribo i); British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River 2); Venezuela (Catatumbo River, Zulia 2); Colombia (Bogota i); Bolivia (Buenavista 3, Rio Palacios, near Buenavista i). which it also agrees in coloring and markings of the back and under parts. The head is molting, and while the pileum and auriculars are, for the greater part, still covered with the brownish black feathers of the juvenile plumage, whose whitish bases show through here and there, a number of newly growing feathers in the superciliary region are uniform glossy black as in the adult female. The alleged lesser amount of black in the malar region is due to the fact that the feathers, just emerging from the sheaths, are not fully grown. Measurements of the type: Wing 113; tail 73; bill 25. ^ince discussing the relationship of T. cayana and T. braziliensis (in Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 666-668, 1906), I not only have once more gone over the entire series in the Vienna Museum, but have also carefully studied a large amount of additional material with the result that the views, expressed in the paper referred to, must be thoroughly modified. In comparing series from the heart of the ranges of J*. cayana and T. braziliensis, the characters separating the two forms, viz., the markings of the bill and the coloration of the female, are found to be perfectly constant. All of the numerous adult females seen from the Guianas, Venezuela, and Trinidad have the top and sides of the head uniform black, the ground color of the upper parts clear gray (without any brownish tinge), and the ventral surface pure white, narrowly streaked with black on f oreneck and chest, while the bill, in both sexes, is reddish, tipped with black. This type of coloration also prevails in Amazonia, though at various places on the lower Ama- zon: at Pard, Santar^m, and Mandos — along with normally colored specimens — females with streaked head, brownish back, buffy, more heavily striped under parts, and mostly black bills are occasionally found, which cannot be distinguished from east- Brazilian females of T. braziliensis. In Bolivia, where its range adjoins that of the latter form, intergradation is likewise suggested. Seven adult males from Buenavista, dept. Santa Cruz, are typically cayana, while another male from the same locality (Field Museum, June 18, 1924. J. Steinbach, No. 13490), in coloring of bill, resembles braziliensis. Females from Buenavista have the bill of cayana, but differ from more northern examples by having the black hood less compact, the feathers being laterally slightly edged with grayish, the upper parts more buffy grayish, and the chest sometimes faintly shaded with buffy, thus displaying variation towards the characters of braziliensis. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogotd i; Palmar, Boyacd I. — Venezuela: Catatumbo River, Zulia 2; El Trompillo, Carabobo i; Sierra de Carabobo 2; Caura Valley 9; San Pedro, Caura River 2; El Llagual, Caura i; El Callap, dist. Yuruari 2; Yacua, Paria Peninsula i; near Cumand I. — Island of Trinidad: Caparo 10. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove 2 ; Demerara River 2. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo i. — French Guiana: Cayenne 4; Mana 5; Tamanoir, Mana River i; Pied Saut, Oyapock 8. — Brazil: Forte do Rio Branco i; Barcellos 2; Mandos 5; Obidos 6; Borba, Rio Madeira I ; Pard 4; Benevides, Pard I ; Marco da 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 207 *Tityra cayana braziliensis (Swainson). BRAZILIAN TITYRA. Psaris braziliensis SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec., 1837 — "northern Brazil" (descr. of male and female; female type in Cambridge (Eng.) Museum examined); KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 — diag.; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 457, 1856 — Nova Friburgo (Rio), Sao Paulo, and Santa Catharina. Psaris maximus KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 46, Oct., 1852 — no local- ity given (descr. of young). Pachyrhynchus cajanus (not Lanius cayanus LINNAEUS) SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 32, 1825 — part, descr. of female, Piauhy (spec, in Munich Museum examined). Tityra brasiliensis CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 239, 1847 — Brazil; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 70, 1857 — Brazil (Piauhy and Rio de Janeiro), "Corrientes," and Paraguay (excl. Bolivia); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Rio de Janeiro, Mattodentro, Butuhuni, Ypanema, and Itarare', Antonio Bias, and Irisanga (Sao Paulo), Curytiba, Parana, and Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 323 — Curvelo and Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 139, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 13, 1887 — Lambar£, Paraguay; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 329, 1888 — Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Engenho do Gama, SSo Paulo, and "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 127, 1899 — Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 211, 1899 — Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. I, No. I, p. no, 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (habits); REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 70, 1910; p. 152, 1925 — near Fazenda Ingazeira, Rio Preto, Bahia, and Burity-Pe' do Morro Trail, Santa Maria, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ; CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 601 — Sapucay, Paraguay; GRANT, I.e., 1911, p. 125 — Coimbrd, Matto Grosso; CHROSTOWSKI, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 483, 498, 1912 — Fernandes Pinheiro, Parand; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe'os to Belmonte, Bahia; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 179, 1926 — Marechal Mallet and Fazenda Durski, Parana; HOLT, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 57, p. 310, 1928 — Serra do Itatiaya, Parana. Tityra cayana PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Retire, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 667, 1906 — part, spec. 6, Retire, Matto Grosso. Tityra cayana brasiliensis ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Legua, Pard i; Igarap£-assu, Pard i; Santo Antonio do Prata 4; Peixe-Boi, Para 2; Ipitinga, Rio Acard 2; Diamantina, Santare"m I ; Santar^m 3; Arima, Rio Punis I; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes 3. — Bolivia: Rio Palacios 3; Buenavista 7; Prov. del Sara 2; Guarayos 2. 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Tityra braziliensis HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 667, 1906 — part, excl. Barra do Rio Negro and Para (crit.); IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 305, 1907 — Sao Carlos do Pinhal, Bebedouro, Rio Feio, Itapura, Rio Mogy-Guassu, and Jaboticabal (Sao Paulo), and Nova Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 56, 1908 — Goyaz; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 309, 540, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones, and Alto Parana; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, x> P- 347 1 1914 — Misiones. Tityra brasiliensis consp.? CHROSTOWSKI, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varsovie, 5, pp. 483, 498, 1912 — Coupim, Parana. Tityra cayana braziliensis HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., I2i P- 336, 1929 — Piauhy (crit.). Range: Eastern and southern Brazil, from Piauhy and Per- nambuco south to Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso; Para- guay; northeastern Argentine (Misiones).1 9 : Brazil (Victoria, Sao Paulo i ; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia 2); Paraguay (Itape" i); Argentina, Misiones (Eldorado 3, Puerto Segundo 2). Tityra semifasciata semifasciata (Spioc). BAND-TAILED TITYRA. Pachyrhynchus semijasciatus SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 32, pi. 44, fig. 2, 1825 — Para (type in Munich Museum examined ;= male) . Tityra semifasciata CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 239, 1847 — part, Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Barra do Rio Negro, Rio Amazonas, and Rio Muria; ALLEN, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — xBirds from Bahia down to Santa Catharina, Misiones, and Paraguay agree well together. Adult males from Piauhy are not different either, but an adult female from Santa Maria, west of Santo Antonio de Gilboez, in that state, and the (female) type of P. braziliensis in the Cambridge (Eng.) Museum have the ground color of the back clear gray instead of brownish, and that of the lower parts nearly pure white, forming thus the transition to T. c. cayana. As the latter form does in eastern Bolivia, T. c. braziliensis, in western Matto Grosso, inter- grades with its northern representative. While two adult males and two females from Engenho do Gama, on the upper Guapor6, and a single female from Chapada are in every way typically braziliensis, another adult male taken by Natterer at Retiro, in the same district as Engenho do Gama, has the reddish, black-tipped bill of cayana, and two females in the American Museum of Natural History, collected by Geo. K. Cherrie at Urucum in 1913, in markings of bill and coloration of plumage, likewise resemble Guianan and Venezuelan examples. As in the case of the aberrant Lower-Amazonian and Bolivian specimens discussed under the preceding heading, I take them to be individual variants of the prevalent breeding race. Material examined. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena i; Burity, near Parnagua i; Santa Maria I. — Bahia: Fazenda Ingazeira, Rio Preto i; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy 2; Bahia 7. — Rio de Janeiro I. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem I.— Goyaz: Goyaz City 2. — Sao Paulo: Victoria i ; Ipanema 2; Antonio Dias, near Campinas i ; Mattodentro i ; Itarar6 I ; Irisanga i. — Parana: Curityba 3. — Santa Catharina: Serra do Mirador i. — Matto Grosso: Chapada i ; Urucum 2; Engenho do Gama 4; Retiro i. — Paraguay: Bernalcue" i; Rio Negro i; Itap£ i. — Argentina: Misiones 5. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 209 Santarem; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 353, 1884 — part, Huambo, Yurimaguas, and Xeberos, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, m'-r', Yauayacu and San Jos6 (Ecuador), Iquitos and Rfo Ucayali (Peru), Para; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 99, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes; idem, I.e., p. 303, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yuri- maguas, Peru; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santarem; SALVADOR: and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 16, 1899 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 709 — Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 180, 1904 — Carsevenne River, French Guiana; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 668, 1906 — Para and Manaos (note on type); HAGMANN, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 32, 1907 — Mexiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 290, 1907 — Maraca and Maraj6; idem, I.e., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Punis; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 363, 1907 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 312, 1910 — Calama and Allianca, Rio Madeira; BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, pp. 139, 318, 1908 — Cayenne (?) and Carsevenne River, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 525, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 348, 1914 — Rio Tocan- tins (Arumatheua), Rio Xingu (Forte Ambe), Cussary, Rio Tapajdz (Santarem), Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Maraj6 (Soure), Maraca, Monte Alegre, Serra de Paituna, Rio Jamunda (Faro), and Maranhao. Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1873, p. 284 — Yurimaguas, Peru; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., *• P- 73f !889 — part, Rio Napo. Tityra semifasciata semifasciata HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.- phys. EH., 26, No. 2, p. 90, 1912 — Rio Muria, Para; I.e., p. 120, 1912 — Mexiana; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 488, 1917 — Buena- vista, eastern Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 538, 1926 — Napo, Rio Suno, and near Macas, eastern Ecuador. Range: Northern Brazil, from northern Maranhao, the estuary of the Amazon, and the confines of French Guiana (Carsevenne River) west through the Amazon Valley and its tributaries to ex- treme northern Peru (Iquitos; Yurimaguas; Xeberos = Jeveros), north through eastern Ecuador to the eastern base of the Eastern Andes in Colombia (Buenavista), south to the middle stretches of the Rio Madeira (Calama; Allianca; Porto Velho).1 3: Brazil (Porto Velho, Rio Madeira 3). 1A. single specimen from the Peruvian Amazon and two from Coca, Ecuador, appear to be inseparable from a series of Brazilian skins. Birds from the Rio Madeira (Allianca, Calama, Porto Velho), in size, agree with the type and other examples from Para. The black markings on the lateral rectrices are exceedingly variable in different individuals within the same locality. Material examined. — Brazil: Pard (including the type) 2; Rip Muria, Para I ; Manaos I ; Santarem 2 ; Rio Madeira, Borba I , Calama I , Allianca I , Porto Velho 3; Tonantins, Rio Solimdes I. — Peru: Iquitos i. — Ecuador: Coca, upper Napo 2. 2io FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Tityra semifasciata fortis Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 GREATER BAND-TAILED TITYRA. Tityra semifasciata fortis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 369, 1896 — La Gloria, Vitoc and La Merced, Chanchamayo, dept. Junin, Peru; HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 65, 1920 — Chaqui- mayo, dept. Puno, Peru (crit.). Psaris semifasciatus (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus SPIX) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 41, 1837 — Santo Cora- z6n, Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame'r. Merid., Ois., p. 307, 1839 — Santo Coraz6n, Bolivia; TSCHUDI, Arch. Naturg., 10, (i), p. 272, 1844 — Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 146, 1846 — wood region of central Peru. Tityra semifasciata SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 70, 1857 — eastern Peru (ex TSCHUDI) and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (monog.); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 119, 1868 — part, Caicara, Engenho do Gama, and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, P- 54° — Mon- terico, Peru; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Simacu and Santo Coraz6n, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. PeY., 2, p. 353, 1884 — part, Mon- terico and Carabaya; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, s'-u', Simacu, Bolivia; MENEGAUX, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1912 — Pisana, upper Huallaga, Peru. Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — Falls of the Rio Madeira and Reyes, northern Bolivia. Tityra personata semifasciata ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Tityra semifasciata semifasciata HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 14, 1925 — Santo Coraz6n, Chiquitos and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.). Range: Central and southeastern Peru, north to the upper Huallaga (Pisana, Huachipa); northern and eastern Bolivia; and adjacent section of Matto Grosso, Brazil. 2: Peru (Huachipa, dept. Huanuco i); Bolivia (Cerro Hosane, dept. Santa Cruz i). *Tityra semifasciata columbiana Ridgway.* COLOMBIAN TITYRA. Tityra semifasciata columbiana RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 119, 1906 — La Concepci6n, Santa Marta, Colombia; HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1 Tityra semifasciata fortis BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN: Similar to T. s. semi- fasciata, but larger, with heavier bill. Wing 124-131; tail 76-80. Specimens from Matto Grosso are intermediate in size between semifasciata and fortis, but nearer the latter. Material examined. — Peru: Huachipa, Huanuco i; Chaquimayo, Puno I.— Bolivia: Cerro Hosane I, Santa Cruz 2, Santo Coraz6n, Chiquitos I. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Caicara i; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso I. *Tityra semifasciata columbiana RIDGWAY: Male very similar to T. s. semi- fasciata and about the same size, but lower mandible distinctly tipped with black, IQ2Q- BlRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HfiLLMAYR. 211 1911, p. 1142 — part, N6vita, Choc6, Pacific Colombia (crit., excl. Esmer- aldas, Ecuador); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 489, 1917 — N6vita, Dabeiba, and Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 322, 1922 — Chirua, La Tigrera, Minca, Onaca, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Fundaci6n, and Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta Region; BANGS and B ARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 213, 1922 — Mount Sapo, Darieii. Tityra semifasciata heteromelaena TODD, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 96, 1916 — Sierra de Carabobo, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum examined). Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 70, 1857 — part, Santa Marta; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 517 — Remedios and Neche, Antioquia (eggs descr.); SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1880, p. 169 — Minca, Santa Marta; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 305, 1884 — Bucaramanga. Tityra semifasciata (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus SPIX) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, e'-i', Minca, Remedios, Santa Marta, and Venezuela; BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 158, 1898 — Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 13, p. 154, 1900 — Minca, Cacagualito, and Valparaiso, Santa Marta Region. Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Panama (Darie"n), Colombia (except the extreme southwest and the Amazonian slope of the Eastern Andes), and adjacent districts of western Venezuela (Col6n, Tachira; Cumbre de Valencia and Sierra de Carabobo, Carabobo; Loma Redonda, north coast mountains, near Caracas). i: Venezuela (Col6n, Tdchira i). and the white basal zone of the lateral rectrices generally less extensive; female browner above, especially on the pileum, and more like T. s. costaricensis, from which it may, however, be distinguished by its brownish gray instead of deep brown back. T. s. heteromelaena appears to have been based on an individual variant of the present form. In the type, the black of the pileum is more extended than in any other specimen examined, and reaches as far back as the posterior border of the eye, while there is less white in the tail, both basally and apically. Another adult male from northern Venezuela (Loma Redonda), however, in tail-pattern as well as in the restricted amount of black on the anterior crown agrees with average specimens from Santa Marta, and a female from La Cumbre de Valencia hardly differs from a topptypical series by slightly browner pileum and mantle. A male from Col6n, Tachira, finally is an exact duplicate of Colombian examples. MEASUREMENTS WING TAIL Ten adult males from Santa Marta, Colombia 120-124 7°*77 One adult male from N6vita, Choco, Colombia 122 77 One adult male from Col6n, Tachira, Venezuela 124 76 One adult male from Sierra de Carabobo, Venezuela (type of T. s. heteromelaena) 12 1 76 One adult male from Loma Redonda, Venezuela 119 73 Four adult females from Santa Marta, Colombia 117-126 70-77 One adult female from N6vita, Choc6, Colombia 114 70 One adult female from Cumbre de Valencia, Venezuela 117 71 Material examined. — Colombia: N6vita, Choc6 2; Santa Marta, Cincinnati 7, Pueblo Viejo 2, Fundaci6n 2, Minca 2, Las Vegas i. — Venezuela: Sierra de Carabobo i; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo i; Loma Redonda, north coast mountains, near Caracas i; Col6n, Tachira i. 2i2 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. *Tityra semifasciata nigriceps Allen.1 BLACK-FACED TITYRA. Tityra nigriceps ALLEN, Auk, 5, p. 287, 1888 — "headwaters of the Rfo Napo," errore; we suggest near Gualea, western Ecuador (type in American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 73, 1889 — "Napo;" CHAPMAN, I.e., 55, p. 539, 1926 — "Napo" (crit.). Tityra semifasciata esmeraldac CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 320, 1914 — Esmeraldas, northern Ecuador; idem, I.e., 36, p. 489, 1917 — Barbacoas, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 539, 1926 — Esmeraldas and Chone, western Ecuador. Tityra nigriceps gualeae LONNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — near Gualea, 4500 ft., western Ecuador; GYLDENSTOLPE, I.e., 19, A, No. I, p. 71, 1926 — near Gualea. Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 28, p. 295, 1860 — Esmeraldas; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 73, 1889 — part, San Miguel, Ecuador; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 709 — Santo Domingo. Tityra semifasciata (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus SPIX) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, j'-l', Esmeraldas and Balzar, Ecuador; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 489, 1898 — Paramba, Ecuador. Tityra semifasciata personata HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 668, 1906 — part, n.w. Ecuador. 1 Tityra semifasciata nigriceps ALLEN: Nearest to T. s. columbiana, but some- what smaller; male above pure white (instead of pale neutral gray), only tertials and rump very faintly tinged with pale grayish, and below also whiter; black subterminal area of tail much more extensive, leaving only a restricted basal zone white; female more nearly resembling that of T. s. semifasciata, but with the black subterminal band much broader, the basal gray band correspondingly reduced. Wing 112-117, (female) 108-114; tail 68-76, (female) 63-70; bill 25-26. The type of T. nigriceps, a skin of the ordinary Quito "make," is doubtless erroneously labeled as coming from the "Rfo Napo." In whiteness of the body plumage, reduction of white at the base of the rectrices, and in coloring of bill (both mandibles conspicuously tipped with blackish), it agrees perfectly with other males from western Ecuador; whereas T. s. semifasciata from Coca, Rfo Napo, like Lower-Amazonian skins has the back, breast, and sides decidedly grayish (very near pale neutral gray on the upper parts), an extensive, sharply defined white basal area in the tail, and hardly any trace of the black tip to the bill. The amount of black on the pileum is extremely variable in the west-Ecua- dorian form. The majority have the black frontal band of about the same width as T. s. columbiana; but in a male from Vacqueria (Esmeraldas) it extends as far back as the posterior angle of the eye (as in the type of T. s. heteromelaena) , bridg- ing the gap between the normal form (esmeraldae) and the type of T. nigriceps, which has the entire pileum black, and even the hind neck black, spotted and edged with white. The white basal tail-area is likewise variable, and one bird from north- western Ecuador has just as little white as the type of T. nigriceps. The descrip- tion of T. n. gualeae corresponds in every detail to the type specimen (an adult male with rudimentary second primary) in the American Museum of Natural History, which, I have not the least doubt, merely represents an individual variant of T. s. esmeraldae with the maximum of black about the head being carried down to the upper throat. Material examined. — Western Ecuador: Santo Domingo i ; prov. Esmeraldas, Vacqueria 2, Carondelet3, Pambflar I; Paramba 2; "headwaters of the Rfo Napo" (type of T. nigriceps) I. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 213 Tityra semifasciata columbiana (not of RIDGWAY) HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1142 — part, prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Range: Tropical Zone of western Ecuador and extreme south- western Colombia (Barbacoas, Narino). i: Ecuador (Vacqueria, prov. Esmeraldas i). Tityra semifasciata costaricensis Ridgway. COSTA RICAN TITYRA. Tityra semifasciata costaricensis RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 119, 1906 — Bonilla, Costa Rica; idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 869, 1907 — Panama to southern Honduras (monog.); BANGS, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Boruca and Barranca de Puntarenas, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 662, 1910 — Costa Rica (habits); FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 269, 1918 — Gattin, Panama; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, p. 23, 1919 — Pacuarito, Costa Rica, and San Juan del Norte, Ometepe, and Muyogalpa, Nicaragua; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 457, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 180, 1929 — El Tigre, Rio Cupe, Darie'n. Tityra mexicana (not Psaris mexicanus LESSON) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 141, 1856 — David, Chiriquf. Tityra per sonata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 70, 1857 — part, Nicaragua and Chiriquf; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1864, p. 361 — Lion Hill, Panama; SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 149 — David, Panama; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 199 — Calovevora, Veragua and Bugaba, Chiriquf; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 295, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 9, p. 116, 1868 — San Jose1, Guaitil, and Barranca, Costa Rica; FRANTZIUS, Journ. Orn., 19, p. 309, 1869 — Santa Ana and Pacaca, Costa Rica; SALVIN, Ibis, 1872, p. 318 — Chontales, Nicaragua; BOUCARD, P.Z.S. Lond., 1878, p. 65 — Orosi, Costa Rica; NUTTING, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., S» P- 397i J882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, I.e., p. 500, 1882 — San Jose1, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 393, 1884 — Ometepe, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 10, p. 589, 1887 — Segovia River, Honduras; ZELEDON, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Navarro, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Naranjo de Cartago, Monte Redondo, Rfo Sucio, Alajuela, Jimenez, Las Trojas, and Cartago, Costa Rica; CHERRIE, Auk, 9, p. 322, 1892 — San Jos£, Costa Rica (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica 1890 — 91, p. 36, 1893 — Lagarto, Boruca, T6rraba, and Buenos Aires; RICHMOND, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 16, p. 507, 1893 — Rfo Escondido, Nicaragua (habits). Tityra semifasciata (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus SPIX) CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 239, 1847 — part, Central America; BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. Ac. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 658, 1854 — Nicaragua; idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 88, 1854 — Nicaragua; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, s-d', Chontales and Ometepe (Nicaragua), Cachi, Turrialba, and San Jose1 (Costa Rica), Calovevora, Bugaba, and Lion Hill (Panama); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, a, p. 118, 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 1890 — part, Panaman, Costa Rican and Nicaraguan references and localities, and Segovia River, Honduras; UNDERWOOD, Ibis, 1896, p. 439 — Volcdn de Miravelles, Costa Rica. Tityra semifasciata personata BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 23, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama; idem, I.e., 3, p. 40, 1902 — Boquete, Panama; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 668 (in text), 1906 — part, Managua, Nicaragua. Range: Southern Honduras (Rio Segovia), southward through Nicaragua and Costa Rica to western Panama (Chiriqui; Veraguas: Panama Railroad).1 20: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua i); Costa Rica (Guayabo 7, Lim6n, 8, Turrialba i, San Jose" i, unspecified i); Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui i). Tityra semifasciata personata Jardine and Selby. MEXICAN TITYRA. Tityra personata JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Cm., i, Part 2, pi. 24, June, 1827 — Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (=male); SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25» P- 7°. l&57 — part, Vera Cruz and Xalapa, Mexico, and Guatemala (monog.); MOORE, I.e., 27, p. 56, 1859 — Belize, British Honduras; SCLATER, I.e., p. 366, 1859 — Jalapa; idem, I.e., p. 385, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, p. 124 — near Iguana, a day's journey from Izabel, Guatemala; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 176 — City of Mexico; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1870, p. 837 — Honduras; SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — Vera Cruz; LAW- RENCE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 4, p. 28, 1876 — Tapana and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 9, p. 156, 1886 — Jalapa (?), Vera Cruz; RICHMOND, I.e., 18, p. 629, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. Psaris mexicanus LESSON, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 41, 1839 — Mexico (descr. of male). Tityra tityroides LESSON, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 210, 1842 — "San Carlos, Centre- Ame'rique" = San Carlos, near La Uni6n, Salvador. Tityra mexicana SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 24, p. 297, 1856 — southern Mexico. Tityra semifasciata (not of SPIX) CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 239, 1847 — part, Jalapa, Mexico; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, j-r, Belize, Guatemala, and San Pedro, Honduras; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 118, 1890 — part, east Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, and San Pedro, Honduras; LANTZ, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci., 16, p. 221, 1899 — Naranjo, Guatemala. Tityra semifasciata personata BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras; RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 120, 1906 — central Honduras to eastern Mexico (crit.); idem, Bull. Specimens from Panama (Lion Hill), which we have not seen, are said to be intermediate to T. s. columbiana. A single female from San Emilio, Lake Nicara- gua is much like females from Tabasco and Guatemala, being much less brownish above than a series from Costa Rica, but possibly it does not represent the normal type of the Nicaraguan bird. 1 929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 215 U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 871, 1907 — part, central and northern Honduras, Guatemala, and eastern Mexico, excl. Yucatan (monog.); HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 668 (in text), 1906 — part Jalapa, Mexico; DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 99, 1907 — Los Amates, Mazatenango, and Patulul, Guate- mala; PETERS, Auk, 30, p. 375, 1913 — Xcopen and Camp Mengel, Quin- tana Roo; BANGS and PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 478, 1927 — Presidio, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 68, p. 398, 1928 — Chivela, Oaxaca. Range : Central and northern Honduras (Santa Ana, San Pedro, San Pedro Sula, Yaruca, Ceiba, etc.), Salvador, and northward through Guatemala and British Honduras to eastern Mexico, in Cam- peche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Chivela, Tapana), Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, and southern Tamaulipas. 15: Honduras (San Pedro Sula 2); Guatemala (Patulul, Solold 5, Los Amates, Izabal 3, Mazatenango i, El Rancho, Zacapa i, Cobdn to Clusec i); British Honduras (Arenal i); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas i). *Tityra semifasciata deses Bangs.1 YUCATAN TITYRA. Tiiyra semifasciata deses BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 125, 1915 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 204, 1869 — northern Yucatan; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 448 — Yucatan; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 8, p. 284, 1896 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. Tityra semifasciata (not of SPIX) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, g-i, Me"rida, Yucatan; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 118, 1890 — part, M6rida, Yucatan; COLE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 133, 1906 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. Tityra semifasciata personata RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 871, 1907 — part, Yucatan; GRISCOM, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 15, 1926 — Chunyaxche, Yucatan. Range : Yucatdn. i : Yucatdn (unspecified i). Tityra semifasciata griseiceps Ridgway* GRAY-HEADED TITYRA. Tityra personata griseiceps RIDGWAY, Auk, 5, p. 263, 1888 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa; MILLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 21, p. 355, 1905 — Los Pieles, Juan Lisiarraga Mts., Sinaloa. 1 Tityra semifasciata deses BANGS: Nearly allied to T. s. personata, but male above paler grayish, and with the under parts nearly pure white; female (accord- ing to Bangs) paler, more uniform and decidedly more brownish on the dorsal surface. Judging from a single adult male, this form appears to be well characterized. *We are not acquainted with this race. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Tityra personata (not of JARDINE and SELBY) LAWRENCE, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 289, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and Sierra Madre, Colima (habits). Tityra semifasciata (not Pachyrhynchus semifasciatus SPIX) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 330, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Presidio, Sinaloa; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 118, 1890 — part, localities in Sinaloa, Colima, Jalisco, and Guerrero. Tityra semifasciata grisciceps RIDGWAY, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 120, 1906 — western Mexico (crit.); idem, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 873, 1907 — western Mexico (monog.); McLELLAN, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., (4), 16, p. 37, 1927 — Tepic Road. Range : Western Mexico, in states of Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, Oaxaca (Pinotepa, Pluma, Cacoprieto), and Nayarit (Tepic). *Tityra inquisitor inquisitor (Lichtensteiri) . INQUISITIVE TITYRA. Tyrannus atricapillus (not of VIEILLOT, 1807) VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 2, livr. 93, p. 256, 1823 — based on AZARA, No. 206, Paraguay. Lanius inquisitor (Olfers MS.) LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 50, 1823 — Sao Paulo. Psaris jardinii SWAINSON, Zool. Illust., 2nd ser., I, No. 7, pi. 35 (=male), 1830 — interior of Brazil (descr. of immature male). Psaris natterii (sic) SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec., 1837 — "southern (?) Brazil" (type in Cambridge (Eng.) Museum examined ;= adult male). Psaris selbii SWAINSON, Anim. Menag., p. 286, Dec., 1837 — "southern Brazil" (type in Cambridge (Eng.) Museum examined ;= adult male). ExetasUs albinuchus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 83, 1859 — Brazil (types in Heine Collection examined). Psaris inquisitor KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 47, Oct., 1852 (diag.); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 456, 1856 — part, Sao Paulo and "Goyaz." Tityra inquisitrix CABANIS, Arch. Naturg., 13, (i), p. 239, 1847 — Brazil (synon. in part); SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 71, 1857 — part, Sao Paulo (monog.). Tityra (Erator) inquisitrix PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — Goyaba, Ypanema, Irisanga, and Cubatao, Sao Paulo (spec, in Vienna Museum examined). Exetastes inquisitor CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 89, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio. Tityra inquisitor SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 331, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Brazil and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul"; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 211, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 156, 1900 — Cantagallo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 305, 1907 — Ubatuba and Rincao (Sao Paulo), 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 217 Sao Francisco (Santa Catharina), and Rio Doce (Espirito Santo); CHUBB, Ibis, 1910, p. 602 — Sapucay, Paraguay; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Alto Parana. Tityra atricapitta BERTONI,' Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. i, No. i, p. 109, 1901 — Alto Parand, Paraguay (descr. of male). Tityra tephronota BERTONI, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. I, No. i, p. 109, (in text), 1901 — new name for Tyrannus atricapittus VIEILLOT, 1823. Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not Psaris erythrogenys SELBY) REISER, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 70, 1910; p. 153, 1925 — Burity, near Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, in Vienna Museum examined). Tityra inquisitor inquisitor HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.- phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 32, 1912 (crit., diag., range); SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 179, 1926 — Salto de Ub£ and Foz Iguassu, Parana; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 337, 1929 — Burity, Piauhy (crit.). Erator inquisitor inquisitor DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 309, 1910 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Range: Eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Bahia south to Santa Catharina, and adjoining districts of Paraguay (Sapucay; Alto Parana) and Argentina (Misiones).2 8: Brazil (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia i; Victoria, Sao Paulo i; Joinville, Santa Catharina i); Argentina, Misiones (Eldorado 3, Puerto Segundo 2). lTityra Azarac (sic) BERTONI (Rev. Agron. y Cienc. Aph'c., i, p. 529, 1899 — eastern Paraguay), hardly more than a nomen nudum, may likewise belong here. This form is perhaps divisible into two races, birds from the northern parts of the range (Bahia, Piauhy) being on average smaller. The female of T. i. in- quisitor has the back decidedly brownish, coarsely spotted with blackish, and the throat and brest washed with dingy grayish buff. While three Bahia females — except in smaller size — do not appreciably differ from southern examples, one from Burity, Piauhy has the (wider) frontal band and the sides of the head much deeper rufous and shows, on the breast, numerous narrow dusky streaks, of which there is no trace in the skins from other localities. The type of P. natterii, now in the Museum of Cambridge (Eng.) University, an adult male with modified (rudi- mentary) second primary, agrees in size with specimens from southern Brazil, Swainson's name becoming thus an absolute synonym of L. inquisitor. P. jardinii also appears to have been based on a male in first annual plumage (without spuri- ous primary) of the large southern bird. The type of P. selbii Sw., likewise forwarded for my inspection by Dr. Hans Gadow from the Cambridge Museum, however, is decidedly smaller, agreeing in dimensions with birds from Bahia and Piauhy. It is an adult male and, in agree- ment with Swainson's description, the first primary falls between the fourth and fifth, if the rudimentary (second) wing feather is not taken into account. The locality "southern Brazil" is doubtless wrong, and if the slight difference in size be deemed of sufficient importance, the northern race must be called T. inquisitor selbii (SWAINSON). The types of E. albinuchus from "Brazil" in the Heine Collection are hard to allocate, but appear to be nearer typical inquisitor from southern Brazil. The 2 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. "Tityra inquisitor pelzelni Salvin and Godman.1 PELZELN'S TITYRA. Tityra pelzelni SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 120, Dec., 1890 — Matto Grosso, Brazil (type from Villa Bella de Matto Grosso in British Museum examined). Psaris inquisitor (not Lanius inquisitor LICHTENSTEIN) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 41, 1837 — Chiquitos and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined) ; D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame>. M6rid., Ois., p. 302, 1839 — Chiquitos and Santa Cruz, Bolivia; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 456, 1856 — part, Matto Grosso and Bolivia. Tityra albitorques (not of DUBUS) PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — part, Engenho do Gama and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 332, 1888 — part, spec, y, Matto Grosso; RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Diamantina, Santare"m (spec, in U.S.National Museum examined). Tityra inquisitrix SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 71, 1857 — part, Bolivia; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1879, p. 617 — Bolivia (ex D'ORBIGNY). Tityra inquisitor ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 5, p. no, 1893 — Corumbd and Chapada, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, P- 29°. I9°7 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. alleged color-characters do not hold good, and the shape of the bill is too variable a feature to be of diagnostic value. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Wing Tail Four from Misiones 108,108,108,114 66,67,69,69 Eight from Sao Paulo 107,110,111,111, 68,68,69,70, 112,113,114,115 70,7i,7i»73 Five from Minas Geraes 110,112,114,114,115 68,71,71,72, — Type of P. natterii Sw. 115 73 Types of E. albinuchus C. & H. 108,108 65,67 One from Macaco Secco, Bahia 102 69 One from Burity, Piauhy 106 68 Type of P. selbii Sw. 103 65 Adult females Three from Sap Paulo 106,106,110 67,68,71 Three from Minas Geraes 107,108,110 67,67,69 Three from Bahia 103,104,107 68,68,70 One from Burity Piauhy 102 66 Material examined. — Argentina, Misiones: Puerto Segundo 2, Eldorado 3. — Santa Catharina: Joinville I. — Sao Paulo: Victoria 3; Alambary i; Ituverava i; Ipanema 4; Cubatao 3; Goyaba i; Irisanga i. — Minas Geraes: Sap Francisco i; Rio Jordao, near Araguary 2; Agua Suja, near Bagagem 4. — Bahia: "Bahia" 3; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy i. — Piauhy: Burity, near Parnagud 2. — "Brazil" (unspecified) 4. 1 Tityra inquisitor pelzelni SALVIN and GODMAN: Similar to, and agreeing with, T. i. inquisitor in the male having the cheeks and auriculars black, but tail extensively white at the base and frequently with a distinct white apical margin; female much like T. i. erythrogenys, but not quite so purely gray above, though similarly spotted with black, and white basal area of tail more extensive; size on average smaller than in T. i. inquisitor. This form combines the black sides of the head of T. inquisitor with the tail markings of T. i. albitorques. There is much individual variation in the extent of the white area at the base of the rectrices, certain specimens (from Bolivia and Matto Grosso) with the least amount of white being inseparable from typical 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 219 Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not Psaris erythrogenys SELBY) HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 32, 90, 1912 — Peixe-Boi and Santo Antonio do Prata, Pard; idem, I.e., p. 33, 1912 — part, Para localities; BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 93, 1916 — Utinga, Para. Tityra erthrogenys SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 348, 1914 — part, Santo Antonio do Prata, Para. Tityra inquisitor pelzelni HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 33, 1912 — Matto Grosso and eastern Bolivia (monog.); idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 15, 1925 — Chiquitos and Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.); HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 338, 1929 — Mangunca. Island, Maranhao. Range: Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos; dept. Santa Cruz) and western Brazil, in state of Matto Grosso, and apparently extend- ing along the south bank of the Amazon as far east as Para (Peixe-Boi; Santo Antonio do Prata) and northern Maranhao (Man- gunga Island). i: Brazil (Mangunga Island, Maranhao i). inquisitor. The white apical margin is not a constant feature either, it being absent in four Bolivian and three Matto Grosso skins, and but faintly suggested in two from the former and two from the latter country. Other individuals, however, show a very distinct white apical band, and in coloration of tail closely approach albitorques. Birds from the lower Amazon may prove to be separable. They have even more white than the Matto Grosso skins with the maximum of white in the tail, and the auriculars, in some of the males, are streaked with white. A female from Peixe-Boi, Para district, however, does not differ in tail markings from the average of pelzelni, as represented by a series from Matto Grosso, and the ex- amination of additional material seems desirable before any further separation is attempted. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Wing Tail Two from Chiquitos, Bolivia 104,105 67, — Two from Buena vista, Bolivia 108,108 67,69 Two from Palmarito, Rio San Julian, Bolivia 107,108 65,66 One from Santa Cruz, Bolivia 108 63 Two from Villa Bella de Matto Grosso 104,105 63,65 Two from Chapada, Matto Grosso 107,110 66,69 One from Corumba, Matto Grosso 107 69 One from Uructim, Matto Grosso 106 64 Two from Santar6m, Rio Tapaj6z 102,105 66,67 One from Mangunca Island, Maranhao 103 63 Adult females Two from Chiquitos, Bolivia 102, 103 64,66 One from Buena vista, Bolivia 105 63 Three from Matto Grosso 100,103,106 62,64,68 Two from Santar6m, Rio Tapajoz 94,96 61,62 One from Peixe-Boi, Para 98 62 Material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos 2; Rio Quisera, northern Chiquitos i; Palmarito, Rfo San Julian, Chiquitos 3; Santa Cruz i; Buena vista 3. — Matto Grosso, Brazil: Villa Bella de Matto Grosso (including the type) 3; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapor6 i; Chapada 4; Corumba i; Urucum I. — Rio Tapai6z: San- tar6m I; Diamantina i; Colonia do Mojuy, Santar&n I. — Peixe-Boi, Pard I. — Mangunca Island, Maranhao I. 22O FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. "Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (Selby).1 RUFOUS-CHEEKED TITYRA. Psaris erythrogenys SELBY, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 8, p. 483, April, 1826 — "Per- nambuco," errore; we suggest Cayenne, French Guiana1 (type in Paris Museum examined; = adult female); SWAINSON, Natur. Libr., Orn., 10, (Flycatchers), p. 82, pi. 3, 1838 (descr. and figure of type). Tityra inquisitrix (not Lanius inquisitor LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 25, p. 71, 1857 — part, Cayenne and Bogota. Tityra inquisitor SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 331, 1888 — part, spec. b,c,g, Cayenne and Bogota. Tityra erythrogenys BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 55, 1902 — Rio Catanapa, Perico, and Maipures, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure, Caura, Venezuela (crit.; spec, examined); BEEBE, Zoologica (N.Y.), i, p. 94, 1909 — La Brea, Orinoco Delta; (?) SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 348, 1914 — part, Rio Jamunda (Faro). lTityra inquisitor erthrogenys (SELBY): Similar to T. i. inquisitor in having only the extreme base of the tail white and no white apical margin, and the cheeks and auriculars black in the male sex; but smaller; male with less white on the hind neck; female with back clear pale gray (without any brownish suffusion), more or less spotted with black, and neither throat nor chest tinged with buffy. Specimens from various parts of Venezuela and Bogota skins agree with those from the Guianas. The amount of spotting in the females is subject to much individual variation, some examples being heavily marked with black above, while others show just a few narrow streaks on the anterior portion of the back. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Wing Tail One from Pied Saut, Oyapock, French Guiana 101 65 One from near Paramaribo, Surinam 98 62 One from La Bomba, Cuyuni River, Venezuela 103 68 Four from the Caura River, Venezuela 102,105,107,107 65,65,65,67 One from Maipures, Orinoco River, Venezuela 100 63 One from San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela 101 64 One from Sab. Mendoza, MeYida, Venezuela 104 66 One from "Bogota," Colombia 105 64 Adult females One from "Pernambuco" (type) 94 62 Two from French Guiana 95i99 64,64 Two from Paramaribo, Surinam 97,99 63,63 One from La Bomba, Cuyuni, Venezuela 103 66 Two from Caura River, Venezuela 99.IOI 64,66 Three from the Orinoco River (Perico, Maipures, and Rio Catanapa) 99,100,106 62,66,68 Two from El Trompillo, Carabobo 98,102 61,68 One from Lagunillas, MeYida 99 Three from "Bogota," Colombia 99, 100, 102 60, 62, 65 Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne i; Pied Saut, Oyapock 2. — Dutch Guiana: Near Paramaribo 3. — Venezuela: Caura District, Suapure 2, El Llagual 4, San Pedro i; La Bomba, Cuyuni River 2; Orinoco River, Maipures 3, Rio Catanapa i, Perico i; San Esteban, Carabobo 4; El Trompillo, Carabobo 2; Lagunillas, MeYida i; Sabana de Mendoza, MeYida i. — Colombia: Bogota 6. *The type is quite distinct from specimens recently collected in the neigh- boring states of Bahia and Piauhy, but agrees in every particular with females from French Guiana. It was obtained in exchange from a dealer, J. Verreaux, whose localities are not always reliable, and I have little doubt it really came from Cayenne, and not from Pernambuco, where either T. i. inquisitor or the doubtfully separable T. i. selbii (see above, p. 217) may be expected to occur. 1929- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 221 Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 327, 328, 1906 — part, "Pernambuco," Surinam, Venezuela, and Colombia (crit.); BER- LEPSCH, I.e., 15, p. 140, 1908 — Cayenne; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 32, 1912 — part, diag. and habitat, excl. Para localities and Archidona, Ecuador. Erator inquisitor erythrogenys CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 251, 1916 — Caicara and above the falls of Atures, Orinoco Region, Vene- zuela. Range: French, Dutch, and (?) British Guiana; Venezuela (Orinoco Valley and its tributaries; San Esteban and El Trompillo, Carabobo; Lagunillas and Sabana de Mendoza, Me"rida) and west to the eastern base of the Eastern Andes of Colombia ("Bogota"). i: Colombia ("Bogota" i). Tityra inquisitor buckleyi Salvin and Godman.1 BUCKLEY'S TITYRA. Tityra buckleyi SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 120, Dec., 1890 — Yanayacu, eastern Ecuador (type in British Museum ex- amined ;= adult male); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1143 (in text) — Ecuador (crit.); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 490, 1917 — Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia (spec, examined). Tityra albitorques (not of DUBUS) ALLEN, Auk, 5, p. 287, (in text), 1888 — Ecuador (crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 73, 1889 — Rio Napo (spec, examined). Tityra inquisitor (not Lanius inquisitor LICHTENSTEIN) SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 331, 1888 — part, spec, h, Yanayacu; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 710 — Archidona, Ecuador (spec, in Tring Museum examined; one female). 1 Tityra inquisitor buckleyi SALVIN and GODMAN: Nearest to T. i. erythrogenys and with white restricted to extreme base of rectrices, but male with cheeks and auriculars white as in T. i. albitorques; female not distinguishable with certainty from erythrogenys. The type has the rump decidedly white in contrast to the pallid neutral gray of the back and tail coverts, while in two other males, one from the Rio Napo, the other from Florencia, Caqueta, the dorsal surface is uniform pale grayish as in the allied races. The tail, as a rule, is entirely black except for the extreme base; but the Rio Napo male has distinct, though small, white apical spots on the three outer rectrices and more white at the base of the outer web of the penulti- mate tail feather, thus diverging in the direction of T. i. albitorques. The white nuchal zone appears to be slightly more pronounced than in T. i. erythrogenys. Two females do not differ, so far as I can see, from the average of erythrogenys, the back being pale neutral gray, heavily spotted with black. More material of this little-known form, which combines the tail markings of erythrogenys with the white auriculars of albitorques in the male sex, is urgently desired. MEASUREMENTS Wing Tail One adult male from Yanayacu, Ecuador (type) 103 62 One male (first annual) from Rio Napo, Ecuador 104 66 One adult male from Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia 102 63 One adult female from Florencia, Colombia 102 65 One adult female from Archidona, Ecuador 96 62 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Tityra inquisitor erythrogenys (not Psaris erythrogenys SELBY) HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 328, 1906 — part, Archidona; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 32, 1912 — part, Archidona. Erator buckleyi CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 540, 1926 — Rfo Napo, Ecuador (crit.). Range: Southeastern Colombia (Florencia, Caqueta) and east- ern Ecuador (Yanayacu; Archidona; Rio Napo). "Tityra inquisitor albitorques Dubus.1 WHITE-COLLARED TITYRA. Tityra albitorques DUBUS, Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., 14, Part 2, p. 104, 1847 — Peru; LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., n, p. 244, 1848 (crit.); SCLATER, P.Z.S. Lond., 23, p. 150, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 25, p. 71, 1857 — Peru and Bogotd (monog., excl. syn. P. fraserii); SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, PP- 75 * i 757 — Chyavetas, Peru (spec, examined); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 120, 1868 — part, Barra = Manaos (spec, in Vienna Museum exam- ined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 284 — Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 517 — Remedies, Colombia; SALVIN and GODMAN, Ibis, 1880, p. 169 — Valencia, Santa Marta; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 23 — Yurimaguas, Peru; idem and BERLEPSCH, I.e., 1883, p. 559 — 1 Tityra inquisitor albitorques DUBUS is distinguished from the allied races by the combination, in the male sex, of the white cheeks and auriculars with an extensive white basal area of the tail, occupying about three-fourths of its length and separated from the very conspicuous white apical margin by a broad black subterminal band of about 20 mm. width; while the female, in addition to the tail markings, may be recognized from erythrogenys and buckleyi by having the back unspotted and slightly washed with brownish. The distribution of this form is very peculiar, it having been found both in western Ecuador and eastern Peru, whereas eastern Ecuador is tenanted by another closely allied race (T. i. buckleyi). A single adult male secured by E. Bartlett at Chyavetas, the only one seen from Peru, appears to me indistinguish- able from others taken in western Ecuador and various parts of Colombia and, what is even more surprising, a couple of adults obtained by J. Natterer at Manaos on July 21, 1833 are also referable to the same form. The male has the white auriculars, the female the plain brownish gray back, and both the distinctly bicolored tail with white apical margin, exactly like specimens from the Pacific coast of Colombia. More material from northern Brazil is urgently needed to explain this extraordinary range. MEASUREMENTS Adult males Wing Tail One from Chyavetas, Peru 106 67 One from Manaos, Brazil 106 68 One from Milagro, prov. Guayas, Ecuador 106 67 Four from Choc6, western Colombia 103,105,106,107 64,64,67,67 One from Fundaci6n, Santa Marta 104 63 Adult females One from Manaos, Brazil 95K 65 Two from Choc6, western Colombia 100,103 64,64 Two from Fundaci6n, Santa Marta 99,ioo 60,61 One from Guayaquil, Ecuador 102 62 Material examined. — Peru: Chyavetas I. — Brazil: Manaos 2. — Ecuador: Guayaquil i; Milagro I. — Colombia: N6vita i; Noanama i; El Tigre, Rfo Ta- mana 2; Quibd6 2; Gamarra, lower Magdalena i; Fundaci6n, Santa Marta 4; "Bogota" 12. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 223 Guayaquil, Ecuador; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Per., 2, p. 355, 1884 — Chyavetas and Yurimaguas, Peru; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 332, 1888 — part, spec, n-x, Remedies, Bogota, Valencia, Balzar (Ecuador), and Chyavetas; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 119, 1890 — part, South American references and localities. Tityra albitorques albitorques HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1142 — N6vita, Noanamd, and El Tigre, Rio Tamana, Choc6, Colombia (crit.). Erator albitorques RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 863, 1907 — part, South American references and localities; TODD and CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 323, 1922 — Tucurinca and Fundaci6n, Santa Marta, and Gamarra, Magdalena Valley, Colombia (crit.; spec, examined). Erator albitorques albitorques CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 539, 1926 — Bucay and Daule, Ecuador; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — Cana, Darie'n. Range: Eastern Peru (Chyavetas; Yurimaguas); northern Brazil (Manaos); western Ecuador (Guayaquil; Milagro; Daule; Bucay; Balzar); Colombia (Quibdo, Novita, Noanamd, and El Tigre, Rio Tamana, Choco, Pacific coast; Valencia, Tucurinca, and Fundaci6n, Santa Marta District; Gamarra, lower Magdalena; "Bogota" collections), north to eastern Panama (Darie'n). i: Ecuador (Milagro, prov. Guayas i). *Tityra inquisitor fraserii (Kaup).1 ERASER'S TITYRA. Psar is fraserii KAUP, P.Z.S.Lond., 19, "1851," p. 47, pis. 37, 38, Oct., 1852 — no locality given (types in Lord Derby's collection, now in the Liverpool Museum, examined).1 1 Tityra inquisitor fraserii (KAUP) differs from T. i. albitorques in larger size, generally heavier bill, and in the male sex by darker gray back, decidedly grayish (instead of nearly pure white) under parts, and slightly broader black subterminal tail band. The female is even more different, having the back chiefly Verona brown and the breast tinged with grayish, while the tail is not distinctly bicolored, the basal portion being grayish and blending gradually with the blackish sub- apical zone. Certain specimens from Costa Rica, however, form the transition to albitorques in both coloration of back and pattern of tail. Material examined. — Forty specimens from Yucatan to western Panama. *The Liverpool Museum has three specimens, marked "type of P. fraseri, KAUP," none with any specified locality. Two, an adult male with spurious second primary (Derby Museum, No. 1868) and a female (D. M., No. i868a) are typical examples of the Central American race, but the third skin, an adult male purchased of Leadbeater in 1842 and bearing the Derby Museum No. i868b, is just as decidedly referable to the pale, small-billed T. a. albitorques, of northern South America. Kaup's (rather general) diagnosis might apply to either of the two males, and the measurements (wing 105-113; tail 63-70) evidently cover them both. No. i868b corresponding to the minimum, No. 1868 to the maxi- mum of his figures. On the other hand, the figure 32 mm., given for the length of the bill from the gape, can have been taken only from No. 1868, since the other bird (No. i868b) barely measures 24 mm. The plates 37 and 38, without any shadow of doubt, depict the Central American form, and are faithful representa- tions of Nos. 1868 and i868a. Under these circumstances we feel that P. fraseri should be restricted to the northern form, and designate No. 1868 as the type, suggesting Vera Cruz, Mexico, as terra typica. 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Tityra albitorques (not of DUBUS) MOORE, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 56, 1859 — Peten, Guatemala; SCLATER, I.e., p. 384, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; SCLATER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1860, p. 400 — Choctum, Guatemala; LAW- RENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 295, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 8, p. 182, 1867 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9, p. 116, 1868 — Pacuare', Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 332, 1888 — part, spec, a-m, Oaxaca (Mexico), Choctum and Vera Paz (Guate- mala), Tizimin (Yucatan), British Honduras, Bebedero (Costa Rica), Bugaba (Chiriqui); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 119, 1890 — part, Mexican and Central American references and localities. Tityra fraseri SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 757 — Mexico and Central America (crit.); SALVIN, I.e., 1870, p. 199 — Bugaba, Panama; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., p. 837 — Honduras; BOUCARD, I.e., 1883, p. 449 — Yucatan; RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 10, p. 589, 1887 — Segovia River, Honduras; CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. in Costa Rica 1890-91, p. 36, 1893 — Lagarto, Costa Rica. Tityra albitorques fraseri1 RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 5, p. 397, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; RICHMOND, I.e., 16, p. 508, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 149, 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras; idem, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Paso Real, Costa Rica. Erator albitorques SUMICHRAST, Mem. Boston Soc. N.H., i, p. 558, 1869 — Vera Cruz; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 863, 1907 — part, Mexican and Central American references and localities; FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica. Erator albitorques fraseri DEARBORN, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Orn. Ser., i, p. 100, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 663, 1910 — Guayabo, Juan Vinas, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Bolson, Palo Verde, Guapiles, Bebedero, and El Pozo de Te"rraba, Costa Rica; KEN- NARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 458, 1928 — Almirante, Chiriquicito, and Boquete Trail, Panama. Range: Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Yucatan, and southward through Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to western Panama.2 6: Mexico (Yucatdn i); Guatemala (Los Amates i); Costa Rica (Jime'nez i, Limon i, Lagarto i, Guayabo i). Variously spelled fraseri, fraserii, and frazeri. 'Owing to lack of material I am unable to indicate the exact eastern limit of the range. The most easterly localities whence specimens have been available for examination are Bugaba, Chiriqui and Nata, Cocle', Panama. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 225 Tityra leucura Pelzeln.1 WHITE-TAILED TITYRA. Tityra (Erator) leucura PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, pp. 120, 183, 1868 — Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined). Tityra leucura HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 312, 1910 — Salto do Girao (crit.). Range: Western Brazil, on the banks of the upper Rio Madeira (Salto do Girao). Genus HAEMATODERUS Bonaparte. Haematoderus BONAPARTE,* Ateneo Italiano, 2, No. n, p. 314 (=Consp. Volucr. Anisod., p. 4), 1854 — type by monotypy [ Haematoderus] mili- taris "GM."* = Coracina militaris SHAW. Haematoderus militaris (Shaw). CRIMSON FRUIT-CROW. Coracina ? militaris SHAW, Mus. Lever., No. 2, p. 61, with col. plate, 1792 — Cayenne; LATHAM, Ind. Orn., Suppl., p. XXVII, 1801 — Cayenne (ex SHAW). Ampelis militaris VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 164, 1817 — based on Coracina militaris LATHAM and "Le Grand Cotinga" LEVAILLANT, Hist. Nat. Ois. Nouv. et Rares AmeY. et Indes, i, p. 56, pi. 25 (adult), 26 (young), 1801, French and Dutch Guiana. Querula rubra VIEILLOT, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., 2, livr. 91, p. 768, 1822 — based on Coracina militaris LATHAM and "Le Grand Cotinga" LEVAILLANT, French and Dutch Guiana. lTityra leucura PELZELN is known from a single male, molting from the juvenile into the first annual plumage. It is most nearly related to T. inquisitor albitorques and resembles it in the white cheeks and auricular region; but the upper parts and breast are much more strongly tinged with gray, without any white on the hind neck, and the tail lacks the black subterminal band. The rectrices are pale gray, with the base of the inner webs white for about twenty millimeters (as in T. i. inquisitor), and at the tips broadly, though not abruptly, margined with white. The outermost pair shows a narrow blackish shaft streak in the second third of the inner web, and a similar, but smaller spot exists near the base of the central rectrix. The coloration of the tail gives an abnormal im- pression, and may be due to the absence of melanin in the pigment cells during the process of growth. The bill, too, appears to have been retarded in its develop- ment. It is only one-third the size of the allied species and, instead of black, dark horn brown, paler below. The top of the head is mainly black, with slight metallic gloss, though on the forehead, superciliary region, and hind crown a number of the hazel brown juvenile feathers may yet be seen. The second pri- mary, as is also the case in the first annual plumage of the allied species, is fully developed and very nearly as long as the third. Additional material is required to establish the status of this alleged species. Measurements of the type: Wing 101 ; tail 63; bill * Haematoderus BONAPARTE (Ann. Sci. Nat., (4), Zool., i, p. 134, 1854) is a pure nomen nudum. 'There being no "militaris GMELIN," the generic name is almost unidentifiable. CABANIS and HEINE (Mus. Hein., 2, p. 107, 1859) have, however, used it in con- nection with Coracina militaris LATHAM [ = SHAW]. 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Querula purpurea LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 362, end of 1830 — based on Coracina militaris SHAW and LEVAILLANT'S "Le Grand Cotinga" (excl. syn. Ampelis phoenicea). Coracina militaris SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, pp. 143, 147, 1848 — Canuku Mts. (descr. of female); BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 420, 1856 (descr.). Threnoedus militaris CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 690, 1848 — Canuku Mountains. Haematoderus militaris BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 107, 1859 — "Venezuela"; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Cameta, Rio Tocantins; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 134, 1868 — Pard; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 — British Guiana (ex SCHOMBURGK); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 395, 1888 — Cayenne and "Amazons;" HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 295, 1905 — Igarap£-assu, Para (crit., plumages); IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 315, 1907 — range; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 143, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2i P- I73» I9I° — Surinam; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.- phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 91, 1912 — Para, Igarape'-assu ; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 358, 1914 — range; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 306, 1921 — Tiger Hill, Demerara River and Canuku Mountains. Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northeastern Brazil, in state of Para (Para; Igarape'-assu ; Cameta, Rio Tocantins).1 Genus QUERULA Vieillot. Querula VIEILLOT, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 37, 1816 — type by monotypy "Piauhau" BUFFON = Muscicapa purpurata P. L. S. MULLER. Threnoedus GLOGER, Gemeinnutz. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., p. 319, 1841 — new name for Querula VIEILLOT. *Querula purpurata (Muller). PURPLE-THROATED FRUIT-CROW. Muscicapa purpurata P. L. S. MULLER, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 169, 1776 — based on DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 381, Cayenne. Muscicapa cruenta BODDAERT, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 23, 1783 — based on DAU- BENTON, PL Enl. 381; "Le Piauhau" BUFFON; and BRISSON (Orn., 2, p. 386), Cayenne. Muscicapa rubricollis GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 933, 1789 — based on BUFFON, DAUBENTON, and BRISSON, Cayenne. Muscicapa porphyrobroncha SHAW (and NODDER), Natur. Misc., 2, No. 9, pi. 63 ( = male), 1791 — Cayenne. *A single adult from Para differs somewhat from Cayenne specimens, but owing to the excessive rarity of the species I have not been able to examine a satisfactory series. Its plumages are still imperfectly understood. Material examined. — Cayenne 2; Surinam i; Igarape-assu, Para i. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 227 Querula rubricollis VIEILLOT (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 181, pi. 115 (=male), 1823; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br6s., p. 23, pi. 25, fig. 2, circa 1856 — "Bahia," "Maranhao," and Para; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri and "Tunantins" [ =Tonantins], Rio Solimoes; BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne. Ampelis rubricollis SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, i, p. 183, 1847 — Barima River. Threnoedus rubricollis CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 691, 1848 — coastal forests and Canuku Mountains. Querula cruenta SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota; CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 143 — Turbo, Colombia; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 7, p. 296, 1862 — Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 9, p. 117, 1868 — Angostura and Payua, Costa Rica; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1864, p. 362 — Isthmus of Panama; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 191 — upper Ucayali; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 580 — Capim River; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 134, 1868 — Forte do Rio Branco and Serra Carauman, Rio Branco, and Para; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 285 — upper Ucayali and Rio Javarri; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 520 — Pocun6 and Remedies, Colombia; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 389, 1884 — Rfo Javarf; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 305 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 118, 1887 — Angostura and Pacuar6, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 396, 1888 — Demerara, Bartica Grove, Cayenne, Chamicuros, Rio Ucayali, Sarayacu and Balzar (Ecuador), Medellin, Neche, Bogota, Panama, Montana del Vermejo (Veragua), and Angostura (Costa Rica); RIKER and CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 25, 1891 — Santare'm, Rio Tapaj6z; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 144, 1891 — Costa Rica, Panama, and South America; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Dari6n; idem, I.e., No. 362, p. 18, 1899 — Rfo Peripa, Ecuador; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 2, p. 23, 1900 — Loma del Le6n, Panama; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., 10, p. 181, 1904 — Camopi, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 292, 1907 — Para and Our6m, Rio Guama; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 174, 1910 — Surinam; MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Pisana, at junction of Mixiollo and Huallaga rivers, Peru. Querula purpurata CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 256 (crit.); BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902 — Suapure and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, pp. 143, 319, 1908 — Ipousin, R. Approuague, Cayenne, and Camopi, French Guiana; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 315, 1907 — Santare'm; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 875, 1907 — Costa Rica to the Amazon Valley (monog.); SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Cachoeira, Rio Purus; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 661, 1910 — Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (habits); HELLMAYR, P.Z.S.Lond., 1911, p. 1148 — Noanama, Sipi, and N6vita, Pacific Colombia; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 36, 91, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acara, and Para localities; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 358, 1914 — Para, Ananindeua, Benevides, Peixe-Boi, Rio Guamd (Our6m), Cussary, Rio 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Punis (Cachoeira); CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 255, 1916 — Caura River; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 500, 1917 — Salaqui, Choc6, Alto Bonito, N6vita, Buenaventura, San Jos6, Bar- bacoas, Puerto Valdivia, Puerto Berrio, and La Morelia, Colombia; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 270, 1918 — Gatun, Panama; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — near Paramaribo, Lelydorp, Javaweg, and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Talamanca, Sipurio, and Siquirres, Costa Rica; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 308, 1921 — numerous localities; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 553, 1926 — Bucay, Esmeraldas, and Rio Suno, Ecuador; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 458, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 169, 1928 — Castanhal, Para; HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 345, 1929 — Santo Antonio (B6a Vista), Goyaz; GRISCOM, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 181, 1929 — El Real and Cana, Dari£n. Range: Tropical Zone of Caribbean Costa Rica, Panama, Co- lombia (except Santa Marta region), and Ecuador; eastern Peru; the whole of the Amazon Valley east to Pard; French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and eastern Venezuela (Caura Valley).1 14: Costa Rica (Talamanca i, Mouth of Rio Matina i); Vera- guas (unspecified i); Colombia (Alto Bonito i, San Jos6 i); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo i, Javaweg i); British Guiana (Demerara River 2); Brazil (Conceigao, Rio Branco 2; Serra Grande, Rio Branco i; Santo Antonio, lower Tocantins, Goyaz i; Magoary, Par£ i). Genus PYRODERUS Gray. Pyroderus GRAY, List Gen. Birds, p. 38, 1840 — type by orig. desig. Coracias scutate SHAW. *Pyroderus scutatus scutatus (Shaw). SCUTATED FRUIT-CROW. Coracias scutata SHAW, Mus. Lever., No. 4, p. 199, with col. plate, 1792 — "native country .... not certainly known"; idem, Gen. Zool., 7, (2), p. 401, 1809 — (reprint) "native region supposed to belong to South Amer- ica"— southeastern Brazil accepted as type locality. Coracina rubricollis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 8, p. 7, 1817 — "Br6sil" (type in Paris Museum). Ampelis sanguinicollis LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 56, 1823 — based on AZARA, No. 56 (ex NOSEDA), Paraguay, and TEMMINCK, PI. Col., pi. 40, Brazil. Coracina scutata TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 7, pi. 40, 1820 — Brazil; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (i), p. 406, 1830 — southeastern Brazil1 ^ixty-five specimens from the whole range examined. Specimens were taken at Fazenda Tiririca, Rio de Janeiro and Villa Nova de Benevente, Espirito Santo (see WIED, Reise Bras., 4to ed., i, pp. 72, 178, 1820). IQ2Q. BlRDS OF THE AMERICAS HELLMAYR. 22Q (habits); LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 275, 1846 — Brazil (crit.); BUR- MEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 417, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio and Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes; idem, Abhandl. Naturf. Ges. Halle, 3, "1855," pp. 191-212, pi. 8, 1856 (anatomy); DESCOURTILZ, Ornith. Br6s., p. 24, pi. 26, fig. 2, circa 1856 — Brazil (habits). Pyroderus scutatus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 109, 1859 — Brazil; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 135, 1868 — Registo do Sai, Rio de Janeiro, Mattodentro, Ypanemd and Rio Parand (Sao Paulo), Curytiba (Parana); REINHARDT, Vid. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 315 — near Lagda Santa and Uberaba, Minas Geraes; HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 306 — Sao Paulo (habits); BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 267, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; CABANIS, I.e., 22, p. 90, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; BER- LEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 141, 1885 — Taquara and Arroio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 397, 1888 — Brazil; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 128, 1899 — [Taquara do] Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 217, 1899 — Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 157, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Fribur- go, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 315, 1907 — Campos do Jordao (Sao Paulo), Rio Doce (Espirito Santo), and Ourinho (Parana); DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 313, 431, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 350, 1914 — Misiones; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — AltoParand, Paraguay; MENEGAUX, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., No. 115, p. 334, 1918 — Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones; REBORATTI, El Hornero, i, p. 193, 1918 — Concepci6n, Corrientes; FIEBRIG, I.e., 2, p. 206, 1921 — Paraguay; LIMA, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 100, 1920 — Ilhe\3S to Beimonte, southern Bahia; SZTOLCMAN, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 180, 1926 — Invernadinha and Vermelho, Parana. Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia and Minas Geraes south to Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent sections of Paraguay and Argentina (prov. Corrientes and terr. Misiones).1 3: Argentina, Misiones (Rio Paranay i, Puerto Segundo i, Eldorado i). *Pyroderus scutatus granadensis (Lafresnaye}.* EAST COLOMBIAN FRUIT-CROW. Coracina granadensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 277, 1846 — "Nouvelle- Grenade" = Bogotd. 1The present form has nowhere been found outside the area above circum- scribed, and Messrs. Penard (Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 174, 1910) are undoubtedly mistaken in including it in the fauna of Surinam. Nineteen specimens from Brazil and Misiones examined. 'Pyroderus scutatus granadensis (LAFRESNAYE): Very similar to P. s. scutatus, but decidedly smaller, with much shorter bill and tarsi; rufous brown pectoral spots as a rule somewhat paler. A single adult from Tachira and three specimens obtained by S. Bricefio near M6rida appear to me indistinguishable from Bogota skins. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 5, Bucaramanga i. — Venezuela: San Crist6bal, Tachira i; near Me"rida 3. 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Pyroderus grenadensis SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — Bogota. Pyroderus granadensis CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 109, 1859 — New Granada; WYATT, Ibis, 1871, pp. 123, 334 — Canute, south of Ocafta, Santander, Colombia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 398, 1888 — Bogota. Pyroderus scutatus granadensis BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 306, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia and Tachira, Venezuela (crit.); CHAP- MAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 500, 1917 — La Palma and San Au- gustin, head of the Magdalena Valley, and Fusugasuga, Colombia. Range: Subtropical Zone of eastern slope of Central Andes and Eastern Andes of Colombia, extending into western Venezuela (in states of Tachira and MeYida). 2: Colombia (Bogotd 2). Pyroderus scutatus orenocensis (Lafresnaye) . ORINOCAN FRUIT- CROW. Coracina orenocensis LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 277, 1846 — "le pays situe" a 1'embouchure de I'Or^noque" (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge examined). Pyroderus orenocensis CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 109, 1859 — "Caracas," Venezuela (spec, examined); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1869, p. 252 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 398, 1888 — part, spec. b,c, Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 175, 1910 — Surinam (?); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 310, 1921 — Cuyuni and Demerara rivers. Pyroderus scutatus orenocensis HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 95, 1912 — Paso Honda, San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, Vene- zuela; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 255, 1916 — Altagracia, lower Orinoco. Range: Northern Venezuela, from the state of Carabobo (Puer- to Cabello; San Esteban Valley; Cumbre de Valencia) and the vicinity of Caracas south to the Orinoco Valley (Altagracia), and east into British Guiana (Cuyuni and Demerara rivers).1 *Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis Chapman.* WEST COLOMBIAN FRUIT-CROW. Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 631, 1914 — San Antonio, Western Andes of Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 500, 1Two specimens from Carabobo have the rufous color beneath somewhat darker and less extensive than two topotypes from the Orinoco, thus verging in the direction of the black- bellied P. s. granadensis. One of the "Caracas" birds, however, hardly differs from the Orinoco examples. Material examined. — Venezuela: Orinoco (including the type) 2; Altagracia, Orinoco i ; Puerto Cabello I ; San Esteban Valley i ; Cumbre de Valencia i ; "Cara- cas" 3. 1 Pyroderus scutatus occidentalis CHAPMAN: Nearest to P. s. orenocensis, but under parts, including under wing coverts, darker, hazel rather than cinnamon 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 231 1917 — Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Rio Lima, Cerro Munchique, Gallera, La Florida, Miraflores, Salento, and La Frijolera, Colombia. Pyroderus orenocensis (not of LAFRESNAYE) SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1879, p. 520 — Concordia, Frontino, and Santa Elena, Colombia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 398, 1888 — part, spec, d-f, Concordia. Range: Subtropical Zone of Western Andes and western slope of Central Andes of Colombia. 3: Colombia (San Antonio i, Rio Lima i, Miraflores, east of Palmira i). Pyroderus scutatus masoni Ridgway.1 MASON'S FRUIT-CROW. Pyroderus masoni RIDGWAY, Auk, 3, p. 333, 1886 — "interior of Venezuela," errore; we suggest Pozuzo, dept. Huanuco, Peru (type in U.S. National Museum examined); CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 33, p. 632, 1914 —Peru (crit.). Pyroderos granadensis (not of LAFRESNAYE) TACZANOWSKI, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 392, 1884 — Montanas del Mayro, Peru. Range: Tropical Zone of eastern Peru, in dept. of Hudnuco (Pozuzo; Cushi Libertad; Montana del Mayro). Genus CEPHALOPTERUS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Cephalopterus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, pp. 235i 238, 1809 — type (by monotypy and orig. desig.) Cephalopterus ornatus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. AUiceps GISTEL, Naturg. Thierr. Hohere Schulen, p. viii, 1848 — new name for Cephalopterus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. rufous; lower abdomen and under tail coverts more deeply black; upper parts, wings, and tail slightly more glossy. Wing (adult male) 230-250; tail 150-160; bill 35-38. Material examined. — Western Andes: San Antonio 3; Rio Lima 5; "Jorne," Cauca Valley 3; Alto de las Ances i; Antioquia (unspecified) 5. — Central Andes: Miraflores 2. 1 Pyroderus scutatus masoni RIDGWAY: Most nearly related to P. s. occidentalis, but rather smaller; basal portion of the red-tipped throat feathers deeper in tone; rufous area of under parts much duller, chestnut bay rather than hazel, as well as less extensive, leaving a distinct prepectoral band black; upper parts duller, lacking the iridescent gloss to the margins of the dorsal feathers. Wing 215-234; tail 138-146; bill 36-38. This race, based on fragments attached to some ethnological specimens from an unknown locality, was at one time believed to be a native of the interior of Venezuela, until F. M. Chapman suggested its Peruvian origin. Many years previously, however, the late W. Hoffmanns had discovered its true habitat by taking specimens in August, 1903 at Cushi Libertad, alt. 1820 meters, and in March, 1904 at Pozuzo, alt. 950 meters, in the dept. of Huanuco, although this finding was never put on record. Material examined. — Peru, dept. Huanuco: Pozuzo I, Cushi Libertad 6 (Tring Museum and Berlepsch Collection). — Unspecified (including the type) 2. 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. "Cephalopterus ornatus ornatus Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire. UMBRELLA- BIRD. Cephalopterus ornatus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, *3. P- 238, pi. 15, 1809 — Brazil;1 LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 3, p. 161, pi. 41, fig. 2, July, 1830 — Brazil; LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 39, 1837 — Bolivia; D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Am6r. M£rid., Ois., p. 296, 1839 — Rio Beni, Bolivia; TSCHUDI, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 141, 1846 — eastern Peru (anatomy); CABANIS in SCHOM- BURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 691, 1848 — Canuku Mts.; WALLACE, P.Z.S.Lond., 1 8, p. 206, 1850 — opposite the mouth of the Rio Madeira, in some islands, abundant on the Rio Negro, and in the "Sohuives" [ = SolimSes] as far as the boundaries of Brazil (habits); SCLATER, I.e., 25, p. 1 8, 1857 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rfo Napo, Ecuador; BATES, The Naturalist on the Amazon, 2, pp. 283, 387, 1863 — island of Catua, near Ega, and Fonteb6a, Rio Solimoes; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1866, p. 191 — Rio Ucayali; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 581 — wooded islands of lower Rio Negro, between Barra and the mouth of the Rio Branco, also on the banks of the Uaupe"s, above the cataracts; idem, I.e., p. 751 — Chyavetas, Peru; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 135, 1868 — Rio Galera, Villa Maria, Caigara, Rio Guapor£, Engenho do Gama, Sao Vicente, and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso), Forte do Principe (Rio Madeira), Forte do Rio Branco, Rio Cauame", and Serra Carauman (Rio Branco); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1873, p. 286 — Cashiboya, Ucayali, and Chyavetas, Peru; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1874, P- 54 * — Monterico, Ayacucho, Peru; PELZELN, Ibis, 1875, p. 331 — "Spanish Guiana" = Bogota; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 618 — Tilotilo and Apolobamba, Bolivia; TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1882, p. 24 — Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 391, 1884 — Peruvian localities; idem and BERLEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1885, pp. 94, 121 — Mapoto, Ecuador; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 — British Guiana (ex SCHOMBURGK); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 399, 1888 (monog.); BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1896, p. 370 — Chanchamayo and Borgofia, dept. Junin, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 114, 1906 — Rio Cadena, dept. Cuzco, Peru; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 18, 1899 — Rio Santiago, San Jos6, and M6ndez, Ecuador; BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902 — Samborge and Nericagua, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 316, 1907 (range); HAGMANN, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 32, 1907 — Mexiana (?); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 177, 1910 (ex SCHOMBURGK); HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 316, 1910, — Forte do Principe and Rio Guapor6, Rio Madeira; MENEGAUX, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, Rio Mixiollo, Peru; SNETH- LAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 359, 1914 — Rio Purus; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 256, 1916 — Orinoco River, above the Rio JThe describer expressly states that the specimens came from Brazil, and as no record exists for its occurrence either in French or Dutch Guiana, there is no reason to "correct" the type locality to "Cayenne," as was proposed by BERLEPSCH and HARTERT (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902) and again by BERLEPSCH (I.e., 15, p. 143, 1908). 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 233 Meta; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 501, 1917 — Florencia and Buenavista, Colombia; BANGS and NOBLE, Auk, 35, p. 453, 1918 — northeast of Perico, Peru; HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 67, 1920 — Chaquimayo, dept. Puno, Peru; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 310, 1921 — British Guiana (ex SCHOMBURGK); CHAPMAN, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 117, p. 101, 1921 — Rfo Comberciato, Urubamba region, Peru; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 12, 1925 — Bolivia; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 553, 1926 — Zamora, Macas region, and Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador; BERLIOZ, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 72, 1928 — San Jose1, Ecuador. Ampelis umbellate SHAW (and NODDER), Natur. Misc., 21, No. 6, pi. 897, Feb., 1810 — new name for Cephalopterus ornatus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE. Coracina cephaloptera VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 8, p. 5, pi. B, fig. 2, 1817 — Brazil; idem (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 179, pi. 114, 1823 — Brazil; TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 43, pi. 255, 1824 — Brazil. Coracina ornata SPIX, Av. Bras., I, p. 63, pi. 59, 1824 — Fontebda, Rio Soli- m6es; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 420, 1856 — Brazil. Range: Amazonia, from the Rio Madeira, Rio Negro, and Rio Branco in northern Brazil, and the upper Orinoco in southern Vene- zuela west to the eastern base of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador, south through eastern Peru to Bolivia and western Matto Grosso; casual in British Guiana (one record from the Canuku Mountains). 3: Brazil (Conceigao, Rio Branco i); Colombia (unspecified i); Peru (Poco Tambo i). *Cephalopterus ornatus penduliger Sclater. LONG-WATTLED UMBREL- LA-BIRD. Cephalopterus penduliger SCLATER, Ibis, i, p. 114, pi. 3, 1859 — Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, p. 142, 1859 — Pallatanga; idem, I.e., 28, p. 67, 1860 — Pallatanga; idem, I.e., p. 92, 1860 — Nanegal; BERLEPSCH and TACZANOWSKI, I.e., 1883, p. 560 — Chimbo; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 298 — El Placer; SCLATER Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 400, 1888 — Pallatanga; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 490, 1898 — Capal Grande, above Chimbo, and Paramba, Ecuador; SALVADOR: and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 18, 1899 — Rio Peripa; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 715 — Santo Domingo (habits); MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc Mend. Equat., 9, p. 665, 1911 — Santo Domingo; LONNBERG and REN- DIAL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 76, 1922 — Rio Blanco, below Mindo, and Napa road to Santo Domingo de los Colorados; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 501, 1917 — "Los Tambos" [=Los Jambos], Western Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 553, 1926 — Rfo de Oro, Manavf, and La Chonta, Ecuador. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Range: Tropical Zone of western Ecuador and western slope of Western Andes of Colombia. i: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo i). *Cephalopterus ornatus glabricollis Gould. BARE-NECKED UMBRELLA- BIRD. Cephalopterus glabricollis GOULD, P.Z.S.Lond., 18, "1850," p. 92, pi. 20, pub. March, 1851 — Cordillera of Chiriquf; CABANIS, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 254, 1861 — Costa Rica; SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 150 — Cordilleras de Tol6 and Chiriquf; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 201 — Calovevora and Calobre, Veragua; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 117, 1868 — Dota Mts., Angostura, and San Jos6, Costa Rica; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 66 — San Carlos and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; ZELED6N, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, p. 119, 1887 — Turrialba, Naranjo de Cartago, Jimenez, Santa Maria de Dota, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Costa Rica; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 400, 1888 — Turrialba (Costa Rica), Cordillera de Tol£ and Calovevora (Veragua); SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr. Amer., Aves, 2, p. 145, 1891 — Costa Rica and Panama; BANGS, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 51, 1902 — Boquete, Panama; RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 878, 1907 — highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama (monog.); CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 661, 1910 — La Hondura, La Vijagua, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Guacimo, Rio Sicsola, El Hogar, Costa Rica; RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 23, 1919 — Siquirres, Costa Rica. Range: Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Vera- guas). 3: Costa Rica (Lim6n i, Siquirres 2). Genus PERISSOCEPHALUS Oberholser. Gymnocephalus (notof BLOCK and SCHNEIDER, 1801) GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 237, 1809 — type by orig. desig. Corvus calvus GMELIN. Perissocephalus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 209 — new name for Gymnocephalus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE preoccupied. Calvifrons RICHMOND (ex DAUDiN),1 Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 24, p. 671, 1902 — type by orig. desig. Corvus calvus GMELIN. *Perissocephalus tricolor (Mutter). CAPUCHIN-BIRD. Corvus tricolor P.L.S. MULLER,* Natursyst., Suppl., p. 85, 1776 — based on "Choucas chauve de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 521, Cayenne; CASSIN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 242 (crit.). lCalvifrons DAUDIN (Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 3, p. 146, 1804), proposed for "Chauvard," an unidentifiable vernacular name, appears to be a nomen nudum. *Muller's name, although rejected by the late Count BERLEPSCH (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 143, 1908), is of unquestionable pertinence. It was obviously based on Daubenton's plate 521. This figure shows indeed a greenish tinge on the upper parts, which accounts for Muller's misleading expression: "die Hauptfarbe ist grun." IQ2Q- BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 235 Corvus calvus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (i), p. 372, 1788 — based on DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 521, and BUFFON, Cayenne. Gymnocephalus capucinus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 237, 1809 — new name for Corvus calvus GMELIN; LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., p. 359, pi. 41, fig. i, end of 1830 — "Guyane." Coracina gymnocephala VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 5, 1817 — French Guiana. Ampelis calva LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus., p. 56, 1823 — Cay- enne (ex Corvus calvus GMELIN). Gymnocephalus calvus HAHN, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Lief. 2, pi. 4, 1818 — Cayenne; CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 690, 1848 — British Guiana; WALLACE, Trav. Amaz. and Rio Negro, p. 228, 1853 — Cobati, Rio Negro; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 423, 1856 — northern Brazil; BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 581 — Guia, Rio Negro; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 135, 1868 — Rio Vaupe', Forte do Rio Branco, and Rio Branco above the Cachoeira, Brazil; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 — Bartica Grove, Camacusa, and Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 401, 1888 — Cayenne, Maroni River (Surinam), Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Roraima; MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Camopi and Lunier River, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 292, 1907 — Monte Alegre; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 176, 1910 — Surinam. Coracina calva SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, i, p. 415, 1847 — Nappi River, Canuku Mts. (call-note). Calvifrons calvus IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 316, 1907 (range); BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 143, 319, 1908 — Ipousin, Ap- prouague River, Cayenne, Camopi, and Lunier River, French Guiana; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 359, 1914 — Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira) and Monte Alegre, Brazil; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 313, 1921 — numerous localities. Range : French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northern Brazil, from the confines of the Guianas south to the north bank of the lower Amazon, west to the Rio Negro. 2: British Guiana (Demerara River 2). Genus GYMNODERUS Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire. Gymnoderus GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 237, 1809 — type by orig. desig. Corvus nudus GMELIN = Gracula foetida LINNAEUS. *Gymnoderus foetidus (Linnaeus). BARE-NECKED GRACKLB. Gracula foetida LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., loth ed., i, p. 108, 1758 — "America, ROLANDER"; we accept Surinam as type locality (ex BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902). 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Corvus nudicollis BODDAERT, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 37, 1783 — based on "Le Colnud, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 609, Cayenne. Corvus nudus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (i), p. 371, 1788 — based on BUFFON and DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 609, Cayenne. Gymnoderus cayennensis GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 237, 1809 — new name for Corvus nudus GMELIN. Coracina gymnodera VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 6, 1817 — "Guyane"; idem (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 178, pi. 112, 1823 — "la Guyane." Gymnoderus foetidus CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 691, 1848 — Canuku Mountains; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 425, 1856 — northern Brazil; BONAPARTE, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 36, 1857 — Cayenne; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857 — Rio Javarri; idem and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 581 — right bank of lower Rio Negro; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 286 — Rio Javarri; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 135, 1868 — Villa Maria [=Sao Luiz de Caceres], Rio do Cabacal, Retiro, Caigara, Engenho do Gama, and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso (Matto Grosso), Rio Guapore" and Borba (Rio Madeira), and Barra do Rio Negro; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 390, 1884 — Rio Javarri; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 — British Guiana (ex SCHOMBURGK); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 402, 1888 — Cayenne, Surinam, Barra do Rio Negro, Caicara, and Sarayacu, Ecuador; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — Rio Beni, Bolivia; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 303, 1889 — Yurimaguas, Peru; CHAPMAN, Auk, 8, p. 26, 1891 — Santare'm; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 714, pi. 14 — Rfo Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador (descr. adult male); BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902 — Mataben, Mun- duapo, and Bichaco, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; IHERING, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6. P- 435, 1905 — Rio Jurua; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 316, 1907 — Rio Jurua; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 364, 1907 — Humaytha, Rio Madeira; HAGMANN, Zool. Jahrb., (Syst.), 26, p. 32, 1907 — Mexiana; SNETHLAGE, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 292, 1907 — Para and Mexiana; idem, I.e., 56, p. 13, 1908 — Monte Verde, Rio Punas; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. I43i 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 178, 1910 — Surinam; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 317, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, p. 120, 1912 — Mexiana (ex HAGMANN); SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 359, 1914 — Para, Quati-puni, Rio Punis (Monte Verde), Mexiana, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 256, 1916 — Orinoco River, above the mouth of the Rfo Meta; BANGS and PENARD, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 72, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 314, 1921 — upper Takutu Mountains, Berbice River, and Canuku Mountains; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 553, 1926 — eastern Ecuador; YOUNG, Ibis, 1929, p. 233 — Blairmont, British Guiana. Range: French, Dutch and British Guiana; southern Venezuela (upper Orinoco) ; and the whole of the Amazon Valley and its tribu- 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 237 taries from Para west to eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru, south to western Matto Grosso and northern Bolivia. i: Peru (Yurimaguas i). Genus PROCNIAS Illiger. Procnias ILLIGER, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Av., p. 228, 1811 — type by subs, desig. (GRAY, List Gen. Birds, p. 34, 1840) "P. variegatus (L.) ILL." = Ampelis variegata GMELIN = Ampelis averano HERMANN. Casmarhinchos TEMMINCK, Man. d'Orn., 2nd ed., i, p. LXIII, 1820 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 14, p. 403, 1888) Ampelis variegata GMELIN = A mpelis averano HERMANN. Casmarhynchos TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 9, pi. 51, 1821 — type by monotypy "Casmarhynchos variegatus" = Ampelis carnobarba CUVIER. Averano Anonymous, Cat. Coll. Cabinet Riocour, p. 17, 1829 — type by subs, desig. (ZiMMER, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 16, p. 12, 1926) "Averano caronculatus" = Ampelis alba HERMANN. Arapunga LESSON, Trait£ d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 365, end of 1830 — type by subs, desig. (SCLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 14, p. 403, 1888) Ampelis nudi- Cottis VlEILLOT. Eulopogon GLOGER, Gemeinutz. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., i, p. 321, 1841 — type by monotypy Ampelis variegata VIEILLOT (not of GMELIN) = Ampelis carnobarba CUVIER. Vavasouria CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 107, 1920 — type by orig. desig. Ampelis nivea BODDAERT = Ampelis alba HERMANN. Calloprocnias CHUBB, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 40, p. 107, 1920 — type by orig. desig. Chasmorhynchus tricarunculatus J. and E. VERREAUX. *Procnias alba (Hermann). WHITE BELL-BIRD. Ampelis alba HERMANN, Tab. Affin. Anim., p. 213, note, 1783 — based on "Le Guira Panga ou Cotinga Blanc" MONTBEILLARD in BUFFON, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 454, Cayenne. Ampelis nivea BODDAERT, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 49, Dec., 1783 — based on "Cotinga Blanc, de Cayenne" DAUBENTON, PI. Enl. 793 (male), 794 (female). Ampelis carunculata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 841, 1789 — based on "Le Cotinga Blanc" BRISSON (Orn., 2, p. 356) and BUFFON, Cayenne; R. H. SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana and Orinoco, p. 197, 1841 — junction of the Rivers Moschieba and Berbice, three days' journey above New Amsterdam, Brit. Guiana. Chasmarhynchos carunculatus SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, i, pp. 343, 430, 1847 — Canuku Mountains (habits, call-note). Chasmarhynchus carunculatus CABANIS in SCHOMBURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 692, 1848 — Demerara, Berbice, and Canuku Mountains (habits); BURUEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., a, p. 427, 1856 — Guyana. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Casmarhynchos carunculata (us) WALLACE, Travels Amaz. and Rio Negro, p. 132, 1853 — "seen" at Nazar6, near Para; C. B. BROWN, Canoe and Camp Life Brit. Guiana, p. 181, 1876 — Surama Landing, Burroburro River (habits). Procnias nivea LEOTAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 261, 1866 — "Trinidad"; SCLATER, Ibis, 1867, p. 1 08 — occurrence in Trinidad questioned. Ohasmorhynchus niveus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 108, 1859 — Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 258, 1862 — Cayenne; SALVIN, Ibis, 1865, p. 92 — Cayenne (descr.); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 580 — Rio Negro, about twenty miles above Barra [=Manaos], also "seen" near Para; PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 134, 1868 — Barcellos, Rio Negro; FINSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1870, p. 574 — "Trinidad"; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 — Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mts., Atapurow River, Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 403, 1888 — Cayenne, Surinam, Bartica Grove, Carimang River, Atapurow River, Merum6 Mts., Roraima, "Venezuela"; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 316, 1907 — Guiana and Lower Amazonia; BERLEPSCH, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 143, 1908 — Cayenne; PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, a, p. 179, 1910 — Surinam. Chasmorhynchus albus SCLATER, Ibis, 1866, p. 407 — Guiana. Procnias alba STRESEMANN, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 330, 1920 (crit.). Vavasouria alba CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 320, 1921 — British Guiana (numerous localities). Range: French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and adjacent parts of northern Brazil (Rio Negro).1 3: British Guiana (Demerara River 2). *Procnias nudicollis (Vieillof). NAKED-THROATED BELL-BIRD. Ampelis nudicollis VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 8, p. 164, 1817 — "le Bre"sil" (descr. of male and female; types in Paris Museum examined). Procnias ventralis HAHN, V6gel aus Asien, Afrika, etc., Lief. 7, pi. 2, 1820 — Brazil. Cotinga alba (not Ampelis alba HERMANN, 1783) THUNBERG, Mdm. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou, 6, p. 177, 1823 — Brazil (descr. of male). Casmarhynchus ecarunculatus SPIX, Av. Bras., 2, p. 3, pi. 4, 1825 — Rio de Janeiro (type in Munich Museum examined; =male) ; HELLMAYR, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Ak. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 639, 1906 (crit.). Procnias nudicollis WIED, Reise Bras., i, p. 52 (8vo ed., p. 51), 60 (8vo ed., P- 59)i 1820 — Serra de Inua and Guaripana, near Rio; idem, I.e., 2, p. 158, 1821 — Rio Pardo, southern Bahia; DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 24, pi. 27, fig. 2 ( = male), circa 1856 — Brazil (habits); DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 432, 1910 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni. 'There is no reliable record of its occurrence in Trinidad, Venezuela, or Para. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 239 Casmarhynchos nudicollis TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 62, pi. 368 (male), 383 (female), 1825 — eastern Brazil; WIED, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3. (Ot P- 377. l&3° — near Rio de Janeiro and Cabo Frio, and in Bahia at Barra da Vareda, Rio Pardo, etc.; A. DE SAINT-HILAIRE, Voyage prov. Rio de Janeiro et Minas Geraes, i, pp. 16-17, !83O — Rio, Espirito Santo, and Minas Geraes (descr. habits); idem, Voyage distr. des Diamants et Litt. du Bre"sil, i, p. 107, 1833 — Fazenda d'Ocubas, Serra da Lappa, Minas Geraes; idem, Voyage aux sources du Rio San- Francisco et prov. Goyaz, i, p. 26, 1847 — between Uba and Rio Parahyba, Rio. Procn[ias] araponga ("PR. MAX" MS.) CUVIER, R£gne Anim., nouv. e'd., i, p. 364, 1829 — new name for TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., pis. 368, 383, Brazil. Arapunga nudicollis LESSON, Traite d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 365, end of 1830 — Brazil. Chasmarhynchus1 nudicollis BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 426 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; SALVIN, Ibis, 1865, p. 91 — southeastern Brazil; SCLATER, I.e., 1866, p. 407 — Brazil (call-note); PELZELN, Orn. Bras., 2, p. 134, 1868 — Rio de Janeiro, Mattodentro and Ypanema, Sao Paulo; BURTON, Expl. Highl. Brazil, 2, p. 85, 1869 — near Gouv£a, on the way from the Rio das Velhas to Diamantina, Minas Geraes; REINHARDT, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 316 — Lag6a Santa, Minas Geraes and Hytu, Sao Paulo (habits); HAMILTON, Ibis, 1871, p. 306 — Sao Paulo; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 266, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; CABANIS, I.e., 22, p. 90, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio; PELZELN, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; BERLEPSCH and IHERING, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 141, 1885 — Linha Piraja, Rio Grande do Sul; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 404, 1888 — Bahia, Sao Paulo, "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul; IHERING, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 128, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 218, 1899 — Piracicaba and Iguape", Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 157, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 316, 1907 — Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo and Nova Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul; BERTONI, Rev. Inst. Parag., 1907, p. 5 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; idem, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 94, 1913 — Misiones; DABBENE, Bol. Soc. Physis, i, p. 350, 1914 — Paraguay. Procnias averano (not of HERMANN) HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 329, 1920 (crit.). Range: Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from southern Bahia and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent parts of Argentina (Misiones) and eastern Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni). i: "Brazil." *Procnias averano averano (Hermann). MARCGRAVE'S BLACK- WINGED BELL-BIRD. Ampelis Averano HERMANN, Tab. Affin. Anim., pp. 211, 214, 1783 — based on "L'Averano" BUFFON (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 457, 1778) ex "Guirapunga," 'Variously spelled Chasmarhynchus ; Chasmorhynchus, and Chasmorhynchos. 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. MARCGRAVE, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 201 — northeastern Brazil (descr. of male in change of plumage). Ampelis variegata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, (2), p. 841, 1789 — same basis; LICHTENSTEIN, Abhandl. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., for 1816-17, p. 164, 1819 — note on "Guirapunga" of MARCGRAVE. Procnias averano averano HELLMAYR, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 345, 1929 — Grajahu and Tranqueira, Maranhao (crit.). Range: Northeastern Brazil, in state of Maranhao, extending without doubt into some of the neighboring provinces. 5: Brazil, Maranhao (Grajahu i, Tranqueira 4). Procnias averano carnobarba (Cuvier}.1 BLACK-WINGED BELL-BIRD. Ampelis carnobarba CUVIER, Regne Animal, 4, p. 172, pi. 4, fig. 4 (=adult male), 1817 — no locality stated (the type, examined in the Paris Museum, was obtained by Robin on the island of Trinidad). Averano carnobarba LESSON, Trait6 d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 365, pi. 52, fig. i, end of 1830 — Trinidad (descr. of male and female). Ampelis variegata (not of GMELIN) VIEILLOT (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 184, 1823 — no locality stated (descr. of male and female, excl. Marcgrave's account). Ampelis averano (not of HERMANN) VIEILLOT (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), pi. 117, 1823 (=adult male). Procnias lumbriciferus GISTEL, Naturg. Thierr. Hoh. Schulen, p. 90, 1848 — "in Waldern Brasiliens," errore (descr. of male and female). Casmarhynchos variegatus TEMMINCK, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 9 pi. 51 ( = male), 1821 — "Bre'sil," errore. Chasmarhynchus variegatus BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 428, 1856 (descr.). Chasmorhynchus variegatus CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 107, 1859 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; SALVIN, Ibis, 1865, p. 91 — "Brazil" (descr.); SCLATER, I.e., 1866, pp. 406, 407 — Valencia, Venezuela and Bande de 1'Est, Trinidad; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1868, pp. 168, 172 — forest of Casual, Nueva Andalucia, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 628 — San Esteban, Venezuela; GOERING, I.e., 1869, p. 251 — San Esteban; SCLATER, Ibis, 1869, p. 462 — near the Arapu River, one day's journey from Mount Roraima, British Guiana (call-note); SALVIN, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 331, 1882 — Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad; idem, Ibis, 1885, p. 306 — Roraima, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 405, 1888 — Roraima, San Esteban; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 6, p. 47, 1 Procnias averano carnobarba (Cuvier): Very similar to P. averano averano, but body plumage of adult male grayish (pale gull gray to pallid neutral gray) instead of pure white. Material examined. — Trinidad: Heights of Aripo 12, unspecified (the type) i. — Venezuela: San Esteban 2. — British Guiana: Roraima 2. i92Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 241 1894 — Trinidad; idem, I.e., 7, p. 323, 1895 — Caparo and Caura Valley, Trinidad; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 28, 1906 — Aripo, Caparo, and Valencia, Trinidad. Chasmorhynchus niveus (not Ampelis nivea BODDAERT) TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, p. 88 — Trinidad. Procnias variegata DESCOURTILZ, Orn. Br£s., p. 25, pi. 27, fig. 3 (=male), circa 1856 — "Bresil" (errore); LEOTAUD, Ois. Trinidad, p. 259, 1866 — Trinidad; HELLMAYR and SEILERN, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 165, 1912 — San Esteban, Venezuela. Casmorkynchus variegatus C. BROWN, Canoe and Camp Life in Brit. Guiana, p. 123, 1876 — common from the Cotinga to Roraima, rare east of the Cotinga. Procnias carnobarba HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 330, 1920 (crit.); CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 317, 1921 — Mount Roraima and Cotinga River. Range : Mountains of western British Guiana (from the Cotinga to Roraima, rare farther east), Trinidad, and northern Venezuela (from Sucre to Carabobo). *Procnias tricarunculata (/. aitd E. Verreaux). COSTA RICAN BELL- BIRD. Casmarhynchus tricarunculatus J. and E. VERREAUX, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), Si P- X93> J853 — "Bocos del Toro (Nouvelle Grenade)" = north side of Isthmus of Panama. Chasnwrhynchus tricarunculatus SALVIN, Ibis, 1865, pp. 90-95, pi. 3 — Costa Rica (crit.); idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, p. 150 — Santiago de Veragua and Cordillera de Tol£, Veragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 200 — Calovevora, Veragua; LAWRENCE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 9, p. 117, 1868 — "San JoseY' Dota, Cervantes, and Turrialba, Costa Rica; BOUCARD, P.Z.S.Lond., 1878, p. 66 — Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; RIDGWAY, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 5, p. 496, 1882 — Volcan de Irazu; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 405, 1888 — Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Veragua; SALVIN and GODMAN, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 2, p. 142, 1891 — Costa Rica and Panama; idem, Ibis, 1892, p. 327 — Matagalpa, Nicaragua; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 6, 1899 — Chiriqui; BANGS, Auk, 18, p. 365, 1901 — Divala, Panama; idem, Proc. New Eng. Zool. CL, 3, p. 51, 1902 — Boquete, Chiriqui; idem, Auk, 24, p. 303, 1907 — Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica. Procnias tricarunculata RIDGWAY, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 883, 1907 — Nicaragua to Panama (monog., full bibliography); FERRY, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., i, p. 269, 1910 — Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Museum, 6, p. 660, 1910 — La Estrella, Azahar de Cartago, Turrialba, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Cariblanco de Sarapi- qui, Guapiles, Irazu, El Hogar, Costa Rica; KENNARD and PETERS, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 38, p. 458, 1928 — Almirante, Panama. Range: Highlands of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 21 : Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte 4); Costa Rica (Lim6n 7, Volcan de Turrialba 7, Terraba i, unspecified 2). FAMILY RUPICOLIDAE. COCKS-OF-THE-ROCK. Genus RUPICOLA Brisson. Rupicola BRISSON, Orn., 4, p. 437, 1760 — type by monotypy "Rupicola" = Pipra rupicola LINNAEUS. *Rupicola rupicola (Linnaeus). COCK-OF-THE-ROCK. Pipra rupicola LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., i2th ed., i, p. 338, 1766 — based on "Rupicola" BRISSON (Orn., 4, p. 437, pi. 34, fig. i, 1760, "Surinam et toute la Guyane"), "The Hoopoe Hen" EDWARDS (Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, pi. 264, fig. 2, Surinam), and "Gallus ferus saxatilis" BARRERE (Essai Hist. Nat. France Equin., p. 132, "Cayenne"); we accept French Guiana as type locality. Pipra rubicolla MEUSCHEN, Mus. Geversianum, p. 46, 1787 — no locality stated; WALCH (Naturforscher, n, p. 5, 1777) gives "Cayenne" for the specimen in the Gevers Collection. Rupicola crocea BONNATERRE, Tabl. Enc. M£th., Orn., i, livr. 51, p. 266, 1792 — based on "Le Coq de Roche" BUFFON (Hist. Nat. Ois., 5, p. 157 — "dans la montagne Luca, pres d'Oyapoc, et dans la montagne Courouaye, pres de la riviere d'Aprouack") and "Felsenhahn" WALCH (Naturforscher, ii. P- 5. pl- *» 1777> "Cayenne"), French Guiana; CABANIS in SCHOM- BURGK, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 694, 1848 — Canuku Mountains and Avarimatta, Wenamu River, upper Cuyuni; BURMEISTER, Syst. Ubers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 437, 1856 — northern districts of Brazil; GOULD, P.Z.S. Lond., 27, p. 99, 1859 — "Cayenne" and Demerara (crit.); SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 580 — Serra de Cobati, Rio Negro; PELZELN, Orn. Bras.,. 2, p. 131, 1868 — Forte do Sao Gabriel and Cocuy, above Mara- bitanas, Rio Negro; SALVIN, Ibis, 1885, p. 304 — Camacusa, Merum£ Mts., and Atapurow River, British Guiana; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., I4» P- 369. 1888 — Carimang River, Merum6 Mts., Atapurow River, Camacusa, Demerara, British Guiana, "Cayenne," and Guia, Rio Negro; LLOYD, Timehri, (n.s.), 9, p. 231, 1895 — Pirara River, British Guiana (nest and egg descr.); idem, Ibis, 1896, p. 429 (reprint); MENEGAUX, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 181, 1904 — Ouanary, French Guiana (descr. of young male); PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 165, 1910 — interior of Surinam (habits). Rupicola aurantia VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 29, p. 551, 1819 — new name for Pipra rupicola LINNAEUS; "Montagne Courouaye, pres de la riviere d'Aprouack," French Guiana; idem (and OUDART), Galerie Ois., i, (2), p. 316, pl. 189, 1824 — same locality; SCHOMBURGK, Naumaunia, i, Heft 2, pp. 34-38, 1850 — British Guiana (habits); DES- COURTILZ, Orn. Bres., p. 34, pl. 38, fig. 2, 1856 — Brazil. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 243 Rupicola elegans STEPHENS in SHAW, Gen. Zool., 13, (2), p. 257, 1826 — new name for Pipra rupicola LINNAEUS; R. H. SCHOMBURGK, Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko, pp. 332, 446, 1841 — Canuku Range, British Guiana and mountains at the sources of the Rio Padamo, Venezuela. Rupicola cayana SWAINSON, Classif. Birds, 2, p. 253, 1837 — based on DAU- BENTON, PI. Enl. 39, French Guiana; WALLACE, Trav. Amazon and Rio Negro, p. 474, 1853 — range confined to granite formation. Rupicola cayanna C. B. BROWN, Canoe and Camp Life in British Guiana, p. 288, 1876 — Amailah Fall, Curiebrong River, tributary of the Potaro. Rupicola rupicola BERLEPSCH and HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 58, 1902 — mountains west of Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela; BERLEPSCH, I.e., 15, pp. 142, 319, 1908 — "Cayenne" and Ouanary, French Guiana; IHERING and IHERING, Cat. Faun. Braz., i, p. 312, 1907 — range; SNETHLAGE, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 355, 1914 — Rio Negro and Matta Atraz dos Campos de Ariramba, between Rio Erepecuni and Rio Curua do Norte, lower Amazon; CHERRIE, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 2, p. 256, 1916 — about the Maipures Rapids, Orinoco River, Venezuela; CHUBB, Birds Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 293, 1921 — various localities. Range : Mountain ranges of French, Dutch, and British Guiana, southern Venezuela (Caura, Orinoco, and Padamo rivers), and northern Brazil (Rio Negro; Campos de Ariramba, north of the lower Amazon).1 3: French Guiana ("Cayenne" i); British Guiana (Roraima i, unspecified i). *Rupicola peruviana sanguinolenta Gould.* BLOOD-RED COCK-OF- THE-ROCK. Rupicola sanguinolenta GOULD, P.Z.S.Lond., 27, pp. 90, 100, 1859 — "Quito," Ecuador; SCLATER, I.e., 28, p. 91, 1860 — Nanegal; SCLATER and SALVIN, Exotic Orn., p. 29, pi. 15, 1867 — western Ecuador; idem, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 519 — Concordia and Frontino, Colombia (habits; eggs descr.); SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 371, 1888 — "Quito," Intac, Concordia, and near Medellfn; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 74, 1889 — Milligalli; HARTERT, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 490, 1898 — Milligalli; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 17, 1899 — Intac and Gualea; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 712 — Gualea and Milligalli (habits); *Material examined. — French Guiana: "Cayenne" 5, Ouanary i. — British Guiana 7. — Brazil: Rio Negro (Sao Gabriel and Cocuy) 10. tRupicola peruviana sanguinolenta, while separated from the range of R. p. aequatorialis by the intervening Cauca Valley, is clearly but an intensely colored race, the gap between the two forms being to a certain extent bridged by R. p. saturata, of Bolivia and southern Peru. Birds from the Western Andes of Colombia appear to be inseparable, though they average slightly darker, while the crest is often not quite so long. Material examined. — Colombia: La Florida i, Castilla i, Riolima 8, San Pablo 6. — Ecuador: Gualea 8, Milligalli 7, Nanegal i, Nono 2. 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme"e Mes. MeYid. Equat., 9, p. 662, 1911 — San Nicolas; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 547, 1926 — Gualea and Milligalli. Rupicola peruviana (not of LATHAM) JARDINE, Edinb. New Philos. Journ., (n.s.), 2, p. 118, 1855 — part, towards base of the Andes on the western slopes, Ecuador. Rupicola peruviana sanguinolenta CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 36, p. 497, 1917 — N6vita Trail, San Antonio, Munchique, La Florida, Gallera, and Cocal, Western Andes of Colombia; LSNNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — Nanegal and Milligalli, Ecuador; HELL- MAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. II, 1925 — western Ecuador. Rupicola peruviana aurea (not of CHAPMAN) HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. II, 1925 — Riolima, Western Andes of Colombia. Range: Western Ecuador and Western Andes of Colombia. 6 : Colombia (La Florida, west of Popayan, Cauca i ; Castilla Cauca i); Ecuador (Nono 2; Nanegal i; unspecified i). *Rupicola peruviana aequatorialis Taczanowski.1 EQUATORIAL COCK- OF-THE-ROCK. Rupicola peruviana aequatorialis TACZANOWSKI, Warszawski Uniwersytet Izvestja, 1889, No. 4, p. 19, 1889 — based on Rupicola peruviana (not of LATHAM) TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1885, P- 93. Machay and Mapoto, eastern Ecuador; CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 547, 1926 — Zamora, Macas region, Huilca (near Macas), Baeza, below Rio Sardinas, below Oyacachi, and lower Sumaco, eastern Ecuador (crit.); SZTOLCMAN and DOMANIEWSKI, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 151, 1927 — Mapoto (type in Warsaw Museum). Rupicola peruviana aurea CHAPMAN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 31, p. 156, 1912 — Salento, Central Andes, Colombia; idem, I.e., 36, p. 496, 1917 — Salento, La Palma, Andalucia, near San Agustin, Buenavista, and "Bar- rigon," Colombia. Pipra peruviana (not of LATHAM) GOUDOT, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, text to pis. 67-68, pp. 1-4, 1843 — Rio Combayma, Central Cordillera of Colombia (habits). 1 Rupicola peruviana aequatorialis TACZANOWSKI: Similar to R. p. peruviana, but general coloration of males deeper orange and the gray on the apical portion of the tertials more restricted, not wholly concealing the blackish basal area. The range of this form apparently extends south to northern Peru. Two adult males from Huayabamba, when compared with a large series from more northern localities, agree in the pattern of the tertials, but are perhaps — if anything — very slightly paler, less orange, than the majority from Colombia and Ecuador. Bogota skins exhibit a large amount of variation, as far as intensity of coloration is con- cerned, and certain specimens closely approach sanguinolenta. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota 14; Bucaramanga I; San Agustfn 2; La Palma I. — Ecuador: below Baeza 6, near Banos 3. — Peru: Huayabamba, dept. San Martm 5. 1929. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 245 Rupicola peruviana GOUDOT, Rev. Zool., 6, p. I, 1844 — Colombia (nest descr.); DES MURS, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi. 37, 1843 — Colombia (egg descr.); JARDINE, Edinb. New Philos. Journ., (n.s.), 2, p. 118, 1855 — part, towards base of the Eastern Andes, Ecuador; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 126, 1855 — Bogota (range in part); idem, I.e., 26, p. 71, 1858 — Rio Napo; GOULD, I.e., 27, p. 99, 1859 — Bogotd (crit.); SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1867, p. 751 — Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 285 — Chyavetas; idem, I.e., 1875, PP- 237. 238 — San Crist6bal, Tachira, Venezuela; WYATT, Ibis, 1871, p. 334 — Potrerras, south of Ocana, Santander, Colombia; TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 24 — Huambo; TACZANOWSKI, Orn. P£r., 2, p. 373, 1884 — part, Chyavetas and Huambo; BERLEPSCH, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 306, 1884 — Bucaramanga; TACZANOWSKI and BERLEPSCH, P.Z.S.Lond., 1885, p. 93 — Mapoto, Machay, Sarayacu, Ecuador (crit.); BERLEPSCH, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 4, p. 184, 1887 — Bogota; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 370, 1888 — part, spec, g-q, San Cristobal, Bogota, "San Lucas," Chiquinda, Chyavetas, Peru; SALVADORI and FESTA, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 362, p. 18, 1899 — Chuquibamba, Rfo Zamora, Rio Santiago, and San Jose\ Ecuador; STONE, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 306 — "Nevada" de Tolima; GOODFELLOW, Ibis, 1901, p. 711 — below Baeza, eastern Ecuador; MENEGAUX, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc MeYid. Equat., 9, p. 662, 1911 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 2, p. 8, 1917 — Nuevo Loreto, Rio Mixiollo, Huallaga drainage basin, Peru; LC^NNBERG and RENDAHL, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 75, 1922 — Baeza, Ecuador. Rupicola peruviana peruviana HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 34, p. n, 1925 — northern Peru to Colombia. Range: Extreme western Venezuela (San Crist6bal, state of Tachira) ; Central and Eastern Andes of Colombia ; eastern Ecuador ; and northern Peru, south to depts. Amazonas and San Martin (Chyavetas; Huayabamba; Nuevo Loreto, Rio Mixiollo). 5 : Colombia (Bogota 2 ; La Palma, Huila i ; near San Agustin, Huila 2). *Rupicola peruviana peruviana (Latham). PERUVIAN COCK-OF-THE- ROCK. Pipra peruviana LATHAM, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 555, 1790 — based on "Le Coq-de- Roche du PeYou" BUFFON, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 437, and DAUBENTON, PL Enl. 745, Peru; Chanchamayo, dept. Junin, suggested as type locality by CHAPMAN (Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 55, p. 547, 1926). l llt is with considerable reluctance that I follow Dr. F. M. Chapman in the disposition of the name peruviana, since Buffon's specimen, the sole basis of Latham's description, is far more likely to have come from northern Peru (Maynas) than from the central provinces, then practically unknown. As explained else- where (Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 66, 1920), I do not attach much importance to the absence of the black portion of the tertials in Daubenton's plate 745, a feature that might easily be concealed in a mounted specimen. Since, however, the type no longer exists in the Paris Museum, it is perhaps preferable to accept Chapman's designation of Chanchamayo as final rather than to rename the central-Peruvian form. 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. Rupicola peruviana DUMONT, Diet. Sci. Nat., 46, p. 453, 1827 — Peru (ex BUFFON); TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1874, p. 540 — Soriano, dept. Junfn, and (?) Monterico, dept. Ayacucho; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 373, 1884 — part, Soriano and (?) Monterico; BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, P.Z.S. Lond., 1896, p. 369 — La Gloria, Garita del Sol, and San Emilio, dept. Junfn. Rupicola peruana TSCHUDI, Untersuch. Fauna Peru., Aves, p. 142, 1846 — Peru, unquestionably dept. Junln. Range : Central Peru, in depts. of Huanuco and Junin, possibly also Ayacucho (Monterico, east of Huanta).1 5: Peru, dept. Huanuco (Chinchao 2; Huachipa 2; mouth of Cayumba River i). Rupicola peruviana saturata Cabanis and Heine.* BOLIVIAN COCK- OF-THE-ROCK. Rupicola saturata CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., 2, p. 99, 1859 — Bolivia. Rupicola peruviana (not of LATHAM) LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., I, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 38, 1837 — Yungas and Yuracares, Bolivia; D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Ame'r. Me"rid., Ois., p. 294, 1839 — Yungas and east of Cochabamba, Bolivia; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 23, p. 152, 1855 — part, Bolivia; SCLATER and SALVIN, I.e., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, dept. Cuzco, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 618 — Yungas, Cochabamba, Simacu, and Tilo- tilo, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 370, 1888 — part, spec, r-v, Simacu and Tilotilo, Bolivia. Rupicola peruviana saturata BERLEPSCH and STOLZMANN, Ornis, 13, pp. 90, 114, 1906 — Idma, above Santa Ana, Urubamba, and Huaynapata, Mar- capata, dept. Cuzco, Peru; HELLMAYR, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 66, 1920 — Chaquimayo, dept. Puno, Peru (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. n, 1925 — southeastern Peru and Bolivia. Rupicola peruviana peruviana CHAPMAN, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 117, p. 100, 1921 — Huiro, Idma, and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru. Range: Southeastern Peru (in depts. of Cuzco and northern Puno) and northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba). Material examined. — Peru: Chinchao 2, Huachipa 2, mouth of Cayumba River i ; La Gloria, Chanchamayo 2, Vitoc 4. 1 Rupicola peruviana saturata CABANIS and HEINE: Similar to R. p. peruviana in pattern of tertials, but coloration of males much redder, flame scarlet rather than orange chrome. Birds from Cuzco and Marcapata. agree with Bolivian specimens, while those from Idma, by slightly lighter coloring, diverge in the direction of the typical form. Material examined. — Bolivia: Locotal, Yungas of Cochabamba 5; Songo, Yungas of La Paz 16. — Peru: Marcapata 5; Callanga, Cuzco 12; Ocobamba, Cuzco i; Chaquimayo, Puno I. IQ2Q- BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR. 247 FAMILY PHYTOTOMIDAE. PLANT-CUTTERS. Genus PHYTOTOMA Molina. Phytotoma MOLINA, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, pp. 254, 345, 1782 — type by monotypy Phytotoma rara MOLINA. *Phytotoma rara Molina. CHILEAN PLANT-CUTTER. Phytotoma, rara MOLINA, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 254, 1782 — Chile; LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 37, 1837 — Chile (male and female descr.); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Amer. MeYid., Ois., p. 293, 1839 — Valparaiso, Chile; EYDOUX et GERVAIS, Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, pi. 86, 1838 — anatomy; idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, Zool., Part 2, p. 64 bis, pi. 25, 1839 — anatomy; EYDOUX and SOULEYET, Voy. Bonite, Zool., i, p. 92, 1841 — anatomy; DARWIN, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, Part 15, p. 106, 1841 — central Chile; EYTON, I.e., p. 153, 1841 — anatomy; BRIDGES, P.Z.S. Lond., n, p. 113, 1843 — Chile (habits); YARRELL, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847 — Chile (eggs descr.); TSCHUDI, Untersuch. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 139, 1846 — "Peru" (no locality specified);1 DES MURS in GAY, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., i, p. 363, 1847 — Coquimbo to Chilo6, Chile; BIBRA, Denks. Math.-naturw. Kl. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 — lowlands, less common in the Cordilleras of central Chile; HARTLAUB, Naumannia, 1853, p. 214 — Valdivia, Chile; BOECK, I.e., 1855, p. 505 — Valdivia; CASSIN in GILLISS, U. S. Astron. Exp. So. Hemis., a, p. 183, 1855 — Valparaiso- Santiago Road, Chile; GERMAIN, Proc. Boston Soc. N.H., 7, p. 312, 1860 — Chile (nest and eggs descr.); PELZELN, Reise Novara, Zool., i, Vogel, p. 95, pi. 6, fig. ii (egg), 1865 — Chile; SCLATER, P.Z.S.Lond., 1867, pp. 327, 338 — Chile; PHILIPPI, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 266, 1868 — Chile; LANDBECK, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 260, 1877 — Chile (habits); REED, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 553, 1877 — Cauquenes; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 406, 1888 — Colchagua and Valparaiso, Chile; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — "Mapiri, Bolivia" (errore); WAUGH and LATASTE, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 4, p. LXXXVI, 1894 — Pefiaflor, Santiago; idem, I.e., p. CLXXII, 1895 — San Alfonso, Quillota; LATASTE, I.e., s, p. XXXIV, 1895 — Caillihue, Vichuquen; LANE, Ibis, 1897, p. 35 — Hacienda Mansel, near Hospital, prov. Santiago, and Corral and Callecalle, prov. Valdivia, Chile; SCHALOW, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 711, 1898 — Santiago (nest and eggs descr.); HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 206, pi. 3, fig. 8 (egg), 1909 — dept. of Rio Negro; DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 349, 1910 — vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi, Neuqu£n; BARROS, Anal. Zool. Aplic. Santiago de Chile, 6, p. ii, pi. 2, 1919 (habits, food); idem, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 147, 1920 — Valle de Nilahue, Curic6, Chile; idem, I.e., 35, p. 186, 1921 — Los Andes, Aconcagua, Chile: PAESSLER, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 469, 'The description corresponds to the Chilean, not to the Peruvian species. The bird was doubtless obtained in Chile, where Tschudi stopped when on his way to Peru. 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 1922 — Coronel, Chile (habits, nest and eggs); PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 326, 1923 — Bariloche, Lake Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; HOUSSE, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 49, 1924 — Isla La Mocha, Chile; idem, I.e., 29, p. 146, 1925 — San Bernardo, Chile; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 10, 1925 — Valparaiso, Chile and Lake Nahuel Huapi, Neuqu&i; WET- MORE, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 452, 1926 — Bariloche, Rio Negro. Phytotoma bloxamii JARDINE and SELBY, Illust. Orn., i, Part i, pi. 4, Feb., 1827 — Valparaiso, Chile; PIDGEON in GRIFFITH, Anim. Kingdom, 7, pi. facing p. 319, 1829 — "South America"= Valparaiso; VIGORS, Proc. Cornm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., a, p. 3, 1832 — Chile (note on female); MEYEN, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol. Nat. Cur., 16, Suppl., p. 89, 1834 — Chile, particularly common .... in the vicinity of Tacna (errore) ; LESSON Rev. Zool., 5, p. 136, 1842 — Valparaiso (crit.). Phytotoma silens KITTLITZ, M£m. Ac. Sci. St. P6tersb., (sav. 6tr.), i, livr. 2t p. 175, pi. i, 1830 — near Valparaiso, Chile; CHROSTOWSKI, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., i, p. 13, 1921 — type from Valparaiso in Leningrad Museum. Phytotoma rutila (not of VIEILLOT) LAFRESNAYE, Mag. Zool., 2, cl. 2, pi. 5, 1832 — Valparaiso and Santiago, Chile, and "Peru" (errore). Phytotoma molina LESSON, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, Sept., 1834 — en~ virons of Valparaiso, Chile (male and female descr.). Range: Central Chile, from Coquimbo to Llanquihue, and ad- jacent districts of Argentina in the vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi, on the border line of Rio Negro and Neuque'n.1 16: Chile (Paiguano, Coquimbo i; Santiago i; Hacienda Gual- pencillo, Concepci6n i; Curacautin, Malleco 7; Mafil, Valdivia 2; Rinihue, Valdivia i ; Quellon, Chilo£ Island 2 ; Rio Nireguao, Llanquihue i). *Phytotoma rutila rutila Vieillot. REDDISH PLANT-CUTTER. Phytotoma rutila VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. £d., 26, p. 64, 1818 — based on Azara, No. 91, Paraguay; LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 38, 1837 — Corrientes (spec, in Paris Museum examined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage AmeY. Meiid., Ois., p. 293, pi. 29, fig. i, 1839 — Rinc6n de Luna, near the Rio Batel, Corrientes (descr. of immature male); BURMEISTER, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 245, 1860 — Argen- tina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 451, 1861 — Parana, Mendoza, Cor- doba, Tucuman, and Catamarca (habits; female descr.); SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1869, p. 162 — Buenos Aires; SCLATER (and HUD- SON), I.e., 1872, pp. 537, 549 — lower Rio Negro; DOERING, Period. Zool. Arg., i, p. 251, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; WHITE, P.Z.S.Lond., 1882, p. 609 — Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca; BARROWS, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 203, 1883 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios (nest descr.); SCLATER and HUDSON, Arg. Orn., i, p. 164, pi. 8 (male, female), 'Three specimens from Lake Nahuel Huapi agree with a Chilean series. IQ2Q. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HfiLLMAYR. 249 1888 — Argentina; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 407, 1888 — Men- doza, Cosquin (C6rdoba), Parand, vicinity of Buenos Aires, and Rio Negro; WITHINGTON, Ibis, 1888, p. 466 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; STEMPELMANN and SCHULZ, Bol. Ac. Nac. Ci. C6rdoba, 10, p. 403, 1890 — C6rdoba; KERR, Ibis, 1892, p. 131 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; HOLLAND, I.e., 1893, p. 487 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; KOSLOWSKY, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 281, 1895 — Chilecito, La Rioja; LILLO, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 188, 1902 — vicinity of Tucuman; BAER, Ornis, 12, p. 221, 1904 — Tapia and Santa Ana, Tucuman; LILLO, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 51, 1905— vicinity of Tucuman; HARTERT and VENTURI, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 206, pi. 3, fig. 6 (egg), 1909 — Cosquin (C6r- doba), Tapia (Tucuman), and Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires); DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 350, 1910 — range in Argentina; BERTONI, Faun. Parag., p. 58, 1914 — Paraguay; REED, Av. prov. Mendoza, p. 38, 1916 — prov. Mendoza; SANZIN, El Hornero, i, p. 151, 1918 — La Paz and Alto Verde, Mendoza; DAGUERRE, I.e., 2, p. 269, 1922 — Rosas, prov. Buenos Aires; SERIE and SMYTH, I.e., 3, p. 51, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; GIACOMELLI, I.e., p. 72, 1923 — La Rioja; PEREYRA, I.e., p. 169, 1923 — Zeleya and Moreno, Buenos Aires; MARELLI, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. (Buenos Aires) for 1922-23, p. 650, 1924 — Buenos Aires; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. n, 1925 — Corrientes; MENEGAUX, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 17, p. 326, 1925 — Rio Salado, near Icano, Santiago del Estero; WETMORE, Bull. U.S.Nat. Mus., 133, p. 339, 1926 — Las Palmas (Chaco), Riacho Pilaga (Formosa), Victorica (Pampa), and Potrerillos (Mendoza); TREMOLERAS, El Hornero, 4, p. 19, 1927 — Rinc6n de Latorre, dept. San Jos6, Uruguay; SANBORN, Auk, 46, p. 251, 1929 — Estancia Concordia, s. w. of Dolores, Soriano, Uruguay. Phytotoma rutila rutila PETERS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 326, 1923 — Rio Colorado, Argentina; FRIEDMANN, I.e., 68, p. 209, 1927 — Concepci6nr Tucuman. Phytotoma angustirostris (not of LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY) LILLO, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 188, 1902 — vicinity of Tucu- man; BAER, Ornis, 12, p. 221, 1904 — Tapia, Tucuman (spec, examined); LILLO, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 51, 1905 — vicinity of Tucuman. Range: Argentina, from the Rio Negro north to Catamarca, Tucuman, Chaco, Formosa, and Corrientes; the Paraguayan Chaco; Uruguay.1 Specimens from eastern Argentina (Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Cor- rientes) and Uruguay agree well together. All the birds I have seen from C6rdoba and Tucuman are likewise referable to P. r. rutila. Certain examples with more white than usual on the lateral rectrices have no doubt given rise to the reported occurrence of P. angustirostris in northwestern Argentina. I have examined two skins from Tapia, Tucuman, so identified by the late G. A. Baer. They are, how- ever, much smaller and have less white in the tail than a Bolivian series, and as the majority from Tucuman are identical with the average from eastern Argentina, they must undoubtedly go with rutila. Material examined. — Uruguay: Near Dolores, Soriano i. — Argentina: Corrientes i ; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires 4; Santa Elena, Entre Rios I ; Men- doza i; Cosquin, C6rdoba 3; Tapia, Tucuman 6; Concepci6n, Tucuman 21. 250 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII. 22: Uruguay (Estancia Concordia, s. w. of Dolores, dept. Soriano i); Argentina (Concepci6n, Tucuman 21). *Phytotoma rutila angustirostris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.1 BOLIV- IAN PLANT-CUTTER. Phytotoma angustirostris LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY, Syn. Av., i, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 37, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum ex- amined); D'ORBIGNY, Voyage Am6r. Merid., Ois., p. 292, pi. 29, fig. 2, 1839 — La Paz, Cavari, Enquisivi, Palca, Sicasica, Ayupaya, Cochabamba, Mizque, Chuquisaca, Bolivia; SCLATER and SALVIN, P.Z.S.Lond., 1879, p. 619 — Tilotilo, Yungas, and d'Orbigny's localities, Bolivia; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 407, 1888 — Tilotilo, La Paz; (?) SALVADORI, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 12, 1895 — Chilcas, Salta; (?) idem, I.e., 13, No. 292, p. 17, 1897 — Tala and Cara-huassi, Salta; L6NNBERG, Ibis, 1903, p. 455 — San Lufs, Tarija, Bolivia; (?) DABBENE, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 349, 1910 — Salta; HELLMAYR, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 10, 1925 — La Paz, Bolivia (note on types). (?) Phytotoma rutila (not of VIEILLOT?) BRUCH, Rev. Mus. La Plata, n, p. 256, 1904— Oran, Salta. Range: Mountainous parts of Bolivia, from La Paz to Tarija, and (?) extreme northwestern Argentina (prov. Salta). 7: Bolivia (Parotani, dept. Cochabamba 7). Phytotoma raimondii Taczanowski* PERUVIAN PLANT-CUTTER. Phytotoma raimondii TACZANOWSKI, P.Z.S.Lond., 1883, p. 71, pi. 17 (male) — Tumbez, northwestern Peru; idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 395, 1884 — Tumbez; SCLATER, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., 14, p. 408, 1888 — Tumbez; ALLEN, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 2, p. 88, 1889 — "Valparaiso, Chile" (errore). Range: Littoral of northwestern Peru, in depts. of Tumbez (Tumbez) and Libertad (Trujillo; Vird). 1 Phytotoma rutila angustirostris LAFRESNAYE and D'ORBIGNY: Very similar to P. r. rutila, but larger, with stronger bill; lateral tail feathers more broadly tipped with white. Wing 94-100, (female) 94-97 (against 83-89, in P. r. rutila); tail 88-94, (female) 85-89; bill 12-13. Sclater is quite wrong in describing the under parts of this form as "brownish red," since these parts, in the adult male, are just as deep cinnamon rufous as in the typical race. The larger size and the longer white tips to the tail, however, serve to distinguish it from its southern ally. It is somewhat questionable whether P. r. angustirostris really extends into Argentina, since Salvadori, in referring Salta specimens to the present form, may have been misled by Sclater's key. In the absence of material, I am unable to decide the point. Material examined. — Bolivia: La Paz (including the types) 13; Parotani, Cochabamba 7; Valle Grande 4; Samaipata i. 1 Phytotoma raimondii TACZANOWSKI: Readily distinguished from P. rutila angustirostris by its much more elongated bill; by lacking in the male sex the cinnamon rufous frontal patch and by having the foreneck, chest, and sides of the breast extensively mouse gray (instead of cinnamon rufous like the rest of the under parts). Wing 93, (female) 90; tail 90, (female) 82-84; bill 14. Material examined. — Peru, dept. Libertad: Trujillo i; Vini 2. INDEX Bold-faced type denotes names adopted in this work. abditivus, Manacus 68 acevalianus, Psaliurus 97 actinosa, Pipra 28 aegithalodes, Pipra 55 aenigma, Sapayoa 86 aequatorialis, Rupicola 244 affinis, Platypsaris 199 affinis, Psaris 193 aglaiae, Pachyrhynchus 199 aglaiae, Platypsaris 199 alba, Ampelis 237 alba, Cotinga 238 alba, Prpcnias 237 albibarbis, Corapipo 63 albifrons, Pachyrynchus 186 albiloris, Pachyrhamphus 182 albinuchus, Exetastes 216 albitorques, Tityra 222 albiventris, Hadrostomus 201 albiventris, Platypsaris 201 albogriseus, Pachyramphus 188 albogriseus, Pachyrhamphus. ... 188 Allocopterus 42 Allocotopterus 42 altera, Corapipo 62 Alticeps 231 amabilis, Cotinga 105 amazonum, Heteropelma 81 amazonus, Schiffornis 81 Ampelio 102 Ampelion IOI Ampeleia 1 24 Ampelioides 124 Ampelis 104 Amphibolura 97 angosturae, Heterocercus 91 angustirostris, Phytotoma 250 anomala, Pipra 13 anthracina, Pipra 32 Anticorys 49 Antilophia 51 antioquiae, Heliochera 100 antioquiae, Machaeropterus 41 antioquiae, Piprites 7 antoniae, Carpodectes 112 Arapunga 237 arcuata, Ampelis 123 arcuata, Euchlornis 123 arcuatus, Lanius 95 arimensis, Pipra 19 arizelus, Attila 132 armiger, Tyrannus 164 aterrimus, Pachyrhynchus 203 atlantica, Chiroxiphia 54 atra, Tijuca 101 atricapilla, Pipra 170 atricapilla, Tityra 193 atricapillus, Lanius 186 atricapillus, Tyrannus 216 atricilloides, Pachyramphus 197 a tr on it ens, Xenopipo 47 atro-purpurea, Ampelis 1 1 1 atro-purpurea, Xipholena 1 1 1 Attila 128 audax, Hadrostomus 195 audax, Platypsaris 195 Aulea 149 Aulia 149 aurantia, Muscicapa 169 aurantia, Pipra 8 aurantia, Rupicola 242 aurantiaca, Chiromachaeris 73 aurantiaca, Pipra 8 aurantiacus, Manacus 73 auran tiicollis, Pipra 9 aurantiivertex, Heterocercus. ... 91 aurea, Rupicola 244 Aureola, Parus 8 aureola, Pipra 8 aureo-pectus. Ampelis 119 aureopectus, Euchlornis 119 aurifrons, Muscicapa 87 aurifrons, Neopelma 87 aurocapilla, Pipra 27 aurora, Euphone 125 australis, Pachyramphus 191 australis, Pachyrhamphus 191 Averano 237 Averano, Ampelis 239 averano, Procnias 239 Azarac, Tityra 217 bahiae, Pipra 37 bangsi, Manacus 69 Bathmidurus 163 bellus, Masius 51 berlepschi, Pipra 30 Berlepschia 164 bloxamii, Phytotoma 248 boliviana, Chiroxiphia 58 bolivianus, Attila 141 bolivianus, Piprites 5 borellianus, Hadrostomus 172 brachyurus, Tyranneutes 48 brasiliensis, Attila 129 braziliensis, Psaris 207 251 INDEX braziliensis, Tityra 207 brevipes, Muscicapa 87 brooksi, Oxyruncus 2 buckleyi, Laniisoma 96 buckleyi, Ptilochloris 96 buckleyi, Tityra 221 caelesti-pileata, Pipra 20 caerulea, Ampelis 104 caeru 1 eocapilla, Pipra 21 cajanus, Pachyrhynchus 204 calamae, Pipra 13 calcaratus, Tyrannus 152 Calloprocnias 237 Callopsaris 163 Calvifrons 234 calvus, Corvus 235 Calyptura 127 candei, Manacus 74 candei, Pipra 74 canescens, Platypsaris 196 caniceps, Attila 134 capucinus, Gymnocephalus 235 carbonata , Pipra 16 Carnifex 92 carnifex, Lanius 93 carnif ex, Phoenicircus 93 carnobarba, Ampelis 240 carnobarba, Procnias 240 Carpodectes 1 1 1 Carpornis 102 carunculata, Ampelis 237 Casiornis 146 Casmarhinchos 237 Casmarhynchos 237 castanea, Tityra 172 castaneotinctus, Lathria 162 castaneotinctus, Lipaugus 162 castaneus, Pachyramphus 172 caudata, Chiroxiphia 58 caudata, Pipra 58 cayana, Ampelis 108 cayana, Cotinga 108 cayana, Rupicola 243 cayana, Tityra 204 cayanensis, Psaris 204 cayanus, Lanius 204 cayennensis, Ampelis 108 cayennensis, Gymnoderus 236 cephaleucos, Pipra 37 cephaloptera, Coracina 233 Cephalopterus 231 Ceratopipra 46 Cercophaena 52 cerritus, Manacus 74 chachapoyas, Euchlornis 115 chapmani, Pachyrhamphus 186 Chelidis 97 Chirocylla 1 63 Chiromachaeris 64 Chiroprion 52 Chiroxilla 1 63 Chiroxiphia 52 chlorion, Hemipipo 4 chlorion, Piprites 4 chloris, Pipra 4 chloris, Piprites 4 chlorolepidota, Pipreola 113,120 chloromelaena, Pipra 19 chloromeros, Pipra 25 Chloropipo 43 Chloropsaris 1 63 chrysoblephara, Berlepschia 164 chrysocephala, Pipra 28 chrysocephalum, Heteropelma. . 88 chrysocephalum, Neopelma 88 chrysopogon, Pipra 97 chrysoptera, Pipra 49 chrysopterus, Masius 49 Chrysopteryx 101 cincta, Ampelis 105,124 cineracea, Ampelis 157 cineraceus, Lipaugus 157 cinerascens, Muscicapa 152 cinerascens, Pachyrhynchus 193 cinerea, Ampelis 110,157 cinerea, Muscicapa 142 cinerea, Pipra 17° cinerea, Tityra 204 cinereiventris, Pachyramphus . . 183 cinereiventris, Pachyrhamphus. . 183 cinnamomea, Muscicapa 145 cinnamomea, Neopipo 75 cinnamomea, Pipra 75 cinnamomeus, Attila 140 cinnamomeus, Attila 145 cinnamomeus, Pachyramphus . . 175 circumpicta, Pipra 21 Cirrhipipra 38 citreopyga, Dasycephala 136 citreopygus, Attila 136 citriniventris, Attila 144 clara, Lathria 162 Climacocercus 164 coccinea, Ampelis 93 coelestis, Cotinga 104 columbiana, Tityra 210 comata, Pipra 36 confinis, Attila 134 coracina, Pipra 33 Corapipo 61 cornuta, Ceratopipra 46 cornuta, Pipra 46 coronata, Chiromachaeris 75 coronata, Pipra 18 coronatus, Manacus 75 coronatus, Pardalotus 128 coronulatus, Masius 5° Coropipo 61 costaricensis, Pachyramphus.. . . 168 costaricensis, Pachyrhamphus. 168,184 costaricensis, Tityra 213 Cotinga 104 cotinga, Ampelis 104 INDEX 253 cotinga, Cotinga 104 cozumelae, Attila 140 cristata, Calyptura 127 cristata, Phibalura 97 cristatus, Oxyrhyncus i cristatus, Oxyruncus i cristatus, Pardalotus 127 cristatus, Psaris 193 crocea, Rupicola 242 cruenta, Muscicapa 226 cryptolophus, Lipaugus 160 cryptolopha, Lathria 160 cucullata, Ampelis 102 cucullata, Procnias 102 cucullatus, Ampelion 102 cuprea, Cotinga 93 cuvierii, Psaris 164 cyanocapilla, Pipra 17 cyanocephalus, Climacocercus . . . 178 cyanocephalus, Thamnophilus. . . 178 Dasycephala 128 Dasyncetopa 8 Dasyopsis 128 decora, Euchlornis 120 decora, Pipreola 120 deliciosa, Pipra 42 deliciosus, Allocotopterus 42 deses, Tityra 215 Dicranura 97 dimidiatus, Pachyrhamphus 1 68 Dixiphia 8 Doliornis 100 dor sal is, Pachyramphus 185 dorsalis, Pachyrhamphus 185 dubia, Pipra 8 dumicola, Scotothorus 85 dupontii, Platyrhynchus 164 ecarunculatus, Casmarhynchus . . 238 edwardsi, Manacus 65 electilis, Manacus 75 elegans, Ampelis 95,118 elegans, Laniisoma 95 elegans, Rupicola 243 emiliae, lodopleura 127 eques, Muscicapa 169 Erator 204 erythrocephala, Pipra 27 erythrocephalus, Parus 27 erythrogenys, Psaris 220 erythrogenys, Tityra 220 erythrolophos, Pipra 31 erythrorhynchus, Chrysopteryx. . 101 esmeraldae, Tityra 212 eucephala, Pipra 23 Euchlornis 113 Euchlorornis 113 Eulopogon 237 Exetastes 204 Exetastus 204 exilis, Psaris 1 70 exquisita, Pipra 21 fasciata, Ampelis 105 fasciata, Pipra 1 1 f asciicauda, Pipra n fastuosa, Pipra 52 f estiva, Euchlornis 119 filicauda, Pipra 38 filicauda, Teleonema 38 filifera, Pipra 38 flammiceps, Oxyrhynchus i flammic eps, Pipra 31 flammulatus, Attila 138 flaveolus, Manacus 69 flavicapilla, Chloropipo 43 flavicapilla, Pipra 43 flavicapillum, Heteropelma 89 flavicollis, Chloropipo 43 flavicollis, Pipra 10 flavigula, Heteropelma 81 flavirostris, Phibalura 97 flavitincta, Pipra 69 flavitorques, Ampelioides 124 flavivertex, Heterocercus 91 foetida, Gracula 235 f oetidus, Gymnoderus 235 forficata, Pipra 97 formosa, Ampelis 121 formosa, Euchlornis 121 fortis, Tityra 210 fraserii, Psaris 223 f raserii, Tityra 223 frater, Oxyrhamphus 3 frater, Oxyruncus 3 frederici, Lipaugus 153 f rederici, Rhytipterna 153 frontalis, Euchlornis 120 furvus, Schiffornis 84 furvus, Scotothorus 84 f usca, Ampelis 126 fusca, Casiornis 148 fusca, lodopleura 126 fuscicauda, Attila 135 fusco-cinerea, Querula 156 f usco-cinereus, Lipaugus 1 56 galeata, Antilophia 51 galeata, Pipra 51 gaumeri, Attila 140 glabricollis, Cephalopterus 234 gracilis, Pipra 23 granadensis, Coracina 229 granadensis, Pyroderus 229 grisea, Ampelis no griseiceps, Piprites 7 griseiceps, Tityra 215 griseigularis, Attila 143 griseigularis, Pachyramphus. ... 166 griseigularis, Pachyrhamphus. . . 167 griseus, Pachyrhamphus 170 gualeae, Tityra 212 guayaquilensis, Lathria 1 56 254 INDEX guianensis, Psaris 204 guttata, lodopleura 126 guttural is, Corapipo 61 gutturalis, Pipra 61 gutturosa, Pipra 71 gutturosus, Manacus 71 gymnocephala, Coracina 235 Gymnocephalus 234 gymnodera, Coracina 236 Gymnoderus 235 Hadrostomus 193 Haematoderus 225 haematodes, Dasycephala 147 Heilicura 60 helenae, Neopipo 76 Helicura 60 Heliochaera 98 Heliochera 98 Helipchoera 98 Hemipipo 3 herbacea, Pipra 18 heterocerca, Pipra 39 heterocerca, Teleonema 39 Heterocercus 90 Heliophilus 125 heteroleuca, Corapipo 63 heteromelaena, Tityra 211 Heteropelma 78 Hicura 60 hoffmannsi, Pipra 18 holerythra, Rhytipterna 1 54 holerythrus, Lipaugus 154 holochlora, Chloropipo 44 homochrous, Pachyrhamphus. . . 195 homochrous, Platypsaris 195 hopkei, Carpodectes 112 Hylocosmia 104 hypoglaucus, Oxyrhamphus 2 hypoglaucus, Oxyruncus 2 hypophaeus, Platypsaris 200 hypopyrra, Ampelis 149 hypopyrrha, Ampelis 149 hypopyrrha, Laniocera 149 hypoxanthus, Attila 138 idiotes, Attila 1 34 ignicapilla, Pipra 59 igniceps, Heteropelma 88 ignif era, Pipra 26 Ilicura 60 Illicura 60 immunda, Rhytipterna 1 54 immundus, Lipaugus 154 inquisitor, Lanius 216 inquisitor, Tityra 216 insularis, Platypsaris 202 intercedens, Schiffornis 8 1 interior, Manacus 67 intermedia, Euchlornis 115 intermedia, Pipreola 115 intermedia, Tityra 205 intermedius, Pachyramphus 173 intermedius, Pachyrhamphus ... 173 lodopleura 125 iracunda, Pipra 46 iris, Pipra 22 isabellae, lodopleura 126 isabellae, lodopleurus 127 isidorei, Pipra 14 itzensis, Pachyramphus 192 itzensis, Pachyrhamphus 192 jardinii, Psaris 216 jucunda, Euchlornis 117 jucunda, Pipreola 117 lamellipennis, Ampelis no lamellipennis, Xipholena no lanceolata, Chiroxiphia 53 lanceolata, Pipra 53 Laniisoma 95 Laniocera 149 lanioides , Lipaugus 159 lanioides, Turdampelis 159 laplacei, Pipra 126 lateralis, Lipangus 149 Lathria 156 latirostris, Platypsaris 201 latirpstris, Pachyrhamphus 201 Lepidothrix 8 leuconotus, Tityra 203 leucocapilla, Pipra 35 leucochlamys, Manacus 70 leucocilla, Pipra 34 leucogaster, Pachyrynchus 170 leucoptilon, Pachyramphus 194 leucopygia, lodopleura 126 leucopygia, Pipra 14 leucorrhoa, Corapipo 61 leucorrhoa, Pipra 65 leucura, Tityra 225 linearis, Chiroxiphia 52 linearis, Pipra 52 lineata, Pipra 40 linteata, Elaenia 90 linteatus, Heterocercus 90 Lipaugus 1 56 litae, Chloropipo 44 longicauda, Pipra 59 lubomirskii, Euchlornis 117 lubomirskii, Pipreola 117 lumbriciferus, Procnias 240 luteocephala, Muscicapa 87,92 luteocephalus, Heterocercus .... 92 luteola, Attila 137 macconnelli, Pachyrhamphus.. . . 182 Machaeropterus 40 maculata, Cotinga 104 maculatus, Ampelis 105 magdalenae, Pachyramphus. . . . 176 magdalenae, Pachyrhamphus.. . . 176 major, Bathmidurus 191 major, Massornis 77 INDEX 255 major, Pachyramphus 191 major, Schiffornis 77 Manacus 64 manacus, Manacus 65 manacus, Pipra 65 marcidus, Pachyrhamphus 1 70 marginata, Muscipeta 186 marginatus, Pachyramphus 186 marginatus, Todus 1 86 Masius 49 masoni, Pyroderus 231 Massomis 77 maximus, Manacus 70 maximus, Psaris 207 maynana, Ampelis 107 maynana, Cotinga 107 megacephalus, Pachyrynchus ... 193 melanocephala, Pipra 60,65 melanocephalus, Ampelion 102 melanocephalus, Pachyrhynchus. 204 melanocephalus, Procnias 102 melanocephalus, Turdus 102 melanolaema, Euchlornis 113 melanolaema, Pipreola 113 melanoleucus, Bathmidurus . . 168,172 mentalis, Pipra 25 merremii, Ampelis 94 Metopia 51 mexicanus, Attila 138 mexicanus, Psaris 214 microlopha, Pipra 35 militaris, Coracina? 225 militaris, Haematoderus 225 militaris, Ilicura 60 militaris, Pipra 60 milleri, Manacus 73 mindoensis, Lathria 161 mindoensis, Lipaugus 161 minima, Pipra 33 minor, Pipra 26 minor, Pipra 33 minor, Platypsaris . 197 minor, Psaris 186 minor, Querula 197 minuscula, Pipra 15 mitratus, Lanius 1 70 molina, Phytotoma 248 morenoana, Pipra 78 naevius, Lanius 204 nanus, Pachyramphus 187 nanus, Pachyrhamphus 187 napensis, Chiroxiphia 57 nattereri, Attila 142 nattered, Pipra nattererii, Ampelis 106 nattererii, Cotinga 1 06 natterii, Psaris 216 Neopelma 87 Neopipo 75 neoxenus, Attila 132 niger, Lanius 203 niger, Pachyramphus 180 niger, Pachyrhynchus 180 niger, Platypsaris 203 nigra, Tijuca 101 nigrescens, Pachyrhamphus 203 nigriceps, Muscicapa 164 nigriceps, Tityra 212 nigricollis, Phoenicircus 94 nigrigularis, Phoenicocercus 95 nigriventris, Pachyrhamphus . .180,182 nitidus, Carpodectes in nivea, Ampelis 237 notius, Pachyrhamphus 177 nudicollis, Ampelis 238 nudicollis, Corvus 236 nudicollis, Procnias 238 nudus, Corvus 236 obscurus, Attila 132 obscurus, Platypsaris 200 occidentalis, Euchlornis 114 occidentals, Pyroderus 230 olivaceus, Schiffornis 80 olivaceus, Scotothorus 80 opalizans, Pipra 22 orenocensis, Coracina 230 orenocensis, Pyroderus 230 ornatus, Cephalopterus 232 ornatus, Pachyramphus 189 ornatus, Pachyrhamphus 189 Oxyramphus i Oxyrhamphus i Oxyrhynchus i Oxyrhyncus i Oxyruncus i oxyura, Pipra 60 Pachyramphus 163 Pachyrhamphus 163,193 Pachyrhynchus 204 pacificus, Attila 140 pallescens, Neopelma 89 pallescens, Tyrannula 89 pallidigula, Euchlornis 122 panamensis, Schiffornis 84 paraguayensis, Oxyrhamphus. . . 2 parambae, Attila 135 pareola, Chiroxiphia 55 pareola, Pipra 55 pareolides, Pipra 53 parinus, Psaris 1 70 parvirostris, Attila 133 pectoralis, Pachyrynchus 197 pelzelni, Tityra 218 penduliger, Cephalopterus 233 Perissocephalus 234 personata, Tityra 214 perspicillata, Pipra 61 peruanus, Pachyrhamphus 166 peruviana, Pipra 245 peruviana, Rupicola 245 Phaenicocercus 92 256 INDEX Phibalura 97 Phoenicercus 92 Phoenicircus 92 Phoenicocercus 92 phoenicurus, Attila 144 phygas, Porphyrolaema 103 Phytotoma 247 pileata, Pipra 4 pileata, Tityra 193 pileatus, Piprites 4 Pipra 8 pipra, lodopleura 125 pipra, Pardalotus 125 pipra, Parus 34 pipra, Pipra 34 Pipreola 113 Piprites 3 Platypsaris 193 plumata, Pipra 55 plumbea, Muscicapa 157 polychopterus, Pachyramphus . . 179 polychopterus, Platyrhynchos . . . 179 pompadora, Ampelis 109 porphyrobroncha, Muscicapa. . . . 226 porphyrolaema, Cotinga 103 Porphyrolaema 103 porphyrolaema, Porphyrolaema. . 103 Procnias 237 Psaliurus 97 Psaris 204 Ptilochloris 95 pulchra, Euchlornis 1 18 punicea, Xipholena 109 puniceus, Turdus 109 purissimus, Manacus 66 purpurata, Muscicapa 226 purpurata , Querula 226 purpurea, Ampelis in purpurea, Querula 226 purus, Manacus 66 purusiana, Pipra 13 pyrocephala, Pipra 42 pyrocephalus, Machaeropterus. . 42 Pyroderus 228 Pyrorhynchus 113 Pyrrhorhynchus 113 Pythis 8 Querula 226 raimondii, Phytotoma 250 rara, Phytotoma 247 regina, Chiroxiphia 57 regulus, Machaeropterus 40 regulus, Pipra 40 remigialis, Ptilochloris 96 Rhytipterna 152 ridgwayi, Cotinga 106 riefferii, Ampelis 113 riefferii, Euchlornis 113 roseicollis, Psaris 197 rosenbergi, Heteropelma 82 rosenbergi, Lipangus 156 rosenbergi, Rhytipterna 155 rosenbergi, Schiffornis 82 rubicolla, Pipra 242 rubicunda, Neopipp 76 rubidior, Euchlornis 122 rubra, Cotinga 93 rubra, Muscicapa 147 rubra, Pipra 8 rubra, Querula 225 rubricristatus, Ampelion 98 rubrifrons, Pipra 60 rubrpcapilla, Pipra 31 rubricollis, Coracina 228 rubricollis, Muscicapa 226 rubro-cristata, A(mpelis) 98 rubro-cristata, Heliochera 98 rufa, Casiornis 147 rufa, Muscicapa 169 rufa, Tityra 193 rufaxilla, Ampelis 99 ruf axilla, Heliochera 99 rufescena, Laniocera 151 rufescens, Lipaugus 151 rufescens, Muscicapa 170 rufescens, Pachyrhynchus 170 rufescens, Tyrannus 129,141 ruficeps, Pachyrynchus 172 rufigularis, Attila 130 rufipectus, Attila 134 ruf ococcix, Turdampelis 1 59 rufococcyx, Turdampelis 159 rufocristata, Ampelis 98 rufo-olivacea, Muscicapa 79 rufula, Tyrannula 147 rufum, Heteropelma 77 rufus, Attila 142 ruf us, Pachyramphus 169 rufus, Platypsaris 193 rufus, Thamnophilus 147 rufus, Tyrannus 143 Rupicola 242 rupicola, Pipra 242 rupicola, Rupicola 242 rustica, Muscicapa 152 rutila, Phytotoma 248 rutilus, Thamnophilus 147 rutilus, Tyrannus 145 salvini, Attila 138 salvini, Pachyramphus 190 salvini, Pachyrhamphus 190 sanguinaria, Laniocera 149 sanguinicollis, Ampelis 228 sanguinolenta, Rupicola 243 Sapayoa 86 saturata, Rupicola 246 saturatus, Pachyramphus 173 saturatus, Pachyrhamphus 174 scarlatina, Pipra i r Schiffornis 77 Schiffornis 78 INDEX 257 sclateri, Attila 136 sclateri, Doliornis 100 sclateri, Euchlornis 122 Scotothorus 78 scutata, Coracias 228 scutatus, Pyroderus 228 selbii, Psaris 216 semifasciata, Tityra 208 semifasciatus, Pachyrhynchus . . . 208 serena, Pipra 24 serratus, Oxyrhynchus i setif era, Pipra 38 sibilatrix, Muscicapa 149 signata, Euchlornis 1 16 silens, Phytotoma 248 similis, Pachyramphus 184 similis, Pachyrhamphus . . . 184,190 simoni, Cotinga 107 simplex, Muscicapa 152 simplex, Pachyrhynchus 170 simplex, Rhytipteirna 152 spadicea, Muscicapa 128 spadiceus, Attila 128 spixii, Pachyramphus 177 spixii, Pachyrhynchus 177 splendens, Muscipeta 179 spodiostethus, Attila 131 spodiurus, Pachyramphus 169 spodiurus, Pachyrhamphus 169 squamata, Muscicapa 95 squamatus, Pachyrhynchus 167 squamipectus, Euchlornis 121 steinbachi, Schiffornis 82 stenorhynchum, Heteropelma. . . 83 stenorhynchus, Schiffornis 83 Stictornis 124 stolzmanni, Pipra 48 stolzmanni, Tyranneutes 48 strenuus, Thamnophilus 145 streptophora, Lathria 160 strep tophorus, Lipaugus 160 strigatus, Psaris 193 strigilata, Pipra 40 striolata, Pipra 41 striolatus, Machaeropterus 41 suavissima, Pipra 24 subalaris, Lipaugus 160 subalaris, Xenopipo 46 subpallida, Cirrhipipra 38 subpurus, Manacus 67 sulphureiventer, Neopelma 88 sulphureiventer, Scotothorus. ... 88 sumichrasti, Platypsaris 200 superba, Ampelis 105 superbus, Manacus 55 surinama, Muscicapa 168 surinamensis, Attila 132 surinamensis, Hadrostomus 194 surinamensis, Heteropelma 80 surinamus, Pachyramphus 168 swainsonii, Pachyrhynchus 186 tantulus, Pachyramphus 184 taunaysii, Heliophilus 125 Teleonema 38 tephrocephala, Attila 137 tephronota, Tityra 217 tertia, Aulia 152 tertia, Laniocera 151 thamnophiloides, Muscicapa. ... 145 Threnoedus 226 Tijuca 101 Tityra 204 tityroides, Tityra 214 tobagensis, Pachyrhamphus 182 torridus, Attila 146 tricarunculata, Procnias 241 tricarunculatus, Casmarhynchus. 241 tricolor, Corvus 234 tricolor, Perissocephalus 234 trinitatis, Chiromachaeris 64 trinitatis, Manacus 64 tristis, Pachyramphus 181 tristis, Psaris 181 tschudii, Ampelioides 124 tschudii, Cotinga 124 tschudii, Hemipipo 6 tschudii, Piprites 6 Turdampelis 1 56 turdina, Muscicapa 79 turdinus, Schiffbrnis 79 typus, Casiornis 147 Tyranneutes 47 tyranulus, Pipra 127 umbellata, Ampelis 233 unicolor , Chloropipo 45 unicolor, Heteropelma 78 unif ormis, Chloropipo 45 unirufus, Lanius 145 unirufus, Lipaugus 161 uropygialis, Chirocylla 163 uropygialis, Dasycephala 1 30 uropygialis, Lathria 163 uropygialis, Pachyramphus 192 uropygialis, Pachyrhamphus. ... 192 uropygiata, Muscicapa 133 uropygiatus, Attila 133 validus, Attila 141 validus, Lanius 193 validus, Pachyramphus 194 variegata, Ampelis 240 variegatus, Pachyrhynchus 179 Vavasouria 237 ventralis, Procnias 238 velutina, Pipra 15 verae-pacis, Heteropelma 85 verae-pacis, Schiffornis 85 versicolor, Pachyramphus 167 versicolor, Vireo 167 vieilloti, Tityra 164 virescens, Muscicapa 78 virescens, Pipra 48 258 INDEX virescens, Ptil(ochloris) 78 virescens, Schiffornis 78 virescens, Tyranneutes 47 virgata, Psaris 204 viridis, Pachyramphus 164 viridior, Chloropipo 45 viridescens, Attila 132 viridis, Ampelis 103,116 viridis, Muscicapa 78 viridis, Pipra 59 viridis, Tityra 164 viridiventris, Manacus 72 virussu, Lipaugus 1 59 vitellina, Pipra 72 vitellinus, Manacus 72 vociferans, Muscicapa 157 wallacii, Heteropelma 80 wallacii, Schiffornis 79 whitelyi, Euchlornis 123 whitelyi, Pipreola 123 wiedii, Pipra 51 wighti, Attila 132 xanthogenys, Pachyramphus. ... 166 xanthogenys, Pachyrhamphus. . . 166 Xenopipo 47 Xipholena 109 yucatanensis, Platypsaris 202 Zetetes 163