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CATALOGUE

BIRDS

BRITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME XIII.

LONDON:
PEINTED BY OEDEE OF THE TEUSTEES.

1890.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

PASSERIFORMES,

OK

PERCHING BIRDS,

IN THE

COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

ST URNI FORMES,

CONTAINING TUB FAMILIES

ARTAMID^, STURNID^, PLOCEID^, ALAUDID^.

ALSO THE FAMILIES

ATEICHIID^ AND MENUEID^.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY

LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATEENOSTEK KOW;

B. QUAKITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHEB & Co., 13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN ;

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;

AND AT THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.

1890.

FEINTED BY TATLOE AND FEANCIS,
KED LION COUKT, FLEET STUEET.

PEEFACE.

Since the publication of the preceding volume, more than two years
ago, the collection of Birds has received a further remarkable
increase by the acquisition or donation of several valuable collec-
tions. Por the most important of them the Trustees are again
indebted to the liberality of Mr. F. DuCane Godman, F.E.S.
Aware of the incompleteness in which the Fauna of the United
States was represented in the Museum, he secured the celebrated
collection of North-American Birds formed by Messrs. H. W.
Henshaw and C. H. Merriam, and presented it to the Trustees. An
idea of its value and extent may be formed by the fact that it
consisted of 779 species and over 11,000 specimens, all of which
are authentically named.

The Salvin-Godman, Hume, and Tweeddale Collections, which
contribute so large a contingent in the lists of specimens, have
beeii referred to in the previous volumes. Mr. Henry Seebohm
continues to enrich the Museum Collection with numerous and
valuable donations. Of the other donors who have contributed
to the series described in the present volume, I have to mention the
late Mr. W. A. Forbes, Hr. R. Collett, W. D. Gumming, Esq., Emin
Pasha, H. C. V. Hunter, Esq., F. J, Jackson, Esq., Mrs. J. S.
Jameson, Col. Swinhoe, and Dr. L. Vieira.

ALBERT GtJNTHER,

Keeper of ilu Department of Zoolo(jy,
British Museum (N. H.),
May 14, 1890.

INTRODUCTION.

With the present volume the description of the Acromyodiau
Passeres is completed.

It will be seen that, owing to the large accessions to the collec-
tion, the series examined exceeds that of any of the preceding
volumes. Out of the 601 species and subspecies here recognized,
only 58 are unrepresented in the collection, or about 10 per cent.
Of these at least 25 are of very doubtful value, so that the collec-
tion actually contains nearly 95 per cent, of the known species.
The British Museum possesses the types of 152 species, besides
those of 01 no longer considered to be of that rank. The number
of specimens reaches the total of 11,699.

By the acquisition of part of the Shelley Collection of African
birds by the Trustees of the Museum, my labours on the Ploceidce
have been much facilitated, as I have had before me the whole of
Capt. Shelley's series of specimens, on which was based his mono-
graphic essay on the African Weaver-Birds.

Mr. Seebohm has likewise presented his entire collection of
Palsearctic Alaudidce, and the Sturnidce and Ploceidce of the Swinhoe
collection, comprising many types of species.

The signs employed are the same as in the former volumes of
the Catalogue. " [P.] " means " Presented by," " [C] " means
" Collected by," and " [E.] " means " Received in Exchange."

E. BOWDLER SHARPE.

May 10, 1890.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order PASSERIFOEMES.

Suborder PASSERES.
I. ACBOMYODI.

a. Passeres nonnales
(continued).

Section 0. STUENIFOEMES.
Family I. Artamid^.

Page

1. Artamus, V. 2

1. leucogaster ( Valenc.) . 3

2. maximus, Meyer .... 8

3. melanoleucus (i^o?-s^.) . 8

4. pelewensis, Finsch .... 9

5. nientalis, Jard 9

6. monachus, B}) 10

7. insignis, Scl. 11

8. fuscus, V. 11

9. superciliosus (G'ojt/^f). . 15

10. personatus (G^oi</(f). . . , 16

11. cinereus, V. 16

12. hypoleucus, Sharpe . , 17

13. melanops, Gould , , . , 17

14. perspiciUatus, Bp 18

15. veuustus. Sharpe .... 18

16. sordidus,'i«i'/i 19

17. minor, V. 20

2, Pseudochelidon, Hartl. . . 21

1. eiirystomina, Hartl. . . 21

Family II. Sturnics;.
Subfam. I. Stuenin-s:.

1. Stumus, L 26

1. vulgaris, L 27,664

a. menzlAen, Sharpe 33,665

2. indicus, Hodgs 35

3. poltoratzkii, Finsch . . 36
a. caucasicus, Lorenz . . 37

Page

4. purpurascens, Gould 37, 665
a. porpliyronotus,<S'Aa?-/)e

38. 665

5. minor, Hume 39

6. unicolor, T. 39

2. Spodiopsar, Sharpe .... 665

1. cineraceus (T.j 41

2. coUetti (Sharpe) 43

3. sericeus ( Gm.) 44

4. cambodiauus (Sharpe) . 45

5. burmanicus (Jerd.) 45, 666

6. leucocepbalus (Gi(/l. ^

Salvad.) 46, 666

7. andamanensis (Beavan)

47. 666

8. erythropygius (Blyth)

48, 666

9. malabaricus (Gm.) 48, 666
a. nemoricola(Je;-«Z.) 52, 666

10. blythii (Jerd.) 54

3. Sturnornis, Legge 55

1. senex (Bp.) 55

4. Sturnopastor, Hodgs. 56, 666

l.]al\-ii(Horsf.) 57

2. contra (L.) 57

3. superciliaris, Blyth . . 59

5. Dilophus, V. 61

1. carunculatus (G'jM.) .. 61

6. Pastor, T. 63

1. roseus (L.) 63, 666

7. Sturnia, Less 68

1. sinensis (G?«.) Qd

2. violacea (Bodd.) 70

3. stm-nina (Pall.) . . 71, 066

8. Temenuchus, Cab 73

1. pagodarum (G7n.) 73

9. Graciilipica, Less 76

1. nigricollis (Payk.) .... 77

2. melauoptera (l)aM£f.). . 78
10. Acridotheres, V. 79, 606

1. tristis (L.) 80

a. melanostemus, Legge 83

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. ginginianus (Lath.) . . 84

3. fuscus ( IVai/l.) 86

n. mahratteusis (Sykes)

89, 6(37

4. javauicus, Cab 90

5. cinereus, Up 91

6. grandis, Mnore 91

7. cristatellus {Gm.) .... 92

8. albocinctus, Godw.-

Aust. 1<> WaU 94

11. Basileornis, Bp 95

1. celebensis, Wall 95

2. corythaix ( Wuyl.) .... 96

12. Sarcops, Wald 96

1. calvu3 (L.) 97

13. Eulabes ( Cuv.) 98, 667

1. religiosus (i.) 99

2. veneratus, Up 101

3. javaneDsis (Osb.) .... 102
a. palawaoeusis, Sharpe 104

4. iiitermedius (.4. Hay) . 104
a. andamaneusis, Beav. 107
8. robustus (Salvad.)

109, 667

5. ptilogenys, Bli/th .... 109

14. Mino, Less Ill

1. dumonti, Less Ill

2. kreffti {8d.) 112

15. Melanopyrrbus, Bp 113

1. anais (Less.) 113

2. orientalis (Schl.) 114

16. Ampeliceps, Blyth 115

1. coronatus, Bli/lh .... 116

17. Psaroglossa, Hodgs 117

1. spiloptera, Vi(j 117

18. Hartlaubius, Bp 120

1. madagascariensis(-So(f<f.)120

19. Pliolidauges, Cab 121

1. leucogaster (Gm.) .... 121

2. verreaiixi, Bocage .... 123

3. bicolor [Reichen.) .... 126

4. fischeri, Beichen.. . 189, 667

20. Aplonis, Gould 125

1. striata [Gm.) 127

2. atronitens, Gray 128

3. cantoroides, Gray .... 128

4. feadensis {Ramsay) , . 129

5. tabuensis (Gm.) 130

6. bievirostris (Peale) . . 130

7. vltiensis, Layard .... 131

8. fortuDse, Layard .... 132

9. brunnescens, Sharpe , . 132

10. cinerascens, Marti. <^

Finsch 133

11. fusca, Gould 133

12. crassa (Sd.) 134

13. atrifusca (Peale) 134

14. iuornata, Sharpe .... 135

15. pelzelni, Fmsch 136

16. kittlitzi, Finsch Sf

Llartl 136

17. lufipenuis, Layard. . . . 137

21. Calornis, Gray 137

a. corvina, Kiftl. 137

1. metallica (7^.) 138

a. inonmta, Salvad. . . 141
/3. fuscovirescens,

Salvad 141

2. gularis, G)-ay 141

3. purpiireiceps, Salvad. . . 142

4. minor (Bp.) 142

5. clialybea (Horsf.) .... 143
a. tytleri, Hume. . 146, 668
/3. altirostris, Salvad. . . 147
y. panavensis (Scop.) . . 147
d. neglecta, Wald 148

6. sidaensis, Sharpe .... 149

7. sangbirensis, Salvad. . . 149

8. obseura (Bp.) .... 149, 668

9. grandis (Salvad.) .... 150
10. minor (Ramsay) .... 151

22. Macruropsar, Salvad 152

1. magnus (Schl.) 152

23. Streptocitta, Bp 152

1. torquata (T.) 152

2. albicoUis (V.) 153

24. Cbaritornis, Schl 153

1. albertinpe, Schl 153

25. Lamprotornis, T. 154

1. caudatus( P. i.6'.3fM//.) 154

2. porphyropterus, Heuyl. 156

3. mevesi ( Wahlb.) 157

4. purpureus, Bucaye .... 158

26. Chalcopsar, Sharpe 158

1. australis {S7)iith) .... 158

27. Cosmopsarus, Reichen. . . 159

1. regiiis, Reichen 160

2. imicolor, Shelley IGO

28. Amydrus, Cab 161

1. morio (L.) 161

2. blythi, Hartl 164

3. frater, Scl. ^- Hartl. . . 164

4. walleri, Shelley 164

29. Onycognathiis, Hartl 165

1. fulgidus, Hartl. 165

2. hartlaubi. Gray 166

30. Cinnamopterus, Bp 166

1. tenuirostris (Riipip.) . . 166

31. Pilorhinus, Cab 167

1. albirostris (RUpp.). . . . 167

32. Hagiopsar, Sharpe 1C8

1. tristrami (Scl.) 168

STSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

33. Pyrrhocheira, Reichenh. . . 109

1. caffi'a (Z.) 169

34. Lamprocolius, Sunclev. . . 170

a. nitens (i.) 170

^. detilippii, Salvad. . . 171

y. ornatus (Daud.). ... 174

1. spleudidus, V. 17'2

2. giaucoyirens, Ulliot .. 173

3. lessoui (Pucker.) 173

i. igaitus (Nordm.) .... 174
5. purpiireus (P. L. S.

Miill.) 175

C. chalybeus [Ehr.) 176

7. sycobius [Licht.) . . 178, 668

8. chloropterus (Stvains.) . 178

9. chalcurus (Nordm.) . . 179

10. plicenicopteriis(<S?pr«'ns.) 180
a. hisi^eciilsiris {Strickl.) 181

11. melauogaster (Sicai?is.) 182

12. purpureiceps, Ven: . . 184

13. cupreicaiida, Hartl. . . 184

35. Coccycolius, Oust 185

1. iris, Oust 185, 668

36. Heteropsar, Sharpe 185

1. acuticaudus {Bocaye) . 185

2. albicapilkis {Bhjth) . . 186

37. Spreo, Less 187

1. bicolor {Gm.) 187

2. fischeri {Reichen.) 189, 667

3. superbus (Rilpp.) .... 189

4. hildebrandti {Cab.) . . 190

5. shelleyi, Shca-pe 190

6. pulclier [P. L. S.

Mull.) 191

38. Enodes, T. 192

1. erythrophrys (T.) 192

39. Seissirostrum, Lafr 193

1. dubium (Lath.) 193

40. Fregilupus, Less 194

1. variiis (Lodd.) 194

41. Necropsar, Slater 195

1. rodericanus, Giinth. ^•

E. Newt 195

Subfam. II. Buph.a.gin^.

42. Bupliaga, L 195

1. africaua, L 195

2, erythrorbyncha (Staiil.) 196

Family III. PLOCEiDiE.
Subfam. I. Viddin^.

1. Vidua, Cuv 203

a. superciliosa ( V.) .... 203

Page

1. prmcipalis (L.) 203

2. bypochei'iua, Verr 208

2. Tetrfenura, Reichenb 209

1. regia (L.) 209

3. Limua, Reichen 210

1. tiscberi, Reichen 210

4. Stegauura, Reichenb 211

1. paradisea (L.) 211

5. Cbera, Gray 213

1. procne (Bodd.) 213

6. Pentbetria, Cab 215

1. ardens (Bodd.) 215

2. laticauda (Licht.) 218

3. bartlaubi, Bocaye .... 219

4. albouotata (Cass.) .... 219

5. eques {Hartl. ) 220

7. Pentbetriopsis, Sharpe , . 220

1. macrura {Gm.) 220

2. macrocerca (Licht.) . . 223

3. soror, Reichen 223

8. Urobi-acbya, Bp 224

1. axillaris {Smith) 224

a. bildebraudti, Sharpe 225

2. pbcenicea (ffeM(7/.). .. 225
a. traversii, Salvad. . . 226

3. bocag-ii, Sharpe 226

9. Pyromelaiia, Bp 227

1. fiammiceps (Swains.) , 228

2. nigriventris (C'c/ss.) .. 230

3. oryx (Gm.) 230

4. nigrifrons, Biihjn .... 233

5. franciscaua (Lsert) .... 233

6. friedricbseni {Fischer

^- Reichen.) 235

7. gierowi (Cab.) 235

8. aiirea (Gm.) 235

9. diademata {Fischer ^

Reichen.) 236

10. capensis (L.) ' 236

a. minor (Reichenb.) , . 238

^. phceiiicouiera(6-Vrtj/) 239

11. xautbonielasna (Rilpj}.) 239

12. afra {Gm.) 241

13. scioaua {Salvad.) .... 241

14. taba (Smith) 242

15. ladoensis (Reichen.) . . 244

10. Ploceipasser, Smith 244

1. mabali, Smith 245

2. melanorbyncbus, Riipp. 246

3. pectoralis (Peters) .... 247

4. propiuquatus, Shelley. . 247

5. niibscapulatus, Biittik. 248

6. superciliosus, Cretzschm. 248

11. Pbilaeterus, S7nith 249

1. socius (Lath.) 249

2. arnaudi (Bp.) 250

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

3. dorsalis (lieichen.) .... 251

4. cabanisi (Fischer Si-

Reichen.) 251

12. Pyrenestes, Swains 252

1. ostrinus (F.) 252

2. coccineus, Cass 253

13. Cryptospiza, Salvad 254

1. reiclieuowi {Hartl.) . . 254

14. Quelea, Eeichenb 254

1. erythrops (Hartl.) 255

2. cardinalis (Hartl.) . . 256

3. quelea (L.) 257

a. intermedia (Reichen.) 259

4. fethiopica (Sunder.) . . 259

5. russi (Finsch) 260

15. Spermestes, Swains 261

1. bicolor (Fraser). . 261, 668

2. punctata, Heuc/l 262

3. poensis (Fraser) 262

4. nigriceps, Cass 263

5. cucullata (Stcai7i^.) . . 264

6. scutata, Heugl 265

7. nana (Pucher.) 266

16. Amauresthes, Reichenh. . . 267

1. fringilloides (Lafr.) . . 267

17. Ortygospiza, Sundev 269

l.polyzona {T.) 269

2. atricoUis (V.) 270

18. Lagonosticta, Cab 271

1. monteiii (Hartl.) 273

2. uiveiguttata (Peters) . . 274

3. margaritata (Strickl.) . . 275

4. senegala (L.) 275

5. minima ( r.) .... 276,668

6. brunneiceps, Sharpe . . 277

7. riifopicta (Fras.) 278

8. nitidula, Hartl 279

9. rhodopsis (Heuc/l.) .... 279

10. poliouota, Skelle^j 280

11. congica, iSharpe 280

12. rubricata (Licht.) 281

13. rara (Aniin.) 282

14. rhodopavia, Heuyl 282

15. jamesoni, Shelley .... 283

16. laudanae, Shar p e . . , . £83

17. csendescens (V.) 284

18. incana (Sundev.) .... 284
a. perreini (V.) 285

19. vinacea (Hartl.) 286

20. larvata (Riipp.) 286

21. nigiicollis, Heugl 286

19. Stictospiza, Sharpe 287

1. formosa (Lath.) 287

20. Amadina, Swains 288

1. fasciata (G?«.) 289

2. marginalis, Sharpe. . . . 290

3. erythrocepliala (i.) . . 290

21. Staganopleura, Reichenb. . 292

1. guttata (Shaio) 292

22. Zonfpginthus, Cab 293

1. bellus (Lath.) 293

2. oc\A•^^i\\s (QuoyS;Gaim.) 294

23. Emblema, Gould 295

1. picta, Gould 295

24. Zouogastris, Cah 296

1. melba (L.) ._ 296

a. soudanensis, Sharpe 298

2. citerior (Strickl.) 299

25. Pytelia, Swains 300

1. phoeuicoptera, Sivains. . 301

2. lineata (Heugl.) 301

3. hypogrammica, Sharpe 302

4. afra (G?«.) 302

5. sharpii (N^ichols.) .... 303

6. schlegeli, Sharpe. . 304, 668

7. nitidula (iJari!/.) 305

26. Coccopygia, Reichenb. 305, 668

1. dufi-esuii ( r.) 305

2. quartinia (Bp?) . . 307

a. Ifilimensis, Sharj)e . . 307

27. Hypoclifera, Bp 308

1. ffinea, Hartl. 308

2. amauropteryx, Sharpe . 309

3. ultiamarina (&'m.) 309, 668

4. fimerea (De Tarrag.) . 310

5. nigerrima, Sharpe .... 311

28. Ta&mo'^y^ia., Reichenb 311

1. castanotis (Gould). . . . 311

2. insularis ( Wall.) .... 312

29. Stic-toptera, Reichenb 313

1. bichenovii (Vig- ^

Horsf.) 313

2. annulosa (Goidd) .... 314

30. Nigrita, Strickl 314

1. canicapilla (Strickl.) . . 315

2. emilise, Sharpe 316

3. luteifrons, Verr 317

4. lucieni, Sharpe^- Bouv. 317

5. bicolor (Hartl.) 318

6. pinaronota, Sharpe. . , . 318

7. uropygialis, Sharpe . . 319

31. Sporseginthus, Cab 319

1. amandava (L.) 320

2. flaTidiventris, Wall. . . 323

3. subdavus ( r.) .. 324,668

4. melpodus (V.) 325

32. Mirnia, Hodgs 326, 669

1. oryzivora (L.) 328

2. fuscata(F.) 380

3. malacca (L.) 3.30

4. ferruginosa (Sparrm.) . 332

5. maja (L.) 332

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

6. atricapiUa (V.) 334

7. jagori (Cab.) 337

8. formosana, Swinh 338

a. brunneiceps, Wald. . 338

9. quinticolor (F.) 339

10. wallacii, S/iarpe 339

11. castaneithorax {Gould) 340

12. iiigriceps {Hamsai/) . . 341

13. .spectabiHs (Scl.) .... 342

14. forbesi, Scl 343

15. melfena, Scl 343

10. grandis, Sharpe 344

17. hunsteiui (Fin-sch) .... 344

18. cauiceps, Salvad 34o

19. flavipi-STana (Gould) . . 34-5

20. pallida, Wall 346

21. punctulata (L.) . . 346,669

a. subimdulata, Godiv.-

Aust 350

/3. topela, Swinh 351

y. nisoria (T.) 352

b. cabanisi, Sharpe. . . . 353

22. pectoralis (Gould) .... 354

33. Uroloncha, Cab 355

1. caniceps {Reicheii.) . . 356

2. acuticauda (Sodffs.) . . 356

3. squamicollis, Sharpe . . 359

4. striata (i.) 359

5. semistriata (Hume) . . 361

6. fumigata ( Wald.) 361

7. leucoo-astra (Bh/th) . . 362

8. everetti (Ticeedd.) .... 363

9. leucogastroides (Horsf.

^- Moore) 363

10. fuscans (Cass.) 364

11. tristissima ( Wall.) 364

12. leucosticta (I)' Alb. ^■

Salvad.) 365

13. pectoralis (Jerd.) .... 365

14. kelaarti (Jerd.) 366

15. molucca (i.) 367

ec. propinqua, Sharpe. . 368

34. Aidemosvne, Reichenb. . , 368

1. modesta (G-'oi/7f/) 368

2. malabarica (L.) 369

3. cantaus (Gm.) 371

35. ^Egintba, Cab 372

1. temporalis (Lath.) .... 372

36. Ba.thM-A, Reichenb. 374

1. rulicauda (Gould) .... 374

37. Poephila, Gould 375

1. acuticauda (Gould) . . 375

2. cincta (Gould) 376

3. personata, Gould .... 377

4. leucotis, Gould 377

5. gouldise, Gould 378

Page

6. mirabilis, Des Murs . . 378
a. armitiana, E. P.

Ramsay 378

38. Erythrura, Sioains 380

1. prasina (Sparrm.) .... 381

2. psittacea (Gm.) 382

3. pealii (Hartl.) .383

4. cyanovirens (Peale) . . 384

5. serena (Scl.) 385

6. regia (Scl.) 385

7. trichroa (KM.) 385

8. cyaneifrons (Layard) . . 386

9. forbesi, Scl 387

10. tricolor (V.) 387

11. kleinschmidtii (Finsch) 387

39. Chlorura, Reichenb 388

1. hyperythra (Reichen.) . 388

2. bomeensis, Sharpe. . . . 388

40. Neoclimia, Bp 389

1. phaeton (Ho7nbr. ^

Jacq.) .389

41. Estrilda, Simins 390

a. capistrata, Hartl. . . 390
/3. viridis, Hartl 390

1. astrilda (i.) 391

a. rubriventris ( V.) . . 393
/3. minor (Cab.) 393

2. rufibarba (Cab.) 394

3. cinerea (V.) 394

4. rhodopyga, Sundev. . . 396

5. paludicola, Heuyl 397

6. erythronota ( F.) 397

7. cbarmosyna (Reichen.). 399

8. nigrimentum, Salvad. . 399

9. atricapilla, Verr 399

10. nonnula, Hartl. . . 400, 669

11. phoenicotis, Swai^is. . . 400

12. angolensis (Z.) 402

42. Granatiua, Sharpe 403

1. granatina (L.) 403

2. iantbinogastra (Rei-

chen.) 404

Subfam. II. Pi.ocein^.

43. Sporopipes, Cab 407

1. squamiProns (Smith) . . 407

2. frontalis (TJaud.) 409

44. Icteropsis, Feb 410

1. pelzelni (Hartl.) 410

45. Anaplectes, i?e(c/ieM6 411

1. rubriceps (Sundev.) . . 411

2. gm-neyi {Shelley) .... 412

3. melanotis (Lafr.) .... 413

4. angolensis (Bocage) . . 413

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

46. Heterhypliantes, -SAar/^e . . 414

1. nigncollis(r.) 415

2. oielanoxantlius (Cab.) . 416

3. ruelanofraster (^Shelky) . 417

4. sancti tliomag (Ilaril.). 418

5. reiclienowi {FiscJier). . 418

6. bag-lafecht ( J'.) 419

a. temporalis (Bocage) . 419

7. emioi {Harfl.) 420

47. Sycobrotiis, Sioai7is 421

1. bicolor (V.) 422

2. auiaurocephalus, C(ib. . 423

3. kersteiii {Finsch ^•

Hartl.) 423

4. stictifions {Fischer Sj-

Rekhen.) 424

48. Sitagra, Reichenh 424

1. liiteola (Licht.) 42-5

2. nionacha, Sharpe .... 42G

3. subpersonata ( Cab.) . . 427

4. ocularia {Smith) 427

5. brachj-ptera {Swains.) . 429

6. capensis {L.) 430

a. caii^-a {Licht.) 431

49. Foudia, Reichenb 432

1. madagascariensis (Z.) . 433

2. flavicans, E. Newt. . . 434

50. Nelicurvius, Bp 436

1. nelicourvi (Scop.) 436,669

51. Ilvpbautoniis, Graij .... 437

a. anomalus, Reichen. . 4.37

1. galbula {Riipp.) 442

2. castanops, SheUey .... 443

3. xanthopterus, Finsch ^

Earti 444

4. aurautius {V.) 444

5. subaureus {Smithy .... 44o

6. aureiflavus (Smith) . . 44()

7. xantbops, Hartl 447

8. jamesoiii, Sharpe .... 447

9. castaneiceps, Sharpe . . 448

10. bojeri, Finf^ch ^- Hartl. 448

11. piinceps (Bp.) 449

12. grandis, Gray 450

13. cucuUatus (P. L. S.

Milll.) 451, 669

14. abyssinicus {Gm.) .... 453

15. bobndorffi, Reichen.

4:r>ri, 669

16. coUaris (V.) 455

17. nigriceps, Layard .... 456

18. melanocepbalus {L.) . . 457

19. capitalis (Lath.) 458

20. fiscberi {Reichen.) .... 458

21. dimidiatus, Antin. Sf

Salvad 459

Page

22. badius, Cass 4b0

23. intermedins {Rilpp.) . . 460

24. cabanisi, Peters 461

25. vitellinus (Licht.) 462

a. reicbardi (Reichen.) . 463

26. sbelleyi, Skaipe 464

27. velatu.s(r.) 464

28. tseniopterus (Reichenb.) 467

29. beuglini (Reichen.) . . 468

30. spilonotus ( Vir/.) .... 468

31. spekii, Heugl.'. 469

32. superciliosus, Shelley. . 470

52. Cinnamoptervx, Reichen. . 471

1. tricolor (Hartl.) 471

2. castaueofusca(i(»ss.)472, 669

3. rubiginosa {Rilpp.) . . 473

53. Ploeeelia, Oates 474

1. javaneusis (Less.) 474, 609
64. Melanopteryx, Reichen. . . 476

1. nigerrima ( J\) 476

2. albiniicha {Bocage) . . 477

55. Malimbus, V. 477

1. rubricollis {Sjv.) .... 478

2. bartletti, Sharpe. . 479, 669

3. malimbicus (Daud.) . . 480

4. niteus ( Gray ) . . . . 481 , 669

5. cassini {Elliot) 482

6. scutatus {Cass.) 482

7. racbeUaj (Cass.) 483

56. Nesacanthis, Sharpe .... 483

a. fusco-fulva {Bodd. )

484, 670

1. emioentissima (Bj).)

484, 670

2. rubra (Gm.) 485

3. seycbellarum (E.

'Ne2vt.) 486

4. .«akalava (Hartl.) 487

57. Ploceus, Cuv 487

1. baya, Blyfh 488

2. atrisrula, Hodqs 491

3. bengalensis (Z.) 493

4. manyar (Horsf.) 496

58. Spermospiza, Gray 498

1. bffimatina (V.) 498

2. guttata (V.) 500

3. ruticapilla, Shelley .... 500

59. Amblyospiza, Sitndev 501

a. concolor, Bocage . . 670

1. albifrons(ny/.) 501

2. unici:)lor (Fischer <§•

Reichen.) 503

3. melanonota (Heugl.). , 604

4. capitalba (Bp.) 504

60. Ilisturgops, Reichen 505

1. rubcauda, Reichen. . . 505

SYSTEMATIC IXDEX.

6

61. Dinemellifi, Hcie/wnb. . . 506

1. diueinelli iliiipp.) 506

'2. boehmi {Eeichcm.) 507

C:?. Textor, Temm 508

1. albirostris {V.) 508

2. uiger {Smith) 509

a. intermedius, Cab. . . 511
/3. scioanus, Salrad. . . 511

Family IV. Alaudid^.

1. Certhilauda, Sivains 514

1- capensis (Bocld.) 5J4

2. rut'ula (J'.) 51.5

2. Alaemon, i>y.?. 4'- Bins'. " ." 617

1. alaudipes (Dcs/:) gig

a. desertovma \Sfanl.) . 519

2. semitorquata {Smith) . 521

3. nivosa {Swains.) 522

3. Heterocorys, Sharjie 524

1. breviunguis {Simdev.) . 524

4. Chersophilus, Sharpe 525

1. duponti(r.) 526

a. lusitanicus(.Sbw5a). . 527

5. Ehamphocorvs, Bjj 507

1. clot-bey {Bj}.) '. '. ' 527

. Otocorys, '^Bp " ' 503

1. penicillata ( Gould) ' '. '. 530
a. bicornis, Sharpe .... 532
/3. diluta, Sharpe. . 533, 670

2. elwesi, W. Blanf. .... 534
n. loDgirostris, Moore. . 536
/3. brandti, Dresser 636, 670

3. bilopha ( r.) 537

4. leucoL-ema, Coties 538

a. praticola, Hensh. . . 539
/3. arenicola, Hensh.

^ , 540, 671

0. alpestns (i.) 541

a. chrysoliema {Wac/'l)

546, 671

/3. peregiina, Scl. 547

7. rubea, Hensh 548

fi. giraudi, Heiish 549

e. strigata, He7ish 549

C adusta, Drcight 670

Tf. merrilli, Btuif/ht. . . . 670

6. pallida, Dicif/ht 670

Melanocorypha, ISoie .... 550

1. calandra (Z.) 551

2. juaxima, Gould 5.54

3. bimaculata {Menctr.) . 555

4. sibirica {Gm.) 557

0. moDgolica {Pall.) '.'..[ 558
6. yeltonieusis {Forster) . 559

8. Tephrocorys, Sharpe 561

1. cinereaV'^'"-) 561

a. spleniata (Strickl.) . . 563

2. ruficeps {Biljyjh) 563

a. anderssoni, Tristr. . . 564

*'. Spizocorys, Sunder 564

1. conirostris {Sundev.) . . 564

10. Alauda, L 566

1. arvensisji 567,671

2. giilgiUa, Frankl. 575

3. prajtermissa, Blanf. . . 579

11. Calandrella, ^«;<;j 579

a. kollyi(r.) 579

1. biachydactyla {Leisl.) , 580
a. dukhunensis [Sykes). 584

2. tliibetaiia, Brooks 585

a. acutirostri,?, Hume. . 585

i-2. Alaudula, Horsf. S; Moore 586
a. kukuuoorensis, Prjev. 586

1. pispoletta {Pall.) .... 587
a. bfetica {Dresser) . . 588

/3. minor (Cab.) 688

y. cheeleensis {Swinh.). 589

8. persica, Sharpe 690

e. seebolimi, Sharpe . . 590

2. raytal {Bli/th) 591

a. adamsi, Hutne .... 692
13. leucoph?ea (Severtz.) 593

13. Mirafra, Horsf. 593

a. plebeia {Cab.) 593

/3. angolensis, Bocat/e . 593
y. simplex {Heugl.) . . 595
S. poecilostema {Pei-
chen.) 612

1. rufipilea {V.) 597

2. apiata {V.) " 598

3. buckleyi (Shelley) 599

4. fiscberi {Peichen.) 600

5. rufocinnamomea {Sal-

ved-) 600

(1. bova, Hartl 601

7. javanica, Hor.f. 602

8. secimda, Sharpe 603

9. cheuiana, Smith 603

10. borsfieldi, Gould .... 604

a. parva, Swinh 604

fi. pbilippinensis, W.

Rams 605

11. cantillans, ^/(/;'A 605

12. fringillaris, Sundev. . . 606

13. cordofanica, Strickl. . . 606

14. africana, Smith 607

15. assamica, M'Clell. 609

16. damarensis, Sharpe . . 612

17. erytbroptera, Jerd. . . 612

18. affiuis, Jerd . 614

SYSIEMAXIC INDEX.

Page

a, microptera, Hume . . 615

19. africanoides, Smith . . 016

a. alopex, S/iarpe .... 617

20. 1383 via (Strickl.) 617

21. sabota, Smith 618

22. nigricans (Stmdev.) . . 619
2.3. erythropygia (Strickl.) 619

14. Spilocorydon, Reichen. . . 620

1. hypermetrus, Reichen. 620

15. Spizalauda, Blyth 621

1. deva {Sykes) 621

16. Heliocorys, Sharpe 623

1. modesta {Heugl.) .... 623

17. Galerita, Boie 625

1. cristata (i.) 626

2. thecklfe, Brehvi 633

3. malabarica (Scop.) . . 633

4. isabellina, Bj) 635

18. LuUula, Kaup 636

1. arborea (i.) 636

19. Calendula, Swains 639

1. crassirostris (V.) .... 639

20. Ammomanes, Cab 641

1. nhcenicura. (FranM.) . . 642

2. grayi (TVahlb.) 643

3. ciuctura (Gould) 644

4. algeriensis, Sharpe. . . . 645

5. deserti (Lickt.) 646

6. phoenicuroides (Blyth) 647

Page

7. erythrochlamys

(Strickl.) 648

8. ferruginea (S7nith) .... 649
21, Pyrrhulauda, Smith 650

a. nigriceps, Gould .... 650

/3. modesta, Finsch. . . . 650
y. leucopareia, Fischer

^ Reichen 651

8. signata. Oust 651

1. australis (Smith) .... 651

2. grisea (Scop.) 652

3. melauaucben (Cab.) . . 655

4. verticalis (Smith) .... 656

5. leucotis (Stanley) .... 657
a. smithii, i?jj 658

/3. Passeres abnormales.
Family I. Atbichiid^.

1. Atrichia, Gould 659

1. clamosa, Gould 059

2. rufescens, Ramsay .... 660

Family II. Menurid^.

1. Menura, Davies 661

1. superba, Davies 661

2. victorise, Gould 662

3. alberti, Gould 662

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

Order II. PASSERIFORMES

(Oat. B. ToLiii. p. 1).

Suborder I. PASSERES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. G).

Section C. STUB.NIFORMES

(Wallace, Ibis, 1874, p. 412).

The classification adopted iu the third volume of the present work
(pp. 1-3) for the arrangement of the Passeriformes was principally
that of Mr. Wallace (Ibis, 1874, p. 409), with certain modifications.
During the sixteen years which have elapsed since Mr. Wallace pro-
pounded his idea of an arrangement of the Passeres, we have
learned that the classification adopted in 1877 is somewhat artificial ;
the characters which were then thought to be of great importance
now seem to be of little worth. Of the three Sections which I
have adopted from Mr. AVallace the one treated of in the present
volume seems to be the most unnatural. The Starlings are divorced
from the Corvidce, to which they are undoubtedly allied ; the
Artamidce may be a Sturnine family, but of that I am not yet assured ;
the Alaudida; find themselves separated from the Motadllidce, and
the Ploceidce from the Fringillidce and Tcteridce.

VOL. XIII. B

2 ARTAMlD^i.

The following characters will serve to distinguish the four families
treated of in the present volume : —

A. Planta tarsi entire.

a. Nostrils placed low in the bill, nearer to

the tomium than to the culmeu.
o'. Wings extremely long, reaching to

the end of the tail ArtamidsB, p. 2.

b'. Wings moderate, not reaching to the

end of the tail Sttirnidffi, p. 22.

b. Nostrils placed high in the bill, nearer to

the culmen than to the tomium .... PloceidaB, p. 198.

B. Planta tarsi scutellated Alandidae, p. 512.

Family I. ARTAMID^E.

Key to the Genera.

a. Bill long and pointed, the cidmen exceeding
the length of the hind toe and claw ; tail-
feathers ordinary Aetamus, p. 2.

h. Bill broad, the culmen not so long as the
hind toe and claw; tail-feathers elongated
in the centre of the shafts, giving a spine-
like appearance Pseudochelidon, p. 21.

1. AETAMUS. ^yp^

Artamus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 41 (1816) A. leucogaster.

Ocypterus, Cm: Rkjne Anim. p. 339 (1817) A. leucogaster.

Leptopteryx, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 143

(1821) " A. leucogaster.

Cf. S/iarpe m Rowkt/s Orn. Misc. iii. pp. 179-202.

Ranrje. Confined to the Indian and Australian Regions.

Key to the S2)eeies.

a. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts pure white ;
breast white.
«'. Back black or brownish.

a". Head ashy grey all round or blackish

grey ; entire back browner leucogaster, p. 3.

h". Head black all round.

a'". Larger: wing 6'3 inches and entirely

black, uniform with the back ma.rimiis, p. 8.

b'". Smaller : wing 5'2 inches, blackish,
washed with slaty grey.
«*. Throat black, well defined ; hinder
cheeKS, ear-coverts, nnd sides of
neck also unifomi Waik vielatioletuuif, p. 8.

1. ARTAMUS. 3

b*. Throat and fore neck black, as well

as the entire sides of the face peleiveusis, p. 9.

c*. Throat black, the hinder cheeks white
on each side, leaving the ear-
coverts only and the sides of the

neck black imntcdis, p. 9.

b'. Back pure white.

c". Head all round, wings and tail ashy brown monachus, p. 10.
d". Head all round, wings and tail black .... insignis, p. 11.

b. Rump brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts

ashy white ; breast pale vinaceous brown .... fuseus, p. 11.

c. Rump and upper tail-coverts clear ashy grey,

like the back.
c'. Under surface of body vinaceous chestnut ; a

broad white eyebrow superciliostis, p. 15.

d\ Under surface of body beautiful grey ; no

superciHary streak personatus, p. 16.

d. Rump and upper tail-coverts black.

«'. Under surface of body ashy grey ; chin black.
e'' , A narrow blackish frontal line ; chin and
upper throat blackish,
c'". Larger: under tail-eoverts black, broadly

margined with white cinereus, p. 16.

d'". Larger : under tail-coverts white .... hypoleucus, p. 17.
«'". Smaller : under tail-coverts black, nar-
rowly edged with white ; more black
on the face than in the preceding

species melatwps, p. 17.

y. No frontal line of black; chin itself and
angle in front of the eye only black.
f". Larger : two centre tail-feathers tipped
with white in the same way as the

lateral ones perspicillatus, p. 18.

g'". Smaller : two centre tail-feathers en-
tirely black, the rest tipped with

white venustus, p. 18.

f\ Under surface of body dull brown; chin
scarcely any darker.
g". Much larger : upper surface brown ; upper
tail-coverts black, the rump uniform with
the back ; under wing-eoverts white . . sordidus, p. 19.
h". Much smaller : upper surface brown, the
upper tail-coverts and the rump black ;
under wing-coverts uniform with the
breast, and scarcely any paler minw, p. 20.

1. Artamus leucogaster.*

? La Pie-Grieche de Manille, -Brm. 0;-m. ii. p. 180, pl.xviii.fig.2(1760),

* In 1878 I pointed out that considerable obscurity existed as to the nama
of letccorhynckiis for this wide-spread species, but Lord Tweeddale argued very
ably for the retention of Linnaeus's name. Count Salvadori, however, in his
' Ornitologia della Papuasia ' has adopted my conclusions, and as our no-
menclature has been widely followed, I propose not to resuscitate the name
given bv Linmeus, about which there must always be some reasonable doubt.

b2

ARTAMIB-I.

PLanius leucorlij'nclius, Liim. Mantissa, p. 524 {Vi7\, ex Briss.') ;

Gm.S.N. i. p.' 305 (1788).
?La Pie-Grieche dominiquaine des Philippines, Sonn. Voy. Nouv.

Guin. p. 54 (1776).
? Lanius philippinus, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 85

(1785, ex Sonn.).
? Lauius dominicauus, Gm. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 307 (1788, e.v Sonn.).
Ocypterus leucogaster, Valenc. Mem. Mus. (THist. Nat. vi. p. 21,

pi. vii. fig. 2 (1820).
Leptoptervx leucorhyuchus (iiec i.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii.

p. 244 (1821).
Lanius leucorhvnchus (nee L.), Haffi. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 386

(1821).
Leptopteryx leucogaster, Wagl. Si/st. Av., Leptoptervx, sp. 2 (1827^.
Ocypterus* albi venter (nee Gould), Less. Traite, p. 370 (1831).
Ocvpteriis leucorhynchus, Kiffl. Kupf. Voy. p. 23, Taf. xxx. fig. 1

(18.i2) ; .S\ MiilL Verh. Land en Vo/kenk. p. 21 (1839-44).
Artamus leucopvgialis, Gould, F. Z. S. 1842, p. 17 ; Gray, Gen. B.

i. p. 285 (1845) ; Gould, B. Aiistr. fol. ii. pi. 33 (1848) ; Bh/t/i,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 199 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850) ;

Rcichenh. Voy. KeuhoU. p. 171 (1850) : Grai/, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 193 ;

id. Cat. B. New Guinea, p. 58 (1859) ; Goul'd, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 233;

id. Handb. B. Aiistr. i. p. 154 (1865) ; Finsc/i, Neu-Guinea, p. 171

(1865); TValden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 555; Grai/, Ifand-l. B. i.

p. 289, no. 4279 (1869) ; B(dl, J. A. S. Beny. x'li. p. 283 (1872) ;

Cab. Sr Beiehen. J. f. O. 1876, p. 322; W. A. Forbes, P. Z.S.

1877, p. 122 ; Masters, Proc. Linn. So<\ N. S. IF. i. p. 48 (1877) ;
Casfeln. ^- Bams. t. c. p. 380 ; Bams. t. c. p. 392 ; id. op. cit. i.
p. 179 (1878), iii. p. 276 (1878), iv. p. 98 (1880); W. A. Forbes,
Rep. Voy. 'Clvdlenyer,' Zool. ii. p. 85 (1881) ; Bams. Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. (2) 'ii. p. 167 (1887).

Artamus leucorhvnchus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 343 (1850) ; Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 208 (18-50) ; Cass. U. S.
Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 140 (185S) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 354 ;
Wall. Ibis, 1860, p. 141 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4269
(1869;; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 371; id. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 67
(1872) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 309; Hume, Str. F 1874, p. 214; id.
Nests S)- Eyys Ind. B. p. 195 (1875); Salvnd. Ucc. Born. p. 140
(1875j ; Sliarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. -io, 1877, p. 21 ; Tweedd. t.c. p. 313,

1878, p. 383 ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 544, 692, 759, 826, 1878,
pp. 283, 342,709,937; Sharpe,Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 688
(1S79); id. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 315, 345; Meyer, t. c. p. 146;
Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 170; Ticeedd. Rep. '■Cliallenqer' Exped.,
Zool.n. p. 10(1881); Sharpe, Rep. Voy. 'Alert; p." 21 (1884);
GniUem. P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 251, 409, 505, 553.

Artamus leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 ( 1845) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 343 (1850); Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. EL Co. i. p. 161
(1854) ; Bernst. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 266 ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 28,
485 ; Scl. t. e. p. 217 ; FinscJi, Neu-Guinea, p. 171 ( 1865) ; Beavan,
Ibis, 1867, p. 324: Sartl. 4'- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 117; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4273 (1869) ; Meyer, Sitz. z.-b. Gesellsch.
Wien, Ixix. p. 204 (1874); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. yu.
pp.656, 770 (1875); id. op. cit. vili. p. 377 (1876), ix. p. 28
(1876), X. p. 138 (1877) : SJunpe in Roideys Orn. Misc. iii. p. 184
(l'^78); U Albert. ^- Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 69
(1879); Salvad. t.c. p. 651 (1879), xv. p. 38 (1879): id. Orn.

1. AUJAMCS. 5

Papuasia etc. ii. p. 107 (18bl); Scl. P. Z. 8. lf-!83, pp. 51, lt»5 •

H. O. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, pp. 427, 432 ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 188o'

p. 63o ; Vordenn. N. T. Nederl. Ind. xlv. p. 378 (1886) ; Ramsau

Tab. List Aiistr. B. p. 3 (1888).
Artamus papiiensis, Bj). Co,i.sp. i. p. 344 (1850, e.r Temm. MSS. in

Mus. Lugd.) ; Scl. Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 1858, p. 159; Grat/, P. Z. S.

1858, p. 179,1861, p. 435 ; Fin-sch, Keii-Guinfa, p. 17'l'(1865);

Ifcdde/i, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 555 ; Grai/, Hand-/. B. i. p. 289, no. 4282

(1869) ; Beccari, Arm. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii. p. 709 (ls'75).
Artamus leucorhynus, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 174 (1875); Sharpe,

Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) i. p. 323 (1877); Tweedd. P.Z.S. 1877,

p. 544, 1878, pp. 282, 342. '

Artamus leucorhynchus, var. celebensis, Briit/ff. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, v. p. 69 (1870).
Artamus celebeusis, Brikjgem. t. c. p. 70 (1876) ; Tioeedd. Ibis, 1878

p. 386. '

Artamus muselienbroeki, Meyer, Vijg. Nester und Eler Ostind- Lrch

p. 30 (1884) ; Sakad. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 578 ; id. Ibis, 1^84, p. 355.'

AduJt male. General colour above brown, inclining to chocolate ;
rump and upper tail-coverts pure white, forming a transverse band ■
scapulars like the back ; wing dark slate-colour, the quills black ;
tail-feathers black, slightly paler towards the ends ; head and neck
all round ashy, the lores and margin of forehead rather blacker;
under surface of body from the fore neck downwards, and including
the under wing-coverts and axillaries, pure white : '^ bill bluish
grey at the base, black at the tip ; legs and feet mealy greenish
grey ; iris brown " (J. Gould). Total length T'o inches, culmeu
0-8, wing 5-35, tail 2-5o, tarsus 0-75.

Adidt female. Similar to the male. Total length 6-5 inches
culmen OS, wing 5-25, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-7.

Ifab. Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippine Archi-
pelago, Sulu Archipelago, Bali, Lombock, Flores, Timor ; throughout
the Moluccas from Celebes to New Guinea and Australia.

a. c? atl. sk. Audamaus, June 1865 Tweeddale Coll

(P. C. Beavan).
h,c. S 2 ad- sk. Eoss Island, Audamans, Tweeddale Coll

Jau.7,1873(7?. G-'.TI'.T?.).

d. 2 ad. sk. S. Andamaus, Dec. 16, Tweeddale Coll

1872 {P. G. W.R.).

e. Ad. sk. S. Audamans, March 27, Hume Cull

1873.
/. (S ad. sk. S. Andamaus, July 13, Hiuue Coll

\S7-i (^W. Davison).
ff. 2 ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamaus. Hume Coll.

h. d' ad. sk. Port Blair, 3Iarch 1873 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),
i. 6 juv. sk. Port Blair, Juue 16, 1873 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
A:, /. cJ imm. sk. Port Blair. Juue 1873 Hume Coll

(P.J.lViwberlei/).
;/(. J juv. tk. Port Blair. July 23, ls73 Hume Coll.

{P. J. Wimbcrlcy).

AKTAMID^.

n, 0. c? 5 ad. sk.
P, q. Ad. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.
s. cS ad. sk.
t. $ ad. sk.
w. c? ad. sk.
v,tt. S ad. si:.
X. (J ad. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.

b'. d ad. sk.
e'-e'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad.: g',h:

Imiu. sk.
1'. Ad. sk.
I', c? ad. sk.
r-u'. Ad. : a'.

Irusu. sk.
p', 2 ad. sk.
§'. Ad. sk.

r',s'. Ad. sk.
f . J ad. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.
v'. 5 ad. sk.

«■'. Ad. sk.

s'. c? ad. sk.
a, ^. cJ ad. sk.

y,d. Ad. sk.

e. cJ ad. sk.

f . c? ad. sk.

r„6. J 2 ad. sk.
«, K. c? 2 ad. sk.
X. d ad. sk.
IX. 2 ad. sk.

Port Mouat, Jan. 9, 1873

( W. I)ai-iso>i).
Port Mouat, April 1873

(TT'. Davison).
Aberdeen, March 23, 1873

( Tf. BmkoTi).
Aberdeen, April 30, 1873

(ir. Baviso)!).
Aberdeen, May 6, 1873

( W. Darisa/i).
Aberdeen, Nov. 6, 1875

(F. A. de Roepstorf).
Aberdeen, Dec. 1873

^TT'. Davison).
Little Coco Island, March

2o, 1873 ( Tf. Davison).
Mt. Harriett, Dec. 1872'

( TT. Davison).
Sumatra (^Ilaffes).
Sumatra.

Sumatra (^Carl Boek).
Lampoug, S.E. Sunia.tra

{£. a Biuton).
Java.
Java.
Java.

W. Java.

W. Java {E. C. Bu.vton).

Labnan {J. Moth;/).
Marup. Sara'wak {A. ■

JEvereff).
Sibu Island. Mav 5, 1874.
Sarawak, Nov. 2.3, 1877

{JI. Everett).
Sulu Islands {Bio-bi^ge).
Luzon, Jan. 1872 (A. £.

JIti/ev).
San Mateo, Luzon, Jan. 30,

1877 (.4. Everett).
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb.

1877 {A. Everett).
^I;\nila {Mait/and-JIeriot).
Neo-ros, March 1872 (A.

B. Mei/er).
Guimaras, March 1872 (A.

£. Meyer).
Cebu.

Cebu, Mai-ch 1877 {A.

Everett).
Amparo, Aug. 1877 [A.

Everett).
Butuan, Mav 1877 (A.

Everett).

Hume Coll.

Hume ColL

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
AVallace Coll.
Tsveeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.
Salvin-Godman ColL
Tweeddale CoU.

WaUace Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

A. Everett, Esq. [C.].
Tweeddale CoU.

H. Veitch, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Vov. of H.M.S.

' Challenger.'
Tweeddale CoU.

TT\-eeddale ColL

Tweeddale Coll.

V. (S ad. sk.

^. <S ad. sk.

o, 1". cT 5 ad. sk.

p,(j-. cJ $ ad. sk.

T, V. Ad. sk.
(f». S ad. sk.
X- Ad. sk.
^. 2 ad. sk.
<o. 5 ad. sk.
a'. (S ad. .sk.
/3', y'. (5' ad. sk.
8'. $ ad. sk.
«'. 2 *<!• sk.
f. Imm. sk.
17'. 2 ad. sk.
6', t'. Ad. sk.
k'-v'. Ad.; ^'.
cJ imm. sk.
o',tt'. c? 2 ^d. sk.

p'. 2 ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.

r'. c? ad. sk.

v'. 2 ad. sk.
^', ;t' Ad.sk.
;//'. 2 ad. sk.
o)'. Ad. sk.
a". Ad. sk.
/3"-8". Ad. sk.
e". Ad. ; C'
Imm. sk.
v". d ad. sk.
6". Ad. sk.

i". Ad. sk.
k",X". Ad. sk.
n". Ad. sk.
f". (S ad. sk.

f . Ad. sk.

o". Ad. sk,
tt". Ad. ak.
p". Ad. sk.
<t", t". (S 2 ad. sk.
v". 2 ad. sk.

(j}". (S ad. sk.

Sui-igao, May 1887 (A.

Everett).
N. Bohol, Oct. 1877 (A.

Everett).
Dumaguete, Aug. 1877 (A.

Everett).
Basilan, May 1878 (A.

Everett).
Celebes.

Menado, N. Celebes.
Menado, N. Celebes.
Menado, N. Celebes.
Tondano, Celebes.
Makassar.
Lombock.

Lombock (A. R. Wallace).
Lombock {A. R. Wallace).
Lombock.
Bali.
Plores.
E. Timor.

Isle of Kirimoen, Tenimber

Group, Sept. 1, 1882 {H.

O. Forbes).
Isle of Kirimoen, Sept. 1,

1882.
Larat, Timor Laut, July

2.3, 1882.
Larat, Timor 'Laut, Sept.

24, 1882.
Bouru.
Batchian.
Batcbian.
Gilolo.

JNlorty Island.
Goram.
Mysol.

Mysol (A. R. Wallace).
Island of Batanta, June

1877 {Bruijn).
New Guinea.
Australia.

Somerset, Cape York.
Cape York.

Brisbane, Queensland (J.

T. Cockerell).
Queensland (J. T. Cockerell) .
Queensland.
Moreton Bay.
Moreton Bay {F. fitranye).
Port Darwin, Nov. 1881

(Dr. Coppinger).
Port Denison, May 1881

{Dr. CoppiiKjer).

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.'
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
WaUace Coll.
Wallace Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

11. O. Forbes, Esq.

H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].
H. O. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Purchased.

Wallace Coll.
Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Voy. of H.M.S.

'Challenger.'
Sahin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Voy. of Il.M.S.

' Alert.'
Voy. of Il.M.S.

' Alert.'

artamid.t;.

y" Ad.sk. Port Essingtoii. Capt. Chambers [P.].

^", <o". Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey,Esq.[P.].

a 9 ad. sk. Perou's Peninsula, Shark Voy. of H.M.S.

Ba\,'Sla.Yl85S{Dr.E0njrier). ' Herald.'

b. cJ ad. sk. Aru Islands. Wallace Coll.

2. Artamus maximus.

Artanuis maximus, Meijer, Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, Ixix. p. 203 (1874)_;
8cl. Ibifi, 1874, p. 417 ; Beeeart, Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vii.
p. 709 (187o) f Gould, B. N. Gnin. iv. pi. 19 (1878) ; Sharpe in
Rowlet/s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 188 (1878) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic:
Genov xv. p. 39 (1879) ; id. Orn. Paptiasia e delle Molucche, ii.
p. 172(1881) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 635.

Adult male. General colour above deep black ; rump and upper
tail-coverts white ; wings and tail-feathers black, the latter very
narrowly bordered with white ; sides of head and neck, entire
throat and fore neck deep black, like the back ; remainder of the
body underneath pure white ; under wing-coverts white, the outer-
most of the lesser series black ; quills ashy below. Total length
7-5 inches, calmeu 0-8, wing 6-3,. tail 2-8, tarsus 0-75.

ffab. N.W. New Guinea.
a. (S ad. sk. Arfak Mountains, M. Leon Laglaize [C],

3. Artamus melanoleucus.

Loxia melaleuea, Forster, Icon. ined. 49; id, Descr. Anim. p. 272

(1844).
Leptopteryx melaleuea, Wayler, Syst. Av., Leptopteryx, sp. 1 (1827).
Ocypterus berardi, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 538 (1854).
Artamus melaleucus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163; id. Cat. B. Trop.

Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 23 (1859); Finscli, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 739?

Sharpe in Boiulei/s Orn. Misc. iji. p. 188 (1878) ; Finsch, Eep.

Voy. 'Challenger'; Zool. ii. p. 55 (1881) ; E. L. ^- L. C. Layard^

Ibis, 1878, pp. 256, 273, 1880, p. 226, 1882, pp. 510, 543 ; Tristr.

Ibis, 1879, pp. 183, 192.
Artamus melanoleucus, 6i-ay, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4280 (1869),

Adult male. General colour above sooty brown ; the whole of
the head and mape, sides of the head and entire throat black ; rump
and upper tail-coverts pure white ; scapulars like the back ; wing
slaty black, the quills greyish along the inner web; tail-feathers
black, narrowly fringed with white at the ends ; remainder of the
under surface of the body white, as well as the axillaries and under
wing-coverts : " bill blue, the tip black ; legs greyish black ; iris
dark brown " {E. L. Layard). Total length 7'2 inches, culmeis
0-75, wing 5-2, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-6.

Achdt female. Similar to the male ; the head browner and not
so distinctly capped. Total length 6-2 inches, wing 5-15, tail 27,
tarsus 0-65.

Hah. New Caledonia, Lojalty Islands, New Hebrides.

1. ARTAMl'S. 9

a. 5 ad.sk. Nii, Port de Fiance, New C'ale- J. Macyillivniy,Esq. [C.].

donia, June 2o, 1858.

6. cJ ad. sk. Nil, May 13, ls58. J. Macgilllvray, Es<i. [C.].

c. J ad. sk. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia, Goidd Coll.

Oct. 3, 1853 {J.McGillivray).

d. 2 ad. sk. Noumea, New Caledonia, June Tweeddale Coll.

I, 1877 (-£". L. Lm/ard).

e. 5 ad. sk. Moindou, New Caledonia, Oct. Tweeddale Coll.

II, 1881 {R L. Layard).

f. c? ad. sk. New Caledonia. Tweeddale Coll.

'y. S ad. sk. Api, New Hebrides. Voy. of H.M.S. ' Chal-

lenger.'
h. Ad. sk. Lifu, Loyalty Islands. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [P.].

4. Artamus pelewensis.

Artamus leucorLynchus, Harth 4" Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. IIG, 1872,
p. 99; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Ciodeffr. viii. p. 18 (1875).

Artamus, sp., Shavpe in Hotcley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 182 (1878).

Artamus pelewen.sis, Finsch, Jotirn. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 41
(187G) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 739 ; Tioeedd. Ibis, 1878, p. 385.

Adah. Similar to A. melanohnteus, but blacker above, and with
the whole of the sides of the face, neck, and throat black, as well
as the fore neck. Total length 7"5 inches, culmcn 0-85, wing 5'3,
tail 2-G, tarsus O'Go.

Hub. Pelcw Islands.

(I. Ad, sk. Pelew Islands (Cohen). Tweeddale Coll.

5. Artamus mentalis.

Langrayen de Viti, Hombr. ^- Jacq. Voy. Pole Slid, pi. 9. iis^. 1
(1843).

Artamus mentalis, Jard. Ann. S,- May. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 174, pi.
\iii. (1845) ; JBp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850) ; Cas-i. U. S. E.vpl. Fjvped.,
Birds, p. 141 (1858) ; Gray, List B. Trop. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 2.j
(1858) ; Finsch Sj- Hartl. Faun. Qentralpolyn. p. 84, tab. 1. tig. 5
(18G7); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4281" (1869) ; Layard,
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 434; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 392; Sharpie in Roivley\s
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 189 (1878) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV.
vii. p. 113 (1882).

Ocypterus mentalis, Peale, U. S. Eipl. E.iped. 1848, p. 84, pi. 23.
fig. 2 ; Hartl. Arck.f. Natury. 1852, p. 98.

Artamus vitiensis, Jacq. et Pucher. Voy. Pole Slid, Zool. iii. p. 73
(1853).

Adult male. Above smoky black, the head scarcely any darker ;
scapulars uniform with the back ; lower rump and upper tail-coverfcs
pure white ; tail-feathers black, with a conspicuous spot of white at
the end of the inner web ; entire wing black ; sides of face and
throat black ; hinder cheeks, lower throat, and remainder of under
surface of body white, as well as the under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ; sides of fore neck sooty brown; quills below dull ashy,

10

ARTAMID^,

•white towards the base of the inner web : " bill blue, black at tip ;
feet dark blue ; iris brown " {E. L. Layanl). Total length 7"2
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5*05, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-7.

Adult female . Similar in ])lumage to the male. Total length 7'1
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-15, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-65.

Nestling. Coloured like the adults, but having the feathers of the
upper surface fringed with white ; the quills edged with white at
the tip, the tail-feathers more broadly tipped.

Hah. Fiji Islands.

a,h.S2 ^<1- sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, July 3, Tweeddale Coll.
1874 {^E. L. Layard).

c. 2 ad. sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, June Tweeddale Coll.

25, 1874 (JE. L. Layard).

d. Pull. sk. Levuka, Fiji Islands, August Tweeddale Coll.

27, 1874 {E. L. Layard).

e. (S ad. sk. Wakaia, Fiji Islands, May 24, Tweeddale Coll.

1876 i^E. L. Layard).

f. i ad. sk. Wakaia, Fiji Islands, Oct. Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

1880 {Br. Coppinger).

g. h. (S ad. sk. Eewa, Fiji Islands, Oct. 1874 Tweeddale Coll.

(E. L. Layard).

i. Ad. sk. N'Dreketti, Fiji Islands. E. L. Layard, Esq.

[C.].

k, I. Ad. sk. Taviuni, Fiji Islands {Liardet^. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Matuka, Fiji Islands. Gould Coll.

n. c? ad. sk. Island of N'Gau, Fiji Islands, Vov. II.M.S. ' Her-

Oct. 1855 (Dr. Hayner). aid.'

V. o ad. sk. Island of Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Voy. II.M.S. ' Her-

Aug. 1856 {Dr. Itayner). aid.'

6. Artamus monachus.

Artamus monachus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 348 (1850, ex Temm. 3ISS. in
Mm. Lugd.) ; Wall Ibis, 1860, p. 141 ; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 340 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4272 ( 1869) ; Walden, Tram. Z. S.
viii. p. 67, pi. vi. fig. 1 (1872) ; Gmdd, B. New Guinea, iv. pi. 21
(1878) ; Sharpe in Rowley''s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 189 (1878) ; Guillem.
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 553.

Artamus spectabilis, Briigg. Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 349
(1878).

Adult female. Head, nape, sides of face, and entire throat pale
umber-brown, the top of the head darker ; hind neck, entire back,
scapulars, rump, and uj^per tail-coverts pure white ; wing dark
ashy brown, the lesser and median coverts washed with umber-
brown ; tail dark ashy brown ; fore neck and rest of under surface
of body pure white ; under wing-coverts white : quills ashy below,
the inner edge white. Total length 7'o inches, culmen I'Oo, wing
6-3, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Celebes and Sula Islands.

a. 5 ad. sk. Celebes {Duivenhode). Gould Coll.

h, c. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

d-e. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Sula Islands ( Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

1. ARTAMUS. J I

7. Artamus insignis.

Artamus, sp. Hamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i p 371 nQrcA
Artamus msigms, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1877, p. l^lXx^'^- ^Gould B

«.f wf f '"f l^yPt"^ ?l'/''^- ^"*^'^ ^^^^ ^°'J °aP^. sides of face,
and whole of the throat black; hind neck, intersca^ulary region
and scapulars, entn-e back, rump, and upper tail-coverJs pure whi e
wjngs and tail jet-black, the tail-feathers very narrowly fdnged
with white along the inner web ; fore neck and remainder of under
surface of body pure white : under wing-coverts white the outer

rr wer^s^r' k'^-'i^-^^^^- '^^^^' -^^^^ ^* ^^^ '•^--f 'h

SamlsTm ^'^ ' "''^''' '"^'"'" ^' ^^'^S ^■'^5, tail 2-6,

-^«6. New Britain and New Ireland.

a. 2 ad. sk. New L^eland, March 1876 (Pev. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. SpacW S, New Britain, Jan. rS^^Z^'^^

8, Artamns fuscns.

Artamus fuscus, Vieill. A^ 2>ee^. rf'^e><. JV,,^. xvii. p. 297 (1817V

(18o0) ; ^Tor*/. ^ Moore, Cat. P. Mus. P.I. Co! i. p. 161 (1854) ■
Cassm Perry sExped. Japan p. 238 (1856) ; Gonhl, P Z. S. 1859,
18fif n 9R7 5' '"^- '^ P; ^^' °°- -«■ (l'^62); <SW«A. P. Z. S.

J '>89^"no^o?rn865 W^'J P' ^^^ ' ^''•«^' ^«'*^-^- ^- i"
p. r'r'r??--,tl^y (1869); Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. p. 1870 p 100-

ib/J, p 440; Pall, Str. P. 1874, p. 403; id. Sfr. P. 1875 p •>91 •

l^rV R^P>?°V '^- ^'''' '"^dEgysInd. P. p. 194 '(?875h
Blyih ^BaldB Punn. p. 126 (1875) ; Arm Jr. Str. P. 1876

I' ioi 'nf'?^' i/- P- ^"^' ^^^^' ?• ^^ ' ^"'^"^ ^^- o-'- O'^- ^'^U

^Tfn^i [ n-'-' Jr ''',^^"'^'1/' Orn. Mi.sc. iii. p. 191 (1878) ■

il I' 'vif p' mh%%^ 'sw^-^j' f; ^'^''^^'' P- ^^6 (1879) ; ir.««..

or/ 1-. vm. p ^2(18/9); Salrad. Ucc. Papuasia.u. p. 173 (1881)-

(^887^ m"- ?rt- ^--P- -^^^ (1883) ; 'Taylor Stf. P. x.^p 4:55
(18b7) ; mime, Sfr. P. xi. p. 103 (1888). ^

(7820r '■''^'''°*"'' ^ "^''''- ^«"- ^'^- ^- P- 25, pi. vii. fig. 1
Leptopteryx rufiventer, Waffler, Sysf. Ac, Leptoptervx, sp. 3 (18'J7>
Artamus leucorhynclios, M'Gell. P. Z 6'. 1839, p. 158 JcZ)'^'
Ocypterus leucorhynchos, Jerd.Madr. Journ. x. p 237 (1839 nee T >
Artamus brevipes Prii.yemMhandl. naf. vl. i>V.«";^' p 70

(i8<7); Fweedd. Ibis, 1878, p. .385. '

12

AKTAJJID.K.

Adult male. Above dull ashj', the upper tail-coverts greyish
■white, foriniug a narrow transverse band ; head and neck all round
clearer grey ; a very narrow frontal lino and the lores blackish ;
upper part of the chin and fore part of checks shaded with blackish ;
remainder of under surface of body pale vinaceous ashj', the under
tail-coverts whitish, freckled with ashy cross bars ; under wing-
coverts ashy white ; wing dull slaty below, the quills blacker ; tail
black, tipped with ashy white : " l)ill clear pale blue, the tip and
anterior half of the margins brownish ; legs slate-colour ; claws dark
horn ; mouth inside black in some, in others yellow, probably
varying according to season ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous "
{E. W. Oates). Total length 6'3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 5-3,
tail 2-3, tarsus O'Go.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little duller in colour.
Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 5-25, tail 2-25, tarsus
0-05.

Young. Similar to the adults, but having the bill dusky brown
and the plumage duller, all the feathers of the back spotted or
barred with ochreous brown at the ends ; the quills similarly tipped
with browji or whitish ; the breast pale vinaceous, mottled with
ashy bases to the feathers.

Hab. Ceylon and Southern Indian Peninsula as far as South
Konkan, on the west coast ; Himalayas from Naini Tal to Assam ;
Dacca and neighbourhood of Calcutta ; throughout the Burmese
countries to Cambodia, Cochin China, and even to Hainan and
Macao.

a, b. Ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.

e. d ad. ; /, (/, h.
2 ad. sk.

i, k. cS ad. sk.

I, VI. 5 ad. sk.

o. (5 ad. sk.

J), q. Ad. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.

s. S ad. sk.
t. Juv. sk.
u. (S ad. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.

Kandy, Cevlon.

Cotta', Ceylon, Nov. 19, ]878
(Jlarf)'.

S. Ceylon, May 25, 1871 (W.
V. Legge).

Ceylon, Dec. 1865 (>S'. Chap-
man).

Ceylon, March 1866 (.S'. Chap-
man).

Ceylon, April 1866 {S. Chap-
man).

Eameswaren Is., March 17,
1875.

Anjango, Travancore, Dec.

Machur, Lower Palani Hills,
May 18, 1877 {S. B. Fair-
bank).

Machur, June 15, 1877 (.S'.
B. F.).

Coonoor, J une 21 , 1869 ( W. G.
Wait).

Coonoor, Sept. 15, 1870 ( W.
G. Wait).

Orange Village, Nilghiris, June
29, 1874 (Miss Cockburn).

A. White, Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Col].

w. cJ ad. sk.

.r. Ad. sk.
y, z. Ad. sk.

a' . Imm. sk.
b'. $ iinin. sk.

c'. (^ ad. ; d' , e'.

d 2 juv. sk.
/'._c?ad.; ff'. 2

imm. sk.
A'. Ad. sk.
i'. <S ad. sk.

k' . d ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.

m'-o'. Ad, sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
gi'-s'. Ad. sk.
t', u'. Ad. sk.

v', w'. Ad. sk.

A-'. Ad. sk.

1/'. Ad. sk.

z'. Ad. sk.

a-y. Ad. sk.

8. Ad. sk.

e, C Ad. sk.
(9. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
»c. Ad. sk.

X. Ad. sk.

fj, V. Ad. sk.
^^,0,77. cJad.; p. 9

ad.; o-,r. Ad.sk.
V. c? ad. ; (P, X.

2 ad. sk.
\|/-. Ad. sk.
0), a'. Ad. sk.
/3'. c? ad. ,sk.

y'. 2 ad. sk.

8'. (S ad. i^k.

1. ARTAMUS.

Cannanore, Oct. 9, 1882 (7?.

G. IF. H.).
Madras (T. C. Jerdon).
Madras.

Coorg.

Tipporkardu,Wynaad, May 2o,
1881 ( W. Davison). '

Karoli, Wynaad, May 1881
( W. Davisoii).

Ban di pur, Mysore, May 1881
( W. Davison).

Mysore {R. G. W. R.).

Conjecoda, Paulgliat Dist.,
Oct. 29, 1868 (.4. G. R. Theo-
bald).

Vingorla, S. Konkan, Jan. 1.3,
1880 ((?. Vidal).

Godra, Panch Mehals, Sept.
1878.

Naiui Tal.

Naini Tal {S. Pimcill).

Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

Native 8ikhim, July 1874 (i.
Mandelli).

Native Sikliira,Oct. 1876 (Z.
Mandelli).

Lower Hills, Sikhim, Feb.
1873 (L. Mandelli).

Sikhim, March 1873 (Z. Man-
delli).

Sikhim, April 1873 (Z. Man-
delli).

Sikhim, May 1873 (Z. Man-
delli).

Sikhim.

Darjeeling, Feb. 1873.

Darjeeling (Eccles).
Darjeeling.

Biixa Doars, Feb. 1878 (Z.

Mandelli).
Behar.
Mirzapur Dist., March 1869

(R. Thompson).
Calcutta, Jan. 1873.

Dacca (Ti/fler).

Dacca.

Faridpur, Nov. 2-5, 1877 (J.

R. Cripps).
Khowang, Dibriighur, March

21, 1879 (Zi2. Cripps).
Tippook, Assam, March 13,

1877 (Z CocUurn).

13

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

IJev. H. H. Baber

, [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Plume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
C. B, Wharton, Esq.

[P.J.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

14

ARTAMID^.

€. $ ad. sk.

C, r,'. S ? ad. sk.
6', i. S ? ad. sk.

k', X. Ad. sk.
/i'. cJ ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

^', o'. c? ad. ; tt'.

2 ad. sk.
p'. (S ad. sk.

a', t',v'. cJ ad. sk.

(j)', x- Ad. sk.

^'. Ad. sk.

co'. 5 juv. sk.
«. 2 ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. cf ad. ; d, e.
2 ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.

I/. 2 ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i, k. c? ad. sk.

I. 2 ad. sk.

»«. c5' ad. sk.

w, o. cj 2 ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.

}'. 2 ad. sk.

.«, ^ cJ ? ad. sk.

«. 2 ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.
tt). Ad. sk.
X, y. Ad. sk.

Sadhya, Assam, June 1, 1877

(J. Cockbiirn).
Sliillong, July 24, 1877 (J. C).
Shillong, June 1875 {A. W.

Chennell).
Mymensing.
N. Khasia Hills, Dec. 1876

{A. W. Chenned).
Cachar.
Lakhipnr, Cachar, Jan. -31,

1881 (A. O. H.).
Soognoo, ^Maiiipur, March 28,

1881 {A. O. H).
Kokshin-koonoo, Manipur,

April 2, 1881 {A. O. H).
Karen Hills, Jan. 1875 {It. G.

W. R.).
Karen Hills, Nov. 1874 {R.

G. W.R.).
Tonghoo {R. G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, Feb. 26, 1874 {R.

G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, March 8, 1874 (R.

G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, April 1874 (R. G.

W. R.).
Tonghoo, Oct. 19, 1875 {R.

G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, Nov. 13, 1874 {R.

G. W. R.).
Tonghoo Hills, Nov. 1874 (R.

G. tt: r.).

Akyab, March 1876 (/. Ann-

strong).
Elephant Point, Dec. 9, 1875

(J. Annstrotuf).
Saddle Island, April 16, 1876

{J. Armstrong).
Pegu, April 17, 1881.
Thayetmyo, Dec. 1872.
Thayetmyo, Sept. 1874 {R. G.

W. R.).
Amherst, Tenasserim, Feb. 14,

1877 (Jr. Daiimn).
Amherst, March 1877 {W.

Davison).
Wlppitan, Dec. 14, 1878 {J.

JDarling^.
Cambodia (Mouhot).
Cochin China, May 1867.
Hainan (R. Stcinhoe).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Gates CoU.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.
Mons. E. Pierre [P.].
Seebohm Coll.

1. AKTAMUS. 15

9. Artamus superciliosus.

Ocypterus superciliosus, Gould, F. Z. S. 183G, p. 142 ; id. Syn. B.

Austr. part i. (1837).
Artamus superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Beichenh.

Vog. Neuholl. p. 169 (1848) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 32

(1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 199 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

„ Q</r nak(\\ . n„i. ivr,,^ tt„,\, T1i ^ n 1 ao n HP^fW ■ V^U P/»'o

p. 193 (1878) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888)

Adult male. Above slaty grey, the rump and upper tail-coverts
ashy ; wing ashy, all the quills tipped with black ; tail-feathers
ashy, tipped ^yith white and forming a terminal band ; a broad
white eyebrow produced from the fore part of the eye to the nape ;
lores, sides of face, and entire throat slaty black, the latter clearer
slate-colour below; remainder of under surface of body vinous
chestnut ; thighs clear ashy grey : under wing-coverts white, the
edge of the wing slaty ; quills below pale ashy, greyer along the
inner web : "bill light blue at base, black at tip ; feet dark lead-
colour ; iris nearly black " {J. Gould). Total length 7*5 inches,
culmen 0*75, wing o-Oo, tail 2-85, tarsus 0"8.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but paler ; the back browner,
and the head ashy not blackish ; under surface of body paler
vinaceous, and the whole of the throat slaty grey. Total length
4-75 inches, tail 2'8, tarsus 0-8.

Young. Differs from the adults. General colour ashy, all the
feathers narrowly streaked with white ; quills tipped with white ;
tail-feathers slightly edged with white at the ends : lores and ear-
coverts dusky slate-colour ; under surface of body ashy, the feathers
streaked with whitisb, the abdomen mottled with dusky, the
feathers being fringed with this colour.

Hah. The greater part of Australia, but not found in the western
or northern parts of the continent.

a, b. (S2 ad. sk. Austraha. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

c, d. (S 2 ^d. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.J.

e-g. Ad. sk. New South Wales (J. T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cocker ell).

h. cS ad. ; i. $ Homebush, N. S. W., Jan. Sydney Museum.

juv. sk. 1877.

k. 2 ad. sk. Sydney, Nov. 1876. Sydney Museum.

I. (S ad. sk. Bankstown, N. S. W., Dec. Sydney Museum.

1876.

7)1. 2 ad. sk. Moreton Bay, Oct. 1850 {F. Gould Coll.

iSti'ange).

n. 5 ad. sk. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.

o. (S ad. sk. " N.W. Australia." Gould Coll.

] G ABTAMID^.

ID. Artamus personatus.

Ocvpterus personatus, Gould, 1'. Z. S. 1840, p. 140.

Artamus pcn-smiatus, (Ti-ai/, Gen. B. i. p. 28.5 (1845) ; Gould, B.

Ausf.r fol ii pi •'>1(1848); Reichenb. Voq. Neuholl.^AlO (ISiB) ;

Bp. Con.y). i. p. 344 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. item. Th. i. p. 208 (1850) ;

Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 160 (18G5) ; Feb. Bets. Novara,

Vog. p. 82 (1865) ; Grcui, Jhmd-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4277 (1869) ;

Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878); Sharpe, in

Bowleg's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 195 (1878j ; Bamsay, Tab. List Austr.

5. p. 3(1888).

Adult male. Above dark slato-colour, the lesser back and rump
more grej- ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills blackish slate-colour,
narrowly fringed with white at tlie ends, and all subterminally
shaded "with grey ; quills grey, tipped with white forming a broad
band ; forehead and lores, entire sides of face, and throat black, the
crown also shaded with Idack ; remainder of the body below ashy,
with an indistinct collar on the throat continued from the ear-
coverts ; thighs ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillarics white ;
quills ashy below, blackish towards the ends, white towards the
base of the inner web : " bill blue at base, becoming black at tip ;
legs and feet mealy bluish grey ; iris blackish brown " (J. Gould).
Total length 7'2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-9, tail 3-15, tarsus 0-8.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour; back
and wings browner ; under surface of body brownish ash, with an
indistinct collar ou the lower throat of ashy grey : sides of face and
throat dull slaty grey. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing
4-85, tail 3-05, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. The whole of Australia, except the northern parts.

a, h. d ad. ; <•. $ S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

ad. sk.
rf, e. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Gould Coll.

f,g. Ad.; /«. Imm. sk. Victoria (J. T. Cockerelt). Salvin-Godman Coll.
t. Ad. sk. Interior of Australia. Capt. Start [P.].

k, I. Ad. ; m, v. S. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.

Imm. sk.
o. c? ad. sk. Between the Avon and Salt Gould Coll.

Rivers, W. Australia,
Oct. 17, 1849.

11. Artamus cinereus.

Artamus cinereus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 297 (1817) ;
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 29
(1848); Beiehenb. Voff. Neuholl. p. 168 (1848); Bp. Consp. i.
p. 344 (1850) ; Go^dd, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 233 ; id. Handb. B.
Austr. i. p. 147 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 289, no. 4275
(1869); Bamsay, P. Z. S. 18/'6, p. 584; id. Proc. Linn. Soe.
N. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878) ; Masters, t. c. p. 270 (1878) ; iSharpe in
Bowleg's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 195 (1878) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W. (2) i. p. 1087 (1886) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888).

1. AETAMUS. jy

^Yli-iQ^^ cinereus, Valenc. Mem. Mus. vi. p. 22, pi. ix. fig. 2
Leptopterjx cinereus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Leptopteryx, sp. 4 (1827).
Adult male. Above brown, with the head slightly paler- eve
brow and ear-coverts paler brown; under surface of body 'ashy
brown ; a narrow frontal line, lores, eyelid, cheeks, and fore 4rt
of ear-coverts and throat blackish; entire wino- dull ashy the
feathers externally with a narrow pale margin? lower back and
Ek bf T"? black; two centre^ail.feathcrs blacJ, t^' r^st
back broadly tipped with white; vent and under tdl-coverts

nlt-'h' '^?,^''''' ^^'^ ^""^^ '""^'-^ t^^igb^ ^'^tenially white
a wena°V "'""T'^PrV ™^7 -i^g-overts and Lillar e
as M ell as the inner edge of the quills white : "bill bright greyish
blue at base, black at tip; legs and feet greenish grey iris dark

^tt.tTJl^'!- ^'"S- ^'«*^^^-«^thV5 inched, iul'me^O t
wing -i yo, tail 6, tarsus 0-8o.

Adult female. Like the male.

brown Th/^'P'' '"'^''' '^ *^' ^"''^•^ ^"'^ ^"-^y °^°^tled with ashy
w^th a'shv J^ >^' f.'^ = ™™P '"^ "PP^^ tail-coverts black, mottled
with ashy white; the upper wing-coveris and scapulars marofned
with ashy brown, and the tips of all the qunis^ith a d&tioct
margin of white : » bill brown " {Ramsay)
Hub. Western Australia.

"• ^'^^- '^'- Australia. Sir T. Mtchell [P.].

12. Artanms hypoleucus.

p 7, • ^■.^- ^^■^^> P- -^1; ««^- -»• '4(<*<y. fol. ii. pi. 30 (1848) •
fP-C-"sp. 1. p. 344 (1850); Go.ld, Handb. B.\cstr.t^Td
(l&6o); Raima;/, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 383- Grai, Ham? / 7i f

p. 48 18 7); Castelnau Sf Hamsaij, t. c. p. 380 (1877); Ramsa,
'^•lof-n«-.P; 1^(1878); Sharpe in Rowley's Orn.M^t^
p. 196 (18/8) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888).

Adult Similar to^. cm^r^Ms, but distinguished by its white
under _tail-coverts. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen O'l wing 4 9
tail 2-oD, tarsus 0-S5. & ^ •^i

ira6. Interior of Victoria to Queensland and Gulf of Carpentaria.
"• ^^- ^^- Interior of Australia. Gould Coll

13. Artamus melanops.

Artamus melanops, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 198; id Handb B
Austr. 1^ p. 49 (1865) ; id. B. Austr. fol. Suppl^It Tmm)'
Gray H II j^ j. ^gg^ ^^_ ^3^3 l£J PocUnn

HI. p. 197 (18/8); Ramsay, Tab. List Amtr. 5. p 3 (1888)

VOL. XIII.

18 ARTAjnn^.

Adult. Similar to A. cinereus, but smaller ; face with a greater
amount of black on the sides, and the under tail-coverts narrowly
tipped with white. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-9,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-8.

JIab. Nearly the whole of Australia excepting the western por-
tions.

J/ab. South Australia, Victoria to Cape York.

a. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. St. A'Beckett's Pool, lat. 28° 30', Gould Coll.

Aug. 23, 1863 (A. White). (Type of species.)

t-ff. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Gould Coll,

14. Artamus perspicillatus.

Artamus perspicillatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.

in Mus. Lugd.); Wall. Ibis, 1861, p. 348; id. P. Z. 8. 1863,

p. 48.5 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 209, no. 4271 (1869) ; Sharpe in

Rowlei/s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 198 (1878).
OcYptevas alborittatus, Kittl. Kiipf. Yiig. p. 23, pi. xxx. fig. 2

(1832).

Adult male. Above ashy brown ; head all round and sides of
neck, as well as the under surface of the body, clearer ashy ; chin
itself, lores, and eyelid black ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts
black ; tail-feathers black, broadly tipped with white ; entire wing
dark ashy grey, the quills blackish towards the ends, with a narrow
terminal edging of white ; flanks rather duller ashy ; thighs clearer
ashy ; under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white ; quills below dull ashy, white towards the base of the inner
web. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5-05, tail 3-1,
tarsus 0"9.

Adtdt female. Scarcely distinguishable from the male. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5-2, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-25.

Young. Similar to the adults, but with the edges of the feathers
more or less white ; uuder surface of body more grey, the feathers
being tipped with the latter colour.

Hub. Timor.

a, b. S ad. ; c. 5 ad. ; E. Timor. Wallace Coll.

d. Juv. sk.

e. Ad. ; f. Jav. sk. E. Timor (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

g. Ad. sk. Timor {A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

15. Artamus venustus.

Artamus venustus, Sharpe in Rvwlei/s Orti. Mise. iii. p. 198 (1878).

Adult. Above ashy, the head all round, sides of face, and under
surface of body clearer and more greyish ; fore part of cheeks, lores,
and the chin itself black ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts black ;

1. ARTAMU8. 19

two centre tail-feathers entirely black, the rest black, broadly tipped
with white ; entire wing ashy, the quiUs siibterminally blackish,
very narrowly edged with white at the ends ; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts black, the longest of the latter white at the tips ;
thighs clear ashy; under wing- coverts and axillaries and inner
edge of quills white. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-65,
tail 3, tarsus 0*7.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little browner. Total
length 7'5 inches, wing ■i-75, tail 3, tarsus 0-7.

Young. Above brown, the feathers of the head and back streaked
down the centre and tipped with ochreous brown ; tlie feathers of
the lower back and rump as well as the upper tail-eovorts margined
with ochraceoiis ; wing-coverts margined in the same way as the
back ; quiUs more broadly tipped with white ; under surface of body
ashy, the under tail-coverts tipped with pale brown.

Hah. North-western Australia.

a. $ ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsev, Esq. [P.].

b, c. Ad. ; d, e. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey.Esq. [P.].
Juv. sk. (Type.-: of species.)

f> 9- d 2 jiiv-i Fitzrov River, N.W. Australia Capt. Bowver Bower
A. J ad. sk. {T/H. Bounjer Botcer). [P.].

16. Artamus sordidus.

. Sordid Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 186 (1801).
Turdus sordidus, Lath. Ind. Oni. ISuppl. p. xliii (1801).
Artamus liueatus, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 297 (1817).
Ocvpterus albovittatus, Valenc. Mem. Mits. vi. p. 23, pi. viii.

(1820) ; Less. Traite, p. 37, pi. 44. fig. 2 (1831) ; Gould, Syn. B.

Aiistr. part 1 (1837).
Artamus albovittatus, Vig. 4" Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 210

(1826).
Leptopteryx albovittata, Waqler, Syst. Ai\, Leptopteryx, sp. 5

(1827).
Artamus sordidus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr.

fol. ii. pi. 27 (1848) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 200 (1849) ;

Reichenh. Voq. NeuhoU. p. 168 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 344 (ISoO) ;

Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 208 (1850) ; Goidd, Handh. B. Austr.

i. p. 143 (1865) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 327 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B.

i. p. 289, no. 4274 (1869) ; Muller, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 279 ; Ramsaif,

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 584; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 179

(1878) ; Sharps in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 199 (1878) ; Ramsay,

Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (1888).

Adxilt male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the lower
back and rump darker, the upper tail-coverts slightly blacker ; lores
and fore part of cheeks dusky : under surface of body chocolate-
brown, the lower abdomen and flanks rather more rufesccnt ; under
tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts white ; wing slaty black ;
quills dark ashy, the primaries externally white ; tail-feathers
bhifk, ti]ipcd with white, the two centre ones entirely black, with

20 ARTAMIDJ,

only the inner web of the outer feather white ; quills below dull
ashy : " bill blue with a black tip ; feet nearly lead-colour ; iris
dark brown " {J. Gould). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
5-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but slightly smaller. Total
length Cy2 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 4-9, tail 2-6, tarsus U'7.

Younij. Differs fi'om the adults in having more distinct white
edges to the ends of the quills, and in being streaked with ashy
whitish both above and below.

JJah. Tasmania and the greater part of Australia.

a,6. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Guiiu, Esq.

d,e. cf2ad. ;/. Tasmania. AntarcticExpedition.

Ad. sk.

g, h. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.j.

k, I. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll.

m. c? ad. sk. S. Australia (/. G=o»^f^j. Sir G. Grey [P.].

n. Ad. sk. Queensland {F. Strange). Tweeddale Coll.

o,^j. Ad. sk. Brisbane (/. r. CocA:e?-e//). Sal vin-Godman Coll.

q. 2 ad. sk. Moretou I3ay, June 21 Gould Coll.

(F. Strange).

r. Ad. sb. Somerset, Cape York. Tweeddale Coll.

». 5 imm. sk. Perth, Western .Australia. Gould Coll.

17. Artanms minor.

Artamus minor, VieiU. iV. Diet. d'Sist. Nat. xvii. p. 298(1817);
Grai/, Gen. B. i. p. 285 (1845) ; Gotdd, B. Austr. fol. ii. pi. 28
ri848) ; Reichenh. Vog. NeiikoU. p. 168 (1848) ; Bp. Con.y}. i.
p. 344 (1850); Gould, Hayulb. B. Austr. i. p. 146 (1865);
Rammy, Ibis, 1866, p. 327 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4285
(1869): Ramsan, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 584; id. Proc. Lin?i. Soc.
N. S. W. ii. p. 179 (1878)j Masters, t. c. p. 270 (1878); Sharpe
in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 201 (1878) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. vii. p. 407 (1883) ; id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1087 (1866),
ii. p. 167 (1887) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 3 (18S8).

Ocypterus fuscatus, Valenc. Mem. Mtis. vi. p. 74, pi. 9. fig. 1
(1820).

Leptoteryx minor, Wagler, Syst. Av., Leptopteryx, sp. 6 (1827).

Ocypterus minor, Goidd, Syn. B. Au.str. part 1 (1837).

Adult. Chocolate-brown above, the sides of the face and sides of
neck uniform with the head ; under surface of body more rufescent
and inclining to chestnut ; a narrow frontal line, as well as the
chin and lores, black ; lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts
black; wings and tail leaden black, the tail-feathers white at the
tip of the inner web, the two centre ones entirely uniform ; under
wing-coverts pale fawn-brown : " bill beautiful violet-blue at the
base, darker at the tip ; feet and iris nearly black " (J. Gould). Total
length 5'9 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 4'55, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*5.

a,

b. Ad.sk.

c.

Ad. sk.

d.

Juv. sk.

e.

Ad. sk.

f.

ff. Ad. sk.

h.

2 ad. sk.

I.

Ad.; A;,/.

sk.

m.

, Ad. sk.

2. PSECDOCHKUDON. '21

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-7 inches,
culmeii 0 5, wing 3-85, tail 2'25, tarsus 0"5.

Yoioij. Similar to the adults, but having the feathers spotted
with ochre ; the under surface of the body barred with sandy buff ;
the terminal spots on the tail smaller and tinged with greyish.

Hab. Nearly the whole of Australia, excepting Cape York,
Victoria, and Interior province.

Australia. Gould Coll.

Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

New South Wales. J. Gould, Esq. [C. ].

South Australia (/. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Queeusland. Tweeddale Coll.

FitzrovKiver, N. W. Australia Capt. Bowyer Bower
{T. 'H. Bowyer Bower). [P.].

/.Juv. N.W. Austraha. J.R.Elsey,Es(i. [P.].

Peron's Peninsula, Shark Bav, Vov. H.M.S.'Herald.'
May 18-58 (Dr. Bayner). '

2. PSEUDOCHELIDON.

Type.
Pseudochelidon, Hartl. Ibis, 1861, p. 322 P. eurystomina.

Range. Confined to West Africa.

1. Pseudochelidon eurystomina.

Pseudochelidon eurystomina, Hartl. Ibis, 1861, p. 322, pi. xi. ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 290, no. 4292 (1869).

Adult. Greenish black above with an ashy gloss : wings and tail
slaty black ; head all round purplish black, as well as the under
surface of the body, which is shghtly more ashy black on the ab-
domen ; thighs black, ashy whitish at the ends ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries dull ashy brown; quills dusky below, ashy brown
along the inner webs. Total length 5'7 inches, culmer. O'o, wing
4-85, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

22 STCRNID^.

Family II. STURNIDiE.

Key to the Suhfaniilies.

A. Hind claw stronger than claw of middle toe . . STURNIN^,

B. Hind claw not so powerful as that of the middle

toe . BUPHAGINjE.

Subfamily I. STURNIN^.

Key to the Genera.

a. Nasal aperture elongated, with a distinct
superior membrane, which is always
swollen ; outstretched feet generally
reaching to the end of the tail, in the
skin.
a' . Bill very long and pointed ; culmen
nearly straight ; geuys flattened and
broad for its entire length ; culmen
and tarsus about equal in length.
a" . Wing long and pointed ; the differ-
ence between the tip of the primaries
and the tip of the secondaries gi-eater
than the tarsus.
«\ Nasal membrane bare, with no su-
perior plumelets on the operculum ;
no bare space round the eye ; bill
without any distinct pattern, and
as high as it is broad at the

nostrils 1 . Sturnus, p. 2(3.

6'. Nasal membrane with tiny plume-
lets reaching to anterior edge of
nasal fossa ; no bare space round
the eye ; bill generally of different
colours, with a black base as a
rule to lower mandible, narrower
than it is broad at the nostril ; tail

rounded 2. Poliopsar, p. 40.

b". Wing more rounded, the difference
between the tips of the secondaries
and the primaries less than the
tarsus ; a bare space round or be-
hind the eye 4. Sturnopastor, p. 56.

b'. Bill more curved, the genys rounded for
its entire length ; culmen less than the
tarsus in length,
c''. Wings long and pointed, the differ-
ence between the tips of the pri-
maries and tho.se of the secondaries
greater than the tarsus ; wings reach-
ing nearly to the end of the tail ;
region of the eye feathered.
c'. Head bare, with erect wattles on
the head and lappet extending
from the bare throat 5. Dilophtjs, p. 61.

23

d"

d^. Crest enormous, the occipital
plumes exceeding the length of
tlie tarsus ; bill high and curved
the depth of the upper mandible'
alone almost equal to the breadth
of the bill at the base of the fore-
head ; culmen less than the tarsus

in length q

e^. Crest feebly developed, the occi-
pital plumes less than the culmen;
bill at base of forehead about equal
in breadth and depth ; culmen
much less than the tarsus in

^length ; tail forked

Wing more rounded, the distance

between the tips of the primaries

and the tips of the secondaries less

than the length of the tarsus.

f^. Nostrils exposed, with only a few

superior plumelets.

a*. Crest enormously developed and

composed of lanceolate feathers,

which overhang the mantle, as

in Pastor : a small bare patch

behind the eye g

6*. Crest only moderate, but the
bare patch behind the eye occu-
pying the greater part of the

auricular region 9.

c*. Crest only moderate; bare patch
behind the eye large, but not
extending over the auricular
region ; space below the eye
also feathered ; bill broader

than in Graculipica 3.

g^. Nostrils overhung and nearly con-
cealed by recurved plumes, as in
succeeding genus, though not to
the same extent 10.

b. Nasal aperture rounded and situated in

front of the nasal groove, but almost or
quite hidden by thickset plumes ; a dis-
tinct median crest or ridge of feathers on
the crown,
c'. Bill short and stout, the median crest

starting from the centre of the crown. . 11

d'. Bill long and curved, the crest startin<^ ' | 4o'

from the base of the forehead ° ] 41"

c. Nasal aperture rounded and situated in the

fore part of the nasal groove, with a pos-
terior rather than a superior membrane •
bastard-primary rather longer. '

Pastor, p. 63.

7. Stuhnia, p. 68.

Temenuchus, p. 73.
Cteaculipica, p. 76.

Sturnoenis, p. 5o.

ACBIDOTHEEES*

[p. 70.

Basileornis, p. 95.
Fregilupus, p. 194.
Neceopsar, p. 19.5.

wi*chSe ^ ^:^^^:^J^ i;P-- ?' ^-''^^^-. some of
the heading of a subgenus. forXb^rp^opteXre'oyS^r. ""^^

24

Without any peailiar eyebrow of wax-
like plumelets ; plumag-e ordinary.
e". Bastard-primaiy moderate or very
small, not exceeding the primai-y^
coverts.
A\ Tail not exceeding the wing in
length ; head bare, with a narrow

median line of feathers 12.

p. Wing longer than tail ; crown fea-
thered ; throat feathered, never
entirely bare, though sometimes
the chin may be.
d\ Tail nearly square, the centre
feathers scarcely exceeding the
outer ones.
a\ Head with ornamental yellow
lappets ; nosti-ils with dense

feathers 13.

b'\ With no lappets ; region of
the eye and eyebrow and chin

bare 14.

c'. With no lappets ; a bare patch

behind the eye.

a'. Nostrils exposed, the frontal

feathers not extending in

front of the line of the

nostrils 15.

6^. Nostrils completely hidden,
the feathers of the forehead
recurved and produced in

front 16.

rf5. With no lappets and no bare
places on the head and throat,
c". BiU elongated, the cuknen
about the same length as
the tarsus,
a'. Secondaries with long
filamentous appendages
near the base of the outer
web of secondaries .... 17.
t'. Secondaries without fila-
mentous fringes 18.

d"'. Culmen much shorter than

tarsus.

c'. Bill gently curved, with

the mandibles about

equal ; culminal ridge

rounded 19.

rf'. Bill short, the culminal
ridge well marked ; up-
per mandible strongly
curved and extending
beyond the lower one . . 20.

e^. Tail strongly graduated 21,

k^. Tail longer than wing.

/■*. With no bare space round the

eye 22.

g\ With a bare patch all round the
eye 23.

Sarcops, p. 96.

Mainatus, p. 98.
MiNO, p. 111.

JlELANOFYREHrs,

[p. 113.

Ampeliceps, p. 115.

PSAHOGLOSSA, p. 117.

IIartlaubius, p. 120.

Pholidaugbs, p. 121.

Aplonis, p. 125.
Calobnis, p. 137.

Macburopsar, p. 152.
Streptocitta, p. 152.

STL'RNXD^. 25

hK "SMiole of the sides of the face

and throat bare 24. Charitohnis, p. 153.

/". Bastard-primary more developed,
reaching beyond the primary-
coverts.
I''. Outstretched feet not reaching to
end of tail, which far exceeds
them.
i'. Tail very strongly graduated,
the difference between the outer
and middle feathers greater than
length of tarsus.
<fi. Taiisus ffir exceeding length of
culmen and also "length of
middle toe and claw.
e^. Tail decidedly longer than
wing; no shoulder-patch,
e^. Centre tail-featliers broad
to the ends ; first long
primary quite half the

length of second 25. LajiphotorniSjP. 154.

f\ Centre tail-feathers nar-
romng towards the ends ;
first primary scarcely
more than olie third the

length of second 27. Cosmopsarus, p. 159.

/^ Winof longer than tail ; a
distinct shoulder-patch of

coppery bronze 26. ChalcojPsah, p. 158.

f\ Tarsus not exceeding length
of middle toe and claw, and
about equal to culmen.
ff^. Tail not exceeding wing in
length, both being about
equal ; bill higher than
broad at nostrils.
ff^. Outer aspect of seconda-
ries ordinary 28. Amydrus, p. 161.

h''. Outer aspect of seconda-
ries hair-like, the webs
of the feathers loose and

dissociated 29. Onycognathus,

h'^. Tail longer than wing ; bill [p. 165.
very slender and higher
than broad at base of nos-
trils 30. CinNamopterus,

kK Tail squai-e or only slightly gra- [p. 166.

duated, the centre feathers not
perceptibly attenuated ; dif-
ference between outer and inner
tail-feathers not so much as
length of tarsus.
y^. Nostrils entirely hidden by

bristly feathers". 31. Rlohhinus, p. 167.

h^. Nostrils exposed.

t®. Tarsus and culmen about
equal ; nostrils much ex-
posed, the entire nasal
membrane bare, the fea-

26

STTJENIDJE,

thers just reaching to the
hinder part of the nasal

opening 32. Hagiopsar, p. IfiS.

A;*^. Tarsus longer than culmen.
?'". Cuhnen longer than hind

toe and claw 33. PYRRHoCHEmA,

A'. Culmen less than hind [p. 169.

toe and claw,
rt^. Tail nearly square and
shortened ; under tail-
coverts falling short of
end of tail by no more

than length of tarsus 34. Lamprocolius, p. 170.
68. Tail strongly gradua-
ted ; under tail-coverts
falling short of end
of tail by more than

length of tarsus .... 36. Heteropsar*, p. 185.
vv^. Outstretched feet reaching to end

of tail 37. Spreo, p. 187.

/'. With a broad eyebrow of peculiar wax-
like feathers 38. Exopes, p. 1S»2.

d. Nasal aperture exposed aud situated in a
bony groove ; wax-like crimson appen-
dages to the rump and upper tail-coverts 39. ScissiHOSTRU>i,p. 193.

1. STURNUS. ^

Type.
Stumus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766) S. vulgaris.

Head of Stttrnus vulgaris, to show bare nostrils.

Range. Confined to the Palaearctic and Indian Regions of the Old
World.

Key to tlie Species.

u. Head and back differing in colour.

a'. Scapulars green, bluish green, or bronzy
green.
a". Wing-coverts green or steel-green.
a'" . Breast gi-een ; flanks steel-blue or pur-
plish blue.

a*. Head and throat green vuhjaris, p. 27.

6^. Head and throat reddish purple .... menzbieri, p. 33.

* Somewhere here must be entered 35. Coccycolius, p. 18,").

1. BTURNUS. 27

b'". Breast bronzy or copper^' green ; flanks

bronzy green ; bead green indicics, p. 35.

6". Wing-coverts violet or pui-ple, not green
or bluish green ; head purple ; throat

purple poltoratzkii, p. 36.

c". Wing-coverts bright steel-green, exter-
nally reddish purple ; head dark green ;

throat green caucasicus, p. 37.

b'. Scapulars reddish or bluish purple, not green.

d". Rump and upper tail-coverts purplish,

with steel-blue or steel-green reflexions ;

mantle and back steel-green or bluish

green ; abdomen dark purple ; flanks

bronzy purple />!(;y-Mra«cens, p. 37.

e". Rump and upper tail-coverts reddish
purple ; back reddish purple or washed
slightly with steel-blue, but never with
green,
f '". Back washed with purplish blue ; ab-
domen dull reddish or bronzy purple, porp/ii/roitofus, p. 38.
d'". Back reddish purple, with no shade of
purplish blue.
c^. Sides of body bronzy green ; abdo-
men coppery green minor, p. 39.

d*. Sides of body bluish green vnlffaris, p. 27.

6. Head and back uniform unicolor, p. 39.

1. Sturnus vulgaris.

The Starling, Albin, X. H. Birds, i. p. 38, pi. 40 (1738).
L'Etourneau, Brks. Orn. ii. p. 439 (1760} ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois.

iii. p. 176, pi. 15 (1775).
Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Sy.^t. Nat. i. p. 290 (1766) ; Pall. Zoogr.

Rosso- Asiat. i. p. 418 (1811, pt.) ; Te^nm. Man. Orn. i. p. 132

(1820) ; Naum. Voy. DeutscM. ii. p. 187, pi. 62 (1822) ; Bou.v, Orn.

Prov. pi. 128 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Omnivores, pi. 19 (1827) ;

Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 210 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N.

Amer. p. 28 (1838); Schl. u. Susem. Voy. Eur. pi. 20(1840);

Keys. u. Bias. JVirb. Eur. p. 170 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.

Russ. Merid. iii. p. 122 (1840) ; Seh/s-Lonqch. Faune Beige, p. 1^0

(1842); Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 43 (184.3);' Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Ivii

(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 337 (1847) ; Thomjys. B. L-el. i. p. 284

(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850) ; Kjcerb. Dunm. Fuyle, pi. 12.

tig. 4 (1852); id. t.c. Suppl. pi. 5. figs. 1, 2 r]858); 'SM. Voy.

Nederl. p. 284, pi. 145 ; Hetvits. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 216, pi. I'v.

fig. 1 (1856) ; Sunder. Sv. Fogl. pl.*18. figs. 5, 6 (1856) ; Jaub. et

Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 106 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859,

pp. 33, 293; E. C. Taylor, t.c. p. 149; Linderm. Voq. Griechenl.

p. 73 (1860); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 136; Naum. Voy. Deutschl.

Anhang, Taf. 351. fig. 2 (1860) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voy. pi. 14.

fig. 5 (1861) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 7 ; Godman, t. c. p. 85 ; Gray,

idif.

Lomb. i. tav. 28 (1865-70) ; Godin. Ibis, 1866, p. 98 : Baird, Ibis,
1867, p. 281; Drake, t. c. p. 428; Degl. et Gerbe,' Orn. Eur. i.
p. 233 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., 6;>. i. p. 125 (1867) ; S'77iith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 446; Bon/e/r. Vogelf. Norddeutsrhl. p. 84 (1869):

28 STUHNID-B.

Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 70 (1869); Keuhm. Onze Vog. i. pi. 29
(1869); Gray, ILmd-l. B. ii. p. 21, uo. 6306; Oodm. Azores,
p. 30 (1870) ; FJxoes ^- Buckhy, Ibis, 1870, p. 192 ; Hutton, t. c.
p. 397; Fritach, FoV/. Eur. pi. 27. figs. 1, 3 (1870); Salvad.
Fami. Ital., Ucc. p. 167 (1871); Saunders, Ihis, 1871, p. 220 ;
Gurnet/, f. c. p. 294; B. Gray, B. IVrd Scotl. p. lo7 (1871);
Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 30 (Ls72) ; Godm. Ibis, 1872, p. 220;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 247 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 396 ; Dresser, B.
Fur. iv. p. 405, pis. 240, 247 (1874) ; Baird, Breic.,^ Ridgto. Hint.
N. Amer. B. ii. p. 229 (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 130 (1875);
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 29 (1875); Blanf. Fast. Persia, ii. 266
(1876. pt.) ; C. B. Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 24 ; Neict. ed. Yarr.
Brit B. ii. p. 228 (1877) ; Dubois, Vertebr. Faun. Belg., Ois. pi. 66
<1878); Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 2o ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 65
(1883) ; Irbi/, Ibis, 1883, p. 184 ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98 ;
Clarke, t.c. p. 143; Saunders, t.c. p. 378; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.
ii. p. 12 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. iSr Flor. Palest, p. 73 (1884) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 427 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885,
p 38; Di.von, t.c. \\ 82; Reid, t. c. p. 245; A. O. U. Check-l. N.
Amer. B. p. 247 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 17 (1886) ; Tait,Ibis,
1887, p. 199 ; Backh. t. c. p. 72 ; Reid, t. c. p. 135 ; Booth, Rough
Notes, vol. i. (1887) ; Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 183 (1887) ;
Lorenz, Beilr. Orn. Faun. Cauc. p. 9 (1887).

Sansonnet ou Etourueau de Fi-ance, Daubent. PI. Fnl. iii. pi. 75.

Common Stare, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 2 (1783).

Sturnus variiis, Meyer, Taschenh. Vog. Deutschl. i. p. 208 (1810);
Brehm, Lehrb. Fur. Vog. i. p. 282 (1823) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, ii. p. 148 (1877).

Tiirdus .solitarius, Montagu, Orn. Diet. Sup pi , art. Thrush (1813).

Sturnus solitarius. Leach, Cat. Mamm. V. Brit. Mus. p. 18 (1816).

Sturnus domesticus, Brehm, Isis, 182S, p. 1282.

Sturnus nitens, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1282.

Sturnus punctatus, Brehm, t. c. p. 1282.

Sturnus sylvestris, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 398 (1831).

Sturnus septentrionalis, Brehm, t. c. p. 400 (1831).

Sturnus hollandise, Brehm, t. c. p. 1016 (1831).

Sturnus guttatus, Macgill. Hist. Br. B. i. p. 595 (1837).

Sturnus longirostris, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 282.

Sturnus tenuirostris, Brehm, t. c. p. 282.

Sturnus europffius, Blasius, J.f. 0. 1863, Nachtr. p. 60 (teste Dresser).

Sturnus faeroensis, Feilden, Birds of the Faeroe Islands, p. 47 (1872) ;
Grunnack, J.f O. 1876, p. 216; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 133.

Adult mah in breeding-plumage. General colour above green,
with a 25urplisli-red or purplish-bronze gloss on the mantle and
upper back, green ou the lovs^er back, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
the latter with a slight reddish shade, all the feathers lanceolate in
shape with sandy-buff tips and velvety-black margins ; lesser wing-
eoverts green, tipped with sandy buff; median and greater coverts
steel-blue, the inner ones green, the outer ones glossed with
purplish red, all of them edged and tipped with sandy buff ; bastard-
wing black, fringed narrowly with sandy buff; primary-coverts
and quills dusky blackish, edged with sandy buff, the ends of the
inner primaries and secondaries with a subterminal spot of ashy
grey, surrounded by more or less black, the nine secondaries sub-
terminally margined with steel-blue or green ; tail-feathers dusky,
shaded with ashy, edged with Bandy buff, before which and at the

1. BXURJiUS. 29

tips of the feathers is a shade of velvety black ; crown of head dark
green ; nape and hind neck purplish red with tiny tips of sandy
huff; lores black; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat steel-green ; sides
of neck and fore neck purplish red ; breast and abdomen dark steel-
green, with an oily green shade on the former ; sides of body and
flanks bluish purple, the latter more steel-green with sandy-buff
tips ; thighs and under tail-coverts blackish, edged with sandy
buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, edged with
pale sandj' buff ; quills below ashy, lighter along the edge of the
inner web. Total leugth 8 inches, culmeu 1, wing 5, tail 2'4,
tarsus 1*1.

Adult female. With the colours distributed as in the male, but
not so brilliant, and with the sandy-bufi tips to the feathers much
more frequent, the lower surface being specially spotted. Total
length 8 inches, culmen t>t)5, wing 4*8, tail 2-3, tarsus l-l.

The female seems never to lose altogether the spotted character
of the plumage.

The adult birds in winter plumage present the colours of the
breeding-plumage for the most part, but are greener on the back
and have the whole of the feathers tipj)ed with sandy buff above,
and with white on the sides of the face and under surface of body.
The grey on the quills is much moi'e extensive and has a sub-
terminal black line before the sandy-buff edging.

Young. Entirely brown above, with reddish-brown edges to the
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers : sides of face, ear-coverts, and
cheeks also uniform brown ; throat dull white, the lower part streaked
with brown ; fore neck, chest, sides of body, and thighs uniform
brown, the breast and abdomen white streaked with dusky brown ;
under wing- and tail-coverts paler and more isabelline brown ; gape
yellow.

The Common Starling of Western Europe is easily distinguished
by its colours — green head, green ear-coverts, green throat, green
scapulars and wing-covertSj and steel-blue or greenish-blue flanks.
The Siberian Starling, S. menzhieri, which visits India in the winter,
and which has always been called S. vulgaris, differs from the
English bird in having a reddish-purple head, ear-coverts, and
throat, and also in its violet-purple flanks. In the British Islands,
and doubtless in other parts of Europe, intermediate examples occur,
more frequently in winter, when a large immigration of foreign
Starlings into England takes place. These intermediate specimens
vary to any extent as regards the amount of purple on the head
and throat, but they are never, so far as my experience goes, true
S. menzhieri, as they have always green ear-coverts. It may well
be that a species exists in Eastern Europe which has a purple
head and throat and green ear-coverts, and that this bird migrates
westwards and southwards in winter, and that numbers of them
stop in England and mate with our indigenous birds, which have
in consequence been made to vary more or less in the direction of
a purple head and throat. The material at my command has not
been sufficient to determine the langc of our European biids ;
and I regret that after a study of Sturnus fid(/aris. extending

30

over three j'ears, I have not been able to settle the geographical
distribution of the bird in a more satisfactory manner. Besides the
purple head and throat, which are characteristic of the Indian
and Siberian Starling (S. menzbieri), the flanks of the latter are
also imbued with a strong violet shade, and it is interesting to
note that in the English birds which show purple on the head
and throat, a corresponding increase in the violet shade of the
flanks is observable ; and this circumstance tends to show that all
the purple element in Western birds is due to an impregnation of
the colour which is the principal character of the Eastern form, and
is, no doubt, the result of interbreeding. This most interesting
subject I have to leave in its present state of indecision from want
of material ; but I would point out that the ranges of the European
and Siberian races appear to be well-defined, and that it is of the
intermediate form that we require more definite knowledge.

Hah. The whole of Western and Central Europe, extending to
the Eaeroe Islands, where a large-billed race (culmen 1-3 inch)
exists. Eastwards through Eussia, as high as 64-60' N. lat.
(Menzhier in. litt.), migrating south in winter to Persia, Syria, and
Egypt, as weU as to Northern Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. Faeroe Islands.

Faeroe Islands, Dec. 15, 1873.

c, d. c? ad. ;

e. 2 ad. sk.
/, 9- c? ad. ;

h. 2 ad. sk.
i, k, I. (S ad. ;

?n. 2 ad. sk.
w, 0. Ad. sk.

Fort George, Nairn, N.B.,

Dec. 23, 1888.
Inverness-shire, Sept. & Oct.

1880.
Abovne, Aberdeenshire, Oct.
1871.
p. Ad. ; q. Juv. W^hitehill, Midlothian ( Ward-

sk. Inu^ Ramsay),

r Ad sk. Gateshead Fell, Durham,

Dec. 27, 1869.
s-c^. c? ; '^^^ 2 t)tley, Yorkshire, Sept. 1888.

ad. ; e^. Juv. sk.
/■2_„2 (J ad.; Tetney,Lincolnshire, Oct., Nov.,
q^-s\ 2 ad. ; Dec, 1888.
t^-x^. Imm. sk.
«/'•', s^ S ; «^-e^ Ulceby, Lincolnshire, Oct. 20,

2 imm. sk. 1888.

d^ S ad. sk. Didlington, Norfolk, Jan. 31,

1859 (J. G.).
e\ S ad. ; P-k^- Merton Hall, Norfolk, Sept. 15,

Imm. sk. 1888.

P, m\ 6 imm. Merton Hall, Sept. 26, 1888.

sk.
w=, o^. cJ 2 ad. ; Merton Hall, June.

p^-s^. Juv. st.
t\te. S ; v'-x^ King's Lynn, Oct. 17, 1888.

' 2 ad. sk.
V*. 2 ad. sk. Suffolk, Jan. 8, 1889.
v^ 2 ad sk. Northamptonshire, Mav 1881

[L.n. I.).

H. H. Batten, Esq.

[P.].
H. H. Batten, Esq.

[P.].
Hugh Rose, Esq. [P.].

W. 11. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hiune Coll.

Lord Walsiugham

[P.].
J. H. Caton-Haigh,

Esq. [P.].

J. Cordeaux, Esq.

LP-]-

Gould Coll.

Lord Walsingham

[P.].
Lord Walsingham

[P.]. .

Lord Walsingham

[P-]-
Victor Ames, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. .\. Gunther [P.].
Colonel Irby [P. ].

Imm. sk.
a. Ad. ; (3, y.

Jut. sk.
»»■'. cJ ad. sk.

n\ 0*. Ad. sk.

j»'. JiiY. sk.

q\ H. cJ 2 ad. sk.

s*. Ad. sk.

t*. Var. alb. st.
M*. Juv. sk.

r*, !(r*. c? juv.sk.

X*, y*. Ad. sk.

z*. Juv. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.

h'-s^\ Ad. et

imm. sk.
e^. d" ad. sk.

M^', I'". Imm.

sk.
~ii ,,ii .11 r .

«'^ 2 ad. sk.

h^-'~e^\ 6 ; P^-
g^\ 2 ad. sk.
h'\ cJ ad. sk.

t'^ 2 ad. sk.

A;i^-s'=. Ad.sk.

<'^M". c?; ''".

2 ad. sk.
w^''', x'^'^. S ad.

sk.
y^^. c5' ad. sk.
'z»% «'. Ad. .St.
b'. (5 ad. sk.

c', d. Ad. sk.

e',/. c?2 ad.

sk.
!/'. cJ ad. sk.

h'. S .ji'v. sk.

1. 8TUKNUS.

LilfordHall, Sept. 1888.

Cambridgeshire.

Hampstead, Middlesex, Feb. 1,

1871 {E. B. .S'.).
Turnbam Green, Nov. 1882.

Bromley, Sept. 12,

{G. C. N.).
Sydenham, Surrey, Jan. 1868

( Wilson).
Godalmiuo;, Sui-rev, May 1857

{F. D. G.).
Surbiton, Surrey.
Feruburst, Sussex, Oct. 20,

1888.
Pagbam, Sussex, Sept. 3, 1874.

Brighton.

Brighton, Nov. 1883.

Brighton, Feb. 6, 1884.

Brighton, Sept., Oct., Nov.,

Dec, 1888.
Cuckfield, Sussex, Nov. 12,

1888.
Romney, Kent, Sept. 11, 1882.

Aviugton, Hampshire, Jan. &

Nov.
Avington, Feb. & May.

Maidenhead, Berks, Feb. 23,

1857 (J. (?.).
Monkev Island, May 12, 1858

(J. G.).
Cookham, Berks, Jan. 18/9.

Cookham, Feb. 29, 1874.

Cookham, April & June

(/. G.).
Cookham, Sept. 3, 1868(^.i?.AS'.).
Cookham.
Axmouth, Devon, March 1883.

King.sbridge, Devon, Nov. 29,

1888.
St. Bride's, South Wales,
^Nov. 30, 1888.
Norwav, May 21, 1875 {R.

Collett).
Norway, Aug. 1875 (if. Colktt).

31
Lord Lilford [P.].
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
G. C. Norman, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dr. Giinther [P.].
O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Edward Shelley, Esq.

[R].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[RJ.
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Goidd Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Mr. W. Briggs [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[R].
Dr. Elliot [P.].

Hon. W. Edwards

Christiarda Museum

Christian ia Museum

32

»■'. (^ ad. sk.

k', /'. s ; '«'• 2

ad. sk.
n'. S ad. sk.

o', p'. S ad. .-'k.

q' . 5 iium. sk.

r'. 2 ad. sk.

«', <'. J ad. sk.

u'. Juv. sk.

o'. c? ad. sk.

^>,' y'. Ad. sk.

>•'. Juv. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
s*. Ad. sk.
t\ S ad. sk.
m', v'. (S ad. sk.

?o', x'. Ad. sk.
y', z'. 6 2 ad.

sk.
a*. Ad. sk.

h*-c*. Ad. sk.

ad. sk.
A*. 2 ad. sk.

i*. Ad. sk.
k*. Ad. sk.

A*. S imm. sk.

/*. Ad.sk.
m*. Ad. sk.
n*. 2 ad. sk.
o*. c5" ad. sk.
p", q*. <S ad. sk.
r*, s*. (S ad. sk.
t*,u*.iS 2ad.sk.
V*, w*. cJ 2 ad.

sk.
.r*. Juv. sk.

!/*, z*, a. Ad.

sk.
/3. Ad.sk.
y, h. Ad. ."k.

Norway, Oct. 16, 1883 {R. Col-
let f).
Stockholm, Sweden, April 1867.

Denmark, March 1871 (A. Ben-

ZOIl).

Copenhao;en, May 24.

Holstein, Oct. 9.

Pomerauia, Oct. 9.

Mecklenburg, March 2.

Vienna (Dr. Steindachner) .

HollanJ, March 24.

Holland, summer.

Belgium, May 17, 1870.

Bordeaux.

France.

Havre, Dec. 1, 1^7 ^{V.Pluehe^.

Valencia, Oct. 20, 1871 {H.

Saunders).
Azores {F. D. G.).
S. Michael's, Azore.?, March

(F.D. G.).
Algiers, Dec. 1866 (H. B.

Tristram).
Tangiers.
Genoa, Italy, Oct. 18, 1888.

Cvprus (east side), March 8,
1888 {Dr. Guillemard).

Tvre.

Damietta, Egypt, Feb. 22, 1870
{G. E. S.).

Harankoi, Asia Minor, Nov.
1864 (r. Robson).

Moldavia, March 17.

Voronesch, Russia.

Orenburg. Oct. 6.

Moscow, May 4.

Moscow, June 12.

Lenkoran, Jan. 26.

Bagdad (Commander Jones).

Near Shiraz.

East of Shiraz, June 4, 1872.

Fao, Persian Gulf, Nov. 10,

188G.
? [Fokien, China.]
Ward's Island, New York,

March 11, 1S88 {Dr. nnr/ci

Jfeiis/unr Coll.)

Chri-stiania Museum

[P.J.
W. Meves [C.].

Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P-]- ,^
Brussels Museum.
Gould Coll.
M. A. Boncard [C.].
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
S;ilvin-Godman Coll.

Hume Coll.

M. Olcese [C.].
Oldheld Thomas, Esq.

[P.]-
Lord Lilford [P.].

Canon Tristram [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

R.B. Sharpe, Esq.[P.]
Prof. Menzbier [P.].
Prof. Menzbier [P.".
Prof. Menzbier [P.J.
Prof. Menzbier [P.].
H.Seebohm,Esq.[P.]
India Mus.
Sir 0. St. John [C.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.]. .

^^ . D. Cumming, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Sahin-Godn:an Coll,

1. STUENUS. oo

Subsp, a. Sturnus menzbieri. (Plato I )

P. 500- Tnr- Ti„]i ^'1 ^ -/ , i. ' P*-^' ^>'ooks, Ibis, l;>70,
p. ow, ±ac^. Jiull. hoc. Zoo . France i n ^7qns7«^. By;
iS^^/-. -F 1877 T> ^-^n- P..V . • „'"'/•,?• ^'<J (ife/o; Butler,

^'e.;^«.J. xxix. p. 201 (1.79?: hI^^.F ^mt'J'Z 1^'

75^., IS80, p. 128; &«4 j; Ji. s. Bet Ivi n 8^^ n«S-^ "'*'
Sturnus indicus (,iec Hodgs \ BMh T A %' r ^' - *^^o^'^-

td. Ibis, 1867, p. 38: '^' ^ ' ^- ^''"^- ^"^- P- 366 (1844);

Stm-nus humii, &.,,/,/, B. Asia, v. pi. 43 (1877. nee descr )
Sturnus menzbieri, S'harpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438. ^"

j4c?»Zi ma7e. Similar to ^^ vulgaris but with a purple crown
instead of a green one; lower back and rump green scapS
green; wing-coverts bluish green ; flanks reddlh Zple S ,
sLght gloss of steel-blue; throat reddish nurwle 1^1? fl.7i 1
extending to the fore neck; chest <iee^^'^b 11 bWl L ^'^'
lower mandible narrowly edged with^^h^; ; le^^^ anfflS'tS
hazel; ins deep brown " (£ A Buihr) Tnf.l 1 11 n • ,
cuImenia5,wrngoao,ta\l215,t:t^^^ ''°^' ' ^"'^■^^^'

Achdt female. SimUar to the male. Total leno+T, q ;„„i,
culmen 1-15, wing .5-05, tail 2-5, tarsus M ^ ^ '^'^'''

As?^^::tj-if^^^^

b c Id sk ^^°^-'*'-^^°^, March 17, 1888. H. Seebohm, Esq fP 1

xeb. 17.
e. d ad sk. Ferghana, Nov. 20, 1878. Dr SevertzofT TO 1

{■ f ad sk 1"'-"^^ ^^J-- ff^^^'f:|- India Museum.^^-^-

.. ? ad. sk. Kia^yarsk,^^^C. Siberia, H. Seebohm, Es,. [P.].

h. 2 ad. sk. Xandahar,Afghanistan,Dec.8, Col. Swinhoe [P.],

d ad. sk. Kandahar March 6, 1879 (Sir Hume CoU

O. >^t. John).

2 tdlk r '" d"^'' i^:'^'-^^- I°d^- Museum.

V ad. sk. Gw^Klar, Baluchistan, Dec. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

VOL. illl.

B

34

8TUKXID.E.

m. Ad. sk.
71, o. (^ ad. ;
p. $ ad. sk.
q, r. j ad. sk.

s,t. (S 2 ^^- sk.
tt. Ad. sk.

V, w. (S 2 ad.

sk.
X. c? ad. sk.

y. cS ad. sk.
s. c5' ad. sk.

a'-V. cS; m'-o'.

$ ad. sk.
2) ■ 2 ad. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
?•'. Ad. sk.
s'. 5 ad. sk.

t\ u . Ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
to', c? ad. sk.
.r'-;8. c? ad. ;
y. 2 ad. slf.
8. 2 ad. sk.
€. 2 ad. sk.
C Ad. sk.
T). c? ad. sk.

6. 2 ad. sk.

t, K. Ad. sk.
X-j/. Ad. sk.
f Ad. sk.

o. c? ad. sk.

TT. c? ; p, 0-, r.

2 ad. sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.
(^. Ad. sk.
^. Ad. sk.

■\//-, a>, a. (S 2

ad. sk.
^'. Ad.sk.

y',6'. Ad. sk.
f'. 2 ad. sk.
C'. Ad.sk.
jj'. Ad. sk.
6', i. <S 2 ad. sk.

Sindh (£. ^. Butler).
Sukkur, Dec. 1^6, 1871

(.1. O. ^.).
Jacobabad, Dec. 26, 1871

{A. O.IL).
Karachi, Nov. 8, 1877 {E. A.

Butler).
Mt. Aboo, Dec. 1870 {Dr.

Nexcnuni).
Sambhur, Jan. 2-5, 1873 {R. M.

Adam).
Sambhur, Nov. 1874 {R. M.

Adam).
Meerut, Jan. 20, 1880.
Delhi, Feb. 4, 1876 (C. T.

Biiu/ham).
Giirp-aon, Jan., March, Nov.,

Dec. (IF. N. Chill).
Umbala, Jan. 1867 {Dr. Scott).
Ferozepur.
Sirsa District.
Bhuttoo, Sirsa, Dec. 12, 1867

{A. O. H.).
Sirsa, Dec. 14, 1869.
Hausie, Punjab.
Illssar, Dec. 16, 1867(.4. 0.H.).
Abbutabad, Oct. 1870 ( W. K.

Umoin).
Gilo-it, March 14, 1878.
Gilgit, Oct. 27, 1880.
Jerripani, Masuri.
Dehra Dhoon, Dec. 4, 1870

{G. King).
Se^Yalik HiUs, March 1867

(Dr. Scott).
N.W. Provinces.
N.W. Provinces ( W. Ewer).
N.W. Provinces {Capt. Harri-
son).
Lovah, Etawah, Jan. 13, 1872

(W. E.Brooks).
Et-iwah, Jan., Nov., Dec. ( W.

E. Broohs).
Alighur, Nov. 7, 1877.
Mandawar,Bijnor,Feb.7,1880.
Oudh, Dec. 1874 {W. E.

Brooks).
Mogulserai, Feb., Dec. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Sultanpur, Oudh, Dec. 1873

(^4. Anderson).
Behar.

Nepal, Dec. 20, 1877(J; Sculli/).
Nepal {B. H. JIod(/son).

Dibrughur, Oct., Nov. 1880
{J. R. Crip2)s).

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Col. J. Biddulph.
Hume Coil.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume CoU.

Col. J. Biddulph [C.].
Col. J. Biddulph [C.J.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

PinwiU CoU.

Gould Coll.

Gould Coll. (Specimen

figured in B. Asia.)
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

1. STURNUS.

35

t', X'. d 2 ad. sk.
/i', v'. d ad. sk.

f . Ad.
o'. Ad.

Lohardugga, Dec. 1877.
Depalpur, 0. India, Jan. 6,

1882.
Deccan {Burgess).
Madias {R. G. W. R.).

Hume Coll.

Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

2. Sturnus indicus.

(1879) ; ,'Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 18-3; id. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 13 (1884) ;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 439.
Sturnus vulo^aris {nee L.), Gran, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal pres.

Hodgs. p. 103 (1846).
Sturnus splendens, Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1S50, e.r Temm. MSS.) ;

Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6308 (1870).
Sturnus unicolor {nee Temm.), Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173; Jerd.

B. Lid. ii. p. .322 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 529.
Stm-nus nitens, Hime, Ibis, 1871, p. 410 ; id. S)- Henders. LaJwre to

York. p. 250, pi. xxiv. (1873) ; Hume, Xesfs ^- Egqs Ind. B.

p. 425 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 106; 3IarshalL'lhis, 1884,

p. 419. > > >

Sturnus ambiguus, Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 512.

Sturnus humii. Brooks, Ibis, 1876, p. 500 ; Gould, B. Asia, descr.
uec fig. (1877) ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1879, p. 487.

Adidt (type of Sturnus Jmmii, Gould). Similar to ;S'. vulgaris,
but with the breast and flanks bronzy green ; scapulars bronzy
green ; -wing-coverts steel-green ; back reddish puqjle ; lower back
and rump bronzy green with a gloss of reddish purple ; head bluish
green, nape and hind neck reddish purple, the former with a gloss
of steel-blue. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 47, tail
2-25, tarsus 1-1.

The males have the wing from 4-5o-4-S inches, and the females
from 4*G to 4"7 inches.

Hab. Himalayas from Cashmere to jSTepal, apparently rarely
descending to the plains.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c-i. d 2 sd. sk.

A-. J ad. sk.

I. Juv. sk.

m. Ad. ; n, a.
d 2 JUY. sk.
p. Juv. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

Cashmere, May 1867 (T. C.

Jerdon).
Cashmere, May 1867.
Cashmere, May, June ( Tf. F.

Brooks).
Cashmere, June 10, 1870.

Cashmere, Aug. 1872 ( W. F.

Brooks) .
Cashmere. Sept. 1872 ( W. F.

Brooks).
Cashmere.
N.W. India.
N.W. India.

Horaigot, Kumaon Bhabur,
March 24, 1871 {G. Xing).

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Dr. G. Henderson [C.].

(Type of S. nitens.)
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Gould Coll.
Goidd Coll.

(Type of iS". humii.)
Hume CoU,

D 2

86 SXTJENID^.

21. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

(Type of species.)

v-a'. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

b'-ff'. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodf/son). India Museum.

A'. $ imm. sk. Dinapur, Oct. 11, 1873 (IF. Hume Coll.
E. Brooks).

3. Sturnus poltoratzskii.

Sturnus poltoratzkii, Fimch, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 712 ; id. Mitth. z.-b.

Gcscllsch. Wien, xxix. p. 201 (1879) ; Homeyer 8f Tancre, Mitth.

Oni. Ver. Wicn, 188-3, p. 88 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 439 ; Scully,

J. A. S. Berir/. Ivi. p. 86 (1887) ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2)

Zool. V. p. 82 (1889).
Sturnus nobilior, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 175 ; Nikolishai, Trud. St.

Petersb. xvii. p. 388 (1886).
? Sturnus vulgaris, Homeyer ^ Tancre, t. c. p. 88.

Achdt male (type of species). Similar to S. vulgaris, and witli
green scapulars, but distinguished by the violet or reddish-purple
wing-covcrts ; lower back and rump green ; head purple, sometimes
with slight greenish reflexions ; throat purple ; flanks beautiful
reddish purple with a slight bronzy gloss : " bill yellow, the base
of the lower mandible horn-grey ; feet reddish brown ; iris brown "
(0. Finsch). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4-9, tail
2"5, tarsus 1"2.

Hah. Altai Mountains to Afghanistan, south into the plains of
India in winter, and westwards to the Caucasus and even to Cyprus.

a. S fid. sk. Famag-usta, Cyprus, Feb. 25, 1888 Lord Lilford [P.].

{H. Guilleniard).

b. Ad. sk. Caucasus, Feb. 18, 1887. Warsaw Mus. [P.].

c. cJ ad. sk. Kuldscha, Aug. 11. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

d. S ad. sk. Marka Kul, Chinese High Altai, Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

June 7, 1876. (Type of species.)

e,f. c? ad.sk. Kushk, W.Afghanistan, Dec. 1884. Dr. Aitchison [C.].

ff, h. J ad. ; i. Gulran, March 1885. Dr. Aitchison [C.].

2 ad. sk.

k, I. Ad. ; m. Kandahar {Griffith). India Museum.

Juv. sk.

n. S ad. sk. Kandahar, Jan. 23, 1879 {Sir 0. Hume Coll.

St. John). (Type of >S'. nobilior,)

o-s. cJ ad. sk. Kandahar, Feb., March, April (Sir Hume CoU.

O. St. John),

t, u. Imm. sk. Kandahar, Sept. 17, 1879 {Sir 0. Hume Coll.

St. John).

V. J ad. sk. Kandahar, Oct. 81, 1879 {Sir O. Hume Coll.

St. John),

w. Ad sk. Murdan, Dec. 1870. Hume Coll.

x. Ad. sk. N.W. India {A. Grate). Gould Coll.

1. STUENU8.

37

Subsp. a. Sturnus caucasicus.

Sturnus sp., Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 267 (187G)
Sturnus vulgaris (nee L.), Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 147 (1884 nt )
bturnus purpm-ascens, Seebohm, Ibis, 18S5 p 8

Sturnus caucasicus, Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Faun. Cauc. p. 9, Taf. v. fi- 1
(1887) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 439.

Adult male. Similar to ,S'. poltoratzsUi, hut with the head and
throat dark green, the hiud neck purple ; wing-coverts dark steel-
green, externaUy glossed with purple ; scapulars dark steel-green •
wing-coverts rich purple ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
green ; flanks purplish red. Total length S-5 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 5-25, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-2.

_ Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours not so
vm^d. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5, tail 2-5, tarsus

Hub. Prom the Caucasus to Persia.

a, b S ad ; c, d. Kisslovodsk, N. Caucasus, Purchased

2 ad. sk. May 18.

e,/. Ad. sk. Kisslovodsk, N. Caucasus, St. Petersburg Museum

March 2, 1886. [p ]

f ? ad- sk- Caucasus, April 2, 1888. Warsaw Mus. rP-l.

h. d ad.sk. JajiPuid Valley, ElburzMts., W. T. Blanford, Esq.

N, Persia, Aug. 0, 1872. [C.].

4, Sturnus purpurascens.

Sturnus purpurascens, Gould, F. Z. S. 1868, p. 219; id. B Asia v
pi. 44 (18/ Oj ; Graxj, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 22, no. 6311 (1870) ; Dreiser
B.Eur. IV. p. 419 (1880, nee fig.); Dmif. Ibis, 1878, p. 2-1 ; Fin.ch
MittJi. z.-b Gesellsch. Wien, xxxix. p. 202 (1879) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
iobo, p. 440. '

Adult male. Similar to S. vidyaris, but having the scapulars
reddish purple like the lower back and rump, these parts slightly
washed with steel-blue; mantle and back green; wing-coverts
reddish purple; head and throat purple: flanks bronzy purple.
Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-4, tail 2-55, tarsus 1-2.*

One of the Gouldian specimens from Trebizond has the head
green, as well as the throat. It is in winter plumage, and Mr.
Gould considers it to be " young." Wing 5-1.

Hah. Prom the Dobrudscha, in Eastern Europe ; Cyprus ; through-
out Asia Minor to Afgliauistan, and occasionally appearing in the
plains of India. °

a, b, c. Juv. sk. Dobrudscha, June 6, Aug. 16, E. B. Sharpe Esq

[PI.

d. J ad. sk. Famagusta, Cyprus, Feb. 25, 1888 Lord Lilford [P.].

(H. Gudlcmard).

e. $ ad. sk. Monastir, C^-prus, Oct. 7, 1878 ( W. Lord Lilford fP.!.

Pearce). -"

38

STUENIDiE.

/. Ad. sk

Erzeroum {Bickson »§• Hoss).

Erzeroum (Tfiict de Pavilion).

Trebizoiid {Kcifh Abbott).

Asia Minor, iMay 21, 18G5 (T.

Robnon).

A-, Z. d 2 fii^- sk. Kandahar, Dec. 8, 1880.
m. 2 fill- sk. Kandahar, Feb. 24, 1879 {Sir 0. St.

John).
Rawul Pindi {J. Biddulph).
Gurgaon district, Delhi, Feb. 22,

1879 ( W. N. Chill).
India.

q. Ad. sk.
'h. [Juv.l sk.
i. Ad. sk.

$ ad. sk.
(jT ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

Gould Coll.

(Type of species.)
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Col. Swinhoe [C.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.

(Plate II.)
Jvvotn. p. 64 (1873);

Subsj). a. Sturnus porphyronotus.

Sturnus unicolor (nee T.), Severtz. Turkcst.

Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 283.
Sturnus purpurascens {nee Gould), Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 176 (1879) ;

Brooks, t. c. p. 448 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. pi. 249 (1880, nee descr.) ;

Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Sculli/, t. c. p. 573; Biddidph, Ibis,

1882, p. 8 ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 58 ; Menzbier, Ibis, 1885, p. 353 ;

Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Faun. Cmic. p. 9 (1887).
Sturnus vulgaris (wee L.), Scully, Sir. F. iv. p. 162 (1870).
Sturuus porphyronotus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 438.

Adult. Similar to S. purpurascens, but with the back entirely
reddisli purple like the rump and upper-tail coverts ; a slight shade
of purplish blue on the back in very old birds, but the back not
steel-green as in S. purpurascens ; head dark green ; throat dark
green. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5-05, tail 2-45,
tarsus 1-15.

Hah. Central Asia from Yarkand to Afghanistan, wintering in
the plains of India.

b. Ad. sk. Yarkand {Chapman).

c,d. !^ 2 i^"^'' ^^- Yarkand, Aug. 1870 {G. Hen-
derson).

e. $ ad. sk. Yarlcand, Alarch 14, 1875 {J.

Scidly).

f. 5 ad. sk. Yarkand, Oct. 15,1 874 (J;<S'cm//(/).
g-h. Ad. sk. Yarkand (J. Biddulph).

l-r. Ad. sk. Kashgar {Dr. Belleic).

s Ad. sk. Jellalabad, Afghanistan, March

1840 {Dr. Griffith),
t, u. Ad. sk. Cabul, Oct. 20, 1839 {Dr.

Griffith).
V. (S ad. sk. Rawid I'indi {J. Biddulph).

ic. Ad. sk. Sirza district, Punjab.

.V. Ad. sk. Murdan, Dec. 1870.

y,z. (S ad.sk. Ferozopur, Nov. 1867(^.0. .ff.).

«', i', C. d $ ''ilgit, March, Oct.

ad. sk.
d'. d ad. sk. Y^assin, Oct. 22, 1878.

e'. Ad. sk. N.W. India.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.]. (Types of

species.)
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.

India Museum.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph [C.].

Col. Biddulph [C.].
Pinwill Coll.

v'-

? ad. sk.

h'.

S ad. sk.

i' .

Ad. sk.

k'.

d" ad. sk.

I'.

(S ad. sk.

1. STUENUS. 39

/'. ? ad. sk. Umballa, Oct. ISCG {R. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Beucati).

Umballa, Nov. 1860 {R. C. B.). Tweeddale Coll.

Delu-a, Dec. 4, 1870. Hume Coll.

Saharuupiii'. Hume Coll.

Aligurb, Nov. 7, 1877. Hume Coll.

Rabun, Etawab, Feb. 26, 1869. Hume Coll.

5. Sturnus minor.

Sturnus minor, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. '201 ; Blanf. Str. F. 1877,
p. 246; Hvme, Str. F. 1879, pp. 106, 175; Doig, t. c. p. 274 ;
Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 178 (1884) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888,
p. 440.

Adult male. Similar to the reddish-purple plumage of S. vulr/aris,
but much smaller, and with the back reddish purple withoul any
shade of purplish blue : abdomen coppery green ; head and throat
green ; scapulars reddish purple like the back ; wing-coverts green
with a slight gloss of reddish purple : " bill yellow ; legs and feet
claret-brown; iris brown " (^'crojje Doic/, MSii.). Total length 7*8
inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4'55, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but much duller in colour :
"iris pale whitish yellow" (S. Do'uj). Total length 7 iuches,
culmen I'Uo, wing 4-5, tail 2'2, tarsus I'l.

Hub. Breeds in Sindh, occurring in winter as far east as Etawah.

a. (S ad. sk. Larkhana, Jan. 11, 1872 {A. 0. II.). Hume Coll.

(Type of species.)

b, r. c? ad. sk. Muncber Lake, April 10, Sept. Hume Coll.
d. Ad. sk. IJoree Dist., Nov. 1871 {F. Bay). Hume Coll.
e-i. d ad.; k. $ W.S.W. of Roree, March 1870 {TV. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. T. Blanford).

Z-?/. cJ ; «, M", .r. 2 ad. ; Eastern Narra, Feb., March, April Hume Coll.

y-a'. 5 JLiv. sk. {Scrape Doiy).

IJ-d'. S ad. sk. Loyali, Etawab, Jan. 1-3, 1872 ( W. Hume Coll.

It. Brouks).

6. Sturnus unicolor.

Sturnus unicolor, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 133 (1820) ; Werner. Atlas
Omnivores, pi. 20 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 211 (1837);
Bp. Cump. List B. Eur. S,- N. Avier. p. 28 (1838); id. Faun
Ital, Ucc. tav. 23. fig. 1 (1838); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 337
(1847); Bj). Consp. i. p. 421 (1850); Tr'istr. Ibis, 1859, p. 293;
Powys, Ibis, 1800, p. 137 ; Naum. Vog. BeutschL, Anbano-
Taf. 351. fig. 1 (1860) ; Wri(iJd, Ibis, 1864, p. 56 ; Bree, B. Eur.
i. p. 150, cum tab. (1800); Lilfurd, Ibis, 1806, p. 183; Leyl. Sf
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 234 (18o7) ; Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois
p. 127 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1867, p. 367 ; Brake, t. c. p. 428 •
Boderl. Avif. p. 70 (1809) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 27. fio-. 2
(1870) ; Gray, Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6307 (1870) ; Salcad. Faim.

40

STUKNIDiE.

Ibis, 1885, p. 245; Giglwll, Avif. Ital.^. ] 8 (1886); Tait, Ibis,
1887, p. 179; Salvad. Elench. U'cc. ltd. p. 183 (1887).
Sturnus vulgaris unicolor, Schley. Rev. Crit. p. Ivii (1814).

Adult male. Uniform black above and below, glossed with
bronzy purple, and slightly also with green, the feathers of the head,
throat, and neck elongated and lanceolate; wing-coverts more
purple than the back ; quills brown, externally black, glossed with
steel-green on the edges, all with paler ashy-brown tips, edged with
black round the ends ; taU-feathers ashy brown, externally glossed
with purplish or greenish : " bill yellow, bluish at base of lower
mandible; legs brownish flesh-colour; iris dark brown." Total
Icnglh 8-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-2, tail 2-35, tarsus 1-25.

Aihdt female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8*5
inches, culmen 1'15, wing 5, tail 2'4, tarsus 1"15.

In ivinter plumage all the feathers are tipped with arrow-shaped
spots of greyish white ; the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers
are edged with sandy brown ; the bill is blackish.

Young. Exactly like the young of S. vidgaris.

Hah. The countries of the Mediterranean.

a-g. Ad. sk. Seville, May.

h. Ad. sk. Malaga.

i,k. (S\ l,m. Malaga, Jan., March, May.

2 ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk. Madrid.

o. c? ad. sk. Morocco (Olcese).

p-r. Ad. sk. Morocco.

s. Juv. sk. Tangier (P. L. Sclafer).

t. 2 ad. sk. Cagliari, Sardinia, May 1877.
u,v.(^2 ^^- sl^- Sardinia, Jan. 18S9.

w. Ad. sk. Sardinia.

X, 2 ad. sk. Corsica, December.

2. POLIOPSAR.

Poliopsar, Sharps, Ibis, 1888, p. 476

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq,

[P-]-
Shelley Coll.
Shellev Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Gould Coll.
Dr.GiglioH[P.].
Major H. Trevelyan

L-P-]

Baron Laugier [C.].
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P-J.

Type.
P. sericeus.

Head of P. cincraceus, to show feathered nostrils.

Range. Indian and Indo-Chinese regions, extending throughout
China to Japan and Eastern Siberia.

41

Key to the Sjiecies.

a. Bill uniform red or yellow, ciilmen black

towards tip, but no black base to lower

mandible; rump white or whitish, lighter

than the rest of the back; abdomen white,

not vinaceous or rufous; no grey tips to

primaries.

a'. Throat blackish or dark ashy, with white

streaks ; fore neck and breast uniform dark

ashy or blackish ; sides of body browTier ;

head blackish, more or less streaked with

Avhite ; no white shaft-lines on back.

a". Eump white; white tips to the tail-

, , -Leathers cineraceus, p. 41.

0 . J\ o white on the rump ; no white tips to

the tail-feathers colktti, v,. 43,.

b . Ihroat white like the abdomen ; head white
or ashy white ; back brown, with whitish
7 T,-n ^li''^ft-li"es. serieem, p. 44.

b. Jjill yellow, with no black base ; back grey ;

rump pale vinaceous: head all round and
entire sides of face and under surface of body

vinaceous . . camlodianus, p. 44.

c liill red or yellow, but the lower mandible
having a black base, so that the bill is parti-
coloured in skin.
c'. Under tail-coverts and tips of tail-feathers
white or buff, not chestnut ; grey tips to
primaries absent or very indistinct.
c". Vinaceous underneath.

«'". No vinous collar round the hind neck :

,,„ ^ °o ^^'liite rump hurmanicus, p. 45.

b . A vinous collar round the hind neck :

^„ ^ a y.^'te rump hucocephalus, p. 46.

d J^ure white below andamamnsis, p. 47.

W. Under tail-co verts and tips of tail-feathers
chestnut ; primaries without a grey terminal
spot ; rump chestnut, contrasting with the

ashy back and white head erythropygius, p. 48.

e'. Under tail-co verts and tips of tail-feathers
chestnut ; primaries with a broad grey spot
on the end.
e". Head ashy grey, with pale shaft-streaks ;
the head, neck, and throat sometimes
bleaching to whiteness ; rufous of under
surface extending to the throat.
c'". First primary and bastard-wing black, malaharicus, p 48
d"' Jirst primary and bastard-wing white, nemoricolus, p. 52
f . Head and breast pure white, sharply
defined, and contrasting with the chest-
nut abdomen and the grey back blythii, p. 54.

1. Poliopsar cineraceus.

Sturnus cineraceus, Tcmm. PI. Col. ii. pi. 556 (IS-^r) • id &■ Schl
Faun. Japon., Aves, p. >ib, pi. 45 (igSQ) ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 421

42 STUENIDJi.

ri8o0) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 327 (1859) ; S^oinh. P. Z. S.

1802, p. 319, 18G3, p. 301 ; Hadde, Heis. Sibii:, Vog. p. 214, pi. vi.

fios. 2 A, 2 B, 2 c (1803); Gm\/, Hcmd-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 0309

(1870); Stvinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 352, 1871, p. 384, 1874, p. 159;

jDi/boirsJii, J. f. O. 1874, p. .'523 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Frcmce, i.

p." 174 (1870); rrjec. in Rowlei/s Oni. Misc. ii. p. 287 (1877);

Dauid 6f Oust. bis. Chine, p. 301 (1877); Blakist. ^ Fryer,

Ibis, 1878, p. 233 ; ;S'c/. Ibis, 1882, p. 434 ; Blakist Amended List

B. Japan, pp. 14, 49 (1884) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 206 ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1667, p. 606.
Sturnus cinerasceus, Grmj, Gen. B. ii. p. 337 (1847) ; Tacz. Bull.

Sue. Zool. France, x. p. 472 (1885).
Teineuuchus cineraceus, Sivinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 00, 1861, p. 44.
I'oliopsav cineraceus, Sliarpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult male. General colour above ashj^ drab-brown, the feathers
being of the latter colour on their edges ; scapulars like the back ;
rump white, forming a transverse band ; upper tail-coverts ashy,
dark brown towards the base ; lesser wing-coverts a little darker
than the back ; median coverts dark brown, bronz}' or olive-green
towards the ends ; greater coverts similar, but the bronzy colour
predominating, the outer web being very broadly margined with this
colour ; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills blackish, with
narrow fringes of whity brown, the outer secondaries bordered with
white, the inner ones bronzy like the greater coverts, with dusky
margins ; centre tail-feathers bronzy brown, the remainder black,
with a slight greenish gloss on the outer web, which is edged with
whitish, and a large white spot on the end of the inner web,
increasing in extent towards the outermost feather ; crown of head
black with a greenish gloss, the feathers attenuated and lanceolate ;
the forehead with narrow whitish feathers, which extend over the
eyes ; lores whitish ; sides of face and ear- coverts white, with
blackish streaks ; base of cheeks whitish ; remainder of cheeks,
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast dark slaty grey, becoming
paler on the sides of the breast ; chiu white ; a few feathers on the
throat and fore neck more or less white ; centre of breast and
abdomen white : sides of body, flanks, and thighs drab-brown ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
some of the former with dusky blackish margins ; quills below
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill orange, with the tip horn-
colour, the base of the mandible and angle of mouth brownish
green; feet yellow ; iris brown, with a white circle " (A. David) ;
" bill tile-red, blackened on the apical half ; legs orange-ochre,
claws blackish ; iris white " {Ji. SwinJioe). Total length 7'8 inches,
culmcn 1-1, wing 5-1, tail 2-5, tarsus I'lo.

Adult female. A little browner than the male ; facial markings
similar ; chin white ; throat and breast brown, with central whitish
streaks. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 5-1, tail 2*4,
tarsus 1'15.

The young birds would appear to be brown, with a dusky head;
but no full-grown ones are in the Museum collection, lladde's
figure represents the young as brown, with whitish ear-coverts.

2. POLIOPSAE.

43

Mr. Ringer's collection contains a specimen marked " female,"
from Nag'asaki, which is similar to the male.

Hah. Eastern Siberia to Japan, and throughout China and
Formosa, extending into Upper Burmah.

a. (5' ad. : h, c.

Pull. sk.
(I, e. Ad. sk.

f-h. Ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

l-ni. c? $ ad. sk.

n. J ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.
21. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s, t, u. J ad. ;

«;, %v. 5 ad. sk.
X. is ad. sk.
I/. Ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a', b'. 5 ad. sk.
c' . 2 ad. sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
e . Ad. sk.
/. 6 ad. ; fj',

h' . 2 ad. sk.
i', h'. Ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
m', n'. Juv. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.
q'-s'. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
v'. 2 ad. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.

Sidemi, Ussuri Land, May and

June.
S. Manchuria, June 2, 1S8G.

Ichang Gorge, Yang-tze River,
Dec. 1887.

Sliaiigliai, Feb. 1873 (i?. Sivin-
hoe).

Sliaoghai, Jan. 8 {H. Berg-
mann).

Sheshu, March 30, 18G9 (H.
Swinlioe).

Kulaugsu, Jan. 18, 1859 {Lei-
den Museum).

Macao {R. Sicinhoe).

Foochow, Jan. 1867 {E. S.).

F'okien.

Amoy, Jan. 1867 {R. S.).

Amoy, Jan. 1860.

Amoy, Jan. 1860 {R. S.).

Amov.

Amoy, Feb. 1861 {R. S.).

Amoy, Feb. 1861 (R. S.).

Amoy, Nov. 25, 1859 (R. S.).

Amoy, Nov. {R. S.)

Amoj', Dec. 2, 1867 (R. S.).

Amoy (R. S.).

Canton.

Talieu Bay, July (R. S.).

Formosa, Nov. 1865 (R. S.).

S.W. Formosa {R. S.).

Japan.

Japan.

Nagasaki.

Nagasaki, Jan. 11, 1880.

Bhamo.

St. Petersburg Mus.

H. E. M. James, Esq.

[P.].
Mr. Pratt [C.].

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Consul Swinhoe [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Consul Swinhoe [P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
C. Maries [C.].
Gould Coll.
Capt. St. John [C.].
F. Riuger, Esq. [P.].
Gates Coll.

, 2. Poliopsar colletti.*

Poliopsar colletti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 477.

Adult. Similar to P. cineraceus, but everywhere blacker ; the
white rump, however, wanting, as well as the white spots on the

* Sturiwpastor nigcr, Blytli, Ibis, 1859, p. 211, would seem to be very nearly
allied to tliis species, but P. colletti certainly has no " briyhtii^h i/cllow under the
wings." The habitat of S. niger still, we believe, remains unknown.

44 STUENIDJE.

ends of the tail-feathers. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1"05, wing o,
tail 2"55, tarsus 1-45.
Hab. Unknown.

a. Ad. sk. ? Prof. R. CoUett [P.].

(_Type of species.)

3. Poliopsar sericeus.

Silk Starling', Brown, III. Oni. p. 48, pi. 21 (1776).

Silk Stare, Lath. Gen. Si/)i. ii. pt. i. p. 10 ( 1783).

Sturnus sericeus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 805 (1788) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861,
p. 338 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 301 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 22, no. 6310
(1870) ; id. Fasc. B. China, pi. v. (1871) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 384; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 362, pi. 87 (1877) ; Blakist. ^
Pn/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 233 ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30
(1844).

Pastor leucocepbalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847).

Ileterornis sericeus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (1850).

Temenuchus sericeus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 60, 18G1, p. 44.

Poliopsar sericeus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult. General colour above light ashy grey, a little darker on
the hind neck, where the feathers arc long and lanceolate ; scapulars
like the back, externally white, with a subterniinal shade of black ;
rump and upper tail-coverts a liltle lighter grey, with ashy-whitish
margins ; lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with slaty grey ; median
coverts glossy purplish black ; greater coverts black, externally
glossy green, with purple reflexions, velvety black interiorly ;
bastard- wing black, externally white ; primary-coverts white, black
near the centre of the tips of the feathers ; quills black, the primaries
externally glossy purple and white at the extreme base ; the secon-
daries externally glossy green, like the greater coverts, bluish or
purple towards the ends ; centre tail-feathers glossy green, the re-
mainder black, externally bluish green or purple ; crown of head
and nape, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and
fore neck white, followed by an ashy-grey breast ; abdomen white ;
sides of body and flanks pale ashy grey tinged \Aith brown ; thighs
white, ashy grey posteriorly ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axil'laries white ; quiUs below dusky, ashy brown along
the inner edge, the base of the quills white : " bill bright red, with
the tips white ; feet orange : iris black, with a light circle "' (A.
David). Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 1, wing -i-TS, tail 2-4,
tarsus 1"15.

All the males, so marked, are of a delicate grey, and vary very
slightly in the direction of a whiter or a browner head. A female
collected by Mr. lleeves at Ningpo is altogether browner, rather
more ashy on the rump ; the gloss on the wings and tail less dis-
tinct ; primary-coverts blackish brown near the base, white at the
ends, with a central black streak ; head whitish, ashy grey on sides
of crown and hind neck ; sides of face whitish, ashy on the cheeks ;
under surface of body as in the male, but light brown instead of
grey. This specimen is apparently immature.

Hub. Central and Southern China. Doubtful in Japan.

a, b. Ad. sk.
c,d. c? 2 ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.

/,y. Juv.sk.

A. <S ad. sk.
2, A;. Ad. sk.
I, m. Ad. sk.
n. cJ ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.

i^?• J; r,s. $

ad. sk.
<. 6 ad. sk.

«<. $ ad. sk.

V. S ad. sk.

2. POLIOPSAK.

Yang-tze River.
Ningpo {J. R. Reeves).
Ningpo, April 1872 {R.

Sicinhoe) .
Ningpo, May 1872 {R.

Sicinhoe).
Niugpo, April (R.S.).
Pokien.

Amoy {R. Sicmhoe).
Amoy, Jan. 1860.
Amoy, Nov. 1866 {R.

SivinJioe).
Amoy, Nov. and Dec. {R.

Swinhue).
Amoy, Dec. 1867 (R.

Swinkoe).
Amoy, Dec. 1866 (R.

Swinhoe).
Canton.

45

C. Maries [C.l.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Goidd Coll.
Consul Swinhoe [C.].
Hume CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

4. Poliopsar cambodianus. (Plate III.)
Poliopsar cambodianus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 477.

AcMt Similar to P. leucocejjhalus, but having the whole of the
head ami throat pinkish buff, like the under surface of the body
tail-feathers also pinkish buff instead of white at the ends Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-6, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-3 '

Mab. Cambodia.

a. Ad. sk.

Cambodia.

M. Mouhot [C.].
(Type of species.)

5. Poliopsar burmanicus. (Plate IV. fig. i.)

Sturnia burmanica, Jerd. /6w, 1862, p. 21 ; Bhtth Ibii IfiPi'^ r. qq

?: i-5 ELS)'. ""• ^- ''' ^''''^ ' ^"^"' ^«"'^^- ^- ^-1?--. i.'

Temenuchus bm-manensis, Jerd. J. A. S. Bena. xxxi. p 346 riSfi^^ .
Blyth. op. at. xxxii. p. 77 (1863). ^ ^ ^"^^ '

Tenaenuchus burmanicus, Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 406 ; Hume Sfr JP
1875, p. 149 ; Armstr. Sir. F. 1876 p. 322 ; Anders Zol Jl'.fi
Yumian, Birds, p. 596 (1878). ' -^•'^'"^•

Acridotheres burmanicus, Giebel, Thes. Orn i n 9fi/i/'lS70^ «■ / j

^m^. itf.... Civic. Genov. (2) i^. p. 605 (?887t^^ ^' ^^"''^•

Poliopsar burmanicus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult female. General colour above duU ashy grey, shaded with
brown; scapulars like the back; upper tan-cove?s^;atber li^Mer
ashy; lesser wing-coverts ashy grey, the outer ones fringed with
black ; median coverts dark bronzy brown, edged with blaA •
greater coverts lighter bronzy brown, fringed with black • bastard
wing black, one feather externally white; primary-cove'rts whit
M 1th black on the outer webs of some of the feathers ; quills black;

46

STURNIDJE,

the primaries white at the base and fringed with light brown near
the ends of the outer woha ; secondaries bronzy brown like the
greater coverts, and similarly fringed with black ; centre tail-feathers
bronzy brown, tlic remainder black tipped with white, increasing in
extent towards the outer feather ; crown of head dingy white,
as also the entire sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ;
remainder of under surface pale ochrcous pink, the abdomen lighter
and inclining to pinky white ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs
somewhat shaded with ashy ; under tail-covcrts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white : quills below blackish, white at base :
" bill red ; the gape, basal half of lower mandible, and base of upper
mandible black ; inside of mouth dark blue ; legs aud claws dusky
orauge-yellow ; iris dark brown ; eyelids and naked skin of head
slaty brown '" {E. W. Oates). Total length 8-5 inches, culraen 0-95,
wing 4-4, tail 2-7, tarsus 1'15.

Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 8 inches, cul-
men 1, wing 4'45, tail 3, tarsus 1"15.

Mr. Oates says that " immediately after the moult the head is
nearly pure white, but after a few weeks the colour changes to
dull white, grey, and eventually to brown."

Hah. Burmah.

a-c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.

I. c? ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.

n. (S ad. sk.

o. 2 ad. sk.
2h q. Ad. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t-f. Ad. sk.

w, X. 6; V- 2
ad. sk.

Upper Burmah (Jerdon).
Upper Burmah.

Bhamo.

Bhamo, Jan. 29, 1868.

Bhamo, Feb. 1868 (Dr.

J. Anderson).
Yayleymau, Upper Biu-

mah, Jan. 6, 1875.
Ava

Rangoon, Nov. 29, 1875

{Z)r. Armsfrong).
Tonghoo, .Tune 1874 (72.

G. W. K).
Boulay, Upper Pegu,

Mav 25, 1873.
Pegu," Jan. 2.5, 1881.
Pegu ( W. T. Blnnford).
Lower Pegu, Nov. 30,

1878.
East Pegu Hills, .Apr. 27,

1873 {E. W. Oates).
Thavetmyo {E. W.

Oates).
Karen-nee, March 1874

{R. G. W. R.).

Gould Coll.
Dr. Jerdon [P.].

(Type of species.)
Oates Coll.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
Hume Coll.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

W. T. Elauford, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Oates Coll.

Oates Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Oates Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

6. Poliopsar leucocephalus. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)

Acridotheres leucocephalus, Gigl. ^ Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Turina,
V. p. 273 (1870) ; iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 185.

2. POLIOPSAE. 47

Sturnia incognita, Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 396 (1879), ix. p. 295

(1880).
Sturnia leucocephak, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 386 (1883).
Poliopsar leucocephalus, S/iarjn', Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult. Similar to P. hurmanicus, but larger, slaty black above,
Tvitb a greenish tinge ; lower rump pale fawn-buff, forming a band ;
sides of neck and hind neck pinkish vinaceous like the breast, and
forming a collar ; wings much darker than in P. hurmanicus, and the
primary-coverts entirely white ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers
blackish, the white ends much broader than in P. hurmanicus : " bill
and legs yellow, the base of the bill reddish orange : iris brown "
(GiffUoU). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4'95, tail
2-9, tarsus 1-35.

A curious difference in the colour of the head is exhibited in two
specimens from Cochin China in the iluseum. In one the head is
greyish white, like the types of Sturnia incorjnita, and in the other
it is creamy white.

Hah. Cochin China and Siam, extending to the borders of the
province of Tenasserim.

a, b. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Siam. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
d-m. Ad. sk. Siam {Mandelli Cull.). Hume Coll. (Types

of »S' incognita.)
n-u. Ad. sk. Headwaters of Tenas- Hume Coll.

serim River ( Manclelli
Coll.).

7. Poliopsar andamanensis.

Temenuchus ervthropvgius {nee Bli/th, 1846), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng.
xxviii. p. 274 (1859*), xxix. p. 106 (1860).

Temenuchus andamanensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 239 {e.v Tytler
MSS.); Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. l:y ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20,
no. 6298 (1870) ; Ball, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 242 (1870),
xli. pt. 2, p. 285 (1872) ; id. Str. F. 187-3, p. 75 ; Hume, Str. F.
1874, p. 248.

Sturnia andamanensis, Walden, Ibis, 1873, p. 313, pi. xii. fio-. 2 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106.

Poliopsar andamanensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult male. General colour above pale ashy grej-, whiter on the
rump ; upper tail- coverts grey, edges of the scapulars white ; wings
black, with external reflexions of glossy green, the lesser coverts
edged with slaty grey ; tail-feathers black, also glossed with green,
with a white mark at the end of the inner web of all but the centre
ones, this mark increasing in extent towards the outer feathers,
which are white for their terminal half and along the greater part
of the outer web ; head all round, hind neck, sides of neck, and
entire under surface of body white, sometimes inclining to delicate
ashy : vent and under tail-coverts tinged with fawn-colour ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills dusky below, ashy along

48

the inner web : " bill and legs gamboge, the base
bluish slate; iris white" {Wardlaw liamsai/).
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-15, tail 2-85, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male,
inches, wing 4, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-05.

Hub. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

a-c. cS a.i.;f,ff. $

ad. sk.
h-k. (S ad. sk.

I, m, w. c? ; 0. $

ad. sk.
p-v. S ? ad. sk.

w-z. c? ad

ad. sk.
b', c'. (S ad. sk

d'. (S ad. sk.
e'. (S ad. sk.
f,g'. $ ad.sk.

a'. 2

Andaman Islands, Dec. 1872

( W. Davison).
Mt. Harriett, March 1873

( W. Davison).
S. Andaman, Jan. and March

{H. G. W. R.).
S. Andaman, March, April,

July, Oct. 1873 {R. J. Wim-

herley).
Port Mouat, Jan., April 1873

( W. Davison).
Aberdeen, March, April 1873

( W. Davison).
JNIacpherson's Straits, Mar. 8,

1873.
Tip Island, April 5, 1874

{W. Davison).
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 1873

(IF. Davison).

of the mandible
Total length 8

Total length T'T

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

8. Poliopsar erythropygius.

Sturnia erythropygia, B/i/th, J. A. S. Beng. xv. pp. 34, 369 (1846) ;

Hume, Str. F. "1879, p. 106.
Temenuchus erythropygius, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6304

(1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 247.
Temenuchus (Sturnia) erythropygia, Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 76.
Acridotheres erythropygius, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 266 (1872).
Poliopsar erythropygius, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult male. Similar to P. andamanensis, but larger, with the
whole of the lower back and rump ferruginous ; upper tail-coverts
ashv, with a reddish tiuge ; tail similar to that of F. andamanensis,
but" all the feathers tipped with ferruginous instead of white ; under
surface of body white, but the vent and under tail-coverts deep
ferruginous, the flanks and under wing-coverts also tinged with the
same colour : " bill gamboge-yeUow, smalt-blue at base ; legs and
feet paler fleshy yellow ; iris opalescent white " {A. 0. Hmne).
Tutal length 9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-45, tail 3, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. Nicobar Islands.

a. J ad. sk. Car Nicobar, March 19, 1873 ( V. Ball). Hume Coll.

9. Poliopsar malabaricus.

Le Martin Vieillard de la cote de Malabar, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient.
ii. p. 195 (1782).

2. poLiopsAS. 49

Malabar Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 30 (1783).

Turdus malabaricus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 816 (1788).

Acridotheres malabaricus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 691

(181^3).
? Gracula cinerea, Less. Traite, p. 402 (1831).
Maina affinis, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836).
Pastor pag'odarum («ec Gm.), McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163 ;

Blyth ^- Wald. B. Bunn. p. 90 (1875) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F.

vi. p. 389 (1878) ; Ball, Str. F. \n. p. 221 (1878) ; Cripj.s, f. c.

p. 292 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106 ; Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 71 ;

Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 53 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 312 ; Davison,

Str.F. 1883, p. 401; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 387 (1883);

Taijlor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462 ; Salvud. Ann. Miis. Genov. (2) iv.

p. 606 (1887).
Pastor cinereus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 23 (1840).
Sturnia malabarica, Blyth, J. A. S. A'wy. xiii. p. 363 (1844); id.

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 110 (1849) ; Tytler, Ann. 8r Mag. Nat.

Hist. (2) xiii. p. 308 (1«54) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 265 (1888).
Pastor malabaricus, Jei-d. Madr. Jovi-n. xiii. p. 133 (1844).
Pastor caniceps, Hodgs. Icoti. ined. in Brit. Alus., Passeres, pis. 271,

271* (no. 271-2) ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Pastor blythii (nee Jerd.), Gray, Cat. Maimn. etc. Nepalpres. Hodgs.

p. 104 (1846).
Hetairornis malabaricus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847) ; Bp. Consp,

1. p. 419 (1850).
Temenuchus malabaricus, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (1850);

Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 5.30 (1854) ; Blxjth,

J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 342, note (1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 330

(1863) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 171 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1809, p. 59 ;

Bulger, t. c. p 169 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6293 (1870) ;

Hume, Nests ^- Fg(/s Ind. B. p. 4.33 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1874,

p. 419 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 494 ; Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 332 ;

Hume, t. c. p. 402 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38 ; Butler, t. e. p. 230 ;

Anderson, Rep. Zool. Yunnan Ejped. p. 596 (1878) ; Scully, Str,

F. 1879, p. 330.
Poliopsar malabaricus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.
Sturnia nemoricola, Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 266 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above ashj* grey, everywhere washed
with rosy brown, with which colour the feathers are edged ; scapu-
lars like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly
more ashy than the back ; wing-coverts blackish, externally ashy
grey ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally
edged with purplish black and broadly tipped with ashy grey, the
secondaries being likewise edged with this colour, the inner ones
entirely ashy grey ; centre tail-feathers ashy grey, the remainder
blackish, edged with ashy grey and broadly tipped with chestnut,
increasing towards the outermost ; head and neck niddy brown,
with ashy -grey centres to the feathers ; lores and sides of iace also
ruddy brown, the ear-coverts rather more dingy ash-colour : cheeks,
chin, and throat delicate ashj-, with reddish edges to the feathers ;
fore neck reddish brown, streaked with ashy ; remainder of under
surface reddish brown or deep cinnamon ; thighs ash}' ; under tail-
coverts cinnamon, the longer ones white ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries ashy with a slight ruddy tinge, those near tha base of the

VOL. XIII. E

50

primaries -whitish ; quills below dusky brown, lighter along the inner
edge : " bill blue at the base, green in the centre and yellow at the
tip ; legs and I'cct brownish olive ; iris greyish white " {E. A. But-
er, 3ISS.). Total length 7-5 inches, culmcu O'So, wing 3-9, tail
2-45, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but everywhere much paler in
colour : '' legs and feet dusky yellow ; iris white " (E. A. Butler,
J\ISS.). Total length 7-75 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-9, tail 2*4,
tarsus 0*9,

The specimens described are in full plumage, and it is evident
that lioth the ruddy tinge on the upper parts and the beautiful red
colour of the untler surface become worn and faded as the breeding-
season progresses, so that the upper parts fade to light grey, and
the head is ashy grey with white shaft-streaks, while the sides of
the face and throat are bleached to white.

Young. Browner than the adults, the head a little lighter ashy,
with a white eyebrow like the sides of the face ; ear-coverts and
under surface of body j^ale ochreous brown, white on the throat.

Hah. Indian Peninsula, extending into Assam and the Burmese
provinces to Cochin China.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. sk.

d. cS ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk.

f. 9- Ad. sk.
k-o. S ad.

p. Ad. sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.
t. d ad. sk.

u-iv. S ad. ; :r,
y. 5 ad. ; z-c'.
Juv. sk.

d', e'. Ad. sk.

f,g\ c??ad. sk.

h'. Ad. sk.

i'. Ad. sk.

h\ Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

?/i', n'. c? ad. ; u.

2 ad. sk.
p\ q' . Ad. sk.
}■•. Ad. sk.
s', t'. (S ad. sk.

u'. Ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

Travaucore {F. Day),

Coorg.

Wynaad, Nov. 21, 1877 {J.

Darlinq).
Mysore, Feb. 2, 1882.

Malabar.

Belgaum, Jan., Feb., March,

1880 {E. A. Butler).
Bangalore.
Madras.

Madras {T. C. Jerdoti).
Pothanore, Dec. 10, 1SG8 (.4.

li. B. Theobald).
Raipm-.

Paipur.

Sumbalpur, Feb. 21, 1870.
Khandeish, May 14, 1875.
Mt. Aboo.
Jaipur.

■ Dehra Dhoon.
Dehra Dhoon, April 2, 1870

(G. Kimj).
Kaladoongi.
Kumaon.
Kumaon Bhabur, March 1871

i^G. Kmc/).
Naiui Tal, Oct. 1869 {R.

Thompson) ,
Etawah, Jan. 1871 ( W. E.

Broohs).

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

W. Davison, Esq.

[P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
ilev.H.H.Baber[P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Esq.

_. rOLIOPSAR.

51

.( ', y. i ad. sk.

2', u. Ad. sk.
/J-f. Ad. .sk.
»7, ^, t. 2 ad. sk.

K, X. c? ad. sk.

y.. Ad. sk.
»'. 2 ad. sk.

f c? ad. sk.
o, TT. c? 2 ad. sk.
p, (T. c? 2 8.d. sk.

r, V. Imm. sk.
<^-a). Ad. sk.

a'-y'. Ad. sk.
8'. Ad. sk.

e', f. c? ad. sk.

77'. Ad. sk.

^', t'. Ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.
X', /i. Ad. sk.

v', f , o'. Ad. sk.

■n'-v. Ad. sk.

^'. Ad. sk.
X'. Ad.sk.
V^', a,', d 2 <id.

sk.
a, 6. c? ad. sk.

c, d Ad. ; e. 2

ad. sk.
f-o. c? 2 et c?

juT. sk.
/I, 5-, r. cJ 2 ad.

sk.
«. Ad. sk.
t-d. (S 2 ad. sk.

/>'. (S ad. sk.

c'. cJ ad. sk.

rf'. (5 ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.

Etawah, April 18G9 ( JF. JE.

Bn)nl;s) .
Goudah, Oiidh (S. PmicilP).
Gondali.
Janiore, Sarim Dist., Marcli

1800 (li. M. Adam).
Lallo-unj, April 24, 1869 {R.

M. Adam).
Behar.
Barrackpur, Jan. 1876 {J.

Biddidjdi).
Calcutta (J. Biddulph).
Calcutta, D.c. 22, 1872.
Mauubhoom, Jan. I860 (i?. C

Beavan).
Nepal.
Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).
Nepal Valley, Mav 1, 1877 {J.

Scidh0.
Nepal "\'alleY, June, Sept.

1877 (J. Scidh/).
Sikhim Terai, Dec. 1872 (Z.

MandeUi).
Sikhira, June 1874 (Z. Man-
deUi).
Dariiling.
Darjilinp: Terai, Jan., Feb.

1873 [L. MandeUi).
Buxa Doars, Jan. 1873 (Z.

MandeUi).
Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb.,

Dec. {L. MandeUi).
Assam (J. McCleUand).
Assam {A. W. ChemieU).
Tippook, Assam, March 22,

1877 (J. Cockhurn).
Dhollah, April 16, 1877 (J.

Cochhiini).
Sadhya, April 1877 (Z Cock-
hum).
Dibrughur, April, May, July,

Dec. (Z E. i'ripps).
N. Khasia Hills, Febr., Dec.

1876 ( A. W. ChenneU).
Cacbar (Z Inglis).
Manipur, Feb., March 1881

(A. 0, H.).
Soognoo, March 26, 1881 (A.

O. H.).
Moirano-, March 22, 1881 (A.

O. IL).
Bisbnoopur, March 13, 1881

(A. O. IL).
Phalel, April 10, 1881 (A.

O. IL).

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Pinwill CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of i'. canicejis.)
India Mu.^^eum.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

e2

52

f,g'. cJ $ ad. sk.
li. Ad.sk.
I . Ad. sk.

li , I'. S iid. sk.

ni' . Ad. sk.
w'. 2 ad. sk.

o' . 2 ad. sk.

p'-s. (S 2 ad. sk.
t'. Ad. sk.
w'-y'. (S 2 ad.sk.

3'. 2 ad. sk.

a!', b". 2 ad. ; c".

2 juv. sk.
rf". cJ juv. sk.

e" . 2 ad. sk.

/", g". 6 2 ad. sk.

h". 2 ad. sk.

i". 2 ad. sk.

A;". 2 ad. sk.

l"-r". 6 2 ad. sk.

s". Ad. sk.

t" , li' . J ad. sk.

r", V}" . (S 2 ad.

sk.
x". Ad. sk.

Aimole, April 1881 (A. O. H).

Dacca.

Mungla, Sanda Valley, May
19, 1868.

Akyab, March 1876 (/. Arm-
strong).

Rangoon.

Ranifoon, Dec. 14, 1873 {R.

d. w. n.).

Syriam, Jan. 10, 1876 {J.
Armstrong).

Lower Pegu, Jan., Oct.

Tonglioo {R. G. W. R.).

Palipoon, Jan., Dec. (IF.
Dai-iso7i.).

Sinzaway Forest, Younzaleen
River, April 18, 1877 (C.r.
Bingham).

Kaukaryit, May 1878 (J. Dar-
ling).

Kaukaryit, June 2, 1881.

Wippitan, Dec. 9, 1878 {J.

Darlinr/).
Theinzeik, Dec. 1876 (W.

Davison).
Thatone, Dec. 19, 1876 (Tf^.

Davison).
Salween River, near Moul-

mein, Jan. 27, 1876 {W.

Daviso7i).
Moulmein, March 5, 1874 ( W.

Davison).
Amherst, Jan., Feb., March

1877 (W. Daviso7i).
Mergui, Jan. 7, 1879 (TT.

Davisoti).
Mergui, Feb. 1, 1875 (W.

Davison).
S. Tenasserim, Dec. 20, 1876.

Cochin China, Nov. 1807.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

C. T. Bingham, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gates CoU.
M. E. Pierre [P.].

Subsp. a. Poliopsar nemoricolus.

Sturnia nemoricola, Jt^rf/. Ibis, 1862, p. 22 ; Rli/th Sr Wald. B. Burm.

p. 91 (1875) ; Hume i^- Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 390; Hume, Str.

F. 1879, p. 106; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 192; Oates, B. Brit.

Burni. i. p. 389 (1883); Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civic. Genov. {2) iv.

p. 607 (1887), V. p. 615 (1888).
Temenuchus nemoricolus. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6294 (1870) ;

Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 151 (1875) ; Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 333

(1876).
Temenuchus leucopterus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 480, note.
Poliopsar nemoricolus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

J,. POLIOPSAE.

53

Adult iitctle. Similar to P. malaharicus, but very much paler grey,
and having the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and bastard-primary
white. The under suiface is ashy whitish with only a slight rosy
tinge, and the under tail-coverts are white without any chestnut.
Total length 7 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3-9, tail 2-55, tarsus 0"9.

Adult femcde. Like the male : " bill dusk}' green at base, brighter
in the middle and yellow towards the tip ; legs and feet pale brown ;
iris dull white " {J. Armstromj). Total length 7'5 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 4, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-95.

Although specimens with fully developed white bastard-wings
are distinct enough from P. mcdaharicus, yet ever}' kind of inter-
mediate link is found between the two species, which appear, from
the evidence of specimens in the Hume collection, undoubtedly to
interbreed on the confines of their ranges,

Mab. Burmah and Tenasserim.

a.

Ad. sk.

Upper Burmah.

■ Dr. Jerdon [P.].

b.

Ad. sk.

Burmah.

Tweeddale Coll.

c-h. S 2 ad.

sk.

Eano-oon, Oct., Nov., Dec. 10,

Tweeddale Coll.

1873 (S. G. W. R.).

i.

Ad. sk.

Eangoon.

Hume Coll.

k,

I. 6 2 ad.

sk.

Elephant Point, Rangoon,
Dec. 187o (J.Armstronfi).

Hume Coll.

m

. 2 ad. sk.

Elepliaut Point, Jan. 1'2,
lS7r, (J. Armstrong).

Hume Coll.

n.

2 ad. sk.

China Bidieer, Dec. 19,
1875 (J. Armdronf/).

Hume Coll.

0.

Ad. sk.

Pegu.

W.T.Blanford,Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

P-

c? ad. sk.

Pegu, May 31, 1876 {E.

W. Oates).

[P.].

<!■

(S ad. sk.

Lower IVpu, Jan. 25, 1878
{E. TV. Oates).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].

r-

■r. cT 2 ad.

sk.

Lower Pegu, Feb., May,
Oct., Dec.

Oates Coll.

X.

Ad. sk.

Toncrhoo {R. G. W. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

y,

~. d 2 .id.

sk.

Touphoo, Jan., Febr. 1874
(R. G. jr. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

a',

, b'. c? ad. sk.

Pahpoou, Tenasserim, Jan.

Hume Coll.

1874 ( W. Davison).

c'.

(S ad. sk.

Kaukaryit, May 9, 1878
{J. Darlimi).

Hume Coll.

d'.

(5 ad. sk.

Thoungyah,'Dec. 8, 1878
(J. jDailinr/).

Hume Coll.

e'.

(£ ad. sk.

Thoungveen Vallev, Sept.
U,lS7'J{C.T.Binr//iam).

Himie Coll.

f

. (S ad. sk.

Wippitau, Dec. 6, 1878
(/. Darlinf/).

Hume Coll.

9'-

-i: d;k',l'.
sk.

2 ad.

Moulmeiu, Jan., March, Dec.
( W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

m'

, m'. <S 2 ad. sk.

Thatone, Jan., Dec. 1876

Hmne CoU.

( W. Davison).

o',

p'. 6 2 a<^

I. sk.

Thamban, Jan. 1878 {W.
Davison).

Hume OoU.

9'-

J ad. sk.

Wimpong-, Dec. 31, 187G

Hume f -oil.

(IF. Davison).

o4r SXUKNlDJi;.

/•'. (S ad. sk. Kanee, Iloungtliraw River, Hume Coll.

Mar.7,187!)( W.Davkon).
s'. c? ad. sk. Assoon, March 4, 1877 ( IF. Hume Coll.

Darisuii).
f. (S ad. sk. Pabvouk, March 13, 1874 Hume Coll.

( tV. Davison).
m'. Ad. sk. Meetau, Fob. 5, 1877 (TT". llume Coll.

Davison),
v'-d". J 5 ad. sk. Amherst, Jan., March 1877 llume Coll.

{W. Davison).

10. Poliopsar blythii.

Pastor malabaricus {nee Gm.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. L'2 (1840),
Sturuia dominicaua, Blyth, J. A. S. Bewj. xiii. p. 363 (1814).
Pastor blythii, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 138 (1844) ; id. 111. Ind.

Orn. pi. 22 (1847).
SturnmUvthn, Bli/th, J. A. S. Benr/. xvi. p. 470 (1847); id. Cat.

B. Mm'. As. Soc. p. 110 (1849) ; Hume, Sir. F. ix. p. 228 ; Butler,

t. c. p. 237 ; W. Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 401 ; Taylor, Str. F.

1887, p. 462.
Temenuchus blvthii, Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.

p. 531 (185(3)"; Graj/, Hund-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6297 (1870).
Poliopsar blythii, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 476.

Adult male. General colour above delicate ashy grey ; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater coverts paler and more hoary
grey externally ; bastard-vring, primary-coverts, and quills black,
externally glossed with steel-greeu, the primaries tipped with hoary
grey, the secondaries externally hoary grey, and the innermost ones
almost entirely of the latter colour ; centre tail-feathers hoary grey,
the next ones blackish, externally hoary grey, chestnut at the ends,
the latter colour increasing gradually towaids the outer feathers ;
crown of head, occiput, and luipe white, with a pinkish tinge, the
feathers long and lanceolate, those of the hind neck also long and
having white shafts ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, checks, throat,
and breast white ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous; thighs ashy; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ashy whitish ; quills below dusky: " bill blue
at base, green in the centre, yellow at the tip ; legs and feet yellow ;
iris greyish wliite " {E. A. Butler). Total length 8-2 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 4-1, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but everywhere paler and
duller in colour, the upper surface somewhat washed with rusty,
especially on the rump and upjier tail-covcrts ; the head more ashy
tind the white of the sides of the face and throat greyish white, the
rufous feathers somewhat edged with ashy whitish : " bill yellow,
blue at base, green in centre, brownish yellow on the culmen ; legs
and feet olive-yellow; iris grey" (E. A. Butle7-). Total length
7-5 inches, culmen (l-8, wing 3-75, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9.

Young females are browner than the adults, and have the head
ashy brown ; the under surface is ashy whitish with scarcely any

3. STTJENOENIS.

55

rufous, except on the under tail-coverts ; sides of face dull whitish,
as well as an indistinct ej-ebrow.

The adult females never seem to get a pure white head like the
males, but have the crown always grej'. Younrj males at first
resemble them in this respect.

Ilab. Southern India.

a-c. Ad. hk.
d-e' . S $ et juv.

sk.
/'._ S ad. ; f/V'-c?

juv, ; i. 5juv.sk.
k' . Ad. sk.

v. Ad. sk.
m' , n' . Ad. sk.
o' . Juv. sk.

Malabar.

Bel^aum, June, Jul}', Aug-., Sept.,
Oct. {E. A. Butler).

Wyuaad, May 1881 ( W. Dad-
son).

Travancore, March 9, 187G
{F. TV. Bourdillon).

Madras (Jerdon).

Malabar.

Coorg.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

ludia Museum,
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

3. STURNORNIS.

Sturnoriii,% Legc/e, B. Ceylon, p. 679 (1879) .

Type.

S, senex.

^

Head of Sturnornis senex.
Range. Confined to Cej'lon.

1. Sturnornis senex,

Heterornis senex, Bp. Coiup. i. p. 419 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.).
Hetaerornis alboi'rontata, Layard, Ann. Sf May. Nut. Hist. (2) xii.

p. 217 (1854),
Temenuchus albofrontatus, BlytJi, Ibis, 1867, p. 299,
Temenuchus senex, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p, 20, no. 6296 (1870) ;

Iloldsw. F. Z. S. 1807, p. 462 ; Lcyge, Ibis, 1874, p. 28,
Acridotheres albifroutatus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i, p, 265 (1872),
Sturnia albofrontata, Leijye, Ibis, 1875, p, .398,
Sturnia daurica {nee Pall.), Sivinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 119,
Sturnornis senex, leyge, 13. Ceylon, p. 680, pi, 28 (1879).
Sturnia senex, Hume, 6'tr. F. 1879, p, 106.

Adult male. General colour above black, with a gloss of ashy and
green ; upper tail-coverts also black, with a green gloss ; wing-
coverts and quills black, externally edged with glossy green ; tail-

/

e56 STUENID^.

feathers black, washed externallj' with glossy green ; crown of head
and hind neck like the back, the latter narrowly streaked with
white shaft-lines ; forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and throat white, the ear-coverts edged witli pale brown,
producing a slightly streaked ajjpearauce ; sides of neck black,
streaked with white ; fore neck and remainder of under surface of
body dull greyish brown, streaked with white down the middle of
the feathers : abdomen ashy white; sides of upper breast and sides
of neck blackish streaked with white ; thighs brown, streaked witli
white ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts blackish ;
axillai-ies ashy brown with white shaft-lines ; quills below dusky
brown, a little more ashy along the inner edge : "bill pale bluish
horny, the gape and base bluish; legs and feet plumbeous blue;
eyelid bluish ; iris white, with a narrow inner centre of reddish
brown ; orbital skin and eyelid dull bluish " ( W. V. Ler/r/e). Total
length 8-3 inches, culmeu U-!), wing 4-1, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-0.

^'•Young. Iris brown, with a faint grey outer edge ; this increases,
and in birds evidently still in the first year the proportions of white
and brown in the iris are about equal, the furmer gradually in-
creasing until it leaves the narrow brown circle ; bill, legs, and feet
as in the adult. In nest-plumage the forehead, head, and hind
neck are concolorons and of a dull brown hue ; a whitish superciliary
stripe passes from the nostrils over the eye ; the ear-coverts are
sullied white, but the white of the throat seems to extend lower
down, and to change abruptly into the dark grey of the chest ; the
lower parts, however, are not always equally dark ; some examples
have them pervaded with whitish ; but the chief character of the
under surface in the immature bird is the absence of the white
mesial stripes, contrasting strongly with the grey of the rest of the
feathers. The white of the forehead appears during the first year
and increases with subsequent moults, which take place in August."
(ir. V. Lerjge.)

Hob. Ceylon.

a,b. d $ ad. sk. Ceylon, Jan. 1866 {S. Tweeddale Coll.

Chapman).
c. cJ ad. sk. Peak Forest, Aug. 17, II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

lSlQ{W.V.Legge).
d d ad. sk. Singha Rajah Forest, Hume Coll.

South Ceylon. Aug. 21,

1872 {W. V. Leyye).
e. Ad. sk. Nuwara EUva. Mr. E. Boate [C.].

/. S ad. sk. Ceylon, Jan. 23, 1866 Marquis of Tweeddale

(.S'. Chapman). [P.].

4. STURNOPASTOR. ^

Type.

Sturnopastor, Hodgs. in Grays Zool. Ilisc. p. 84 (1884) S. contra.

Psarites, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 203 (1853) S. contra.

Range. Indian Peninsula ; Burmese countries ; Java and Sumatra,
Bali, Madura.

4. STTJRNOPASTOR. 57

Key to the Species.

a. Forehead entirely black.

a'. Bare area of face very large; no light streaks

on the sides of the neck Jalla, p. 57.

b'. Bare area of face much smaller ; some very
distinct streaks of drab-brown on the sides
of the neck contra, p. 57.

b. Forehead and crown with narrow white streaks ;

feathers over the eye white, forming a distinct
eyebrow ; sides of neck with indistinct pale
streaks superciliaris, p. 59.

1. Sturnopastor jalla. (Plate Y. fig. 3.)

Pastor jalla, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 155 (1820) ; Waghr,

Si/st. Av., Pastor, sp. 17 (1827).
Pastor oricularius, Drap. Diet. Class, vii. p. 153 (1841).
Sturnopastor ialla, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 336 (1847) ; Bp. Cunsp. i.

p. 420 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. -22, no. 6313 (1870) ; Nichols.

Ibis, 1881, p. 153; Vorderm. Xat. Tijdsclir. Nederl. Ind. xliv.

p. 217 (1884), xlv. p. 393 (1865).
Psarites jalla, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 203 (1850).
Sturnopastor contra {nee L.), Ttceedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 319.

Adult male. Yery similar to S. contra, but without any white
streaks on the forehead, and further distinguished by having the
region of the eye yellow, extending ui a bare patch backwards above
the ear-coverts : "iris pale yellow" (A. M. Wallace). Total length
9-5 inches, culmen 1'2, wing 4-85, tail 2"55, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but browner. Total length
8'5 inches, culmen 1"1, wing 4-8, tail 2'6, tarsus 1"2.

Hah. Sumatra, Java, Bali, lladura.

a, &. Ad. ; c. Imni. sk. Lampong, Sumatra {B. C. Tweeddale Coll.
Bu.i'ton).

d. Ad. sk. Java {Horsjield). India Museum [P.].

(Type of species.)

e, f. Ad. sk. Java.

g,h. cS 2 ^d. sk. Java {Leiden Mus.). Salvin-Godman CoU.

i. (S ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

k. Ad. sk. E. Java {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

/, m. (S ad. sk. Bali. NYallace Coll.

71. S'l o,i^. 2ad.sk. Madura, Nov. 1871 (Z)r. ^4. Tweeddale Coll.
B. Meyer). .

2. Sturnopastor contra. (Plate Y. fig. 1.)

The Contra from Bengali, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 20, pi. 21

(1740).
The Black and White Indian Starling, Edwards, N. H. Birds, iv.

y. 187, pi. 187 (1751).
L'Etourneau du Cap de Bonne Esp^rance, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 447,

pi. xli. tig. 3 (1760) ; Daubent. PL Enl. iii. p. 280.
Sturnus contra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 290 (1760) ; Dated. Traite

58 STURNID-E.

(VOrn. ii. p. 303 (1800); Jerd. Madi: Journ. xi. p. 20 (1840^;
Bbjth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 3G6 (1844) ; (jfaij, Cat. Mamm. etc.
Nepal prcs. Ilodi/s. p. 104 (1846) ; Tickell, J. A. S. Bemj. xvii.
p. 301 (1848) ; Bltith, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 109 (1849) ; Ti/tler,
Ann. Sr May. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 368 (1854).

L'Etourneau pie, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 191 (1775).

Cape Stare, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 5 (1783).

Sturnus capeiisis, G?«. Si/tst. Nat. i. p. 802 (1788).

Pastor contra, Wayler, S'l/st. Av., Pastor, sp. 18 (1827).

Sturnopastor contra, Hodqa. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pi. 275. tigs. 1, 2 (no. 305) ; Blyth, Ann. f Mag. Nat. Hist. xii.
p. 97 (1843); Hod(/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); Graij,
Gen. B. ii. p. 336 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850) ; Horsf. '-i^-
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 526 (1856) ; Beacan, Ibis, 1864,
p. 376; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 38 ; Bcavati, Ibis, 1868, p. 170; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 22, no. 63 J 2 (1870) ; Hume, Nests Sf Egys Ind. B.
p. 426 (1873) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 418 ; Hutne, St'r. F. 1877,
p. 38; Ball, 8tr. F. vii. p 221 (1878) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 290 ; Hume ,
Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Scully, t. c. p. 329; lieid, Cat. Lucknow Mus.
p. 122 (1887).

Psarites contra, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 203 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above blackish brown ; scapulars ex-
ternally white, forming a shoulder-patch; rump white; upper tail-
coverts blackish brown ; lesser wing-coverts pure white ; median
and greater coverts blackish brown, edged M'ith greenish black, the
latter series inclining to dark bronzy brown ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills black, edged with greenish black, the primaries
margined with white near the ends, the secondaries more bronzy
brown ; tail-feathers blackish, with a scarcely perceptible fringe of
white at the ends ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck glossy
greenish black, the forehead minutely tipped with white, as also the
feathers above the eye ; lores, eyelid, sides of face, and ear-coverts
pure white ; cheeks glossy black ; throat, sides of neck, and fore
neck glossy greenish black ; on the sides of the upper neck some
streaks of white or drab-brown, some of the feathers on the sides of
the upper mantle externally drab-brown ; remainder of the under
surface of body pale vinaceous grey, a little more isabelline on the
abdomen : thighs externally blackish, internally white like the
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; quills
below blackish, narrowly fringed with white along the inner edge.
Total length 9 inches, culmeu 1'15, wing 4-9, tail '2-2, tarsus IS.

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen
1-15, wing 4'65, tail 2'75, tarsus 1-35.

Yomiij. Browner than the adult, the base being also blackish
brown ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dull white, washed with
smoky brown, a shade of which colour overspreads the sides of the
neck ; under surface of body dull white, the throat washed with
smoky brown, the fore neck and lower throat dingy blackish, mottled
with ochreous-brown edges to the feathers.

Specimens from the eastern limit of this bird's range are decidedly
darker than the more western examples, but a perfect gradation
exists between them.

4. SrUEXOPASTOR.

59

Hah. Tho plains of jN'orth-'n'Cstern India to the Nepal and Sikliim
Tcrai, eastwards to Assam and Cachar, and south to Madras.

a, h. (5 ad. sk.

<^'> d. (S ^ ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
(J. Ad. sk.

/*, i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.

/, in. 5 ad. sk.

n. (S ad. sk.

o-r. Ad. sk.
s, t, u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
%o. Ad. sk.
.r, y, z. xVd. sk.

a . (f ad. sk.

b', c. Ad. sk.

(l. Ad. sk.

e',/';i7'- 6 2 ad.

sk.
/j', »", A;'. Ad. sk.
/', m' . (S 5 ad. sk.

n . Ad. sk.
o'. 2 ad. sk.

J}' . Ad. sk.
q'.r'. Ad.sk.

«'. J ad. sk.

t'. c? ad. sk.
m'. d' ak. sk.
?;'. Juv. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.

Gurgfaon District, Jan., April

( W. N. Chill).
Umbaka, Feb. 1867 {Dr. Scott).
Etawali.
Oude, January 1879 (IT''. K

li rooks) .
Oude.
Debra Doon, March 6, 1870

{Dr. G. King).
Dehra Doon, Dec. L'O, 1870

{Dr. G. Kinq).
Nepal, Dec, 21, 1877 {Dr. J.

ScuUij) .
Nepal.

Nepal {Hoc1(/son).
Sikbim Terai {L. Mandelli).
Darjeeliug'Terai {L. Mandelli).
Bbootan Doars, Jan., Feb.,N(n'.

(i. Mandelli).
Dballah, Assam, May o, 1877

(J. Cockburn).
Sadbyia, Assam, April 1877

{J. Cockburn).
Nazeerah, Upper Assam {Dr.

lieid).
Dibrughur, Assam, May, June

1880 {J. S. Cripps).
Assam [McClelland).
Goalundo, E. Bengal, Dec. 1,

1877 ( W. Davison).
C'acliar {J. Inglis).
AVest of New Karimgauj, Svl-

het, Jan. 24, 1881 {A. O. II.).
Khasia Hills (Griffith).
N. Khasia Hills, March, Dec.

1876 (^. W. Chenndl).
Faridpur, June 8, 1878 {J. R.

Cripps).
Barrackpore {J. Biddalph).
Calcutta, Jan. 1^73.
Near Calcutta.
Madras.

Jlume Coll,

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

PinwiU Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Colh

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, E.-q.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Tweedd.ile Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.

3. Sturnopastor superciliaris. (Plate V. fig. 2.)

Sturnopastor contra [nee L.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 ; Bhjth,

B. Burm. p. 90 (lb75).
Sturnopastor contra, var., Bhjih, J. A. S. Beng. xxxi. p. 342, note

(1862).
Sturnopastor superciliaris, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxxii. p. 77 (1863) ;

Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 46't ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 22, no. 631o

(1870) ; Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 427 (1873), 1875, p. 149 ;

Armstr. 8tr. F. 1876, p. 331 ; Hume ^- Damson, Sir. I\ yi. p. 387

60

STFR^ID^.

(1878) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 106 ; Biiu/ham, Str. F. ix. p. 192
(1880) ; Oates, B. Brit. Biirm. i. p. 378 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mm.
Civic. Ge7iov. (2) iv. p. G02 (1887), v. p. 014 (1888) ; JIumc, Str. F.
xi. p. 261 (1888).
Stuvuopastor coutva, var. superciliaris, Anderson, Zool. Exped.
Yunnan, Birds, p. o9o (1878).

Adult male. Very similar to S. contra, but a darker bird, and dis-
tiuguished by the following points ; viz. the white streaks on the
forehead extending over the fore part of the crown, the lores and
eyebrow entirely white, and the median wing- coverts tipped with
white: "gape and basal half of the bill orange, the terminal half
yellowish white ; inside of mouth black ; eyelids orange-yellow ;
iris pale yellow : legs and claws brown "' {E. W. Oates). Total length
9 inches, culmen 1'15, wing 4-6, tail 2-6, tarsus V2.

AJuJt female. Similar to the male, but a little browner. Total
length S'5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4-3, tail 2-45, tarsus 1*15.

Yoitng. Much browner than the adults, with the W'hile on the
scapulars and wing-coverts sullied, the head dusky blackish ; eye-
brow, sides of face, and ear- coverts also sullied white ; throat and
fore neck dusky brown, with more or less blackish, especialh' along
the malar line. The plumage of the under surface, when fresh
moulted, is lavender-grey.

Hai. Eeplaces S. contra from Manipur throughout the Burmese
provinces.

a-/, c? 2 ad. sk.

f/, ff'- 6 2 ad. sk.

h. J ad. sk.

i, k, I. (S ad. sk.

VI. (5 ad. sk.

71. c? ad. sk.

o, J). 2 ad. sk.

q, r. S ad. sk.

.s, t, u. c? 5 ad. sk.
V. (S ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.

X, 7/, z. Ad. sk.

a'-e'. S 2 ad.sk.

/', ■«'. (S 2 ad. sk.

o'-tv'. (S ? ad. et
juv. sk.

Manipur, Feb., March 1881 {A.

O. ID.
Moirang, Manipiu", March 1881
^ (A. O. H.).
Kocskiu Koolel, Manipur, Apr. 6,

1881.
Elephant Point, Dec. 29, 1875

{I)r. J. Ar7nstro7iff).
Akyab, March 20, 187G (Dr. J.

Armsti'ong).
China Bakeer, Dec. 20, 1875 (Dr.

Armsti'ong).
Tonghoo, April 1874 (R. G.

W. R.).
Near Pt-gu, Feb. 1875 (E. W.

Oat ex).
Lower Pegu, Jan., March 1878.
Lower Pegu, Jan. 28, 1878 (E. TV.

Oates).
Bhamo, Upper Burmah, Feb. 2,

1868.
Katha, Upper Burmah, Jan. 19,

1868.
Pahpoon, Jan., April, Dec. 1874

( W. Davison).
Kaukarjdt, May, June, July 1878

{J. Darli7ig).
Moulmein, Jan., March, June,

Oct., Nov., Dec. ( W. Daviso7i).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Oates CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. Anderson [C.].

Dr. Anderson [C.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

5. DILOPHCrs, Ql

t'' A A'^'' -^^lierst Jan. 3, 1877. Hume Coll.

^'■.io;^ . Tavoy (p«;,<. ^.(y^-,). Gould Coll.

~ 1,\J ? ^^'y^' -^P''^' ^^''y 1^^^ ( ""■- ^«- Hume Coll.

ju^- SK- vtson).

0. dad.sk. _ Mergui, Jan. 1879 (J: ZlaW/«r/). Hume Coll
X-/^. c? ad. ; y . Mer-ui, June, Nov. ( TF. Davison). Hume Coll
c? imm. sk. ^

5. DILOPHUS.

Dilophus, 7-,«7/. Anan^se, p. 34 (1816) d. caStdatus.

Banr^e. Confined to Africa and Southern Arabia.

1. Dilophus carunculatus.

Cockscomb Sta.Te,Laf/i. Gen. Si/u. ii. pt. i. p. 9 (1783)
Crracula canmculata, Gm. Si/.st Xat. i. p. 399 (1788)
feturnus gallmaceus, Laf/i. Lid. Orn. i. p. 324 (1790)

(1799)!""^^°'^^'"'''' ^''"'"- ^''- '''^^•^'■- "• P- ^■'^' P^^- 1^3, 194

Gracula larvata, <S/i«2t', Ge7i. Zool. xil p. 4G8 (1809)

Ddophus gallinaceus, Vieill. X Bid. dHist. Ned. ix." p 442 (1817^

(LS-Sr'''' °''^^'''''^^"'' ^''""- '^ ^''''"- ^>'<^- ^^I^th. ii. p. 691
Pastor carunculatus, JVagl. Sijst. Av., Pastor, sp. 16 (18^7)
Dilophus canmculatus, ^.>;^-Sry.f.P.6«-s^p 7.3(1840)7 Gra,, Gen.

zi^' ,Pc -06^(lf^-^0) ; 'SY/-icA/. <5- &/. Contr. Orn. 1852, p 149-
Heuffl. Sr^t.Lehers. p. 37 (1856); J/o«^«>o, P. Z. S. 1865 p 93-
Layard, f,S.Afr^ p. 177 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 246, 1869, p. 74 ^
Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 394; Heuyl. Orn. N.O-Afri \ifh \\

p; |9 (i%o) ^ ^':'^A ^;t/- ^-i '^.2^' ""• 63o-5^'i87i)f S«;i

^«.7...^i?. i)«;«.-Z.?. p. 162 (1872); i.e^fey,^/SM^ 1874 ; 378

c, ' ^' ,V' '-"<"""• ^"«- -*J^vs. Line, uenoi: (^;) i. p. 197 (1884) •

Sl^^.'^1^?(S8r' '■ ''"' '"'""'■ ^""'- '''''■ ^^""^
Adult male. General colour above light isabelline drab ; scapulars
slightly more ashy ; rump and upper taU-coverts rather whiter •
wing-coverts ashy isabelliue, whiter on the edges of the median and
greater coverts; bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, quills, and tail-
tcathers black, externally glossed with steel-green, the inner primary-
coverts white ; crown of head bare, with two erect wattles in the
centre ; aU the sides of the face also bare, with a pendent wattle in
the centre of the latter ; the feathers, which come to a point on the

62

STURNIDiE.

sides of the throat behind the bare cheeks are isabelhne drab, like
those of the rest of the imder surface : thighs, under tail-coverts,
under win-coverts, and axillarics rather paler and more isabelhne
^.hitish; quills below blackish brown Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 4-8, tail 2-G5, tarsus l-lo.

Adult female. Erowner than the male, the white rump showing
conspicuously; upper tail-coverts Wn; wmg-covert^ brown;
win<is browner than in the male, the primary -coverts black hke
Z\astard-wing and quills; head feathered like he back; lores
dutky des of tace and under surface of body isabellme whiter on
the centre of the abdomen. The only bare parts on the head are
the re-ion of the eyes and a yellow patch behind the latter as well
as the'sides of the throat. Total length 8 inches, culmen u-8, wmg
4-6 tail 2-55, tarsus 1-2. .

Males with the wattled head are very rare m collections. The
young birds resemble the old females, and have brown or black
^rrmarv-coverts. Some birds are lighter drab than the adult females,
and show the white on the scapulars and wmg-coverts and have
a so the primary-coverts white, but the head and throat_ are
?eathered.^ These may be young males or old birds in winter

^^7«f Africa generally, excepting the forest-region of the west
coast ; Southern Arabia.

a, b. Ad. sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. Juv. sk.

e. Juv. sk.
/•. c? juv. sk.

,j, h, i. Ad.
Juv. sk.
/. Juv. sk.

m. S ad. sk.

n. Juv. sk.

o. Juv. sk.
2). S ad. sk.
q. 5 juv. sk.

r, s. Juv. sk.

t. <S ad. sk.
u. Juv. sk.

Aden. ^

Husrah, Aden, Aug. 5, 18b3,

Senaar.

Ti"re (Eshr).

Lamu, E. Africa, Aug. 22, 1885.

k. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. KM).

1st 3Iakalaka Kraal, Matabele,

Sept. 1 (F. Oates).
Tati, Matabele Land, Nov. 18,

1874 {F. Oates).
llamaquebau Kiver, Sept. 4,

1873 (-F. Oates).
Transvaal {T. Ay res).
Kingwilliamstown.
Kingwilliamstowu, April 21,

1677 {0. Netchi/).
Otiimbinque, Dau^aia Land,

Aug. 21, 1863 {C. J. Andcr-

SS07l).

GaluDgo Alto, Angola, Aug. 21

(6^. A. Sala).
Benyuela.

Gould Coll.

Major Yerbury [P.].

Sharps Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

r. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
Liviugstone Exped.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqs. [P.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqs. [P.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqs. [P.].
Sharpe CoU.
Mr. 0. Newby fC.].
Capt. TrevelyaiiLP.].

Sharpe Coll.

Shai'pe Coll.
Monteiro Coll.

6. rAsroR. 63

G. PASTOR.

Type.

Pastor, Temm. Man. (TOrn. i. p. 83 (1815) P. roseiis.

Psaroides, Vieill. Analyse, p. 42 (1816) P. roseus.

Boscis, Brelim, Isis, 1828, p. 1282 P. roseus.

Pecuai-ius, Tcmm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 76 (1835) P. roseus.

Thremnophilus, Macgill. Hkt. Brit. B. i. p. 610 (1837) P. roseus!

Nomadites, " Peteniz,'' teste Bp. Cat. Met. Ois. Eur. p. 44

(1842) p. roseus.

Ranr/e. Of irregular occurrence in Central and Western Enropc.
Breeds in Central Asia, aud the countries east of the Mediterranean,
though it has been known to nest in Italy on one occasion. "Winters
in the Indian Peninsula.

1. Pastor roseus.

Rose or Carnation-coloured Ouzel, Edicards, Nat. Hist B i p ''0

pi. 20 (1743). ' ■ " '

Le Merle couleur de rose, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 250 (17G0) ■ Month

Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 348, pi. 22 (1775).
Tuvdus rofieiis, Limi. St/st. Nat. i. p. 294(1766); Pall. Peis. Puss.

Peichs. ii, p. 491 (1773); Gm. Sijst. Nat.'i. p. 819 (1788); Meiier

Voff. Ziv- u. Esthl. p. 103 (1815).
Sturnus roseus, Scop. Ami. i. p. 1-30 (1769); Pall. Zoogr. Possu-

Asiat. i. p. 420 (1811) ; Nordm. in Eemid. Vog. Puss. Mcrid. iii.

p. 123 (1840); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 147 (1854) ; id. Bier. Nederl.

Vvg. pi. xiv. figs. 6, 7 (1801) ; Sundev. Svensk. Foal. pi. Ixix.

fig. 3 (1866).
Le Merle couleiu- de rose ds Bourgogne, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv.

pl. 251.
Tuidus seleucis, Forskfd, Bescr. Anim. p. \\, no. 16 (1775) • Gm Siist

Nat. i. p. 837 (1788). ' "^ "

Sturnus asiaticus, Wirsing, Vog. Taf. 1 (teste Latham).
Rose-coloured Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 50 (1783).
Le Roselin, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 190. pl. 96 (1799).
Psaroides roseus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 42 (1816).
Merula rosea, Koch, Syst. haier. Zool. p. 242 (1816) ; Nanm Von

BeutscM. ii. p. 206, Taf. 63 (1822); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p.^ 170 (1840) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 73 (1860); Borygr.

Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 84 (1869).
Pastor roseus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 136 (1820); Werner, Atlas

Ojnnivores, jjIs. 21, 22 (1827) ; Goidd, B. Eur. iii. pl. 212 (1837) •

Buhuis, Orn. Gal. p. 103, pl. 67 (1839) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard,

- - epal

pres. Hodgs. p. 103 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847) •
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. Ill (1849); Thompson, B. Irel
i. p. 295 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore
Cat. B. 3Ius. E.L Co. ii. p. 539 (1856) ; Heiuits. Er/gs Br. b'
i. p. 217, pl. Iv. fig. 2 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm.' Pick Orn
p. 109 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33; Potvys, Ibis, 1860"
p. 137; Potdey, Ibis, 1861, p. 113; Irby, t. c. p. 231 ; Jerd. B
Ind. ii. p. 233 (1863) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 90 (1863) ; Wrirjht,
Ibis, 1864, p. 56 ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 57 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii'.

G4

pi. oo a8G5) ; Beyl. et Gcrbe, Orn. Eur. p. 235 (1867) ; Bhjth,
Ibis, 18(57, p. "40 ; Locfie, Hapl. 8ci. A/ffcr., Oi's. p. 127 (18()7) ;
Bcavdn, Ihk, 1808, p. 171 ; Boded. Avif. Sicil. p. 72 (18By) ;
Ehrcs .\- Jlwhlnj, Ibis, 1870, p. 192 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19,
no. (3280 (1870); Fritsch, Voff. Eur. p. 227, pi. 22. tigs. 10, 20
(1870); Scdvad. Faiin. Ital, Ucc. p. 167 (1871); Saunders, Ibis,
1871, p. 221; Himql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 500(1870), iv. App.
p. c.xxvii (1.^71); it'. Gray, B. TI'. Scutl. p. 160(1871); Ilartimj,
Handh. Brit. B. p. 30 (1872); Shelley, B. Eijupi, p. 157 (1872) ;
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 64(1873); Haijes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 413; Brooke, t. c. p. 247; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 423, pi. 250
(1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 77 ; Hume, t. c. p. 208 ; Adam, t. c.
p. 386 ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 56 (1873, juv.) ; Hume, Sir. F.
1874, p. 252 ; Ball, t. c. p. 419 ; id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 209; Butler,
t. c. p. 495 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1 875, p. 238 ; Eanf. 4'- Harvie Broion,
t. c. p. 414 ; Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 30 (1875) ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875,
p. 184; Sculli/, Str. F. 187(3, p. 164; Fairb. t. c. p. 200; Hume,
t. c. p. 415 ; 'Blnnf. East. Persia, ii." p. (1876) ; Butler, Str. F.

1877, p. 230; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 51; Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, ii. p. 148 (1877) ; Tschvsi, Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxvii. p. 195
(1877); Neiot. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 243 (1878) ; Betta, Zool.

1878, p. 16 ; Dunf. Ibis, 1878, p. 25 ; Dubois, Faun. Vertebr. BeUj.

(1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 10(i, 45(; ; Doig, t. c. p. 374 ; St.

John, Ibis, 1880, p. 145 ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 205 ; id. Iconogr.

Avif. Ital. fasc. x. (1881) ; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 54 (1881); Davids.

t. c."p. 312; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 272 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis,

1882, p. 215 ; Bidd. t. c. p. 79 ; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 66 (1883) ;

Homeyer ^- Tancre, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 89; C. W.

Wilson, Ibis, 188.% p. 575 ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 401 (1883) ;

Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 20 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest.

p. 73 (1884); Macph. Zool. 1884, p. 339; Padde, Orn. Cauc.

p. 152 (1884); Murray, Vertehr. Faun. Sind, p. 180 (1884) ; Swinh.

^- Barnes, Ibis. 1885, p. 128; Tschisi, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien, 1885,

p. 59 ; Kikoliskai, Trud. St. Petersb. xvii. p. 388 (1886) ; Gic/l.

Avif. Ital. p. 18; Eeid, Cat. Lucknoiu Mus. p. 126(1887); Salvad.

Elench. Uce. Ital. p. 184 (1887); Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Cauc. p. 11

(1887) ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 462 (1887).
Acridotheres roseus, liauzani, Elem. Zool. iii. pt. v. p. 177 (1823) ;

Boux, Orn. Prov. pis. 177, 177 bis (1825); Bp. Iconogr. F. Ital.,

Ucc. i. punt. 83, tav. 32. figs. 1, 2, 3 (1836) ; id. Comp. List B.

Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 28 (1838) ; Sclys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. 70

(1842); Antin. Naum. 1856, p. 404; Filip>pi, Viagg. Pers. ip. 34Q

(1865).
Boscis rosea, Brehm, Ms, 1828, p. 1282; id. ViJg. Deutschl. p. 400

(1831).
Gracula rosea, Cuv. Begn. Anim. i. p. 378 (1829) ; Kjcerb. Damn.

Fugle, Suppl. pi. v. fig. 4 (1858).
Pecuarius roseus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. iii. p. 76 (1835).
Thremnophilus roseus, Macyill. Hist. Br. B. i. p. 613 (1837).
Nomadites roseus, " Peteniz,'' Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 44 (18-12).
Piose-colomed Pitstoi', Yarrell, Brit. B. ii. p. 48 (1843).
Poscis robans, Brclm, Aau/u. 1'.55, p. l82.

Adi'It nude. General coluir above clear rose-colour ; scapulars like

6. PASTOE. 65

the back ; upper tail-coverts blue-black with a slight greenish gloss ;
wing-coverts and quills black, externally glossed "with steel-green,
shaded with purplish ; the primaries light brown on the inner webs,
blackish at the ends ; tail-feathers black, externally steel-green ;
head strongly crested, black with a purple gloss, as also the hind
neck, sides of face, ear-covcrts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and
fore neck ; chest and under surface of body clear rose-colour, brighter
on the abdomen ; sides of body also rose-colour, the lower flanks
and thighs purj^lish black ; under tail-coverts black with a steel-
green gloss ; under wing-coverts black, edged with white, the
axillarics externally rosy white ; quills below dusky, ashy along
the inner web. Total length 8 inches, culmen O'S, wing 5'], tail
2*5, tarsus 1*25.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with the colours not so
bright and the crest much shorter. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen
0'85, wing 4-85, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-15.

Young. Different from the adults. General colour above pale earthy
brown, the scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump slightly
paler brown ; upper tail-coverts like the back, with darker brown
centres ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater
coverts dark brown, edged with whity brown, whiter on the inner
greater coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark
brown, friuged with whity brown, the inner secondaries edged with
white like the adjoining greater coverts ; tail-feathers light brown,
edged with whity brown ; crown of head like the back, only a trifle
darker ; lores whitish as well as the eyelid ; sides of face and ear-
coverts brown ; checks, chin, and upper throat white ; lower throat
white, with dark brown central streaks ; sides of neck ashy brown ;
fore neck, chest, and remainder of under surface of body light ashy
brown, washed with creamy buff on the chest ; abdomen rather
whiter; lower flanks slightly mottled with dark brown centres;
thighs ochreous brown ; imder tail-coverts light brown with whitish
edges ; under wing-coverts and asillaries ashy with whitish edges •
quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill above brownish ;
gape and base of upper mandible yellowish ; tip of lower mandible
dusky; legs and feet fleshy; iris brown" (TF. V. Legge). Total
length S"5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5-05, tail 2-65, tarsus 1-2.

The description of the young bird is taken from a male procured
at Burgasskeuy in Turkey, on the 14th of September by jVIr. Eobson,
The birds arrive in India in this brown plumage, and moult in
October into their first full plumage. This is heralded first of all
by a darkening of the under tail-coverts, which become black with
broad whitish edges ; a faint rosy tinge pervades the brown of the
under surface ; an occasional black feather shows itself on the throat,
and the quills are shed. The young males appear to gain the adult
plumage at the first moult, but the females apparently take a much
longer time, and are probably several years before they put on a
full rosy plumage like the male. The winter plumage of the young
seems to be like that of the adult, the rosy portions of the plumage

VOL. XIII. F

STUKNIDJ5.

being obscured by diugy browu, while all the black parts are tipped
with ashy whitish. The wings and tail arc rather greener than in
the adults.

Adults in luinter have the whole of the plumage obscured,
the rosy parts being hidden by dusky browu, and the black
portions tipped with ashy or ochreous brown. The crest is short
and not developed to any great extent before the advent of the
summer plumage, which is gained by the shedding of the dusky tips
to the feathers, a])pareutly a very gradual process. All observers
agree that the full rosy plumage takes a considerable time to
acquire (cf. Antin. Naum. 1856, p. 404).

JIah. The same as that of the genus.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. (5" juv. sk.

rf*. c? ad. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

ff, h. Juv. sk.

i. 2 ftd. sk.
k. (5' ad. sk.
/, m, n Ad. sk.
o,p. d 2 '^'^- sk.

g. S ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

8. S <id. sk.
t. Juv. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

^) w. (S 5 ad. sk.

• V-

Ad. sk.

2. c? juv. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.

b'. d ad

sk.
d'. (S ad. sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
d ad. sk.

d imm.

/

Ad. sk.
d ad. sk.
d ad. sk.

k'. Ad. ; I', d imm.
,sk.

Berlin.

Montpelier.
Genoa.

Turkey, Sept. 14, 1871

(T. Robson).
Turkey, Mav 2-3 (T.Eobson).
Tiflis {F. Smith).
Persia.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 11,

1886.
Saissan.

Alakul, June 18, 1841.
Altai Mountains, May 1841.
Tirphal, W. Afghanistan,

April 13, l88o.
Kojuk, Afghanistan,

April 27, 1881.
Killa Abdula, April 30,

1881.
Chaman, April 27, 1881.
Cabul {Griffith).
Olipore (Griffith).
Kandahar, April 24, .Jul v 18,

1879 {Sir O. St. John.).
Nal, Khelat, April 23,

1877 (O. T. Duke).
Peshawur.
Dera Ghazi Khan, March

1872.
Dera Ghazi Khan, May 7,

1872.
Siudh {Dr. H. Gotdd).
8indh {Dr. H. Gould).
Sindh, Jan. 1885 {Dr. H.

Gotdd).
Sindh.

Sindh, March 12, 1873.
Hyderabad, May 5, 1878

(E. A. Bidler).
Sambhur, March 1873

{R. M. Adam).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Baron Laugier [0.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Pt. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Shellev Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
C.Darwin, Esq. [P.].
W. D. Gumming, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
Gould Coll.
Moscow Museum.
Dr. Aitchison [C.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museum.
India Mu.^eum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
India Museum,
ludia Museum.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

6, PASTOK.

67

m'-t'. S ad. sk.

u' . Ad. sk.
v. 5 ad. sk.
?y'. 5 ad. sk.

•f'j »/'• 6 ad. sk.

«'> a, /3- J 2 ad. sk.

y-^. d ad. sk.

t-o. cJ ad. ; IT. $

ad. sk.
P) o". c5" $ ad. sk.

T, V, (f). c? ad. ;

X- ? ad. sk.

t/', CO. c? ad. sk.

a'-S'. d 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
f'. Ad.sk.
f'-o'. Ad. et juv.

sk.
ir', p . Ad. sk.
o"'. Juv. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.
V . Ad. sk.
0', y'. c? ad. j i/^'. 5

ad. sk.
w'. c? ad. sk.
a"-S". Ad.; e", f".

Imm. sk.
?;". cJ ad. sk.
<9". Ad. sk.
t". J ad. ; k" , \".

(^ 2 imm. sk.
/Li"-^". Ad. sk.
o"-t". cJ 5 ad. et

juv. sk.

v". Ad. sk.

(^". Imm. sk.
x". 6 ad. sk.

^". Ad. sk.
co"-f?. c? 2 ad. et
juv. sk.

e. (J ad. sk.

/, //. d ad. ; h. 2
imm. sk.

Sambbur, April, June, Oct.,

Nov., Dec. (E. M.

Adam).
Kutcb, Jan. 1872.
Jodhpur (H. M. Adam).
Ajmere, Feb. 23, 1878

{A. O. H.).
Sultaupur, Gurgaon Dist.,

Jan. 6, 1879 {W. N.

Chin).
Delhi, Feb., Marcli 1876

(C. T. Bins/ham).
Gm-gaon, 3Iarch 1881

( W. N. Chill).
Gurgaon, April {W. N.

Chill).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, July

1879 ( W. N. Chill).
Gurgaon Dist, August

(W.N. Chill).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Dec.

1878 (jr. N. Chill).
Umbala, Oct., Nov. 1866

(-R. C. Beuvan).
Gangaotri, Jan. 1871.
Etawab, March, April,

Nov.
Oudh, Jan., Dec.
Nepal.

Darjeeling (Pearson).
Behar.
Raipur.

Eaipur, Feb. 9, 1873.
Kamj)tee.

Seoni.

Saugor ( W. T. Hooper).

Mhow, October 1881.

Khandeisb.

Khandeish, Feb., March,
April 1881 (J. David-
son).

Berar, Feb. 1870 ( W. T.
Blanford).

Nursipatam , Ra jamundry.

Ooran, Bombav, Jan. 30,
1875.

Ahmednuggur.

Ahmednuggur, March,
Oct., Nov. (S.B. Fair-
bank).

Wadale, March 1873
(<S'. B. Fairhanh).

Wadale, Nov. 1870 (<S". B.
Fairbank).

Ilume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

Dr. B. Hinde [P.].

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Col. SwLnhoe [P.].

Tweeddale CoU.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

y2

68 STTJRNID.E.

«, /.-. J ad. sk. Belgaum, Feb. 24, 1880 Hume Coll.

(A.K Butler).

I, m. Ad. sk. Deccan (S'l/kes). lodia Museum.

n. 5 juv. sk. Madras. India Museum.

0. Ad. sk. Madias. Rev. H. H. Baber

[P.].

p. Juv. sk. Madras (I)>: Jordan). Gculd Coll.

7. STURNIA.

Type.
Sturnia, Less. CompL ]3i(ff, ix. Ois. p. 53 (1837) S. sinensis.

Range. Eastern Siberia, Japan, tbrougbout China to the Burmese
provinces and Malacca, the Philippines, Borneo, and the Moluccas.

Key to the Species.

a. No band of white or grevish white at end of

tail-feathers.

a'. Back glossy violet ; wings externally glossy

green.

a". Scapulars white or huffy white ; outer

tail-feathers externally ashy white; no

red on face or throat ; a pui-ple patch on

the occiput ; imder surface white, with a

slight ashy shade on the breast and sides

of body stiirnina ptil. a?stiv.,

b" . Scapulars like the back ; no light pattern [p. 72.

on outer feather ; sides of face and sides
of neck vinous chestnut ; a similar patch
on the occiput ; breast and sides of body

dark slaty grey violacea, p. 70.

b'. Back ashy grey or brown ; wings externally
brown, with scarcely any gloss ; median
wing-coverts tipped with white.
c". No ruddy tinge about the face ; a broad

pale edging to outer tail-feather stttrnina 2 ad. etjuv.,

d". A slight ruddy tinge on the sides of the [p. 72.

face; outer tail-feathers with only a
slight pale margin violacea 5 et juv.,

b. Tail-feathers broadly tipped with white or ashy LP- 71.

white.
c'. Entire wing-coverts and scapulars white . . sinensis ad., p. 69.
d'. Wing-coverts black, only the median series

white sinensis juv., p. 69.

1. Sturnia sinensis.

Le Kink de la Chine, Daubent. PI. Enl. iii. pi. 617.

Le Kink, Mcmth. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 253 (1775).

Kink Oriole, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 448 (1783).

Oriolus sinensis, Gm, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 394 (1788).

Pastor turdiformis, Wayler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 15 (1827).

Pastor elegans, Less, in Bclangers Voy. p. 266, pi. 6 (1834).

Sturnia sinensis, Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. ix. p. 52 (1837) ; Blyth %■

Wald. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875) ; mime, Str. F. vii. p. 514', viii.

p. 106 (1879). ix. p. 118 ; Oatcs, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 384 (1883) ;

LIume, Sir. F. xi. p. 267 (1888).

7. STUENIA. 69

Sturnia cana, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. SGo (1844) ; id. Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 110 (1849).
Sturnia elegaus, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 364 (1844) ; Gould,

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 1.31.
Pastor sinensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 334 (1847).
Heterornis elegans, Bp. Consp. i. p. 419 (1850).
Temenuchus turdiformis, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 60, 1861, p. 44.
Hetserornis sinensis, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302, 1865, p. 358, 1868,

p. 128, 1870, p. 80.
Temenuchus sinensis, Sivinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 394, 1870, p. 352 ; id.

P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 384; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6299 (1870) ;

David 4" Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 363 (1878).
Temenuchus elegans, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6303 (1870) ;

Tiraud, Bull. Soc. Ayric. Cochin Chine, 1879, p! 135.

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey ; scapulars white,
tinged with creamy buff; lower back inclining to isabelline grey;
rump and upper tail-coverts creamy buff, inclining to ocbraceous ;
wing-coverts white, the greater coverts creamy buff ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills velvety black, glossed externally with
steel-green or purplish ; the inner secondaries entirely glossy green ;
tail-feathers black with a steel-green gloss, and tipped with fawn-
buff, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; crown of head
creamy buff, a little greyer on the nape and hind ne^k ; lores deep
creamy buff as also the fore part of the cheeks and chin ; the throat,
sides of face, and ear-coverts rather paler and more isabelline ;
lower throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast pale delicate ashy
grey, the throat with a few paler and more lanceolate feathers ;
abdomen ashy white ; sides of body and flanks rich tawny buff,
paler on the latter ; thighs and under tail-coverts creamy buff ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale salmon-colour, white at the
base; quills below dusky blackish, somewhat more ashy along the
inner edge : " bill blue, the mouth darker blue ; legs plumbeous ;
claws horn-colour ; iris white " (E. W. Oates). Total length 6-7
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4-1, tail 2'3, tarsus 1.

Abbe David gives the colour of the iris as blacl; the bill blue
with the tip yellow, and the feet reddish grey.

Uab. China, Formosa, and Hainan, wintering in South China and
extending to Siam, Cochin China, Pegu, and even to Malacca.

a, b. Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll.

c, d. cJ ad. sk. Whampoa, April 17, 1860 Seebohm Coll.

{R. Swinhoe).
e-x. Ad. sk. Amoy, April, May {R. S.).

y, z. S ad.; a'. 5 Amoy, June 1872 (Capt. R. Bowdler Shai-pe,

juv. sk. Conrad). Esq. [P.].

b'. Ad. sk. Amoy, June 1866 (R. Swin- Seebohm Coll.

hoe).
e'. S ad. ; d'. Imm. Amoy, Jime 29, 1866. Consul Swinhoe [C],

sk.
e'. Ad. sk. Amoy, October 1873. Professor Steere [C.].

f. Ad. sk. Amoy, Dec. 22, 1857 Seebohm Coll.

(-R. Sivi?ihoe).
y\ Ad. sk. Formosa, March 1866 {R. S.). Seebohm Coll.

70 STtrBSIBJE.

*'. Ad. sk. S.W. Formosa {JR. S.). Seelwlim Coll.

r. Ad. sk. Tatow. Formosa, Nov. 1865 Seebohm Coll.

V. JttT. sk. Apes Hill, Formosa, Not. Hume Coll.

1S61 (S, SX

r. Ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. ISGS (i?, &). Seebohm ColL

w' m'. Ad. sk. Hainan,Maichl86S(^,&). Seebohm ColL

o\ j/. Jut. sk. Cochin Cliiaa. M. E. Piexre [C.].

q. c' ad. sk. I/ower Pepi. Jan. 8, 1879. Gates ColL

r'. Ad. sk. Singapore Island. Nov. 13, Hume Coll.

18r9 ( IF. Dacitoii).

2. Stamia violacea.

Le Grand Tiaqart des PHlippiues, Hn'sf. Orn. iii. p. 44<3, pi. f?2.

fiiT. 3 (1760) : Bmibmf. JY. £td. m, pL 185. fig. 2; Montb. .Hirf.

AVrf. Oif. T. p. 230 (1778).
Motadlla violacea, Bt^d. Tabl Pf- Enl p. 11 (1783).
Pastor TOfieoIlis, Waffifr, ;%rf. -ir., Pastor, sp. 19 (1827); Gray,

<?«j. ^. ii. p. 334 (1847).
LampTOtomis pTTrhogenTs, Teaun. & ScM. Faun, Jap., Arxs, p. 86

^1850).
Lamprotamis pTrrhopogon, iid, i. e. pL 46 (1850).
Heteromispjnhogenys^i'/j. Comp. L p. 418 (1850, ex MUler, MS&) ;

iStewt*. P. 2L & 18^. p. 302.
Heterotnis mficoDis, £p. Cktnsp. L p. 418 (1850).
Strania pyirliopogon, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1S60. p. 355.
Cdomis allnfrans, Bltflk (u^f SwMoe), P. Z. S. 1863, p. 302, note.
TtemennchnspTiThc^enys, Gmy, Sand-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6301 (1870).
TemennelHis raficollis, Gray, f~ c. p. 21, no. G302 (1870).

P- -

jRb, 1879, p. 134 ; BlakifL Amended List B. Japan, p. 14 (1884).

Stnmia dominicaiia, Salmd. Uee. Born. p. 269 (1874); Vorderm.
2fdt, Tijd^lkr. NederL JW. xl\i. p. 235 (1887).

Stmnia daniica {nee PalL), Sharpe, Ibis, 1S79, p. 2Q2.

Stnniia Tiolaces, WW«feit, Trans. Z. & ix. p. 203 (1877) ; Bamsatf,
Ibis, 1886, p. 162; Blasiug, in Madardsz, Zeitschr. 1886, p. 120.

Adnlt male. General colonr above glossy ptaple, the Ecapnlars
like the back ; lower back: and romp mixed Trith creamy buff and a
few reddish feathels ; upper tail-coverts piirplish with creamy-bnff
edges ; le^er wing-coverts like the back ; median coverts white,
fonning a wing-band ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
covertis, and qniDs Uack, externally glossy steel-green, the primaries
and some of ttie secondaries edged with whitish : centre tail-feathers
glossv sted-greoi, the remainder Uack, green externally ; crown of
head ashy white, the occiput and nape marked with vinous ehest-
nnt ; lores and featheis round eye white ; ear-coverts and sides of
neck deep vinons ehestnnt; cheeks and throat white, the sides of
the latter vinons chcstnnt; fore neck, sid^ of body, and flanks
delicate slaty grey ; breast and abdomen white ; thighs grey, white
pceteriorly ; nnder tait-coverta pale tawny bnff ; under wing-coverts
and axiDaiies white, with a tinge of tawny buff; qnills below dusky.

7. STCJBXVL, Jl

crwrny white alongtiieuuier edge. TabdlBOg^&6 inAes, ealmen
0-<o, mug 4-3, tail 1-9, tarsus L ^^ ^^

AdvUfemah. DaA brown, the head Kke the baA or sKghfly lighter
taown; wings dark brown, wift broad white iips to the inSsan
coreite; pnmfflifis narrowly fringed witJi reddidi brown, the outer
seoondan^Jute towards the base of the outer wd>; rump deep
ochrams buff; tafl-feaihers Wack, washed with gloffly gr^, the
outer f^diCT narrowly edged with reddish brown ; forehead, hoes,
md^didwhibsh; sides of fiiee, foie nedk, and dbest dnUashy
brown, the throat whiter and having a reddish tinge on the d»in
and fore part of eheeks ; breast and abdomen white; under tail-
eoTeits pale tawny; arillaiieB and nndra-wing-ffirrerts white. Total
lei^ 6 inches, eulmen 0-65, wing 4, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Js^wi, nugrating in winter to the Fhilrorana Lslands.
Eorneo, Celebes, and the Mohieeas. -™— »-=,

<^ 6. (J' ad. ^

e. (f ad. ak.

^ d jiiv- ^
«,/. J § ad. fit
^, A. (f ad. sk.

L 2 ad.sk

k. (f ad. 1 Lm. Q

ad.sk
K, 0. (f ? ad. sk

p. iS ad. sk
g. J ad. ; r, ». 2
ad.^

t tj ad. ^

Japam.

Japan (BL Piyer).

Japan, May 31, ISH.
Hakodadi, May 18165 (H.

WUtefy}.
Hakodadi, Ajml 4j 18^

(H. WJutely).
IC^agaaaki, April 1663. .

PhiK^illB fiJaiiMig,
DomaloWj, "Mirwlaiiijio
Cdebes.

C. Maries [C.].

B. B. Siarpe, Esq.

Prareliased.
Tweeddale Coll
Tweeddale Col.

IVeeddale ColL

F. Bang€r, Esq. [P.].

Profe^GT Steere [C.J.
Salrai-Oodmjua CoIL

WaUa©eC«>IL

3. Srzniia stnmiiLa.

Giaeola etnxaina, i\ifl!. Rei^ Buy.-. J - 776)-

%st Jr<rf. L p. .399 (176SJ : TTc . Z - - i'f4 (1

Mat. L p. eOS (17^); ikff. Zwnr. L - - 4i» d

&BHi*.P.Z.&lSe2,p.31<? ' t -

Mcaife Draniniqaain des Pliili — l • J " - ~ _r

^.2iMoma».HiMLXaL: :: .

Dominifan Thiush, LaUL G-
Tmdns difamnieaxiDa, Bodd. . . 1

Mat. i p. 836 (17^).
TWdns ^iga, I^gL Tramt. lAsan. Soe. xi
Pastor stxnniniis, WagUT,^rf!t A- '^-■-

Sek. AmmrL p. 329, iJ. iL r j 1

p. 217 (1S&3).
Pa^tw malayeaBas, J&ftm, P. Z. S. . ■
Amdotheres dainaeii& Siri^ A.

(IMS).

Smmia malayensis, ^jlO, J: A. S. 1 r -. .35 (1846).
Pastor dominicamts, iStriioif. ^ 4 - ^ 4 ~0 (18471.

P^tsfnr damicm;, <jrrty, G^iB. 2 ^ .^- '

; Gm.

877).

811);
637.

. 5b (17631.
•38 (17831 :

-V«f. S«f, xiL p. -221

72 SXrRXIDiE.

Sturuia daurica, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. ^s. .Soc. p. Ill (1849) ; Cab.

Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (ISoO) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 270 (1874) ;

Vorderm. Nat.Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 200 (1885), xlv. p. 395

(1886).
Heteromis daui-icus, Bp. Con»p. i. p. 418 (1850) ; SicinJi. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 302 ; Di/botvski, J. f. O. 1872, p. 4.-i4 ; Tacz. J. f. O.

1874, p. 334, 187^, p. 252, 1870, p. 198 ; id. Bull. Sac. Zuol. France,

i. p. 174(1876), X. p. 472 (1885) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.

Lid. xli. p. 307 (1882).
Caloruis dauiicus, B/i/f/i, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc, App. p. 20 (1852) ;

Horsf. Si Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 544 (1856) ; Moore,

P. Z. S. 1859, p. 445 ; B/i/t/i, J. A. S. Bencj. xxxi. p. 342, note

(1862) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 340 (1863) ; Bhjth Sf Wald. B.

Burm. p. 91 (1875).
Sturnus pyrrhogenys {nee T. ^- S.), Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 3-38.
Tenienuclius dauricus. Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 21, no. 6300 (1869) ;

Sn-inh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 384 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, pp. 249, 480 ;

Prjei\ in Bowley^s Dm. Misc. ii. p. 280 (1877) ; David Sf Oust. Ois.
Chine,- p. 362 (1887).
Sturnia sturniua, Hume ^-Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 393 (1878): Hume,

Sir. F. 1879, p. 106; Bint/ham, Str. F. ix. p. 193 ; Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. i. p. 383 (1883).

Adult male. General colour abo^e glossy purplish violet ; scapulars
white with black bases ; lower back like the mantle ; rump sandy
buff; upper tail-coverts glossy green with purple reflexions ; lesser
wing-coverts black ; median coverts white with black bases ; greater
coverts glossy green, white at the base and having a mesial streak
of sandy buff at the ends, broader on the inner ones ; bastard- wing
black, the inner feathers white ; primary-coverts and quiils black,
externally glossy green, the primaries broadly edged with drab-
brown, decreasing towards the base of the inner feathers, the
secondaries with a patch of drab-brown near the base of the outer
web, the innermost entirely glossy green, with a mesial streak of
sandy buff like the greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers glossy green,
the remainder black, externally glossj' green, the outermost brown
along the outer web ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck dark
ashy grey, lighter on the sides of the neck ; on the occiput a patch
of pur])lish violet ; lores and a line at base of nostrils, as well as
the eyelid, white ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under
surface of body greyish white ; the breast and abdomen, thighs and
under tail-coverts purer white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge.
Total length G-o inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4*2, tail 2, tarsus 1,

Adult males in ivlntcr have the white of the wing-coverts, scapulars,
and rump strongly washed with ochreous buff.

Adult female. Similar to the female of S. violacea, but is easily
distinguished bj' the scapulars being white at the ends. It is brown
instead of purple on the back like the male, rather more ashy on the
head and neck, with a dusky patch on the occiput : " bill dark
horny, the lower mandible at base whitish to tips of genys ; feet
greenish horny ; iris brown " ( W. Davison). Total length G-5 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 4-15, tail 2, tarsus 1.

8. TEMENUCHUS. 73

Hah. Eastern Siberia and Northern Cliina, in winter to the
Burmese provinces, the Nicobars, and the Malayan Peninsula to
Java.

a. Ad. sk. Tientsin (Fleininc/). Seebohm Coll.

b, c. (5 2 ad.sk. C'hefoo, May 1873 (i?./SW«/(oc). Seebohm Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Rangoon, Burmah. Hume Coll.
e,f. 2 ^^- s^- Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 12, Hume Coll.

1873 ( W. Damson).

{/. 2 ad. sk. Car Nicobar, March 20, 1873 Hume Coll.

( IV. Davison),
h. cJ ad. sk. Moulmein,Tenasserim,March3, Hume CoU.

1874 ( W. Davison).

i, k. cS;l.2 ad. sk. Amherst, March 22, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

m, H. (^ &d. ; 0, p. Tavoy, March 19, 1878 (7F. Hume Coll

5 ad. sk. Davison),

q-t. S ad. ; u-z. Tavoy, April 1878 ( W. Davi- Hume CoU.

2 ad. sk. son).

fl'. c? ad. sk. Mergui, Dec. 18, 1874 (IF. Hume Coll.

Davison),

h'. Ad. sk. Tenasserim, Feb. 1879. Hume Coll.

e'-e'. ,5 ^^-'ifiif- Peuang (Cantor). India Museum.

(5 imm. ; /; .

Juv. sk.

i',k'. 2 ad.sk. Salang, March 1879 (/.DftW^Vi^). Hume CoU.

/'. Imm. sk. Malacca. PiuwiU Coll.

m', n', o'.\_s2 J Malacca (H. G. W. R.). Tweeddale CoU.

ad. sk.

p'. [cJ] ad. sk. Malacca (Charlton). Eyton CoU.

(Type of P. malai/ensis.)

q'.[d] ad.sk. Malacca, March 9, 1879 (IF. "Hume CoU.

Davison),

r', s'. <S ad. sk. :Malacca (Dr. Maincjay). Tweeddale CoU.

t'. S ad. ; «'. (S Malacca. Gould CoU.

imm. sk.

v'. S ad. ; ic', x'. Singapore Island, Nov. 2, 1879 Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. ( W. Davison),

y'. c? ad. ; z'. S Sumatra. Wallace Coll.

imm. sk.

«"> b" . (S 2 ad. Java (Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

c". (S ad. sk. W. Java. Wallace Coll.

8. TEMENUCHUS.

Type.

Heterornis, pt., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 ? T. pagodarum.

Temenuchus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (1850) . . T. pagodarum.

Hanr/e. Afghanistan and the whole of the Indian Peninsula to
Ceylon.

1. Temenuchus pagodarum.

Le Martin Brame, Son7i. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 189 (1782) ; Levaill.

Ois. d'Afr. ii. pi. 95. fig. 1 (1800).
Pagoda Thrush, Lath. Gen. ilyn. ii. pt. i. p. 30 (178.3).

74 STUENIDJE.

Turdus pigodarum, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 816 (17S8).

F Sylvia uigricollis, Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. oo3 (1790).

Turdus melanoceplialus, Vahl, Mem. Soc. Copenh. iii. pt. 2, Taf. 8
(1792).

Stumus subroseus, S]la^o ^- Noddcr, Nat. Misc. xix. pi. 80-j (1807).

Acridotheres pagodarum, Loiui. et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 689
(1823) ; Tytler, Ibis, 18G8, p. 201.

Pastor pagodarum, Waykr, Sjst. Av., Pastor, sp. 8 (1827); Sykes,
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 21 (1840) ; Blijth,
Ant). ^- Mag. Nat. Hid. xii. p. 97 (184-3) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc,
Nepal pres. Hudgs. p. 103 (184()).

Maina svlvestris, Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. v. p. 771 (1836).

Pastor nigriceps, Ilodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, pi. 271.
tig. 1 (no. 270) ; id! in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

Heteroriiis pagodarum, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 419 (1850) ; Layard, Ann. ^- May. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 217 (1854).

Stui-nia pasrodaruni, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiii. p. 363 (1844), xv.
p. 2>5 (i84(i), xvi. p. 470 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 110
(1849) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 18o9, p. 173 ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231 ;
Blyth, B. Burin, p. 90 (1875) ; Davidson ^ Wenden, Str. F. vii.
p. 85 (1878) ; Ball, t. c. p. 221 ; Hume, t. c. p. 221; Wardlaio
Pamsay, Ibis, lti80, p. 63 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 70 ; Peid, Str.
F. 1881, p. 53; Scnlly, Ibis, 1881, p. 573; Davidson, Str. F. 1882,
p. 312 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 401 ; Swinh. 4'" Barnes, Ibis,
1885, p. 128; Taylor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462.

Temenuclius pagodarum. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 204 (1850) ;
Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 528 (1856) ; Jerd.
B. Lid. ii. p. 329 (186.3); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 171; Hume, Ibis,
1869, p. 17; Brooks, t. c. p. 59; Walden, t. c. p. 210; Gray,
Hand-l.B. ii. p. 20, no. 6292 (1870); Holdsw. P.Z.S. 1872,
p. 462; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 413; Hume, Nests Sj Eqys
Ind. B. p. 432 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 419 ; Leyge, Ibis,
1874, p. 2.3, 1875, pp. 274, 398 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 594 ;
Fairb. Str. F. 1876, p. 260 ; Hume, t. c. p. 459, 1877, p. 407 ;
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79, 1882, p. 281; Marshall, Ibis, 1884,
p. 419 ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 179 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above delicate lavender-grey with a
slight wash of rustj' ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills black, the secondaries externally lavender-
grey with hoary margins, the inner secondaries entirely grey; centre
tail-feathers dark grey with whitish tips, the remainder black,
broadly tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer
feathers ; lores and eyelid black ; crown of head and a long crest
greenish black ; feathers of hind neck also very long, of a pale
cinnamon colour like the sides of the neck, sides efface, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and under surface of body, the feathers with a more or less
marked central line of white ; feathers of lower breast with hoary
edges ; lower abdomen, thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries white ; quills below blackish : " bill bluish
slate-colour at base, the tip pale j'cUow, greenish at the junctiou of
the two colours ; legs and feet pale yellow ; inside of mouth blackish
slate ; iris whitish " {E. A. Butler) : " gape and base of bill cobalt-
blue ; ring round bill at nostrils green ; anterior half of bill Indian
yellow ; feet and claws greenish yellow ; iris bluish white "

8. TEJIENTTCHrS. 75

{J. Sculh/). Total length 8-2 inclics, culmen O'S, wing 4-1, tail 2-8,
tarsus l-lo.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with not so long a crest.
Total length 7"5 inches, culmcu 0"75, wing 4-05, tail 2-6, tarsus l-Oo.

When the plumage gets worn, the mesial streaks on the under
surface are much plainer and contrast with the rufous plumage.
The length of the crest is enormous in some birds, and Colonel
Legge suggests that it maj- bo a seasonal development ; but 1 fancy
that in the birds from Xorth-wcstern India the crests are always
more strongly indicated than in those from the South and East.

Young. More ashy brown than the adults, the head being dusky
blackish, with no crest ; the rufous portions of the plumage paler
than the adults, and showing scarcely any indication of white shaft-
streaks.

Hab. The same as that of the genus.

a-c. Ad. ; d, e. Cabul [Dr. Griffith).

Juv. sk.
/. 6 ad. sk.

g-o. (S $ ad. et

juv. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.

t.

? ad. sk.

2 ad. sk.

2 ad, sk.
u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
w. (5 ad. ; .r.

juv. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z-a. Ad. sk.
b', d . Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.
/-A'. Ad. sk.
i! . c? ad. sk.

y:. Ad. sk.
Z'. Juv. sk.
»i'. Ad. sk.

n', 0 . S ad. ; p' , q'.

6 jiiv. sk.
r', s . Ad. sk.

t', u'. Ad. sk.
v'-x'. S ad.; ij .
2 ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.

a" , h" . Ad. sk.

Karachi, Sindh, Nov. 13, 1877

(E. A. Butler).
Sambluir, April, June, Julv, Aug.

{li. M. Adam).
Mt. Aboo {Dr. XeKman).
]Mt. Aboo, May 18G8 {Dr. G.

King).
Muradrtbad, June 2.
Boonji, June 1876.
Gilgit, June 1876 (/. Biddulph).
Siinla, March 1873 {F. Stoliczka).
Umbala.
Umbala, Nov. 1866 {R. C.

Beavcni).
Kumaou {Strachey).
N.W. India.
Etawah.
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Dee. 1873

( W. E. Brooks).
Oudh.

Gondah {Capt. Pi'mvill).
Eastern Jumna Canal, July 2,

1873 ( W. Davison).
Behar.
Calcutta.
Maunbhoom, March 18G5 {B. C.

Beavan).
Raipur.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.
Pinwill Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Valley of Tapti River, Khandeish, Hume Coll.

May 1874.
Khandeish. Tweeddale CoU.

Khandeish, Dec. 1880 {J. Hume Coll.

Da>-id:^on).
Khaudt.i>b. April 8, 1881 {J. Hume Coll.

Davidson) .
Deccan {Col. Sykes). India Museum.

76 STTJRNtD^.

c". 5 ad.sk. Bilaspur, uoi-thof Ahmpdnugger, Tweeddale Coll.

March 8, 1875 (.S'. B. Fuirlmn'k).
d". c? jiiv. sk. Wadale, north (jfAhmedimgger, Tweeddale Coll.

Sept. oO, l87t) (6'. B. Fairbank).
e". (5'ad. sk. S. Koukan, Feb. 2, 1880 (G. Hume Coll.

Vida/).
f'jff"- d; A". 9 Bel>,'aum, Jan., March, June Humo Coll.

ad. sk. 1880 {F. A. BiJkr).

i". r? ad. sk. Base of Palaui llills, June 6, Hume Coll.

1877 {S. B. Fairbank).
k" . Juv.; I" . Ad. Madras. Gould Coll.

sk.
m" . Ad. sk. Madras, April 1877 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son),
n". Ad. sk. Madras. Hume Coll.

o". (S ad- sk. Bangalore, March 24, 1878 (H. Tweeddale Coll.

G. W. K).
p"-t". c? ? ad. Mysore, April, Aug. {W. Davi- Hume Coll.

sk. son).

u". <S ad.sk. Seegore, Feb. 1881 ( TF.D«Mso«). Hume ColL

v", w". Ad. sk. Seegore,Feb. 1881 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.
x". Imm. sk. Coonoor Ghat, Oct. 5, 1876 Tweeddale Coll.

{R. G. W. R.).
I/". Ad. sk. Kullar, Feb. 1, 1881 (IF. Hume ColL

Daimon).
z''. Ad. sk. Rameswaren Island, March 17, Hume Coll.

1875 {A. O. H.).
a. 2 juv. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Not. 8, 1877 Hume Coll.

{Hart).
/3. Ad. sk. Ceylon, Nov. 20, 186G {S. Tweeddale Coll.

Chapman).

9. GRACULIPICA.

Type.

Gracupica, Lesson, Traite, p. 401 (1831) G. nigricollis

Head of Graculipica melanopiera.
Range. Indo-Chinese Region ; Java ; Madura.

Key to the Species.

a. Back brown ; head white ; with a black collar

round hind neck and across fore neck 7ii(/ricollis, p. 77.

6. Back white like the head; no black collar .... melanoptera, p. 78,

9. GRACULIPICA. 77

1. Graculipica nigricollis.

Gracula

Pastor temporalif

J. A. S. JBeng.

(1847).

Pastor bicolor, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 1 (1831).
Gz'acupica melanoleuca, Less. Traite, p. 401 (1831).
Sturnopastor nielanoleucus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 336 (1847).
Acridotheres nigricollis, Gray, t. c. p. 356 (1847) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 20, no. 6291 (1870) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151.
Sturnopastor temporalis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 109 (1849) ;

Bjj. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850).
Gracupica nigricollis, Horsf. 8^ Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I. Co. ii. p. 528

(1856); Stvinh. P. Z. *'.'l863, p. 303, 1871, p. 384; David ^- Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 364 (1877) ; Tiraiul, Bull. Soc. Agric. Cochin Chine,

1879, p. 137 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 377 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mils. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 602 (1887).
Sturnopastor nigricollis, Blyth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 90 (1875) ;

Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 595 (1878),

Adult. General colour above brown, with broad but indistinct
ashy edges to the feathers ; scapulars like the back ; rump white,
forming a broad band ; upper tail-coverts brown, with lighter brown
edges ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with white ; median
and greater coverts brown, tipped with white ; bastard-wing blackish
brown, with white tips ; primary-coverts white ; quills dark brown,
tipped with white, the secondaries much more broadly edged at the
ends ; centre tail-feathers dark brown, tipped with white at the end of
the outer web, all the other feathers broadly banded with white at the
tip; crown of head white ; hind neck black, forming abroad band, suc-
ceeded by a narrower band of greyish white, formed of the tips to
the feathers of the upper mantle ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and throat white ; sides of neck, lower throat, and fore neck
black, the feathers of the latter washed with greyish white at the
ends ; chest and under surface of body white ; thighs white, blackish
brown externally ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
and asillarics black, with broad white tips ; edge of wing white ;
quills below dark brown, a little lighter along the inner edge : " bill
reddish brown ; feet yellowish ; bare space round the eye bright
yellow " (A. David). Total length 11 inches, culmen l'2o, wing
6"2, tail 3'7, tarsus 1-6.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length 9'8
inches, culmen 1-3, wing 62, tail 3'5, tarsus 1"55.

A male collected by Dr. Anderson has the wing 6"4 inches.

Young. Browner than the adult, with no brown round the neck
or across the fore neck ; the head dull white ; the sides of the face,
throat, and chest pale dusky brown ; remainder of the under surface
and the wings and tail as in the adult. "When quite young the
head is brown also like the throat.

11(d). China to Cochin China, Burmah, and Tenasserim.

a. $ ad. k. Chxna, {Tuckett) . Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Amoy, Jan. 18G7 {E. Seebohm Coll.

Swuihoe).

c. Juv. sk. Amoy, May 1806 (H. Seebohm Coll.

Sici/iJive).

d. Juv. sk. Amoy, July 4, 18G6 {R. Seebohm Coll.

Swinhoe).
e-m. Ad. et juv. Amoy, April, Nov., Dec.

sk. (R. SioinJioe.)

n, 0. Ad. sk. Fokien. Gould CoU.

p. c? ad. sk. Foochow. Tweeddale Coll.

y. Juv. sk. Foochow, Sept. 21,1859. Consul S\viuhoe[C.].

r. Imm. sk. Canton. Tweeddale Coll.

s, t. Ad. sk. Cocliin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

«. Ad. ; I'. Juv. sk. Smiii [Fin I cr^son). India Museum.

w, .)■. Ad. sk. Siam. Hume Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Siam. Gould Coll.

2, a'. Ad. sk. Bhamo, Upper Burma. Gates Coll.

b'. $ ad. sk. Ptight Bank of Tapeng Dr. J. iVnderson [C.].

Piver, Feb. 5, 1875.
c'. (S ad. sk. Muangla, Sanda Valley, Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

May 2, 1868.
d'-k'. Ad. sk. Tenasserim River, Dec. Hume CoU.

1878 to Feb. 1879

{Mandelli Coll.).

2. Graculipica melanoptera.

Gracula melanoptera, Dated. Traite, ii. p. 286 (1800) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. cTHut. Nat. xix. p. 390 (1818).
Pastor tricolor, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 115 (1820) ; Blyth,

J. A. S. Bcng. xiii. p. 305 (1814) ; Gray Sf Mitch. Gen. B. ii. pi. 83

Acridotheres melanopterus, Bo7in. et J ledl. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 689

(1823).
Pastor melanopterus, Wagler, Syst. .4i'., Pastor, sp. 11 (1827) ; Horsf.

(§• Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 542 (1856).
Heterornis melanopterus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847).
Sturnopastor melanoptera, i?/i. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. -I-l, no. 6314 (1870) ; NiehoU. Ibis, 1881, p. 152.

Adult male. Pure white above and below, with here and there a
tinge of creamy buff, a little more distinct on the head and on the
rump, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; wing-coverts white ; bastard-
wing black ; primary-coverts white ; quUls black, the primaries
white at the base ; the secondaries bronzy brown, with a coppery-
green shade on the margin ; tail-feathers greenish black, tipped with
white at the ends ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, like the
breast ; quills black below, white at base, the small first primary
white ; bill and feet yellow (in skin) ; bare space round the eye
yellow : "roof of mouth black; iris nearly white" {II. 0. Forbes).
Total length 9 inches, culmen I'l, wing 5-2, tail 3, tarsus 1-4.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length S'5 inches,
culmeu 1, wing 4-9, tail 2-75, tarsus 1-35.

Ilah. Java ; Madura.

a, 6. d ? iid. sk. Java (Mus, Lugd.). Salviu-Godman Coll.

10. ACEIDOTHERES. 79

c. S <id. sk. Java (Jlors/ield). India Miis.

(Type of P. tricolor.)

d. 2 ad. slv. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

e,f. c? ? ad. sk. Java. Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

g. 2 ad. sk. Island of Madura, Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

lQl\{Dr. A.B.Meyer).

10. ACEIDOTHERES.

Type.

Acridotberes, f^wdl. Anah/se, p. 4:^ (181G)* A. tristis.

Maiua, pt., Ilodys. J. A. 8. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836).

Head of A. tristis, to show bare patch round the eye.

Range. Afghanistan, the whole of India and Cejlou, the Burmese
countries and South China ; Java ; Celebes.

Key to the Species.

a. "With a broad yellow patch of bare sidu below

and behind the eye \^Acridothi'res'\.
a'. With a black base to the lower mandible ;
base of quills white, forming a speculum.
a". No black on the breast and abdomen .... tristis, p. SO.
h". Centre of breast and abdomen black .... melanosternus, p. 83.
h'. With no black on the base of the lower

mandible ; base of quills rufous ginginianiis, p. 84.

b. With little or no bare space round the eye,

certainly no yellow patch [yEtJtiopsar'].
c'. No whitish collar on sides of neck.

c". A black base to the lower mandible;
under tail-coverts white.

a'". Iris yellow /mens, p. 66.

h'". Iris blue mahrattemis, p. 89.

d". No black base to the lower mandible
(in A. ciiwreus a small black spot) ;
under tail-coverts white,
c'". White tips to the centre tail-feathers;
ashy giey above and below.

* A composite genus, founded on the " Martin " and the " Goulin " of Mont-
beillard. The latter having been subsequently made the type of the genus
Sarcops, the " Martin " {A. tristis) remains as the type of Acridotheres.

80

a*. Base of lower mandible entirely yel-
low ; under surface of body iron-

e^rey javanicus, p. 90.

b*. Base of lower mandible with a black
spot; under surface of body pale

silvery grey cinereus, p. 91.

d'". No white tips to centre tail-feathers;
blackish above and below, greyer on

the under surface r/iraidis, p. 91.

e". Base of lower mandible reddish; under
tail-coverts black, with narrow white

tips cristatellns, p. 92.

d' . With a whitish collar on each side of the
neck ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with
white alhocinctus, p. 94.

1. Acridotheres tristis *.

Le Merle des Philippines, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 278 (1760) ; Daubent.
PI. Enl. iv. pi. 219.

Paradisea tristis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 167 (1766).

Le Martin, Month. Hist. 'Nat. Ois. iii. p. 42-3 (1775).

Gracula tristis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 190 (1790) ; Sundev. Ann. ^- Mug.
Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 303 (1846).

Gracula gryllivora. Baud. Traite, p. 285 (]800).

Acridotheres tristis, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Metli. ii. p. 688 (1823) ;
Bhjth, J. A. 8. Bene/, xiii. p. 361 (1844), xv. p. 314 (1846) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847); Tickell, J. A. S. ^e«^. xvii. p. 304
(1848); Hutton, t.c. pt. 2, p. 8 (1848); Bp. Consp. i. p. 419
(1850) ; Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 205 (1850) ; Bli/th, Cat. B. Mm.
As. Soc. X). 108 (1849) ; Tytler, Ann. «^'- Mar/. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii.
p. 368 (1854) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.L Co. ii. p. 532
(1856) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173 ; Irbij, Ibis, 1861, p. 231 ;
Bh/th, J. A. S. Benq. xxxi. p. 343, note (1862); E. Netct. Ibis,
1863, pp. 273, MQ{ Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 325 (1863) ; Beavan, Ibis,

p. 413 ; Hume, Nests ^- Eygs Ind. B. p. 428 (1873) ; Ball, Sfr. F.
1873, p. 75; Unwin, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 211 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874,
p. 246 ; Ball, t. c. p. 419 ; Butler, t. c. p. 494 ; Brooks, Str. F.

1875, p. 254 ; Bli/t/> ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 89 (1875) ; Fairb. Str. F.

1876, p. 260 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38 ; Gates, t. e.p. 160 ; Fairb.
t. c. p. 407 ; Hume S,- I)aviso7i, Str. F. vi. p. 338 (1878) ; Anderso7i,
Zool E.vped. Yunnan, Ares, p. 593 (1878) ; Davidson ($■ Wenden,
Str. F. vii. p. 84 (1878); Ball, t. c. p. 221 ; Cri/yps, t. c. p. 290;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106 ; Scully, t. c. p. 330 ; Wardkm Bamsai/,
Ibis, 1880, p. 63 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 70 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 192 ;
Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 52; Sim.$on, Ibis, 1882, p. 86 ; Finsch, t. c.
p. 394; Davidso7i, Str. F. 1882, p. 311 ; Gates, B. Brit. Burin, i.
p. 379 (1883) ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 400; Maishall, Ibts,1884,

* Count Salvadori thinks that Pastor pcguamis, Less. Traite, p. 404, is A.
tristis. The description certainly lends probability to this surmise, but the
diagnosis is not satist'aetorv. [P- /Kguanvs, Less., in Belaug. Voy. p. 2(i8 (1834) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 421 (1850) ; Blyth,' J. A. S. Beng. sxsi. p. 348, note (1882).]

10. ACEIDOTHEKES. 81

p. 419 ; Murray, Vertehr. Faun. Sind, p. 178 (1 884) ; Swinh. ^

Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128 ; Taylor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462 ; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 603 (1887) ; Himie, Str. F. xi.

p. 262 (1888).
Pastor tristis, War/Ier, Syst. Ai\, Pastor, sp. 5 (1827) ; Sykes, P. Z. S.

1832, p. 95 ; AlcCkll. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103 ; Jerd. Madr. Juurn.

xi. p. 20 (1840) ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. p. 84 (1844) ; Gray,

Cat. Mamni. etc. Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 104 (1846).
Maina tristoides, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. v. p. 771 (1836).
Pastor tristoides, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit, Mus., Passeres, pi. 272.

%s. 1, 2 (no. 30.3).
Acridotheres fuscus {nee }]^agl.), Wardhnv Ramsay, Ibis, 1879, p. 448

{lajysu).

Adult male. General colour above vinous brown with an ashy shade;
scapulars and under tail-coverts like the back ; lesser wing-coverts also
like the back ; median and greater coverts rather more bronzy olive-
brown ; bastard-wing black, some of the feathers externally white ;
primary-coverts pure white ; quills black, white at the base, the secon-
daries blackish, externally bronzy brown, the inner one.s entirely of
this colour ; centre tail-feathers blackish, glossed with green, shghtly
tipped with white ; remainder black, externally greenish black,
broadly tipped with white, increasing in extent towards the outer-
most ; crown of head and nape, hiiid neck, lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks greenish black; throat and chest ashy blackish,
with a slight greenish gloss ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ;
breast, sides of body, flanks, and thighs vinous brown, shaded with
ashy ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries white ; quills below blackish,
white at the base : " eyelids, bill, and skin about the eyes yellow ;
edges of the eyehds black ; mouth bluish black ; iris reddish brown,
mottled with white ; legs yellow ; claws horn-colour " {E. W. Oatcs).
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5-9, tail 3-7, tarsus 1'5.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 9*5
inches, culmen 1, wing 5'5, tail 3-45, tarsus 1*4.

Hah. Prom Afghanistan over the whole of the Indian Peninsula,
Burma, and Tenasserim. The South-Indian specimens are darker
and approach A. melanostemus.

a-f. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum.

g. Ad. sk. Jellalabad {Griffith). India Museum.

h. Ad. sk. Pushut {Griffith). India Museum.

I. Ad. sk. Shikarpur, Scinde (G;'/^;70- India Museum.

k. S ad. sk. Mount Abu, May 21, 1868 Hume Coll.

{G. King),
l-o. 6; P- 2 ad. sk. Sambhur, Feb., June {P. Hume Coll.

M. Adam).
q. 2 ad. sk. Sambhm-, Jime 16, 1871 {P. Tweeddale Coll.

M. Adam),
r-u. (S ? ad. sk. Samblun, July, Dec. {P. Hume Coll.

M. Adam).
V. d ad. sk. Delhi, Feb. 26, 1876 {C. T. Hume Coll.

Bingham),
w, x. 6 ? ad. sk. Murdan, Feb. 1, 1871 {E. A. Hume Coll.

Johnson^.
VOL. xm. G

82

STrRNID-T,.

y. $ ad. ; z. Ad. sk.

Simla, June, July (.72. C.
Beavan).

Tweeddale CoU.

a'. Ad. sk.

Top of Jacko, Simla, Nov. 15,
1872 (.4.0.//.).

Hume Coll.

b\ Ad. sk.

]\Iiddle range, north of Masuri.

Hume Coll.

e', d'. Ad, sk.

Kumaon.

Hume Coll.

e'. Ad. sk.

Kumaon (Strachey).

India Museum.

/'. Ad. sk.

Oude, Nov. 187.3 ( IT' E.
Brooks).

Hume Coll.

g'. (S ad. sk.

Behar.

Hodgson Coll.

/(', i'. S 2 ad. sk.

Nepal Valley, Jan. and Feb.
{J. Scully).

Hume Coll.

k'. $ ad. sk.

Nepal Valley, Ang. 7, 1877.

Dr. J, ScuUy [P.].

I'-n'. Ad. ; o'. Jiiv.

sk.
jo', q'. Ad. sk.

Nepal.

Hodgson Coll.

Nepal (/?. H. Hodgson).

India Museum.

?•'. $ juv. var. sk.

Native Sikhini, July 1875
(L. Mandelli).

Hume Coll.

.9', ^'. Ad. sk.

Dai'jiling Terai, Feb., Dec.
(L. Mandelli).

Hume Coll.

u'. Ad. sk.

Bhootan Dooars, Feb. 1874
(i. Mandelli).

Hume Coll.

«'. Ad. sk.

Bhootan (Pemberton).

India Museum.

?t)'. Ad. sk.

Assam (McClelland).

India Museum.

,r', cJ ad. sk.

Assam, March 1876 {A. W.
Chennell).

Tweeddale Coll.

2/'. 6; »', a". ?

Kalleejung, Brahmaputra

Hume CoU,

ad. sk.

Eiver, Dec. 4, 1877 (Xf^.
Davison).

b", c", c? 2 ad. sk

Dhollah, Assam, April 19,
1877 (J. Cockburn).

Hume Coll,

(?". c? ad. sk.

Dibrughur, May 3, 1S80 (/.
a. C'ripps).

Hume Coll.

e". Ad. sk.

Cachar {J. Inglis).

Hume CoU.

/", 2 ad. sk.

Manipur, Feb. 21, 1881 {A.
O.H.).

Hume Coll.

g" . (S ad. sk.

Booribazar, March 11, 1881
{A. 0. //.).

Hume Coll.

K'. Ad. sk.

Dacca.

Hume Coll.

i" . Ad. sk.

Kamptee.

Dr.B. Hinde [P.].

K'. Ad. sk.

Saugor (Hooper).

India Museum.

/". d ad. sk.

Mhow, Dec. 6, 1881.

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.],

m", «". Ad. sk.

Khandeish, March, April (J.
Davidson).

Hume Coll,

o"-q". Ad. sk.

Khandeish.

Tweeddale Coll.

r", s". Ad. sk.

Deccan (Col. iSykes).

India Museum.

i". $ ad. sk.

South Konkan, March 7,
1870 (G. Vidal).

Hume Coll.

u"-iv". S'l -^''-a.

5 Ahmednuggur, Feb., March,

Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk.

Oct., Dec. (S. B. Fairbank)

li. S ad. sk.

Wadale, Nov. 30, 1875
(S. B. F.).

Tweeddale Coll.

y. cS ad. sk.

Belgaum, March 5, 1880
( Col. E. A. Butler).

Hume Coll.

8. Ad. sk.

Malabiir.

Mrs. Pink [P.].

r. Ad. .sk.

Mysore (R. G. W. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

C. 2 ad, sk.

Muddur,Mysore,July27,1883.

W. Davison, Esq.[P.]

10. ACKIOOTKERES.

83

7. 2 *<!• sk.

0. ? ad. sk.

t. c? itd. sk.

K. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.

H, f. Ad. sk.

$. d ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.

TT. (5' ad. sk.

p. 2 ad. sk.

<T, T. (J 5 ad. sk.

V, ^. c? 2 ad. sk.

;(. 2 ad. sk.

yjr. 2 ad. sk.

<a. 2 ^"l- sk.

a', c? ad. sk.

^'. 2 ^^- sk.

y,6'. c?2ad.;6^^■
c? 2 juv. sk.

a. Juv. sk.

6. cJ ad. .sk.

e. Ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e,f. Ad. sk.
.c/. 2 f"i' sk.
"/i. cj' ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.

Nellacotta, Wynaad, March
31,1881 (W. Davison).

Manantoddy, Wynaad, April
6, 1881 ( IF. Davison).

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, June
23, 1874 (Miss Cockburn).

Madras (Jerdmi).

Madras.

Anjang'o, Travancore, Dec.

1872.
Colachul, Feb. 28, 1875.
Katba, Upper Burniah, Jan.

19, IS60.
Rangoon, June 22, 1873 {R.

G. W. R.).
Boulay, Thayetmyo District,

May 23, 18"73(^. W. Oates).
Lower Pegu, Nov. 22, 1880

{E. W. O.).
Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Dec.24,

1873 ( W. Davisoii).
Thatone, Dec. 9, 1877 {IF.

D.).
Tavoy, April 14, 1874 {W.

D.).
Amherst, Feb. 9, 1877 ( W.

D.).
Amherst, June 23, 1874 ( W.

D.).
Mergui, AprU 7, 1874 (W.

D.).
Kankaryit, June and July (J.

Darling).

Introduced Speeiinens.

Andamans.

Ross Island, Andamans, Mar.
8, 1873 {R. G. W. R.).

Ross Island, Andamans, Dec.
17, 1872 {R. G. W. R.).

Reunion, Dec. 2.3, 1864 (Pol-
len ^- Van Dam).

Reunion.

lidunion.

Rodriguez.

Mauritius {Rretvster).
Madagascar.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Gould Coll.
Rev. H. H. Baber

[C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Oates Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

J. Van Dam [P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Rev. H. H. Slater

[C.].
Shellev Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Subsp. a. Acridotheres melanosternus.

Acridotheres tristis (nee L.), Blijth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 108
(1849, pt.); Kelaart, Prodi: Cat. p. 125 (1852); Layard, Ann. ^
Mag. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 218 (1854) ; HoUhw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 462 ;
Hume, Sir. F. Ib73, p. 440 ; Lee/ge, Ibis, 1875, p. 275.

G 2

84

STTTENIBJE.

Acridotlieres melanosternus, Leqge, Ann. 8f Maq. N. H. (5) iii.
p. IGS (1870); id. B. Ceylon, p. G70, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (1879);
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 187.

Adult male. Similar to A. trisiis, but everywhere much darker,
especially on the under surface of the body, which is dark vinous
brown, with the throat and chest deeper black, extending also down
the centre of the abdomen ; tlie primary-coverts entirely blackish or
only edged with white, the quills also much less white at the base
than those in A. tristis : " bill yellow, Uackish at the sides near the
base of the lower mandible ; legs and feet sickly yellow ; orbital
skin yellow, extending round the eye, but being very narrow above
is hidden by tlie superciliary feathers ; iris variable, pink-brown,
and pinkish grey in some, in others whitish, with fine specks of dark
colour" (W. r. Le(jfje). Total length 10 inches, culmen 0'9, wing
5-i3D, tail 3"4, tarsus 1-6.

Adult female. Not different from the male. Total length 9"5
inches, culmen 0'9, wing 5'1, tail 3, tarsus 1'45,

Hab. Ceylon.

a-c. Ad. sk. Ceylon. T. Thwaites, Esq.

[C.].

d. Ad. ; e,f. Ceylon {S. Chapman). Tweeddale Coll.

Juv. sk.

g-l. 6 S ad. Ceylon, April, Dec. {S. Chap- Tweeddale Coll.

sk. man),

m-o. Ad. sk. Ceylon (H. Nevill). Tweeddale Coll.

p. Jun. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll.

q. (S ad. sk. Cotta, Ceylon, Sept. 30, 1877 Hume Coll.

{Hart).

r. Ad. sk. Eagam Corale, Dec. 4, 1878 Hume Coll.

{Hart).

2. Acridotheres ginginianus.

Le Petit Martin de Gingi, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 194 (1782).

Gingi Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syji. ii. pt. i. p. 144 (1787).

Turdus ginginianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 362 (1790).

Le Martin gris de fer, Leraill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. pi. 95. fig. 2 (1800) ;

Sundev. Crit. vm Levaill. p. 35 (1858) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix.

p. 203, note (1877).
Gracula grisea, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 280 (1800).
Gracula ginginiana, Uand. t. c. p. 288.

Acridotheres griseus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 690 (1823).
Aciidotheres ginginianus, Bonn, et VieiU. t. c. p. 690 (1823) ; Blyth,

J. A. S. Bencj. xiii. p. 361 (1844), xv. p. 34 (1846>; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mns. As. Soc. p. 108 (1849); Bp. Cvnsp. i. p. 419 (IbSO); Cab.

Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 206, note (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B.

Mns. K I. Co. ii. p. 535 (1860) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 173 ;

Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 329 (1863) ; BlytJi, Ibis, 1867, p. 39 ; Beava7i,

Ibis, 1868, p. 171 ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 20, no. 6285 (1870);

Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, pp. 401, 413 ; Ht<me, Nests and Eggs

Ind. B. p. 429 (1873) ; Bull, Str. F. 1874, p. 419; Butler, Str. F.

1875, p. 494 ; Blyth Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 89 (1875) ; Ball, Sfr.

F. vii. p. 221 (1878) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 291 ; Hn7ne, Str. F. 1879,

10, ACRIDOTHEEES. 85

p. 106; Reid, Sfr. F. 188], p. 53; Simso7i, Ibis, 1882, p. 8(3;

Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 312; Murray, Vertehr. Faun. Siml,

p. 179 (1884) ; Swinh. S,- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128. ,
Pastor griseus {nee Baud.), Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 9 (1827).
Gracula ciuerea, Valenc.

Pastor mahratteusis {nee Sykes), Royle, III. Bot. Himal. p. 7G (1839).
pastor ging-inianus, Blyth, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 96 (1843).
Pastor gregicolus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 273.

figs. 1, 2 (no. 710) : 'id. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Pastor ginginiamis. Gray, Cat. Mamm, etc. Nepal vres. Hvdys.

p. 104 (1846).
Hetserornis gingiuiaoa. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 335 (1847).

Adult male. General colour above light slaty grey, a trifle paler on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey ;
median coverts greenish black, edged with slaty grey; greater
coverts and quills black, externally steel-green, with a bronzy gloss
on the secondaries; bastard- wing black, externally tawny butf;
primary-coverts light tawny-buff ; the primaries also fawn-buff or
white at the base ; centre tail-feathers greenish black, tipped with
tawny buff, all the others broadly banded with tawny buff at the
ends, this colour occupying nearly the whole of the outer web of the
outermost feather ; crown of head and nape black, with a green
gloss : lores, feathers in front of the eye, and a line from the base
of the bill, including the cheeks and ear-coverts, black ; under
surface of body light ashy grey ; centre of breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts pinkish isabelHne : sides of body, flanks, and
thighs slaty grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff;
quills below black, with a white patch near the base : "• bill orange,
the tip pale ; feet dull orange, toes and claws duU yellow ; iris red ;
naked skin round eye dull red ; inside of mouth fleshy " {J.H. Cripps).
Total length 7'5 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4-85, tail 2-65, tarsus
1-3.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0'8, wing 4-65, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-3.

Hah. Afghanistan ; Northern and Central portions of the Indian
Peninsula.

a. Ad. sk. Kandahar (<?/-(^M). India Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Mooltan (Capt. Jhveedie). Gould Coll.
c,d. (S2 ad. sk. Korea Dist., Nov. 1871 (F. Hume Coll.

Day).

e. 2 ad. sk. Ilydrabad, Mav 20, 1878 {E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler).

f. Ad. sk. Eajkote, Kattiwar, Sept. 3, Col. Haves Llovd

1871. [P.]. '

(/,h. cS 2 ad. sk. Deesa, March, June {E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler),
i-l. S; m-}). 2 Samblmr, April, June, July Hume Coll.

ad. sk. {B. M. Adam).

q. (S ad. sk. Sambhur, June 16, 1871 {B. M. Tweeddale Coll.

Adam).
r. $ ad. sk. Delhi, Nov. 28, 1876 (C. T. Hume Coll.

Bingham).

86

SXUKNIDJ5.

1806 {R. C. Tweeddale Coll.

s. c? ad. ; t. S Umbala, Nov
K. juv. sk. Beavan).

u, r. Ad. sk. Jen-ipani, IMasiiri. Hume Coll.

w. Ad. sk. Masuri {S. riinvi/l). Twoeddale Coll.

.r, y. Ad. sk. Masuri. Pinwill Coll.

3, a'. Ad. sk. Kumaon. Hume Coll.

V . Ad. sk. Himalayas {Dr. Hoi/k). India Museum,

f'. Ad. sk. Futtehohur, Feb. 21, 1877. Hume Coll.

d'. 2 ad. sk. Futtehgluir, Jan. 29, 1877. Hume Coll.

e'. 2 ad. sk. Jawulpur, Jan. 29, 1877 {A. Hume Coll.

Anderson),
f. d ad. sk. Urrum, Feb. 22, 1877 {A. Hume Coll.

Anderson).
(J. Ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Oudh, Nov. 1873 Hume Coll.

\W. E. Brooks),
h'-o . Ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodg.mn). India Museum.

2)' . Ad. sk. Beliar. Hodgson Coll.

y'. Ad. sk. Sikhim Terai, Dec. 1872 (Z. Hume Coll.

MandelU).
»•'. Ad. sk. Bhotan (Pemberton). India Museum,

s'. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars, Feb. 1874 (Z. Hume Coll.

MandelU).
f. S ad. sk. Mhow, March 10, 1882. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

^l\ Ad. sk. Nandurbar, Khandeish, March Hume Coll.

27, 1881 (/. Davidson).
v. (S ad. sk. Nandurbar, Khandeish, Dec. Hume CoU.

12, 1880 (J. Davidso7i).
to'. Ad. sk. Dhulia, Khandeish, Oct. 24, Hume Coll.

1880 {J. Davidson).

3. Acridotheres fuscus.

Pastor fuscus, Wagler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 6 (1827) ; Blyth, J. A. S.
Bcnff. xi. p. 885 (1842).

Maina cristatelloides, Hodgs. Icon, iiied. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, App.
pi. 30. fig-s. 1, 2 (no. 304) ; id. J. A. S. Bent/, v. p. 771 (18.36).

Acridotheres fuscus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiii. p. 362 (1844) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 420 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co.
ii. p. 527 (1856, pt.); Gouhl, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150; Moore, t. c.
p. 445 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 327 (1863) ; Blyth, J. A. 8. Benq. xxxi.
p. 343, note (1862) ; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 652; Blyik, Ibis,
1867, p. 39 ; Bearan, t. c. p. 529, 1868, p. 171 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869,
p. 58 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6284 (1870) ; Hnme, Nests
<!>r Ef/f/s Ind. B. p. 431 (1873); Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 75, 1874,
p. 419; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm.
p. 90 (1875); Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 332; mime, Str. F. 1877,
p. 38 ; id. Sf Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 388 ; Ball. Str. F. viii. p. 222
^1878) ; Cripi^s, t. c. p. 291 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 66, 106;
Binf//iam, Str. F. 1880, p. 192: Sivmm, Ibis, 1882, p. 86; Oates,
B. Brit. Bunn. i. p. 380 (1883); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 419;
Sahad. Ann. Mn.s. Civic. Gcnov. (2) v. p. 015 (1888).

Acridotheres cristatellns (nee L.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 802
(1844) ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

Acridotheres griseus (nee Daud.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 33
(1846) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p." 108 (1849) ; Hutton, J. A. S.
Bern/, xvii. pt. 2, p. 8 (1848) ; Tytler, Ann. S, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2)
xiii." p. 368 (1854) ; id. His, 1808, p. 301.

10. ACRIDOTTIERES. 87

Gracula cristatella, Stindev. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. p. 304

(1846).
Pastor mahrattensis {nee Sijkes), Gray, Cat. Mamni. etc. Nepal pres.

Iludffs. p. 103 (184C)).
Ileterornis fusca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. .335 (1847).
Pastor cristatellus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 419 (1850) ; Walden, Trans. Z.

S. ix. p. 203 (1877).
Acridotheres cristatelloides, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 206 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above dull slaty grey, clearer slaty on
the hind neck and mantle ; scapulars and upper tail-coverts like
the back, lesser and median coverts bronzy brown with ashy
margins ; greater coverts bronzy brown, edged with black ; bastard-
wing black; primary-coverts white; quills black, the primaries
white at the base, and bronzy brown at the end of the inner web ;
the secondaries bronzy brown or greenish bronze externally, the
inner secondaries like the greater coverts ; tail-feathers black, with
a greenish gloss on the outer web, and broadly tipped with white ;
crown of head and nape greenish black, as well as the lores, sides
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks; throat, fore neck, and chest dark
slaty grey, shading into ashy isabelline on the breast, sides of
body, and iianks ; the abdomen purer isabelline; thighs dark slaty
grey : under tail-coverts creamy white ; under wing-coverts blackish
with grey tips ; axillaries ashy isabelline, like the breast ; quills below
blackish, with a large patch of white at the base of the primaries :
" bill wdth the basal half bluish black, the terminal half orange-
yellow ; mouth bluish ; legs orange-yellow, claws greenish horn-
colour ; iris bright yellow " {E. W. Oates). Total length 7-6 inches,
culmen 1, wing 4-45, tail 2-6, taz'sus 1'3.

Hah. Sub-Himalayan region of the Indian Peninsula to the
Central Provinces, eastwards to Assam, Burmah, and Tenasserim.

a. Ad. sk. Rawul Pindi, April 1875 {Col. Tweeddale Coll,

Bidduljih).
h. S ad. sk. Thannamundi, May 9, 1871 ( W. Hume Coll.

E. Broolis).
c. Ad. sk. Masuri, April 28, 1874 ( W. E. Hume Coll.

Brooks),
d-f. Ad. sk. Masuri {Pinioill).

(J. S ad. sk. Dehra Doon, Dec. 4, 1871 {Br. Hume Coll.

G. King),
/j. Ad. sk. Kalsi, April 24,1868 (6-'. J-. Z. Hume Coll.

Marshall).
i. Ad. sk. Kumaon. Hume CoU.

k. 5 ad. sk. Futtehgurh District, June 19, Hume Coll.

1868.
I. S ad. sk. Khatmandu, Nepal Valley, Hume Coll.

April 19, 1877 {Dr. J. Scully).
7)1, n, 0. Ad. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

1), q. Ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodqson). India Museum.

r. Ad. sk. Sikhim, Feb. 1876 {L. Man- Hume Coll.

delK).
s. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. C. B. Wharton, Esq.

[P.].

t. Ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.

x-z. Ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. ; 6'.

Imm. sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

g' . Ad. sk.
h', i'. Ad. sk.
k\ I. (S ad. ;

m. 2 ad. sk.
n', o'. Ad. ;

J) . Juv. sk.
(7', r'. cJ ad. sk.
s, t'. 2 ad. sk.
u', v'. S; w'. 2

ad. sk.
x'. Ad. sk.
y'. Ad. sk.
£'. 2 ad. sk.

a" ,b",c". Ad.sk.

d". (S ad. sk.

e". 2 ad. sk.

/'. 2 ad. sk.

{/'. Ad. sk.
/i", j". 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
k". Juv. sk.

l",m",n", S ad.;

o", p". 2 ad.

sk.; q",r".(S 2

imm. sk.
s". 2 ad. sk.
t", u". 2 ad. sk.

v'. c?; «<'") ■•^'"•

2 ad. .sk.
«/". c? ad. sk.

k", a. cJ ad. sk.

Sikliim Terai, Dec. 1882 (Z.

MandclU).
Buxa Dooars, Jan. 1878 (i.

Alandelli).
Ehootau Terai {L. MandeUi).
N. Khasia Hills, Feb. 1876 {A.

W. C/ienneU).
Assam (A. W. Chennell).
Assam {McClelland).

Tippook, March 29, 1877 {J.

Cockburn).
Sadbyia, Assam, April 1877 (/.

Cockburn).
Cachar {J. In g lis).
Faridpur, June 12, 1878 (J. R.

Cripps).
Tippera.
Dacca.
Calcutta, December 1872.

Raipur.

Eaipur, March 1870.

Seoai.

Pegu, Jan., Sept., Dec. {E.

W. 0.).
Pegu, Jan. 1875 {E. W. 0.).
Pegu, Feb. 1875 {E. W. O.).
Rangoon, June 1873 {R. G.

W. R.).
Rangoon, Dec. 1873 (R. G.

W. R.).
Rangoon, Nov. 29, 1875 {J.

Annstrong).
SjTiam, Jan. 11, 1876 (/. Arm-

stro7ig).
Elephant Point, Dec. 1, 1875

{J. Armstrong).
Tonghoo.
Tonghoo, May, June {R. G.

W. R.).
Thoungyeen River, Tenasserim,

Nov. 10, 1877.
Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, May-
July, Sept. 1878 {J. Darling).

Thatone {W. Davison).
Thatone, Nov. and Dec. {W.

Davison).
Moulniein, Feb., Dec. {W.

Davison).
Moulmein, Sept. 1865 {R. C.

Beavaii).
Assoon, Feb. 3, 1877 {W. Lim-

borg).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Ilvnne Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gates Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Major Bingham [C.].

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

10, ACEIDOTHEEES.

89

/5. Ad. sk.

y, 5, f. 6 ad. sk.
f, >?• $ ad. et

imm. sk.
0. $ ad. sk.

'< K. d 2 ad. sk.
^> M- d ? ad. sk.
", ^. c? 2 ad. sk.
o, TT. Ad. sk.
p. c? ad. sk.

<T. Ad. sk.

Pabyouk, March 1.3, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

D.).

Yeaboo,]MarclalO,1874(Tr.Z).). Hume Coll.

Amherst, March, June ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

Lemyne, March 28, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. D.).

Tavoy, March 21, 1878 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

Mergui, Nov. 1874 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

Penang, July 9, 1879 ( W. D). Hume Coll.

Peuang {Dr. Cantor). ludia Museum.

Jerome, Salangore, Aug. 15, Hume Coll.

IS7Q {W. Daiison).

Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

Subsp. a. Acridotheres mahrattensis.
Pastor mahrattensis, Syhes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95.
Pastor fuscus {nee Wac/ler), Jerd. Madr. Joitrn. xi. p. 21 (1840).
Acridotheres fuscus, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Miis. E. 1. Co. ii.

p. 537 (1856, pt.) ; Hume, Nests S) Eons Lid. B. p. 431 (1873, pt.) ;

Fairb. Sir. F. 1876, p. 206 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 70 :Tern/,Str.

F. 1887, p. 478 ; Tai/lor, Str. F. 1887, p. 462. "^ '
Acridotheres mahrattensis, Bhjth, Ibis, 1873, p. 79 ; Morgan IMs,

1875, p. 322 ; Hmne, Str. F. 1879, p. 106 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883

p. 400.

Adult male. Similar to A.fvscus, but much larger, and having a
blue iris ; the sides of the body more ashy, and not so isabclline :
" bill orange-yellow, dusky on the sides of the base ; legs and feet
yellow ; iris blue " {E. A. Butler). Total length 10 inches, culmen
1, wing 5, tail 3, tarsus 1-4.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches, cul-
men 0-95, wing 4-8, tail 3, tarsus 1-35.

Ilab. Eeplaces the foregoing species in Southern India, ranging
as high as the Godavery Valley on the east, and the neighbourhood
of Ahmedabad on the west.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.
d,e. d; f. 2

ad. sk.
g,h. cJ ; i, k, I. i

ad. sk.
m. cS ad. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.
0. (S ad. sk.

P> 1, i: d ; s. 2

ad. sk.
t. c? ad. sk.

Wj i'. d 2 ad. sk.

Ahmedahad. Hume Coll.

Marsapatam,iiearPtajamundri. Hume Coll.

Deccan {Col. Sijkes). India Museum.

Mahahaleshwur Hills, March, Hume Coll.

May, Nov. {S. B. Fairbank).

Khandala, April, May {S. B. F.). Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Bankot, S. Konkan, April 7,

1878 {G. Vidal).
Kelsi, March 9, 1878 (G. Vidal).
Gohagar, March 6, 1879

{G. Vidal).
Belgaum, Nov. 1880 ( Col. E. A. Hume Coll

Butler).
Nellacotta, Wynaad, March 20,

1881 ( W. Davison).
Seegore, Nov. 22, 1882.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

W. Davison,

[P.].

Esq.

90 STTIRNIDiE.

iv-d'. (^; e'-m'. Ootacamund, Jan.-April{ ^. D.). Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk.

n. c?ad. ; o'. $ Ootacamiind, Juno 1876 (i2. Tlf. Tweeddale Coll.

juv. .sk. Adorn),

p . 2 ad. sk. Kotagheny, Nilghiris, June 18, Hume Coll.

1874 {Miss Cockhuni).

q. 2 ad. sk. Coonoor, Jan. 24, 1881 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

)■'. S ad. sk. Coouoor, Feb. 6, 1873 {Br. F. Hume Coll.

Day).

s. Ad. sk. Coonoor, Aug. 22, 1876 {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W.R).

f. Ad. sk. Travancore. F. W. Eourdillon,

E,sq. [C.].

u'. Ad. ,sk. Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 1872. Hume Coll.

v'. Ad. sk. Madras. Gould Coll.

w'. S ad. sk. Madras. Hume Coll.

.(■'. Imm. sk. Madras. India Museum.

y'. $ ad. sk. Sliivarai Hills, Fet. 11, 1869 Hume Coll.

{A. G. R. Theobald).

4. Acridotheres javanicus.

Pastor griseus {nee Baud.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151

(1820).
Pastor cristatellus {nee L.), War/ler, Syst. Av., Pastor, sp. 14 (1827).
Acridotheres griseus, Bp. Con.^p. i. p. 420 (1850) ; Vorderm. Nat.

Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xlii. p. 80 (1883).
Acridotheresjavanicus, Cah. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 205(1850) ; Horsf.

Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 536 (1856) ; Nicholson, Ibis,

1881, p. 153; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xlv. p. 393

(1886), xlvi. p. 87 (1887).

Adult male. Grey, both above and below, the head also washed
with grey, the frontal crest very small, and consisting of a few dense
laucoolated plumes ; wing-coverts and secondaries bronzy brown,
edged with black and contrasting with the back ; primarj'-coverts
white with black bases ; base of primaries white ; under wing-coverts
white or creamy white ; tail-feathers also narrowlj' tipped with
white : first primary black : " iris yellow " (//. 0. Forbes). Total
length 8-6 inches, culmen I'Oo, wing 5, tail 2" 75, tarsus 1'3.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8'5 inches,
culmen 1, wing 4"9, tail 2*6, tarsus 1-45.

Hab. Java.

a. Ad. sk. E. Java {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale CoU.

b, c. Ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

d. Ad. sk. W. Java. Wallace Coll.

e. Ad. sk. W. Java {R C. Bu.vtoti). F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
/, ff, h. Ad. ; t, k, I. Java. Tweeddale Coll.

Imm. sk.
m, n. (^ 2 ^d. sk. Java {Diard). Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Java {Horsjield). India Museum.

(Type oi Pastor griseus.)

10. ACRIDOTHERES. 91

5. Acridotheres cinereus.

Acridotheres cinereus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850, ea- MiiUer MSf>' ) ■
Graij,IIand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. G281J (1870) ; Walden, Trans, z'. 8
Tiii. p. 77, pi. X. fig. 1 (1874) ; Mexjer, Ibis, 1879, p. 134.

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey ; scapulars like the
back, and slightly lighter ashy ; upper tail-coverts grey ; lesser
wing-coverts brown, edged with ashy grey; median and greater
coverts brown ; bastard-wing black, the inner feather white exter-
nally ; primary-coverts white, blackish at the extreme base ; quills
black, white at the extreme base of the primaries, the secondaries
brown like the greater coverts ; tail-feathers blackish brown, broadly
tipped with white, forming a terminal band ; crown of head ashy
black, the crest-feathers long, with a short recurved crest over the
nostrils ; hind neck like the back ; lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks ashy blackish ; chin, malar line, throat, sides of
neck, and fore neck ashy grey ; chest and remainder of under surface
of body lighter ashy, the abdomen greyish white ; sides of body,
flanks and thighs light ashy grey ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries dark ashy brown, edged with white;
quills below blackish, with a white patch at the base of the primaries'.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, Aving 5-35, tail 3-3, tarsus
1"35.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total leno'th
U inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-9, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-3. °

Hah. Celebes and Togian Islands.

(I, b. S 2 ad. sk. Makassar, Celebes. Wallace Coll

c. cS ad. sk. Makassar {A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll

d. 2 ad. sk. Makassar {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

e. )^ ad. sk. Tanette, S. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C 1

6, Acridotheres grandis.

Pastor cristatellus {nee L.), Fit/. Mem. Rajfl. p. 064 (1830).

Acridotheres grandis, Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.T. Co ii p 537
(185(3) *; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6288 ( \S7Q).

Acridotheres javanicus {nee Cab.), Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151.

Acridotheres siamensis, Sivinh. P. Z. <S'. 1863, p. 303; Gray Hand-l
B. ii. p. 20, no. 6286 (1870) ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 303 • Ward-
law Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 351, 1877, p. 461 ; Walden, in Bh/th
B. Burm. p. 90 (1875) ; id. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 203 (1877) ; Ward-
laio Ramsay, This, 1877, p. 460 ; Anders. Zool. E.iped. Yunnan
p. 594 (1878) ; Hume 4'- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 388 (1878); Tiraud
Bull. Soc. A(/rie. Cochin China, 1879, p. 136; Hutne Str F
viii. p. 106 (1879), ix. p. 285; Oate^, B. Brit. Burm.'i. p. 381
(1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p 603 (1887") •
Hume, Str. F.\x.^.2U(lSm). ^ ''

* The types of A. grandis were received from the ludia Museum in 1880
and are marked as from Sumatra. '

92

STURNID^.

Adult. Similar to A. cnsiaiellHs, but distinguished by its enormous
crest, black bastard-primary, wliite under tail-coverts, and much
broader white tips to the tail-feathers : " bill rich wax-yellow ; feet
wax-yellow, claws brown ; iris light reddish brown or hazel " (A. 0.
Hume). Total length 9 inches, culmen about 1*1, wing 5-5,
tail 3-1, tarsus 1-6.

The Manipur birds are not nearly so strongly crested as the speci-
mens from Siam, but those from the Tenasserim frontier are inter-
mediate. Moore's A. gvamlis from Sumatra is absolutely the same
bird as A. siamensis, and it is doubtful if the specimens are really
from Raffles's collection.

Ilah. Cochin China, Siam and Cambodia to Upper Burma, and
thence to Manipur.

a. Ad. sk. Siam (Sir It. Schomhuryk), Seebohm Coll.

(Type of A. siamensis.')

b. Ad. sk. Siam. M. Mouhot [C.].
c,d. cJ ad.sk. Bangkok, March 29, 1872 {Coiirad). E. B. Sharps, Esq.

[P.].

e. Ad. sk. Siam. M. E. Pierre [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Cambodia (Mouhot). Tweeddale Coll.
'y, h. (S ad. sk. Kareu-nee, March 1S74 {R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Burmah. W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Mungla, Sauda Valley, May 18, 1868. Dr. J. Anderson

/. 6 ad. sk. Moirang, Manipm-, March 21, 1881 Hume Coll.

(A. 0. H.).
m. c? ad. sk. Soognoo, Manipur, March 26, 1881 Hume CoU.

{A. O.H.).
n. <S ad. sk. Logtak Lake, Manipur, March 18, Hume Coll.

1881 {A. O. H.).
o. S ad. sk. Kokshin-Koolel, April 7, 1881 {A. Hume Coll.

O.H.)
p, q. Ad. sk. Tenasserim River, Dec. and Jan. Hume Coll.

r, s. Ad. sk. [Sumatra (Raffles).'] India Museum.

(Types of A. grandis, Moore.)

7. Acridotheres cristatellus.

The Chinese Starling or Blackbird, Edwards, N. H. Birds, i. pi, 19

(1743).
Le Merle hup6 de la Chine, Rnss. Orn. ii. p. 253 (1760) ; Davbent.

PL Enl. iv. pi. 507 ; Moiith. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 367 (1775).
Crested Grakle, Lath. Gen. Spi. ii. pt. i. p. 464 (1783).
Gracula cristatella, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 397 (1788).
Acridotberes ater, Ron7i. et Vieill. E^ic. Meth. ii. p. 692 (1823) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6290 (1870).
Acridotberes cristatellus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 691

(1823); Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xv. p. 33 (1846) ; id. Cat. B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 108 (1849) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 205 (1850) ;

Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 536 (1856) ; Sioinh.

Ibis, 1860, pp. 60, 429, 1861, p. 44, 1862, p. 260 ; id. P. Z. S. 186-3,

p. 302 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 382 ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 387 ; id. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 384 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6283 (1870) ; Waldeti,

10. ACKIUOTHERES. 93

Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 202 (1875) ; Ttveedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 698 : David

^- Oust Ols. Chine, p. 365, pi. 86 (1877) ; Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 434 ;

Seehohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 266.
Acridotheres fuliginosus, Uli/fli, J. A. S. Be.ng. xiii. p. 362 (1844, =

juv.).
Merula philippensis, " Brisson," Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850, nee

Brisson).
Aciidotlieres philippensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850) ; SwinJi. Ibis,

1870, p. 352 ; Grcaj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 20, no. 6287 (1870).

Head of A. cristatcUiis, to show feathered region of the eye.

AdvJt. Glossy black, with a slight purplish reflexion on the back,
greenish on the head, lower back, and rump ; wings black, one of
the bastard-wing feathers white towards the end of the outer web ;
primary-coverts white for their terminal half, and the primaries
white for theii' basal half ; the secondaries white at the base of the
inner web ; under surface of body ashy black, the under wing-
coverts and under tail- coverts white at the ends, broader on the
latter ; tail-feathers black, with small white tips ; crest-feathers
moderately long, with a short crest of dense, slightly recurved plumes
over the base of the bill ; first (bastard) primary white with a black
tip : " bill pale yellow, with the base rose-coloured ; feet orange-
red ; iiis orange-yellow " {A. David). Total length 10-5 inches,
culmen about 1"15, wing5"75, tail 3-25, tarsus 1'6.

Toiing. Brown instead of black, with no crest on the head, only
the frontal plumes being close-set : " bill yellowish horn-colour ;
roof of mouth, inside of bill, and tip of tongue yellow, the rest flesh-
colour with a bluish-black tinge ; legs hght brownish yellow on the
underparts, sole, and joints of scales, the rest purplish brown, darker
on the claws ; iris slight greenish yellow " {11. Swinhoe).

Hah. Central and Southern China. Also the island of Luzon in
the Philippines, to which locality it is supposed to have been intro-
duced.

a-c. Ad. sk. China.

d. Juv. sk. China (Beeves). India Museum.

e. Ad. sk. Shanghai, Jan. 8, 1870 (-R. Berff- Tweeddale Coll.

7nan).

94

/. 2 ad. sk.

ff. 2 ad. sii.

h-l. Ad. etjuv.

sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.
71, 0. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
?•. (^ ad. sk.

s. 5 ad. sk.

f, it. 5 ad. sk.

y, w. (S ad. sk.
.(■, y. Ad. sk.
::. Ad. sk.
n. (J ad. sk.

//. J ad. sk.
(/. 5 ad. sk.
d',e'. (S 5ad.sk,

Chekianp^ Province, May 187.5
( W. B. Pryer).

Ningpo.

Amoy, May, April, Oct. {R.

Stcinhoe).
Amoy {G. Schlegel).
Fokien.
Canton.

Canton, April 18G0 {R. Stoinhoe).
Whampoa, April 17, 1860 {R.

Swhihoe).
Macao, March 15, 1866 (R.

SwinJioe).
Naochow Island, Feb. 1868 (R.

Swinhoe).
Hainan, Feb. 1868 (R. Sxvinhoe).
S.W. Fonnosa (R. Sioinhoe).
Takow, Nov. 186-5 {R. Swinhoe).
Szechuen, W. China, May 22 {R.

Su-iiikoe).
Luzon, April 1872 (A. B. Meyer).
Luzon, Jan. 1872 (.4. B. Meyer).
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 1872

{A. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

J. R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

8. Acridotheres albocinctus.

Acridotheres albocinctus, Godwin-Austen ^ JVald. Ibis, 1875, p. 251
Godioin-Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 200, pi. 5 (1876)
Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 217 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 106 ; Oates, B.
Brit. Burm. i. p. 382 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov
(2) i V. p. 604 (1887) ; Oates, Ibis, 1888, p. 72, pi. i. ; Hume, Str. F.
xi. p. 262 (1888).

Adult male. General colour black, with a greenish-grey gloss ;
wings also black, but the greater coverts and secondaries inclining
to deep bronzy brown, edged with black : primary-coverts tipped
with black ; primaries also conspicuously white at the base ; tail-
feathers black, all but the centre ones tipped with white ; on the
sides of the neck a large patch of creamy buff, deepening to fawn-
colour behind the ear-coverts, forming a collar which is interrupted
on the hind neck, where the feathers are black with creamy-white
centres ; head much crested, the nasal plumes erect and somewhat
recurved ; under surface of body greyish black, the under tail-
coverts tipped with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
blackish, the latter with a white tip ; quills black below, white at
the base of the inner web : " bill pale wax-yellow, orange just at base
of lower mandible ; legs and feet deep wax-yellow ; claws very pale
horny brown ; iris yellowish white *' {A. 0. Hume, MSS.). Total
length 10 inches, culmen l-l, wing .5-2, tail 2'3, tarsus 1"5.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9 inches, cul-
men 1, wing 4-9, tail 3-1, tarsus 0"85.

There is scarcely any variation in plumage in the series of Manipur
skins presented by Mr. Hume. Some specimens have a slight indi-

11. BASILEOENIS. 95

cation of greyish-white edgings to the feathers of the abdomen, and
those killed towards the end of March have a tendency to pnr-
plish rather than to greenish reflexions on the upper surface.
Hah. Manipur to Ui^per Burmah.

a, 6. cJ 2 ad. sk. Manipur, Feb. 1881 {A. 0. H. ). Hume Coll.

c,d. cJ; e-g. $ Manipur Khas, Feb. 1881 {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Manipur, March 1, 1881 {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

i, k. c? ; l-n. 2 Sagam, Manipur, March 1881 (A. 0. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. H.).

o. J' ad. sk. Koombu, Manipur, March 31, 1881 Hume Coll.

{A. O.K.).
p, q. S 9- fid. sk. Soognoo, Manipur, March 1881 {A. Hume Coll.

0. H.).
r. S ad. sk. Between Manipur and Boori Bazar, Hume Coll.

March 1881 (A. 0. H.).
s-w. <S ad. ; x-d'. Boori-Bazar, Manipur, March 1881 Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. {A. O. H.).

e'-n. S ad. ; o'- Moirang, Manipur, March 1881 (A. Hume Coll.

»•'. 5 ad. sk. O. H.).

s'-u'. (S ad.; v'. Logtak Lake, Manipur, March 1881 Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. {A. 0. H.).

lo' . (S ad. ; x, y . Kokshin-Koolel, Manipur, April 18S1 Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. (^. O. If.).

z'. 2 ad. sk. Hierok, Manipur, May 1881 {A. O. H.). Hume Coll,

a"-b". Ad. sk. Bhamo, Upper Burmah. Gates Coll.

11. BASILEORNIS.

Type.

Basilornis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850, ex Tenini. MSS.) . B. celebensis.
Basileornis, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 77 (1872, no7n.
emend.).

Range. Celebes ; Ceram.

Key to the Species.

a. Crest very long, arising from the occiput celebensis, p. 95.

h. Centre of crown crested in a ridge of close- set

plumes, not developing into a long occipital crest . corythaix, p. 96.

1. Basileornis celebensis.

Basilornis corythaix, pt., Bp. Consp. i. p. 420 (1850).

Basilornis celebensis, Wall. His, 1861, p. 284, pi. ix. fig. 2; Gray,

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 184, fig. 2; Finsch, Neu-Guineu, p. 174 (1865) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6279 (1870); Briiyyem. Abhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 77 (1877) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 13:3 ;

Blasius, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. ii. p. 298 (1886).
Basileornis celebensis, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 77 (1872).

Adult. General colour above glossy greenish black, with here and
there some hair-like white plumelets ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median coverts black, edged with glossy steel-green, less
distinct on the greater series, which are black, externally purplish ;

96 STTJENID^.

quills black, externally glossed with purplish or steel- green ; tail-
feathers black, slightly purplish on the outer web ; head and neck
rather scaly in appearance, with a purplish crest of closely-pressed
feathers reaching along the centre of the crown from the posterior
half of the bill to the hind neck ; sides of crown, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and under surface of body glossy greenish black, with
frequent hair-like white plumelets on the face and throat ; on the
ear-coverts a patch of white feathers, followed by some stiffened
plumes of ochreous brown ; on each side of the breast a large patch
of yellowish white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, glossed
with steel-green ; quills brown, ashy whitish on the inner web :
" bill whitish blue-grey ; feet citron-yellow " {Platen). Total length
9 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-9, tail 3-2, tarsus 1'05.

Young. Dusky black, the feathers of the upper surface broadly
edged with glossy green ; the head without any erect crest, the
feathers velvety black, glossed with green ; white patch on sides of
chest, and white spot on hinder cheeks both developed, but without
any j'cUow tinge ; under surface of body brown, streaked with
central spots of black, which have a glossy green appearance near
the ends.

Hah. Celebes.

a, b. Ad sk. Gorontalo, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.
c, d. Ad. sk. Menado. Gould Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Meuado. Wallace Coll.

/. 5 ad. ; (/. Juv. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

/*. S ad. sk. Makassar ( Wallace). Gould Coll.

2. Basileornis corythaix.

Pastor corythaix, War/ler, Si/st. Av., Pastor, sp. 4 (1827).

Iletfcrornis corythaix, Gray, Gen. 13. ii. p. 335 (1847).

Basilornis corythaix, Wall. Ibis, 1861, p. 284, pi. xi. fig. 1 ; Gray,

P. Z. S. 1801, p. 184, fig. 1 ; Pmsch, A'eu-Gumea, p. 174 (1865) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6278 (1870) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b.

Gesellsch. Wien, 1872, p. 430 ; Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, Y.\). 17 (1877); Salvad. Ami. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi,

p. 195 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 4G0 (1881).

Adult male. Similar to B. celebensis, but distinguished by the form
of the crest, which has a central ridge of long erect plumes ; the
white spot on the face without any ochreous ends to the feathers.
Total length 10'3 inches, culmen 1, wing 5"3, tail 3"7, tarsus 1-2.

Hab. Coram.

fl. c? ad. sk. Ceram. Wallace Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ceram. Salvin-Godman Coll.

12. SAECOPS. ^

Type.

Gymnops, Cuvier, Rbgne Anim. i. p. 381 (1829, nee Sinx, 1824) S. calvus.
Sarcops, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 205 (1877) S. calvus.

Range. Confined to the Philippine Islands.

12. SAECOPS. 97

1. Sarcops calvus.

Le Merle cliauve des Philippines, Briss. Oni. ii. p. 280, pi. xxxvi.

fig. 2 (1760) ; Daubent. Fl. Enl. iv. pi. 200.
Gracula calva, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 164 (1766) ; Gm. Si/sf. Nat. i.

p. 396 (1788); Daud. Traite, ii. p. 690 (1800) ; Kittl. Ktipf. Vd</.

p. 9, pi. xiii. fig. 2 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845).
Lo ('Moulin, MoiM. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 420 (1775).
]5ald Gralde, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii.pt. 2, p. 457 (1782).
Aciidotheres calvus, Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 690 (1823).
Gymnops calvus, Cuviei; Hegne Anini. i. p. 381 (1829) ; B}). Consp.

i. p. 422 (1850) ; Licht. Noniencl. Av. p. 52 (1854) ; Walden 6r

Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 103.
Gymnops giiseus, Meyen, N. Acta Acad. C. L.-C. G. Nat. Cur. xvi.

Suppl.priin. p. 78 {teste Walden).
Mino calvus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. Ill (1849).
Eulabes tricolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6275 (1870).
Sarcops calvus, Walden, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 205 (1875) ; Sharpe,

Trans. Linn. Soc. new ser. i. p. 344 (1876) ; Tiueedd. P. Z. S.

1877, pp. 699, 764, 831 ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 113, 287, 343 ;

Wardlaw Ramsay, Orn. Mem. Tioeedd. p. 658 (1881) ; Guillem,

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 267.
Sarcops lowii, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, 2nd ser. Zool. i. p. 344

(1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 315.

Adult male. General colour above dark silvery grey, all the
feathers ashy blackish at base ; a white shoulder-patch on the upper
part of the scapulars ; wings and tail entirely black ; head bare,
excepting the lores and base of the forehead, which are black, this
extending in a narrow line down the centre of the head, and joining
a narrow black collar on the nape which extends round to the ear-
coverts and cheeks, which with the under surface of the body are
entirely black ; sides of body and flanks silvery grey ; thighs black ;
under tail-coverts black, washed with dark silvery grey ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries black : quills brownish black below :
" bill and legs black ; bare skin of face white, tinged with pink ;
iris bright brown " (A. Everett). Total length 10'5 inches, culmen
1-2, wing 5, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Similar to the male : " bill and feet black ; iris
brown" {L. C. Layard). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 5"2, tail 4"65, tarsus 1-25.

Sarco^is loivi was described by me from the island of Si Butu in
the Sulu Archipelago, but the differences on which I depended for
its specific separation do not hold grod. Both males and females
are in the collection with the back entirely grey, and with the
breast entirely black. From the remains of grej^ both above and
below overspreading the black plumage, it would appear that the
pure silvery-grey colour is a seasonal plumage. Specimens from
Leyte, Basilan, and Mindanao are rather small (wing 5 inches),
while the Sulu birds are large (wing 5'25).

Hah. Philippine and Sulu Islands : Luzon, Cebu, Guimaras,
Negros, Leyte, Dinagat, Mindanao, Basilan, Si Butu.

VOL. XIII. H

98

a. Ad. sk.

h, c. Ad. sk.
(/. 2 ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.

!/,/i. 6 2 ad.

sk.

7. Ad. sk.
/,-. $ ad. sk.

/, m. d 2 "cl-

sk

w, 0. 6 2 fid.

sk.

^>. cJ ad. sk.

(J. 2 ''id. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

^. cJ ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

Manila, Luzon {Maitland-

Ilcriot).
Manila.
Sau Mateo, Luzon, Feb.

1877 {A. H. Everett).
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb.

1877 (A. II. Everett).
Cebu, April 1877 {A. II.

Everett).
Guimaras, Marcli 1872 {A.

B. Meyer).
NegTos.
Ne-Tos, March 1871 {L. C.

Layard).
Dumaguete, Negros, Aug.

1877 {A. H. Everett).
Amparo, S. Leyte, July

1877 {A. H. Everett).
Diuagat Island, June 1877

{A. II Everett).
Surigao, N. Mindanao, May

1877 (A. II Everett).
Biituan, N. Mindanao, May

1877 (A. H. Everett).
Zamboanga, Mindanao,

March 1878 {A. H.

Everett).
Basilan, June 1878 {A. H.

Everett).
Si Butu, Sulu Islands.

Sulu Islands {Bnrbidye).

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Prof. J. B. Steere fC.J.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale -Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sir Hugh Low [C.].

(Type of S. lowii.)
H. Veitch, Esq. [P.].

13. MAINATUS*.

Gracula, Lhni. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 161 (1766, pt.).
Mainatus, Less, in Ferussac Bull. x. p. 158 (1827).
Eulabe.s, Cuvier, Begne Anim. i. p. 377 (1829) . . .

Maina, Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. v. p. 771 (1836) . . .

Type.

M. religiosus.
M. intermedius
(s. n. E. indica).
M. intermedius.

Eange. Indian Peninsula (local) : Ceylon ; Andaman and Nicobar
Islands ; Burmese countries ; Southern China ; Hainan : Malayan
Peninsula ; Sumatra ; Nias ; Java ; Borneo : Palawan ; Flores ;
Sumbawa.

* The genus Gracula as founded by Liiuiivus and developed by Gmelin is such
an exceedingly composite one that it seems advisable to drop the name altogether.
In tracing its history and development, so as to arrive at the restriction of the
Linne.TU genus to a single type, one thing seems evident, viz., that whatever
species remain after the elimination of all the Linnean species under the
heading of more recent genera, not one of the Wattled Mynahs ivill remain as
the type of Gracula. I have therefore adojited for these birds the more
definite genus of Mainatus, borrowed by Lesson from Brisson, who, however,
does not seem to have used the word in a generic sense, as some authors
suppose him to have done.

13. MAINATUS. 99

Key to the Species.

a. A bare patch of yellow skin below the eye.

a'. Bare wattled skin extending- in two lines,

one from the lappet to behind the eye and a

second inner one to nearly the centre of

the crown (see fig.).

a". Smaller: hind neck purple; back steel-

gi-een; throat steel -green ; chest purple, relii/iusua, i^. ifj.
h" . Larger : bill much stouter ; glossed with
oily-green on the upper and under sur-
face veneratus, p. 101.

b'. Only one line of bare skin behind the crown
extending from the lappet to the ej'e ; no
second median line.
c". Postocular line of black feathers joined \java7iensis, p. 102.

to the ear-coverts ] palawanensis, p. 104.

d". Smaller : a distinct space between the

posterior black line of feathers on the ( intevmedius, p. 104.
sides of the face and the ear-coverts. • . . \ andamanensis, p. 107.

( 7'obustiis, p. 100.
h. No bare patch of yellow skin below the eye,

the whole sides of face feathered jitilogenys p. 109.

1. Mainatus religiosus t-

The Minor, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 38 (1738).

The Minor or Mino, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 17, pi. 17 (1743).

Le Grand Mainate, Bviss. Oru. ii. p. 308 (1700).

Gracula religiosa, Linn. Sust. Nat. i. p. 164 (1760) ; Jerd. Madr.
Journ. xi. p. 24 (1840) ; A. Hay, Malr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 1,56
(1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845, pt.); Blyth, J. A. 8.
Beng. xv. p. 31 (1846) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 109 (1840) ;
Bp. Cvnsp. i. p. 422 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 207 ( 1850) ;
Layard, Ann. N. H. (2) xiii. p. 216 (1854); Sckl. N. T. D. i.
p. 3, pi. i. fig. 1 (1863).

Le Mainate des Indes Orientales, Dauhent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 2C8.

Minor Grakle, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p. 455 (1783).

Mainatus religiosus, Less, in Ferussac, Bull. x. p. 158 (1827).

Gracida indica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 178* (184-3).

Gracula minor, A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 1.34 (1844).

Eulabes religiosa, Horsf. ^ Muore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 522
(1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 337 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 40 ;
Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 101 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6264
(1870); Holdsiv. B. Z. S. 1872, p. 463; Huine, Nests ^ Egr/s
Ind. B. p. 435 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 420; Hume, Str. F.
1876, p. 402 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1877, p. 407 ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 221
(1878) ; Legye, B. Ceylon, p. 682 (1870) ; Hww, Str. F. 1879,
p. 106; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 401; Taylor, Str. F. 1887,
p. 462 ; Terry, Str. F. 1887, p. 478.

t All the early figures of Wattled Mynahs are very inaccurate, and so are
the descriptions founded on these ancient plates. It would, however, be a
mistake to alter names now in common use ; but it must be understood that
the older synonyms generally attributed to G. religiosa are somewhat proble-
matical.

h2

100

Adult male. General colour above greenish black ; hind neck and
upper mantle purple ; crown of head steel-green with a slight pur-
plish gloss, the crown purple along the centre ; lesser wing-coverts
green ; remainder of coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts
black, the median coverts edged with glossy green, the secondaries
washed with purple or green under certain lights ; a white patch
on tlio primaries, the white found only on both webs of the second
third, fourtli, fifth, and sixtli long primaries, on the inner web only
of tlic first, and on the outer web only of the seventh ; tail black,
washed with glossy green ; sides of face glossy steel-green, purplisli
on the auricular region ; throat and fore neck steel-green, with an
oiU'-greon shade on the latter and on the chest, which gradually
becomes purple ; rest of the under surface of body glossy green, the
feathers being black, edged with green, as also the under wing-
coverts and axillaries : " bill orange-yellow ; legs and feet citron-
yellow ; lappets and cheek-spot rich yellow, the latter tinged with
blue at tlie upper edge ; iris brown, the outer edge white, darkly
mottled " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-05,
Aving 5-6, tail 2-65, tarsus 1-15.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9-3 inches,
culmeu 1-1, wing o-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-3.

Head of Mainatus religiosus from aboTe, to show form of lappets.

Lappets two on the nape, running up on each side of the latter
and continued on the sides of the head to the hinder part of the
eye ; below the eye a nearly square bare patch reaching to the
cheeks.

Young. Yery similar to the adults, but rather more dingily
coloured, with greyish fringes to the feathers of the abdomen ; no
posterior lappets on the nape : " lappets dull yellow " ( IF. V. Legge).

The white patch on the primaries is rather variable, the majoritj'
of specimens being marked on both webs with white up to the
sixth long quill, and the seventh having a small white spot on the
outer web. In some, however (principally from Malabar), the
seventh has also white on both webs, and the eighth has an external
mark of white.

Hah. Ceylon and Southern India.

5 ad. sk.

Ragam Corale, Ceylon, Dec. 3-
1878 {Hart).

Hume Coll.

13. MAINATTTS.

101

b, c. (J ad. sk.
d, e. (^ 2 ^^- ^^•

f, 9- 6; h, i, k. 2

ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk.
n. cJ ad. sk.

0, p. iS ad. ; fj, r.

2 ad.; s, t.

Jiiv. sk.
u, V. S 2 ad. sk.

w. 5 ad. sk.

.r, J/, d" ; s, «'. 2

ad. sk.
6'. 2 ad. sk.

c'. $ ad. sk.

(V. 2 ad. sk.

e\f'. 0 ad. sk.

ff'. S ad. sk.

^'. cJ ad. sk.

i'. Ad. sk.
k', r. c? 2 ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
w'. Jut. sk.
o'-q'. Ad. sk.
>•', cJ ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.
t'. Ad. sk.

Ratnapura, Ceylon, Feb., ^larch

(//. Nevill).
Avisawella, Ceylon, Dec. 14, 1865

(S. Chapman).
Ceylon, March, July (.S'. C/iap-

maii).
Ceylon (<S'. Chapman).
MjTiall, Traraucore, July 6, 1874

(F. Bourdillon).
Travancore, July 1878.

Lower Palani Hills, June, July,
4000 ft. (S. B. Fail-bank).

Lower Palani IIHls, 4000 ft. (S,
B. Fairbank).

Kullar, Nilghiris, Sept., Oct.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddde Coll

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

F. Bourdillon,

Esq. [C.].

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.

Kotaglierry, June 1874 {Miss Hume Coll

Cockburn).
Nellacotta, Wvnaad, March 29,

1881 ( W. Davison).
Karoli, Wynaad, May 2, 1881

( W. Davison).
Peria Forests, Wynaad, April,

May {W. Damson).
Manantoddy, Wynaad, April 2, Hume Coll,

1S81 ( ir. Davison).
Charambadi, Wynaad, April 2, Hume Coll,

1881 (W. Davison).
Mozai Valley, Wynaad.
Shemogah Dist., March 1875,
Malabar.
Malabar.
Malabar.
Cannanore, Oct. 9, 1882 {B. G.

W. R.).
Madras (Jerdun).
North Cauara, May 4, 1877 {H.

E. M. James).

Hiune Coll.
Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Gould Coll,
Mrs. Pink [P.],
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

India Museum.
Himie Coll,

2. Mainatas veneratus.

Gracula venerata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 422 (1850, e.r Temm. MSS. in
Mus. Lu<id.) ; Wall. P. Z. -S. 18G.3, p. 480; Schl. N. T. D. i. p. 4,
pi. i. fig;2 (1803).

Eulabes venerata, Grarj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. G2GG (1870).

Adult. Of larger size than M. rellgiosus, but distinguished by its
greener coloration and by the form of the lappets, which are ex-
tremely broad, and are continued in a line on the hinder crown on
each side of the nape, much as in J/, religiosus : " lappets and bare
skin on head dark yellow ; iris dark " {A. E. Wallace). Total
length 12 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 6-9, tail 3'3, tarsus 1'5.

Young. Not nearly so glossy as the adults, the feathers being
dusky blackish with glossy green edgings. The lappets are very

102 STTTRNID.E.

small, and those on the sides of the occiput and nape scarcely
developed.

Hub. Sumbawa and Flores.

a-c. Ad.; d, e. .Iuv.sk. Flores. Wallace Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Flores (TFa//ace). Tweeddale Coll.

3. Mainatus javanensis.

Corvus javanensis, Osbeck, Iter. p. 102 (1757) ; id. Vuy. (Engl,
transl.), p. 157 (1771).

Graciila religiosa (nee L.), Eajfl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 303
(1820); Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845).

Eulabes javanensis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 162 (1820).

? Gracula religiosa, Vieii'l. Gal. Ois. i. p. 144, pi. 95 (1825).

Eulabes javanus, Cuvier, Reyne Anim. i. p. 377 (1829).

Mainatus javanus, Less. Traite, p. 357 (1831).

Mainatus sumatranus, Less. Traite, p. 357 (1831).

Gracula javanensis, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xv. p. 31 (184G) ; id. Cat.
B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 107 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 422(1850);
Motle^j Si- Dilhc. Nat. Hist. Labmm, p. 25 (1855) ; Schl. N. T. D.
i. p. 5, pi. i. fig. 3 (1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219 ; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 274 (1874) ; SJiarpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 107 ; Tweedd. Ibis,
1877, p. 319 ; Bri'n/gem. Ahhandl. nut. Ver. Bremejj, v. p. 461
(1877); Sharjie, This, 1879, p. 262; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 346;
Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 138 (1879) ; Nichols. Ibis,
1881, p. 1.53; Eelham, t. c. p. 620; Nichuls. Ibis. 1882, p. 63,
1883, p. 25 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 393 (1883) ; Snellem. in
VetJi. Midden-Simuitra, Vog. p. 43 (1844) ; Biittih. Notes Let/den
Mus. ix. p. 71 (1887).

Gracula javaua, A. Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 156 (1844) ;
Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 207 (1850) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 334.

Eulabes javanensis, Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.
p. 624 (1866); Moore^ P. Z. S. iHm, p. 444; Stoliczka, J.A.S.
Ben;/, xxxix. p. 326 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6267
(1870); Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F.
vi. p. 396 (1878, pt.) ; Htime, Str. F. 1879, pp. 66, 106.

Adult. Glossy black with the following reflexions : — back purple
from the hind neck ; lower back, ramp, and upper tail-coverts oil-
green with scarcely any purple ; scapulars and lesser wing-coverts
steel-green with the faintest admixture of purple ; median coverts
black with a narrow steel-green edging, which is scarcely perceptible
on the greater coverts, which are black like the primary-coverts,
bastard-wing, and quills, the inner secondaries only having a metallic
lustre on the inner web and steel-green edgings like the greater
coverts, but more distinct ; the primaries with a white patch at
about one third distance from the base, occurring on both webs of
all but the outermost primary, where it occurs only on the inner
web, and represented on the innermost spotted primary by merely a
white mark on the outer web ; tail-feathers black with a greenish
.shade ; head velvety black, with a strong purple lustre down the
centre of the crown, with a very faint tinge of steel-grccn ; lores,
sides of face, and clieeks black with a green gloss sliglitly tinged
with purple ; under surface of body black with a gloss as follows —

13. MATNATXTS.

103

purplish oa the throat, oil-green on the fore neck ; reddish purple
on the chest and breast, and steel-green on the lower breast and
abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts, the feathers of the under-
parts being black with broad metallic edgings ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries black, with a white patch on the primaries : " bill
orange-vermilion, yellow at the tip ; legs and wattles sulphur-
yellow" (II. G. Wardlaiu Hamscuj). Total length 11-5 inches,
eulmen 1-2, wing G-7, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-4.

The sexes are alike in colour.

Lappets two, one ou each side of the nape, united at the base in
very old birds ; below the eye a quadrate bare patch, separated
from the bare line on the sides of the hinder crown, which joins the
lappets, by a band of feathers which springs from the hinder part
of the eye and joins the feathers of the auricular region, leaving no
bare yellow line in between.

Hah. From South Tenasserim to Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo.

u, b. c? ad. et
juv. sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. c? ad. sk,

e. S;f. 2 ad.
sk.

ff-k.'d; i-n. 2

ad. sk.
o,p. c? 2 ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 6; i-w. 2

ad. sk.
x, y. S2 ad.

sk.
z-b'. Ad. sk.
c'.5''id.;f^',e',/'.

(J 5imm.sk.
[/j K . Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k'-in . Ad. ;

?i'. Juv. sk.
0, p. S 2 ad. ;

q - 2 j^'^"- sk.
?•'. c? ad. ; s', t' .

Juv. sk.
u', v . S; iv', x'.

2 ad. sk.
y'. cJ ad. ; z-b".

2 ad. sk.
c", d'. Ad. sk.
e",/". Ad. sk.
(j"-l". Ad. sk.
m'-qi' . Ad. sk.

S. Tenasserim, Jan., Feb.

Tenasserim ( W. Limborg).
Pakchan, May 4, 1875 {W.

Davison).
Bankasoon, April, Dec. (TV.

Davison),
Malewoon, Feb., March ( JV.

Davison).
Kossoum, May 18, 1879

{J. Darlinfi).
Province Welleslev, Dec. 1881.
Perak, Feb. 11, 1881.
Klang, Feb.-April, Sept. (TF.

Davison).
Ding Ding River, Feb. 23, 1879

(TF. Davison).
Malacca, Jidy 1877( W.Davison).
Malacca, Aug. 9, 1873 {R. G.

W. R.).
Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Mainyay).
Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 1875
(7F. Duviso7i).

Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 19, 1876
( W. Davison).

Johore, Aug. 1875 {W. Davi-
son).

Gunnong Pulai, Johore, Aug.
1879 ( Tf^. Davison).

Singapore.

Sumatra {Raffles).

Sumatra, Sept., Oct. (CV«7 Bock).

Lampoug, S.E. Sumatra {E. C.
Buxton).

Oates Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Dr. A. M'EnIay[P.].
Dr. A. M'Kinlay [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.

Himie Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

104 STUENID^.

g". Ad. sk. Java. ludia Museum.

r"-t". Ad. sk. E. Java {A. R. Wallace),

u"-w". Ad. sk. Borneo.

x". Ad, sk. Sarawak. Wallace Coll.

y". c? ad. sk. Busan (^-1. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

z", a. Ad. sk. Labuan {J. Motley). Tweeddale Coll.

a. Ad. sk. Labuan [h. Luc). U. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

Subsp. a. Mainatus palawanensis.

Gracula javanensis (nee Oshevk), Sharpe, Trann. Linn. Soc. new ser.

i. p. Mi (1876) ; Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 622 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1884,

p. 321 ; Masim, Ornis, 1888, p. 315.
Eulabes javanensis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 202.

Adult female. Similar to M. javanensis but smaller, and blacker
underneath, with verj' little reddish purple on the breast; especially
distinguished by the green shade on the lores and sides of the
crown : " bill reddish orange ; wattles orange-yellow ; legs yellow ;
iris deep brown " {A. H. Everett). Total length 10 inches, culmen
1-15, wing 6-1, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-35.

Young. Similar to the adult but duller, with less gloss and
smaller lappets : " bill fine deep orange ; wattles and legs chrome-
yellow " {A. H. Everett).

Hah. Palawan.

a, b. Ad. sk.l Palawan. Everard Lempriere,

Esq. [P.].
c. (S ad.; d. Ad. Palawan. Professor Steere [C.].

sk.

e. 9 ad.sk. Puerto Priucesa, Palawan, Dec. 3, Tweeddale Coll.

1877 {A. H. Everett).

f. S iinm.sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Jan. Tweeddale Coll

1878 {A. H. Everett).

(J. Ad. sk. Inagawan, Jan. 1878 {A. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).

4. Mainatus intermediust.

Le Mainate des Indes Orientates, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 416,

pi. XXV. (1775).
Gracula religiosa (nee L.), McCleU. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 164 ; Blyth,

J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 178* (1843); Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.,

t Refer also to the following : —

Mainatus dubius.
Eulabes dubia, Schl. Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 6 (18()3) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 627U (1870).
Probably tbe young of M. intermedins.
Hah. Unknown.

Mainatus lidtiii.
Eulabes lidthi, Schl. Kederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 7, pi. i. fig. 5(1863); Gray,
Hand-l. n. ii. p. 18, no. 6269 (1870).
Hah. Unknown.

13. jiAiNATtrs. 105

Passeres, pi. 209. fip:. 1 (no. 302) ; id. m Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 84
(1844J ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hochjs. p. 103 (1846).

]Maina religiosa i^nec L.), Hodys. J. A. S. Beny. v. p. 771 (1836).

Gracula indicus, A. Hay, Madr. Jouni. xiii. pt. ii. p. 157 (1844).

Gracula intermedia, A. Hai/, Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. ii. p. 157 (1844) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. 3Ius. As.' Sac. p. 107 (1849) ; Bji. Consp. i. p. 422
(1850); Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 207 (1850); Irb>/, Ibis, 1861,
p. 230; Schl. Nederl. Tijdschr. i. p. 6, pi. i. fig. 4 (1863) ; Schomh.
Ibis, 1864, p. 255 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 469 ; Oates, B. Brit.
Burin, i. p. 391 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) ir.
p. 007 (1887) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) v. p. 616 (1888).

Gracula javaueusis («fc Osbeckj, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xv. p. 369
(1846)._

Eulabes intermedia, Horsf. ^- Muore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.
p. 523 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 339 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867,
p. 40 ; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bene/, xxxix. p. 110 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6265 (1870) ; Bedl, Sir. F. 1875, p. 293,
1877, p. 417 ; Blyth S,- Wald. B. Burin, p. 89 (1875) ; Wardlaw
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 460; Ball, Sir. F. vii. p. 222 (187^<) ;
Oates, Str. F. 1887, p. 230.

Eulabes javanensis, Hume, Kests 8f Eggs Ind. B. p. 436 (1873, pt.) ;
id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 480 ; id. Str. F. 'l875, p. 152 ; Armstr. Str. F.
1876, p. 335; Binqham, Str. F. 1877, p. 86; Hume S,- Davison,
Str. F. vi. pp. 396, 520 (1878, pt.) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106;
Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 192 ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 268 (1888).

Eulabes javanus, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 38.

Adult male. Similar to M. javanensis, but much smaller, and
distinguished by the form of the little patch of feathers which
extends from the hinder part of the eye. This is triangular in
shape, and never reaches to the auricular feathers, leaving always a
distinct line of bare skin : " bill coral-red, yellow at the tij) ; inside
of mouth fleshy ; eyelids well feathered ; naked skin in general
deep yellow, more or less tinged with orange on the face, and purer
and varying in colour on the lappets, the uppermost corner of the
lappet near the eye tinged with blue ; legs, feet, and claws yellow ;

MAIN.iTUS SINENSIS.

Eulabes sinensis, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 353; id. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 383 ;
David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 365 (1877).
Described from a living specimen. No type was preserved, and the species
is vei-y doubtfully distinct from M. iniermcdius.

Hab. South-western China (Western Kwangtung, Kwangse, and so forth)
{Swinhoe, I. c).

Mainatus hainanus.
Eulabes hainanus, Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 352; «^. P, Z. /S. 1871, p. 384 ;
David if Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 3G(5 (1877).
" Similar to E. sinensis, but having the subocular fleshy skin narrow, 0'2y inch,
lengthened downwards and not square. I examined several of the Chinese
form, and they all agreed in having it square-shaped. On this peculiarity I
venture to separate the Hainan rave ; for my single specimen was left in charge
of a fi'iend, in whose hands it died, and, notwithstanding all uiy careful
instructions, it was thrown away." {H. Swinhoe, I. c.)
Hab. Hainan.

106

STITRNID^.

iris brown" {E. W. Oates). Total length 11 inches, culmen I'l,
wing G-3, tail 2-95, tarsus i*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
10-5 inches, culmen l-Oo, wing G-3, tail 3, tarsus 1-2.

Jlab. Central India; Himalayas from Kumaon to Assam, the
Burmese countries to Tenassorim and the northern part of the
Malay Peninsula, eastwards to Cochin China, and probably South
China and Hainan.

a-ff- S 2 ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. ; k. Imm. sk.

l-p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r-t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

v-d'. Ad. sk.

e' . Ad. sk.
/. c? ad.; (/', h'.

(S 2 juv. sk.
i. c? ad. sk.

k',l'. S 2 ad. sk.

m . (5; n' , o' . 2

ad. sk.
2). S ad. sk.

q'. Imm. sk.
r' . (S ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.
t'. cj ad. sk.

u'. Ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

w'. c? imm. sk.

x'. 2 imm. sk.

«/'. Ad. sk.
s'. Juv. sk.
a"-d". S; e"-f'.

2 ad. sk.
(/". (S ad. sk.

k". 2 ad. sk.
t", k". c? ad. sk.

/". J ad. sk.

m", n". cJ; o". 2
ad. sk.

Sumhalpur, Jan., Dec.

Kumaon (Strachey).

Kumaon.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

Sikhim, April 1873 (i. Man-
delli).

Darjeeling.

DarjeeliugTerai, Feb. 1874 (i.
Mandelli).

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., Nov.
(i. Mandelli).

Assam {A. W. Chennell).

N. Khasia Hills, March 1876
(A. W. Chennell).

Near Shillong, Dec. 15, 1877
{W. Davison).

Sadhya, June 1877 (/. Cock-
burn).

Khowang, Dibrughur, March,
Aug. {J. R. Cripps).

JoonkotoUee, Dibrughur, April
5, 1880 (/. R. CHpps).

Cachar.

Noong-zai-bau, Mauipur, Feb.
2, 1881 {A. 0. H.).

Tipperah.

Eastern Pegu Hills, April 14,
1873 (E. W. Oates).

Arakau Hills, Jan. 1872 (-B. W.
Oates).

Pegu (IF. T.Blanford).

Syriam, Jan. 11, 1876 (/. Arm-
strong).

Eaugoon, July -5, 1873 {R. G.
W. R.).

Tonghoo.

Tonghoo (R. G. W. R.).

Tonghoo, Jan.-May {R. G.
W. R.).

Tonghoo Hills, March 13, 1875
{R. G. W. R.).

Kollidoo, Tenasserim.

Kollidoo, Jan., Dec. {W.
Davison).

Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 27, 1874 ( W.
Davison).

Pabpoon, Jan., Nov. ( W. Davi-
son).

Hume Coll.
ludia Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

p"~u". J ; iv"-.v".

2 ad. sk.
ij". (S ad. sk.

s", a. c5' ad. sk.

/3. c? ad. sk.

y. 5 ad. sk.

8, f. c5' ad. sk,

i; r,. S2 ad. sk.
^, t. cf $ ad. sk.

K, X. 5 ad. ; ^l.. (S

imiu. sk.
V. cJ ad. sk.

f $ ad. sk.

o. c? ad. sk.

IT. (S ad. sk.

p. c? ad. ; 0-. Ad. sk.

r. 5 imm. sk.

V, (f). '^, ad. sk.

X-«d- d" ? ad. sk.
a. cJ ad. sk.
jS'. d' ad. sk.
y. Imm. sk.

8'. Imm. sk.
€, C, r]'. Ad. sk.

9'. cS; '', «'• 9 ad.

sk.
X'. cJ ad. sk.

fi'. ^ ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

13. MAINATUS.

Kaukaryit, May-Sept. (J. Dar-

liwj).
Kossiak, Thoungyeeu River,

Oct. 6, 1879 (C. T. Bingham).
Pabyouk, March 1874 {W.

Davison).
Hoiingthraw River, Feb. 27,

]877 {W. Liinbory).
Assoou, March 2, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Myawadee, Jan. 1877 (IF.

Davison).
Yeaboo, Dec. 1878 {J. Darlinr/).
Meetan, Feb. 1877 ( W. Davi-
son).
Amherst, Jan.-March ( W.

Davison).
Lemyne, March 28, 1874 (TF.

Daviso7i).
Meeta Myo, April 19, 1874

( W. Davison).
Tavoy, April 13, 1878 {W.

Davison).
N'walaboo, April 10, 1878

( W. Davison).
Pakchan, Jan. 1875 {TF. Davi-
son).
Bankasoou, Dec. 22, 1875 (W.

Davison).
Malewoon, Jan., Feb. ( JF.

Daviso7i).
S. Tenasserim, Jan., Feb., Dec.
Pulo Condul, April 20, 1876.
Siam.
Cambodia.

Cambodia {Mouhot).
Cochin China.

Kossoum, April, May {J.

Darlin</).
Klang, Feb. 25, 1879 (IF.

Davison).
Malacca, Aug. 9, 1873 {E. G.

W. E.).
Singapore.

107

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Mons. E. Pierre

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Mons. E. Pierre

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Subsp. a. Mainatus andamanensis.

Gracula javanica (nee aucf.), Bli/fh, Ibis, 1859, p. 465.

(iracula intermedia (jiec Hay), Blyth. Ibis, 1800, p. 221.

Gracula javana, Pelz. Ecis. Novnra, J'dy. p. 88 (1805).

I'Adabes andamanensis, Beavan, Ibis, 1807, p. 331 (ex Tytler MSS.);
Waldm, I. c, note ; Ball, J. A. S. Bcnq. xxxix. pt. 2, p. 242
(1870) ; (iraxi, Iland-i. B. ii. p. 18, no. <i271 (1870) ; Waldm,
Ibis, 1871, p. 177, 1873, p. 313.

108

STTJENID^li;.

Eulabes javanensis (pt.), Hume, Nests, p. 436 (1873) ; id. Str. F.

1874, p. 251.
Eulabes intermedia (nee Hay), Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 77.

3/. andamancHsis is scarcely to be separated from M. intermedins,
of which it is a stoiit-billcd race. The stoutness of the bill is, how-
ever, equalled by several of the Himalayan specimens of 21. inter-
medius, and it is impossible to draw a line of distinction between
them. The only other character is in the number of white-spotted
quills, which varies from six to nine, and one specimen has twelve
with white spots ; so that it would be difficult to separate this
specimen from M. robustus, judging from the description of the
latter bird.

Mr. Hume gives an excellent note on the Andaman and Nicobar
birds in 'Stray Feathers' (1874, p. 256). The sexes do not differ
in size. "Length 11-5 to 13"5 inches; wing 6 to 7'25, tail 3"1
to 4-0, tarsus 1"12-1'55. Legs and feet j'cllow, varying from pale
to dull chrome-yellow ; bills varying from orange to coral-red, but
always pale yellow at the tip ; lappets gamboge-yellow to light
orange ; iris dcej) brown " (Hume, I. c).

Hah. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

a. (S ad. slv.

b. (5 ad. sk.

c, d. c? ad. ; e. 2
ad. ; /. $ imm. ;
ff, h. Jiiv. sk.

i, k,l. c? ? ad. sk.

m, n. c? 2 ^d. sk.

0, p. 6 2 ad. ; q.

Imm. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.

s-w. (5 ad. sk.

.r-d'. cS $ ad. sk.

e'. 2 ad. ; /. 5

juv. sk.
f/. 5 ad. sk.

/(', r. (S 2 ad. sk.

/.•'. 2 ad. .sk.

/'. c? ad. sk.

?/(', 71. 2 ad. sk.

o'. c? ad. sk.
P) ?'• ? ad. sk.

Andamans (Tytler). Gates Coll.

Andanians, June 1865 (i2. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Hearan). (Tvpe of species.)

S. Andamans, Jan. 1873 {R. G. Tweeddale CoU.
W. K).

S. Andamans, March, April 1873 Tweeddale Coll.

{R. G. W. R.).
S. Andamans, Aug., Sept. 1873 Hume Coll.

{R. J. Wimherley).
Jolly Boys Island, Macpherson Hume Coll.

Straits, March 8, 1873 ( V. Ball).
Port Mouat, April 15, 1873 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Mt. Harriet, March, Dec. ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Port Blair, Aug., Sept. 1873 Hume Coll.

{R. J. Wimlet-leij).
Camorta, Nicobars, Dec. 1873 Tweeddale Coll.

{R. J. Wituberley).
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 28, 1873 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Jan. 2, Hume Coll.

1873 (ir. Daviso)i).
Katchul, Nicobars, Jan. 25, 1873 Hume Coll.

{W. Davison).
Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb. Hume Coll.

U, 1873 (71'; Davison).
Kondul, Nicobars, March 1873 Hume Coll.

(W. Davison).
Little Nicobar, July 10, 1876. Hume Coll.

Great Nicobar, Jan. 30, 1873 Hume CoU.

( W. Daviso7i).

13. MAINATFS.

Subsp. /3. Mainatus robustus.

109

^'(1887)™^"'^"' *''''"^- ^""- ^^'''- ^''''''- ^"'"''- (^) '''■■ V- 554

Adult Similar to M javanensh, but much larger, with a very stout
bill, the bare cheek-patch united to the occipital lappets ; a very broad
ransverse white patcli on the wing, twice ir three times as S as
in ^Ijara^uns^s and having the secondaries also marked in the
middle with white: "bill reddish orange, with a vellow tip feet
jelJow ; lappets orange-red " (Modl^jUuni). Total length 13 is cS
inches, culmen 1-1-15 win* 7-t S-'^ fnii qq- i i- ^ , ^

(Sahadori.) ' ^ ' ^"^ ^' ^"'^ 3-3o-4-lo, tarsus 1-65.

//«6. Island of Xias.

f. ^ fTfl^^'T''^ ^^^^' '^^^" ^ comparison is possible, it will be
found that V. robustusis merely a modified form of J/. anJcmZ^^^
perhaps a larger race As has been shown in the descriptio 7the
latter foi-m the number of secondaries marked with whi e varLs to

Tat in rir. " ''''''''- '''' ''--'- - -^ «^ ^P-^c

5. Mainatus ptilogenys.

GraciJa ptilogenvs, Bl>/th, J. A. S. Bene,, xv. p. 285 (1846) ; id Cat

K^Ins. As.^oc. p 108 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. V 423 1850) •

Kelaart, Prodromus Cat. ^. 125 (1852); Layard %in X n i^l

xn . p. 216 (1854) ; Schl. %. T. h. ill. \. ^^T 'fi. Th 88^" ^^

^c?«7rm«?e Black, with the following reflexions -.-purple on the
crown, sices of head, neck all round, hind neck, and LA\l sttt
!,rcen on the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and lesser
wing-coverts, with here and there a faint shade of purple • Vea er
cover s black with a broad purplish edging; bastard^^wil., prim •-
co^erts, and quills black, with the usual large patch of wh te on the
Fimaries the first ong quills being marked oli the inner web onlv
the econd to the sixth on both webs, and the seventh without ^
mark on either web; the innermost secondaries with a nar w
puri^sh edging: tail purplish black : throat and chest purpewith
anoily-green shade across the fore neck ; breast and rema ndeT of
underparts green, with a shade of piu-ple on the thigh ? under
wing-coyerts and axillanes black, with purplish edgings near the
edge of the wmg : " bill orange-red, with the upper mandible Ma k
from gape to nostril and the lower for uearlv hllf its length le^t
and feet gamboge-yellow ; claws blackish ; lappets rich yellow' iri
greyish white dappled with brown" (17. v! Leg^e). TotallenSh
9-0 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5-9, tail 2-55, tarsus 1-35 "

110 STUENIDiE.

Lappets two, one on each side of the occiput ; no bare patches on
tlic side of the face. The lappets are said by Colonel Legge to meet
at the base in old birds.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : " iris white or
j-cllowish white" (W. V. Legge). Total length 10 inches, culmeu
l-l, wing G, tail 2"55, tarsus 1'4.

The white marking on the primaries does not vary much.
Occasionallj' there is an appearance of a small mark of white on
the outer web as well as on the inner one of the first long primary,
and usually six primaries only arc marked with white. Sometimes,
however, the seventh shows a small white mark on the outer web ;
and in one specimen in the Tweeddale collection there is considerable
amount of white on hotli webs.

Young. " Birds of the year have the iris quite brown, bill with
more black about the base, and not so long as in the adult ; lappets
smaller and widely separated at the base ; lower parts faintly edged
with greyish. In this stage they breed.

'• I record the colour of the iris in the adult female as uliite, because
I have found it so in all specimens I have shot ; I believe Mr. Bligh
has observed the same to be the case. Whether the eye of the
male becomes white with age I am unable to say ; I have always
found greyish or brown tints in it, and they are usually in the form
of dots or stipplings. The fact of the eye in the young bird being
brown augurs strongly in favour of a change eventually to the same
colour in both sexes ; and it may be that I have not succeeded in
getting a fully-aged male." {Legge.)

Hah. Confined to Ceylon.

a. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll.

b.c. cJ 2 ad. sk. Singha-Rajah Forest, S. Ceylon,

Aug. 20,' 1872 (W^. V. Le;i(,e).
d. 9 ad. sk. Avisawella, Cej-lou, Dec. 17, 1876 R, B. Sliarpe, Esq.

(^W. V. Legge). [P.].

e,f. Ad. ; //. $ Pusiwella, Ceylon, Dec. 1(3, 1865 Tweeddalo Coll.

ad. sk. ' {S. Chapman),

h-r. S 2 '"^d. sk. Ambegamwa, Ceylon, Feb , Tweeddale Coll.

March 1873 {H. Nevill).
s, t. c? $ ad. sk. Ctallagedara, Ceylou, Feb. 1872 Tweeddale Coll.

{IL Nevill).
u, r, w. c? ad. ; .*', y. Ratuapura, Ceylou, Feb. 1834 Tweeddale Cull.
2 ad.; z. (S {H.Nemll).

iuv. sk.

14. MIXO. Ill

14. MINO.

Type.

Miuo, Lassun, Voij. Coquille, Zool. i. p. 651 (1826) M. dumonti.

*U !

^^^■^ ^

Head of Mino dumonti, to show bare face.
liamje. New Guinea and adjacent islands to the Southern group.

Key to the Species.

a. Black feathers on throat running to a point on the

chin ; vent veUow as well as the lower abdomen . . dumonti, p. 111.

b. Black feathers on throat rounded ; lower abdomen

and vent white hke the under tail-coverts kreffti, p. 112.

1. Mino dumonti.

Miuo dumonti, Less. Voy. Coquille, Zool. i. p. G52, pi. 2o (1826) ;

Kittl. K-iipf. Vof/. p. 9, Taf. xiii. fig. 1 (1833) ; Salvad. Ann. Mtis.

Civic. Gen'ov. vii. p. 778 (1875), viii. p. 402 (1876), ix. p. 39 (1876),

X. p. 150 (1877)_; Salvad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 98 ; D' Albert. Sf Salvad.

Ann. Mvs. Civic. Oenov. xiv. p. 93 (1879) ; Salvad. op. cit. xvi.

p. 195 ; id. Orn. Papnasia etc. ii. p. 466 (1881) ; id. Hep. Voy.

JI.M.S. ' Chalhmier; ii. Birds, p. 81 (1881).
Maiuatus dumonti, Lesson in Ferussac, Bull. x. p. 159 (1827).
Gymuops dumonti, Cuvier, Eigne Anim. i. p. 381 (1829).
Gracula dumonti, Waglei; Isis, 1829, p. 747 ; Miiller ^- Schl. Verh.

Land- en Volk. p. 22 (1839-44) ; Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 330 (1845) ;

Bp. Consj). i. p. 422 (1850) ; Scl. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 164 (1858) ;

Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 182, 194, 1859, p. 158 ; id. Cat. B. New

Guinea, pp. 38, 59 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. Is61, p. 436 ; ScJd. Xederl.

Tijdschr. i. p. 8, pi. i. fig. 8 (1863) ; Eosenb. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 131 ;

Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865) ; Gray, Ifand-l. B. ii. p. 18,

no. 0272 (1870) ; Emnsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 392

(1876).
Eulabes dumonti, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 82 (1876), p. 318

(1877), p. 501 (1877), xiv. p. 687 (1879); Ramsay. Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. iii. pp. 107, 279 (1878), iv. p. 99 (1879).

Adult male. Black with green reflexions, slightly varied with a
purplish shade ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts edged
with glossy green ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black,
the inner secondaries glossed with green externally ; the first six

112 STUENIDJE.

long primaries marked with a white patch, the first only on the inner
web and the sixth only on the outer one ; tail black ; centre of
crown and neck all round greenish black, the feathers being loose
and bristly ; sides of crown and entire region of the eye and greater
part of auricular region bare, the texture of the skin being bristly ;
lores black, as well as a broad line of feathers running to the sides
of the neck and occupying the lower ear-coverts ; fore part of cheeks
bare ; hinder cheeks and sides of neck greenish bkick, with a few
liair-like white plumelets ; chin and sides of upper throat bare ;
centre of throat and fore neck greenish black, slightly glossed
witii purple ; breast, sides of body, flanks, and thighs black glossed
with green, the feathers being edged with the latter colour ; entire
abdomen bright yellow ; under tail-coverts white ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts black with glossy green edges ; quills black
below, with a white patch on the primaries : " bill, feet, and eyes
jclloyv " (D'Albertis). Total length 10 inches, culmeu I'l, wing 6,
tail 2"95, tarsus 1"4.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1*25, wing 5"9, tail 2-7, tarsus 1*45.

Young. Differ from the adult in wanting the papillae on the bare
part of the face and in having the abdomen paler yellow.

Hah. New Guinea, Salawatti, Waigiou, and Aru Islands.

a. 2 ad. sk. Waigiou. Wallace Coll.

b-d. S $ ad. sk. Salawati, July, Aug. 1868

( Von Rosenberg),
e. S ad. ; f. Ad. sk. Dorey. Wallace Coll.

f/. Ad. sk. Dorev (A. B. Wallace). Gould Coll.

'k, i. S ? fid. sk. Am Islands. Voy. of II.M.S.

' Challenger.'
k, I. d 2 'I*!- ; '"• ^^^^ Islands. Wallace CoU.

Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. Rev. S. McFarlane

[P.].
0. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. Broadbent [C.].

2. Mino kreffti.

Gracula kreflEti, Scl. P. Z. S. 186!), p. 120, pi. ix. ; Brazier, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 551 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 104, 1878, p. 289 ; Finsc/i,

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 17 ; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 295 ; FimcJi, Ibis,

1881, p. 5.37; Tristr. Ibh, 18s2, p. 142,
Edabes krelfti, Graij, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 6273 (1870).
Gracula guathophila, Cab. ^'- Peichen. Sitz. Gesellsch. nat. Ireunde

zu Berlin, 1876, p. 72 ; iid. J. f. O. 1876, p. 322 ; Salvad. P. Z. S.

1877, p. 19.5. ■
Eulabes (Gracula) kretfti, Ramsaij, Proc. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. iv. p. 70

(1879).
Mino kreffti, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 190 (1880) ;

id. Orn. Papuasia S,-c. ii. p. 469 (1881); Finsch, Vijg. der Siid-See,

p. 14 (1884) ; Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 198.

Adult. Similar to M. dumonti, but rather larger ; the line of
feathers on the throat rounded anteriorly, and the feathers of the

15. MELANOI'YKEHUS.

113

cheeks extended over the base of the bill, which is not bare as in
M. diimoiiti. The abdomen is not of so brilliant a yellow as in the
latter species, and the lower abdomen is white : " bill and bare
space round ej'c clear orange-yellow, as also the bare skin angle ;
feet duller orange-yellow ; iris fiery orange " (Finsch). Total length
lU-5 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 6-5, tail 8-5, tarsus 1'5.

The sexes are alike in colour, according to Dr. Finsch.

Ilab. Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Ireland, and New
Hanover.

a. Ad. sk. Solomon Islands.

b. Ad. sk. Elizabeth Island, Solomons,

Sept. 10, I860 (J. Brenchley).

c. Ad. sk. Fauro Island, Solomons.

d. Ad. sk. New Ireland.

e-(/. Ad. sk. New Ireland {G. Brown).

P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)
Tweeddale Coll.

C. M. Woodford, Esq.

_[C.].
Sir C. Lemon [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

15. MELANOPYRRHUS.

Melauopyrrhus, Up. C. R. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853)

Type.
M. anais.

Head of Mclanopyrrhus anais.
llanqe. Confined to New Guinea and Salawati.

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. Head black ; round the neck a broad yellow collar. . iinais, p. 113.

b. Head golden yellow like the hind neck, generally

with a black nape-spot orientulis, p. 114.

1. Melanopyrrhus anais.

Sericulus anais, Less. Hev. Zool. 1854, p. 44 ; Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 349
(I80O); id. C. B. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853); Scl. P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 6 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 192, 1861, p. 434 ; Rosenb. Nat.
Tijdschr. kederl. Ind. xxv. p. 234 (1863); id. J. f. O. 1864,
p. 121.

Oriolus ? anais, Grcnj, Gen. B., App. p. ii (1849) ; id. Cat. B. Ke2V
Guinea, pp. 26, 57 (1859).

VOL. XIII. I

114 STURNIDiE.

Pastor nigi-ocinctus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 68; Sd.

P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6.
Melanopvrrluis aoais, Pj). C. P. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853) ; id. Notes

Coll. Delattre, p. 9 (1854); Sd. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6; id. Juurn.

Lijin. Soc. ii. p. 159 (1858) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x.

p. 150 (1877), xvi. p. 195 (1880); id. Orn. Papiiasia etc. ii. p. 462

(1881) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 644 ; Sharpe in GouhrsP. Neic

Guinea, iv. pi. 16 (1886).
' GraciJa pectoralis, Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 16!^ pi. xx. ; Scl. Ibis,

1863, p. 225 ; FinscJi, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (1865).
Gracula (Melauopyrrbus) anais, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist (3) x.

p. 473 (1852).
Gracula anais, Wall. Ann. ^ May. Nat. Hist. (3) xi. p. 15 (1863) ;

Schl. Mils. Pays-Pas, Coraces, p. 98 (1867) ; id. Nederl. Tijdschr.

8vo, iv. p. 18 (]871) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 697 ; Posetib. Malay.

Arch. p. 654 (1879).
Eulabes anais, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6276 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above black with a green gloss, very
slightly varied with pui'ple ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts black, edged with glossy green : bastard-
wing, primary- coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, with a slight
gTceuish wash externally ; seven long primaries marked with white,
the first and seventh only on the inner web ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts deep orange-yellow ; crown of head, lores,
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat glossy greenish black ;
round the hind neck a broad yellow collar, extending on each side
of the occiput ; lower throat, fore neck, and breast orange-yellow ;
lower breast, abdomen, and thighs black, edged with glossy green ;
lower flanks, lower abdomen, and vent orange-yellow : the under
tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and under surface
of quills black ; bill and feet pale yellow ; iris yellow. Total
length 9-5 inches, culmeu 0-95, wing 5-4, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-3.

Young. Duller black than the adults, the feathers being black
with glossy green margins : wing and tail entirely black, except for
the large white patch on the primaries ; sides of neck and a broad
collar round the hind neck pale yellow with a tinge of orange : sides
of face and throat black with scarcely any gloss; remainder of
under surface of body black, with broad yellow edges.

Hab. North-western Sew Guinea : Salawati.

(i-d. cJ 5 ad. sk. Salawati, June, July 1868 Salvin-Godman and
( Von Rosenberg), Tweeddale Colls.

e. Ad. sk. New Guinea. AVaUace Coll. (Type

of Gracula 2iectoralis.)

f. Ad. ; g. Juv. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll.

2. Melanopyrrhus orientalis.

Gracula anais, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv. p. 18 (1871, nee

Less.).
Gracula anais orientalis, Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv. p. 52

(1881) ; Rosenb. Reis. naar Geelvinkbai, p. 140 (1875).
Gracula orientalis, Beccari, Ann. Mus, Civic. Genov, vii. p. 714

16. AMPELICEPS.

115

(1875) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. Nmv South Wales, iv. p. 93

(1879).
GracLila rosenbergii, Finsch in Brehnis ' Gefangene Voijel^ ii. p. 562

(1876).
Melauopyrrhus orientalis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 401

(1876), X. pp. 12, 20, note (1877) ; V Albert. Sf Salvad. op. cit. xiv.

p. 90 (1879) ; Sahad. op. cit. xvi. p. 195 (1880) ; id. Orn. Pa-

puasia e delle Molucche, ii. p. 463 (1881) ; Guilleniard, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1885, p. 644 ; Sharpe in Goukfs Birds of New Guinea, iv.

pi. 17 (1886).
Mina robertsonii, D' Albert. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x. pp. 12, 20

(1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 368.
Graciila affinis, Posenb. Malay. Arch. pp. 554, 590 (1879).
Eulabes orientalis Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii. p. 279

(1879).
Melanopyn-lius robertsonii, Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv,

pp. 6.3.3, 687 (1879).

Adult. Similar to M. anais, but with more of an oily-greeu gloss,
especially on the throat ; the orange colour everywhere deeper and
more brilliant ; the entire head brilliant orange, with a patch of
greenish black on the nai)e ; ear-coverts greenish black with a few
yellow feathers intermixed : " bill and feet pale yellow ; iris yellow "
{U Alhertis). Total length lU inches, culmen 0'9, wing 5-8, tail
2'95, tarsus 1'3.5.

Tounfj. Similar to the adults but the orange paler, and mottled
with blackish bases to the feathers of the fore neck ; many of the
greenish-black feathers of the breast tipped with yellowish margins.

Hah. New Guinea.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. New Guinea {Dr. A. P. Gould Coll.

Meyer).

b. Imm. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New Guinea. K. Broadbent [C.J.

16. AMPELICEPS.

Type.

Ampeliceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 194 (1842) .... A. corouatus

Head of Ampeliceps coronatus.

Ranrje. Cochin China to Cachar, and south to Burmah and
Teuasserim.

i2

110 STUKN1D.T5.

1 . Ampeliceps coronatus.

Ampeliceps coronatus, Bli/tJi, J. A. S. Benr/. xi. p. 194 (1842), xii.
1.985 (184:5), XV. p. 32" (1840); id. Cat.'li. Mus. As. Soc. p. 108

(1849) ; £p. Consp. i. p. 422 (1850) ; Horsf. <^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E.I. Co. ii. p. 525 (1850); Verr. P. Z.' S. 1868, p. 022; Ifiimc,

A^est ^- Eqg& Ind. B. p. 4.'56 (1872) ; id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 480 ;

Anmtr. Sir. F. 1870, p. 335 ; Blyth S,- Walden, B. Burm. p. 89

(1875) ; Hume 4'- Damon, Str. F. vi. p. 398 (1878); mme, Str.

F. viii. 1879, p. 100 ; id. Str. F. ix. p. 250 (1880) ; Oates, Str. F.

X. 1882, p. 231 ; id. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 395 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) v. p. 015 (]888) ; Hu7ne, Str. F. xi. p. 209

(1888).
Gracul.i coronata, Gray ^- Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 330, pi. 81 (1845).
Eulabes coronata, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 18, no. 0274 (1870).

Adiilt female . Greenish black, pnrjilish on tho hind neck and
sides of neck and lesser wing-coverts ; remainder of wing-coverts
and quills black, externally steel glossed with steel-green or pur-
plish, the primaries with a large patch of yellow, extending over
the seven long primaries, biit confined to the inner web of the first
and the outer web of the seventh ; the mark on the outer web rather
bright yellow, but whiter on the inner web ; croM'U of head bright
yellow, the sides of the crown, nape, lores, sides of face, cheeks, and
car-coverts puri)lish black, like the sides of the neck; throat yellow ;
remainder of under surface of body from tho lower throat down-
wards greenish black, rather glossed with purple on the fore neck ;
the feathers of the abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
rather more dusky and edged with glossy green ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts black ; quills black below, with a large yellow
patch on the primaries : " bill pale orange, turning to blue at the
gape, mouth livid ; ophthalmic skin yellow, tinged with orange ;
legs dull orange ; claws dark horn ; iris dark brown " {E. W. Oates) :
" bill dull greenish, tipped and margined with yellow ; legs and
feet bright ochreish yellow : claws dark brown ; iris dark brown "
{J. Armstrong). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 5-1, tail
2-3, tarsus 0-95.

Adult male. Similar to the female, but distinguished by the whole
of tho lores and fore part of cheeks being yellow : " bill yellow,
tinged slightly with green at the gape, and base of lower mandible
bluish green ; legs and feet pinkish chrome-yellow ; iris very dark
broM'n" (W. Davison). Total length 9-2 inches, wing 5"2, culmen
0-75, tail 2'3, tarsus 1.

Younfj. With the greater part of the head blue-black, as well as
the sides of the face and sides of throat, leaving the centre of the
throat yellow, and the crown more or less mixed with yellow plumes.

Huh. The same as that of the genus.

a. Ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. China Ba-keer, Dec. 17. 1875 Hume Coll.

{J. Armstrong).

e, c'. Ad. sk. Tonghoo. Tweeddale Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Tonghoo. Oates Coll.

e S <id. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. 29, 1879. Oates Coll.

17. PSAEOGLOSSA. 117

/. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. India Museum.

(J, h. 2 ad. ; i. iS ad. Road between Amherst and Hume Coll.
sk. Moulmein, March 1874 ( W.

Davison).
/c. ? jiiv. sk. Meetan, Feb. 27, 1877 {W. Hume Coll.

Dainsuii).
I, in. c? ad. ; n. $ Yea, March 1874 ( W. Bavi- Hume Coll.

juv. sk. sun).

0, p, q. c5' ad. ; r, s. Meeta ]Myo, April 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

$ juv. sk. Davison).

t. c? ad. sk. Tavoy,_ April 14, 1874 {W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
u. Ad. sk. Cochin China. Mons. E. Pierre

17. PSAEOGLOSSA.

Type,
fearoglossa, Hodgs. J. A. S. Bemj. xiii. p. 3li7 (1844) . . P. spiloptera.
Psaroglossa, nam. emend., BIyth, Cat. B. Mies. As. Soe.

p. 100 (1849) '. p. spiloptera

.=-«ii#l^^^.

Secondary quill of P. spiloptera.

Range. Himalayas from Cashmere to Sikhim, Dacca, and Assam
through Burmah to Tenasserim.

1. Psaroglossa spiloptera.

Lamprotornia spiloptera, Vigors, P. Z. S. IS-'U, p. 3.5 ; Gould, Cent.
Himal. B. pi. 34 (1832) ; Hodc/s. J. A. S. Benq. v, p. 773 (18-36) :
MeClell. P. Z. S. 18-39, p. 163.'

pt. 2, p. 9 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 418 (18,50) ; Hortf. Sf Moore,
Cat. B. Mils. E.I. Co. ii. p. 54-5 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 336
(1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 28, no. 6396 (1870) ; Hume, Nests
Sf Eiigs Ind. B. p. 434 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1874, p. 480; Wald.
in Bhjth's B. Burm. p. 91 (1875) ; Brooks, Str. F. 187-5, p. 254 ;
Armstr. Str. F. 1876, p. 334 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p 394
(1878) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106, 1880, p. 256 ; Gates, Handh.
B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 394 (1883) ; Beid, Cat. Lucknoio Mus. p. 128
(1886) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 268 (1888).

Psarog-lossa spiloptera, Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 109 (1850).

Sarog-lossus spilopterus, Gray, Cat. 3Iumm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqson,
p. 103 (1846). '

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, all the feathers

118 STTJRNIDiE.

edged with dusky brown, producing a mottled appearance ; scapulars
like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more
uniform brown, the latter reddish brown ; wing-coverts greenish
black, hoary grey at the ends, which are edged with dusky blackish ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs black, externally glossed
with steel-green, all but the second primary white at the base, the
secondaries externally hoary grey towards the base of the outer
■neb, the inner ones brown with ashy edges ; tail-feathers brown,
with an ashy shade on the margins, the two outer ones reddish on
the inner web ; crown of head hoary grey, mottled with greenish-
black edges to the feathers, especially distinct on the nape and hind
neck ; forehead less distinctly mottled ; lores and feathers at base
of nostrils, feathers round sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks
black ; throat deep chestnut ; sides of neck like the hind neck ;
lower throat, fore neck, and breast cinnamon-rufous or light bay ;
abdomen white, a few of the upper feathers with rufous centres ;
sides of body and flanks cinnamon-rufous ; thighs ashy brown with
whitish margins ; iinder tail-coverts dull cinnamon, broadly edged
with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale cinnamon,
edged with white, the edge of the wing greenish black ; the greater
lower coverts blackish ; quills below black, with a white patch at
the base of the primaries : " bill dusky black, reddish black at base '
of lower mandible ; upper and lower mandibles margined with pale
yellow; legs, feet, and claws black; iris dull white" {J. Arm-
stroni/). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 4-1, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0"8.

Specimens from the North-western Himalayas are rather paler
than those from Assam and British Burmah, but the transition in
depth of colour is perfectly gradual; and complete links from one
form to the other are exhibited in the series in the British Museum.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
dusky brown, slightly mottled with grey centres to the feathers of
the head and back ; lower back and rump more uniform, the upper
tail-coverts rather more reddish brown ; lesser wing- and median
coverts brown, with a subterminal bar of hoary grey ; greater coverts
brown, with a broader grey band before the tip ; bastard-Aving and
primary- coverts blackish brown ; quills black, edged with bronzy
green, the primaries white at the base, the inner secondaries brown
like the back, the outer ones with the same patch of fibrous grey
near the base of the outer web as in the males ; taU-feathers dai'k
brown, with a slight rufous tint below ; crown of head like the
back ; lores and feathers round the eye blackish ; ear-coverts
blackish brown like the sides of the neck ; cheeks and under surface
of body dull white, here and there washed with rufous ; throat,
breast, sides of body, and flanks mottled with brown centres to the
feathers ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; thighs dark
brown ; under wing-coverts wliite, centred and edged with brown,
those near the edge of the wing uniform dark brown ; axillaries
white, brown at the base ; quills below dusky brown, with a large

17. PSAKOGLOSSA.

119

■white patch at the base of the primaries : "bill black, dusky yellow
at gape ; legs, feet, and claws black ; iris white " (J". Armstrong).
Total length 7"75 inches, ciilmen O'S, wing 4-05, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8.
Hub. The same as that of the genus.

a, b. (S ad. sk.

c. 2 ^^- sk.

d. S ad. sk.
e,f. (S ad. sk.
g,h. cJ 5 ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.

k, I. c? ad. ; m.

2 ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
o,jj. cJad. ; q. 5

ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
s, t. (S ad. ; u. $

ad. sk.
V. (S ad. sk.

Hume Coll.

Dhnrmsala, Cashmere, May

( W. E. Brooks).
Simla.
Gm-whal.

Masui'i {S. Pimoill).
Sansoo, May 29, 1874 {W. E.

Brooks).
Tanda, Kumaon Bhahur, March 25, Hume Coll.

1871 (G. Krnff).
Kumaon. Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hujue Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

NainiTal (S. Pimvill).
Naiui Tal.

Tweeddale Coll,
Pinwill Coll.

Naiui Tal, Oct. 1869 {R. Thomi^soyi). Hume Coll.

Dehra Dhoon. Hiuue Coll.

Kalsi, April 22, 1808 {G. F. L. Hume Coll.

Marshall).

Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

10, X. c? ad. ; y.

2 ad. sk.

~) c^'- 6 2 ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

b\ c'. cj ad. ; d', Darjeeling Terai, March 1875 (Z. Hume CoU.

e',/. 2ad.sk. MamMli).

g'. 2 ad. sk. Monphoo, IXarjeeling. Hume Coll.

h', i'. (S 2 ad. Futteghur District, June 2, 187-5 Seebohm Coll.

sk. {A. Anderso7i).

k', I'. J ad. ; m'. Dacca. Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk.

n', o',y. c?ad. sk. Dibrughur, Dec. 1879 {J. E. Hume CoU.

Cripps).

q'. S ad. sk. Assam {McClelland). India Museum.

r', s'. c? 2 ad. sk. Assam (A. TV. C'henncll). Tweeddale Coll.

t', u'. cS 2 ad. N. Khasia HiUs, March 1876 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. W. Chennell).

v', w. cJ ad. sk. N. Khasia IliUs, Dec. 1876 {A. Tweeddale CoU.

W. Chennell).

x' . S ad. sk. Cachar. Hume Coll.

?/', z', a. S ad. ; Karen Hills, Jan. 1875 {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

/3. 2 ad. sk. W. R.).

y, S, €. 2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, Feb. 1874 (R. G. W.R.) Tweeddale CoU.

C S ad. sk. Toughoo (R. G. W. R.). Twetddale CoU.

Tj, 6. d 2 ad. sk. Elephant Point, Rangoon, Jan. 1, Hume CoU.

IbTO (J. Armsfronf/).

I. (S ad. sk. Tenasseiim (Heifer). India Museum.

1 20 STIIRNID.53.

18. HAETLAUBIUS.

Type.
Hartlaubius, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) . . II. inadagascariensis.

Ii(t)ir/e. Confined to Madagascar.

1. Hartlaubivs madagascariensis.

Lo Merle de iMada-ascar, L'ri^s. Oni. ii. p. 274, pi. 25. fig-. 1 (17('.0) ;

Dauhent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 557. tig. 1.
Le Tanaombe, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 386 (1775).
Turdus auratus, P. L. S. Milll. Syst. Nat. Huppl. p. 140 (177G) ;

Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 249.
Madagascar Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 68 (1783).
Turdus madagascariensis, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 32 (1783) ; Gm.

Syst. Nat. i. p. 823 (1788).
Turdus madagascarius, Hermann, Tahl. A-ffln. Anim. p. 210 (1783).
Acridotheres gracilirostris, Drap. Diet. Class, vii. p. 152 (1841).
Saroglossa madagascariensis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1846) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 418 (1850); /. TF. von Milll. J.f. O. 1855, p. 459.
Hartlaubius madagascariensis, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 831 (1853) ; Hartl.

J.f. 0. 1860, p.'l04; id. Beitr. Faun. Maday. p. 52 (1861) : Rock

l^ E. Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 275 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 163 ; E.

Neivt. Ibis, 1863, p. 349 ; Verr. in Vinson's Vol/. Maday., Ann. B.

p. 2 (1865) ; A. Neict. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 836; Sehl. P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 423 ; Grand. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 357 : Schl. ^ Poll.

Faun. 3Iaday. p. 105 (1868) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 396; id.

Cat. Afr. B. p. 56 (1871) ; Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. 207 (1877);

Milne'-Edtcards S^ Grandid. H. N. Maday., Ois. p. 311, pis. cxv.,

cxiii. B, cxvi. (1879).
Saroglossa aurata. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 28, no. 6397 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, with a slight
greenish bronzy gloss ; scapnlars like the back, with a little more
green gloss ; rump and upper tail-coverts greenish black, glossed
with purple ; wing-coverts brown, glossed externally with bronzy
olive-green, especially distinct on the greater coverts ; bastard-wing
purplish black, the outer web white ; primary-coverts and quills
purplish black, externally purple, green on the inner secondaries,
the primaries black at base and pure white for nearly the whole of
the outer web ; tail-feathers black, externall}' steel-green, the two
centre cues entirely greenish black, the two outer ones white along
the outer web ; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks,
throat, and fore neck darker chocolate-brown than the back ; sides
of neck, chest, breast, sides of body, and flanks lighter and more
earthy brown, somewhat varied with whitish edges to the feathers ;
abdomen, thighs, .sides of vent, and under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pure white ; quills below blackish,
white along the inner edge : " bill and feet black ; iris brown "
(Grandidier). Total length 7"5 inches, culracn 0'8, wing 4-2,
tail 3, tarsus O'S.

Adult female. Much lighter brown than the male, the gloss on
the wings and tail not so distinct and much greener; the under
surface of the body much lighter brown, the thighs and under tail-

19. rnOT.IDAUGES.

121

coverts mottled with pale brown centres to the feathers. Total
length 7'4 inches, culmcn O'S, wing 4*05, tail 2*0, tarsus 0-8.
llah. Madagascar.

«. Ad. sk.

6. [ $ ] ad. sk.
c,d. [cTSlad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.
{/. S fid. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
i, k. d' ? ad. sk.

Madagascar.
Madagascar.
Madagascar.
N. Madagascar.
N. Madagascar (Ci-osslei/).
N. Madagascar {C'rossky)
Bay of Autouzil.
N.E. Madagascar ( Van
Dam).

Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Mr. Gerrard [C. |.
Mr. A. Cro.ssley"[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sluirpe Coll.
yiiolley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

19. PHOLIDAUGBS.

Cinnyriciuclus, Less. Rev. Zovl. 1840, p. 272 (pt.) .
Pholidauges, Vab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 198 (1850)

Type.
P. leucogaster.
P. leucogaster.

Head of 'Pholidauges leucogaster, to show form of bill.
Ranrje. Confined to Africa and Southern Arabia.

Key to the Species.

a. No white on the base of the quills.

«'. No white edgiug to the outer tail-feather
//. A white edging to the outer tail-feather .

h. (^.uills with a white base

1. Pholidauges leucogaster.

leucogaster., p. 121.
verrcauj-i, p. 123.
biculor, p. 125.

Ois.

Merle violet a ventre blanc de Juida, Month. Hist. Nat.

p. 402 (1775) ; Dnubcnt. PI. Enl. iii. pi. G48. fig. 1.
Whidah Thrush, Lath. Gni. 8yn. ii. pt. i. p. 58 (1783).
Turdiis leucogaster, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 819 (1788).
Lauiprocolius leucogaster, Hempr. Sf Ehr. Si/vib. Phi/s. fol. 3 (1828) ;

liiipp. Neuc Wirbdth., Voi;. p. 24 (1835-40; ; Swains. B. W. Afr.

i. p. 52, pi. 8 (1837) ; Ilmgl. Sgst. Uebers. p. 36 (1856).
Ciuuyricinclus leucogaster. Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 272.
Calornis leucogaster, Riipp. Sgst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 416 (1850).
Juida leucogaster, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; Scl. Cuntr.

Orn. 1852, p. 125 ; Sperlinq, Ibis, 1868, p. 290 ; Grag, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 24, no. 6348 (1870).
I'liolidaugos leucogaster, Cab. Mus. Hein. TJi. i. p. 198 (1850);

Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 120 (1857); id. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 28, 1861,

p. 174 ; Guniey, Ibis, 1862, p. 29 ; Brehvt, Reis. Habesch, pp. 217,

122 STUENIDiK.

329 (18G3) ; Ileuql. J.f. O. 1863, p. 23, 1864, p. 257, 1869, p. 10 ;
Shnrpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 60 ; miujl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. Abth. 2,
p. 5i'l (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 257 (1870); id. Sf
Jlartl. ViUj. Ostafr. p. 377 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 54
(1871); Slielley if Buckley, Ihis, 1S72, p. 288 ; Antin. if Salvad.
Viayg. Boe/os, p. 124 (1873); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 65; Hartl.
Abhandl. nai. J'er. Bremen, iv. p. 76 (1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 300 ; Reichen. J. f 0. 1875, p. 37 ; Nichols. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 130; Salvia, Cat StricJd. Coll. p. 276 (1882) ; Hartcrt, J.f. O.
1886, p. 5SQ ; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 208
(1888).
Grandala leucogastra, Blanf. Geol. (§- Zool. Abyss, p. 367 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above metallic pucc-colour, ranging
from violet to purple reflexions, according to the light ; wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish,
the latter with piice-coloured margins ; quills blackish, the second-
aries puce-colour externallj', the innermost entirely of that colour ;
centre tail-feathers puce-coloured, the remainder blackish, pi;ce-
coloured externally ; head and throat as well as the chest puce-
coloured ; lores blackish ; remainder of under surface of body from
the breast downwards pure white ; thighs white, with dusky bases ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish,
washed with pace-colour or purple on the edges ; quills below
blackish : '' bill and feet black ; iris brown, with a beautiful yellow
ring"' {Hartcrt). Total length 6"G inches, culmen 0*6, wing 4,
tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

The full colour of the adult plumage seems to be puce or purplish
violet which fades to a reddish purple. The new feathers are more
purplish violet.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
nearly uniform dark brown, with pale rufescent or whitish edges to
the feathers of the head and back ; wing-coverts and quills dark
brown, with similar light margins ; the inner webs for the most
part rufous ; tail-feathers brown ; lores, sides of face, and ear-
covcrts dark brown ; cheeks white, streaked with brown ; throat
white ; remainder of under surface of body white ; the lower throat,
fore neck, and breast distinctly spotted with triangular brown
marks, smaller and rounder on the lower breast and sides of vent,
more longitudinal on the sides of body, which are washed with
brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries brown with rufous edges ; quills below pale rufous,
brown on the outer web and for the terminal third of the inner one.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3-9, tail 2-25, tarsus O'S.

Some ornithologists have contended that in North-eastern Africa
the adult female becomes metallic like the male. This experience
has been controverted by other travellers. It seems to me most
unlikely that the female should become metallic, as no tendency to
go beyond the brown plumage exhibits itself in South-African
P. verreauxi, and yet in three specimens from Abyssinia, two of
which are sexed as females by Mr. Jesse, there are a few metallic
purple feathers. It is at any rate a curious fact, as is also the way

19. PHOLIDATJGES.

123

in which the purple plumage is assumed, partly bj' a direct moult,
and partly by a change of feather.

Hub. West Afi'ica and North-eastern Africa.

a,

i. 6^

ad. St.

c.

6 ad.;
ad. &k.

d,e. 2

f,

/7. d?

ad. sk.

^

i,k. d

ad. sk.

I,

m, n, 0,

p. S ad.

et juv

• ; <I, r-

2 ad.

.sk.

s.

S ad. 1

sk.

t.

? ad. 1

sk.

n.

d juv.

sk.

V.

2 ad.

sk.

w.

. 6 ad.

sk.

X.

5 ad.

sk.

y-

6 ad.

sk.

a. 6 5

! ad. sk.

~b'.

, e'. J ad. sk.

d'

. ? ad.

sk.

e .

, 2 ad.

sk.

f

. S ad.

sk.

</

, h\ 6 $ ad. sk.

i'.

dad.

sk.

k'

. 2 ad.

sk.

I'.

2 ad.

Ai.

m

<:. d ad

. sk.

West Africa.
River Gambia.

Ashantee.
Fantee.
Faiitee {Kirhy).

Denkera {H. T. Usshcr).
Abokobi, Aguapim [G. E. S.).
Connor's Hill, Cape Coast,

Nov. 25, 1870 (//. T. Ussher)
River Yolta (//. T. Ussher).
Abeokuta.

Semmio, Xiam Niam, May 1883.

Sassa, Nov. 1882.

Mensa, Bogos Land (JEsler).

Bogos {Usler).

Rairo, Aug. 15, 18G8 (TT'.

Abvssinia {Col. Shirt).
Undel Wells, May 27, 1868

(IF. Jesse).
Undel WeUs, May 30, 1868.

Undel Wells, May 29, 1868

( W. Jesse).
Sooroo, May 29, 1868 ( TV. J).
Senate, April 4, 1868 ( JF. J).
Senate, April U (W. J).

2. Pholidauges verreauxi.

Col. Sabine [P.].
Sharpe Coll.

J. Gould, Esq.
Sharpe Coll.
SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
F. Bohndorff [C.].
F. Bohndorff [C.].
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Phohdauges leucogaster (nee Gm.), Gurnexj, Ibis, 1862, p. 29 ; id.

F. Z. 8. 1861, p. 3 ; Anderss. t. c. p. 6 ; Bocage, Jorn, Lisb. 1868,

p. 4 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 288.
Juida leucogaster, Layard, B. S. Afr.]). 174 (1867); Sjjerliny, Ibis,

1868, p. 290.
Lamprotornis leucogaster, Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 404

(1868).
Pholidauges verreauxi, Bocaqe in Finsch ^- Hartl. Voy. Ost-Afr,

p. 867 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cut. Afr. B. p. 54 (1871) ; id. P. Z. S.

1873, p. 714 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. ]'er. Bremen, iv. p. 74 (1874);

Buckley, Ibis, \i'~ ' "~'' '^' " '^' ' "•■'■~~ '- ' ■'•'

Bo

187

. .,.^. _ J,. — ^^,.^^^, — ^^.^„, ^„,„, ^^^^, ^. .

Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 132 ; Souza, Jorn. Lisb. 1887, p. 50 ;
Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 66, 305 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 303

124

SlUKXin.E.

Jidda bocagei, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6349 (1870).
Cinnvriciiiclu3 leucogaster {nee Gin.), Giirneij in Anderss. B. Dam.-
Ld. p. 156 (1872).

Adult male. Similar to P. leucogaster, but alwaj's recognizable by
tlie white outer web of the external tail-feather : " bill black ; legs
brownish ; toes the same but darker ; iris light chrome-yellow "
(C. J. Amlersson). Total length 6"6 inches, culmen 0-G5, wing
4-05, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9.

The fully adult males have a brilliant subterminal metallic shade
on the feathers of the back.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. leucogaster, but with
rather more rufous on the head. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen
0*65, wing 4, tail 2-15, tarsus 0"8.

Hah. South Africa, eastwards as far north as the Zanzibar dis-
trict, and westwards as far north as the Congo.

a, b, c. cS ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. (S imm. sk.

f,ff. d 2 ad. sk.
h. (J juv. sk.

i. c5 ad.; k. d

juv. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

tn, It. cJ ? ad. sk.

o. J juv. sk.
]). (S ad. St.
q. c? ad. ; r.
J juv. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

H. J; V, ir. 2 ad. sk

.V, !/. d 2 ad. sk.

z. c? ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.

b'. d ad. sk.

c'. 2 ad. sk.

d', e\ d 2 ad. sk.
/', ff'- 6 ad. sk.
A'. cJ jiiv. sk.

Natal {Aijres,- Gorge).
Pinetown, Natal, l)ec. 16

{T. L. Ay res).
Pinetown, May 7 {T. L.

Ay res).
Orange Free State.
Rustenberg, Transvaal,

Nov.l8,1883(r..4)/;-es).
liusteuberg.

Gooqui River, Baman-

gwato, Oct. 16 (T. E.

Buckley).
Near Ovungu River, Oct.

and Nov. {F. Oates).
Tete, Zambesi.
Damara Laud.
Damara Laud, Jan. 12,

1867 ( C. J. Andersson).
Elephant Vley, Uamara

Land, Nov. 16, 1859

(C. J. Andersson).
Ondonga, Dec. 28, 1866

(C J. Andersson).
Ondousia, Jan. 26 (C.

J. a:).

Humbe, R. Cimene, Dec.

(G. AncJiieta).
Caconda,Bengiiela (J.A.).
Quindumbo, Benguela

(J. A.).
Landana, Congo, June 9

(L. Petit).
Chincbonxo, April 18 (L.

Petit).
Mombasa.
Mombasa.
Manda Island.

Shelley Coll.

H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

Shelley Coll.

A. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

F. Bai-ratt, Esq. [P.].

Shelley Coll.

C. G. & W. E. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sir J. Kirk [C.].
C. J. Andersson [C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Cull.

Lisbon Museum [P. ].
Lisbon Museum [P.].

Shelley CoU.

Shelley CoU.

Rev. A. F. Buxton [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

20. APLONIS. 125

i'. d ad. sir. Dar-es-Salaain {E. C. Shelley Coll.

JJt/.iion).

k'. $ ad. sk. Usambara Hills (Sir J. Shelley Coll.

Kirk).

/'. (5' ad. .sk. Lanio (<S» J. JT/V/f). Shelley Coll.

m', ?('. c?; o',^V. 2 Melinda (<Sir J". A'iVA-). Shelley Coll,

ad. sk.

7', ;•'. cJ ; '^'j t\ 2 Mamboio (.S;V J. Kirh). Shelley Coll.

ad. sk.

3. Pholidauges bicolor.

Speculipastor hicolov, Reicheyi. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 108; Fisch.

Sj- Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 349, pi. i. figs. 2, 3.
Pholidauges bicolor, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 411.

Adult. General colour above glossy purplish black : wing-covcrts
like the back ; quills and tail-feathers black, externally purplish
black, ribbed with dusky cross bars under certain lights ; primaries
white at the base, forming a large speculum ; head all round, throat
and fore neck glossy purplish black ; remainder of under surface of
body, including the under wing-coverts and base of quills, creamy
white ; edge of wing and bastard-quill black : " bill and feet black ;
iris orange " {Dr. Fischer). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 4'55, tail 3, tarsus 1-05. {Mus. E. Lort Phillips.)

Hah. Eastern Africa.

20. APLONIS *

Type.

Aplonis, Gould, P. Z. S. 183G, p. 73 A. tabuensis.

'&imno\AQS,Jacq. et Pucher. Voy.Pule Sud,m.^.Q2{\ShS) A. atrifiiscus.

lltinge. Islands of the Pacific Ocean ; Norfolk and Lord Howe's
Islands; New Caledonia; New Hebrides and Loyalty Islands; Pouape.

* It is cloubtful whether A2')lonis can be considered more than a subgenus of
Calornis, and the onlj- character of any -p-orth appears to be the square tail.
The majority of the species of Aplonis appear to dilTer in the sliape of the bill,
but closer examination shows that, although there may be degrees of stoutness,
yet the shape of the bill is much the same in both genera. I liave adopted the
shape of the tail as the only character for separating the two genera ; but some
of the species of Calornis approach Aplonis in this respect, while it seems
hardly natural to divorce Aplonis canforoidcs from the rest of the members of
Calornis. Stiirnoidcs appears to me to be a thorough Aplonis, and Lamproeorax
is only a subgenus of Calornis, though one miglit keep it distinct for the
sake of convenience.

Aplonis australis.

Turdus australis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. pi. GO (1786); Siindcv. Crif.

Sparrm. p. 11 (1857),
Aplonis australis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 7361 (1870).

This name is now adopted for a New-Zealand Flycatclier, Miro australis,
but, as Professor Suudevall pointed out {I. c.), the description does not suit at
all well. [See BuUer, B. New Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 33.]

126 STURNIDiE.

Key to the Sj^>edes.

a. No rufous on tho quills.

a'. Abdomeu black with a steel-greeu gloss, as
also the under tail-coverts ; entire plumage
above and below glossy greenish or purplish
black.
a". Greenish gloss bright on the plumage.

a'". Belly blacker than the throat, and with- | striata, p. 127.

out the green gloss of the latter ) atronitens, p. 128.

h'" , Belly with green gloss, like the throat

and breast cantoroides, p. 128.

h" . With scarcely any greenish gloss feadensis, p. 120.

b' . Abdomen paler, being brown, grey, or whitish,
but never black.
c". Outer secondaries edged with whitish.
c" . Under surface streaked with white.
«'. Under tail-coverts whitish, or whitish
with pale brown centres.
a\ Head glossed with steel-green or
pvirplish green,
a^. Larger : throat ashy, scarcely
lighter than the breast ; white
streaks on underparts scarcely
perceptible ; culmen 085 inch . . tabuensis, p. 130.
UK Smaller : throat whitish, contrast-
ing with brown breast, which is
broadly streaked with white ;

culmen 0'G5 inch brevirostris, p. 1.30.

¥. Head glossed with bronzy green, but ( vitiensis, p. 131.

almost as brown as the back ] fortmue, p. 1;52.

6'. Under tail-coverts brown, lined with
white shaft-streaks like the breast;

head brown like the back bnumcscens, p. 132.

d!". No streaks on the under surface ; rump
and upper tail-coverts with whitish

margins cinerascens, p. 133.

d!' . No white edges to the outer secondaries ;
no streaks on the underparts.
e'". Under tail-coverts grey or whitish, con-
trasting more or less with the breast,
c'. Throat and breast greyish, but not
glossed with green like the head,
c'. Breast washed with pale brown;

under tail-coverts whitish fusca $ , p. 133.

d'^. Breast ashy grey ; under tail-coverts

also ashy, not whitish striata 5 ; P- 128.

fZ'. Throat and breast glossed with green

like the head fusca S , p. 133.

/■'". Under tail-coverts iron-grey like the

rest of the body a-assa, p. 134.

(/'". Under tail-coverts brown or blackish, like
the rest of the under surface.

20. APLONIS. 127

e'. Brown ; darker on the head and neck,
_ which have a brouzy-greenish gloss *.

e\ Larger : wing 5-3 inches atrifusca, p. 134.

r / o, i''^^'''" '■ ^'"8' -i-^ inches inornata, p. 135.

/ . i.lackish, with a slight green gloss,
especially on the head and neck; greyer

b. Qmlls e-xternally bright rufous 7-nJipennis, p. 137.

1. Aplonis striata.

Blue-striped Roller, Lath. Gen. Si/n. i. p. 414, pi. xvi (1781) t
Coracias striata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 381 (1788) ; Waoler, Smt. Av.,

Coracias, Ohs. sp. 3 (1827). ^ > j i

Lanius striatus, Wagler, I. c. (1827).
Lamprotornis obscurus, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Brm: 1839, pt i

p. 97; td. Bsq. Orn. livr. 3, pi. 12 (1847). ' t • •

Lamprotornis nigroviridis, Less. Eeho du Monde Savant, 1844, p 81
Coracias pacifica, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 261 (1844) ' i- •

Aplouis obscurus, Gray, Voy. 'Erebus' ^- ' Terror,' Zool. p. 8 (1846) •

7 l.rf- "■ l^^'^^'P'J'^- ^•^- '^- 1859 p. 163, nite; id.
io-h^^il?- tF' Fmseh,J.f. a 1867, p. 322, 1870, p. 325,
18/2, p. 2/fe; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6372 (1870)
Aplonis nigroviridis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 417 ; Gray, P. Z.'s 1859
p. 163, note ; Buller, B. Neiv Zealand, 2nd ed. i p 25 (1887) '

^yf i%'!^^°"'''''?'.<?^- /;'^' ^'■''■'■- '^ ^'' ^^^>-'' ^'^>'- et Mag. de
^""kJ^^^^U"^'- '^f-' ^""-'"^ ^'-i^s Linn. Soc. Bordeaux; xxvii
?>« nlV f'\'% -^""'^'^- ^- "• P- 26, no. 6309 (1870);
^^onCat. KZealB pp. 17 75 (1871) ; B. L. ^- L. C. Layard,
Ibis, 18b2, p. 519 ; Buller, B. Neio Zeal. 2nd ed. i. p "5 (1887^

Aploms stiiatus Gray, P. Z. & 1859, p. 163; Ven: et L)es Murs,
Bev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 433; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-
dec„u-,xxyu.ip.327 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. R ii. p. 26, no. 6365
(l^/0) ; E. L. s- L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1878, p 257

Aplonis 7idigrisea (?my,P Z. S 1859, p. 164 ; Verr. et Des 3Inrs,
Bei, et May. de Zool I860, p. 433; Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor-
fte xxvn. p. 32/ (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6366

Caloruis striata, Finsch, Journ. 3Ius. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 33 (1876).
Adult male Black, with a purplish or steel-blue gloss : wing-
coverts like tlio back : quills and tail-feathers black, with a green
gloss externally ; head aU round more bronzy green than the back,
with a slight purplish gloss ; remainder of under surface of body

yet*untnoS^L^ m? ' '^ ''^^ "^"°"' ""^^ '^"'^^ "^'^^'^^ ^^'-''-' ^ «P-- -

to I'tin ^^•"^^?/.^^^ ^""''^ properly noticed, Latham does not give any hint as
to the ongm of h.s figures. As a matter of fact they are copies of Forster's
ongmal sketches, and the striped appearance is merely from the drrughtsman's
rough efforts to nuhcate metaUic gloss. The name Striata is so S Wvn
that It seems wrong to substitute calcclonica for it esneciallv as There «^n
doubt that it belongs to the New Caledonian bird, b ,t i SuLSrap,r
cable to the species, and caledonioa would be much the best name ^ ^^

128

STURNJD.E.

black, with a distinct steel-green wash ; under wing-coverts black,
washed with green on the edges ; quills Idackish below, browner
along the inner web : " bill black : feet and legs purplish black,
with whitish on the soles; iris deep red-orange "( i. C. Laijanl).
Total length 7"6 inches, culmen (>75, wing 4-1, tail 2-75, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Grey, with a greenish shade ; below grej'^, the
lower abdomen grejish white ; under tail-coverts uniform light
grey ; wing-coverts and quills blackish, externally greenish grey.
Total length 7"2 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 4, tail 2*6, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. New Caledonia.

a. Ad. st. New Caledonia. Purchased.

b, c. rS ad. sk. New Caledonia. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. New Caledonia, March 2, 1858. J. McGilllvray [C.].

e. 2 ad. sk. Port de France, New Cale- J. McGilUvray [C.].

donia, May 14, 1858. (Type of A. vir'uligrisea.)

f. Ad. sk. Port de France, .June 25, 1858. J. McGillivrav, Esq.

[C.].
'/, /'• 6 $ ad. sk. MarPohit,New Caledonia, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.

10, 1880 {E. L. Layard).
i. <S ad. sk. Dembea, New Caledonia, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

29, 1879 (E. L. Layard).
h. S ad. sk. Noumea, July .5, 1876 {E. L. Tweeddale Coll.

L(iyard).
I. S ad. sk. Isle of Pines, Oct. 10, 185.3 Gould Coll.

{J. McGilllvray).

2. Aplonis atronitens.

Aplonis atronitens. Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 164; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 26, no. 6.367 (1870) ; E. L. i^- L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 229 ;

Buller, B. Keio Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887).
Aplonis caledonica {iiec Bp.), Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 184.

Adult. Similar to A. striata, but larger : " bill and legs black ;
iris orange " {L. C. Layard). Total length S inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 4" 6, tail 2'55, tarsus I'l.

Mr. Layard is quite right in supposing (Ibis, 1880, p. 229) that
Gray's tj-pe of A. atronitens is immature. He states also that young
males resemble the old females until the first moult.

Hab. Loyalty Islands.

a. Juv. sk. Loyalty Islands. Sir G. Grey [P.].

(Type of species.)
6. (5 ad. sk. [Loyalty Islands.] Tweeddale CoU.

3. Aplonis cantoroides.

Lamprotornis cantor, Miill. Verh. Land- en VoTkenk. p. 22 (1839-44).
Calornis cantoroides. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 431, 436 ; Wall.

P. Z. S. 1862, p. 343 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6379 (1870) ;

Wold. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1874) ; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 47 ;

Sahrid. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. ix. p. 38 (1876), x. p. 150 (1877) ;

Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zoul. xiii. p. 501 (1877) ; Salvad. Atti

R. Accad. Torino, xiii. p. 321 (1878) ; Eosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 395

20. APLONIS. 129

(1879) ; Batnsay, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. iii. p. 279 (1879), iv.
pp. 7(3, 99 (1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genoa, xvi. p. 194

(1880) ; id. Ibis, 1880, p. 126 ; id. Orn. Piqmasia etc. ii. p. 456
(1881) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, p. 137 ; Meyer, Sitz. Abhandl. Gesellsch.
' Isis,' 1884, Abtli. i. p. 48 ; Finsch, Vog. der Siid-See, p. 14 (1884) ;
Grant, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 331.

Lamprotoinis cantoroides, Finsch, Neu- Guinea, p. 174 (1865).
Calorois cantor, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 393 (1876) ;

L. C. Layurd, Ibis, 1880, p. 295.
Calornis, sp. incog., Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 554.
Calornis solomonensis, Ranuay, Nature, xx. p. 125 (1879) ; Salvid.

Ibis, 1880, p. 126.

Adult male (tj'pe of species). General colour dull glossy steel-
green, the wing- coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, externally
duU steel-green ; sides of face and entire under surface of body dull
steel-green, slightly more oil-green on the throat and somewhat
ashy on the sides of body and flanks : " bill and feet black ; iris
scarlet " {G. E. Richards). Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 0*8,
wing 4, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'9.

Hah. K^ew Guinea, Salawati, Mysol, Batanta, Louisiade and
Admiralty groups of islands, New Britain, Duke of York Island,
Solomon Islands.

a, h. (S ad. sk.

Mysol.

Wallace Coll.

(Types of the species.)

c, d. Ad. ; e-

-h.

Mysol.

Wallace Coll.

Imm. sk.

i. Imm. sk.

Mysol {Wallace).

Tweeddale CoU.

k. Ad. sk.

Astrolabe Mts., New Guinea.

C. Hunstein [G.l.

/. Ad. sk.

Louisiade Archipelago {J. Mac-
gillivray).

Gould Coll.

wj, M. 2 ad. ;

0.

Blanche Bav, New Britain,

Tweeddale Coll.

5 juv. sk.

June 16, '1875 {G. E.
Richards).

}}. 2 ad.; q.

6

New Britain, Nov. 1880.

Dr. Klemschmidt[C.].

juv. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

Admiralty Islands.

Voy.of H.M.S.' Chal-
lenger.'

s. 2 ad. sk.

Alu, Solomon Islands.

C. M. Woodford,
Esq. [P.].

t. J ad. sk.

Rubiana, March 8.

C. M. Woodford,

Esq. [P.].

4. Aplonis feadensis.

Calornis (Aplonis) feadensis, Ramsay, Journ, Linn. Soc, Zool. xvi.

p. 129 (1881) ; Reichen. S)- Schaloio, Journ. flir Orn. 1882, p. 227.
Caloniis feadensis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xviii. p. 426

(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia e delk Molucche, iii. App. p. 550 (1882) ;

Sharpe, in Gould's Birds of Neio Guinea, iv. pi. 14 (1886).

Adult (type of species). Entirely sooty, with here and there a

shade of steel-green : wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky

black, externally washed with steel-green ; entire head and under

VOL. xni. K

130 STUENID^.

surface of bod}- sooty black, with scarcely any indication of a
greenish gloss. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-45, tail
2-4, tarsus l-Oo. (Mus. Austr.)
Hah. Pead Island.

5. Aplonis tabuensis.

Tabuau Shrike, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. p. 164 (1781).

Laoius tabuensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1788).

Aplonis marginata, Gonid, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 73 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 328 (1846) : Cass. U. S. Kvpl. Expecl, Birds, p. 125, pi. vii.

tig. 1 (1858).
Lamprotornis f usea, Feale, U. S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 110 (1848).
Aplonis marginalis, Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, pp. 103, 132.
Aplouis tabuensis, Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note ; id. Cat. B.

Tropical Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 26 (1859) ; Finsch ^' Hartl. P. Z. S.

1869, p. 549 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6363 (1870) ; Cab. S^

Beichen.J.f. O. 1876, p. 322: Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 499;

Fi?isch, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 725, 774 ; id. t. c. p. 783 ; id. Rep.

Voy. ' Challenger; p. 37 (1881) : Buller, B. K Zeal. 2nd ed. i.

p. 25 (1887).

Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers indistinctly
glossed on the margins with oily green ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, washed with
glossy steel-green on the outer webs ; the secondaries browner, the
outer ones rather broadly edged with whity brown ; tail-feathers
brown, with a sUght green gloss on the outer web; head, nape and
hind neck, sides of neck, sides of face, and ear-coverts glossy oil-
green with a slight purplish shade ; cheeks, throat, and under surface
of body ashy brown, rather more ochreous brown on the abdomen
and under tail-coverts ; the fore neck and breast mesially streaked
with white ; flanks and thighs brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaiies yellowish white ; quills dusky below, ashy brown along
the inner web : " iris dark red " (J. Murray). Total length 8 iuclies,
culmen 0-85, wing 4-5, tail 2-7, tarsus I'lo.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 4-4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-15.

Hah. Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean.

a. cJ ad. st. Vavau, Tonga Islands. J. Brenchley, Esq.

[P.].
d. Ad. sk. Vavau, Tonga Islands. J. Brenchley, Esq.

[P.].

c. Ad. sk. Tonga Islands. Zoological Society.

d. c? ad. sk. Vavaii, Tonga Islands, Feb. 24, Tweeddale Coll.

1870 (E. L. Layard).

c. c? ad. sk. Tougataboo, Nov. 1880. Dr. Coppinger FP.].

/, g. S ad. ; h. Tongataboo. Toy. of H.M.S.

$ ad. sk. ♦ Challenger.'

6. Aplonis brevirostris.

Lamprotoruis brevirostris, Peale, U. S. ExjjI. E.vped. p. Ill (1848) ;
Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 103.

20. APLONIS. 131

Aplonis brevirostris, Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 126, pi. vii. fifj. 2
(1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note; id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl.
Pacific Ocean, p. 27 (1859); Finsch i^- Hartl. Faun. Central-
polyn p. 105, Taf. 10. iig. 3 (1867); Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 26,
no. 6370 (1870) ; IMiitmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 440; Layard, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 494; Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nded. i. p. 25 (1887).

Adult. Similar to A. tahuensis, but much smaller and darker
brown above, the head and face glossed with greenish bronze ; the
outer secondaries distinctly edged with white ; under surface brown,
broadh' streaked with white ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
pure white; throat ashy white with scarcely any indication of white
mesial streaks ; thighs uniform brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white : " bill and feet brownish red ; iris golden yellow
{Graeffe) : " bill and feet reddish horn-colour ; iris bright orange "
(Peale). Total length 0 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3-85, tail 2-5,
tarsus 1"1.

JIab. Samoa Islands.

a. Ad. St. Tutuila, Samoa. J. Brencliley, Esq.

[P.].

b, c. Ad, sk. Samoa. Eev. S. J. Whitmee

[C.].
d, 5 ad. sk. Samoa (<S'. J. Whitmee). Tweeddale CoU.

e-g. <S ad. ; h. Ana, Upolu, Samoa, Dec. 1875 Tweeddale Coll.
2 ad. sk. (Z. C. Layard).

7. Aplonis vitiensis.

Aplonis cassini, Gi-ay, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note * j id. B. Trop. Isl.

Pacific Ocean, p. 26 (1859) ; id. JSand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 63(54

(1870).
Aplonis tabuensis (nee Gm.'), Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.

p. 103, Taf. 10. fig. 2 (1867) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 435 ; id.

Ibis, 1876, p. 147.
Aplonis margiiialis, Hartl. Ibis, 1804, p. 232.
Aplonis vitiensis, Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 502 ; id. Ibis, 1876,

p. 392 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 735, 774 ; TV. A. Forbes, P. Z. S.

1878, p. 352 ; Finsch, Pep. Voy. ' Challenyer,' ii. Birds, p. 50

(1881).

Adult male. Similar to A. tabuensis, but smaller and browner,
with scarcely any green gloss except on the head, which is washed
with oil-green : under surface of body light ashy, inclining to
ochreous white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the entii'e
throat and breast and sides of body streaked with mesial lines of
white, rather broader on the latter ; outer secondaries edged with
white ; sides of neck brown streaked with white : " iris dark red or
brown " (J. Murray). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3-9,
tail 2-3, tarsus 1'15.

* No descriptiou is given and the localities are mixed up. Three specimens
were marked " Aplonis cassini " by Mr. Gray, and these are the only real indi-
cations of the species. I retain the better-defined name given bv Mr. Layard.

k2

132 STUKNIDiE.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 6'5 inches,
ciilmen 0-7, wing 3*8, tail 2-15, tarsus 1.
Hah. Fiji Islands ; llotumah.

Tweeddale Coll.

Rev. S. J. Whitmee.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

«. Ad. sk. Fiji Islands. Gould Coll.

b. cJ ad. sk. Ovalau, Aug. 185G {Dr. F. M. Voy.H.M.S. 'Herald.'

Rayner).

c, d. (S 2 ad. sk. Ovalau, Nov. and May {E. L.

Laijurd).

e. 2 ad. sk. N'Ui-eketti (C. L. Sicayne).

f. Ad. sk. Rewa, Oct. 10, 1874 {E. L.

Layavd).
(J. d ad. sk. Levuka, July 3, 1874 {E. L.

Ldyard).
h, i. (S ad.sk. Lonia Loma, Dec. 3, 1875 (i?. X. Tweeddale Coll.

Eayard).
k. $ ad. sk. Moala, Sept. G, 1854 {J. Mc- Gould Coll.

Gillivray).
I, 711. d ad. St. Island of" Totoya (Dr. F. M. Voy. of II.M.S.

Rayner). ' Herald.'

H. d ad. sk. Island of Totoya, Aug. 1855 Voy. of II.M.S.

{Dr. F. M. Rayner). ' ' Herald.'

(Type of A. cassini.)

o. (S ad. sk. Interior of Viti Levu.

]}, q- d 2 ad. sk. Matuka.

Ad.

Taviuni.

Dr. Kleiuscliraidt[C.].
Voy. of II.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
W. A. Bailward, Esq.

[P.].

8. Aplonis fortunse.
Aplonis fortunaj, Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 147.

" I have two birds from the island of Fortuna, similar in every
measurement to the Fiji species, except that the bill is stouter every
way, but not longer ; and the whole bird is imbued with a black
shade. The sheen of the Fijian bird is coppery, especially about
the head. That of the other is of iron." {E. L. Laymxl, I. c.)

Hah. Fortuna Island.

9. Aplonis brunnescens. (Plate VI.)

Aplonis tabueusis
nee Gm.).

pt., Bidler, B. N. Zeal. 2ud ed. i. p. 25 (1887,

Adult. Similar to A. tahuensis, but browner, with scarcely any
metallic gloss on the head ; ear-coverts and sides of face brown ;
under surface of body dark ashy brown, everywhere streaked with
white, including the under tail-coverts ; outer secondaries very
broadly edged with white. Total length 6"5 inches, culmen 0'85,
wing 4-1, tail 2-35, tarsus 1"25.

Hah. Savage Island.

b. Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

Savage Island, June 1865.
Savage Island.

J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].
Rev. S. J. Whitmee [C.].

20. APLONIS. 100

10. Aplonis cinerascens.

Aplonis cinerascens, Hartl. Sf Finsch, P. Z S 1871 p 99

on the feathers of he breast^ £n' ^l\ l^''^ "^^° ^^^ ^^^^ble
slate-colour; bill feet and W ,f'\'l^"'^.ff^t horny black ; iris dark
length 71" w ni 4'' J^' 1'^S'';^^^ ?"Al\t*t (^"'■'•'^'^ Total
ta^s 13:14.'" V.^4^^:,,^;^ ^ 6 "-,"8"', bill 9-9.'",
-a«6. Earofconga Island.

11. Aplonis fuscus.

and breast: the rema nder nP f iT f '^^ ''"'^ ^"^^''^ throat

under tail- overt Tulwhte und;r ^^^^^^^^^--k ashy grey, the

length 7-7 inches culLln 0 7, itl'J'^il'^.T'f '''' t^: ^otal
ArJ„Jf -fa,„r.i, n 1 , » ' ^'^ -4^, tarsus 0-9o.

primary-coverts' dusk; brown - m^ills brown \^''"''^"^f-" ^"'^

on the secondaries resLbTn^ZS ^ ^I V"^^^^^ ^"''" J'^'f
sides of face, and ear-coverts wifV, o ' ^'"^l^-f.^'^thers brown ; head,

Hah. Norfolk Island and Lord Howe's Island •.

134

STT7ENIDJ5.

a.

Ad. sk.

b.

Ad. St.

c.

Ad. St.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.

Ad. sk.

f,

ff. c( ? ad. sk

h,

i. d 2 ad. sk

k I, m. Ad. sk.

Norfolk Island.]

Norfolk Island.]

Norfolk Island. I

"Norfolk Island.]

"Norfolk Island.]
A^orfolk Island, June 1865.
Lord Howe's Island, Sept. 8,

185.3 (/. McGiUivray).
Lord Howe's Island.

Old Coll.

Dr. a Bennett [P.].

Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

Goidd Coll.

Zoological Society.

J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].

Gould Coll.

E, Saunders [C.].

12. Aplonis crassa.

Calornis crassa, Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 56, pi. xiv. ; Sharpe in Gould's
B. N. Guinea, iv. pi. 15 (1883) ; Forbes, Nat. Wand. Malay Arch.
p. 366 (1885) ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. viii. p. 65 (1886).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above and below
iron-grey with a steel-green gloss, the under surface of the body
rather greyer ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, the
remainder of the coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, externally
glossed with green : "bill, legs, and feet black; iris dark brown"
{H. 0. Forbes). Total length 7-2 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-1,
tail 2-y, tarsus 0-9o.

Adult female. Ashy brown with a slight gloss of steel-green, many
of the dorsal feathers with a black shaft-streak ; wing-coverts and
quills browner ; tail-feathers black ; sides of face dull white,
broadly streaked with blackish ; throat and under surface of body
white, with distinct shaft-streaks of black, much broader on the
sides of the body, which are washed with dull ashy ; thighs ashy
brown. Total length 7"2 inches, culmen OvS, wing 3-9, tail 2-65,
tarsus 0"9.

Rab. Tenimber Islands.

a, b. c? 5 ad.

sk.
c, d. S 2 ^^■

sk.

liarat, Timor Laut, Aug. 1882.

Larat, Timor Laut, Aug. 11,
1882 {H. O. Forbes).

13. Aplonis atrifusca.

H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

(Types of species.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Sturnoide geant, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Voi/. Pole Slid, pi. 15, fig. 2

(1842-53).
Chlamydera sp., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352.
Laniprotornis atrifusca, Peale, U.S. Expl. Erped. p. 109, pi. 30

(1848) ; Hartl. Arch. f. Naturg. 1852, p. 102.
Calornis corvina {nee Eittl), Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped p. 124 (1858).
Sturuoides gigas, Jacq. et Pucher. Voij. Pole Sud, iii.p. 84 (1S53).
Chlamydera (Sturnoides) gigas. Gray, List B. Trap. Isl. Paeif.

Ocean, p. 25 (1859).
Calornis atrofusca, Gray, t. c. p. 26 (1859) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27,

no. 6388 (1870).
Sturnoides atrifusca, Finsch 8f Hartl. Farm. Cmtralpohjn. p. 107

(1807) ; Hartl. Sf Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 24 ; WMtmee, Ibis, 1875,

p. 440; Cab. & Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 322; Layard, P. Z. S.

1876 p. 494. '

20, APLONis. 235

Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with oil-o-reen
varied with slight purplish reflexions, the feathers margined Vith
glossy green, before which is a subterminal shade of blackish • the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts edged with ashv grey •
wing-coverts and quills brown, the former margined with ashv
brown ; the primaries light rufous brown, darker brown at the
ends ; tail-feathers dark brown ; crown of head and neck sides of
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest dull glossy oil--reen with
a shght purplish shade ; breast brown, tlie feathers edged with oil-
green ; remainder of under surface brown,with ashy-brown maro-ins •
thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries lighter
brown ; quills light brown below, reddish for the greater part of
the inner web: "bill and legs black; iris dark brown " (^ L
Laycml). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-2, wino- 5-3 tail 3-75
tarsus 1-3. '^ ' '

Tomuj female. Much browner than the adults and much more
uniform, with very few glossy edgings to the feathers of the upper
surface ; the head having a slight purplisli gloss ; scarcely any pale
edges to the feathers of the under surface.

Hah. Samoa or Navigators' Islands.

a, h. Ad. sk. Samoa.

c, d. Ad. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee

[0 1

e. S ad. sk. Ana, Upolu, Samoa, Dee. 19, Twee'ddale Coll

1875 {E. L. Layard).

f. S ad ; (J. 2 Apia, Samoa, Jan., Dec. {E. Tweeddale CoU
juv. sk. L. Layard).

14. Aplonis inornata *.

Aplonis mavornata (!), Buller, B. Neio Zealand, 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887).

Adult. Entirely brown above and below, with a slight bronzy
gloss on the head; under tail-coverts entirely brown like the
breast, on which are a few hair-like whitish shaft-lines. Total
length 7-2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-2, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-05

Hah. ? Raiatea Island, Society Group.

"•'^'^•'^'- [? Raiatea.] Old Coll. (.? Type of

Turdus ulietensis.)

This IS a most curious species, a dimmntive of A2}!o7ois atnfmca, and as
far as I can see, it has not got a name. The specimen is very old and 're
mamed for many years imnotieed in the collection of mounted birds • if
vvas apparently not recorded by the late G. E. Gray either in his ' Catalogue o f
the Birds of the Tropical Islands of tlie Pacific Ocean ' or in his 'Hand-llr-
1 he specimen agrees fairly well ^-ith Forster's drawing of Turdm badius, and may
thereiore be Tardus ahctcn„s of Gmelin-probably" he very identical specimen
belonging to Sir Joseph Banks (./'. Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. I p S ThZ7,
no warrant for Sir. Seebohm making Tardus baius of Forster'into a MTnda
and adding a yeUow eye-ring which does not exist in Forster's descrin iou o^
picture! Forster only admits the bird as a Tardus with great reluctance

136 STURN1D.E.

15. Aplonis pelzelni.

Aplonis pelzelni, Fhisefi, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 044; id. Journ. Mus.
Gochffr. Heft xii. p. 32, pi. ii. fig-. 3 ( 1876) ; id P. Z. S. 1877,
p. 779; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 110.

Adult. Obscure sooty brown ; head above somewhat darker ;
lores and front changing into sooty black ; wings, tail, upper and
lower tail-coverts umber-brown, a good deal lighter on the remain-
ing plumage. Bill and feet black. Total length 6^", wing 8" K »'",
tail 2" 4'", culmen S|"', tarsus Hi'". (FInsch, l.c~)

Hah. Interior mountains of Ponapc.

16. Aplonis kittlitzi.

? Pacific Shrike, Lath. Gen. Si/ti. i. pt. i. p. 164 (1781).

? Lanius pacificus, Gtn. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 306 (1788, e.v Lath.).

Turdiis colunibiua (wee Gm.), Kittl. Ki'ipf. Viig. p. 11, Taf. 15. fig. 2

(1833).
Lamprotoinis columbiuus (wee Gm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 417 (1850) ;

Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 168.
Lamprotoruis opaca, Licht. in Mus. Berol. ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i.

p. 1^01 (1850) ; Liclit. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 53 (1854).
? Calomis pacifica. Gray, Cat. B. Trojncal Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 25

(1859) ; id. Ha7id-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6390 (1870).
Calornis opaca. Gray. Cat. B. Tropical Isl. p. 26 (1859) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6891 (1870).
Calornis columbina {nee Gm.), Pclz. Beis. Novara, Vog. p. 88 (1865).
Calornis kittlitzi, Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Ce7itralpolyn. p. 109

(1867); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 380; id. ^- Finsch, P. Z. S.

1868, pp. 7, 117 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 100 ; Finsch, Journ. Mus.

Gndeffr. Heft viii. p. 23 (1875); Shariw, Ibis, 1876, p. 47;

Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 779.
Calornis pacificus, Fifisch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 31

(1876); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 575 ; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 194 ; id. Vog.

der Siidsee, p. 49 (1884).

Adult. Dusky blackish, with a slight steel-green shade on the
edges of the feathers ; below rather duller black than the upper
surface, iron-grey on the lower breast and abdomen : " iris bright
suli)hur-yeUow " (0. Finsch). Total length 8*8 inches, culmen 0'9,
wing 4'95, tail 3'35, tarsus 1*1.

Sexes alike, when adult (Finsch).

Youncj. More dingy than the adults, the feathers of the undcr-
parts edged with white, producing a streaked appearance : " iris
whitish or yellowish "' (0. Finsch).

Hah. Islands of Ponape, Ivuschai, lluk, and Lugunor.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Ponap6. Mr. Cohen [C.].

c. Juv. sk. Ponape (Cohen). Tweeddale Coll.

and could one but be certain that the specimen in question is the type of
2'urdas ulieteiisis, then the name will be Aplonis ulidensis, and Mr. Seebohm's
synonymy (vol. v. of this Catalogue, p. 27C, pi. xvi.) may be added. I have
for the present retained the name of inornata for this species, as it was on
the stand of the specimen, and it may h.ave been described under this name in
some obscure reference, which perhaps has escaped me.

21. CALOENIS, 137

17. Aplonis rufipennis.

Lamprotornis zelandica, Quay et Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe, Ois. p. 190,
pi. 9. fig. 1 (1830-35).

Aplonis zealandicus, Gray, Voy. ' Erebiis ' i§- ' Terror,' p. 8 (1846) ; id.
Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (1846) ; Bjy. Consp. i. p. 417 (1850); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 163, note ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 227 ; Fmsch, J.f. O.
1867, p. 322, 1870, p. 325; id. Trans. Neic Zeal. Inst. viii. p. 201
(1876) ; Bulli-r, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. i. p. 25 (1887).

Aplonis obscurus, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1867, p. 322, 1870, p. 325, 1872,
p. 273.

Aplonis rufipennis, Layard, Ibis, 1881, p. -542; Tristr. t. c. p. 543.

Adult male. General plumage rufous grej', darker on the upper
parts and deepening to rufous brown on the lower part of the back,
runij), and upper tail-coverts ; from the anterior edge of the e3'e
a dull black streak extending to the nostrils : the primaries bright
rufous on the outer webs onl)-, being blackish brown on the inner
webs ; larger wing-coverts and bastard quills bright rufous ; tail-
feathers dark rufous brown, with a rich vinous tinge on their outer
edges ; uuderparts lighter, the feathers of the breast and abdomen
having obscure narrow greyish margins ; flanks, vent, and under
tail-coverts rufous brown, mixed with yellow, the feathers becoming
lighter at the tips : bill blacldsh brown, with a reddish tinge on
the under mandible ; legs and feet pale brown ; claws yellowish
brown. Total length 7 "5 inches, wing 4, tail 2-5, culmen 0-75,
tarsus 0-8. (Btdler, I. c.)

Adult female. .Similar to the male, but with duller plumage and
of somewhat smaller size (Bidler, I. c).

Hah. New Hebrides.

21. CALORNIS*.

Type.

Calornis, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 53 (1841) C. chalvbeus.

Lamprocorax, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 8.30 (1853) C. orandis.

Range. Andamans and Nicobar Islands ; Eastern Dacca to
Cachar ; Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Tndo-Malayan Islands :
Philippine Islands : throughout the Moluccas to New Guinea and the
Papuan Islands ; Northern Australia.

* Caloknis corvina.
Lamprotornis cor?ina, Kittl. Kilpf. Voy. Heft ii. p. 12, pi. xv. fig. 3 (1833) ;
id. Mini. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 7, Taf. ix. (1835) ; Up. Consp i p 417
(185U).
Lamprocorax corvina, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 168.
Calornis corvina, Gray, Cat.B. Trop.Isl. I'ac-ific Oeca?», p. 25 (1859) • id

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271 uo. 6389 (1870).
Sturnoides corvina, Finsch cf- Hartl. Faun. Centralpolun. p 108 note
(18(17) ; Finsch, This, 1881. p. 104.
Shining black, each feather with a glossy margin, varying from steel-ereen
to purplish red ; bill and feet black {Kiftlif-).

Hah. Mountains iu the interior of Kuscliai Island.

This species I have never seen, and Dr. Finsch did not meet with it during

138

Key to the Species.

A. With no brown on the quills.

a. With bi'i{^-lit reddish purple on throat or crown,
mantle or hind neck.
a. Larger : tail strongly graduated, the centre
feathers much produced.
a" . Head purple ; mantle purple, separated
from tlie head by a glossy green collar.
ft'". Throat green or slightly washed with
purple, in either case resembling the

cheeks and sides of the face mefallica and .'\llies,

//". Throat uniform purple, contrasting [pp. 1-S8-141.

with the throat, which is bright green, (jnlaris, p. 141.
h" , Head purple; no purple on mantle, which

is green ^jM?7«0'e/f<7).s, p. 142.

h' . Smaller: tail only slightly graduated ; head
and back oily-green, only slightly washed
with pm-ple ; the hind neck purple, forming

a collar minor, p. 142.

h. Green or greyish green, with no sharp contrasts
in the plumage ; no purple or bright green
collar round the hind neck. [pp. 14.3-149,

c'. Green gloss accentuated chalyhea and allies,

d! . Green gloss dull and lead-coloured obscura, p. 149.

B. Primaries light brown, dusky at tips.

c. Larger : head purple ; back green yrandis, p. 150.

d. Smaller : head and back steel-green minor, p. 151.

1. Calornis metallica.

Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 266 (1824) ; Less. Voy.
Coquille, i. p. 343 (1826) ; Miill. Verk. Land- en Volkenk. pp. 102,
110 (1839-44); B}). Cons}), i. p. 417 (1850^; Jacq. et Pucher. Voy.
Pole Slid, Zool. iii. p. 81 (1853) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862,
p. 313; Finsch, Neii-Guinea, p. 174 (1863); Cab. S^ Peichen.
J.f. O. 1876, p. 322.

Stourne bronz(5, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Atlas, pi. 16. fig. 2
(1832-35).

Aplonis metallica, Gould, B. Ausfr., Suppl. pi. 33 (1851) ; Macgil-
livray, Voy. ' Rattlesnake,^ ii. p. 357 (1852).

Calornis metallica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; Hartl. J. f. 0.
1854, p. 164; Scl. Journ. Li^in. Soc. ii. p. 164 (1858); Gray,
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 194 ; id. Cat. Mamni. etc. New Guinea, p. 59
(1859) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 335 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i.
p. 477 (1865); Rosenh. Rek. naar Zuiduostereil. p. 80 (1807);
Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 385 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 120 ; Gray,

his visit to Kuschai. He writes to me : — " It. no doubt exists on Kuschai, juBt
as it did wlieu Kittlitz visited the island. Nobody lias reached the mountains
in the interior since Kittlitz's time ; and it is strictly a mountain bird. When
I was on Kuscliai the patli from one side of the coast was no longer used by the
natives, the reason being the great and rapid decrease in their number, only a
few hundred of them now surviving (I believe not more than three hundred
and fifty, all told). Kiftlilz only got two specimens, which I saw in St. Peters-
burg. It is a very distinct, species."

The bird, as figured by Kittlitz, has a very slender bill, and may not be a
true Calurnis after all.

21. CALOENIS. 139

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6376 (1870) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii.

p. 80 (1874) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 593 ; Sakacl. ^- D' Albert.

Ann. Mus. Civic. Genor. vii. p. 827 (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis^ 1876,

p. 47; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 402 (1876), ix.

p. 38 (1870) ; Brugg. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 78 (1876) ;

Masters, Pruc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 54 (1877) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. x. p. 148 (1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 88, 97 ;

liamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 107 (1878), p. 279 (1879)

iv. pj). 77, 99 (1879); Eose^ib. Malay. Arch. pp. 322, 370 (1879) ;

U' Albert. ^- Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 190 (1879) ;

Salvad. t. c. p. 656 (1879) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 442 ; L. C. Lay-

ard. Ibis, 1880, p. 295; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi.

p. 193 (1881) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 447 (1881) ; Blasitts, J. f. O.

1883, p. 160; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, Abth. i.

p. 48; Finsck, Viig. der Sildsee, p. 13 (1884) ; id. t. c. p. 30.
Caloniis nitida, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 181 ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc.

Neiu Guinea, p. 38 (1859) ; id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean,

p. 26 (1859) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6383 (1870) ; Walden,

Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 48 ; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 104, 1878, p. 289 ; Fi^isch, P.Z. S. 1879, p. 11 ;

Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 295; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 537; Tristr. Ibis,

1882, p. 137.
Calornis viridescens, Grat/, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 181; id P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 436 ; id. Ha7id-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6378 (1870) ; Waldcji, Trans.

Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 47 ; id. Journ. Linn.

Soc, Zool. xiii. pp. 318, 501 (1877).
Calomis amboinensi.<!, G7-ai/, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 182 ; id. Cat. Mamm.

etc. Nnc Guinea, p. 38 (1859); id. P.Z.S. 1860, p. Z?>b ; Bernst.

Nederl. Tijdschr. ii. p. 350 (1865) ; Grai), Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27,

no. 6382 (1870) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. vi'ii. p. 80 (1874) ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1876, p. 48; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 322 (1879).
Calornis virescens, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 158 ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc.

Netv Guinea, p. 59 (1859).
Lamprotornis virescens, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv.

p. 248 (1863) ; id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 1.31.
Calornis purpurascens, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6377 (1870) ;

Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876,

p. 47.
Lamprotornis purpurascens, Giehel, Thes. Orn. ii. p. 430 (1875).
Lamprotornis metallica, var. nitida, North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

(2) ii. p. 443 (1887).

Adult male. General colour above glossy oil-green on the
scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, with a faint
shade of purple hero and there; lesser Aving-covcrts and mantle
glossy purplish violet ; median coverts like the scapulars ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally
purplish black, the inner secondaries with glossy green edges ; tail-
leathers l)lack, glossed with dull steel-blue on the margins ; crown
of head jnirplish violet as far as the nape ; hind neck brilliant glossy
green, as also the sides of the neck ; lores, feathers round eye, sides
of face, and car-coverts glossy purplish violet ; checks, chin, and
throat glossy steel-green : fore neck purplish violet ; chest and
remainder of under surface of body glossy stccl-green, inclining to
oily green, with a faint purplish gloss on the breast, slightly
developed on the sides of body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-

140 STITKNlDiE.

coverts black, edged with glossy green ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries black, with bluish-green margins ; quills below black,
browner along the inner edge ; bill and feet black ; " iris cinnabar "
(0. Finsch). Total length 9-2 inches, culmeu 0*75, wing 4-35, tail 4-1,
tarsus 0*85.

Adnlt female. Like tho male. " Iris blood-red " (0. Finscli).
Total length 9-2 inches, culmcn 0'8, wing 4"3, tail 4*2, tarsus 0-9.

Australian specimens differ a good deal in the amount of purplish
gloss on the sides of the body, and some of them have even a faint
gloss of purple on the throat. Specimens from the Papuan Islands
arc generally remarkable for their deep green colour underneath, and
for the absence of purplish gloss on the sides of the body. Some,
however, are absolutely identical with Australian examples, and I
do not see how more than one form can be recognized, excepting, of
course, C. c/ularis, which is a very well-marked species, and 0. minor
and 0. purpureiceps, which axe also distinct.

Young. Similar to the adult above, but with less metallic gloss ;
cheeks and under surface of body white, streaked with greenish
black on the lower throat, fore neck, sides of body, flanks, and
under tail-coverts.

Dr. Finsch has no doubt, from his own personal observations, that
the specimens with white under surfaces are by no means always
young birds, as they breed in this dress, and gain the full plumage
by a change of feather, and by the wearing away of the edges them-
selves, whence they derive the small lance-shaped form of streak on
the underparts.

Hah. Northern Australia, New Guinea, and Papuan Islands from
the Solomons to the Aru group, as well as the Moluccas.

Capt. Stanley [P.].

J. McGillivray [C.].

J. McGillivray [0.].
(Types of C. pur/nirascens.)
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

P. L. Sclater, Esq.

[P.].
Sir E. Belcher [P.].
(Type of C. nitida.)
Rev. G. Brown [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

C. Ilunstein [C.].
Wallace Coll.
(Types of C. viridcscens.)
Gould Coll.

a, h. Ad. et juv.

St.

c, d. Ad. et juv.

St.

e, f. 5 ad. sk.

Cape York.

Cape York.

Cape York.

0

(1, h. S ad. sk.

Cape York {J. McGillimiyy

i-l. Ad. ; m-o.

Cape York (Cockcrell ^

Juv. sk.

Thorpe).

p. Ad. sk.

Cape York {Coclccrcll S,-

Thorpe).

q, r. Ad. et iuv.

Port Albany {J. Co.ven).

sk.

s, t. Ad.; u.

Solomon Islands.

Juv. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

New Ireland.

w. Ad. sk.

Duke of York Island.

X, y. Ad. ; z,

Duke of York Island (G.

a'. Juv. sk.

Broiuri).

V. Ad. sk.

East Cape, S.E. New Guinea.

c', d'. Ad.; e',

Dorey.

f. Imm. sk.

(J . Ad. sk.

Mysol, June 11, 1868 (^ocffO-

21, CAXOENIS

141

h'.

. S ad. ; i'-l'.
5 ad. ; m'-q .
(S imin. sk.

Aru Islands.

Wallace Coll.

)•',

. (^ ad. ; s .

Wakan, Aru Islands.

Voy. of II.M.S.

(S juv. sk.

' Challenger.'

t'.

$ ad. sk.

Ke Doulan.

Voy. of H.M.S.
' Challenger.'

u\

1 v'. Ad. sk.

Matabello.

Wallace Coll.

id

. Ad. sk.

Goram.

Wallace Coll.

x'

. Ad. sk.

N. Ceram.

Wallace Coll.

.'/'

. Ad. sk.

Amboyna.

Wallace Coll.

S juv. sk.

Amboyna, Feb. 10,
{von Rosenhcrg).

18G4 Salvin-Godman Coll.

a.

" c? ad.; b".

Amboyna.

Leiden Museum.

$ juv. sk.

(Types of C. amboine?isis.)

c"

, d". Ad. sk.

Gilolo.

Wallace Coll.

e"

. Ad. sk.

Ternate.

Wallace Coll.

f

'. Ad. ; </".
Juv. sk.

Sula Islands.

WaUace Coll.

Subsp. a. Calornis inornata.

Calornis inornata, Salvad. Ann. Mub. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194 (18SUJ ;
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 453 (1881).

Adult. Similar to C. metallica, but smaller, duller, and without
any green cervical collar ; head, neck, and interscapulary region
somewhat tinged with purple, this purple colour perceptibly vanish-
ing towards the middle of the back ; the purple colour of the throat
and breast scarcely visible. {Salvador'i, I. c.)

Hub. Misori Island, in the Bay of Geelvink.

Subsp. /3. Calornis fuscovirescens.

Calornis mvsolensis {nee Gray), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. x.

p. 149 (r«77).
Calornis fuscovirescens, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194

(1880) ; id. Orn. Fapuusia etc. ii. p. 454 (1881).

Dusky blackish, with a green shine; head with scarcely any
purple; bill and feet black. (Salvculori.)
Hah. Sorong, New Guinea {U AJbertis) *.

2. Calornis gularis.

Calornis gularis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1801, pp. 431, 430; id.
Hand-list of Birds, ii. p. 27, no. 0385 (1870) ; Walden, Trans. Zool.
Sac. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 47; Rosenh. Malay
Arch. p. ;]9o (1879) ; Fwbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 433 ; id. Nat.
Wand. East. Arch.y. 305 (1885); Salvad. P. Z.S. 1884, p. 579;
Sharpe in Gould's Birds of New Guinea, iv. pi. 13 (1885).

* Count Sahadori says that tliere is a specimen in the British Museum from
Salawati, but I cannot dnd one, and I think he must have intended to refer to
some other Museum.

142 STXTRNIDiE.

Lamprotornis gularis, Finsch, Neu-Gidnea, p. 174 (1865).
Calornis metallicca, Sclafer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 51 (nee Temm.).
Calornis circumscripta, Mei/er, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884, Abth. i.
p. 49 ; Salvad. Ibis, 1884, p. 355.

Adult male. Similar to G. metallica, but with a very narrow green
collar round the hind neck, separating the purple head from the
purple mantle, and with the entire throat uniform purplish violet,
the cheeks and malar line being glossy green : " bill and feet black ;
iris bright red " (//. 0. Forbes). Total length 9 inches, culmen
0"75, wing 4'25, tail 4-5, tarsus 0'9.

Hub. Mysol ; 'J^enimber Islands.

a. 2 fiJ- sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll.

(Tvpe of species).
b,c. d 2 ^^- sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 18, 1882 Twe'eddale Coll.
(JL O. Forbes).

d. 9 ad. sk. Larat, Timor Laut, Sept. 7, 1882. II. 0. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].

e. d ad. sk. Kirmoen Island, Tenimber Group, II. 0. Forbes, Esq.

Sept. 1, 1882. [C.].

3. Calornis purpureiceps.

Calornis sp. incoo:n., Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 554.

Calornis purpureiceps, Salvad. AttiR. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiii. p. 535 ^

(1878) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194 (1881) ; id. Orn.

Papuasia etc. ii. p. 435 (1881); Sel. Rep. Voy. ^Challenger,' ii.

Birds, p. 29 (1881).

Adult male. Similar to C. metallica, and with a purple head, but
without any purple on the mantle, which is glossy oil-green like the
rest of the back ; under surface of body green with no purple gloss
on the flanks, the throat entirely purple, spangled with glossy green
centres to the feathers. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen 0'85,
wing 4-25, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-9.

Hal). Admiralty Islands.

a,b. S ad.; c 5 Admiralty Islands. Voy. of II.M.S. 'Challenger.'

ad. sk. (Types of species.)

4. Calornis minor.

Lamprotornis minor, JBp. Consp. i. p. 417 (1850, e.v MiUl. Mus.

Li((jd.) ; Finsch, Neti-Guinea, p. 174 (1875).
Calornis miniir. Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 26, no. 6375 (1870) ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 48 ; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. Isis, 1884,

Abth. i. p. 48.

Adidt male. Black, glossed with bright oil-green on the upper
surface, the lesser wing-coverts like the back ; greater and median
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers
black, with a gloss of steel-blue externally ; head glossy oil-green,
separated from the mantle by a distinct purple hind neck ; sides
of face and ear-coverts dark glossy green ; entire throat purple,

21. CALOENIS. 143

extending on to the fore neck, and also shading the ckeeks ; sides of
neck purple ; remainder of under surface from the fore neck down-
wards dark glossy green, a little more dingy on the abodomen, thighs,
and under tail-covorts : " iris red " (A. B. Wcdkice). Total length
7'7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with a slight
purplish gloss on the head. Total length 7*3 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 3-9, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-75.

Young. Browner than the adults with a slight green gloss ; below
dull white, with broad blackish streaks ; sides of body uniform dull
brown : " iris red " {A. R. Wallace).

Hah. Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, Lombock. Probably in Southern
Celebes (cf. Meyer, I. c).

a. 2 ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll.

h, c. Ad. et juv. sk. Timor. Wallace Coll.

d. Imm. sk. Timor (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Lombock {A. R. Wallace). Goidd Coll.
/. S ad sk. Lombock. Wallace Coll.
g. Juv. sk. Flores. Wallace Coll.

5. Calornis chalybea.

Tardus chalybeus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 148 (1820).
Tardus strigatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 148 (1820).
Lanius insidiator, Rajjl. t. c. p. 337 (1820).
Lamprotornis cantor, Miill. Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 174 (1839-44) ;

Bj). Consp. i. p. 416 (18.50) ; Lic/d. Nomencl. p. 53 (1854).
Lamprotornis chalybeus, Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 103.
Calornis cantor, JBIyth, J. A. S. Benq. xiii. p. 366 (1844), xix.

p. 225 (1850) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. Ill (1849) ; Scl.

P.Z.S. 1863, p. 218; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 326

(1870) ; Walden, Ibis, 1871, p. 176.
Calornis affinis, A. Hat/, J. A. S. Benq. xv. p. 36 (1846) ; Blyth,t.c.

p. 369 ; id. op. cit. xix. p. 225 (1850) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. Ill (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6381 (1879) ; Blyth

Sf Wald. B. Biirm. p. 91 (1875) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 46; Hume,

Sir. F. 1877, p. 38.
Calornis pauayensis, pt., Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846); 3Iotley ^•

Dillw. Ncd^ Hist. Labium, p. 56 (1856).
Lamprotornis affinis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850).
Lamprotornis insidiator, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 201 (1850).
Calornis chalybea, Horsf. (§■ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 543

(1856) ; Moore, P. Z. 'S. 1859, p. 445 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26

no. 6374 (1870) ; Wald. Tratis. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; Salmd.

Ucc. Born. p. 271 (1874) ; Bh/th >§• Wald. B. Burn. p. 91 (1875);

S/iarpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 45, 1877, p. 21 ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 318 ;

Hu7ne 4- Davison, Sfr. F. 1878, p. 304 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 66,

106 ; Nichols. Ibis, 1879, p. 170 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 345 ; id.

Ibis, 1879, p. 262 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genoa, xiv. p. 238

(1879); Eelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 519; Nichols. Ibis, 1882, p. 62;

Vorderm. N T. Nederl. Ind. xliii. p. 189 (1884) ; Bidtik. Notes

Leyden Mus. ix. p. 71 (1887).
Calornis insidiator, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 381.

Aplonis cantor, Snellem. Exped. Midden- Sumatra, Vogels, p. 43 (1884).
Calornis irwiui, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 481 (1873).

144 STURNIDJi.

Adult male. General colour above glossy steel-green, a purple
shade being with difficulty distiuguished ; lesser and median coverts
like the back, the latter black, broadly edged with glossy green ;
greater coverts and bastard-wing black, washed externally with
glossy green ; primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, exter-
nally glossed with dull steel-green, slightly varied with purplish ;
crown of head glossy steel-green, the feathers of the occiput and
nape somewhat lanceolate ; lores velvety black, extending to the
base of the nostrils and below the eye ; feathers round eye, sides of
face, car-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body glossy steel-
green like the upper surface, a trifle duller on the abdomen and under
tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with
steel-green or blui'^h green ; quills below black, a little browner
along the inner edge. Total length 7*5 inches, culmen O'S, wing
3-9, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7 inches, cul-
men 0"75, wing 3-75, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8.

Young. Nearly uniform dark brown above, slightly mottled with
greenish-black spots at the end of some of the feathers ; wing-
coverts like the back ; the greater series, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally edged with pale brown ;
tail-feathers blackish, browner on the inner web ; head brown like
the back, as also the sides of the face, the cheeks streaked with
white ; under surface of body duU white, streaked with blackish
brown, more broadly on the flanks ; the throat more dingy brown,
streaked with black.

The adult plumage is gained by a complete moult, but before this
commences there seems to be some accession of gloss on many of
the feathers, especially of the head.

So complete is the transition between C. chalyhea and C. affinis
of Tippera, that I have been unable to separate them. Typical birds
from Java, Sumatra, or Malacca have very little of the bronzy purple
gloss on the underparts, which is always more or less distinct
in C. affinis ; but the Tenasserim specimens are thoroughly inter-
mediate, and it is impossible to find where the range of either form
ends in the Burmese provinces.

The following is the length of wing in a series of birds from
different localities : — Tipperah (4-2), Dacca (4*3), Cachar (4"2o),
Tavoy (4-0-4-15), Tea (4-15), Pakchan (4-0), Malawoon (3-8-4-2),
Bankasoon (3-8.5-4-05), Tonka (3-85), Salang (3-85), Klang (3-8),
Singapore (3-8), Sumatra (3-75-3-9), Java(3-7-3'9), Sarawak (3-6),
Sibu (3-8-3-9).

In fact all the subspecies included under C. clialyhea might well
be united, but to do so seemed to me to suppress some interesting
facts as regards geographical races, for the differences between them,
though very slight, are found along with a certain difference of
habitat.

Hah. From Tipperah and Dacca to Cachar (C. affinis) ; Tenasserim
Provinces (here intennediate). Throughout the Malayan Penin-
sula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

21. CAr,ORNIS.

145

a-e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad.sk.
f/. Ad. sk.
'h, i. Ad. ; k, I.

Lum. sk.
m. (S ad. sk.

n. $ ad. sk.

o-r. c? ad. ; s. 2

ad. sk.
t, u. S $ ad. sk.
V, w. cj ad. sk.
.r-c'. c?; f?'. 2

ad. sk.
e'-o'. S ad. et jiiv. ;

p'-r'. 2 ad. et

juv.
y'~a. (f ; /3-f. 2 ad.
C Ad. sk.
rj, 9. (S ad. sk.

t-TT. c? ad. et juv. ;

p, (T. 2 ad.
T, V. (^ &d ; (f). 2

ad. sk.
X, V;-- 2 jiiv. sk. _
<!}-('. cJ ad. ; j;', 6',

i. 2 ad.; k'. c?

juv. sk.
X'-Q)'. c? ad. et juv. ;

a-I. 2 ad. et j uv.
m, n. cJ 2 ^^- ^^•

o-k'. S ad. et juv. ;

I'-w' . 2 ad. et

juv.
x'. S ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.
z. Ad. ; a"-c".

Imm. sk.
(?", e". (S 2 imm. ;

f"-i'. Pull. sk.
/i;' -wi". Ad. sk.

n", o". (S 2 'i<i- ;

p". 2 juv. sk.

(/'. Juv. sk.

r"-P. (S ad. et
juv. ; ff^-7-^. 2
ad. et juv. sk.

s^. 2 ad. sk.

t^. Juv. sk.
Ml Ad. sk.
v^-tf. (5 ad. ; z^,
a*. 2 ad. sk.

VOL. XIII.

Tipperah.

Tipperah.

Dacca.

Cachar.

Yea, Tenasserim, April 3, 1874

( fF. Davison).
Meeta:Myo, April 21, 1874 ( W.

D.).
Tavoy, April 1874 ( TV. D.).

Mergui, Jan. 28, 1875 ( W. D.).
Pakchan, Jan. 1875 ( W. D.\
Bankasoon, April, June, Dec.

{W.D.).
Malewoon, Jan., April ( W.

D.).

Malewoon, Jan., Feb.
Cambodia (Motthot).
Copah, Malav Peninsula, Jan.

19, 1879 (J. Darling).
Kossoum, May-July {J. D.).

Tonka, Jan. 31, 1879 {J. D.).

Tapraw, April 15, 1879 {J. D.).
Taroar, Feb. 1879 {J. D.).

Hume Coll.
(Types of C. iricini.)
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Ilume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Salang, Feb., March (/. D.).

Ding Ding Priver, Feb. 25 1879

( W. Davison).
Klang, Salangore, Jan., March,

July, Aug. (JF. D.).

Langhat, April 10, 1877( W.D.).

Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Cajitor).

Malacca, Aug. 1873 {R. G.
W. R.).

Malacca, Sept. 1875 ( W. Davi-
son).

Pulo Seban, Oct., Nov. {W.
D.\

Singapore.

Singapore, Jan., Feb., Aug.-
Nov. ( W. Davison).

Acheen, Sumatra, Feb. 1, 1871
( W. D.).

Sumatra.

Sumatra {Carl Bock).
Siedjoeudjoeng, Sumatra, Oct.
1878 {Carl Bock).

Hume Coll.

Oates Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Wallace CoU.
India Museum.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Gould CoU.
Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

WaUace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

U(J

STURNIDiE.

l>\ c'. J ad. sk.

d'. $ juv. sk.

e^Ad. ; /"*. Imra. sk.
ff\ h\ S $ ad. ; i\

k\ (S 2 juv. sk.
l*,mK Ad.; «*.

Imm. sk.
o*. c? ad. sk.
p*. Ad. ; 5*. Imm.

sk.
»•'. Ad.sk.
s*-M*. 2 ad sk.
«^ 5 ad. sk.
10^. Ad. sk.

X*. 2 juv. sk.
2/S z\ d 2 ad.

sk.
«5, 5^ Ad. sk.
c^, d\ Ad. sk.

Java (Ilorsjicld).

Java [Ilorsjicld).

Java.

Java (Leiden Museum).

W. Java.

E. Java.
Billiton.

IndiaMuseum.
(Types of the species.)

India Museum.

(Type of T. stn'c/afm.)

' Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman

CoU.
F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Borneo (Rajah Brooke).
Sarawak.

Sarawak (A. li. Wallace).
.Belidah, Sarawak, Dec. 5, 18G9

(A. H. Everett).
Sabu, Sarawak (A. Everett).
Sibu Island, Dec, April.

Labuan (J. Motley).
Omadal Island, N. Borneo.

Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
A. Everett, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Dr. Mclvinlay [P.].

Subsp. a. Calornis tytleri.

Calornis affinis (nee Hay), Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 330; Hume, Ibis,
1870, p. 437 ; Ball, J. A. S. Beng. 1872, p. 285 ; id. Str. F. 1873,
p. 77 ; Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 145 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 480.

Calornis tytleri, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 480, 1874, p. 253 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 18'7G, p. 46 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106.

Adult male. Similar to G. chalyhea, but altogether darker and
with no sign of an oily-green gloss, the general appearance of the
bird being a dull steel- green. Size larger than in C chalyhea.
Total length 7'6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-45, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
8 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4-35, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-85.

Young. Hesembles the young of C chalybea, being dark brown
above, white below, broadly streaked with black.

The Nicobar bird seems to be even larger than that of the
Andamans, a male from Car Nicobar measuring 4'7 inches in the
wing.

Hah. Andaman Islands and Nicobars.

a-e. S ad. et
juv.;/,i?. $

JUV.

h. (^ juv. sk.

S. Andamans, Feb.-April (R. G. Tweeddale Coll.
TF. B.).

Wim- Hume Coll.

S. Andamans (R. J.
be r ley),
i (5 ad. sk. Port Blair, S. Andamans, July Hume Coll.

4, 1873 (R. J. Wimberley). ^
k. S ad. ; I. Juv. sk. Maepherson's Straits, March 1873 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),
m. S ad. ; n, o. $ Mt. Harriett, S. Andamans, Hume Coll.
iium. sk. March 1873 (W. Davison).

21. CALORNIS.

147

/') 1-6 2 ^'^- sk- Purt Moiiat, S. Audamans, April IlLime Coll.

1873 ( W. Davison).
r. Ad. sk. Nicobars. India Museum.

s. (S ad. sk. Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 7, 1873 Hume Coll.

( W. Dcmson).
t. 5 ad. sk. Camorta, Nicobars, Dec. 1873 (i?. Tweeddale Coll.

J. Wimherle]i).
u, V. (^ 2 f'd. ; w. Katchull Island, Nicobars, March Hume Coll.

cJ juv.sk. 1^73 (W. Davison).

•'j !/■ d 2 <i'i. sk. Bompoka Island, Nicobars, Jan., Hume Coll.

March 1873 ( TF. Davison).
z. c? ad. ; a', b'. 2 Great Nicobar, March 13, 1873 Hume Coll.
ad. sk. ( IF. Davison).

c . Juv. sk. Great Nicobar, April 10, 1876 Hume Coll.

{J. M. de Roepsto7-ff).

d , e' . cJ ad.; f-k'. Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb. Hume CoU.
2 ad. sk. 9, 1873 ( W. Daviso7i).

I'. 2 ^^-j *'*'• Jti'^' Nancowry Island, Nicobars, Feb., Tweeddale Coll.

sk. Dec. (Jr. J. Wimherleij).

n , 0 . (S ; p'. 5 ^<i- ; Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Jan., Tweeddale Coll.

q. Imm. sk. Dec. {R. J. Wimberley).

r . Ad. sk. Trinkut Island, Nicobars, Feb. Hume Coll.

■2Q,IS72.{W. Davison),
s . 2 ad. sk. Kondul Island, Nicobars, March Gates CoU.

14,1873 (W.Davison).
t' , u' , v . (5 ad. ; iv . Kondul Island, Nicobars, March Hume Coll.

2 ad. ; .?■'. Juv. 13, 1873 (JF. Davison).

sk.
y'-b-, c'-, dr, e-. Juv. Car Nicobar, Jan., March ( W. Hume Coll.

sk. Davison).

/-. S ad. sk. Car Nicobar, March 19, 1873 Gates Coll.

( W. Davison).

Subsp. /3. Calornis altirostris.

Calornis altirostris, Salvad. A7in. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 553
(1887).

Similar to C cludyhea, but darker, larger, and easih' distinguished
by its stouter and much higher bill : " bill black ; feet clear green ;
iris red " {Mofiijliuni). (Salvadori .)

Hah. Island of Nias, near Sumatra.

This race, which I have never seen, will require careful com-
parison with the Nicobar Calornis.

Subsp. y. Calornis panayensis.

Le Petit Merle ou Muscicien de lisle Panay, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin.

p. 115, pi. 73 (1776).
Muscicapa panayensis, Scoji. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96

(1783).
Le Merle des Colombiers, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 381 (1775).
Songster Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 59 (1783).
Pigeon Thrush, Lath. t. c. p. 64 (1783).
T Urdus columbinus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 836 (1788).
Tm'dus cantor, Gm. S. N. i. p. 837 (1788); Kittl. Eupf. Von. ii.

p. 11, pi. 5. tig. 1 (1832).

l2

148 STTJRNIDJJ.

Lamprotornis panayensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i, p. 200 (1S50).
Calornis pauavensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 0373 (1870);

Walden ^- 'Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 07; Wahloi, Trans. Z. S. viii.

p. 70 (1872) : Slinrm. Ibis. 1876. v. 46: id. Trans. Linn. Sue. 2ud

ser.

id.

1886, p. 162 ; Shavpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 202 ; Blasius, Ornis, 1888,
p. 315.
Calornis columbina, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, n. 0384 (1870).

Adult male. V^ei')- similar to C. chah/bea, but decidedly more oily
green, somewhat bronzy below, and with more or loss of a bronzj'
])urplish shade on the throat and fore neck : " bill and feet black ;
iris vermilion-red" {A. Everett). Total length 7'7 inches, ciilmen
O'To, wing 4-25, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-05.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7*4 inches,
culmen O'So, wing 4-15, tail 2-8, tarsus 0"9,

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Juv. Philippines.

Cuming Coll.

a, b. Ad. ;

St.

d 5ad.sk. Luzon, Jan. 1872(^4. 2?.. Ifej/e/'j. Tweeddale Coll.

e. 2ad. ;/. 2 j^v. Ceh\i,AY>villS72{A.B.Meyer). Tweeddale Coll.

sk.

Cebu, March 1877 rA. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).
Negros, March 1872 (A. B. Tweeddale Coll.

3feyer).
Dumaguete, Aug. 1877 (A. H. Tweeddale CoU.

Everett).
Paiiay, Jan. 1875. Prof. Steere [C.].

Amparo, S. Leyte, Aug. 1877 Tweeddale Coll.

(A. H. Everett).
Camiguin. Voy. of H.M.S.

' Challenger.'
Nipah Islaud, Jidy 1877 {A. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).
N. Bohol, Oct. 1877 {A. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).
Surigao, May 1877 {A. II. Tweeddale Coll.
Everett) .
X. Ad. ; y. J juv. Zamboauga, March 1878 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. ■ ■ II. Everett).

z. $ ad. sk. Basilau, May 1878 {A. IL Tweeddale Coll.

Everett),
a , (S juv. sk. Palawan. Prof. Steere f C.].

b', c . rj 5 ad. sk. Palawan, Jan., Dec. (A. II. Tweeddale Coll.
Everett).

(/, h. S 2 ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.

A-, /. (5 ad. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.
n. S ad. sk.

o-q. S ad. sk.

r, s. cJ 2 ad. sk.

t, u. S 2 ad. sk.

V. w. (S 2 ad. sk.

Subsp. I. Calornis neglecta.

Calornis neglecta, Walden. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 79 (1872) ; Meyer,
Ibis, 1879, p. 134; id. Abhandl. Voyel-Skel. pt. 10 (1886); id.
Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. ' Isis,' Dresden, 1884, Abth. i. p. 48 ; Blasius,
Zeitschr. yes. Orn. iii. p. 124 (1886).

21. CALOENIS. 149

Adult (type of species). Similar to C. chalybea, but with a
slightly longer tail. Total length 8 inches, cnlmen 0-85, wing 4"1,
tail 3, tarsus 0-95.

Hah. Celebes.

a. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.].

d. Juv. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

e. Ad. ; f. Juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.
ff-i. Ad. ; k. Juv. sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Gould Coll.

6. Calornis sulaensis.

Calornis obscura, var., Wallace, P. Z. S. 18G2, pp. 335, 343.
Calornis neglecta, pt., Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 46 (wee Wald.).

Adidt. Similar to C. chah/hea but with the tail perceptibly
lengthened, and the plumage duller and more brouzj' : " iris red "
(A. li. Wallace). Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4*2,
tail 3'65, tarsms 0"95.

When I reviewed the genus Calornis in 1876, I took for granted
that the Sula Island species was the same as the Celebean bird ; but
I find now that they are distinct, the form from the Sula Islands
having a much longer tail than C. clialyhea or any of its subspecies,
resembling in this respect the C. mttallka group.

Bah. Sula Islands.

a, b. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll.

7. Calornis sanghirensis.

Calornis sanghirensis, Salvad. Aim. Mas. Civic. Genov. vs.. p. 60
(1879) ; Meyer, Sitz. nat. Gesellsch. ' Isis,'' iJresden, 1884, Abth.
i. p. 48.

Adidt. Similar to C. sulaensis, but distinguished by its larger
size and enormous bill. Total length 9 inches, culmen I'Oo, wing
4-6, tail 3*4, tarsus 0-95.

Hah. Sanghir Islands.

a. Ad.; b. Juv. sk. Sanghir Islands {^A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll.

9. Calornis obscura.

Lamprotornis obscura, Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 417 (18-50, ex Forsten, MSS.

in Mus. Luyd.) ; Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 174 (i860).
Calornis obscura, Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 355 ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 32; Gray, Uand-l. B. ii. p. 26, no. 6380 (1870); Walden,

Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 ( 1872) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov.

viii. p. 380 (1876) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 46 ; Rusenb. Malay.

Arch. p. 395 (1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 194

(1880); id. Orn. Pupuada etc. ii. p. 454 (1881); id. Ibis, 1886,

p. 152.
Calornis mysolensis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 431 ; Wallace, P. Z. S.

150 ■ STUENIDiE.

18G2, p. 343 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6300 (1870) ; Wald.

Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; ,S/,arp,', Ibis, 1876, p. 47.
Calornis placidiis, Oray, MSS. ; Wall. R Z. S. 1862, p. 343.
Lamprotornis mysolensis, Fmsvh, Neii-duinea, p. 174 (1865).
Calornis crassirostris, Wald. Trails. Z. S. viii. p. 80 (1872) ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1876, p. 46.

Adult male. Dull gloss}' steel-green both above and below, the
tail long and strongly graduated ; wings and tail black, the feathers
externally blue-black. Total length lO'o inches, culmeu 0-8, wing
4'45, tail 4-5, tarsus OO.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9 inches, cul-
men 0-85, wing 3-95, tarsus 0-9.

Young More dusky than the adults, and very broadly streaked
with greenish black below.

IJah. Molucca Islands ; Gilolo or Halmahcra, Ternate, Morotai
or Morty Island, liatchiau, Obi, Bourou, Ceram, Amboina, Waigiou,
Mysol.

a-c. Ad. sk. Gilolo. Wallace Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Morty Island. Wallace Coll.

/, g, h. Ad. ; i, k. Batchian. Wallace Coll.

Juv. sk.

/. Ad. ; 711. Imm. Batchian (A. Ii. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll,

sk.

71. 2 iid. sk. Batchian, Aug. 3, 1861 (Dr. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Iiei'7istei7i).

o. (S ad. sk. Mesnion Island. Wallace Coll. (Type

of C. lilacidus.)

p. Ad. sk. Bouru. Wallace Coll.

q. Ad. ; r. Juv. sk. Ceram. Wallace Coll.

s. Ad. sk. E. Ceram. W^allace Coll.

t. 2 ad. sk. Amboyua, Feb. 5, 1864 {vo7i Salviu-Godman Coll.

liosenbery).

u. J ad. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll. (Type

of C. 7}iysole77sis.)

V. Juv. sk. Mysol. Wallace Coll.

7V. Ad. ; X. Juv. sk. Salawatti. Wallace Coll.

y. Ad. sk. " Kushai." M. Verreaux.

5. Ad. sk. P Tweeddale Coll.

(Type of C. crassirostris.)

9. Calornis grandis.

Stourne fulvipenne, Hombr. i^- Jacq. Voy. Pole Sad, Atlas, pi. xiv.

fig. 2 (1844).
Lamprotornis fulvipennis (wee SicaiTis.), Jacq. et Puch. Voy. Pole Sud,

texte, iii. p. 81 (1853) ; Sel. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 118.
Lamprocorax fulvipennis, i?/>. C. P. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) ; Salvad.

Attn. Mus. Civic. Genov. xvi. p. 195 (1880).
Calornis fulvipennis. Gray, Cat. B. Ti-op. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 25

(1859) ; Scl. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 124 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27,

no. 6392 (1870).
Sturuoides fulvipennis, Rainsay, Proc. Lin7i. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 76

(1879).
Lamprocorax grandis, Salvad. Orw. Pnpuasia etc. ii. p. 460 (1881) ;

Grunt, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 198.

21. CALOENIS. X51

^^(Ift male. General colour above black witb a green gloss
slightly shading into purple on the mantle, upper back, and scapu
lars; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more decidedly
glossy green : wmg-covorts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
^ coverts, and secondary quiUs black, washed externaUy with glossy
gree^ ; primaries light brown, blackish brown at the ends and at
the base ot the outer web; laU-feathers black, glossed with green
externally ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck more purple tban
the back, the feathers long and lanceolate; sides efface, ear-coverts
cheeks, throat, and fore neck also glossy purple ; the feathers of the'
throat, sides of neck, and fore neck lanceolate ; breast and abdomen
sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts glossy green •
under wing-coverts and axillarics black, with glossy green edges'
quills below pale reddish isabelline with blackish ends : " biU and
feet black ; iris red " (C. M. Woodford). Total length 10-5 inches,
culmen l-Oo, wing 5-6, tail 4, tarsus 1-3.

Adidt female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total len<>th 10
inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5-55, tail 3-S5, tarsus 1-25.

Hah. Solomon Islands.

a,b. c^2 ad. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal, May, C. M. Woodford, Esq

July. ("01

c, d. S 2 ad. sk. f auro. C. M. Woodford, Esq.

[C.].

10. Calornis minor.

Sturuoides minor, liam.<!mj, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vi. p 72G
(18b2) ; id. op. cit. vii. p. 26 (1883). ^

Lamprocora.x ? minor, Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civic. Genov. xviii p 4'>G
(Ib82) ; id. Oni. Pupuasia etc. iii. App. p. 500 (1882)

Calornis fulvipennis, Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 137 {nee Jacq.etPuch )

bturnoides (Lamprotornis) minor, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. 8uc. N S
Wales, vii. p. G(J8 (1883).

^TllmT*^"^ ™'''°'' ^'''"^^ '" '^''"^'^'^ ^' ^^'" ^""""'' P""""* -'^

Adidt male. Similar to C. ejrandis, but much smaUer Black
with a purplish-blue gloss ; green on the bead, neck, and mantle'
throat and breast, the feathers with a glossy centre, producino^
somewhat of a streaked appearance ; quills and tail brown : " bill and
leet black ; ins scarlet " ( G. E. Richards). Total length 8-3 inches
culmen 0-85, wing 4-G, tail 3-25, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total len"-th 8
inches, culmen 08, wing -1-35, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-05. °

Hah. Solomon Islands.

a. S ad. sk. Makira Harbour, San Christoval, Capt. G. E. Eichards
Dec. 16, 1880. m 1_

* Plate lettered L. grandis by mistake.

152 STTJRNID^,

22. MACRUROPSAR. „

Type.
Macruropsar, Salvad. Ami. Mm. Civic. Genov. xii. p. 345

(1878) M. niiignus.

Range. Islands of Mafor and Mj-sori, in the Bay of Geelvink,
N.W. New Guinea.

1. Macruropsar magnus.

Lamprotomis magnus, Schl. Nederl. Tijdschv. iv. p. 18 (1873, ex Von
Hoscnb. 3ISS.) ; Walden, Trans. Z. 8, viii. p. '20b (1872) ; Hosenb.
Mala;/. Arch. pp. 558, 591 (1879).

L.amprotornis major (Japsu), Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii.
p. 345 (1878).

Macruropsar magnus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xii. p. .345
(1878), xvi. p. 195 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papnasia etc. ii. p. 458
(1881); Sharpe in Gould's B. New Guinea, iv. pi. 12 (1882);
Meyer, Abbild. Vogel-Skel. pi. Ixxxi. (1885),

Adult. Black with an oily-green gloss, the lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, with an oily- green gloss on
the outer web ; head all round, ear-coverts, sides of face, throat,
and fore neck purplish ; rest of under surface of body duU green
like the back. Total length 14-3 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5,
tail 9, tarsus 1*2.

Hab. Islands of Misori and Mafoor in the Bay of Geelvink, N.W.
New Guinea.

a. d ad. sk. Kordo, Misori, March 1873 {Dr. A. B. Tweeddale Coll.
Meye.7-).

23. STREPTOCITTA.

Type.
Streptocitta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 382 (1850) S. albicoUis.

Ranr/e. Confined to Celebes.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill entirely black torquata, p. 162.

b. Bill black, with a yellow tip albicoUis, p. 153.

1. Streptocitta torquata.

Garrula torquata, Temm. II. Col. ii. pi. 444 (1828).

Pica torquata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 11, no. 6180 (1870).

Streptocitta torquata, Waldeti, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 76 (1874) ;
Brilggeni. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 77 (1876) ; Mci/cn,
Ibis, 1879, pp. 133, 146 ; id. Abbild. Voyel-Skel. pi. xxv. (18b2) ;
Blasius, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 290, Taf. xiii. fig. 2 (1885).

Adult. General colour above glossy blue-black, with a slight
purplish reflexion ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
coverts black hke the rest of the wing, with glossy purplish-blue

24. CHAEITORNIS. 153

margins, these being scarcely visible on the greater coverts ; bas-
tard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, slightly
washed with glossy blue externally ; crown and nape, lores, sides
of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts glossy purplish black, the feathers
somewhat scaly in appearance ; upper throat also purplish black ;
lower throat, fore neck, and chest white, extending in a broad
collar over the sides of the neck and round the hind neck ; remain-
der of under surface of body glossy blue-black, with a slight gloss of
steel-green ; under wing-coverts black, with narrow purplish-blue
edgings ; quills blackish brown below. Total length 20 inches,
culmenl-15, wing 5-85, tail 11"5, tarsus 1*35.
Hah. Northern Celebes and Togian Islands.

n. Ad. sk.

Celebes.

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]

b. Ad. sk.

Menado.

Gould Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Meuado.

Hume Coll.

e. Ad. sk.

Menado.

Wallace Coll.

/, y, h. Ad. sk.

Menado.

Tweeddale Coll.

2. Streptocitta albicollis.

Caledonian Crow, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 116 (1801) ; Gray,

Cat. B. Troj). Id. Pacific Ocean, p. 25 (1859).
Corvus caledoniciis, Laf/i. Ind. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xxv (1801).
Pitta albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 128 (1818).
Pica albicollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 314 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 11, no. 0179 (1870).
Streptocitta albicollis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 382 (1850) ; Wall. Ibis, 1859,

p. 113 ; B/asiits, Zeitsc/ir.ye.f. Orn. ii. p. 296, Taf. xiii. fig. 1 (1885) ;

id op. cit. iii. pp. 118, 119 (1886).
Streptocitta caledouica, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 75 (1872) ;

Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 133, 1880, p. 249.

Adult female. Similar to S. torquata, but differing in the yellow
tip to the bill : " bill black, the tip yellow ; feet black ; iris brown "
(Platen). Total length 19 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-7, tail 12,
tarsus 1'35.

Hah. South Celebes.

a. Ad. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

b. $ ad. sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

24. CHARITORNIS.

Type.
Charitornis, Sc/il. N. T. D. iii. p. 1, pi. 8 (1805) C. albertinaj

Banrje. Confined to the Sula Islands in the Moluccas.

1. Charitornis albertinse.

Charitornis albertinse, 8chl. N. T. D. iii. p. 1, pi. 8 (1865).
Eulabes albertinffi, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19, no. 6277 (1870).

Adult. General colour above glossy greenish black, with a very
faint purple gloss ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ;

154 STTJENIDiE.

remainder of wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, washed
with steel-green on the edges ; crown of head, entire hind neck, and
under surface of the body white ; the chin and upper throat, cheeks,
lores, sides of face, and all the region above and behind the eye,
including tlie greater pai't of the ear-coverts, bare, the skin corru-
gated ; lower tlanks, lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
black glossed with green, as also the under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ; a white feather near the edge of the under greater coverts :
quills black below. Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5"8,
tail 105, tarsus 1-4.
Hah. Sula Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Leydeii Museun.'.

25. LAMPROTORNIS *.

Type.

Laniprotornis, Temm. Man. fVOrn. i. p. Iv (1820) L. caudatus.

Jidda, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 407 (IB.'jl) L. caudatus.

Urauges, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 200 (1850) L. caudatus.

Range. North-east, East, and West Africa.

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. With the crown of head and throat broDzy, the

former forming a distinct cap.

a'. Flanks steel-blue, as also the under tail-
coverts ; back and breast glossy oil-greeu . . caudatus, p. 154.

h'. Flanks violet or reddish purple, as well as
the luider tail-coverts ; hind neck and
mantle more or less violet and purple .... porplnjroiitenis ,yi.\^Q.

b. With the crown and throat glossy steel-blue or

violet, not bronzy.
c'. Throat and chest steel-blue ; head violet,
steel-blue on the forehead ; back steel-
blue with violet gloss mevesi, p. 157.

iV . Throat and chest reddish purple ; crown

and back reddish purplish or violet .... purpureas, p. 158.

1. Lamprotornis caudatus.

Le Merle vert a longue queue de Senegal, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 13,
pi. .31. fig. 1 (1760) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 220.

Le Vert Dore, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 3U9 (1775) ; Lcvaill. Ois.
d'Afr. ii. p. 146, pi. 87 (1800) ; Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 33
(1857).

* Sturnds splendens, Baud.
L'Eclatant, Lcvaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 142, pi. 85 (1800) ; Sundev. Crit. om

Levaill. p. 33 (1857).
Sturnus splendens, Laud. Traite, ii. p. 309 (1800).
Tardus splendidus, Vieill. N. Dirt. d'Bisf. Nat. xx. p. 260 (1818).
Juida splendens, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 23, uo. G327 (1870).
The type of Levaillant's figure still exists at Leyden, and is declared by
Sundeviill to be coujposed of the body of Quiscalus maerurus, with the sliortened
tail of the Common Magpie !

25. LAMPROTORNIS. 155

Cass.

Turdus caudatus, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Siqij)l. p. 144 (1776) ;

Proc. Phllad Acad. 1864, p. 251.
Glossy Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii.pt. i. p. 57 (1783).
Turdus longicaudus, Bodd. fabl. PI. Enl. p. 13 (1783).
Turdus reneu.s, Gm. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 818 (1788).
Sturnus teneus, Daitd. Truite, ii. p. 310 (1800).
Corvus aureoviridis, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 370, pi. 40 (1S09).
Lamprotornis fenea, Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. hi (1820) ; Riipp.

Syst. Uebers. p. 75(1845); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.^. 115(1857);

id. J.f. O. 1859, p. 9; Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 331 ; Heiu^l. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 509 (1870), iv. Apj). p. cxxv (1871); 'Sharpe,

Ibis, 1871, p. 57; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 44

(1875) ; liochebr. Faime Seneg., Ois. p. 228 (1884) ; Hartert,

J.f. O. 1886, p. 586.
Juida senea, Less. Traite, p. 407 (1831) ; Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 326

(1846); Bp. Consp. i. p. 414 (1850); Laiptrd, B. S. Afr. p. 170

(1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 23, no. 6322 (1870).
Lamprotornis loncricauda, Swains. B. TV. Afr. i. p. 148, pi. 7 (1837).
Lamprotornis (Juida) ajneus, Heiu/l. Syst. tfebers. p. 36 (1856).
Uraiiges ajneus, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 200 (1850).
Juida eytoni, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 368; Heuyl. J.f. 0. 1863,

p. 22, 1864, p. 257 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 23, no. 6325 (1870).

Adult. Mantle and back glossy oil-green ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue and purple, the feathers sub-
terminally spotted with velvety black ; scapular feathers glossy
green, with a subterminal mark of velvety black ; the lesser and
median wing-coverts similarly marked; greater coverts, bastard-
wing, primary -coverts, and quills glossy steel-green, with blue
reflexions, and having the appearance of being barred with black
under certain lights, the secondaries bluish near the ends ; tail-
feathers reddish purple with somewhat of a bronzy gloss, and more
or less shaded with violet reflexions, with blackish bars under
certain lights ; crown of head metallic bronze, as also the sides of
the face and throat, the latter slightly spangled with golden bronze,
the lower throat becoming deep steel-green with a subterminal
shade of blue, and shading off into oil-green on the fore neck and
breast ; the lower breast and abdomen purple with a coppery gloss,
the sides of the body glossed with blue ; thighs and abdomen steel-
blue with a slight violet shade ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
steel-green, slightly shaded with blue ; quills below black : " bill
and feet black ; iris sulphur-yellow " {Hartert). Total length
18 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 6-7, tail 11-5, tarsus Voo.

The type of L. eytoni measures : — Total length 19-3 inches, culmen
0*95, wing 7"S, tail 13'5, tarsus l-o.

Hartlaub and Yon Heugiin both assert that L. eytoni is nothing
but a variety of L. caudatus, and that both forms are found together,
and that intermediate specimens occur. I have not seen the
slightest sign of this in the scries examined by me ; but as both
forms occur in the same localities, it is best to unite them at present,
though the steel-blue plumage of L. eytoni is very different from
the oil- green plumage on the back and breast of L. caudatus.

JJah. Western and North-eastern Africa.

156 STURNIDiE.

a. Ad. sk. Senegal. Shelley Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Goree {Mus. Lisb.). Sharpe Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. Fautee (7/. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

e. Ad. sk. West Africa. Eytou Coll.

(Type of L. eytoni.)

f. Ad. sk. West Africa. " Sharpe Coll.
//, h. Ad. St. West At'iica. Purchased.

2. Lamprotornis porphyropterus.

Lamprotornis purpuroptera, Itiipp. Si/at. Uehers. pp. G4, 75, Taf. 25

(1845); Hartl. J.f. O. 1859, p. 11; Heuffl. J.f. O. 1868, p. 2;

ma?)/. Geol. Sf Zool. Ahjss. p. 397 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S.

vii. p. 258 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 56 (1871); Antin. !<(

Salvud. Viag(j. Bo(/os, p. 127 ( 1873) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, iv. p. l"(1875); Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 533 ; Fischer ^^

Reichen. J.f. O. 1878, p. 261; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,

vii. p. 106 (1881) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. f/es. Orn. i. p. 336 (1884) ;

Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. jj. 229 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civic. Genov. (2) i. p.' 198 (1884).
Juida purpuroptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 23, no. 6324 (1870).
Lamprotornis reuuoides, Temm. MSS. in Mus. Lurjd., unde
Jnida asneoides, Bji. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850).
Urauges purpuropterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 200 (1850).
Urauges porphyropterus. Cab. I. c, note (1850).
Lamprotornis asneocephalus, Heugl. St/st. Uebers. p. 36 (1856).
Lamprotornis burchelli (nee Smith), Heuyl. Sijst, Uebers. p. 36 ; id.

/./. 0.1867, p. 294.
Juida phffinicophaea, Pr. Wiirtt. Namm. 1857, p. 432 ; Heuyl. J. f. O.

1867, p. 294.
Lamprotornis aaneus (iiec Gm.), Brehtn, Beis. Habesch, p. 216

(1863).
Juida senea, Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 60 (1864).
Lamprotornis porphyropterus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 511

(1870), iv. App. p. cxxv (1871) ; Fischer ^ Reichen. J.f. 0. 1879,

p. 349.

Adult male. Smaller than L. caudatus, and differing in its reddish-
purple flanks and under tail-coverts ; the mantle and hind neck
also more violet and reddish purple : " bill and feet black ; iris
sometimes pale yellow, sometimes whitish " (Benglin). Total length
14 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 6-8, tail 8-2, tarsus 1-7.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but the colours rather duUer
and the size smaller. Total length 14 inches, culmen 0'9, wing6'6,
tail 8-5, tarsus 1-55.

Young. Much duUer thau the adults, dusky blackish with only a
feeble gloss of the colours which distinguish the old birds, there
being scarcely any gloss whatever on the under surface of the

There is a remarkable disparity in size in a number of specimens,
and these diiferences may perhaps not be altogether sexual, but
indicate the existence of a small tropical race. Unfortunately I
have not had a sufficient number of specimens to prove whether this
be so or not. The example from the Bari country has the wing only

25. LAMPROTORNIS. 157

5-65 inches, and the tail is of about the same length, whereas in
a fine specimen from Keren the wing is 6-7 inches and the tail
8 inches. The other males have the wing from 6'6 to G-75 inches.
A female collected by Mr. Blanford has the wing 6-55 inches, while
a female obtained by Mr. Jesse at Waliko had the wing only 5-6
inches. A specimen in the Shelley collection, obtained by the late
Dr. Hildebrandt on the Adi River, has a coppery bronze crown, a
steel-blue back instead of purple, no velvety spots on the scapulars,
and the outer aspect of the wing steel-green ; on the under surface
there is a remarkable absence of golden copper on the breast and of
purple on the flanks. This specimen is not in the best condition,
but I can scarcely believe that the differences arc due to age.
Hab. N.E. Africa, extending into Eastern and Central Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Keren, Bniros (Esler). Sharpe Coll.

b,c. (^ 2 ad. ; d. Auseba Valley, July 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Ad. sk. [C.].

e,f. cJ^ad. sk. Waliko, July 1868 (JF. Tweeddale Coll.

Jesse).
(J. <S ad. sk. Bejook, July 13, 1868 ( W. Tweeddale Coll.

Jesse).
h. .Tuv. sk. Shoa {Harris). India Museum.

i. \A. sk. Bari Negro Country {Knob- Sharpe Coll.

lecker).
k. 2 ad. sk. Lado, March 9, 1879 {Emin Shelley Coll.

Pasha).
I. (S ad. sk. Adi River, E. Africa, July Shelley Coll.

1887 {Dr. Hildehrandt).

3. Lamprotornis mevesi.

Juida mevesi, Wahlb. J.f. O. 1857, p. 1 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 23,
no. 6326 (1870) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 159
(1872).

Lamprotornis mevesi, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 12 ; Shatye, Cat. Afr.
B. p. 56 (1871) ; Hard. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. '48
(1875) ; Bocnge, Orn. Angola, p. 303 (1881) ; Sharjw in Gates'
Matabele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881) ; HolubSf Von Pek. Beitr. Orn.
Siidafr. p. 110 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 423,
846 (1884) ; Souza, Jorn. Lisb. xi. p. 152 (1887).

Adult male. Very similar to L. caudatus, but much smaller, more
reddish purple on the lower back and rump ; the head and throat
glossy steel-blue with a purple gloss, but no bronze ; the scapulars
and wing-coverts without any subterminal spots of velvety black :
" bill and feet black ; iris brown " {AnchietaX Total length 13
inches, culmen 0-75, wing (r3, tail 7"5, tarsus 1-65.

Young. More dusky than the adults, and v\ ith much less metallic
plumage, the feathers on the head more steel-blue, and the back and
wings greener, as well as the throat; the coppery bronze-colour on
the breast also absent.

Hah. From Damara I^ajid to the Matabele country.

158 STUKNIDiE.

a, b, c. (i ad. s\i. Ovaqiieuyanii, June 1867 Sharpe Coll.

(C. J. Aii(lers.son).

d. S juv. sk. Nata Itiver, Matabele, Dec. 5, W. G. & C. E. Gates,

1874 {F. Oates). Esqs. [P.].

4. Lamprotornis purpureus.

Lamprotornis purpurea, Ihieiu/e, Jorn. Lish. 1SG7, p. 334; Finsvh i.^'

Harfl Vof/. Osf.afr. p. 382, note (1870); Sharpe, Cut. Afr. B.

p. 56 (1871) ; Hartl. Alihandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. f)0 (1875) ;

Bocnqc, Orn. Anqola, p. 305, pi. vii. (1881) ; Sharpe, cd. Layard's

B. S\ Afr. p. 423 ^1884).
Juida purpurea, Grai/, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. G347 (1870).

Adult. Similar to L. mevesi and of about the same size, but
entirely golden bronze with violet reflexions above ; tail violet ;
head like the mantle, with no sign of steel-blue but violet ; throat
and breast reddish violet, not steel-blue or green, the breast and
abdomen bronzy brown, not purple : " bill and feet black ; iris
brown " (Anchieta). Total length 14-2 inches, culmen 0-85, wing
G-1, tail 8-5, tarsus 1-6.

Young. Pale dusky greyish, with a certain amount of violet
shade : lores and ear-coverts more dusky ; secondaries and tail-
feathers banded imder certain lights ; primaries dusky, pale at the
tips (Bucage).

Hab. Benguela.

a. Ad. sk. Campangombe (Anchieta). Sharpe OoU.

b, c. cJ 5 ad. sk. llio Chiuiba, July 1870 (Anchieta). Shelley Coll.

26. CHALCOPSAR.

Type.

Megalopterus, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. E.vped., Apj). p. 52

(1836, tiec Boie, 1826) L. australis.

Range. Confined to South Africa.

1. Chalcopsar australis.

Megalopterus australis. Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 52

(1836).
Lamprotornis burchelli, Smith, III. S. Afr. Zool. pi. 47 (1840);

Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 50 (1874) ; Bocage, Orn.

Angola, p. 304 (1881) ; Sharpe, App. Gates' Matabele-Land, Birds,

p. 316 (1881); Holuh >§• Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 110

(1882).
Juida australis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1846) ; Strickl. ^- Sclater,

Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 170 (1867);

Ay res, Ibis, 1869, p. 294 ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld.

p.' 158 (1872).
Juida burchelli, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Gray, Handel. B. ii.

p. 23, no. 6323 (1870).
Urauges australis, Cab. Miis. Hcin. i. p. 200 (1850).
Lamprotornis australis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 56 (1871) ; Buckley,

27. COSMOPSARUS. 159

If)is, 1874, p. 378 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 265 ; Sharpe, ed. LayanVs
B. S. Afr. pp. 424, 84U'(1884) ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1886, p. 288; Sym-
onds, Ibis, 1887, p. 33] ; Gurnet/, t. c. p. 331.

Adult male. Glossy steel-green with blue reflexions ; hind neck
rich purj^le ; lower back and rump violet-purple ; upper tail-coverts
steel-blue with purple ends ; wings externally steel-green, the
secondaries bluish or purple with green margins ; the inner lesser
wiiig-coverts coppery bronze washed with purple, forming a
shoulder-spot : tail-feathers purple with violet or green reflexions ;
lores velvety black ; feathers under the eye also blackish ; ear-
coverts violet with a coppery bronze gloss, the feathers rather
frizzled ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body glossy steel-
green ; centre of breast and abdomen reddish purple with a coppery
bronze gloss ; sides of body glossy purplish blue ; under tail- and
wing-coverts blackish, externally green or steel-blue ; axillaries
violet: "bill and feet black; iris dark hazel" {T. Ayres). Total
length 12-5 inches, culmen 1, wing 6-8, tail 5-9, tarsus 1-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but much smaller as
a rule.

Young. Much greener than the adult on the head and back, the
purple on the hind-neck and lower back of a bluish cast ; under
surface of body dull oil-green, more bluish on the flanks, the abdo-
men without the reddish-purple or bronzy tint.

llab. Confined to South Africa.

a. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Tvpe of species.).

b. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Earl of Derby [P.].

c. Ad. sk. S. Africa. Edward Wilson, Esq.

[P.l.
(/. S ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ayrcs). Shelley Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq.

[P.].
/. d ad. sk. Transvaal, July 8, 1873 Shelley Coll,

(T. E. Buckley),
y. (S ad. sk. Crocodile IJiver, Transvaal, C. G. & E. W. Gates,

Dec. 1, 1873 {F. Oates). Esqs. [P.].

/(. Juv. sk. Makalaka Country {Dr. Brad- Shelley CoU.

shavj).
i. Ad. sk. Lake Ngami ( Chajmian). Sharpe Coll.

27. COSMOPSARUS.

Type.
Cosmopsarus, Reichen. Orti. Centralbl. 1879, p. 108 C. reoius.

Range. Confined to East Africa.

Key to the Species.

n. Colours brilliant : back and wings metallic blue ;

head green ; throat green ; fore neck purple ;

breast and abdomen golden yellow reyius, p. 100.

b. Colours subdued ; entirely brown, with a gloss of

green on the wings and tail uniculur, p. IGU.

160

STXJRNIDiE.

1 . Cosmopsarus regius.

Cosmopsarus rep'ius, Rekhen. Oni. Centralbl. 1879, p. 108 ; Fischer
^ Rekhen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 349, pi. i. Hg. 1 ; Fischer, Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. i. p. 336 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 132; Shelley, Ibis,
1885, p. 411.

Adult. General colour above bright steel-blue, with slight re-
flexions of green, especially on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; scapulars and wing-coverts rich purplish blue, with a
subtermiual spot of velvety black on the median and greater wing-
coverts ; quills black, externally purplish blue, with more or less of
violet reflexions, especially on the primaries ; tail-feathers bronze,
all but the centre ones shot with violet and blue, the outermost
more steel-green, with a white edging ; head and neck oily green,
verging into the blue of the mantle ; lores velvety black ; ear-
coverts dark steel-blue, the feathers somewhat frizzled ; throat
entirely oily green, a little more steel-green than the head and sides
of neck ; the lower throat washed with steel-blue, deepening on the
fore neck into rich steel-blue ; the chest brilliant reddish purple ;
remainder of under surface of body brilliant golden yellow, including
the thighs, under tail-coverts, and axillaries ; under wing-coverts
dusky blackish, washed with steel-blue or greenish blue : " bill and
legs black : iris white " (E. Lort Phillips). Total length 14 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 5-3, tail S"9, tarsus 1-25.

Hab. East Africa from Masai Land to the Somali country.

a. Ad. sk. Somali Land {E. Lort Phillips). Shelley Coll.

2. Cosmopsarus unicolor.

Cosmopsarus unicolor, Shelley, Ibis, 1881, p. 116; id. P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 582 ; Reichen. Sf Schaloio, J. f. O. 1882, p. 228 ; Bohm, J. f. O.
1883, p. 196 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 66.

Adult mcde. General colour above brown, with a slight shade of
oily green on the scapulars ; wing-coverts like the back, as also the
bastard-wing ; primary-coverts and quills brown, glossed with oily
green on the inner web ; primaries and tail-feathers blackish,
glossed with green externally ; centre tail-feathers entirely glossy
green, ribbed with dusky under certain Lights ; head, sides of face,
and under surface of body brown, slightly more ashy brown below ;
under wing-coverts and axiUaries like the breast ; quills dusky
blackish below : " bill and feet black ; iris whitish " {G. A. FiscJier).
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-9, tail 6-5, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 11
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-7, tail 5'95, tarsus 1-3.

Bab. Eastern Africa.

a, b. Ak. sk. Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

(Types of species.)

c. J ad. sk. Saboro, Jan. 10. Dr. Fischer [C.l

d. 2 ad. sk. Seriau, Sept. 11. Dr. Fischer [C.].

28. AMYDRCS. 161

28. AMYDRUS.

Typo.
Aniydi'us, Cal). 3fus. Hein. Tli. i. p. I'Ol (1850) A. morio.

Range. Confined to Africa.

A'ey to the Species.

a. No ashy "jrey on the head, which is glossy purplish

or greenish black. [Males.]
a'. Under surface of body glossy purplisli or blue-
black.
a". Much larger : wing .5'.3-6-.3 inches ; under
surface blue-black.
a" . Dusky band at the end of the first long
primary ill-detiued, the rufous extending

nearly to the end of the feather tuorio, p. lUl.

b'". Dusky end to the first long primaiy sharply
defined and extending for more than one

third of the feather hlythii, p. 164.

b". Much smaller : wing 5 inches ; imder surface

of body glossy purplish black waJleri, p. 164.

b'. Under surface of body glossy dark green f rater, p. 164.

b. Witli ashy grey on the head. [Females.]

c'. Hinder head and throat with blacli centres to the
feathers ; rufous on second primary- as in the

male mvrio, p. 162.

d' . Hind head and throat uniform grey ; terminal
tliird of second primary entirely blackish,
c". Head pearly grey all round; size larger;

wing over 6 inches blytldi, p. 164.

d" . Head iron-grey all round ; smaller; wing 4'8

inches walleri, p. 165,

1. Amydrus morio.

Le Merle du Cap de Bonne Esperauce, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 309, pi. xxiij.

fig. 2 (1760) ; Dcmbent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 199.
Turdus morio, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 297 (1766) ; Gtn. Si/st. Nat. i.

p. 835 (1788); Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 6U3 (1823).
Le Jaunoir du Cap de Bonne Espi^rance, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iij.

p. 366 (1775).
African Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 55 (1783).
Le Roupenne, LcvaiU. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 134, pis. 83, 84 (1801) ; Stin^

dev. Crit. vm Levaill. p. 33 (1857).
Sturnus morio, Duudin, Triiitc, ii. p. 307 (1800).
Corvus rutipennis, Shaiu, Gen. Zuol. vii. p. 373 (1800),
Lamprotoruis morio, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 18 (1823) ; liiipp. Neue

Wirb. p. 25 (1835-40); id. Sy.st. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); Hew/l.

Si/st. Uebers. p. 37 (1856).
Lamprotoruis rufipennis, Swains. An. in Merun/. p. 298 (1837).
Juida morio, Grai/. Gen. />. ii. p. 327 (1846); Gurney, Ibis, ls62,
■ p. 28; Lai/ard', B. 8. Afr. p. 173 (1867); Grai/, Ilajid-l. B. ii.

p. 25, no. 0357 (1870) ; At/res, Ibis, 1879, p. 398.
Astrapia morio, Bh/t/i, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 112 (1849).
Spreo morio, Bj>. Cunsp. i. p. 416 (1850).
Amvdrus morio. Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 201 (1850) ; Grill, Zoul.

J»^rtA«. pp. 10, 37 (1859); Hurtl. J.f. 0.1859, p. 30; Sharpe,

VOL. XIII. M

162 STURNID.E.

Cat. Afr. B. p. 54 (1871) ; Ilartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv.

p. 80 '(1874); Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78; Barraft, Ibis, 1876,

p. :i05 ; Ay res, t. c. p. 433 ; Sharpe in Oatcs'' Matnbelc-Land, App.

p. 310 (1881); Holuh ^ Von Pet. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 112

(1882) ; Butler, Feilden, S,- Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 25G ; Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1882, p. 307 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 431, 846

(1884).
Ainvdriis rueppelli, Verr. in Chenu, Encycl. Meth. v. p. 166 (1856) ;

Hard. J. f. 0. 1850, p. 31 ; Ileuyl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 23, 1869,

p. 12 ; id.' Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 524 (1870), iv, p. cxxvi (1871) ;

Blanf. Geul. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 398 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S.

vii. p. 259 (1870) ; id. iif' Hard. Voy. Ostafr. p. 382 (1870) ; Antin.

Sf Salvad. Viayq. Bogos, p. 127 (1873) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, iv. p. 91 (1874) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583 ; Fischer,

J. f. O. 1885, p. 131 ; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) i.

p. 201 (1884) ; Giylioli, op. cit. (2) vi. p. 28 (1888) ; Salvad. t. c.

p. 200 (1888).
Pyrrhocheira rueppelli, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I. Co. ii.

p. 546 (1850).
Jidda rueppelli. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6358 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above glossy blue-black, rather duller
on the rump ; wing-coverts black, glossed externally with steel-
green ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish with scarcely any
green gloss, the latter orange-chestuut on the inner web, with broad
black tips ; quills orange-chestnut, broadly tipped with black, the
black increasing on the secondaries and the chestnut diminishing,
the inner secondaries entirely black, glossed externally with steel-
green ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers black, glossed
externally with steel-green ; crown of head like the back ; lores,
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat glossy black, but with
rather more of a steel-green shade than the back ; rest of under
surface of body glossy blue-black, the abdomen dull blackish ; the
sides of bodj' and flanks rather greener ; thighs and under tail-
coverts blackish, with a steel-green gloss ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries blackish, with steel-green margins ; quills below chestnut,
dusky at the ends : " bill and feet black ; iris double, the inner
circle dark brown, the outer cii'cle crimson" {T. Ay res). Total
length 11*2 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 5-7, tail 4-9, tarsus 1'3.

Adult female. In general coloured like the male, but distinguished
by the colour of the head, which is iron-grey, extending over the
hind neck, all the feathers streaked along the centre with glossy
steel-green. Total length 10'3 inches, culmen I'l, wing 5*4,
tail 4-45, tarsus 1-25.

Young male. Resembles the old male, and has a similar black
head, but the plumage is altogether duller, more fluffy, and almost
without any greenish gloss ; wings and tail as in the adult male :
" bill and legs black ; iris dark brown " {T. L. Ayres). Wing 5"25
inches.

Specimens from North-eastern Africa {A. rueppelli, auct.) are
rather larger, more glossy, and have a longer tail. " Bill and feet
blackish: iris crimson" (Heur/Un); "iris red" {Blanford) ; "iris
orange or dull chestnut, or chestnut with a slight red ring " (liaijazzi).

28. AMTDRUS.

1G3

Total leugth 14-5 inches, culmen l-2o, wing G-4, tail 0-4, tarsus 1-3.
On oxamining our series from North-eastern Africa, I find that the
wing varies from 6*4 to 6-G in the males, and from (J- 15 to G-2 in
the females, aud the average length of tail is about &5 inches.

In South-African specimens the wing varies in the males from
5-7 inches to G-2, and in the females from 5-3 to 5-8 inches, wliile
the tail averages about 5-5 inches. At first sight these differences
would seem to indicate the existence of a larger and smaller species
or race with a distinct habitat ; but the specimens from East Africa
in Captain Shelley's collection are completely intermediate between
the South-African A. morio and the Xorthern A. rueppelU. The
tail averages about G inches, the males have the wing G to G-3
inches and the females 5-8 to G-2 inches. I see no reason, therefore,
for separating these forms specifically, and regard them as one
species, of which the South-African representatives are the smallest
and the North-east African ones the largest.

Hab. South Africa, ranging into East Africa and North-eastern
Africa.

a. Juv. sk.
b,c.S2 "-d. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e, j ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.
(/. (S ad. sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
k, I. (S 2 'id. ; m.

(S juv. sk.
n. 5 ad. ; o, p,

q. c? juv. sk.
r, s. (S 5 ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.

Cape Colony {E. L. Layard).
Cape Town, April 24, 1866 (C.

J. Andersson).
Kuysua, Sept. 5, 1866 (C.J. .4.).
Eland's Post, May 20, 1870

(7". C. Atmore).
Grahamstown.
Kingwilliamstown.
Durban, Natal (T. L. Aijres).
Durban, Natal {Gordye).

Piuetown, Natal, March, Nov.

( T. L. Ayres).
Drakensburg Mountains, Aug.

1881 {E. A. Butler).
Pretoria.

u. c? imm. sk. Lydeuburg Goldfields.

V, to. cJ 5 <id. ;

.r. c5' imm. sk.
y,z,a',b'. S , c-

$ ad. sk.
d'. (S ad. sk.

e',/', cJ ad. sk.
f/. c? ad. sk.
/''. d; i'. $ ad.

sk.
k'. $ ad. sk.
I', m'. i^; w'. 2

ad. sk.

Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J.

Kirk).
Ugogo (Sir J. Kirk).

Kilima-Njaro.

Abyssinia.
Abyssinia.
Tigre, Feb., April.

Rayraguddy ( W. Jesse).
Aukober, Shoa, June, Dec.
(Sir W. C. Harris).

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Sharpe Coll.
Capt. Trevelyan [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

F. A. Bairatt, Esq.

[C.].
r. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.l.
Shelley C.Jl.

Shelley Coll.

H. H. Johnston, Esq.

LC.].

Purchased.

Shelley Coll.

W. T."^Blanford, Es,..

Tweeddalf Coll.
India Museum.

u 2

1G4 STUKNlDiE.

2. Amydrus blythi.

Amvtli'us rueppelli, Iilyth, J. A. S. Benq. xxiv. p. 300 (1855, ncc

Terr.).
Amydrus blythi, Ilartl. J.f. O. 1859. p. 32; Ileuf/l. Ibis, 1850,

p. 342 ; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 245 ; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 23, 1869,

p. 14 ; id. Oni. X.O.-Afr. \\ 523 (1870), iv. p. cxxvi (1871) ; Blanf.

Geol Sj- Zool. Abi/ss. p'. 399 (1870) ; Finsch, I'rans. Z. S. vii. p. 325

(1870) ; id. Sf ilartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 867 (1870) ; Scl. 8>- Ilartl.

P. Z. S. 1881, p, 171 ; Hartl. t. c. p. 953 ; Oud. in ItevoiPs Faun.

et. Flur. Pays Comalis, Ois. p. 12 (1882) : Boehm, J.f. 0. 1885,

p. 69. ■ '

Jidda blytliii, Grm/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6360 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to A. morio, and of large size, but decidedly
more purple. It is at once distinguished by the uniform black
terminal third of the first long primary. Total length 15 inches,
culraen 1*1, wing 7'05, tail IS, tarsus 1-5.

Adult fenuile. Differs from the female of A. morio in the black
terminal third of the first long primary, but still more in the colour
of the head, -which is uniform light hoary grey all round, including
the entire throat, sides of neck, and hind neck. Total length 14-5
inches, culmen I'l, wing 6"65, tail 7, tarsus 1*4.

Hah. North-eastern Africa ; Socotra, extending to the interior of
Eastern Africa.

a, 6. cJ 9 ad. sk, Magen, Senaf(5 Pass, Abyssinia, W. T. Blauford, Esq.
Feb. 18, 1868. [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sbarpe Coll.

d, e. cJ 2 ad. sk. Socotra, March 1880. Prof. Balfour [C.].
/, g. S ; h, i. 2 Socotra, March 1880 (/. B. Bal- Shelley Coll.

ad. sk. four).

3. Amydrus frater.

Amydrus frater, Scl. ^ Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 171 ; Ilartl t. c.
p.' 955; Reiclwn. ^- Schalow, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 227.

Adult male (tj'pe of species). Similar to A. morio, but differing
from that and the other allied species in having a green metallic
gloss both above and below. The black ends to the rufous quills
form a well-defined blackish mark extending for the terminal third
of the primaries, in this respect resembling A. bh/thii. " Feet
brown; iris greyish hro-wn" {Hi check ). Total length 12 inches,
culmen 1*2, wing 6, tail 5'5, tarsus 1'3.

Hah. Socotra.

a cT ad. sk. Socotra. Prof. Balfour [C.]. (Type

of species.)

4. Amydrus walleri.

Amydrus walleri, SJiel/ei/, Ibis, 1880, p. 335, pi. yiii. ; Reich. ^
Schahio, J.f. O. 1881,'p. 101; SMleij, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above glossy purple,
the scapiiiars, lesser and median wing-coverts like the back ; greater

29. ONTCOGNATHTJS. IGo

coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, with steel-
green edges : the primaries deep chestnut for about two thirds of
their length ; tail-feathers black, glossed with steel-green on the
outer webs ; crown of head, sides of face, and throat glossy steel-
green, especially on the latter ; remainder of under surface of body
from the fore neck downwards glossy purple ; under wing-coverts
black, with glossy purplish margins : quills below chestnut with
blackish ends. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5, tail
3*45, tarsus 0*95.

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, the head and
face washed with hoary grey, the throat more decidedly hoary grey.
Total length 9 inches, wing 4-8, tail 4-*4, tarsus 0'9.

Hab. Eastern Africa.

a,h. c? ? ad. sk. Usambara Mountains, Pangani Shelley Coll. (Types
liiver {Sir J. Kirk). of species.)

29. ONYCOGNATHUS.

Type.
Onycognathus, Hartl. liev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 495. 0. fulgidus.

Range. Confined to West Africa, ranging across the Congo Eegion
to Niam Mam.

1. Onycognathus fulgidus,

Onycognathus fulgidus, Hartl. JRev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 495,
pi. xiv. figs, 2, 3 * ; id. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Hamhtrg, ii. p. 52,
taf. 7 (1849); Verr. in Chenu, Encijcl. Meth. v. p. 160 (1850) •
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 115 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1859, p. 35 ; id.
Ahhandl. naf. Ver. Bremeti, iv. p. 86 (1874).

Juida fulgida, Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6350 (1870).

Adxdt male. General colour above glossy purple, a little brighter
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dull steel-green, slightly glossed with purple, and
having a submargiual line of velvety black; the primaries deep
chestnut for two thirds of their length ; tail-feathers black, with a
gloss of steel-green on the edges ; crown of head glossy purjjle like
the back ; the hind neck, sides of neck, ear-coverts, and sides of
face glossy steel-green ; lores velvety black ; throat glossy steel-
green ; remainder of under surface of body from the fore neck down-
wards glossy purple, rather more bluish purple on the lower flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts black, glossed
with purple ; quills below chestnut, blackish towards the ends.
Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 6-4, tail 6-8, tarsus 1-4.

Adult ft: male. Smaller; the colours scarcely to be distinguished
from the male; the head and back ashy, longitudinally streaked.
{Hartlauh.)

Hah. Island of S. Thomas, "W. Africa,

a. c? ad. sk, S. Thomas. Pui-chased.

* Onycorhamphas on plate.

166 STURNIDiE.

2. Onycognathus hartlaubi,

Spreo morio (nee L.), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 115 (18r)7).
Onycognatlms liartlaiibi, Gray, P. Z. 8. 18-58, p. 291 ; Hartl. J. f. O.

1859, p. 36 ; Sharpe, Ibis, imO, p. 334 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 55

(1871); Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 87 (1874);

Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 316 (1881);

Sharpe, Jourii. Linn. Soc, Zool. xvii. p. 427 (1884).
Juida hartlaubi, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 0351 (1879).
Lamprotornis morio {nee L.), Reichen. J.f. O. 1873, p. 214.
Aniydrus reichenovi. Cab. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 232.
Amydrus hartlaubi, Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 37.

Adult male. Similar to 0. fulr/irlus, but very much smaller, and
having the head a little more bluish purple ; bill and feet black :
" iris reddish brown " (A. Reichenoiv) ; " iris red " (Bohndorff). Total
length 10"8 inches, culmen I'l, wing 4'6, tail 4*5, tarsus I'l.

Adtdt female. Not quite so glossy as the male, the chestnut on
the wing more restricted ; head and neck all round ashy grey, with
greenish -black centres to the feathers. Total length 12 inches,
culmen 1-2, wing 4-9, tail 4*8, tarsus I'l.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Congo and inland
in the Congo region as far as Niam Niam. Fernando Po.

a,b. cj ; c. 2 Fantee. Sharpe Coll.
ad. sk.

d. Juv. sk. Fantee. Purchased.

e. c? ad. sk. Fantee. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. $ ad sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon. II. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

c/. d ad. sk. Fernando Po. Purchased. (Type of species.)

'h. 2 ad. sk. Fernando Po. T. R. W. Thomson, Esq. [P.].

i, ^. d $ ad. Semmio, Niam Niam, F. Bohndorff [C.].

sk. Feb., March.

30. CINNAMOPTERUS.

Type.

Cinnamopterus, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) C. tenuirostris.

Oligomyodrus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 34 {ex Schif,

Mus. Franhf.) C. tenuirostris.

Range. Confined to North-eastern Africa.

1. Cinnamopterus tenuirostris.

Lamprotornis tenuirostris, Riipp. Neue Wirb., Voq. p. 26, pi. 10. fig. 1
(1835-40); id. Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845); Heugl. Syst. Uebers.
p. 37 (1856).

Juida tenuirostris. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. HandA. B.
ii. p. 25, no. 6362 (18'70).

Cinnamopterus tenuirostris, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 830 (1853) ; id.
Coll. Delattre, p. 8 (1854) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2)
i. p. 202 (1884) ; Gigl. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 28 (1888) ; Salvad. t. c.
p. 300(1888).

Oligomyodrus tenuirostris, Schiff, MSS., Mus. Franhf ; Heuql. J.
f. O. 1859, p. 34; Heugl. J.f. O. 1802, p. 292, 1863, p. 23, 1869,
'p. 15; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 527 (1870); iv. App. p. cxxvii

31. PILOEHINUS. 167

(1871); Ilartl. Ahhandl. nat. Vei: Bremen, iv. p. 98 (1874)

Bochehr. Faun. Seney., Ois. p. 37 (1884).
Oligomydrus sturninus, Ileuf/l. J. f. O. 1863, p. 15.
Amydrus tenuirostris, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 200 (1870).

Ad It female. General colour above glossy purple, a little more
bluish purple on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;
lesser wing-coverts black, with purplish margins; median and
greater coverts externally glossed with dull steel-green, like the
bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills ; the primaries deep chest,-
nut, with a broad black band at the ends : tail-feathers black, exter-
nally glossed with dull steel-green ; crown of head and hind neck
glossy steel-green, a little purplish on the latter ; lores blackish :
sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks glossy steel-green; throat
duller steel-green ; remainder of under surface of body from the
lower throat and fore neck downwards dull glossy purple; the
under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts black, with purplish
margins; edge of wing dark steel-green, quills below rufous, black
at the ends : " bill black, paler at tip ; feet dusky black ; iris
brownish red" {Heurjlin). Total length 13 inches, culmen 1,
wing 6, tail 7, tarsus I'lo.

Younri. Duller in colour than the adult, all the feathers edged
with ashy grey, especially distinct on the under surface ; the breast
and neck all round obscured by ashy-grey tips to the feathers.
Hab. North-eastern Africa.

a. Juv. St.. Abyssinia. Zoological Society.

b. Juv. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. RiippeU [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Baron Langier.

d. S ad. sk. Adigrat, May 4 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

e. $ ad. sk. Wanenamba, Shoa, Oct. 12, 1876 Shelley Coll.

(0. Antinori).

31. PILORHINUS.

Type
Pilorhinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 201 (1850) P. albiro'stris.

Range. Confined to North-eastern Africa.

1. Pilorhinus albirostris.

Ptilonorhynchus (Kitta) albirostris, Eiipp. Neue Wirb., Voo. p 22,
pi. ix. iigs. 1, 2 (1835-40). ^ J f >

Ptilorhynchus albirostris, Jiiqyp. Syst. Uebers. p. 75 (1845) ; Heugl.
Si/st. Uebers. p. 36 (1856) ; JBrehm, lieis. Habesch, p. 325 (1863) ;
Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 62 (1864).

Juida albirostris, Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B ii
p. 25, no. 6301 (1870). ^ \ j ■,

Pilorliinus albirostris, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 201 (1850) • Ilorsf. &
Moore, Cat. B. Mm. F.I. Co. ii. p. 546 (1856); Hartl. J. f'o
185S), p. 30 ; Hcui/l. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 294, 1863, p. 23, 1869, p. 12 ;

'^ ?/'":. /X'^-;;^-^''- "■ ?• ^--^ <^i^^^)' '"''■ ^pp- p- c^^^-i (i«7i) ;

Hartl. Abhandl. nat. T er. Bremen, iv. p. 94 (1874) ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 200 (1884) ; Gid. op. cit. (2) vi n 28

168 STURNID.E.

Amydrus nlbirostris, Blcuif. Gcol. if,- Zool. Ahi/ss. p. 401 (1870) ;
Fimch, Tran. Z. S. vii. p. 260 (1870) ; Sharpc, Cat. Afr. B. p. 54
(1871)

Adult male. General colour above and below glossy purplish
blue, somewhat inclining to steel-blue on the rump and upper tail-
coverts and on the lower breast, abdomen, and flanks ; lesser and
median wing-coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing,
primarj'- coverts, quills, and tail black, externally dull steel-green :
primaries chestnut, broadly tipped with black ; under wing-coverts
black glossed with steel-blue : " bill horny white ; feet blackish ;
iris chestnut " {Hevglin) ; " iris dark coppery red, with a darker
ring round the pupil" {W. T. Blcoiford). Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1, wing 6-3, tail 4-65, tarsus 1'25.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being duller in colour and
less glossy on the head ; sides of face, throat, and fore neck a little
washed with hoary grey. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-95,
wing 6-25, tail 4-45, tarsus 1-25.

Ilab. North-eastern Africa.

a. (^ ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

Baron Laugier.

b. 2 ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

Purchased.

c. 2 ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

Sharpe Coll.

d,e. J? ad.

Senate, Tigv6, Feb., May.

W. T. Blanford,

Esq.

sk.

[C.].

/. (S ad. sk.

Rayrayguddy, May 27, 1868
( TF. Jesse).

Tweeddale Coll.

c/. J ad. sk.

Ankober, June 1842 (Sir W.
Harris).

C.

India Museum.

h, I. cS ad.

Let-Marafia, Shoa, March, July

Shelley Coll.

sk.

(0. Antinori).

32. HAGIOPSAR.

Range. Confined to the region of the Dead Sea in Palestine and
to the Peninsula of Sinai.

1. Hagiopsar tristrami.

Amydrus morio (nee L.), Hewjl. Si/st. Uehers. p. .371 (1856).
Amydrus tristrami, Sel. Ann. A'- Mac/. Nat. Hist. (.3) ii. p. 465 (1858) ;

Gould, B. Asia, y. pi. 45 (185'j); Hartl. J. f. O. 1850, p. ,38;

Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 32; Chambers, Ibis, 1863, p. 476; Tristr.

Ibis, 1864, p. 230, 1867, p. 366, 1868, p. 334 ; Ilem/l. J. f. O.

1869, p. 13; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 525 (1870)', h.'App.

p. cxxvi (1871) ; Wyatt, Ibis. 1870, p. 16 ; Hartl. Aldiandl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 93 (1874) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest.

p. 74, pi. xi. (1884).
Sprco fulvipennis (nee Sw.), Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 173.
Amych-us nahouroup (nee Daud.), Ilewjl. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 23.
Juida tristrami, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6.359 (1870).

Adidt male. Glossy purplish black, the wing-coverts and quills
black, externally purplish black, somewhat inclining to stcel-grcen

33. PYRRHOCHEIRA. 169

on the outer aspect of the 2;reater and primary-coverts and quills ;
primaries light baj', blackish brown at the ends, for about the
terminal third of the outer primaries ; tail-feathers black, glossed
with steel-green externally ; head all round ■ id entire under surface
of body, inchiding the under wing coverts, purplish-black, but not
so glossy as the upper surface : " bill and feet horny black ; iris
scarlet " {Heugliii). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1'2, wing 6*05,
tail 4-45, tarsus 1"15.

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, and distin-
guished by its dark ashy grey head and throat ; the hind neck, sides
of neck, and lower throat also dark ashy grey, the feathers centred
with glossy purplish black. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-05,
wing 5-4, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-2.

Ilah. The same as that of the genus.

a,b. 6 2 ad. sk. Jericho, Jan. 11, 18G4 {H. B. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Tridram).
c, d. c? $ ad. sk. Ain Fesh Khali, Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].

33. PYRRHOCHEIRA.

Type.
Pyrrhocheira, Reichenh. Sr/xt. Av. pi. liii. fig. 15 (18-50) .... P. caffer.
Nabouroupus, Bp. Coll. Ddattre, p. b (1854) P. caffer.

Range. Confined to South-west Africa.

1. Pyrrhocheira caffer.

Coracias caffra, Liym. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 159 (1766).

Le Nabouroup, Levalll. Ois. d'Afr. li. p. 168, pi. 91 (1800) ; Stindev.

Grit, om Levaill. p. 34 (1857).
Sturnus nabouroup, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 308 (1800).
Lamprotornis fulvipennis, Sicains. An. in Menaq. p. 298, fig. 49

(18.37) : Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 404 (1868).
Juida nabourop, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846).
Spreo fulvipennis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 110(1857).
Amydrus nabouroup, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 201 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f.

O. 1859, p. 32.
Spreo nabouroup, Strickl. S,- Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149.
Nabouroupus fulvipennis, Bj). Notes Coll. Delattre, p. 8 (1854).
Aiuj'drus fulvipennis, Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 93.
Juida fulvipennis, Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 34 (1857) ; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 173 (1867); id. Ibis, 1868, p. 246.
Juida caffra, Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6356 (1870).
Amydrus caffer, Shai-pe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; Gurney in

Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 162 (1872) ; Bocage, Orn. Amjola,

p. 316 (1881) ; Shurpe, ed. Bayard's, B. S. Afr. pp. 430, 846 (1884) ;

Souza, Jorn. Lish. xi. p. 1G6 (1887).
Pyrrhocheira caffra, Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 96

(1874).

Adult. General colour above glossy purplish black, upper tail-
coverts black with purplish margins ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like tho back : greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-

170 STURNID^.

coverts, and quills black with bronzj- purplish edgings, greener
near the edge of the wing ; primaries white for more than half the
basal portion, the enter ones externally chestnut ; tail-feathers
black with purplish margins ; crown of head, sides of face, and
under surface of body glossy steel-black, the throat decidedly
greener ; under wing-coverts black, with glossy margins ; quills
below blackish, creamy buff towards the base : " bill, feet, and legs
black; iris bright yellow" {C.J. Andersson); " iris saffron-yellow"
{Anchieta). Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5-3,
tail 4'05, tarsus l"i5.

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

a. Ad. sk. Daniara Land. Capt. Alexander [0.].

b. Imm. sk. Daniara Land {C. J. Andersson). Shelley Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Damara Laud (C. /. ^4.). Sharpe Coll.

d. S imm. sk. Otjimbinque, June 29, 1863 Sharpe Coll.

( C. J. A.).

e. Imm. sk. Otjimbinque, Sept. 1, 1863 Tweeddale Coll.

(C.J. A.).

f. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll.

34. LAMPROCOLIUS*.

Type.

Lamprocolius, Sundeo. K. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl. Stockh.

1835, p. 104 L. phrenicopteras.

Eange. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Tail velvety black, with a blue or purple tip ;
velvety black spots on the wing-coverts; back
metallic gi-een or purple, but without golden
bronze ; a velvety black bar across the middle
of the secondaries.
«'. An auricular spot of coppery or golden bronze.
a". Throat bluish purple ; head of the same

metallic green as the mantle splendidus, p. 172.

b". Throat reddish purple ; head steel-blue or
steel-green, contrasting with the oil-green

of the mantle glaueovirens, p. 173.

b'. Auricular spot violet-blue, but with no cop-
pery-bronze or golden shade lessonii, p. 173.

* Lamprocolius niteks.

Le Merle vert d' Angola, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 311, pi. xxx. fig. 2 (17C0),

Turdus nitens, Lhm. Syst. Nat. p. 294 (1766).

Juida nitens, Pucker. liev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 247 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 24, no. 6337 (1870).
Lamprocolius nitens, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 118 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1859,

p. 19; id. Abkandl. nat. Vcr. Bremen, iv. p. 66 (1874).

Captain Shelley thinks that this ancient species is the South-African bird
described by Swainson as L. phanicopterus. If the locality, Angola, be correct,
it would probably supjjlant the name of L. bispendaris ; but there is so much

34. LAMPEOCOLirS. 171

h. Tail velvety black, purplish blue at the ends, the
base glossed with coppery brouze ; back and
under surface nrolden bronze ; secondaries also
golden bronze externally, with no velvety bar. ignitus, p. 174.

c. Tail metallic throughout, green or purple ; wing-

coverts with velvety black spots ; back metal-
lic ; no velvety black bar on the secondaries,
which are metitllic like the back, and have
velvety black spots like the wing-coverts.
c . Head and throat brilliant reddish purple like
the rest of the under surface ; back green ;
lower back and rump purplish blue ; tail

reddish purple jjurpiireus, p. 17-5

d' . Head steel-blue or steel-gTeen ; throat green
or blue also.
c" . Tail green, not purple at base.

a'". Abdomen and flanks steel-blue or piu?-
plish blue, contrasting with the greener
throat.
a*. Ear-coverts not forming a well-defined
spot, but their colour merging gra-
dually into the colour of the sides of
the neck ; shoulder-spot on the lesser
wing-coverts piu-plish blue with
more or less reddish purple, some-
times entirely of the latter colour

with a coppery tinge chalyhanis, p. 170.

6'. Ear-coverts always forming a distinct
spot ; shoulder-spot always reddish
purple glossed with coppery red. . . . S7jcohius, p. 178.
c^. Ear-coverts forming a distinct spot;
shoulder-spot always purplish blue,
never showing a violet or reddish-
purple tinge chloropterus, p. 178.

b'" . Abdomen and flanks green like the
breast; shoulder-spot coppery red mixed
with purplish blue.
rf'. Larger: wing 5'85 inches; outer aspect

of wings oily or golden-green jjkcenicoptenis, p. 180.

e'. Smaller : wing 5'3o inches ; outer

aspect of wings steel-green hispecularis, p. 181.

d". Tail gi-een, with a distinct reddish-purple

shade near the base chalcurus, p. 179.

d. Tail black, with only a slight gloss of bronze or

piu-ple externally.
e'. Throat dark steel-green ; abdomen black ;
sides dull bronzy ; head and back gTeen ; sca-
pulars, lower back, and rump purj^ile ; tail
black, slightly glossed with purple melanogaster, p. 182.

doubt as to the proper identification of the species, that I do not employ the
name at all.

Lamprocolius defilippii.
Lamprocolius defilippii, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, viii. p. 371 (1865) ;
id. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 68 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bronen, iv p. 56.
(1874) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, ]). 3U8 (1881).
Juida defilippii. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6344 (1870).
A doubtful species, which I hare not been able to identify,

172 STXIEXID,^.

f. Throat reddisli purple.

e' . Back oil-green; head reddish purple ; breast
and abdomen oil-green ; tail blue-black,
■with very slight bronzy gloss on the

margins purpureiceps, p. 184.

f. Back brilliant steel-blue ; head the same,
reddish purple on the ?ides of the face ;
breast and abdomen steel-blue cupreicaudns, p. 184.

1. Lamprocolius splendidus. (Plate VII. fig. 4.)

Merle vert d' Angola, Daubent. PI. EnJ. iv. pi. 561.

Shining Thrush, var. A, Lath. Gen. Si/ii. ii. pt. i. p. 56 (1783).

Tardus splendidus, Jionn. et Vieill. Enc. Mcth. ii. p. 653 (1823).

Juida luxuosa, Less, tcsfe Hartl.

Laniprotornis chrysotis, Sioains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 143, pi. 6 (1837).

.Juida chrysotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846).

Lamprocolius chrvsotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

mill. i. p. 199 (1859).
Lamprocolius splendidus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 117 (1857, pt.) ;

id. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 14 ; Shariu; Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; Hartl.

Alhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 54 (1874) ; Itochebr. Faim.

Setm/., Ois. p. 229 (1884).
Juida splendida, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6329 (1870).

Adult. Brilliant metallic golden-green, the centre of the back
steel-blue, as also the scapulars, which have a subterminal spot of
velvety black; lesser •wing-coverts steel-green ; median and greater
coverts oil-green with a subterminal spot of black, the feathers
bluish at their ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and qnills steel-
blue, shaded with green externally ; secondaries oil-green, steel-blue
at the ends, preceded by a broad median band of velvety black ;
tail-feathers velvety black, shaded with purple near the base, with
a broad tip of steel-green washed with blue ; head golden-green like
the mantle ; lores velvety black ; sides of face metallic steel-blue,
the ear-coverts frizzled ; behind the latter a spot of coppery or
golden bronze ; throat and breast metallic purplish blue, the breast
reddish purple, the abdomen and the flanks purplish blue ; lower
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts metallic steel-green ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries purplish blue; quills below black. Total
length 10 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-8, tail 4-2, tarsus I'l.

Younr/. All the colours of the upper surface more dingy and less
metallic than the adults, the subterminal velvety black spots wanting ;
forehead, lores, and under surface of body brown, darker and more
dusky on the abdomen, which with the flanks has a few metallic-
green feathers.

Bah. West Africa, throughout the Senegambian region.

a. Ad. ; b. Juv. sk. West Africa. Sharpe Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.

e,/. Ad. .sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll.

34. LAMI'ROCOLIUS. 173

2. Lamprocolius glaucovirens. (Plate VII. fig. 2.)

Lamjirocolius clirysotis (nee Sw.), Verr. Rev. et Mwj. de Zool. 1861,

p. 418.
Lamprocolius splendidus (tiec V.), Cass. Proa. Philad. Acad. 1857,

p. 36, 1859, p. l:J3 ; Mont. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 112 ; Dokrn, P. Z. 8.

ISOe, p. 328 ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 36 ; Sharpe i)- Bouvier,

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 310 (1870); Reichen. J. f. O. 1877,

p. 21 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 307 (1881) ; Sharpe, Jouni. Linn.

Soc, ZjoI. xvii. p. 426 (1884) ; Shelleij, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 37.
Lamprotomis chrysotis {nee Sw.), Ketdem. Nat. Tijdschr. iii. p. 386

(1866).
Lamprocolius glaucovirens, Elliot, Ann. Sj- May. Nat. Hist. (4) xx.

p. 169 (1877) ; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mas. (2) ii. Bull. p. 100 (1879).

Adult. Similar to L. splendidus, but steel-blue instead of oil-
greeu ; middle of back purplish blue ; head steel-blue, the whole of
the hiud neck steel-green, contrasting with the head and back ; entire
throat and chest reddish purple, followed by brilliant golden bronze
on the breast and abdomen ; bill and feet black : " iris j'ellowish
white" (F. Bohndorff). Total length II inches, culmen 0-85,
wing G-95, tail 4-3, tarsus 1'25.

Hah. West Africa from the Cameroons to the Congo, and over the
Congo region to Niam Niam and the ^onbuttu country.

a. Ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

h. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Gaboon (T'erreau.v). Sharpe Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. IhiChaiUu). Sharpe Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Ogowe Puver, Gaboon {H. Amell). Shelley Coll.
I/. Ad. sk. Congo lliver {Dr. Lucan). Shelley Coll.
/(. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo (Z. Petit). Shelley Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Bembe, Angola. Monteiro Coll.

/.-. Ad. sk. Semmio, Niam Niam, Feb. 1883. F. Bohndorff [C. ].

/. Ad. sk. Tingasi, Sept. 1881. Emin Pasha [P.].

3, Lamprocolius lessoni. (Plate YII. fig. 3.)

Juida lessoni, Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, pp. 256-259 ; Qrau

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6.341 (1870).
Lamprocolius lessoni, Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 15 ; id. Abkandl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 56 (1874) ; Sharpe ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, i. p. 310 (1876) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 307 (1881).

Adult female. Similar to L. splendidus, but distinguished at once
by the violet or pui-plish-red spot behind the ear, instead of the
golden-bronze spot of L. splendidus : " iris pale yellow " {MSS.
Mus. Paris). Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-15, wing 5-5, tail
4-2, tarsus 1"25.

Younrj. Dingy brown with a little metallic gloss, foreshadowing-
the brilliant colours of the adult ; underneath entirely sooty brown
with a few metallic feathers of the adult plumage.

Hah. Congo district of Western Africa.

a. 5 ad. sk. lliver Chiloaugo, Conffo {Lucan SheUey Coll

S,- Petit),
h. Juv. sk. Congo {I)r. A. Lucan). Shelley Coll.

174

STUKNID^E.

4. Lamprocolius Ignitus*. (I'latu VII. tig. 1.)

Lamprotornis iguit<a, Nordm. hi Ennaris Reis., Atlas, p. 7, Taf. 3
(18:35) ; Keulem. Nat. Tijdschr. iii. p. .384 (18U6).

Juida ignita, Gray i^ Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 327, pi. 80 (184G).

Lamprouoliiis Ignitus, Up. Consji. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 1 16 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 185U, p. 1;J ; Do/irn, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 328; Sharpe, Cat. Aft: B. p. 50 (1871) ; Hartl. Ahhandl. nat.
J'ci: Bremen, iv. p. 52 (1874) ; liockvbr. Faun. Sene<j., Ois. p. 229
(1884).

Juida oruata (ncc Daud.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 0338 (1870).

Adult female. General colour above metallic golden bronze, with
a little reddish purple on the mantle, scapulars, and lower back ;
rump and upper tail-covorts glossy steel-blue with a alight greenish
reflexion ; lesser wing-coverts steel-green ; median coverts steel-
blue, with reddish-purple bases, which appear velvety black with
the change of light ; greater coverts reddish purple with bronze
reflexion and velvety black towards the base under certain lights ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts green with steel-blue reflexions,
reddish purple on the inner webs ; quills black, steel-blue along the
outer webs and at the tips, with a subterminal shade of purple, and
a fringe of the latter colour along the outer webs ; secondaries golden
bronze like the back, with purple and violet reflexions, velvety black
towards the base and with bars under certain lights ; tail-feathers
velvety black with golden bronze reflexions, violet on the edges and
metallic steel-blue at the ends, forming a broad band ; crown of
head, hind neck, and mantle metallic stccl-grcen, inclining to steel-
blue on the latter; lores and feathers round eye velvety black ; sides
of face and ear-coverts dark steel-blue, the feathers having a frizzled
appearance ; cheeks and a spot behind the ear golden brenze with
reddish-purple reflexions ; under surface of body golden bronze,
the throat glossed with purple and with steel-blue on the chin ;
sides of neck steel-green like the crown ; sides of breast slightly
glossed with purple ; lower flanks purple ; thighs and under tail-
coverts steel-blue with green and purple reflexions ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dusky blackish with purplish bronze edges ;
edge of wing steel-blue with greenish tinge ; quills below blackish :
" iris white " {teste Hartlaub). Total length ] U"5 inches, culmen
0'95, wing 5'65, tail 3'\), tarsus 1*15.

One specimen is greenish instead of golden bronze below, the back
Deing oily bronze ; the head is more blue than green, and the purple
shades on the lower back and rump predominate over the blue.
This peculiar colouring may be the eti'ect of worn plumage, or the
species may have two phases.

* Lamprocolius ornatcs,
Choucador, Lcvaill. Ois. d'Afr, ii. p. 144, pi. 86 (1799) ; Siindev. CWt. om

Leraill. p. 33 (1857).
Sturnus oruatus, Daudiit, Trade, ii. p. 3 )9 (1800, ex Lavadl.).
Juida ornata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846).
Sundevall thiuks that tbis is L. lyiiitHs (Nordia.), The plale is so inaccurate
that I prefer to leavo tlie species doubtful.

34. LAMPR0C0LIU8. 175

"The female is about 2 or 3 inches smaUer than the male
and a little less brilliant in colour. The metallic lustre in the
plumage of the young bird begins at the tips of the feath<^rs on the
back, the breast and abdomen being greyish brown ; the upijer side
being nearly finished, the feathers of the throat and breast begin to
change but not in the same way as those on the back. These feathers
change from the base up to the tip." (Dohm.)

Hub. Princes Island, W. Africa, to which locality, in my opinion,
It IS confined, though it has been stated to occur in Senegambia.
a. Ad. St. [Princes Island.] Masseua Coll.

o / 7 . . , ^'•'"'^' ^■'^'''"^ (^'■- ^'^^'■")- Sharpe Coll.

c. 2 ad. ; d. Ad. sk. Prmces Island. Dr. Dohrn TCI

e,f. Ad. sk. Prmces Island (I)r. Dohrn). Shelley Coll.

5. Lamprocolius purpureus. (Plate VIII. fig. 1.)

? Blue and Grueu Daw, Edwards, Gleanings, vii. p. 23(3 (1820)
^^^'IV^ "ol'^tji" Royaiime de Juida, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois.in. p. 373

(17/0) ; Dauhent. PI. E71I. iv. pi. 540.
Tardus purpureus, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Suppl. p. 143 (1776)
(jilded Ihrush, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. 1, p. 57 (1783)
Turdus juidas, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 31 (1783).
Turdus auratus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 819 (1788) '
? Le Couigniop, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 103, pi. 90 (1800) ; Simdev.

Crit. cm Levatll. p. 34 (1857).
Turdus splendeus. Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. p. ,30 pi 71 (1815)
Lamprotornis niteus {7iec L.), Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 18 (1823)
Lamprotorms lucida, Novdm. in Ennans Reis. p. 8, Taf 3 fio- 2

(1835). ^ ' • • o-

Lamprotornis ptilonorhynchus. Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 140 ( 1837) •
Allen 4- Thompson, Ed-ped. Niger, ii. p. 221 (1848)

Juida aurataG;Y/y^G^e;i. B. ii. p. .320 (1846); Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. i/0 (18b/) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6328 (1870)

J uiaa ptilonorhynchus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846)

Juida lucida, Gray, I.e. p. 327 (1846).

Lamprocolius ptilonorhvncluis, Bp. Consp. 1. p 415 (1850)

Laniprocoliua auratus, Bp Camp. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.

/H lH/0 P 48.3; z. . Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; V/4 .^i?„k'
ley Ibis, 18/2, p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 66 ; Hartl. Ahhandl.
nat. J er. Bremen, IV. p. 58 (1874^ ; Sharpe, Joarn. Linn. Soc., Zool.
xvii. p. 42/ (1884) ; Hartert, J.f. O. 188(5, p. 586.
Lamprotornis amethystinus, Beuyl. J.f. O. 1863, p. 20; id. J.f. O.

Lamprocolius auratus orientalis, Heuffl. J.f O. 1869, p. 7 • id. Orn

N.O.-Afr 1. p. 516 (1870), iv. App. p. csxvi (1871)
Jmda amethystma. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6345 (1870)
Lamprocolius auratus, var. amethystinus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat ' Ver
Bremen, iv. p. 59 (1874).

Lamprocolius amethystinus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii.

p. l(Jo (lb8I).
Lamprocolius purpureus, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 555.

^*/«/^ General colour above oil-green; lower back, rumi), and
upper tail-covcrte rich purplish blue, some of the latter inclining to

176 STURNID.TJ.

violet ; lesser -wing-coverts bricrht steel-blue ; mcdiun and greater
coverts oil-green, with blue reflexions and a velvety-black spot at
the ends ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts steel-blue, externally
washed with oil-green and slightly fringed with black at the end ;
quills oil-green, inclining to steel-blue towards the ends, which are
friiig(?d with black ; tail-feathers deep blue, with a slight shade of
violet and purple, the centre feathers almost entirely reddish
pui'ple; crown of head beautiful reddish purple, slightly glossed
with steel-blue on the nape and hinder crown ; hind neck steel-
green, verging into the oil-green of the back ; lores velvety pui-plo ;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest
reddish purple, gradually merging into the rich violet-blue of the
rest of the under surface ; abdomen, sides of body, and flanks
washed with reddish purple ; thighs entirely reddish purple ; under
tail-coverts deep blue ; under wing-coverts and axillaries purple ;
edge of wing rich blue ; quills below blackish ; bill and feet black :
"iris bright yellow" (Ussher) ; "iris fiery" (Heurjlin). Total
length 9-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5*85, tail 2'85, tarsus 1-35.

Hub. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon, and occurring
again in Equatorial Africa.

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sliarpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 12, 1872 (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.
<J, e. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. 27, 1872 ( T. E. Bucldey). Shellev Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Accra, March 1870 {H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.
(J, h. Ad. ; i. River Volta, Aug. 1870 {H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.

Juv. sk.

k. Imm. sk. River Volta, Aug. 1870 {H. T. U). Shelley Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Lokoja, Niger (jr. ^. i^.). Forbes Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Kuts'chugali, Niam Niam, Sept. 1 882. F. Bohndorff

[C.].

n, 0. J ad. sk. Fatiko, March 1882 (Emm Pasha). Shelley Coll.

p. 2 ad. sk. Wandi, Sept. 6, 1881 (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

6. Lamprocolius chalybeus.

Lamprotornis chalvbeus, Ehr. Si/mh. Phys. fol. v, pi. 10 (1828);

Piipp. Neue Wirb., Vor/. p. 27,"Taf. xi. fig. 2 (18.35-40) ; id. Syst.

Uebers. p. 75 (1845) ; Heitgl. Syst. Uebers. p. 'iG (Idot)) ; Pzicher.

Rev. et May. de Zool. 1858, p. 250.
Lamprotornis nitens {nee L.), Hevyl. Syst. Uehers. p. 36 (185G).
Juida chalybea. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (184(5); Iland-l. B.'n.

p. 24, no' 63.32 (1870).
Lamprocolius nitens {yiec L.), Cab. Mut. Hein. Th. i. p. 198

(1850) ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 01 (18()4).
Lamprocolius cvaniventris, Bh/th, J. A. S. IJeny. xxiv. p. 255 (1855) ;

Hcrrsf. i^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 546 (1856).
Lamprocolius chalvbeus, Ilartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 21 ; Henyl. J.f. O.

1863, p. 22; Br'chn, Reis. Halcsch, p. 327 (1863) ; Ueiu/l. J. f. O.

1869, p. 6; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 514 (1870), iv. Ap'p. p. 'cxxv

(1871); Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 395 (1870); Finsch,

Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 295 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ;

Antin. i!)- Salvad. Viayy. Buyos, p. 127 (1873); JIurtl. Ahhundl.

34. LAMPROCOLIUS. 177

nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. Gl (1874) ; Salvad. Ann. 3fus. Civic.

Geiiov. (2) i. p. 199 (1884) ; Giyl. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 27 (1888) ;

Saloacl. t. c. p. 297 (1888).
Lamprocolius abyssinicus, Hartl. J.f. O. 1859, p. 21.
Lamprocolius guttatus, Pr. Wiirtt. MSS. ; Heugl. J. f. 0. 1867,

p. 294.
Juida abyssinica, Gray, Hatid-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6334 (1870).

Adult. General colour above glossy steel-green on the mantle,
upper back, and scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts deep steel-blue, with slight violet and steel-green reflexions ;
wing-coverts like the back, the median and greater coverts with a
subterminal spot of velvety black ; the inner lesser coverts deep
purple and violet, but not coppery, showing a distinct shoulder-
patch ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally
steel-green, with more or less steel-blue reflexions, the secondaries
with a terminal velvety black spot ; tail-feathers violet-blue, with
a slight shade of steel-green on the outer webs ; crown of head deep
steel-blue, with a distinct violet shade on the nape and hind neck,
contrasting with the crown and back ; lores velvety black ; sides of
face deep steel-blue, violet-blue on the ear-coverts and sides of neck ;
checks and throat as well as the fore neck and chest glossy steel-
green, with slight bluish reflexions ; breast and abdomen purplish
blue, as well as the sides of body, flanks, and thighs ; under tail-
coverts steel-blue ; under wing-coverts and axillaries reddish
purple, the edge of the wing steel-blue ; quills below blackish :
" bill and feet black ; iris golden yellow " (He^igUn). Total length
10-3 inches, culmcn 0"95, wing 6, tail 4-65, tarsus 1-35.

Young. Much more dusky than the adult, the metallic colours
more feebly developed and the abdomen blackish, with scarcely any
purplish gloss : " iris citron-yellow " {Antinori).

A nestling is said by Count Salvadori to have been more metallic
green than full-grown young birds.

I was inclined at first to recognize two forms of L. c7ud>/heus,
one with a purplish-blue shoulder-spot and the other with a coppery-
red or violet one. I have, however, found a perfect gradation
between these two forms, and I imagine that the brilliant shoulder-
spot increases in intensity with age and becomes more red. Size
appears to be of no value whatever in this species, although as a
rule the males are larger than the females. In the Museum series
the males have the wing from 5*3 to 6 inches, and the females
from 5'05 to 5"35 inches, while one of Mr. Blanford's specimens
reaches 5"9 inches.

Hab. North-eastern Africa and Senegambia.

Abyssinia. Piircliased.

Abj'ssinia {Col. Stiirt). Hume Coll.

Senafe ( W. Jesse). Sliarpe Coll.

Senaf.5, April 14, 18G8 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

Seiiaft^, April 12, 1868 ( W. Jesse). Sharpe Coll.

EikhuUut, Tigrg, May 11, 1868. W. T. Blauford,

Esq. [C.].

a.

Ad. sk.

h

c. Ad. sk.

d.

Juv. sk.

e.

(S ad. sk.

/.

2 ad. sk.

9-

$ ad. sk.

178 STURNID^.

h. $ ad. sk. Lake Asliaughi, May 4, 1868.

i. (S ad. sk. Musgali near Antalo, May 9, 18G3.

A-. J ad. sk. Kokai, Lebka Elver, July 11, 18G8.

/. S ad. sk. Maragaz, Bogos, July 29, 1868 ( W.

Jesse).
m. Ad. sk. Senaar {Kotschy).

n. 2 ad. sk. Alia Amba, Slioa, Feb. 1842 (6Vr

W. a Harris),
o, 2). Ad. sk. Senegal.

W. T. Blauford,

Esq. [C.].
W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [C.].
VV. T. Blauford,

Esq. [C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
India Museum.

SheUey Coll.

7. Lamprocolius sycolDius.

Lamprotornis sycobius, LicJd. Komend. Av. Berul. p. 53 (1854,
desc. nulla).

Lamprocolius sycobius, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1859, p. 19; Kirk, Ibis, 1864,
p. y2I ; Fiiisc/i ^- Hartl Vd(/. Ostafr. p. 380 (1870) ; Hartl. Alhandl.
nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 71 (1874) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 233 ;
Reichen.t. c. p. 261 ; Bocaqe, Orn. Am/oh, p. 308 (1881) ; Gurney,
Ibis, 1881, p. 127; SheUey, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583; Holub ^- Von
Peh. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 110, pi. 3 (1882); Bo/im, J.f. 0.
1883, p. 195 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 336 (1884) ; Sharpe,
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 426, 846 (1884) ; T. Ayres, Ibis, 1886,
p. 288.

Juida sycobia. Gray, Hand-l. B. il. p. 24, no. 6333 (1870).

LaiuprocoUus cbalybeus {nee Ehr.), Shelley, Ibis, 1862, p. 265.

Adult. Similar to L. chalyleus but smaller, the shoulder- spot
rather more violet than in L. pliccnicopterus but still showing a
distinct coppery gloss : " bill and feet black ; iris yellow " {Dr.
Fischer): "iris orange-yellow" {Ancliieta) ; "iris golden" {Sir J.
Kirl-). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-85, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1'25.

As with L. chalyheus, there is great variation in the length of the
wing. The only specimens marked " males " have the wing 4-6 to
5-4 inches. The rest of the specimens of which the sex is unrecorded
have the wing 4-6 to 5-4 inches.

Hah. Eastern Africa from the Mombasa district to the Zambesi
and thence to the Western Transvaal.

a. Ad. sk. Mombasa.

b. S ad. sk. Ussule, Oct. 4.

c. (S ad. sk. Kltui, March 1887.

d. Ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk).

e. Ad. sk. Mamboio {Sir J. Kirk).

f y. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk).

Ad. sk. Lower Shire Valley {Sir J. Kirk).

Eev. A. BiLxton [P.J.
Dr. Hildebrandt [C.J.
Dr. Hildebrandt [C.J.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Livingstone Exped.
Livingstone Exped.

8. Lamprocolius chloropterus.

Lamprotornis chloropterus, Sicains. An. in Ilenay. p. 359 (1837).
Juida chloroptera. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 24, no. 6331 (1870).

34. LASrPEOCOLIL'S. 179

Laniprocolius c\'anogenys, Stinder. CEfv. K. Vet.-Ahiul. Fork. S/ock-

holm, 1850, p. 127 ; Ilemjl. J.f. O. 1SG9, p. 4.
Lamprocolius cliloropteriis, Bp. Camp. i. p. 410 (ISoO) ; Hurtl. Oni.

W.-Afr. p. 118 (18-",7) ; id. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 20 ; Antin. Cat.

descrr. Ucc. p. 01 (1804) ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, v.

p. 739 (1870) ; Hem/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 513 (1870), iv. App.

p. cxxv (1871) ; A. Brehm, J.f. O. 1873, p. 80; Hartl. Abhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 64 (1874).
Lamprotornis cjanogenys, Pucher. Rev. et May. de Zoo!, 1858,

p. 254.

Adult. Similar to L. cJinhjbeus, but very much smaller and more
glossy green, more uniform in colour, the rump and lower back not
contrasting -with the mantle so much as in L. chali/Jjeus, and distin-
guished also by an absence of violet shades on the hind neck ; the
ear-coverts frizzled, deep blue, forming a patch, the blue colour not
extending down the sides of the neck as in L. cliahjbeus ; shoulder-
patch purplish blue, with no shade of reddish purple or coppery
red. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 4"75, tail j!-75,
tarsus 1'2.

Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon and throughout
North-eastern and Eastern Africa down to the Zambesi.

It. Ad. sk. 8euegal. Sharpe Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Accra {J. Smith). Sharpie Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Accra. (J. Smith). Shelley Coll.

d. Ad. ; e. Imm. sk. Keren, Bogos (U.sler). Sharpe Coll.
/,(/. Ad. sk. Bogos Land (Ester). Shellev Coll.

h. J ad. ; i. Juv. sk. Ailat, Samhar, June 29, 1868. W. T.'Blauford,

Esq. [C.].
k. 2 ad. sk. 'Wandi,EquatorialAfrica,Sept. Shelley CoU.

3, 1861 {Emin Pasha).
I, m. Imm. sk. River Rovuma {J. Thomson). Shelley Coll.

n, 0. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Ex-

pedition.

9. Lamprocolius chalcurus.

Lamprotornis chalcurus, Kord?n. in Ermans Reis., Atlas, p. 8 (1835) ;

Pucher. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 252.
Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sicains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 140 (1837).
Juida chalcm-a. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-I. B. ii.

p. 24, no. 6340 (1870).
Lamprocolius cvanotis, Bp. Con-sp. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f. O.

1859, p. 17 ; 'lleuffl. J. f. O. 1869, p. 5 ; Rochebr. Faun. S'eneg.,

Ois. p. 230 (1884).
Lamprocolius chalcurus, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 199 (1850);

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 118 (1857); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.

p. 513 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxv (1871) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, iv. p. .59 (1874).
Lamprocolius niteus (nee L.), Sliarpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 483 ; id. Cat.

Afr. B. p. 55 (1871).
Lamprocohus porphvrurus, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv,

p. 60 (1874) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 66 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1875,

p. 36.
Lamprocolius chalcurus, var. orientalis, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver,

Bremen, vii. p. 106 (1881) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 245 1882).

n2

180 STUKNID^.

Adult (type of L. par j^liy runts). Similar to L. cMoropterus, and of
the same small size, but distinguished bj- the reddish-purple or
violet-blue base to the tail-feathers : " iris tiery red " (Emin) ; " iris
scarlet" (Ussher). Total length 7"7 inches, culmen 0'9, wing 5"1,
tail 2-55, tarsus 1-2.

Young. Dingy brown above and below, with a slight gloss of the
metallic colours of the adult plumage ; " iris grey " (Beichenow).

A female from Fatiko, in the Shelley Collection, has the wing
5*25 inches. It is rather less brightly coloured than the male,

Hab. West Afric ; Equatorial Africa.

«. Ad. sk. Acria {Hay 7ies), Shai-pe Coll. (Type of

L. jmrjihyrums.)

b. Ad. sk. West A.frica. Sbarpe Coll.

c. Juv. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

d. 5 ad. sk. Fatiko, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll.

Jan. 12, 1881 {Emin Pasha).

10. Lamprocolius phcenicopterus.

Le Nabirop, LevaiU. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 157, pi. 89 (1800) ; tSuudev.

Crit. om LevaiU. p. 34 (1857).
Sturnus auratus, Uazid. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 313 (1800, ncc Gtn.).
Lamprotornis aurata (wee G'm.), Licht. Verz. Dozibl. p. 18 (1823).
Laniprotornis phoenieopterus. Swains. An. in Menag. p. 360 (1837) ;

Sijmonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 331.
Juida pliojiiicoptera. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 326 (1840) ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p. 171 (1867); \d. Ibis, 1869, p. 74; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 24, no. G330 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 398.
Lamprocolius plioenicopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 416 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. Th. i. p. 199 (1850) ; Ilartl. J. f. 0. 1859, p. 18 ; id. Ibis,

1862, p. 148 ; S/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; Ilartl. Abhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 67 (1874); Bucklcij, Ibis, 1874, p. 378;

Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 206 ; Butler,

Feiklen, ^- Reid, Zoul. 1882, p. 256 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S.

4/r. pp. 425,846(1884).
Lamprocolius nitens, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 265.

Adult. General colour above glossy oil-green, the mantle, upper
back, and scapulars slightly washed with steel-blue ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts glossy steel-blue ; wing-coverts glossy
oil-green, the median and greater coverts slightly shaded with steel-
green at the ends, before which is a velvety-black spot ; a shoulder-
patch of purple and coppery bronze on the inner lesser and median
coverts, the feathers being steel-blue slightly shaded with purple
and brilliant coppery bronze towards the ends ; primary-coverts
glossy steel-blue ; quills externally glossy oil-green, like the coverts,
slightly shaded at the ends with steel-blue, before which is a sub-
terminal shade of velvety black ; tail-feathers steel-blue, with a
gloss of steel-green, principally on the outer web ; crown of head
and hind neck glossy steel-blue ; lores dusky blackish, as also the
eyelid ; sides of face and ear-covcrts steel-blue, glossed with purple ;
cheeks steel-blue ; under surface of body glossy steel-green, the
throat somewhat inclining to steel-blue, the chin more oil-greeu ;

34. LAMPROCOLirS. 181

thighs purplish blue ; under tail-coverts like the abdomen ; under
■wing-coverts purplish and steel-blue ; edge of wing green ; axil-
laries like the breast ; quills below blackish. Total length 10'3
inches, culmen 1, wing 5*S5, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-45.
Hah. Cape Colany.

a. Ad. St. South Africa. Hardwicke Bequest.

h. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Earl of Derby [P.].

d, e. Ad. sk. Cape Coleny {E, L. Lmjard). Shelley Coll.
/, g. Ad. sk. Eland's Post {T. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Port Elizabeth. Sharpe Coll.

Subsp, a. Lamprocolius bispecularis.

Spreo bispecularis, Stricld. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149.

Lamprocolius bispecularis, Hartl. J f. O. 1859, p. 19 ; Socage, Orn.

Angola, p. 311 (1881); Souza, Jorn. Lisb. 1887, p. 57.
Juida phoenicoptera, Garney, Ibis, 1860, p. 210.
Lamprocolius decoratus, Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 148.; id. Ahhandl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 69 (1874).
Lamprocolius phrenicopterus, Gurney, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 7 ; Mont.

P. Z. S. 1865, p. 92 ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 160

(1872) ; Eeichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26.
Lamprocolius uitens (nee L.), Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, pp. 138, 334.
Juida decorata, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 171 (1867) ; Gray, t. c. p. 24,

no. 6343 (1870).
Jidda bispecularis, Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6342 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to L. plicenico2:)terus but decidedly smaller,
the wing measuring 4"9-5'35, and differing in the more steel-green
colour of the back and wings : " bill, legs, and toes more or less
black : iris bright reddish orange " (C. J. Andersson) ; " iris orange-
yellow" (J. Anchieta).

This is nothing but a small race of L, phcenicopterns, and, as it
varies greatly in size, like that species, it is quite possible that the
two forms may be found to run completely into each other. Capt.
Shelley thinks that this is the Lamprocolius nitens (Linn.), founded
on " Le Merle vert d'Angola " of Brisson. It is so much a matter
of uncertainty, however, that I think, with Professor Bocage, that
this old name had better be dropped altogether.

Hab. Interior of South Africa from Natal to the Transvaal, and
on the west coast to Damara Land, Benguela, and Angola.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll.

b. Ad. sk. South Africa (Butler). Shelley Coll.

c. Ad. sk. South Africa (U. L. Sharpe Coll. (Type of

Layard). L. decoratus.)

d. e,f. Ad. sk. Durban, Natal (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll.
(J, h, i. Ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll.

k. c? ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

/. c? ad. sk. Natal, May 22, 1873 (T. E. SheUey Coll.

Buckleii).
m. $ ad. sk. Swaziland, July 23, 1876 (T. Shelley Coll.

E. Buckley).

182 sturnidjE.

n. 2 ad. sk. Crocodile Eiver, Transvaal, W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Nov. 8, 1872 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

0. cJ ad. sk. CiocodileRiver, Nov. 17, 1873 Shelley Coll.
{T. E. Buckkii).

p. Ad. sk. Marico, Nov. 18, 187-3 {F. W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Oatcs). Esqrs. [P.].

a f{ Ad. sk. Tati, Oct. 11, 1873 (F. Oates). AV. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].

r. Ad. ; s. Jiiv. Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, Sliarpe Coll.
sk. May, Aug. (C. J. Anderssun).

t. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll.

u. Ad. sk. Capangombe (Anchieta). Sliarpe Coll.

V. Ad. sk. Ambaca {Anchieta). Sharpe Coll.

w. Ad. sk. Ambaca (Anchieta). Shelley Coll.

.r. Ad. sk. Angola (Toulson). Shelley Coll.

11. Lamprocolius melanogaster.

Lamprotornis melanogaster, Swains. Anim. in Menat/. p. 297 (1837) ;

Finsch, J.f. O. 1867, p. 247.
Juida melanoaaster, Ch-ai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; Gurnei/, Ibis,

1862, p. 29"^ Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 173 (1867); Gray, Iland-l. B.

ii. p. 224, no. 0339 (1870).
Lamprotornis porphvroplevron, Sundcv. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.

Stockh. 1850, p.' 100.
Lamprocolius coruscans, Bp. Consp. i. p. 115 (1850, ex Licht.);

Licht.. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 53 (1854).
Lamprocolius melanogaster, Bj). Consp. i. p. 115 (1850) ; Haiti.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 119 (1857) ; Grill, Zoul. Anteckn. p. 37 (1859) ;

Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 22 ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 148 ; Finsch ^

Hartl. Von. Ostafr. p. 381 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.^.bb

/I n'-l \ TT ..^1 "l 1,1. 77 J. jr,... T>..., ., :.. _ f.t /ICTJN.

i. p. 335 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Lat/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 428 (1880).
Lamprocolius porphyroplevron, Licht. Komencl. Av. Berol. p. 53

(1854).
Lamprotornis pm-puroptera (wee Ri'q^j.), Bianc. Spec. Zool. Moscanb.,

Aves, p. 322 (1865).

Achdt male in ivinter jjlunictr/e. General colour above glossy purple
with a steel-blue gloss, the sides of ueck and hind neck glossy
green, this colour slightly overshading the upper mantle ; rump
and upi)cr tail-coverts more decidedly purple with a bronzy glos.s ;
lesser wing-coverts glossy purple ; median and greater coverts dark
steel-green with a slight blue lustre ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills purple externally, blackish on the inner web, the
secondaries steel-green with scarcely any blue lustre ; tail-feathers
black glossed with purple, more distinctly on the outer web ; crown
of head deep steel-blue ; lores velvety black, as also the eyelid ;
feathers round the eye and along the top of the ear-coverts glossy
purple, the remainder of the ear-coverts and cheeks steel-green,
glossed with blue on the former ; throat, fore neck, and breast
glossy steel-green ; lower breast purplish ; abdomen black, glossed

34. LAMPROCOLITJS.

183

■with copper}- bronze, more distinct on the sides of body and flanks ;
thighs and under tail- coverts dull black, glossed with purjile ; under
wing-coverts and axillarics black, edged with purplish blue ; quills
below black, ashy blackish along the edge of the iuuer web ; bill
and feet black : " iris golden yellow " (&'. E. Shelle>/). Total length
8 inches, culmeu 0"7o, wing 4-35, tail 3"3, tarsus 1.

Some males in winter plumage, when the colours are brightest,
have a steel-green shade overspreading the back and eclipsing the
purple shade. This seems to occur directly the plumage begins to
wear ; at least I judge this to be the case from a young moulting
specimen, in which the fresh dorsal plumage appears to be purplish
rather than green.

In October before the breeding-season, the plumage is very much
duller, and gradually becomes more so as the nesting progresses.

Adult ftmale. Much duller than the males and with the bril-
liant colouring obscured, especially underneath, where the lower
breast and abdomen have no bronzy lustre, but are dull smoky
blackish. Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 4, tail 2-9,
tarsus 0'9.

I can see no difference in females killed in July and October.

Young birds are much duller than the admts, aU the glossy
plumage being dusky with very little lustre ; the lower breast
and abdomen, as well as the sides of the body and flanks, sooty
blackish, with scarcely any gloss whatever and showing none of the
bronzy lustre of the adult birds.

Hah. From South-eastern Africa to the Mombasa district in
East Africa.

a. Ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. Ad. St.

d. S ad. sk.
e,f,yJt,i- 6 ad.

et juv. sk.
k. c? imm. sk.

I, m. (^ ad. et

juv. ; n, 0. 2

imm. sk.
p, q. Ad. ; r, s.

Juv. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
V, w, a: Ad. ; y, z,

«'. Imm. sk.
b'. S ad. sk.

c'. Ad. sk.

Kingwilliamstown.
KingwiUiamstown, Nov. 12,

1884 (C. Kewbi/).
Xatal.
Natal.
Durban, July, Nov. (T. L.

Ai/res).
DmlDan, March 26, 1874

(G. E. S.).
Pinetown, Natal, March, July,

Oct. {T. L. Ay res).

Lamo, Zanzibar district {Sir

J. Kirk).
Pangaui River (Sir J. Kirk).
Melinda {Sir J. Kirk).

Wito, Nov. 19, 1877 {G. A.

Fischer).
Mombasa.

Capt. Trevelyan [0.].
Shelley Coll.

Pm'chased.

Dr. Gueinzius [C.J.

Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.

SheUey CoU.

SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.
SheUey Coll.

SheUey CoU.

Rev. A. Buxton [P.].

184 STURNID.'E.

12. Lamprocolius purpureiceps.

Laniprocollus purpureiceps, J. E. Verr. Mev. et Maq. de Zool. 1851,

p. 418; Sfrickl. Contr. Oni. 1851, p. 133; Ilcail. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 119 (1857); Cuss. Froc Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 36; Hartl.

J. f. O. 1859, p. 24 ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 133 ;

SJuir2)o, P. Z. S. 1871, p. Oil ; Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,

iv. p. 73 (1874) ; Pcichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 30.
Juida purpureiceps, Gray, lland-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6335 (1870).
Lamprocolius cupreicaudus (pt.), S/ia7-pe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871).

Adult. General colour above glossy golden green ; scapulars like
tlie back, but ■with a slight shade of steel-green ; lower back and
rump like the mantle, but not quite so golden ; upper tail-coverts
black, edged with steel-blue, with a subtermiual shade of bronzy
purple : wing-coverts steel-blue ; quills purplish black, externally
steel-blue, the inner secondaries washed with golden green like the
back ; tail-feathers blue-black, externally washed with golden
bronze ; crown of head velvety purple with a slight shade of violet-
blue, the nape showing a distinct appearance of steel-blue ; hind
neck glossy steel-green ; lores black ; feathers round eye, sides of
face, and ear-coverts purple, a little duller than the head ; cheeks,
throat, and chest purple, slightly varied with violet-blue, becoming
much more distinct on the latter ; breast, abdomen, sides of body,
and flanks steel-green, with a slight wash of golden green ; thighs and
under tail-coverts black, washed with steel-blue ; under wing-coverts
and asillaries black, edged with bright steel-blue ; quills below
black. Total length 7'8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-6, tail 2-55,
tarsus 0*9.

Hah. West Africa from the Camei'oons to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Landana, Congo {Petit). Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

c. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. Du Chaillu). Sharpe Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (P. B. Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

e. Ad. sk. River Ogowe, Gaboon. H. T. Ansell,

Esq. [P.].
/. Juv. sk. Cameroons. Sharpe Coll.

(J. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan. 20, 1871 (Cross/«/). Sharpe Coll.

/*. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan. 19 {Crossley). Shelley Coll.

13. Lamprocolius cupreicauda.

Lamprotornis cupreocauda, Tonm. MSS. in Mas. Lur/d., unde
Lamprocolius cupreocauda, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 119 (1857) ; id.

J. f. O. 1859, p. 24 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 18/0, p. 473 ; id. Cat. Afr. B.

p. 55 (1871) ; U-ishcr, Ibis, 1874, p. 66 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 74 (1874); Biittik. Notes Leyden Mas. ix.

p. 258 (1887).
Juida cupreocauda. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6336 (1870).
Lamprocolius purpureiceps (nee Verr.), Sharjie, Ibis, 1869, p. 384.

Adult. Similar to L. purpureiceps, but glossy steel-blue on the
back, the head purplish blue, with a beautiful shade of glossy
purple on the hind neck and mantle ; under surface glossy steel-

35. coccYcoLius. — 30. heteeopsak, 185

blue, purple on the throat and chest : " bill and feet black ; iris
golden yellow " {Stampjii). Total length G-7 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 4-7, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. West Africa from the Gold Coast to Liberia.

a, b, c, d. Ad. ; Fantee {Kiihy). Shelley Coll.

e. Imm. sk.

f-i. Ad. ; Fantee {H. T. Usslier). Shelley Coll.

h. Juv. sk.

I. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

m. Ad. sk. Wasa, July 1872 (Blissett). Sharpe Coll.

n. Ad. sk. River Volta (//. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.

35. COCCYCOLIUS. „

Type.
Coccycolius, Oustalet, N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 155 (1879) C. iris.

Mange. Loss Islands, Senegambia,

1. Coccycolius iris.

Coccvcolius iris, Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Hcient. France, no. 580, p. 158
(1878) ; id. N. Arch. Mm. (2) ii. p. 155, pi. 7 (1879).

Adult. Golden green ; the cheeks, ear-eovcrts, and iibdomen
purple ; bill elongated, the culmen gently incurved, and the feet
(which are short) black. Having the aspect of a Golden Cuckoo,
but the size a little larger. {Oustalet.)

Hah. Loss Islands.

36. HETEROPSAR.

Eange. Somali-Land in East Africa and Bcnguela in South-west
Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Head glossy green like the back ; underneath

uniform glossy green acuticaudiis, p. 185.

b. Head white, forming a cap ; underneath streaked

with white albicapillus, p. 186.

1. Heteropsar acuticaudus.

Lamprocolius acuticaudus, Bocaqe, .Turn. Lisb. 1870, p. 345, 1877,
p. 156; Sluuye, Cat. Afr. B.'-p. 56 (1871) ; Harfl. Abhandl. nat.
Ver. Brcjnen, iv. p. 66 (1874) ; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 309, pi. vi.
(1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 427 (1884).

Juida acuticauda, Gray, Hcmd-l. B. ii. p. 24, no. 6346 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above uniform glossy oil-green, with
a very slight steel-blue reflexion on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; wing-coverts oil-green like the back, the inner lesser and
median coverts coppery red, with steel-blue reflexions on the edges,
forming a shoulder-patch; both the median and greater coverts

186 STUENIDiE,

with a subterminal spot of velvety black ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, externally glossed with steel-green or
steel-blue, the secondaries externally oil-green like the back ; tail-
feathers steel-blue, with greenish reflexions ; the tail strongly
graduated : head and neck glossy oil-green, including the sides of
the neck and under surface of the body ; lores velvety black ; ear-
covcrts dark steel-blue, the feathers rather frizzled ; sides of body
and flanks steel-blue, contrasting with the rest of the under surface ;
thighs also steel-blue ; under tail-coverts oil-green ; under wing-
eoverts and axillaries blackish, edged with steel-blue, the edge of
the wing greener ; quills below blackish, browner along the inner
edge : " bill and feet black ; iris orange " {J. Anchieta). Total
length 10 inches, culmeu 0-85, wing 5, tail 5, tarsus 1-05.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9"8 inches,
culmen 0'85, wing 4'9o, tail 3*7, tarsus 1*1.

Toung. Brown, with an oil-green gloss above, steel-green on the
tail and wings, the coverts and quills with small whity-brown tips ;
under surface of body earthy brown, the throat and breast with
small mesial streaks of whity brown, all the feathers of the breast
and abdomen rather broadly edged with the latter colour : " iris
brownish " {Anchieta).

Hah. Benguela.

a. c? ad. ; h. Juv.sk. Caconda, Benguela, Jan. 18fi9 Sliarpe Coll.

{J. Anchieta).
c, (I. S ? fid. sk. Caconda, Jan. 1882 {J. A.). Lisbon IMuseum.

e. S ad. ;/,(/. Caconda, July, Aug., Nov. Shelley Coll.

Imm. sk. {J. A.).

2. Heteropsar albicapillus.

Spreo albicapillus, Blijth, J. A. S. Bemj. xxiv. p. 301 (1855) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr., App. p. 276 (1857).
Notauges albicapillus, Hartl. J.f. O. 1859, p. 28 ; SpeJce, Ibis, 1860,

p. 246, pi. vii. ; Hem/l. J. f. O. 1863, p. 23, 1869, p. 10 ; id. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. IX H-20 (1870) ■ Imsch <Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 379

(1870) ; Hartl. AbhatulL nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 85 (1874) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 413.
Juida albicapilla, Gray, Handrl. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6355 (1870).

Adult. General colour above light oily green, shading off into
steel-green on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the feathers of which
have whitish margins, as have also a few of the feathers of the hind
neck ; lesser wing-coverts creamy white, the lower series brown
with white shaft-lines; median and greater coverts bronzy or
greenish brown, rather broadly tipped with sandy white ; quills
blackish, externally steel-green, the secondaries dusky, externally
white, before which is a subterminal shade of green, the innermost
secondaries entirely light oily-green like the mantle ; tail-feathers
glossy steel-green, with dusky cross bars under certain lights ;
crown of head creamy white ; lores, feathers below the eye, and
fore part of cheeks blackish ; ear-coverts and hinder cheeks dusky

37. 8PEE0. 187

groy ; under surface of body dingy greyish brown, with a gloss of
metallic green hero and there, all the feathers longitudinally centred
with white, giving a distinct striped appearance ; lower abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts creamy white, as well as the under
wing-coverts and axillaries : "bill and feet black; iris white"
{J. Spel-e). Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-85, tail 4-5,
tarsus 1-5. {Mus. E. Lort Fldllips.)
Hah. Somali-Land.

37. SPREO. ^

Spreo, Less. Traite, p. 406 (1831) g. bicolor.

Notauges, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 1<J8 (1850) ...'.'...'." s! bicolor!

Rancje. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat bronzy brown, not metallic ; abdomen and

under tail-coverts white or creamy butf.
a'. Size much larger ; breast brown like the throat

and flanks ; secondaries brown hiculor, p. 187.

v. Size much smaller; breast and abdomen both

white ; inner secondaries metallic green .... Jischeri, p. 18!).

b. Throat metallic green or blue ; belly chestnut.
<•!. Under tail-coverts white, across the chest a

white baud ; under wing-coverts white siqwrhus, p. 189.

(T . Under tail-coverts chestnut.

a" . Back purplish blue ; wing-coverts with
velvety-black spots ; head purplish blue as
well as the throat ; under wing-coverts
tawny or chestnut.
a!" . Outer edge of wing green, breast fawn-
coloured hildebrandti, p. 190.

b'". Outer edge of wing purple, breast entirely

chestnut shelkyi, p. 190.

b" . Back green hke the throat and breast; no
velvety-black spots on the wing-coverts ;
head bronzy brown puhJier, p. 191.

1. Spreo bicolor.

Ue Merle brun du Cap de Bonne Esperauce, Montb. Hist. Nat Ois
iii. p. 378 (1775).

White-rumped Thrush, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. G4 (1783).

Turdus bicolor, Gin. S. H. i. p. 385 (1788).

Le Spr(5o, Levaill Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 155, pi. 88 (1800) ; Sumkt). Crit.
um Levaill. p. 33 (1857).

Sturnus bicolor, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 311 (1800).

Lamprotornis bicolor, Licht. Verz. Duubl. p. 18 (1823).

Lamprotornis albiventris. Swains. An. in Menay. p. 297 (1837).

Spreo bicolor, Less. Traite, p. 407 (1831) ; Lp. Vonsp. i. p. 416
(1850) ; Gurnexj in Anderss. B. Bum. Ld. p. 101 (1872)- Lutlvr
Feilden, i^f Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 256 ; ILdub S,- Von PeL Beitr.
Orn. Siidafr. p. 112 (1882) ; Sharpe, cd. LayarcFs B. S. Afr
pp. 429, 846 (1884) ; Symonds, Lbis, 1887, p. 331.

188 stuenidjE.

Juida bicolor, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 172 (1867) ; Gunm), Ibis, 1868, pp. 46, 465 , Gray, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 25, no. 6352 (18/'0).
Notaiiges bicolor, Cab. Mus. Ilcin. i. p. 198 (1850) ; Grill, Zool.

Atifeckn. pp. 10, 57 (1850); Hartl. J. f O. 1859, p. 27; id.

Abhajidl. nat. Ver. Bremen, iv. p. 83 (1874).
Araydrus bicolor, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 55 (1871) ; BucMcy, Ibis,

1874, p. 378 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78 ; Sharpe, App. Oates

Matahele-Land, p. 316 (1881).

Adult male. General colour above bronzy brown, with a distinct
gloss of green under certain lights, especially on the head and hind
neck, upper tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts ; median and
greater wing-coverts and quills with a bronzy purplish gloss, the
primary-coverts and primaries externally washed with a green
gloss ; tail-feathers glossy oil-green, the centre ones with a steel-
green gloss ; sides of head and under surface of body bronzy brown,
with a slight purplish gloss and a more distinct green gloss on the
throat ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
like the breast ; quills light brown below : " bill yellow, with the
upper mandible and the end of the lower mandible black ; legs
black; iris pale yellow " {G. E. Shelley). Total length 9 inches,
culmen 09, wing 5'55, tail 3'45, tarsus 1"45.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 9-5 inches,
culmen 1, wing 5'8, tail 3'7, tarsus 1'45.

Young birds, according to Captain Shelley, have the pale portion
of the bill buff. In adult birds the gape and the tongue are yellow
and, as he points out, the gape has a slight wattle.

Hah. South Africa.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Cape Town, April 1866 (C. Sharpe Coll.
J. Andersson).

c. (S ad. sk. Cape Town (Butler). Shelley Coll.

d. $ ad. sk. Caledon, Oct. 13, 1874 (But- Shelley Coll.

ler).

e. f. Ad. sk. Ceres, Cape Colony, Jan. 27, Shelley Coll.

1874 (G. B. S.).
o. Ad.sk. MosselBay,April(J'. 0«^«). W. E. & C. G. Oates,

h, i. (S 2 ad. sk. Natal, June 3, 1873 (T. E. SheUey Coll.

Buckley).
A;, /, m. Ad. sk. Burg Mount, Natal (Gorr/^/e). Shelley Coll.
n. c? ad. sk. Newcastle, May 23, 1881 Shelley Coll.

{E. A. Butler).
0. $ ad. sk. Newcastle, June 26, 1881 Shelley Coll.

{E. A. Butler),
p. (S ad. sk. Transvaal (T. Ay res). Sharpe Coll.

q. cJ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Jan. 10, 1877 J. H. Gm-ney, Esq. [P.].

(T.L.Ayres).
r. (S ad. sk. Potchefstroom (T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll.

ley).

37. SPREO. 189

2. Spreo fischeri.

Notaiig-es fischeri, Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 54 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes.
Orn. i. p. 335, Taf. xx. fig.'l (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 132.

Adult female. Head, chin, and chest silver-grey, the latter rather
darker ; lores rather -white ; under surface of body white ; back,
wings, and tail entirely pale brown with a silky gloss, the tail-
fearhers and inner secondaries with a metallic gloss of steel-green :
"bill and feet black; iris pale yellow" {O. A. Fischer). Total
length 6-S inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-15. {Fischer
6f lieichenow.)

Hab. Pare Mountains, Masai-Land.

3. Spreo superbus.

Lamprotornis superbus, Rilpp. Syst. Ushers, pp. 65, 75, Taf. 26

(1845); Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 36 (1856); Blyth, J. A. S.

Beng. xxiv. p. 301 (1855).
Juida supeiba, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25,

no. 0354 (1870).
Lamprocoliu.'f superbus, B}}. Consp. i. p. 410 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Muure,

Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 547 (1850).
Notauges superbus, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 198, note (1850) ;

Hartl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 25 ; 6>eA-e, I/ns, 1860, p. 245 ; Heugl.

J. f. O. 1803, p. 22, 1869, p. 7 ; Cab. in Von der Decken's Beis.,

Fog. p. 33 (1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 517 (1870), i v.

p. cxxvi (1871) ; Fimch 8,- Hartl. Viiq. Ostafr. p. 378 (1870) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 54 (1871) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, iv. p. "80 (1874) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 233 ; Shellei/,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 583 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, \\\.

p. 106 (1881); Bohm, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 195; Schaloic, t. c. p. 360;

Fischer, Zeitschr. qes. Orn. i.p. 335 (1884) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civic.

Genov. (2) i. p. 199 (1884) ; Fischer, J.f O. 1885, p. 132 : Shelley,

Ibis, 1885, p. 412 ; Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 66 ; Giql. Ann. Mus.

Civic. Genov. (2) iv. p. 28 (1888) ; Salvad. t. c. p. 298 (1888).

Adult. Above glossy steel-blue, the scapulars and wings glossy
oil-green, with velvety-black spots at the ends of the median and
greater wing-coverts ; the bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and
primaries glossed with steel-blue externally ; tail-feathers steel-blue
with a shade of violet, all but the centre ones blackish along the
edge of the inner web and at the tips : crown of head dusky black
with an oily-green gloss ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-
coverts black, with a gloss of reddish bronze on the latter ; throat
and fore neck glossy steel-blue ; breast white, forming a band ;
lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, flanks, and thighs rich orange-
chestnut ; vent and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white ; edge of wing glossy steel-green ; quills
blackish below : '' bill and feet black ; iris i^carly or milky white "
{Antinori); "iris clear sulphur-yellow" {Hildehrandt); "iris pale
yellow; inside of mouth clear yellow; feet lead-colour" {G. A.
Fischer). Total length 7*6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-9, tail 2-7,
tarsus 1-2.

190 STTTRNID^TJ.

Youvg. Like the adult, but with the colours less resplendent
(Sali'ddori) : " iris p;rcj-i8h yellow " (G. A. Fischer).

Hah. From the Upper Soudan to Shoa and as far as the Zanzibar
region in East Africa.

a. Ad. St.

Shoa.

Dr. Riippell [0.1.
Br. Ruppell [C.J.

b. Ad. sk.

Shoa.

c. c5' ad. sk.

Alia Amha, Shoa, Feb. 1842
{Sir W. C. Harris).

India Museum.

d. Ad.sk.

Soudan {Knohlecker),

Sharpe Coll.

e,f, (J. Ad. sk.

Ugof^o ('SV;- J. Kirk)

Shelley Coll.

h. Ad. sk.

Masai-Land {J. Thomson).

Shelley Coll.

4. Spreo hildebrandti.

Notauges hildebrandti, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 2-33, pi. iii. fig. 1 ;
Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 132; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 60.

Adult male. General colour above metallic purplish blue ; upper
tail-covcrts with subterminal bars of velvety black ; lesser and median
wing-coverts like the bacl\, the latter with a broad subterminal sjjot
of velvet}' black ; the scapulars similarlj' marked ; greater coverts
metallic oil-green, steel-blue at the ends, with a broad subterminal
spot of velvety black ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky blackish, externally steel-green, the secondaries more oily-
green, with a slight shade of steel-blue at the euds ; tail-feathers
steel-green, with indications of dusky bars under certain lights ;
crown of head glossy purplish blue ; hind neck and sides of neck
metallic bronzy oil-green ; lores velvety black ; sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, throat, and fore neck glossy purplish blue ; chest
and breast tawny rufous, paler and inclining to creamy buff on the
sides of the latter ; abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
deep chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills
below dusky blackish : " bill and feet black ; iris dark orange-red "
(Hildebrandt). Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-45,
tail 2-7, tarsus 1-2.5.

Hah. East Africa, in the Mombasa district.

a. J ^^- ^^- Kitui in Ukamba, April 1877 {Dr. Shelley Coll.

Hildebrandt) .

5. Spreo shelleyi.

Notauges hildebrandti, Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 412 (7iec Cab.).

Adult. Similar to S. Mklehrandti, but rather more purple above,
especially on the wings and tail : the lesser and median wing-coverts,
as'wcU as the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and outer aspect of
primaries purple ; entire under surface of body from the fore neck
downwards deep chestnut. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 4-5, tail 3"1, tarsus 1'15. {Mus. E.Lort Phillips.)

Hah. Somali-Land.

37. sPKEO. 191

6. Spreo pulcher.

L'Oranvert ou Merle a ventre orauge du Senegal, Month. Hid. Nut.

Ois. iii. p. o77 (1775).
Merle a ventre orange du S(Snegal, Daub. PL Enl. iv. pi. 358.
Turdus pulcher, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat. Siippl. p. 139 (177G) ;

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 249.
Orange-bellied Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 63 (1783),
Turdus erythrogaster, Bodd. Tahl. PL Enl. p. :22 (1783).
Turdus chrysogaster, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 385 (1788).
Lamprotornis chrysogaster, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 18 (1823).
Lamprotornis rufiventris, Itupp. Neue Wirh. p. 27, pi. xi. fio-. 1

(1835-40) ; Sioains.B. W. Afi: i. p. 151 (1837) ; Rimp.Syst. Uelers.

p. 75 (1845).
Juida erythi'ogastra. Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 327 (1846).
Juida rufiventris, Gray, t. c. p. 327 (1846); Luyard. B. S. Afr

p. 171 (1867).
Lamprocolius chrysogaster, B]}. Consp. i. p. 415 (1850) ; Ilurtert

J.f. O. 1886, p. 586.
Notauges chrysogaster, Cab. M-us. Hein. i. p. 198 (1850); HartL

J.f. 0. 1859, p. 26 ; HeuyL J.f. 0. 1863, p. ■22, 1869, p. 9 ; id. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 518 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxvi (1871); Blanf.

GcoL Sr ZooL Abyss, p. 397 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 269

(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 54 (1871) ; Antin. ^- Salvad. Viagg.

Bogos, p. 126 (1873) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, p. 81

(1874) ; Rovhvhr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 231 (1884).
Lamprocolius rufiventris, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 120 (1857) •

Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 216 (1863) ; Antin. Cat. dcscrr. Ucc

p. 61 (1864).
Lamprotornis cinereiceps, Pr. Wiirtt. MSS. ; Hnigl. J. f. O 1867

p. 294.
Juida pulchra. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25, no. 6353 (1870).

Adult male. Above metallic green with a slight purplish shade ;
wing-coverts like the back; quills blackish, externally metallic
green, the primaries creamy vphite for the greater part of the inner
web ; tail-feathers metallic steel-blue ; crown of head, sides of face
and ear-coverts glossy bronzy brown ; lores blackish ; throat and
breast metallic green ; lower breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs,
and under tail-covcrts rich bay or chestnut ; axillarics and under
wing-coverts also chestnut, except those near the edge of the wing,
which are metallic green ; quills creamy white below, with dusky
brown ends : " bill dusky ; feet leaden blackish ; iris pale yellow "
(HevgJiu). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-45, tail 2-4,
tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Like the male. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen
0'75, wing 4'4, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-25.

Young. Differs from the adult in being altogether duller and
browner, with metallic green wings and tail ; the throat and breast
brown ; the abdomen rufous ; the bill yellow.

Uab. N.E. Africa, reaching to the Niger district and Senegambia.

fl. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Zoological Society.

c. $ ad. sk. Anseba Valley, July 23, 1868. W. T. Blanf ord, Esq. [C.].

192

d. (5 ad. sk.

e. <S ad. sk.

STUENID^.

Ailet, June24, 1868.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Ailet, June 25, 1868 ( W. Tweeddale CoU.

f. (S ad. ; ff. cJ imm. Waliko, July 24 ( W. Jesse), Tweeddale Coll.

Bejook (Ksler). Sharpe Coll.

Gabsa (Esler). Shelley Coll.

Below Khartoum, Oct. 1801. Consul Petherick

[0.].
Senegambia. Shelley Coll.

Seuegambia. Sharpe Coll.

h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. (5 ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
m. Juv. sk.

38. ENODES.

Type.

Euodes, Temm. PL Col. i. Tabt. 3feth. p. 108 (1838) . . E. erythrophrys.

Head of Enodcs erythrophrys.
lianrje. Confined to Celebes.

1. Enodes erythrophrys.

Ijamprotoruis erythrophrys, Temm. PL CoL ii. pi. 267 (1824).
Enodes erythrophrys, 7emHi. PL CoL i. Taf>L Meth. p. 108 (1838) ;

Bhith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. Ill (1849) ; Bjj. Cotisp. i. p. 417

(1850) ; Wallace, Ibis, 1860, p. 141 ; Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii.

p. 78 (1874) ; Briic/r/e77i. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 77

(1876) ; Meyer, Ibis', 1879, p. 134.
Calornis erythrophrys, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 327 (1846) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 27, no. 6394 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty blue, the scapulars
like the back ; the lower ones washed with olive ; rump and ui)per
tail-coverts golden yellow, brighter on the latter ; wing-coverts
yellowish olive, also the bastard-wing and primary-coverts; quills
dusky brown, externally yellowish olive ; centre tail-feathers olive-
yellow and broadly tipped with creamy white, the remainder of the
feathers dull olive-brown, with only a fringe of whitish at the ends ;
crown of head slaty black, including the centre of the forehead ;
lores and a broad eyebrow sealing-wax red ; the feathers close-sot
and bristly ; feathers round eye, sides of face, and ear- coverts black,
the sides of the crown above the latter slaty grey ; cheeks light
slaty grey, rather hoary in shade ; throat and under surface of body

39. scissiRosTRUir. 193

slaty grey ; lower abdomen, flanks, rent, and under tail-coverfcs
golden yellow ; thighs slaty groy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
dull ashy, edged with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along
the inner edge. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 4"-4,
tail 4-4, tarsus 1"1.
Hah. Celebes.

a, h. Ad. sk, Celebes. Gould Coll.

c. Ad. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Menado. Tweeddale Coll.
e,f. S ad. sk. Tondano. Wallace Coll.
7.' Ad. sk. Tondauo. Wallace Coll.
>«. Ad. sk. Tondano ( Wallace). Gould Coll.

39. SCISSIROSTRUM.

Tjpe.
Scissirostrum, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 93 S. dubiuin.

Range. Confined to Celebes.

1. Scissirostrum dubium.

Dubious Shrike, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. p. 72 (1801).
Lanius dubius. Lath. Ltid. Orii. Suppl. ii. p. xviii (1801).
Scissirostrum pagei, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 93 ; id. Mag. de Zool.

1845, pi. 59; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 328 (184<3) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 119 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 423 (1850); Wallace,

Ibis, 18G0, p. 141; Finsch, Xen-Guinea, p. 174 (I860); Wall.

Malay Arch. i. p. 430 (18(39)
Scissirostrum dubium. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 27, no. 6395 (1870) ;

Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 81 (1874) ; BriU/gem. Ahhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, v. p. 79, Taf. iii. figs. 11, 12 (1870) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879,

p. 146 ; id. Abbild. Vogel-Sk. pi. xxiv. (1882); Blasius, Zeitsch.ges.

Orn. iii. p. 126 (1886).

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey ; rump and upper tail-
coverts blackish, each feather with a wax-like longitudinal tip of
crimson ; lesser wing-coverts dark slaty grey ; median and greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with a
greenish gloss on the margins ; tail-feathers black, externally
glossed with greenish black; head all round and under surface of
the body slaty grey ; feathers at base of forehead, lores and eyelid
slaty blackish ; flanks with a few crimson-tipped feathers ; thighs
and under tail-coverts slaty blackish ; under wing-coverts and axU-
laries dark slaty grey ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge.
Total length 8 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 3-75, tail 3"3, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 8 inches, cul-
men 0-75, wing 3'55, tail 2-9, tarsus 0"8.

Hah. Celebes; Togian Islands.

a, b. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. Menado (A. R. Wallace^). Gould Coll.

e. Ad.;/. Imm. ; g. J Tondano. Wallace Coll.
ad. sk.

k. 5 ad. ek. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

VOL. J511I. O

194 STUKNID^.

Whilst the previous sheets were passing through the press, the
Museum has beeu so fortunate as to procure from M. A. Boucard the
specimen of Fregilujms varius which was formerly in the Eiocour
collection. I find that this genus comes very close to Basihornis,
but differs in its much longer and more convex bill, its more exposed
nostrils, and in the long crest which commences at the base of the
bill.

40. FREGILUPUS. ^

Type.

Fregilupus, Less. Trmte, p. 324 (IS^l) I. vanus.

Lophopsarus, Sundew Av. Meth. Tent. p. 40 (1872) F. Viirius.

Range. Confined to the island of Reunion.

1. Fregilupus varius.

Huppe du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Dattbent. PI Enl. vi. pi. 697.

La Huppe noire et blanche du Cap de Bonne Esp^rar.ce, Month.
Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 463 (1779).

Madagascar Hoopoe, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 690 (1783).

Upupa varia, BocJd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 43 ; Oi-ay^Gen. B. ii. p. 89 (1847).

Upupa capensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 466 (1788).

La Huppe grise, Audeb. et Vieill. Ois. Dor., Promerops, p. 15, pi. Ill
(1802).

Le Merops hupps?, Levaill. Hist. Nat. Promerops, p. 43, pi. 18 (1806).

Upupa madagascaviensis, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. viii. pt. i. p. 140 (1812).

Coracia cristata, Vieill. N. Diet, dllist. Nat. viii. p. 3 (1817).

Pastor upupa, Wagler, Syst. Av. Pastor, sp. 13 (1827).

Fregilupus capensis. Less. Traite, p. 324 (1831) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 88
(1858).

Fregilupus madagascarieusis, lieiclietib. Handh. Scans, p. 321, Taf.
dxcvi. fig. 4039 (1851) ; Harti. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 53
(1861); Scld. Sr Poll. Hist. Nat. Madag. p. 104(1868); 31urie,
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 200.

Fregilupus borbonicus, Vinson, Bull. Soe. d'Acelim. 1868, p. 627.

Lophopsarus varius, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 40 (1872).

Fregilupus varia, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 28, uo. 6398 (1870).

Fregilupus varius, Murie, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 474, pis. 61, 62 ; A. New-
ton, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 41 ; Hartl. Vbg. Madag. p. 203 (1877) ;
Sharpe, Nature, xl. p. 177 (1889).

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, tlie lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts slightly washed with rufous ; wings and tail
rather more blackish brown, washed externally with ashy grey ;
primary-coverts white for the terminal half, with brown tips, forming
an alar speculum ; head light ashy grey, as also the hind neck, with ,
a beautiful elevated crest, the feathers of which have white shafts ;
lores and eyebrow white ; ear-coverts light ashy grey, like the sides
of the neck ; cheeks, throat, and under parts white ; the flanks pale
vinous brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries also white ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 11 inches,]
culmen 1-25, wing 5-8, tail 4*5, tarsus 1'55. {Mus. Paris.)

Young. Browner than the adult and not so grey ; the crest also [
browner, and not nearly so large ; otherwise like the adults, j
{Mus. Paris.)

41, NECROPSAR. 42. BUPHAGA. 195

I have described the specimens in the Paris Museum, as the old
bi rd is in splendid condition, and seems to be in brighter plumage
than the one recentty acquired by the British Museum, It was
procured as recently as 1833.
Hah. Island of liiiunion ; now believed to be extinct.

a. Ad. sk. Reunion. Riocour Coll.

41. NECROPSAE. „

Type.

Necropsar, Slater, Phil. Trans, vol. 168, p. 427 N. rodericanus.

Range. Apparently confined to the island of Rodriguez, where it
is now extinct.

1. Necropsar rodericanus.

Necropsar rodericanus, Gitnther ^~ E. Newton, Phil. Trans, vol. 168,
p. 427, pi. xlii. ligs. A-G (1879).

The sub-fossil remains of this bird are described by Dr. Giinther
and Sir E. jN^ewton (I. c). The authors observe that the genus must
have been very nearly allied to Frer/ihqms, but had not so long or
so curved a bill, while it differed in further minor details.

Hab. Rodriguez,

a-ff. Skull and various bones. (Pev. H. H. Slater.) Transit of Venus

Exped.

Subfamily II, BUPHAGINtE.
42. BUPHAGA,

Type.
Buphaga, Li?in. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 154 (1766) B. africana.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill yellow, red at the end ; tail-feathers

rufous on the inner web africana, p. 195,

b. Bill entirely red ; no rufous on the inner web

of the tail-feathers erythrorhyncha, p. 196.

1, Buphaga africana.

Le Pique-Boeuf, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 437, pi. 42. fig. 2 (1760) ; Montb.
Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 175, pi. xiv. (1775) ; Levaill. Ois. cTAfr. ii,
p. 198, pi. 97 (1800) ; Sundeo. Krit. om Levaill. p. 3o (1857).

Buphaga africana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. ji. 154 (1766) ; Daud. Traite,
ii. p. 295 (1800) ; Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 200 (18-37) ; Grai/
S,- Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 332, pi. 82 (1847); Bp. Comp. i. p. 423
(1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 202 (1850) ; StricM. 8f Scl.
Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 149; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1837);
Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 120 (1857); Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 94; Baker, Albert Nyanza, p. 117 (1866) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 175 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 369; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 23, no. 6319 (1870); He^iyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 718

o2

lt)6 STUR-MD.i:.

(1870), iv. p. civ (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 157; Sharpe, Cat.
Afr. B. p. 57 (1871) ; Gurney in Aiulerss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 163
(1872); Anfi?i. ^- Snlvnd. Viar/f/. Bogos, p. 124 (1873); Gurney,
Ibis, I873, p. 256 ; Burldey, Ihis, 1874, p. 879 ; Bocnye, Orn. Angola,
p. 299 (1877-81); Sharpe in Oafes' Matabe/f-Land, A-pY>. p. 316
(1&81) ; Uohib ^- Peh. Bcitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 109 (1882); ,Shnrpe,
ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 418, 845(1884); Hartert, J. f. O.
1886, p. 386; Souza, Jorn. Lisb. xi. p. 165 (1887) ; Bi'dtik. Notes
Leyden Mus. p. 72 (1889).

Le Pique-BcBuf du Si^n^gal, Bavhent. PI. Enl. ii. pi. 203.

African Bee-eater, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. i. p. 359, pi. xii. (1781).

Buphaga ervthrorhvuclia (nee Stan/ei/), Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc.
p. G2 (18(34) ; Sahad. Atti R. Acca'd. Torino, v. p. 739 (1870).

Adult female. General coloiir above brown, the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts palo ocbreous buff; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills darker and more chocolate-brown ; the innermost second-
aries lighter brown like the scapulars ; centre tail-feathers chocolate-
brown, the remainder externally chocolate, internally light chestnut ;
head and neck all round chocolate-brown, a little darker than the
back ; remainder of under surface of body ochreous, a little deeper
on the sides and slightly washed with brown on the fore neck ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the inner aspect of the
quills, chocolate-brown : " bill yellow, the terminal half red ; feet
black: iris ^erj red" (Emin Pasha). Total length 9 inches, cul-
men 0"7, wing 4-7, tail 3"3, tarsus 0'9.

AcluU male. Similar to the female.

Hab. Nearly the whole of Africa, excepting the forest-districts
of the west coast.

a.

Ad. sk.

River Gambia.

Shellev Ooll.

b.

Ad. sk.

River Gambia.

Sharpe Coll.

c.

Ad. sk.

Dakar, Senegal (L. Laglaize).

Tweeddale Coll.

d.

Ad. sk.

Senegal (d'Einville).

Riocour Coll.

e.

2 ad. sk.

Kibiro, Equatorial Africa, Oct. 8.

Emin Pasha [P.].

/•

Ad. sk.

Capangonibe, Benguela {An-
chieta).

Sharpe Coll.

9-

Ad. sk.

Benguela.

ISlonteiro Coll.

K

i. Ad. St.

Daniara-Land.

C. J. Andersson, Esq.

[C.].

k.

Ad. sk.

Ovaquenyama, June 25 (C /.
Anders.so?i).

Sharpe Coll.

I.

$ ad. ^\.

Matabele-Land, Sept. 23 {T. E.
Buckley).

Shelley Coll.

on

. Ad. sk.

Semokwe" Sept. (F. Oates).

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].

n

2 ad. sk.

Transvaal, July 17 (T. E.
IJtickley).

Shelley Coll.

0.

Ad. sk.

Transvaal {T. Ayres).

Sharpe Coll.

2. Buphaga erythrorhyncha.

Tanagra erythrorhyncha, Stanley in Salfs Voy. Abyss., App. p. 69'

(1814).
Buphaga habessinica, Heinpr. Sf Ehr. fol. w, Taf. 9 (1828).

I

42. BTJPHAGA. 197

Buphaga ervtbrorhyncha, Temm. PL Col. ii. pi. 465 (1828) ; RUpp.
Kme Wirb., Vog. p. 23 (1835-40) ; id. Si/st. Uebers. p. 76 (184o) ;
Grny, Gen. B. ii. p. 332 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 423 (1S5U); Cab.
Mui Hein. Th. i. p. 202 (1850) ; Blyfh, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 30]
(1855) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856) ; Horsf. i^ Moore, Cat.
B. Mus. E.l. Co. ii. p. 522 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 121
(1857); Heugl. IH^, 1859, p. 342; Speke, Ibis, 1800, p. 246;
Hengl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 304; Gurney, Ibis, 1863, p. 328 ; Brehm,
Bets. Hahesch, pp. 217, 331 (1863); Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc.
p. 62 (1864); layard, B. S. Afr.-p. 175 (1867); Gwfiey, Ibis,
1868, p. 160 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 23, no. 6320 (1870) ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 716 (1870), iv. App. p. cliv (1871) ; Blanf.
Geol. ^- Zool. Abip^s. p. 401 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 260
(1870) ; id. ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 384 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat.
Afr. B. p. 57 ( 1871 ) ; layard. Ibis, 1871, p. 106 ; Antin. ii,- Salvad.
Viagq. Boqos, p. 124 (1873) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1873, p. 25(5; Shelley,
Ibis,'l875, p. 77; Fischer ^- Reicken. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 261 ; Cab.
t. c. p. 233; Fischer, J.f. O. 1870, p. 292; Hartl. Abhandl. nat.
Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 107 (1881); Butler, Feilden, ^- Reid, Zool.
1882, p. 255 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. pp. 420, 846 (1884) ;
Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Genov. (2) i. p. 196 (1884) ; Fischer, Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. i. p. 334 (1884); id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 132; Shelley,
Ibis, 1885, p. 410 ; Matschie. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 154 ; JF. Ai/res,
Ibh, 1887, p. 58; Reichen. J. f. 6. 1887, p. 67: Gigl. Ann. Mus.
Genov. (2) vi. p. 29 (1888) ; Salvad. t. c. p. 207 (1888).

Adult. Similar to B. africana, but with the bill wholly red, and
wanting the rufous colour of the tail: "iris fiery vermilion ; bare
orbits yellow, below surrounded with lilac ; feet greyish dusky "
{Heucjlin). Total 8'3 inches, culmen 0'7, wing ■i-Qb, tail 3'5, tarsus
0-8.

The sexes are alike in colour.

Yonng. Similar to the adult, but duller in colour and having a
dusky bill.

Hah. Nearly the whole of Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.

b. S ad. sk. Senaf6, Tigre, Feb. 23. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

c. Ad. sk. Ailat, Bogos Land, June 26 ( W. Tweeddale Coll.

Jesse).

d. S ad. sk. Ailat, June 29. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

e. Ad. sk. Ailat (Esler). Shelley Coll.

/. S ad. sk. Maragaz, July 29 ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

g, h. c? ad. et Anseba Valley, July, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

juv. sk. ^ " ^ [C.].

i,k. Ad sk. Durban, Natal, March and April Shelley Coll.

((?. E. S.).

I, m. Ad. sk. Durban (Gordge). Shelley Coll.

K. Ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal, March 22 (T. Shelley Coll.

L. Ayres).

0. 2 ad. sk. Swaziland, June 19 {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

p. (S ad. sk. Kitui, in Ukamba, April. Dr. Hildebrandt.

7, »•. cJ 2 ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, May {Sir W. ludia Museum.

C. Harris).

198

Family III. PLOCEIDiE.

Key to the Sahfamilies.

A. AVith the first primary very small and

falcate, attenuated towards "the end ; this
first primary never reaching beytmd the
primary-coverts, and generally falhng
conspicuously short of the latter 1.

B. "SVith tlie first primary large, generally

obtuse at the end, and extending beyond
the primary-coverts '1.

VIDUIN^,^. 198.

PLOCEINuE, p. 405.

Subfamily I. VIDUIN^.

Key to the Genera *.

Tail longer than wing, exceeding the latter

by more than the length of the tarsus.
(I . Only the centre tail-feathers elongated.
a". Four centre tail-feathers lengthened

throughout, not -wire-shafted, not

widened at the ends 1. A'idua, p. 203.

h". Four centre feathers with wire-like

shafts, ending in a broadened elon-
gate spatula 2. Tetr^nuea, p. 209.

c". All four centre tail-feathers attenu-
ated and shaft-like for their entire

length 3. Linuba, p. 210.

d". Four centre tail-feathers laterally

flattened, gradually tapering towards

the ends, which finish in a hair-like

point 4. Steganuha, p. 211.

h' . All the tail-feathers elongated.

e". Tail more than three times the length

of the wing ; all the tail-feathers

tapering to a point 5. Cheea, p. 213.

f". Tail not three times the length of the

wing ; all the tail-feathers obtuse at

the ends 6. Penthethia, p. 215.

c'. Tail graduate and rounded ; a yellow [p. 220.

mantle-patch 7. Pentheteiopsis,

* In some respects the present ' Key ' is an artificial one, and I have slightly
altered the arrangement of some of the genera in the detailed sequence of the i
Vidumff, by placing Chlorura near to Erythrura, Pyromelana and Urobrachya
close to I'cnthetria, &e.

There are some species which are knoTvn to me from single specimens only,
and these not even perfect ones, so that I ba\e had the greatest difficulty in
locating them, such as Nunia iristissima of Wallace, J'yfcUa ca»!Vf/)5of Eeiche-
Jiow, &e.

l'J9

h. Tail shorter than the wing.
d' Tail square or only slightly rounded or
graduated, the two centre feathers not
markedly produced beyond the rest;
the tail rounded or wedge-shaped, the
feathers rarely pointed.
//". AVith a frill round the neck in the
breeding-plumage ; possessing a dis-
tinct winter plumage; feathering
of the body soft and velvety.

a". Tail nearly square 9. Pyromklana, p. 227.

V" . Tail distinctly rounded 8. Urobrachva, p. 224,

h". With no frill round the neck; no
winter plumage.
c". Nasal orifice placed well in front of
the nasal plumes and clearly ex-
posed.
«*. Bastard primary large and nearly
reaching to the end of the

primary-coverts 10. Ploceipassee, p. 244.

¥. Bastard primary small 11. Phll^eteruS; p. 249.

d'". Nasal orifice nearly or quite

hidden by the nasal plumes, which

impinge on the base of the nostrils.

c'. Bill with two indentations near

the base of the cutting-edge of

the upper mandible 12. Pvrene.stfs *, p 252.

dK Bill not toothed.

<i\ Tail short, the outstretched
feet reaching to the end of
the tail.
a*. Hind toe and claw longer
than exposed portion of
culmen ; tail square.
a'. Bill with a deflected
angle at the base of the
cutting-edge of both man-
dibles 14. Quelea, p. 254.

v. Cutting-edge of mandible
practically straight from
the base.
«-. Bill pointed, the upper
mandible about equal in
depth to the lower man-
dible

6'. Bill curved and like
that of a Grosbeak, and
swollen near the base ;
the cutting-edge of the
upper mandible fes-
tooned near the base
and marked by an up-
ward gToove.
a". Culmen rounded. . . . lo. Spermestes, p. 261.

39. Chloruha, p. 388

* Here should probably be placed No. 13. Cryptospica, p. 254.

200

6^ Bill pointed, but the
upper mandible much
deeper than the lower

cue 17. Oetygospiza, p. 2G9.

'j'. Hind toe and claw shorter
than the culmiual ridg'e of

the bill, which is very broad. 16. Amaueesthes, p. 267.
Tail rather longer, the out-
stretched feet not reaching to
the end of the tail.
e°. Tail-feathers very broad, the
tail being fan-shaped.
c". ITpper tail-coverts mode-
rate, falling short of the
end of the tail by more than
length of tarsus ; distance
between tips of outer and
centre tail-feathers as
much as hind toe and

claw 18. Lagonosticta, p. 271.

(P. Upper tail-coverts very
long, falling short of tip
of tail by no more than
the length of tarsus ; dis-
tance between outer and
centre tail-feathers not so
much as hind toe and

claw 19, Stictospiza, p. 287.

d'^. Tail-feathers narrower.
e'. Wing pointed, the dis-
tance between the tips of
the primaries and tips of
the secondaries as much
as or even more than the
length of the tarsus.
c". Inner secondaries elon-
gated ; bill swollen and
rounded, theculmen and
genys both curved, the
cutting-edge of the
upper mandible festoon-
ed upwards near the

base 20. Amadina, p. 288.

d\ Inner secondaries not

elongated, all of this

series of quills being

about equal in length ;

bill pointed, both cul-

men and genys being

nearly straight.

c". Tail short ; the wings

falling short of the

end of the tail by less

than the length of the [p. 292,

tarsus 21, Stagaxoplevba,

201

<r. Tail longer; the wiugs

falling short of the

end of the tail by

much more than the

length of the tarsus. . 22.

f. ^ying more rounded ; the

distance between the tips

of the primaries and the

tips of the secondaries less

than the length of the

tarsus.

f". Bill Terr long, pointed
and slender, the exposed
chord of the culmen ex-
ceeding the length of
the hind toe and claw,
e^ Inner secondaries

elongated 23

f. Inner secondaries
about equal in length

to the others 24

/'. Bill stouter, the exposed
chord of the culmen
not exceeding the length
of the hind toe and
claw.
g^. Bill curved, the cul-
men swollen ; tail

graduated , 25.

A°. Bill curved, the cul-
men rather swollen
and rounded ; tail
square.
a'°. Wing very much
rounded, the dis-
tance between the
tips of the primaries
and the tips of the
secondaries not
more than length
of the hind toe
without claw ....
6'°. Wing much more
pointed; the differ-
ences between the
tips of the pri-
maries and the tips
of the secondaries
equal to the length
of the hind toe and

claw

j"". Bill pointed and tri-
angular.
c'". Upper and under
tail-coverts reach-
ing nearly to the
end of the" tail. . , .

ZON^GINTHUS, p. 293,

Emblem A, p. 295.

ZONOGASTRIS, p. 296.

Pytelia, p. 300.

26. CoccoPYGiA, p. 305,

27. Hypoch^ra, p. 308.

T^NIOPYGIA, p. 311.

202

PLOCEID^E.

d^°. Upper and under
tail-coverts falling
short of the end of
the tail by more
than the length of
the tarsus ; tail
decidedly- gradu-
ated ; inner second-
aries notelongated. 29. Stictopteha, p. 313.
e'. Tail rounded and graduated to such an
extent that the difference between the
outer and centre tail-feathers is as
great as the length of the tarsus ; the
centre tail-feathers not produced or
pointed.
i". Secondaries not nearly as long as the
primaries; cutting-edge of upper

mandible festooned 30. Nigrita, p. 314.

k". Secondaries as long as the primaries ;
cutting-edge of upper mandible
practically straight ; bill very small,
the exposed chord of the culmen not
more than the length of the inner [p. 319.

toe and claw 31. Spor^ginthus,

f. Centre tail-feathers produced and point-
ed, but the tail itself wedge-shaped, not
greatly graduated, bo that the differ-
ence between the outer and the centre
feathers is not so great as the length of
tarsus.
I". Bill swollen and rounded, the culmen
strongly arched ; upper and lower
mandibles about equal in depth.
e'". Tail moderately long, not exceed-
ing the wing by as much as the
tarsus with the middle toe and
claw; the claws much straight-
ened 32. MuNiA, p. 326.

f". Tail moderately long, not exceed-
ing the wing by as much as the
length of the tarsus with the mid-
dle toe and claw ; the claws much
rounded ; white shaft-lines ou the

dorsal plumage 33. Uroloncha, p. 355.

</'". Tail very long, exceeding the wing
by as much as or more than the
length of the tarsus with the mid-
dle toe and claw ; claws straight-
ened 36. Bathilda, p. 374.

m". Bill more slender and straighter ;
upper mandible deeper than the

under one 35. ^gintha, p. 372.

ff'. Tail produced and pointed, the centre
feathers elongated, so that the distance
between tlie outer and centre feathers
is greater than the length of the tarsus.
n". Tail graduated, the two centre fea-
thers longest, but not produced to a
thread-like point 34. Aidemosynk, p. 368.

1. VIDUA. 203

o'' . Tail not so strongly graduated, but
the cpntre feathers produced to a

thread-like point 37. Poephila, p. 375.

A'. Tail longer than wing, exceeding it by

less than length of tarsus.

p'. Inner secondaries elongated, so as to

equal the primaries in length.

h'". Bill sharply pointed and stout, the

exposed portion of the culmen

more than equal to the length of

the hind toe and claw 38. Erythrura, p. 380.

i'" . Bill much more curved, the ex-
posed portion of the culmen less
than the length of the hind toe
and claw,
e'. Nostrils exposed and not entirely
hidden by feathers at base of

forehead 40. Neochmia, p. 389.

/*. Nostrils hidden by plumelets at

base of forehead 41. Estrilda, p. 390.

q" . Inner secondaiies not perceptibly

elongated ; second primary falcated. 42. Gbanatina, p. 403.

1. VIDUA*.

Type.

Vidua, Cuvier, Lemons Anaf. Coinp. i. Tabl. ii. (1800) . . No type indi-
cated.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Under surface of body white principalis, p. 203.

b. Under surface of body blue-black like the

upper surface hypochevina, p. 208.

1. Vidua principalis.

Long-tailed Sparrow, Udwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 126, pi. 270. fis:. 1

(1760).
La petite Veuve, Bi-iss. Orn. iii. p. 124, pi. viii. fig. 2 (1760).
La grande Veuve, Briss. t. c. p. 127 ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv.

p. 162 (1778).
La Veuve d'Angola, Briss. Orn. vi. App. p. 80 (1760).

* Vidua supeeciliosa.

Fringilla siiperciliosa, Vicill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nai. xii. p. 216 (1817) ■ id.

# Oted. Gal. Ois. i. p. 73, pi. Ixi. (1825),
Vidua superciliosa, Grai/ in Griffith's ed. Cuvier Regnc Anim. ii. p. 150

(1829); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850);

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6663 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 341.
Videstrelda superciliosa, Lafr. Bev. et ISlag. de Zool. 1860, p. 325.

This species is unknown to me.

204 PLOCEID.I.

Emberiza serena, Linn. S. iV. i. p. 318 (1766, ex Edwards) ; Des Murs
in Lefvbires Vol/. Abi/s.<t. p. 113 (c. 1845).

Emberiza vidua, Linn. t. c. p. 312.

Emberiza principalis, Linn. t. c. p. 313 ; Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat.
xii. p. 219 (1117).

La petite Veuve, Daitbcnt. PL Enl. iv. pi. 8. fig. 2.

La Veuve doniinicaiue, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 160 (1778) ;
Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 30 (1805).

La Veuve mouchetee, Month, t. c. p. 165 (1778).

Dominican Bunting, Lath. Gen. S>/n. ii. pt. i. p. 180 (1783),

Long-tailed Bunting, Lath. f. c.p.'l81 (1783).

Variegated Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 181 (1783).

FringiUa serena, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 219 (1817).

Vidua principalis, Curier, Rer/ne Anini. i. p. 389 (1817) ; Gray, Gen.
B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 ; Pp. Omsp. i.
p. 449 (1850) ; Cah. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. l7o (1850) ; Hartl. Orn.
W.-Afr. p. 136 (1857); Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 23 (1859);
Cass.' Proc. Philud. Acad. 1859, p. 136; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 257 ; Brehm, Reis. Hahemh, p. 90 (1803) ; Antin. Cat. descrr.
Ucc. p. 09 (1864) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 321 ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 189 (1867); Sperling, Ihis, 1868, p. 290; Sharpe, /fe, 1809,
p. 192; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6660 (1870); Heugl. Om.
NO.- Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 385 (1870), iv. p. exxxiv (1871); Melliss,
Ibis, 1870, p. 100; Fiiij^ch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 265 (1870) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 144, 149 ; Cab. in Von der Decken's Pei.-<. iii.
p. 31 (1869) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 428 (1870) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Afr. B. p. 63 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld.
p. 181 '(1872) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381 ; Ussher, t. c. p. 69;
Ayres, t. c. p. 103 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 79 ; Sharpe ^- Bouvier,
Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 48; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41 ;
id. J. f. O. 1877, p. 28 ; Bocaqe, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 345 (1877-81) ;
Cah. J. f. O. 1878, p. 264; Nichols. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 130 ; Fischer
4- Reichen. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 351; Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull.
p. 110 (1879); Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107; Sharjye in Gates' Mata-
bele-Land, Anp. B, p. 319 (1881); Hartl. Abhandl. 7iat. Ver.
Bre7nen, vii. p. 102 (1881); Sheliey, P.Z. S. 1881, p. 587; Pelz.
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 613 (1882) ; Gurney, Lbis, 1881,
p. 128 ; Holub^-Von Pch. Beitr. Orn. Si/dafr. p. 122 (1882) ; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 240 (1882); Butler, Feilden, ^- Reid, Zool.
1882, p, 299; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 553; Sharpe, Joiirn. Linn. Soc.
xvii. p. 426 (1884) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 (1884) ;
id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 135 ; Biittik. Notes Ley den Mus. vii, pp. 91,
197 (1885) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 228 ;' Hartert, J. f. O. 1886,
p. 584; Buttik. Notes Leyd. Mus. viii. p. 259 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis,
1886, p. 341 ; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, pp. 70, 301, 305 ; Matschie,
t. c. pp. 143, 154 ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p, 331 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,
p. 302 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33,

Vidua serena, Cuv. R'egne Anim. i. p. 389 (1827) ; Reichen. Sinyv.
p. 60, tav. xxv. fig. 213 (1861); Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 408 (1870) ; Keulem. Onze Vog. i. pi. 38 (1862).

Vidua ervtbrorhyncha, Siuains. B. W. Afr. p. 176, pi. 12 (1837) ;
Fraser", P.Z.S. 1843, -p. 52 ; Rii pp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ;
Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 10; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p, 39
(1856) ; Gurney, Ibi<<, 1860, p. 212 ; Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 60,
Taf. xxv. figs. 214-216 (1861); Antin. Sr Salvud. Viagg. Boqos,
p. 117 (1873) ; Salvad. Ann. Genov. (2) i. p. 181 (1884), vi. p. 285
(1888).

1. VIDUA. 205

Videstrelda serena, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. ISoO, p. 32o.

Vidua fuliginosa, Licht. Kotnencl. p. 49 (18o4).

Vidua decora, Ilnrtl. Ibis, 1862, p. 340; Munteiro, t. c. p. 338 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6662 (1870).
Estrelda carmelita, Hartl. Ibis, 1868, p. 4(3; Gwney, Ibis^, 1873,

p. 259.

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. General colour above black, with
a slight greenish gloss ; lower back and rump wbite, the feathers
mesially streaked with black : lesser and median wing-coverts white,
forming a large shoulder-patch ; greater coverts, bastard-wing, pri-
mary-coverts, and quills black, with a few remains of white or
sandy-buff margins, especially on the inner secondaries ; the inner
greater coverts also externally white ; upper tail-coverts black with
hoary grey margins : centre tail-feathers entirely black, the rest
black, edged with sandy buff ; the inner webs white interiorly ;
crown of head black, separated from the hind neck by a narrow
nuchal collar of white ; lores and eyelid as well as the feathers at
base of the lower mandible black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck,
and entire under surface of body pure white, with a large patch of
greenish black at the sides of the upper breast ; a small black spot
on the chin ; a few dusky streaks on the flanks ; thighs, under tail-
coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white ; the coverts near
the edge of the wing blackish, edged with white ; quills below black,
white along the inner web : " bill red ; feet light reddish brown ;
iris dark brown" (C. J. Andersson). Total length 10*2 inches, cul-
men 0'4, wing 2-85, tail 1"9, centre feathers 7*3, tarsus 0-7.

In some specimens the black spot on the chin is larger than in.
others, and the black patch on the sides of the upper breast forms a
half-crescent on the latter. The spot on the chin varies in size, and
is sometimes absent altogether ; it may be that it is only assumed in
the height of the breeding- season ; certainly it is not peculiar to the
birds of any one locality. The amount of white on the inner greater
coverts and the tail-feathers also varies considerably.

Adult fenidle. Different from the male. General colour above
tawny buff, streaked everywhere with black down the centre of the
feathers : the rump more uniform, but the upper tail-coverts streaked
like the back, the long ones brown with sandy-buff edges and black
centres ; lesser and median wing-coverts black, broadly margined
with sandy buff; greater coverts black, edged with tawny or sandy
buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills blackish,
edged with ashy, the inner secondaries broadly margined with
tawny buff; tail-feathers dusky, edged with whitish, the outer ones
broadly white towards the end of the inner web ; crown of head
uniform tawny in the centre, with a broad lateral band of black,
followed by a broad tawny eyebrow; lores and eyelid tawny buff;
ear-coverts black along the upper part in the form of a broad streak,
tawny buff on the lower part like the feathers below the eye and
fore part of cheeks ; a broad streak of black along the hinder cheeks ;
throat white, more or less marked with tawny buff ; fore neck, chest,
and upper breast uniform tawny buff, with a few distinct streaks of

206

black on the sides of the fore neck ; lower breast and abdomen white ;
sides of body and flanks tawny buff, with some lines of black on the
latter ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, slightly marked with
tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below
dusky, white along the inner edge. Total length 4'7 inches, culmen
0'4, wing 2135, tail 1-95, tarsus 0"6.

The differences between the winter and summer plumages of the
female seem to me to be infinitesimal, and to consist principally in
the more tawny tinge of the plumage in the winter season.

The adult male in winter plumage is scarcely distinguishable from
the female, but is slightly larger (wing 29 inches) and blacker on the
wings ; the throat also is whiter.

Young. Entirely different from the adults. Uniform brown above ;
wing-coverts rather more reddish brown than the back ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts uniform dusky brown ; greater coverts
and quills dusky brown, edged externally with reddish brown, lighter
on the primaries ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers
dusky brown, edged with reddish brown, the outer feathers ashy
whitish on their inner webs ; head like the back : lores ashy whitish ;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ashy white ; remainder
of under surface isabelline, browner on the sides of the chest, sides
of body, flanks, and thighs ; under tail-coverts isabelline ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed with isabelline ; quills
ashy brown below, whitish along the inner web ; bill black.

Specimens moulting from this uniform plumage into the varie-
gated plumage of the adults are in the collection .

Hah. From Senegambia along the whole western coast to Damara
and Great J^amaqua Land, and extending along the Congo to the
White Nile district. Throughout jN'orth-eastern Africa as high as
17° iN". lat. ; also throughout the whole of the Zanzibar and ^Xlasai
countries as far inland as Lake Tanganyika, and south to Mozambique
and the Zambesi : thence south into the eastern Capo Colonj' as
far west as the Knysna district. It probably occurs in all the inter-
vening countries of Africa.

a. Var. mel. sk.

b. 1mm. sk.

c. Jut. sk.

d-g. (S ad. ; h. $
ad. ; i-l. Juv. sk.
m. Imm. sk.
ti, o. Iliem. sk.
2). c? id. sk.
q. r? ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
s, t, u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.

w,x. S fid. sk.

y. cS ad. sk.

3. S ad. ; a'. Juv.

sk.
h' . S ad. sk.

[Died in captivity.]

Africa.

Camboro, Gambia {A. Marche).

Gambia.

Gambia (Col. Strachan).

Gambia (L. Laf/laize).

Sierra Leone (Dr. Clark).

Sierra Leone.

Elmina, April (K F. Blissett).

Cape Coast Castle, Feb. &
March (7: E. Buckley).

Cape Coast Castle, March 8
( G. E. S.).

Cape Coast Castle.

Denkera (Governor Ussher).

River Yolta, Aug. 1870 (Go-
vernor Ussher).

River Volta (Governor Ussher.)

Sharpe Coll.

Old Coll.

M. A. Bouvier [P.].

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shellev Coll.
Shelle> Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shellev Coll.

1. VIDUA.

207

c'. Juv. sk.

d . c? ad. sk.

e', (S ad. sk.

/'. d ad. ?k.
ff'. (S imm. sk.

h', i'. (5 ad. sk.

k'. 5 ad.; T. c?
. imm. sk.
m'. (5' ad. sk.

«'. c? juv. sk.

o'. Var. mel. sk.
p'. Var. mel. st.
g'. Ad. st.
r'. Juv. sk.

«'. (5 juv. sk.

t'-y'. Juv. sk.

s'. Juv. sk.

a". (S ad. sk.
b". cJ ad. sk.
c". (S ad. sk.

d'-g" . S ad. et
juv.; A", i". $
ad. sk.

A;", f. c? $inaui. sk.

m", w". c? ? ad. ;

o" . fS juv. sk.
^". 2 ad. sk.
}". i ad. sk.

»•". c? ad. sk.

«''. c? ad. sk.
f. S ad. sk.

m". Juv. sk.

v", c? ad. sk.

w"-z". cJ ad. sk.

a-8. Imm. sk.
e. (5 ad.; f. Juv.
sk.
>;. (S ad. sk.

^. J ad. sk.

Abeokuta.

Above Aboh, R. Niger (W.

A. F.)
Angola.

Loando, Angola (J. Thompson).
liio Dande, Angola, July 18

{Sola).
Kattenbella, Benguela, Dec.

(Sala).
Kattenbella, Jan. {Sala).

Otjimbinque, Damara-Land,

Nov. 17 (C. J. AndersKon).
Otjimbinque, Damara-Land,

'July 6 (C. J. A.).
South Africa.
South Africa.
South Africa.
South Africa.
Knvsna, Jan. 9, 1866 (C. J.

Andersson).
George, Knysna, June {U.

Atmore).
East London, May 9 {T. C.

Hickard).
Natal, Dec. 27 (T. E. Bucldey).
Durban, Natal (7". L. Ayres).
Drakensburg Mountains, Dec.

20 (T. E. Buckley).
Newcastle, Natal, June, Sept.,

Oct. (E. A. Butler).

Pinetown, Natal, July 19 (T.

L. Ayres).
Weenen, Natal, March 21 {T.

Arnold).
Transvaal {T. Ayres).
Transvaal (F. Oates).

Ilopefontein, Dec. {F. Oates),

Lydenburg, E. Transvaal,
ilacamac, E. Transvaal,

Dec. 27.
Rusteuburg, Jan. 28 {W.

Lucas).
Transvaal.

Makalaka Country {Dr. Brad-

skaiv).
Tete, Zambesi.
Zambesi {Dr. Meller).

Kilimanjaro.

Kilimanjaro (//. //. /.).

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Forbes Coll.

Monteiro Coll. (Type
of V. decora, Hartl.)
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Forbes Coll.
Zoological See.
Hardwicke Coll.
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shellev Coll.
ShelleV Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Forbes Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
F. Barratt, Esq. [P.].
F. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

Shelley Coll.

A. Foresman, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley Coll.

Sir J. Kirk [C.].
Tweeddaie Coll.

H. H. Johnston, Esq.

[C.].
Shelley Coll.

208 PLOCEIDJE.

t, K. cS ad. ; X. 2 Mombasa. Rev. A. F. Buxton

ad. sk. [P.].

fx-o. c?ad. etjuv.; Lamu. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

TT, p. 2 ad. sk. [P.].

<r. (^ ad. sk. Pang-ani (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

T-4>- 6 2 ad. sk. Mauda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

X- 6 ad. sk. Mamboio {Sir J. Kirh). Shelley Coll.

^. (S ad. sk. Sassa, Niam Niam, Sept. F. Bohiidorff [CJ.

o). 2 ad. sk. Tingasi, Aug. 14, 1883. Emin Pasha [P.].

a!, d ad. sk. Bejook, Bogos Land, July 18 Sharpe Coll.

( TJ^. Jesse).

/3'. d" ad. sk. Bejook, Bogos Land, July 18 Salvin-Godman Coll.

( TV. Jesse).

y'. c? ad. sk. Bejook, July 16 ( IF. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

8'. Juv. sk. Bogos Land (Esler). Sharpe Coll.

('. S ad. sk. Shoa, May 25 (O. Antinori). Shelley Coll.

2. Vidua hjrpocherina.

Vidua hypocherina, J. ^- E. Verr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1856, p. 260,

pi. 16 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 136 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 47, no. 66G1 (1870); Oustalet, N. Arch. Mm. (2) ii. Bull.

p. 141 (1879) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 340, 1888, p. 302 ; id. P. Z. S.

1889, p. 367.
Vidua splendens, Heichen. Orn. Ce7itralhl. 1879, p. 180; id. J.f. 0.

1880, p. 475, pi. 47. tig. 1 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 475, pi. 47.

tig. 1 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 587 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i.

p. 325 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 135.

Adult male. General colour above and below glossy steel-blue, a
little greener on the wing-coverts, which are black, edged with
steel-blue ; bastard-wing black ; primary-coverts brown ; quills
black, edged with whitish, the innermost secondaries with steel-blue
like the back ; tail-feathers black, edged with whitish along the
ends of the inner webs, the long centre feathers greenish black ;
under surface glossy steel-blue, with a few white or greyish-white
feathers on the flanks ; a large white patch along the sides of the
back, concealed by the wing ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white ; quills ashy below, white along the inner web : " upper
mandible horn-brown, imder mandible horn ; feet brown ; iris
brown" (Fischer). Total length 10-7 inches, culmen 0-25, wing
2-65, tail 1"7, long central feathers 8'5, tarsus 0"55,

The winter plumage of this species has not yet been identified.
It is probably similar to the winter plumage of V. jirincipalis, and
has a broad white eyebrow, to judge from a specimen in the Shelley
Collection, which is changing into the blue plumage of the adult.

Hah. Zanzibar district in Eastern Africa. Gaboon (doubtful), cf.
Oustalet, 1. c. Rochebrune gives many localities for the species in
Senegambia, but no one else has observed the species there.

a. c? ad. sk. Jipe Lake, Sept. 27, 1885. F. J. Jackson,

Esq. [P.].

b. J ad. sk. Plains south of Kilimanjaro. II. C. V. Hunter,

Esq.rP.l.

c. d. S ad. et juv. sk. T^gogo (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

2. TETB^NUEi. 209

2. TETRJENURA.

Type.

Videstrelda, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 325 T. regia.

Tetraenura, Reichenb. Simjv. p. 61 (1861) T. reufia.

Range. Confined to Africa.

1. Tetrsenura regia.

La Veuve de la Cote d'Afrique, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 129, pi. ix. fig. 1
(1760) ; Dciubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 8. fi?. 1.

Emberiza regia, Linn. Si/sf. Naf. i. p. aTS (1766).

Veuve a quatre brins, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 158, pi. 5 (1778) ;
Vieill. Ois. Chant pLs. 34, 35 (1805).

Shaft-tailed Buntiiii?, Lath. Gen. S>/n. ii. pt. i. p. 183 (1783).

Fringilla regia, Viei/l. N. Diet. d'Hisf. Nat. xii. p. 220 (1817).

Vidua regia, Ctcv. Rigne Anim. i. p. 3S9 (1817) ; Graif, Gen. B. ii.
p. 355(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850); Hartl. Om. West-
afr. p. 136 (1857); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 188 (1867); Grai/,
iland-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6(559 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 63
(1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 181 (1872) ; Buckley,
Ibis, 1874, p. 381 ; Bocage, Om. A?igola, p. 346 (1877-81) ;
Sharpe, in Oates' Matahele-Ld., App. p. 319 (1881) ; Holtib ^
Von Pelz. Beitr. Om. Siidafr. p. 123 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882,
p. 354 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 453, 848 (1884) ;
Shelley. Ibis, 1836, p. 342.

Videstrelda regia, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 325.

Tetraenura regia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 61, Taf. xxvi. figs. 217, 218
(1861).

Vidua paradisea (n«c Z.), Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 207 (err.).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above black,
slightly mottled on the rump with grey bases to the feathers ; wing-
coverts entirely black, as also the secondaries ; bastard- wing, pri-
mary-coverts, and primary quills sootj^ brown, the latter narrowly
fringed with whity brown ; upper taii-eoverts and centre tail-
feathers black, the remainder brown, edged with whity brown, the
outer ones having a large spot of white at the end of the inner web;
crown of head black, separated from the back by a broad collar of
tawny buff ; lores, eyelid, and feathers at base of bill black ; ear-
coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and under surface of body tawny buff,
more rufous on the sides of the body, which have a large tuft of
silky white plumes ; thighs tawny ; sides of vent and under tail-
coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, washed
with isabelline near the edge of the wing ; quills below blackish,
white along the inner edge : " bill, feet, and claws coral-red ; iris
dark hazel " (F. Oates). Total length 12 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
2-9, tail 1"5, long centre feathers 9*7, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the i^maXe oi Steganara paradisea, hvit
without the tawny crown and eyebrow, lacking also the black streak
above the ear-coverts. The crown is always whitish with a lateral
stripe of dusky brown, the centre always more or less streaked with

VOL. XITI. p

210

ploceiDj?;.

dusky brown, but the most distinguishing character is the light tip
to tlie end of the inner web of the outer tail-feathers.

Young. Nearly uniform brown, but lighter tlian the young of
Vidua 2>rinci2>(ilis, the eyebrow and sides of face being yellowish buif
as well as the ear-coverts ; the general colour below, too, is yellowish
buff instead of isabelline.

Hub. Confined to South Africa. From Colesberg north through
the Transvaal to the Zambesi ; from Benguela to Damara-Land in
the west.

a,

5. d 2 ad. sk.

c.
d.

5 ad. sk.
cj ad. sk.

e.

(^ ad. sk.

f-

■i. J ad. ; k.
ad. sk.
7)1,71. cJ imm

2

.sk.

0,

p. 6 2 juv

. sk.

9,
t.

r. d 2 ad.;
cT juv. sk.
(S ad. sk.

s.

M,

, c? ad. sk.

V.

2 ad.sk.

Interior of South Africa (E.

L. Layard).
Interior of South Africa.
R. Limpopo, Nov. 15 (jT. E.

Buckley).
Near Rustenberg, E. Trans-
vaal, Jan. 1875.
Tati, Matabele-Land, March

{F. Oates).
Damara-Land, Nov. ( C.

J.A.).
Otjimbiuque, Damara-Land,

July 18ti6 (C. J. A.).
Otjoro, Damara-Land, Nov.

29, 18.59 (C. J. A.).
Otjoro, Nov. 25, 1859 {C.

J. A.).
Omaruru, Feb. 13 {A. Erik-

S07l).

Ondonga, Ovampo Land, Nov.
28, 1866 (C. J. A.).

Sharpe Coll.

Sir A. Smith [C.].
Shelley Coll.

F. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Type.

3. LINURA.

Linura, Reiche7i. Or7i. Centralbl. 1882, p. 91 L. fischeri.

Ranrje. Eastern Africa from the Kilimanjaro district to Shoa.

1. Linura fischeri.

Vidua (Linura) fischeri, Reichen. Or7i. CeTitralhl. 1882, p. 91 ; id.

J. f. 0. 1882, p. 350, Taf. ii. fig. 1 ; Fische7; Zeitsvhr. ges. Orn.

i. p. 325 (1884).
Linura fischeri, Fische)-, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 135; Salvad. A7171. Mus.

Civic. Genoi: (2) vi. p. 104 (1888).
Vidua fischeri, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 342, 1888, p. 292 ; id. P. Z. S.

1889, p. 367.

Adult male. General colour above black, the feathers of the
mantle and hack edged with sandy brown ; lower back and rump
uniform brown ; wing-coverts and quills black or blackish brown,
with a few remains of sandy-brown margins to the feathers ; upper

4. STEGANURA. 211

tail-coverts ochreous brown, with black centres; tail-feathers black,
the four long central ones straw-coloured ; crown of head light
sandy buff; occiput, nape, and hind neck black, like the sides of the
neck ; lores like the crown ; feathers round eye, ear-coverts, checks,
throat, and fore neck black ; remainder of under surface of body
light creamy buff, with a few narrow blackish streaks on the flanks;
thighs brown ; under tail-coverts creamy buff; under wing-coverts
and axillaries blackish, with buff margins ; quills below blackish,
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 10 inches, culmeu 0-4,
wing 2-6, tail 1-55, long central feathers 7"8, tarsus 0"6.
Hah. Kilimanjaro District, E. Africa, to Shoa.

a. c? ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

b. (S ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. H. C. V^. Hmiter, Esq. [P.].

4. STEGANUEA.

Type.
Steganura, Reichenh. S>/st. Ai\ Taf. Ixxvi. fig. 30 (1850) . S. pavadisea.

Range. Confined to Africa.

1. Steganura paradisea.

Red-breasted Long-tailed Finch, Edioards, Gleanings, ii. p. 86, pi.
86 (1747).

La Yeuve, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 120, pi. viii. fig. 1 (1760).

Emberiza paradisea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. S\2 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.
Nnt. i. p. 882 (1788).

La Grande Veuve d' Angola, Daubcnt. PI. Mil. iv. pi. 194.

La Veuve a collier d'or, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 155 (1778) ;
Vieill. Ois. Chant, pis. 37, 38 (1805).

La Grande Veuve, Month, t. c. p. 162, pi. vi. (1778).

Whidah Bird, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 178 (1783).

Friugilla paradisea, Vieill. JJict. dHist. Nat. xii. p. 213 (1817).

Vidua paradisea, Cuiier, Regne Anim. i. p. 389, note (1817); Miij^p.
Syst. Uehers. p. 77 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1857) ; Hartl.
Orn. Westafr. p. 137 (1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 257 ; Kirli, Ibis,
1864, p. 322 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6664 (1870) ; Finsch ^
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 425(1870) ; Sharpe,Cat. Afr. B. p. 63 (1871) ;
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 181 (1872) ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876,
p. 207 ; Bocaqe, Orn. A7i(/ola, p. 346 (1877-81) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882,
p. 354; Bohm,J.f. 0.1885, p. 30; Shelletj, Ibis, 1886, p. 342,
1888, p. 302 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 239 (1888).

Steganura paradisea, Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 449 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.
Th. i. p. 176 (1850) ; Reichenh. Si7igv. p. 63, Taf. xxviii.'^gs. 224,
225 (1861) ; A7itin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 69 (1864).

Steganura sphenura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 449 (1850) ; Cah. 3Ius. Hein.
Th. i. p. 176 (1850) ; Reichenh. Singv. p. 63, Taf. xxviii. nos. 226,
227 (1861).

Videstrelda paradisea, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 325.

Vidua verreauxi, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 56 ; Gray, Hand- 1.
B. ii. p. 48, no. 6665 (1870); Hengl. Orn. NO.-Afr. iv. -p. 467
(1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 265 (1870); Fischer Sr
Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 351 ; Sharpe in Gates' Matabele-Ld'.,

p2

212 PLOCEID.?^.

App. p. 319 ; id. ed. Lnyard's B. S. Afr. p. 452 (1884) ; Ayres,
Ibis, 1885, p. 345; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 70. _
Vidua paradisea orientalis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 583 (1870).
"Vidua sphenura, Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 407 (1870).
Steofanura vevreauxi, Antin. ^ Salvad. Viagg. Bor/os, p. 117 (1873);
Hohtb ^ Ton Peh. Beifr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 123 (1882) ; Fischer,
J. f. O. 1885, p. 135 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), vi. p. 286
(1886).
Adult male. General colour above black, with a patch of white
on the sides of the lower back, generallj- concealed by the wings ;
wing-coverts and quills black, the primaries browner, with whity-
brown edges ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers entirely black,
the two centre ones broadened toM^ards the base, but not so much
as the next two, which are exceedingly broad and have the shafts
produced into a hair-like appendage ; crown of head black, tawny
rufous across the nape, and succeeded by a broad collar of orange-
buff across the hind neck ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks,
and throat black ; sides of neck orange-rufous or chestnut like the
fore neck and chest and upper breast ; lower bi'east and abdomen
yellowish buff, as also the thighs ; sides of vent and under tail-
coverts black : under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff ; edge
of wing white, mottled with black ; quills below dusky, ashy along
the inner edge. Total length 11 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3,
tail 2-1, centre tail-feathers 8*4, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
reddish sandy, spotted with black, with which the feathers are
centred ; rump more ashy ; wings black, the wing-coverts and quills
edged with white or sandy rufous ; upper tail-coverts ashy white or
isabelline with black centres ; tail-feathers black, tipped with
white and edged with sandy rufous, the centre ones very broadly ;
crown of head pale sandy buff in the centre, with a broad lateral
streak of black ; the crown slightly streaked with black ; a broad
eyebrow of isabelline white ; lores and feathers round the eye
white ; ear-coverts pale sandy buff, with a broad black streak along
the i:pper margin ; cheeks and throat huffy white ; sides of neck
tawny buff streaked with black ; fore neck and breast uniform tawny
buff, with a few black streaks at the side of the upper breast ;
abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks tawny buff; thighs and
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones
with black bases ; axillaries like the breast ; quills below dusky,
ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"4,
wing 3, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65.

Yoimg. Nearly uniform ashy brown, greyer on the head, and
especially on the eyebrow, sides of face, and throat ; breast and
sides of body brown, washed with tawny ; the lower breast, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white ; bill dusky brown.

Hah. Senegambia ; N.E. Africa below 17° N. lat. to Shoa and the
White-Nile region ; East Africa from the Tana River to Zanzibar,
and inland to Lake Tanganyika ; Mozambique, and the Zambesi south
to the Transvaal, and west from Lake Ngami to Damara-Land and
Angola.

5. CHERA.

213

a-e. tS ad.et iaiQi.

sk.
/. (S ad. sk.
y. <S ad- sk.

h. c? ad. sk.
I. c? ad. sk.

A;. (J ad. sk.

I. c? ad. sk.
m-q. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
r-u. (S ad. et

juv. sk.
V, w. (S ad. sk.
.r. cJ ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.

z-d'. cJ ad. et juv.

sk.
e . S ad. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

^'. S ad. sk.
^', i'. Imm. sk.

River Gambia.

River Ciambia.

S. Louis, Senegal (Z. La-

ylaize).
Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris).
Koomaylee, Abyssiuia,

March.
Koomaylee, May 23 ( W.

Jesse).
N.E. Africa.
Ailat, Eogos-Laad {Esler).

Ugogo, E. Africa {Sir J.

Kirk).
Dar-es-Salaam {Sir J. Kirk).
Lamo {Sir J. Kirk).
Mauda Island.

Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk).

Tati, Matabele-Land, April

30 {F. Gates).
Omaloko, Damara-Land, Jan.

19 {C. J. Andersson).
Loanda (-F. Toukon).
Africa.

Sliarpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Shai-pe Coll.
Sharpe CoU.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
Livingstone Ex-

peiition.
W. E. & C. G. Dates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Forbes Coll.

5. CHEEA.

Chera, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) . .

Range. Confiued to South Africa.

Type.
C. procne.

I. Chera procne.

La Veuve h ailes rouges du Cap de Bonne Esp^rance, Daubeiit. PI.
Enl. iv. pi. 635.

La Veuve a (Spaullettes, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 164 (1778);
Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 66, pis. 39, 40 (1805).

Emberiza procne, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 39 (1783).

Loxia callra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 858 (1788).

Emberiza longicauda, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 884 (1788).

Emberiza imperialis, Sha20 in Miller's Cimel. P/iys. iii. p. 7 (1796).

Fringilla longicauda, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 2l8 (1817).

Vidua longicauda, Cuvier, Reyne Anim. i. p. 388 (1817).

Fringilla cafEra, Liekt. Verz. Dutibl. p. 22 (1823).

Vidua phseuicopterus, Stoains. Classif. B. ii. p. Il2, fig. 161 (1837).

Chera procue, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 448
(1850); Gurney, Ibis, 1861, p. 133; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 190
(1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 465 ; Layard, Ibis, 18o9, p. 74 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 6675 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.
p. 63 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876,
p. 207; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 347 (1877-81); Ay res, Ibis,
1878, p. 301, 1880, p. 107 ; Sharpe in Gates' Matabele-Laitd, Ajjp.

214 PL0CE1DJ5.

p. 319 (1881) ; Hohib Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Oru. Stklafr. p. 124

(1882).
Chera caffi-a, Cab. Mus. Hein. TIi. i. p. 176 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl.

p. 49 (1S54) ; Eeicheiib. Ilandb. Sinffi: p. 63, pi. 29. figs. 230-232

(1861).
Vidua pvogne, Schlegel, Dierentuin, p. 198 (1872).
Coliuspasser procne, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 345 ; Biittik. Notes Leyd.

Mus. X. p. 240 (1888).

Adult male. Entirely black both above aud below ■with a dis-
tinct gloss ; lesser wing-coverts scarlet, forming a conspicuous
patch ; median coverts whitish, washed Avith sandj^ bufi' ; greater
coverts and quills black, edged with huffy white or sandy brown ;
the primaries black, only edged with sandy buff near the end of the
outer Aveb : " bill brownish red ; feet dull red ; iris brown " {Dr.
Jloltib). Total length 19-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 5*4, tail 15,
tarsus 1-05.

Adult female. General colour sandy buff, broadly streaked with
black centres to the feathers, less distinct on the rump and upper
tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with orange ;
median and greater coverts dark brown, broadly edged with sandy
buff ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark
brown, edged externally with sandy buff, more broadly on the
secondaries, the primaries rather conspicuously edged with pale
fulvous near the end of the outer web ; head like the back, but a
little less distinctly streaked ; a broad eyebi'ow of isabelline ; lores
aud feathers round the eye whitish ; ear-coverts reddish brown,
streaked -with black ; under surface of body sandy buff, streaked
with dusky brown on the lower throat, fore neck, sides of body, and
flanks ; the chin, breast, and abdomen uniform isabelline ; under
tail-coverts with blackish shaft-lines ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts soot}' black; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous towards the
base of the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"75, wing
4-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-05.

The adult male in winter plumarje does not differ in appearance
from the adult female.

The yoking male also resembles the latter, but has the streaks on
the fore neck and chest a little broader : " bill pale, much suffused
with a dusky tinge, especially along the ridge ; tarsi and feet pale ;
iris dusky rufous brown " (2'. Ayres, ]\LSS.). Wing 4-15 inches.

Hah. South Africa from the eastern districts of the Cape Colony
to Xatal and the Transvaal, reoccurring on the Cunene river and in
Benguela in S.W. Afiioa.

a, b. (S imm. sk. S.E. Africa. Jolm Rocke, Esq.

[P.].

c, d. (5 • ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe Coll.

e. c? imm. sk. Natal, June 5 (T. £. Buckley). Shelley Coll.

/■. c? imm. sk. Pretoria (J. Pratt). Sharpe Coll.

ff, h. S ad. ; i. S Newcastle, May, June, Oct. Shelley Coll.

imm. sk. {H. A. Butler),

k. 2 ad- sk. Pietermavitzhurg, April (F. W. E. and C. G.

Off/e,--). ' Oates, Esqrs. [P.].

PEJfTHETRIA.

215

/. cS imm. sk. Pietermaritzburg, May ( T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buclih-y).
m. $ ad. sk. Pongola River, June 12 {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Bucldey).
n. (S imm. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Dec. Forbes Coll.

{T. Ay res).
0, p, q. S ad. et Transvaal, June, Dec. {F. AV. E. and C. G.
imm. sk. Oates). Gates, Esqrs. [P.].

/•, s. (5 ad. et Transvaid, Dec. {T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll.

juv. sk. lei/).

t, u, V. (S ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. to Jan. (T. Shelley Coll.

Ay res).

6. PENTHETRIA.

Type.
Coliuspasser *, Rtipp. Keue Wirb. p. 98 (1835-40) .... P. laticauda.

Penthetria, Cab. Arch. f. Natury. 1847, p. 331 P. laticauda.

Coliostruthus, Sundev. (E/v. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stovkh.

1849, p. 158 P. laticauda.

Niobe, Reichenh. Singv. p. 61 (1861) P. ardeus.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. No white on primary-coverts and base of primaries.
«'. No oi'ange on wing-coverts.

a". Head black ; only a scarlet collar on fore neck

(sometimes absent) ardens, p. 215.

6". Head scarlet, as well as the collar on the fore

neck laticauda, p. 218.

b'. Least wing-coverts orange, the median series

cinnamon hartlaiihi, p. 219.

h. Primary-coverts and base of primaries white.

c'. Lesser wing-coverts yellow albonotata, p. 219.

d'. Lesser wing-coverts chestnut eques, p. 220.

1. Penthetria ardens.

? La Veuve de I'isle de Panay, Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. p. 117, pi. 75

(1776).
La Veuve a poitiine rouge du Cap de Bonne Esp6rance, Daitbent.

PL Enl. iv. pi. 647.
La Veuve en feu, Month. Hist. Nat. Ols. iv. p. 167 (1778).
? Emberiza signata. Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 95

(1786, e.v So7in.)f.
Panayan Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 184 (1783).
Fringilla ardens, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 39 (1783, e.v Dauhent.).
Emberiza pauayensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 885 (1788, e.v Sonn.).

* Notwithstanding the imprimatur which this name has received from
Captain Shelley and Count Salvador!, I think it is .so thoroughly opposed to
the rules of classical nomenclature that it cannot be allowed to stand.

t Name rejected, as Sonuerat's figure is inaccurate.

216 rLOCEiD^.

Vidua lenocinia, Less. Traits, p. 437 (1831) ; Grmj, Gen. B. ii.

p. 355 (1849).
Vidua torquata, Less. Compl. Bvff. viii. p. 278 (1837).
Vidua i-ubritorques,&r«j«s. B. W. Afr. i. p. 174(1837); Gurney,

J&w, 1860, p. 211.
Vidua concolor, Cussin, Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1848, p. 66 ; id. Jmrn.

Philad.Acad. i. p. 241, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 355 (1849) ; Haiti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 138 (1857) ; Gray,

Hatid-l. B. ii. p. 48, bo. 6670 (1870) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 343

(1881).
Vidua ardens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Hartl. Orii. W.-Afr.

p. 138 (1857); Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 321; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 321 (1867) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 48. no. 6669 (1870) ; Sharpe,

ed. Layard' sB. S. Afr. pp. 445, 849 (1884).
Coliostnithus concolor, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.

1849, p. 158.
Penthetria rubritorques, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (18.50).
Pentlietria concolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (1850) ; Hartl. Ahhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 20 (1883) ; Cah. J.f. O. 1883, p. 218.
Penthetria ardens, Cab. Mas. Hein. Tli. i. p. 177 (1850) ; Finsch

4- Harll. Viig. Ostafr. p. 423 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 63

(1871); Beichen. Mitth. Afrik. Ges. Beutschl. i. p. 6 (1874);

Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 5.59 (1881) ; Sharpe, App. Gates' Matabele-

Lan'd, p. 320 (1881) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 301.
Pentheria auricollis, Licht. NoinencL Av. I\eotr. p. 49 (1854).
Pentheria panayeusis, Licht. t. c. p. 49 (1854).
Niobe ardens, Eeichenb. Sinqv. p. 61, Taf. xxvi. figs. 219, 220 (1861) ;

Butler, Feilden, S^_ Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 298.
Penthetria hartlaubi (jiec Bocage), Cab. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 218.
Coliustruthus ardens, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 135.
Coliuspasser ardens, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 346.

Adult male. Entirely black above and below, ■with a scarlet
collar across the fore neck ; the back, -wings, thighs, and under tail-
coverts with more or less remains of sandy-brown edges to the
feathers. Total length 12 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2-9, tail 8-4,
tarsus 0*85.

A specimen from Shupanga is rather smaller than those from
Natal (wing 2-7 inches). Sometimes the gorget is orange instead of
scarlet, and it is probable that these paler-coloured specimens are
the younger males in their first full plumage.

Adult female. Different from the male. Sandy brown streaked
with black, a little less distinctly on the lower back and rump ;
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with
sandy buff, the bastard-wing and primary-coverts blacker ; crown
like the back ; a distinct whitish eyebrow ; lores and feathers below
the eye whitish ; ear-coverts sandy buff ; under surface of body
uniform yellowish buff, the throat, breast, and abdomen clearer
isabelline, the under tail- coverts with dark brown centres ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries clear isabelline. Total length 4"8
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-5, tail 1-G, tarsus 0-8.

The males in winter plumage at first exactly resemble the old
females, but are soon to be told by their blacker wings and tail.

6. PENTHETRIA.

217

The change to the summer plumage seems to be effected by a change
of feather as regards the body, only the quills and tail-feathers
being moulted, but the first parts to get black are the upper and
under tail-coverts. Some males begin to show signs of change as
early as July, but it is not until November that the full black dress
is assumed.

Hah. Nearly the whole of South Africa from the Eastern districts
of the Cape Colony to Natal and the Eastern Transvaal to the
Zambesi, and occurring also in South-western Africa and Angola.
Here the form called by Cassin Vidua concolor, in which the scarlet
neck-band is totally extinct, appears to be frequent, and a perfect
gradation between the necklaced P. aniens and the black form is
said by Dr. Cabanis to exist in Angolan specimens. The species
reoccurs in Senegambia, and at Sierra Leone the totally black form
has again been found ; the latter has also occurred in Equatorial
Africa at Wakkala {Emin Pasha). Shelley has examined the
Angolan series at Berlin and confirms the opinion of Dr. Cabanis.
Specimens with an orange instead of a scarlet necklace are not
uncommon.

a. c? ad. St.

b. (^ ad. sk.

c. ^ ad. st.

d. cf ad. sk.

e. (5' ad. sk.

/. c5' ad. sk.

ff. cS ad. sL

h. cf imm. sk.
i. S ad. sk.
k, I. (5 ad. sk.

m, n. (S ad. sk.
o. (S ad. sk.

p-t. (S ad. at juv.

sk.
u, V. d; iv-y. 2

ad. sk.
z. (S ad. ; a. S

juv. sk.
b'. (S juv. sk.

c' . tS ad. sk.
d'. (S juv. sk.
e'. cJ ad. sk.
f',ff'- c? juv.; $

ad. sk.
h'. (5 ad. sk.

Africa.

Afi'ica.

S. Africa.

Alice, S.E. Africa, March 15,

1870 (E. L. Layard).
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa {T. C.

Atmore).
Eland's Post, S.E. Africa (T. C.

Atmore).
Kingwilliamstown, British Caf-

fraria.
Natal.
Natal.
Weenen, Natal, Jan., Feb. {A.

Ainold).
Durban, Natal {T. L. Ayres).
Drakensberg Mountains, Dec. 20

{T.E. Buckley).
Newcastle, Oct. {E. A. Butler).

Pinetowu, July, Oct. (T. L.

Ayres).
Pinetown, Oct., Nov. (7*. L.

Ayres).
Lower Umgeni River, Jan, 4

(T. L. Ayres).
Pietermaritzburg.
Trausvaal (7". Ayres).
Macamac, E. Transvaal.
Eustenberg, E. Transvaal, Nov.

(ir. Lucas).
Shupanga, Zambesi, May (Sir

J. Kirk).

Purchased.
Purchased.

Dr. Lee [P.].
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Capt. Trevelyan

Purchased.
T. Ayres [C.].
Forbes Coll.

Shellev Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoH.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

SheUey Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
F. A. Barratt [P.].
Shelley Coll.

Livingstone Exped.

218

i. Ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.

Mamboio, E. Africa {Sir J. Shelley Coll.

Kirk).

Ugoo-o {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

Loando, Angola {T. Thompson). Shelley Coll.

2. Penthetria laticauda.

Fringilla laticauda, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 24 (1823).

Coliuspasser torquatus, Riipp. Nene Wirb., Vog. p. 08, Taf. 3G. fig. 2

(1835-40); J^es Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 115 (1845);

Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845); Jfew^/. <Sy6f. Uebers. p. 39

(1856).
"Vidua laticauda, Gray, Qen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Zf{/?-. Rev. et

Maq. de Zool. 1850, p. 325 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6672

(1870).
Pentheria laticauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (1850).
Penthetria laticauda. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 177 (1850) ; Heuyl.

Ortt. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 580 (1870), iv. p. exxxiii (1871); Fischer,

Zeifschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 326 (1884).
Coliuspasser laticaudus, 5/««/. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 405 (1870);

Salvad. Ann. Genov. (2) i. p. 182 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 347, 1888, p. 293 ; Salvad. Ann. Genov. (2) vi. p. 286 (1888).

Adult male. Black, streaked with broad sandy-buff edges to the
feathers, less distinct on the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers,
which are also black ; crown and nape scarlet ; hind neck velvety
black ; forehead, lores, feathers over the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks,
and throat black, followed by a broad collar of scarlet across the fore
neck ; this prtepectoral collar joined to the scarlet on the nape,
though almost disconnected by the black of the hind neck impinging
on to the throat ; remainder of under surface of body velvety black,
with a few remaius of sandy-buff edges to the feathers of the flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and
lower surface of quills black : " bill black ; feet dusky rufous ; iris
chestnut" {Heuglin). Total length 9 inches, culmen Ow, wing
3-25, tail 5-6, tarsus 0"85.

Hah. From Abyssinia to Shoa and south to the Kilimanjaro
district.

a. cJ ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. d. cS juv. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
/, y, h. <S ad. sk.
i. cJ ad. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

Gondah, Abyssinia.

Musgali, south of Antalo, May

9, 1808.
Wanenamba, Shoa, Sept. 18

(O. Ajitinori).
Mahal-uouz, Shoa, May, Aug.

(O. A.).
Let Marafia, Shoa, June 29

(0. A.).
Kilimanjaro.

SLarpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

6. PENTHETEIA. 219

3. Penthetria hartlaubi.

Penthetria hartlaubi, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 341 (1881).
Coliuspasser hartlaubi, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 3-47.

Adult. Of large size, entirely silky black, the lesser wing-coverts
bright orange-yellow, the median series pale fawu, the greater
coverts edged with fulvous ; wing-coverts partly fawn-yellow, partly
black ; quills and tail-feathers shiniug black ; tail long, graduated ;
bill leaden, the toniia whitish ; feet black ; iris dusky. Total length
10-6 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 4*3, tail 7"5, tarsus 1. {Bocage.)

Hah. Benguela.

4. Penthetria albonotata.

Vidua albouotata, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 65; id. Journ.

Philad. Acad. i. p. 241, pi. 30. fig. 1 (1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 355 (1849); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 137(1857); Kirk, Ibis,

1864, p. 322; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 189 (1867); Gray, Iland-l.

B. ii. p. 48, no. 6667 (1870); JReichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 28.
Urobrachya albonotata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 448 (1850) ; Mvnteiro, Ibis,

1862, p. 337.
Penthetria albonotata, Finsch ^ Hartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 420 (1870) ;

Sharpe S,- Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 48(1876) ; Bocage,

Orn. Angola, p. 342 (1881) ; iSharpe, in Oates' Maiabele-Land, App.

p. 320 (1881) ; Holuh ^ Von Pelz. Beitr. Or7i. Siklafr. p. 124

(1882) ; Shcape, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 460 (1884) ; Matschie,

J.f. O. 1887, p. 154.
Coliuspasser albonotatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348 ; Biittik. Notes

Ley den Mus. xi. p. 75 (1888).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Entirely velvety black, slightly
browner underneath ; quills and tail black, with slight remains of
whitish edgings on the secondaries ; lesser wing-coverts bright
yellow, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; bastard-wing black ;
median and greater coverts black, externally edged with brown, the
latter series broadly tipped with white, the outer greater coverts
entirely white, like the primary-coverts ; all the quills excepting
the innermost secondaries white at the base ; under wing-coverts
white, the edge of the wing yellow ; axillaries yellow with white
bases : " bill pale bluish violet ; legs black ; iris hazel " {F. Oates).
Total length 6*3 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-8, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. S.E. Africa from IS^atal to the Zambesi ; West Africa from
the Cunene River to Gaboon,

a. (5 hiem. sk. Umbilo near Durban, Natal, Seebohm Coll.

July (7". L. Ay res).

b, c. c? ad. sk. Weeuen, Natal, Dec. 1877 Forbes Coll.

( W. Arnold),

d, e. S ad. sk. S.E. Africa. Sharpe Coll.

/. cJ ad. sk. Transvaal, Jan. 24, 1842 Sharpe Coll.

{Wahlberg).

. S ad. sk. Taraaaetsie 'River, Dec. 16, W. E. & C. G. Oates

1874 {F. Oates). Esqrs. FP.].

220 PLOCEID.E.

h. cJ ad. sk. Between the Pantamatenkn AV. E. & C. G. Gates,

Kiver and tlie Zambesi, Esqrs. [P.].

Jan. 11 {F. Gates).

i. Inim. sk. ^lakaJaka Country {Dr. Shelley CoU.

L'raclskaiv).

k. (S ad. sk. Shire Valley {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition,

/. c? ad. sk. Angola. ' Monteiro Coll.

711. c? ad. sk. Quanza Kiver. Shelley Coll.

}t. (S ad.sk. Loando, Angola (T. ?7io);y)- Slielley Coll.

sun).

o, p, q. S ad. et Landana, Congo, Jan. (i. Shelley Coll.

imni. sk. Petit).

r, s. Juv. sir. Gaboon {I)u Chaillu). Sharpe Coll.

5. Penthetria eques.

Vidua eques, Hartl. P. Z. S. 18G3, p. lOG, pi. xv. ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 110 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6608 (1870) ; Finsch ^
Marti. Voy. Ostafr. p. 4:20 (lb70) ; Bi>hn, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 1!j9 ;
Schaloic, t. c. p. 363 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 229.

Penthetria (Urobrachya) eques, Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 326
(1884).

Penthetria eques, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 231 ; Bohyn, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 42.

Urobraehya eques, Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 135.

Cohuspasser eques, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348, 1888, p. 293.

Adult male. Similar to P. albonotcita, but having the lesser wing-
coverts bright rufous instead of yellow : " bill horn-blue ; feet
black ; iris brown " (Fischer). Total length 6-7 inches, culnien
0-6, wing 3, tail 3-4, tarsus 0"8.

Ilab. East Africa from Masai-Laud to Kilimanjaro and Unia-
muesi and reaching to Lake Tanganyika.

a, b. S ad. et Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.J.

imm. sk.
c. (S ad. sk. Maurui, E. Africa, Jan. 20 Shelley Coll.
(Z*/-. Fischer).

7. PENTHETEIOPSIS.

liange. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Mantle and scapulars as well as lesser wing-

coverts yellow tnacnira, p. 220.

b. Mantle and scapulars black; only the lesser I viacrocerca, p. 223.

wing-coverts yellow ( soror, p. 223.

1. Penthetriopsis macrura.

Moineau du Royaume de Juda, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 183. fig. 1.
Pere noire a longue queue, 3Ivntb. Mist. Nat. Vis. iii. p. 487 (1775).
Loxia moineau, P. i. aS'. Miill. Sysf. Kat., Auhaug, p. 150 (1776);
Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 252.

7. PENTHETRTOrSIS. 221

Long-tailed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 114 (1783).

Loxia macroura, Gen. Si/M. Nat. i. p. 845 (1788).

Fringilla flavoptera, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 41 (1805).

Friiifjilla chrysoptera, Vieill. Enc. Mefh. iii. p. 964 (1823).

Vidua clu'vsonotus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 178 (1837) ; Fraser,

P. Z. S. '] 843, p. 52.
Vidua macroura, Grat/, Gen. B. ii. p. 355 (1849) ; Lap: Rev. et Maq.

de Zool. 1850, p. .325 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. "137 (1857) ; i'd.

J. f. O. 1861, p. 257 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 28.
Pentheria macrura, Bp. Con-^p. i. p. 448 (1850).
Penthetria macrura, Caf>. Miis. Hein. Th. i. p. 176 (1850) ; Heuc/l.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 579 (1870) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. cxxxiii (1871);

Finsch 8,- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 418 (1870) ; 8harpe, Cat. Afr.

B. p. 63 (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69; Sharpe S,- Bouvier,

Bull. Soc. Zool. Fra/ice, i. p. 49 (1876) ; Fischer ^ Reichen., J. f. O.

1878, p. 264 ; Oust. Noiw. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bidl. p. 108 (1879) ;

Bocage, Orn. Anqola, p. 340 (1881) ; Peh. Verh. z.-b. Gesellseh.

Wien, XXX. p. 613 (1881), xxxii. p. 508 (1882) ; Hartl. Abhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 202 (1884) ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus.

Yii. p. 197 (1885); Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 584; Matschie,

J.f. 0. 1887, p. 298 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 305.
Coliostruthus macrurus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 136;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192 ; Shelley Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 :

Shelley, Bus, 1883, p. 552.
Penthetria flaviscapulata {nee Ritpp.), Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 69

(1864). _
Vidua moineau, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6671 (1870).
Coliuspasser macrurus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 348 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888,

p. 33 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. yiii. p. 259 (1886), x. p. 91

(1888).

Adult male. Velvety black with a slight gloss ; the mantle,
scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts bright yellow ; remainder of wings
and tail black, with a few brown margins on some of the
coverts and inner secondaries ; entire under surface of body black,
excepting the axillaries and under wing-coverts which are isabelline,
yellow along the edge of the wing : " bill and feet bluish black ;
iris brown " (Buttikofer). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0*6,
wing 3'2, tail 4-7, tarsus 0"S5.

Adult femnle. General colour above brown, streaked with darker
brown on the mantle and back ; the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts uniform; lesser wing-coverts dark brown, edged with
olive-yellow ; median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with whity brown; tail-
feathers dark brown, with paler brown margins ; the ends also
decidedlj- lighter brown ; crown of head brown like the back and
similarly streaked with black, especially distinct on the sides of the
crown ; lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish buff; feathers round
eye and ear-coverts bi'own ; cheeks and under surface of bod)'
ochreous buff with a decided yellow tinge on the throat and fore
neck, the latter being slightly more dusky ; sides of upper breast
with a few short streaks of darker brown ; sides of bodj- and flanks
pale brown, as also the thighs ; on the lower flanks a few streaks
of clear brown; under tail-coverts isabelline; under wing-coverts

222

PL0CEIDJ5.

and axillariea isabelline with darker centres, the edge of the wing
yellow ; quills bolow dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge :
" bill and legs pale flesh}', the upper mandible horny ; iris brown "
(W. A. Forbes). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-5, tail
1'8, tarsus 0"7o.

The adult male in ivinter plumage resembles the adult female, but
is larger and has some bright yellow on the wing-coverts. There
is also a stronger tinge of yellow on the eyebrow and throat ; and
the chest and flanks are more distinctly streaked with dark brown.
The black plumage is assumed by a direct moult.

Hab, West Africa from Senegambia to Angola and extending
across to Equatorial Africa and the Lake countries.

a, b. c? ad. ; c, d.

River Gambia.

Sharpe Coll.

2 ad.; e. S

imm. sk.

/. (S imm. sk.

River Gambia.

Governor Rendall

[P.].
Forbes Coll.

g. S ad. sk.

River Gambia.

h. (5' ad. sk.

River Gambia.

Rev. D. F. Morgan

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

i. Ad. sk.

Sierra Leone.

k. c? ad. sk.

Sierra Leone {Dr. Clark).

Sharpe Coll.

l-n. (5 ad. sk.

Fan tee.

Sharpe Coll.

0. cJ ad. sk.

Fautee.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

p. c? ad. sk.

Fantee.

Forbes Coll.

q. c? ad. sk.

Fantee {H. T. Ussher).

Sharpe Coll.

r. cJ ad. sk.

Fantee (//. T. Ussher).

Shelley Coll.

s. (S ad. sk.

Amamoah, Cape Coast, April
1872 {H. F. Blissett).

Sharpe CoU.

t. (5' ad. sk.

Elmiiia (Nachtglas).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

M. (J imm. sk.

Accra {Smith).

Sharpe Coll.

V, IV. Imm. sk.

Accra, Feb. {G. E. S.).

Shelley Coll.

X, y. Imm. sk.

Accra, Feb. ( T. E. Buckley).

Shelley Coll.

z', a', c? ; 6. $ ad.

Abutchi, R. Niger, Aug.

Forbes Coll.

sk.

( W. A. F).

c', d'. cj 5 ad. ; e'.

Lokoja, R. Niger ( W. A. F.).

Forbes Coll.

6 juv. sk.

/. djuv.sk.

Shonga, R. Niger, Nov.
( W. A. F.).

Forbes Coll.

<7'. S imm. sk.

Gaboon (Bu Chaillu).

Sharpe Coll.

h'. S imm. sk.

Gaboon {Dit Chaillu).

Tweeddale Coll.

i . (5 ad. sk.

Fernand Vaz, Gaboon {A.
Marche).

Shelley Coll.

k', t , m'. (5 imm.

R. Congo.

Commander Sperling

sk.

[P.].

n. c? ad. sk.

Chinchonxo, Congo, March 18

(i. Petit).
Angola.

Shelley CoU.

o\ 2 ad. ; ;/. J

Monteiro Coll.

imm. sk.

q'. S imm.

Tobbo, Equatorial Africa,
May 10, 1883.

Emin Pasha [P.].

>•'. tS ad. sk.

Ndoruma, Niam-Niam, Aug.

F. Bohndorff [C.].

/. PENTHETRIOPSIS. 223

2. Penthetriopsis macrocerca.

Yellow-shouldered Oriole, Broivn, III. Zool. pi. xi p oo n776)
Fncgilla macrocerca, Z/c/,<. r«-Z>oKW. p. 24 (IS^)"
toIiuspasserflaviscapulatu8,i?«^y,.i\>Me 7T^»-6., J-<v,. p;98(]83o-40)
Vidua macrocerca, D.. Murs in Lefehvre\ Vor}. AbyFs. p 172 (1845 V

Gray, Gen. B. n. p. 355 (1849) y .^. i^ K>-o'to),

Cohuspasser macrurus {nee Gm.), Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) •

Heuffl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856). ^ K^otoj ,

Peutlieria flaviscapulatus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 449 (1850)

C«?:f;i-.^p.63'(l8?{?' "• ^^'^- P- '^'^ a^ri)./s,arpe,
Penthetria flaviscapulata, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 264 (1870)
Vidr^ flavoscapulata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no^ 6673 (1870)

(1870) "' ^^"^^^P^l'-^t^^. ^l^nf. GeolU- Zool. Abyis. p. 407
Coliuspasser macrocercus, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 847.

Adult male Similar to P. macrura, but distinguished by the
ab en e of yellow on the mantle and scapulars, which are black!
only the lesser wing-coverts being bright yellow and forming \
shoulder-patch: ''bill black, bluish horn-colour atlh t'nfnd
along the tomia; feet rufescent ; iris dusky" {HeunZ)\X\
leng h 8-0 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-5, taU 4-5 tarsus 0 95

The coloration of the female and the changes of plumage under-
gone by both sexes are doubtless similar to P. mcJura, but I have
no properly marked specimens to describe.

Hah. Xorth-eastern Africa ; Abyssinia.

n. c? imm. sk. N.E Africa n ^

^- 5 fd fk fr^^'^ (^'•- ^'^^'^^^>- stall: Coil:

• ^ ^''- '^- Abyssinia. L^rd"^ Mountmorris,

e. dad.sk. Goon-goona. w'l T.^Blanford, Esq.

{■ h i^'Sim'^'sk S°"";^°T' ^^%i^- '^''''^- T^eeddale CoU.
9, 1. c? imm. sk. Facado, May 1868 ( W. Sharpe Coll
Jesfe). '■

3. Penthetriopsis soror.

Penthetria soror, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887 p. 70

^f?H?« Similar to P macrocerca, but differing in its considerablv
smaller dimensions and somewhat brighter-j^^Uow shoSr spot

224 PLOCEID^.

8. UROBRACHYA. ^

Type.

Urobrachya, 5/). Consjh i. p. 447 (1850) U. axillaris.

Bnnge. Confined to Africa, from Port Elizabeth along the whole
of Eastern Africa to the Upper White Xile. Entirely absent in the
West Coast region, but found in Benguela.

Key to the Species.

a. Patch on lesser wing-coverts scarlet. , •// • •« 994

a: Greater wing-coverts black -^ ">2kMti~Y>. 225.

b'. Greater wing-coverts light chestnut ■{ ••'^'ooo*

'=' ° ( traversu, p. 226.

b, Patcli on lesser wing-coverts orange-yellow . . bocagii, p. 226.

1. Urobracliya axillaris.

Vidua, sp., Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. 1831, p. 12.

Vidua a.xillaris, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 17 (1838) ; Gi-ay,

Gen. B.ii. -p. 355 (1849); Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 211; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 180 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6666

(1870) ; Shnrpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871).
Urobrachva axillaris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 447 (1850) ; Reichenb. Sinqv.

p. 64, taf. xxix. fig. 229 (181(i); Butler, Feilden, ^ Reid, Zool.

1882, p. 298 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1882, p. 122.
Pentbetria axillaris, Licht. Noniencl. Av. Neotr. p. 49 (1854) ; Finsch

8i Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 421 (1870) ; Sharpe, ed. LayarcTs B. S.

Afr. pp. 461, 849 (1884).
Cohuspasser axillaris, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 348.

Adult male. General colour above and below velvety black, with
rather a pronounced gloss ; lesser wing-coverts brilliant orange-
scarlet ; median coverts uniform cinnamon-brown ; greater coverts
black, externally edged with cinnamon-brown, the inner ones and
the inner secondaries with whity brown ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black, the latter with cinnamon-brown bases ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries uniform cinnamon-brown ; quills and tail-
feathers black. Total length 6'3 inches, culmen O'Go, wing 3"4,
tad 2-8, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Different from the male. Sandy buff, broadly
streaked with black, the edges to the feathers of the mautle whiter ;
lesser wing-coverts orange with black centres ; median and greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers
blackish brown, edged with sandy buff or whity brown, the median
coverts slightly washed with orange ; a broad eyebrow of brownish
vhite; sides of face and ear-coverts light brown, with a narrow
blackish line along the upjier and lower edge of the ear-coverts ;
cheeks and under surface of body uniform pale sandy buff, browner
on the flanks, which nre faintly streaked with dusky brown ; thighs
cinnamon-buff; under tail-coverts isabelline ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries uniform cinnamon-brown. Total length 5'2 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0"95.

8. rrROBRACHTA.

225

Young males at first resemble the old females, but are generally
rather blacker, have the lesser ■wing-coverts washed with j-ellow,
and show some distinct black streaks on the sides of the breast and
flanks. Some specimens in July show the scarlet wing-patch and
black wings of the adult male.

Hah. S.E. Africa, from the neighbourhood of East London to
Natal and Mozambique and the Zanzibar district of East Africa.

a. S ad. sk.

b. cS ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. e. (S ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

9-

(S juv. sk.

h-

-/. (S ad. at juv.
m, n, 0. 2 ad.

sk.

P-

(S imm. sk.

2-

(S imm. sk.

r,
t.

s. cJ ad. sk.
<S ad. sk.

u. cJ ad. sk.

Natal.

Natal.

Natal {T. Ay res).

Natal.

Bushman's Road, Natal, Feb.

y, 1840 (J. Wahlberff).
Klapper's Lager, Natal, Feb.

18, 1840 (/. Wahlberg).
Pinetown, Natal, Jan., Feb.,

May to July, Oct., Nov. {T.

L. Ay res').
Bothas Hill, Natal, July 16

{T.L.A.).
Lower L^mgeni River, near

Durban, July 21 (T.i. .4.).
Durban {T. L. Ay res).
Durban, Feb. 25 {G. E. S.).
Newcastle, Nov. 17 (A. E.

Butler).

Purchased.
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shai-pe Coll.

SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shellev Coll.
Shellev CoU.
SheUe> Coll.

I

Subsp. a. Urobrachya hildebrandti.

Penthetria axillaris, Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 264 (pt.).

Adult male. Similar to U. axillaris, but with a larger and deeper
bill, which has a slight inclination to a swelling at the base of the
culmen : " bill yellowish white ; feet blackish ; iris brown " (Hilde-
brandt). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 3"3o, tail 2-o,
tarsus 0"85.

Hob. Mombasa district, E. Africa.

a. cJ ad. sk. Lake Bombo, near Mombasa, July. Dr. Hildebrandt [C.].
2. Urobrachya phcenicea.

Coliuspasser phcenicea, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856, descr.

nulla); id. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 304 (desc. orig.), 1863, p. 167.
Urobrach3a axillaris (ti^c Smith), Reich. Singv. p. 64, Taf. xxix.

fig. 228 (1861, nee fig. 229) ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 68

(1864) ; Hartl. Ablmtidl. 7iat. Ver. Brevien, vii. p. 102 (1881) ;

Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxx. p. 151 (1881), xxxi. p. 508

(1882).
Vidua axillaris, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 395.
Penthetria axillaris {nee Smith), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 581

(1870) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 231 ; Fischer u. Reichen. J. f. O.

1878, p. 264, 1879, p. 351 ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. 1886, p. 325.
Vidua phcenicea, Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 48, no. 6674 (1870).
L^robrachya zauzibarica, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 586.
Penthetria (Urobrachya) axillaris, Fischer, Zeitschr. qes. Orn. u

p. 326 (1884).

VOL. XUI. Q

226 PLOCETD^.

Pyromelana sp., Bohn, J. f. O. 1885, p. Gl ; Mntschie, J. }. O.

'1887, p. 158.
Urobrachva phoenicea, Cab. J. f. O. 1882, p. 122 ; Matschie, J.f. 0.

1887, pp. 158, 298.
Penthetria phoenicea, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 70.
Coliuspasser axillaris {nee Sraith), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 83,

Adult male. Differs from U. axillaris iu having the greater wing-
corerts chestnut-browu like the median series : " bill bluish white ;
feet black ; iris brown " {G. A. Fischer). Total length 6*4 inches,
culmen 0'75, wing 3*5, tail 2-45, tarsus 1.

Hah. Upper White Nile frorn Sobat to Lado, and south to the
Zanzibar district.

a. (J imni. sk. Lado, March 31. Emin Pasha [P.].

b. c? imm. sk. Lado, May 15 (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

c. J ad. sk. Lake Bombo, near Mombasa, Shelley Coll.

Aug. {Dr. Hildehrandt).

d. c? ad. sk. Melinda {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll. (Type

of 17. zanzibarica.)

e. (S ad. sk. Pangani {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.
/, ff. c? ? ad. ; h, Lamu {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley CoU.

i. Juv. sk.

Subsp. a. Urobrachya traversii.

Urobrachya traversii, Salvad. Ann, Mus. Civic. Genov. (2), vi. p. 287

Adult. Allied to U. phoenicea of Heuglin, but larger and with the
isabelline base of the primaries broader, forming a larger alar
speculum, which is, however, nearly hidden ; greater wing-coverts
rufous-cinnamon, appearing broader but paler ; primary-coverts
cinnamon, marked with a small apical spot of black ; bastard-wing
cinnamon, black at the tip. {Salvadori.)

Hah. Shoa.

3. Urobrachya bocagii. (Plate IX.)

Penthetria axillaris {nee Smith), Bocnqe, Jam. Lisb. 1867, p. 140,

1868, p. 48, 1870, p. 346 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 566.
Urobrachya bocagii, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 63 (1871).
Penthetria bocagii, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 343 (1877-81) ; Sharpe,

ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 461 (1884).
Urobrachya affinis, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1881, p. 183 {teste Shelley) ;

id. J. f. O. 1882, p. 122.
Urobrachya mechowi, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1881, p. 183 ; id. J. f. 0.

1882, p. 122.
Coliuspasser bocagii, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 349.

Adult male. Similar to U. axillaris, but easily distinguished by
the uniform cinnamon-brown primary-coverts, the lesser series being
bright orange-yellow : " bill bluish white ; feet black ; iris brown "
{Anchieta). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 3*45, tail 2'7,
tarsus 1-05.

Hab. Angola and Benguela.

9. PTROMELANA. 227

(Type

a.

Ad. sk.

[Benguela.]

Shelley Coll.

b.

Ad. sk.

Huilla, Benguela (/. Anchieta).

Sharpe Coll. (
of species.)

c.

Ad. sk.

Benguela.

Sliarpe Coll.

d.

S ad. sk.

Caconda, Benguela (/. Anchieta).

Lisbon Museum

e.

Ad. sk.

Columbo, R. Quauza.

Mouteiro Coll.

9. PYROMELANA. „

Type.

Oryx, Less, {nee Oken, 1816), Traife, p. 4.37 (1831) P. capensis.

Euplectes, Sioains. {nee Leach, 1817), B. W. Afr. i. p. 186

(1837) P. capensis.

Pyromeiana, Bp. Saggio Distr. Met. Anim. Vertebr. p. 141

(1831) P. oryx,

Orvnx, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 176 (ex Reichenb. Syst.

Nat. Taf. Ixxvi.) P. capensis.

Taha, Reichenb. Singv. p. 73 (1861) P. taha. _

Xantliomelaena, Bp. Consp. i. p. 447 P. capensis.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Lower back and rump scarlet.

a'. Crown scarlet like the hind neck; no black

on the crown.

a". Larger: wing 2'55-2-9 inches ; fore neck

and chest scarlet ; under tail-coverts

tawny buff ; under wing-coverts black . . flammiceps, p. 228.

b". Smaller: wing 2-l-2'4 inches; fore neck

and chest black like the rest of the under

surface; under tail-coverts scarlet ; under

wing-coverts tawny buff nigriventris, p. 230.

b'. Fore part of crown black,
c". Under tail-coverts scarlet.

a"'. Upper tail-coverts not reaching beyond
the tail : larger ; wing 2'6-3'l inches ;

throat black oryx, p. 230.

b'". Upper tail-coverts not reaching beyond
the tail ; no black on the throat ;
black on fore part of crown not reaching

beyond the forehead nigrifrons, p. 233.

c'" . Upper tail-coverts reaching beyond
the tail ; no black on the throat ; fore-
head and fore part of crown black . . franciscana, p. 233.
d". Under tail-coverts brown friedrichsetii, p. 235.

b. Lower back and rump jellow.
c'. With black on the crown.

e". With the mantle and back yellow, con-
trasting with the black on the head.
d"'. Forehead and fore part of crown black ;
hinder crown like the throat and cliest,

orange gierowi, p. 235.

e'". Forehead black like the rest of the

crown aurea, p. 235.

/'". Forehead orange : hind head and nape

black diademata, p. 236.

q2

228

/". With the mantle bhick like the head ;
a shoulder-patch of bright yellow on the
lesser and median coverts. [pp- 236-239.

g'". Thighs pale brown capensis and alHes,

h'". Thighs black xanthomelttna, p. 239.

''. Crown yellow, followed by a broad band of
black across the mantle.
g''. With a band of yellow across the chest . afra, p. 241.
h''. W'ith no yellow on the chest, which is
black like the rest of the under surface.
i'". Sides of body black.

a*. Larger: wing 275 inches; the yellow
patch on the sides of the upper
breast very small and indistinct . . scioana, p. 241.
i*. Smaller: wing 2 '55 inches ; the yel-
low patch on the sides of the upper

breast very distinct taha, p. 242.

k'". Sides of body yellow or mixed with

yellow ladoensis, p. 244.

1. Pyromelana flammiceps.

Euplectes flammiceps, Sumim. B. W. Aft: i. p. 186, pi. 13 (1837) ;
JRupp. Neue Wirh., Vog. p. 101 (1835^0) ; id. St/st. Uebers. p. 76
(1845) ; Gordon, Contr. Orti. 1849, p. 9 ; Bp. ^Consp. i. p. 446
(1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 127 (1857) ; Monteiro, P. Z. S.
1860, p. Ill ; Hnrtl. J. f. 6. 1861, p. 175; Beichenh. Singv. p. 57,
Taf. xxiii. fig. 203 (1861); Monteiro, Ibis, 1862, p. 338; Scl.
F. Z. S. 1864, p. 109 ; Heur/l. J.f. O. 1867, p. 373; Hartl. P. Z. S.
1867, p. 826 ; Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 567 (1870) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1809, p. 191; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871) ;' Skelletj Sf
Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69; Sharpe
^ Bouvier, Bull. Sue. Zool. France, i. p. 47 (1876) ; Bocar/e, Orn.
Angola, p. 3.35 (1877-81); Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 231 ; Fischer ^
Reichen. t. c. p. 263, 1879, p. 351 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1880, p. 187 ;
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 585; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,
Tiii. p. 201 (1883) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327 (1884) ;
id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 134 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mm. 1885, p. 194 ;
Hartert, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 586.

Oryx petiti, i)es Mnrs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, pi. x. flg. 1 (1845-50).

Loxia (Euplectes) petiti, Des Murs, op. c;'<. p. 112 (1845).

Ploceus flammiceps, Grm/, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 46, no. 66.39 (1870).

Euplectes craspedopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; Heiigl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 39 (1836) ; Eeichetib. Singv. p. 58 (1861).

Euplectes flaviceps, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106 (lapsu cal.).

Euplectes pyrrhozona, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 247.

Pyromelana' flammiceps, Finsch Sf Hartl. Voq. Ostafr."^. 414 (1870) ;
Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 40, 1877, p. '28; Shelleii, Ibis, 1883,
p. 552, 1886, p. 352 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 308 ; Shelley, P. Z. S.
1888, p. 33.

Adult male. General colour above bright scarlet, the mantle and
scapulars' more or less sandy brown ; the scapulars black near the
base of the outer web ; wing-coverts and quills entirely black, with
remains of sandy-brown margins, more distinct on the inner second-

I

9. PYEOMELANA. 229

aries ; upper tail-coverts bright scarlet like the back ; tail-feathers
black, the centre ones edged with sandy brown ; crown of head and
hind neck very bright scarlet, the latter surrounded by a " wig " ; a
line across the base of the forehead ; lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and fore part of cheeks black, as also the throat ; hinder
cheeks, sides of neck, fore neck, and chest bright scarlet ; breast
and abdomen glossy velvety black, as well as the sides of body and
flanks ; a patch of tawny buff at the sides of the upper breast ;
thighs, sides of vent, and under tail-coverts tawny buff, deeper near
the vent, the thighs with black bases ; under wing-coverts black ;
axillaries pale tawny buff or fulvous with black edgings ; quills
below black : " bill black ; feet flesh-colour ; iris brown " {J. Biit-
tikofer). Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-9, tail 1-65,
tarsus 0"8.

The winter plumage of the male resembles the plumage of the
adult female, and the scarlet dress is assumed by a direct moult.
At first the mantle is distinctly browner than the lower back and
rump, but it becomes gradually overshaded with scarlet until it
entirely resembles the rest of the upper surface.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. oryx and tinged with
yellow on the eyebrow. It has rather a more massive bill than
that species, with blacker wings and tail. Total length 4*5 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-oo, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-75.

Mab. Senegambia to the Niger on the west coast of Africa,
apparently absent in the Cameroons and Gaboon, but extending from
the Loango coast to the Quanza. Southern Senaar in N.E. Africa,
extending as far as the Zanzibar district.

West Africa (Fraser). Sharpe Coll.

[Sierra Leone.] Tweeddale Coll.

Ashantee. Gould Coll.

Enimill, Wasa, AprO 1872 Sharpe Coll.

(H. F. BHssett).

Amomeah {H. F. Blissett). Tweeddale Coll.

Fantee {H. T. Usslier). Sharpe Coll.

Fantee (Swanzy). Sharpe Coll.

Fantee {H. T. 'Ussher). Shelley Coll.

Fantee. Sharpe Coll.

Fantee. Capt. Moloney [P.].

Cape Coast Castle, Feb. Shelley Coll.

( (t "P s* ^

Ahokobi', Feb. 2G {G. E. S. Sf Shelley ColL

T. E. B.).

River Niger. Mrs. Heywood [P.].

Abutchi, Eiver Niger, Aug. Forbes Coll.

{W.A.F.).

Gaboon {Du Chailhi). Tweeddale Coll.

Landana, Congo (Z. Petit). Shelley Coll.

Angola {Furtado d'Antas). Sharpe Coll.

Bembe, Angola {J. J. Monteiro). Sharpe Coll.

Zanzibar. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

a.

2 ad. sk.

b.

Ad. sk.

c.

cJ ad. sk.

d.

cJ ad. sk.

e.

(S ad. sk.

f,

ff. c? ad. ; h. S

juv. sk.

i.

2 ad. sk.

k.

(J ad. sk.

i,

m, n. S ad. ; o.

cj imm. sk.

P-

cJ ad. St.

9>

r. 2 ad. sk.

«,

t. d juv. et 2

ad. sk.

M.

cJ ad. sk.

V,

w. cJ ad. sk.

X

2 ad. sk.

y,

z. (S ad. sk.

a'

. c? ad. sk.

b'

. cJ ad. sk.

&

cJ ad. sk.

230 PLOCEID^,

d'. S ad. sk. Zanzibar. Sir J. Kirk [C.].

e', f, y\ (S ad. et Pangani (&V J. Kirk:). Shelley Coll.

juv. sk.

h', i'. (S 5 ad. sk. Melinda {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

h\l'. S ad.sk. Mombasa (J/fwswO- l^^v. A. F. Buxton

[P.].

m', n', o'. (J ad. ; Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.j.

p'. 2 ad. sk. July, Aug.

g'. S ad. sk. Kubbi, July 1881. Emin Pasha [P.].

r'. (S ad. sk. Abyssinia. I)r. Ruppell [C.].

s'. (5 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll.

2, Pyromelana nigriventris.

Eiiplectes nigriventris, Cass. Proc. Philacl. Acad. 1848, p. 66 ; id,

Joiirn. Philad. Acnd. 1. p. 242, pi. ^1. fig. 1 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 447 (1850) ; Cab. in von der Decleti's Meis. iii. p. 31 (1869) ;

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 715 ; Nichols. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 558 ; Cab.

J. f. 0. 1878, p. 231; Fischer Sr Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, pp. 286,

303 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1880, p. 187 ; Shellet/, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 586 ;

Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 134.
Ploceus nigriventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 46, no. 6643 (1870).
Euplectes sp., Licht. Nomencl. At: p. 49 (1854).
Pyromelana nigriventris, Finsch S,- Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 415

(1870); Gmmey,Ihis, 1881, p. 128; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 353,

1888, p. 302,

Adult male. Similar to P. jiammiceps, of which it is a diminutive
form, much smaller than that species, and differing in its scarlet
under tail-coverts and tawny buff thighs and under wing-coverts,
as well as by the absence of the scarlet band acros the fore neck,
the whole of the under surface of the body being velvety black.
Total length 3-75 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail 1-25, tarsus 0'7.

Adult fmnale. Scarcely to be distinguished from the female of
P. franciscana. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 05, wing 2'1,
tail PI, tarsus 0'6.

Hah. East Africa, throughout the Zanzibar district, from Mombasa
south to Mozambique.

«, &. c? ? ad. sk. Mombasa {Hanson). Rev. A. F. Buxton

c. (S ad. sk. Mombasa ( Wakefield). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

d. S ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk), Shelley Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Lamo {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.
/. cJ ad. sk. Pangani River {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

a. A ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
h. (S ad. sk. Mozambique, March. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

3. Pyromelana oryx.

The Grenadier, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. pi. 178 (1751).

Le Cardinal du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 114, pi. v.

fig. 3 (1760) ; Danbent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 6. fig. 2 ; Buff. Hist. Nat.

Ois. iii. p. 496 (1775).

1

9. PrROMELANA. 231

Emberiza orix, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 309 (17G6).
Grosbec de Cayenne, Bauhent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 309. fig. 2.
Grenadier Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 120 (1783).
Loxia orix, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 803 (1788) ; Baud. Traite, ii. p. 377

(1800).
Le Loxie orix, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 100, pi. Ixvi. (1805).
Coccotliraustes orix, Vieill. N. Diet. iVHist. Nat. xiii. p. 536 (1817).
Oryx oryx, Less. Traite, p. 4.38 (1831).
Euplectes orvx, S^aiins. B. W. Afr. i. p. 187 (1837) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 446 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Tb. i. p. 177 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn.

W.-Afr. p. 128 (1857); Reichenh. Singv. p. 57 (1861); Heugl,

Orn.'N.O.-Afr. i. p. 569(1870); Shdrpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62;

Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 255; Biuklei/, Ibis, 1874, p. 381 ; Bocage,

Or7i. Angola, p. 335 (1877-81) ; Ayre-s Ibis, 1878, p. 296 ; Sharpe,

iti Oafes' Matabele-Land, App. p. 320 (1881) ; Butler, Feilden,

8f Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 297.
Ploceus orvx, Grm/, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 185 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6637 (1870).
Euplectes sundevalli, Bp. Comp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; Reidienh. Singv.

p. 56 (1861) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322; Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 269,

1868, p. 465.
Euplectes pseudorvx, Reichenb. Singi\ p. 56 (1861).
Euplectes edwardsi, Reichenb. t. c. p. 57 (1861).
Euplectes petiti {nee Des Murs), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322.
Ploceus sundevalli, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6638 (1870).
Pyrumelaua oryx, Finseh i^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 410 (1870) ;

Gurney in Anderss. B. Dani.-Ld. p. 172 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed.

Layard' s B. S. Afr. pp. 462, 849 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 382;

Buttik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 240 (1888), xi. p. 74 (1889).
Pyromelana sundevalli, Jlohib ^- Von Peh. Beitr. Orn. Sicdafr. p. 117

(1882).

Adult male. General colour above brilliant scarlet, the feathers
of the mantle slightly duller and more orange ; round the neck a
scarlet " wig :" the forehead and siuciput, lores, eyebrow, ear-coverts,
fore part of cheeks, and upper throat black ; hinder cheeks, side of
neck, lower throat, and fore neck scarlet; remainder of under surface
of body from the chest downwards velvety black ; lower flanks and
under tail-coverts scarlet ; thighs isabelline brown ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts isabelline brown ; quills light brown below, ashy
isabelline along the inner web : " bill dark brown ; feet brownish ;
iris dark brown " (C. J. Andersson). Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0'55, wing 3*1, tail 1*4, tarsus 0'8.

Adidt female. Different from the male. Dull tawny brown,
streaked with black centres to the feathers, narrower on the head ;
wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers brown, edged with tawny or
isabelline brown ; a narrow but distinct eyebrow of yellowish buff ;
ear-coverts and cheeks light brown streaked with blackish ; under
surface light tawny brown, narrowly streaked with black, more
broadly on the sides of the body and flanks ; throat, breast, and
abdomen uniform isabelline ; thighs, under wing-coverts, and axil-
laries tawny buff, the latter with a yellow tinge ; quills dusky
brown below, isabelline along the inner web : " bill pale brown,
the upper mandible darker ; tarsi and feet pale ; iris ashy brown "

232

{T. Ayres, MSS.). Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-6,
tail 1-3, tarsus 0-75.

Adnlt male in winter j^^nivage. Similar to the summer dress of
the adult female, but distinguished by its larger size : " bill light
brown, the under mandible paler ; tarsi and feet light brown ; iris
dusky hazel " (T. Ayres, MSS.). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 2'!;), tail 1-55, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female in winter jjlurnage. Similar to the summer plumage,
but with broader pale edges to the feathers and much more dis-
tinctly streaked below ; wing 2*7.

Sir J. Kirk enumerates the present species and E. j^etiti from the
Zambesi ; but only E. ori/x is represented in his collections. The
Zambesi specimens are decidedly smaller than those from the Cape
Colony and Natal, and have the black ou the face and throat a little
more restricted ; but the diminution in size of these more northern
specimens is so gradual that it is difficult to say where the large
form (E. ory.v) ends and the small form (E. sundevcdli) begins.

Hub. Confined to South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal
and the Transvaal and thence to the Zambesi. Great Namaqua-
Land to Damara-Laud and the Lake Regions, to Benguela.

a,h. 6; c. $
ad. sk.

d. (S hiem. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
g. c? imm. sk.

h. c? ad. sk.

I. 5 fid. sk.

k. c? ad. ; I, m.

2 ad. sk.
n, 0. [5] ad.

sk.
p, q. (S ad. sk.

r, S ad. sk.

«. c? ; <• 2 ad.

sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.

v-z. (S ad. et
juv. ; a', b'. $
ad. et juv. sk.

c'. cJ ad. sk.

d' h'. cJ ad. ; i'.

2 ad. ; k'. cj

imm. sk.
T. d imm. sk.

Kuils River, Cape Colony,

Oct. 30 (./. Butler).
New Barmen, Aug. 13, 1864

(C. J. Andersson).
Eland's Post {T. C. Atmore).
Bloemfoutein.
Umgeni River, near Durban,

July 21 (T.L. Ayres).
Pietermaritzburg, Oct, 20

{E. A. Butler).
Newcastle, June 18 {E. A.

Butler).
Natal.

Weenen, Natal, Dec. ( T. Ar-
nold).

Transvaal, Dec. 16 (T. E.
Buckley).

Transvaal {T. Ayres).

Potchefstroom, Jan. {T. Ayres).

Potchefstroom, Dec. 11, 1876

( T. Ayres).
Potchefstroom, June, July, Nov.,

Dec. {T. Ayres).

Hope Fontein, near Gubule-
weyo, Dec. 1873 (F. Oates).
Zambesi River {Sir J. Kirk).

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.

SheUey Coll.

Sharpe Coll,

Forbes Coll.

Shelley Coll,

A, Foresman, Esq.

[P.].
H.Seebohm,Esq.[P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley CoU.

Zambesi (Z>/-. Meller).

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Livingstone Expe-
dition.

Sharpe Coll.

»

9. yrEOMBLANA. 233

m, n'. c7 ad. sk. Zambesi (Dr. Mellcr). Tweeddale Coll.

o'. 5 ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damara-Land, Sharpe Coll.

Feb. 16, 186o(C. J. Andersson).
p'. 2 ad. sk. Ojidonga, Ovampoland, Nov. 0, Sharpe Coll.

1866 (C. J. Andersson).

4. Pyromelana nigrifrons.

Pyromelana nigrifrons, i>67iwi, J./. O. 1884, p. 177; Shelley, Ibis,
1886, p. 353; Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 70 ; Matschie, J.f. O. 1887,
p. 69.

Pyromelana flammiceps (wee Sw.), Bohm, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 67 ;
Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 159.

Adult male. Like P. franciscana , but -with only the forehead and
not the upper part of the head black, and the tail-coverts not elon-
gated ; bill black ; feet clear brownish flesh-colour ; iris brown.
Total length -I'So inches, wing 2-8. (Bohm.)

Hab. Lake Tanganyika to the Victoria Nyanza.

5. Pyromelana franciscana.

Moineau du Cap de Bonne Espt^rance, Dauhent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 134.

Loxia franciscana, Isert, Schrift. Gesellsch. nat. Freunde Berlin, vs..

p. 332, pi. ix. (1789).
Loxia ignicoLir, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 92, pi. 59 (1805).
Fringilla ignicolor, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xii. p. 198 (1817) ;

Hevipr. |- Ehr. Sijmb. Pkijs. fol. W. pi. ii (1828).
Euplectes ignicolor, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 184 (1837) ; Gordon,

Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 9; Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; Scl. Contr.

Orn. 1852, p. 125 ; Brehn, J. f. O. 1856, pp. 466, 476, 496 ;

Anfin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1864) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 109.
Fringilla oryx (nee L.), Dubois, Orn. Gal. p. 44, pi. 29 (1839).
Ploceus franciscanus. Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 46, no. 6640 (1870).
Euplectes franciscanus, Ilengl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856) ; Hartl.

Or7i. W.-Afr. p. 128 (1857) ; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 175 ; Reichenb.

Singv. p. 55, Taf. xxiii. figs. 193-199 (1861); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 571 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxxii (1871); Sharpe,

Ibis, 1809, p. 191 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871) ; Shelley 8f Buckley,

Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Antin. ^ Salrad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 118 (1873) ;

Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 69 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii.

p. 103 (1881), viii. p. 201 (1883); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.

Genov. (2) i. p. 184 (1884) ; Hartert, J. / O. 1886, p. 58;

Salvad. Ann. 3Itis. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 288 (1888).
Pyromelana oryx (nee L.), Horsf. 4" Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.

'p. 519 (1856).
Pyromelana franciscana, Finsch, J. f. O. 1869, p. 336 ; Finsch %

Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 412 (1870) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 40 ;

Shelley, Ibis, 188o, p. 402 ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 353 ; BiMik. Notes

Leyden Mus. x. p. 89 (1888).

Adult male. Above scarlet; crown as far as the nape black, con-
tinued in a line down the ear-coverts, sides of face, and lores ; cheeks,

234

throat, and breast bright scarlet, as also the sides of the neck ;
remainder of under surface of body velvety black, except the lower
flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts, which are bright scarlet ; thighs
isabelline buff washed with red ; scapulars rather duller than the
back, with black centres ; lesser wing-coverts brown ; median and
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged
with whity brown, the primaries with olive-yellow ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries isabelline-buff, the latter tinged with yellow ;
quills dusky brown below, isabelline along the inner web : " bill
black ; feet reddish ; iris dusky " {Heiujlin). Total length 4-5
inches, culmen 0'5, wing 2'4, tail 1"15, tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. orya\ and having a
yellowish eyebrow and a yellow tinge on the cheeks, but much
smaller in size, and rather whiter on the abdomen. Total length
4 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 2-'Ib, tail 1-15, tarsus 0"65.

Hah. "West Africa, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast and the
Kiger. In ]S^.E. Africa from Southern Nubia to Shoa, Somali-Land,
and Unyoro.

a.

(5 imm. sk.

b.

cJ ad. sk.

c.

d ad.; d,e,f.

2 ad. sk.

9-

2 ad. sk.

h.

j ad. sk.

i.

c? ad. sk.

k.

cJ ad. sk.

I.

(S ad. sk.

m

, c? imm. sk.

n

cJ ad. sk.

0.

cJ imm. sk.

P,

q. 2 ad. sk.

r.

S juv. ; s,t,u.

? ad. sk.

V.

cJ ad. sk.

w

d' ad. ; a:, y.

5 ad. sk.

z.

J ad. sk.

a'

h'. c? ad. sk.

c'

(5 ad. sk.

d

. S ad. sk.

e'

cj ad. sk.

f

. cJ ad. sk.

9'

S ad. sk.

h'

2 ad. sk.

»'.

S ad. sk.

A'

, I. cJ ad. sk.

m

. c? ad. sk.

n

<S ad. sk.

"West Africa.

Senegambia (Z. Laglaize).
River Gambia.

River Gambia.

River Gambia {Capt. Moloney).

Asliantee.

Elmina, May 1872 {H. F.

Blissett).
Deukera {H. T. Ussher).
Fantee.
Fantee.

Fantee {H. T. Ussher').
Cape Coast Castle, Jan., March

((?. E. S.).
Cape Coast Castle, Feb., March

( T. E. Buckley).
Accra {J. Smith).
River Volta {H. T. Ussher).

River Volta {H. T. Ussher).

Abeokuta.

Abutchi, River Niger, Aug.

(W.A. F.).
Rabba, River Niger ( W.A.F.).
River Niger.
White Nile.
Khartoum.
Senaar.

Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris).
Ambukara, Shoa, July (O.

Antinori).
Lado, Equatorial Africa {Emin

Pasha).
Redjaf, July 6 {Etnin Pasha).

Sbarpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Purchased.
Shellev Coll.
Gould' Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.].
Shaipe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shellev Coll.
F.Nicholson,Esq.[P.].
Forbes CoU.

Forbes Coll.
Mrs. Hevwood [P.].
Sir Samuel Baker [P.].
Gould Coll.
Sharpe CoU.
India Museum.
Shelley CoU.

Shelley CoU.

Shellev Coll.

9, PTROMELANA, 235

6. Pyromelana friedrichseni.

Euplectes friedrichseni, Fischer ^ Reichen. J. f. O. 1884, p. 65 ;

Fischer, Zeitsehr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327, tab. xix. fig. 2 (1884) ; id.

J.f. O. 1885, p. 134.
Pyromelana friedriclisoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 352.

Adult male. Upper part of the head, throat, breast, bell}% wings,
and tail black ; hinder part of the head, nape, back, and crop
scarlet ; upper tail-coverts black, Avith pale brown margins ; quills,
greater wing-coverts, and tail-feathers also with narrow margins of
pale brown ; under tail- coverts and bill clear brown : " bill black ;
feet horn-brown; iris brown" {G. A. Fischer). Total length 5'75
inches, wing 3-15, tail 2, tarsus 0-9, bill 0-65. {Fischer and
Iteichenow .)

Bab. Masai-Land, E. Africa.

7. Pyromelana gierowi.

Euplectes gierowi, Cab. J.f. O. 1880, p. lOG, tab. iii. fig. 2 ; Socage,

Orn. Angola, App. p. 558 (1881).
Pyromelana gierowi, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 352.

Adult male. Bright yellow above, inclining to orange or scarlet on
the hinder head and neck ; forehead, lores, feathers round the eye,
sides of face, and chin black ; throat and chest orange or scarlet ;
lower breast and abdomen black ; thighs and under tail-coverts
brown ; wings and tail black. (Descr. ex Gab. Jig. I. c.)

Hab. Quango, interior of Angola. {Mus. Berol.)

8. Pyromelana aurea.

Golden-backed Finch, Broimi, lUusir. Zool. p. 60, pi. xxv. (1776).
Gold-backed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. part i. p. 115 (1783).
Loxia aurea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 846 (1788).
Coccothraustes aurea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 528

(1817).
Euplectes auriuotus. Swains. An. in Ilenag. p. 310 (1837) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 129 (1857).
Ploceus aureus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii,

p. 46, no. 6641 (1870).
Euplectes aureus, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 339 (1877-81).
Pyromelana aurea, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354, pi. ix. fig. 2.

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, the feathers of
the lower rump fringed with black at the ends ; scapulars black,
edged with sandy brown ; wing-coverts black, the median coverts
edged with white, the greater coverts with tawny or sandy buff ;
bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills black, the latter with
sandy -brown edges ; upper tail-coverts brown, with some yellow and
black-tipped feathers intermixed, as if they were all going to be
yellow in time ; tail-feathers black, with brown margins, the outer
ones with a small white tip ; crown of head and nape entirely black :

236 PLOCEID^.

lower eyelid white ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck,
and under surface of body velvety black ; lower flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts white : under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
sandy buff; quills below dusky brown, whitish along the inner web.
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0*8.
Hab. Ecnguela northwards to Gaboon.

a. S ad. sk. West Africa (Mus. Lisb.). Sharpe Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

c. (S ad. sk. E. Quanza. Shelley OoU.

9, Pyromelana diademata.

Euplectes diadematus, Fischer Sf Meichen. J.f. O. 1878, pp. 264, .354,
pi. 2. tig. 4 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 327 (1»84) ; id. J.f. O.
1885, p. 134.

Pyromelaua diademata, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354 ; id. Ibis, 1888,
p. 302.

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, brighter on the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; the mantle and upper back
yellow, with dusky blackish centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts
dusky brown, with yellow edges to the lesser series ; median and
greater coverts brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills brown, narrowly edged with yellow, the
secondaries broadly margined with white or tinged with yellow :
tail-feathers brown ; forehead bright orange ; hinder crown and
nape black, as also the sides of the neck ; sides of face and ear-
coverts black, mixed with yellow ; throat yellow, spotted with black
at the ends of the feathers ; fore neck, breast, and abdomen black,
some of the flank-feathers edged with yellow ; lower flanks, sides of
vent, and under tail-covcrts bright yellow ; thighs and under wing-
coverts and axillaries sandy buff", the latter washed with bright
yellow; quills light brown, edged with isabelline along the inner
edge. Total length 3'9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-2, tail 1-3,
tarsus 0'65.

Hab. East Africa, from Lamu to Pangani.

a. S ad. sk. Lamu, E. Africa. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

10. Pyromelana capensis.

Le Pin9on du Cap de bonne Esperance, Bi-iss. Orn. iii. p. 171, pi. xvi.

fig. 1 (1760).
Loxia capensis, Linii. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766).
Gros-bec tachet^ du Cap de Bonue Espi^rance, Baubent. PL Enl. iv.

pi. 659. fig. 1 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 473 (1775).
Gros-bec de Coromandel, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 101. fig. 1; Buf.

Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 456 (1775).
Cape Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt.^i. p. 113 (1783).
Loxia 1186 via, Gm. Syst. Nat. p. 845 (1788).

9. PTROMELANA. 237

Coccothraustes capensis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nut. xiii. p. 527

(1817).
Fringilla phalerata, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 22 (1823).
Oryx capeusis, Less. Traits, p. 438 (1831).

Corytlius capensis, Hahn 1^- Kiister, Vdg. Lief. x. Taf. 4 (1834).
Euplectes capensis, Su-ains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 180 (1837) ; Bp. Corv^p.

i. p. 447 (1850); Grill, Zoul. Anteckn. pp. 10,22 (18.58); Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871, pt.).
Ploceus capensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 352 (1860) ; Pelz. Bcis. Novara,

Vdg. p. 90 (1865); Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 184 (1867); Gray,

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 6633 (1869).
Orynx capensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 177 (1850).
Pvromelana capensis, Sharpe, ed. Layard^s B. S. Afr. pp. 463, 849

'(1884, pt.).
Coliuspasser capensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 349.

Adult male. Yelvety black, -with a slight gloss as far as the middle
of the back ; the lower back and rump bright golden yellow ; sca-
pulars brown, with longitudinal blackish centres and washed with
bright yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts golden yellow ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged
with lighter brown, washed with yellow on the outer margins ;
upper tail-coverts and tail black ; entire head and neck and under
surface glossy velvety black ; thighs brown ; under wing-coverts
pale isabelline buff, edged with yellow ; edge of wing bright yellow ;
quills dusk}^ below, isabelline along the inner webs. Total length
6-7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3'4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0*95.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, very broadly streaked with blackish centres to the feathers,
those of the upper back with whity-brown edges ; lower back and
rump dull olive-yellow, streaked with dusky brown ; scapulars like
the back ; upper tail-coverts light brown, darker in the centre ;
lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ;
greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown, washed with olive-
yellow ; crown of head like the back, but with a slight wash of yellow ;
lores and an ill-defined eyebrow olive-yellow ; feathers round eye
whitish ; sides of face and ear-coverts dark brown : cheeks and
under surface of body whity brown ; the cheeks, throat, sides of neck,
and fore neck narrowly streaked with dark brown, with a tinge of
yellow on the fore part of the cheeks ; abdomen uniform whitish ;
the sides of the body and flanks broadly and distinctly streaked with
blackish brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts uniform isabelline ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline buff washed with golden
yellow ; quills below dusky, isabelline along the inner edge. Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-95.

Nab. South Africa, confined to the western districts of the Cape
Colony.

a, b, c. 2 ad. sk. South Africa {E. L. Layard). Sharpe CoU.

d. ^ ad. sk. South Africa. Forbes Coll.

e,f. (S ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll.

238 PLOCEID^.

g. $ juv. sk. South Africa, Sept. 1841. Sharpe Coll.

h, i. (S; k. 2 ad. sk. Cape Town ( nufler). Shelley Coll.

/, m. d ad. sk. Cape Town, Nov. 1865 (C. J. Sharpe Coll.
Andersson).

Subsp. a. Pyromelana minor.

Oryx minor, Reichenb. Singv. p. 59, pi. 24. figs. 210, 211 (1861).
Euplectes capensis (wee L.), Gurnei/, Ibis, 1865, p. 269; id. in

Anderss. B. Dani.-Ld. p. 170 (1872) ; Biickley, Ibis, 1874, p. 381 ;

Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 206 ; Sharpe, in Oates^ Matabele-Land,

App. Birds, p. ,320 (1881).
Euplectes xantbomelas {nee Biipp.), Gurnei/, Ibis, 1868, p. 51.
Pyromelana capensis (nee L.), Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 463,

849 (1884, pt).
Euplectes capensis, var. minor. Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 10, 22 (1858) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871).
Orynx capensis (jiec L.), Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 326 (1884) ;

id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 134.

Adult male. Similar to P. capensis, and having the same brown
thighs, but very much smaller : " bill pale dusky ; tarsi and feet
light brown; iris dusky" (T. A;/res). Total length 5 inches, cul-
men 0*6, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0-8t5.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. capensis, but smaller.

Hah. From the Knysna district in the Cape Colony through Natal
and the Transvaal to the Matabele country.

a. a. Imm. sk.

b. (f ad. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.

e. tS ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

g. 5 ad. sk.

h, i. cJ 2 hiem.

sk.
k, I. S ad. at imm.

sk.
m-q. <5ad.etjuv. ;

r. 2 ad. sk.
s. (S ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

u. (S hiem. sk.

V. (S ad. ; tv. cj

imm. sk.
X. S hiem. sk.

Knysna, Dec, Jan. (C. J An-

dersson).
Port Elizabeth.
Eland's Post(r. C. Atmore).
Kingwilliamstown {H. Tre-

velgan).
Natal.
Burg Mount, Natal, June

(Gordc/e).
Bothas Hill, July 16 {T. L.

Ay res).
Pinetown, May 14 {T. L.

Ayres).
Drakensberg Mountains, Dec.

19 (T. E. Buckley).
Drakensberg, Aug., Oct. {E.

A. Butler).
Newcastle, Oct. 26 {E. A.

Butler).
Kaar Kloof Heights, May 19

{F. Gates).
Transvaal (F. Gates).

Macamac, Nov.

Matabele-Land, Sept. 9, 1873
[T. E.Buckley).

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.

SheUey Coll.

Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.

SheUey CoU.

SheUey CoU.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[C.].
Shelley Coll.

9. PTEOMELANA. 239

y. S tiem. sk. Inyati, Sept. 29 {F. Oates). W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. IP.].
z. S ad. sk. Hope Fontein, near Giibule- W. E. & C. G. Oates,

weyo, Matabele-Land, Dec. Esq^rs. [P.]

{F. Oates).

Subsp. fo. Pyromelana phoenicomera *.

Euplectes pboenicomerus, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) x.p. 444
(1862); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 616; Reichen. J. f. O. 1875,
p. 50.

Coliuspasser capensis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 126.

Adult male. Similar to P. capensis, but very much smaller, and
the yellow paler and more of a bright lemon-yellow than golden in
intensity. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-85, tail 1"7,
tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. capensis, but very much
smaller, and having the lower back and rump deep ochreous brown,
with scarcely any olive tinge. Total length 4*5 inches, culmen 0'5,
wing 2-6, tail 1-3, tarsus 0'8.

Captain Shelley has united P. phoenicomera of the Cameroons to
P. capensis ; and, indeed, he only recognizes one species where I can
trace three races with well-defined geographical ranges.

The true P. capensis has the wing [ ^ ] 3-1-3-4, [ $ ] 3-1-3-2 ;
P. minor varies from 2-75 to 3-15 in the males, and from 2'57 to 2*9
in the females; but P. pluenicomera has the wing 2*7-2'8 in the
males and 2 5 in the females.

The bill is extremely large in the males of P. capensis, but it is
difficult to draw the line between them and P. minor, while P.
phoenicomera has a still smaller bill. The female is also much
darker below and has less distinct stripes.

Hab. Confined to the Cameroons Mountains in Western Africa.

a. c? ; 6, c. 2 ad.; Cameroons Mountains, Sir E.. Burton [P.].

d. Juv. sk. 7000 feet. (Types of species.)

e,f. S 2 ad.; ff. Cameroons Mountains, H. H. Johnston, Esq.

cJ imm. sk. Oct., 8000 feet. [P.].

h, i. cS ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, H. H. Johnston, Esq.

Nov., 10,000 feet. [P.].

k,l- 6 2 ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, Shelley Coll.
Sept., 9-10,000 feet
(H. H. Johnston).

11. Pyromelana xanthomelsBna.

Euplectes xanthomelas, Rilpp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 94 (1835-40) ; id.
Si/st. Uebers. p. 76, pi. 28 (1845); Bp. donsp. i. p. 447 (1850);
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856) ; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 68

* This name is somewhat inapplicable for a bird which is half black and
half yellow !

240

PLOCEID^.

(1864) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322 ; Salvad. Ann. 31us. Civic. Genov.

(2) i. p. 186 (1884), vi. p. 289 (1888).
Ploceus xanthomelas, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 3o2 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 45, no. 6634 (1870) ; Sperling, lUs, 1868, p. 290.
Orvux approxinians, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 177 (1850), teste Cab.

J.f. O. 1878, p. 231.
Orjnx xanthomelas, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 177, note (1850) ;

Reichenb. Singv. p. 59, Taf. xxiv. figs. 207-209 (1861); Cab. J.f. O.

1878, p. 231 ; Fischer ^- Reichen. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 351.
Pyromelana xanthomelas, Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. ii. p. 519 (1850).
Euplectes capensis (wee L.), Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 573 (1870).
Pyromelana capensis {nee L.), Imsch 4" Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 406

(1870).
Orynx capensis, Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 134.
Coliuspasser xanthomelas, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 350, 1888, p. 293.

Achdt male. Similar to P. capensis, but distinguished bj' its
entirely black thighs : " bill black, the lower mandible yellowish
horn-colour ; feet reddish ; iris dusky " (Heur/lin). Total length
6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-15, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-85.

The birds from the Shire Valley, though referable to P. xantho-
mehrna, are much smaller (wing 2-65-2-7 inches) than individuals
from more northern localities.

Hab. From Abyssinia south to the Zambesi, and westwards to
Angola.

a, b. c? ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d, e. (5 2 ad. sk.

/. c? hiem. sk.
g. (^ hiem. sk.
h. c? ad. sk.

t. d ad. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.

I. (S ad. sk.

m. (S ad. sk.
n. cS ad. sk.
o-r. cJ ad. et juv.

sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.

u. cJ ad. sk.

V, w. cJ ad. sk.

X. c? inim. sk.
y. cJ ad. sk.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia (Br. Riippell).

Lake Ashangi, May.

Ankober, Shoa, Jan. 1842

[Sir W. C. Harris).
Angollala, May 1842 (Sir W.

C. Harris).
Denz, Shoa, May 28 (O.

Antinori).
Shoa, Sept.(0. Antinori).
Ivitui in I'kamba, April

{Dr. Hililehrandf).
Usambara Mountains {Sir J.

Kirk).
Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk).
Lamu {Sir J. Kirk).
Mamboio {Sir J. Kirk).

Dar-es-Salaam {Sir J. Kirk).
Ivilima-njaro.

Kilima-njaro.

River Shire (Sir J. Kirk).

Eiver Shire (Dr. Sleller).
Caconda, Benguela (/. An-
chieta).

Dr. Riippell [C.].

Gould Coll.

W.T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum.

India Museum.

SheUey CoU.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[C.].
H. 0. V. Hunter, Esq.

Livingstone Expedi-
tion.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley CoU.

9. PYROMELANA. 241

12. Pyromelana afra.

Black-bellied Grosbeak, Broion, III. Zool. p. 58, pi. 24. tig. 2 (1776)
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 155 (1783).

Loxia afra, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 857 (1788).

Loxia melauogastra, Lath. Ind. 0)-n. i. p. 394 (1790).

Worabee, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 52** pi. xxviii** (1805).

Fiingilla abyssinica, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 232 (1817).

Coccothraustes melauogastra, Vieill. toin. cit. p. 542 (1817).

Fringilla raiiimculacea, Licht. Verz. Doiibl. p. 23 (1823).

Euplectes abyssiniciis, Cab. Miis. Hein. Th. 1. p. 178 (1850) ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1883,'p. 514.

Euplectes melauogaster, Sivaijis. B. West Afr. i. p. 182 (1837) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 447 (1850) ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 128 (1857) ; Bo-
cage, Jorn. Lisb. v. p. 257 (1876) ; id. Orn. Angola, p. 337 (1877-
81) ; Hartert, J. f. 0. 1886, p. 585.

Euplectes afer, Haiti. Beitr. Orn. Westafr. p. 29 (1848) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
1870, p. 56 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874,
p. 69.

Ploceus afer, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46,
no. 6646 (1870).

Ploceus abyssinicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849).

Pyromelana afra, Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 552 ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 355.

Adult male. Black and yeUow like P. taha, but distinguished by
the sides of the body being bright yellow, as well as a broad collar
across the fore neck, this coUar having more or less of a rich orange
shade. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-.55, wing 2-2, tail 1"15,
tarsus 0'75.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. taha, but very much
smaller. It has the same broad eyebrow, but is tinged with yellow
on the lores, sides of face, and chest. Total length 4*1 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2"05, tail 1"05, tarsus 0'6.

Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger and Fernando
Po. ? Angola.

a. c? ad. sk. Senegambia. Forbes Coll.

b. cj ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

c. cS ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

d. e. S ad. sk. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Shelley CoU.
/. S ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll.
g. (S ad. sk. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Sharpe CoU.
h. 5 ad. sk. Accra (/. Smith). Sharpe Coll.
i. cJ ad. sk. Accra {J. Smith). Shellev CoU.
k. S ad. sk. River Volta {H. T. Ussher). Sharpe CoU.
l-m. S 2 ad. sk. Egga, R. Niger ( W. A. F.). Forbes Coll.

n. (S ad. sk. Fernando Po. Capt. Thomson [P.].

13. Pyromelana scioana.

Euplectes abyssinicus (jiec V.), liiipp. Neae Wirb., Vog. p. 96 (1835-
40) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 76 (1845) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38
(1856).
? Euplectes strictos, Heiiyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856).
VOL. XIII. R

242 PLOCEID^.

? Euplectes strictus, Hartl Orn. W.-Afr. p. 129, note (1857) ; Gray,

Hand-l. M- ii. p. 46, no. 6644 (1870).
Euplectes habessinica, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 575

(1870, pt.)*.
Euplectes scioanus, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 185

(1884),: id. op. cit. (2) vi. p. 289 (1888).
Euplectes taha scioauus, Reiclien. J.f. O. 1885, p. 218.
Pyi'omelana scioana, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354.

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, except on the
mantle, which forms a black band across and separates the head
and neck from the back and rump ; entire crown of head, hind neck,
and sides of neck golden yellow ; mantle and scapulars black, some
of the feathers fringed with golden yellow, more broadly where they
adjoin the back, which, with the rump and upper tail-coverts, is
golden yeUow ; wing-coverts and quills edged with whity brown,
lighter on the greater coverts and quills, except near the base of the
secondaries, where the latter are margined with yellowish ; tail-
feathers dark brown, margined with yellowish buff ; lores and a
narrow line across the base of the forehead black, the adjoining part
of the forehead being slightly tinged with rufous ; a narrow lino
surrounding the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and uudor-
surface of body black, the fore neck with concealed yellow bases to
the feathers ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts golden yellow ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts pale tawny buff, with dusky
bases ; quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the inner web : " biU
black ; feet duskj" ; iris chestnut " (Antinori). Total length
5-7 inches, culmen 0'5.5, wing 2"75, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-75.

Similar to P. talia, but much larger ; the feathers of the fore neck
with concealed yellow bases, and the sides of the breast without the
yellow patch conspicuous in P. taJia.

Hah. kShoa, extending into Abyssinia.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Tuor-Hamesch, Shoa, Aug. 18, Shelley Coll.

1 877 {A. Antinori).

14. Pyromelana taha.

Euplectes taha, Stnifh, Meport Exped. C. Afr. p. 50 (1836) ; id. III.

Zool. S. Afr. pi. vii. (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 447 (1850) ; Layard,

Ibis, 1868, p. 267 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 294 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 62 (1871) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 171 (1872) ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1873, p. 255 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 79 ; Barratt,

Ibis, 1876, p. 206; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. v. p. 255 (1876) ; id. Orn.

Angola, p. 338 (1877-81).
Ploceus dubius, Smith, Report Exped. C. Afr. p. 50 (1836).
Ploceus taha. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 252 (1849) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr.

p. 184 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6645 (1870).

* Dr. Hartlaub has been so kind as to examiue for me all the specimens of
this species in the Museums of Frankfort and Stuttgart ; and he finds tliat all
the specimens of true P. afra are from West Africa, and neither museum pos-
sesses a single example from N.E. Africa. Count Salvadori also tells me that the
Kassala specimen procured by the late Marquis Antinori {I. c.) is P. ladoeiisis.

9. PYKOMELANA. 243

Euplecte^ abyssiuicus («ec V.), Strickl. ^- Sdater, Contr. Oni. 1851?

p. lou.
Taha dubia, Reichenh. 8iiujv. p. 73 (1861).
Pjromelana taha, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 8. Afr. p 465 H 884) •

SM^^ Ibis, 1886, p. 354; BiUtik. Notes Leyden Mus. xi. p. 75

Adult male. General colour above bright golden yellow, the feathers
of the back and rump voluminous and uniform bright yellow ; centre
of back yeUow, with a broad black streak on each side of the
mantle ; the lateral feathers with black centres like the scapulars
the outer ones of which are entirely black ; wing-coverts blackish
witi whity-brown margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black, edged with whity brown, the secondaries more broadly
and slightly tmged with yellow ; upper tail-coverts bright yeUow ;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with whity brown; crown of head
golden yellow, separated from the back by a broad black collar
round the hind neck ; feathers at base of bill, lores, eyelid, ear-
coyerts, cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface of body
velvety black, with a patch of yellow feathers on the sides of the
upper breast; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow; under wino'-
coverts and axillaries isabelline, the former ashy brown at the base ;
quiUs below dusky brown, isabeUine along the inner edge : " bill
black; feet dusky brown; iris dusky" (T. Aijres). Total length
4-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-55, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-75.

In winter, according to Mr. Ayres, the male, which is brown like
the adult female, has the bill pale dusky, darker along the culminal
ridge.

Adult female. Different from tlie male. Brown, streaked with
black centres to the feathers; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers
blackish, broadly edged with brown ; head like the back, but more
narrowly streaked : over the eye a broad streak of yellowish buff,
widening above the ear-coverts, which are brown, with a blackish
line along the upper margin ; under surface of body sandy brown,
streaked with black on the lower throat, breast, and sides of body
more broadly on the flanks ; throat and abdomen whiter, especially
the latter, both unspotted ; under wing-coverts and axillaries isa-
beUine, with a tinge of yellow on the edge of the wing : " upper
mandible light dusky brown, the under mandible paler ; tarsi and
teet light dusky brown; iris light umber-brown" (T. Ayres)
lotal length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. Interior of S.E. Africa from about 2Q'' S. lat. : from the
Orange Free State to JSatal and the Transvaal, extending to Ovampo-
Land in the west.

«. dad.st. South Africa. Earl of Derby rP.l.

6, c. d 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

, ^ J , „ , (Types of species.)

d. 2 ad. sk. South Africa {Sir A. Sviith). Gould Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. Lower Umgeni Eiver, Natal, Shelley Coll.

3\i\Y 21 (T. L. Ayres).

f. d juv. sk. Natal. Shai-pe Coll.

9

n2

244

g. 2 ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
i, k. (S ad. sk.
I, m, n. (S ad. et

juv. ; o, p, q.

$ ad. sk.
r, s. d juT., $

ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.

u,v. c? $ ad. sk.

jv. (S; .r,y. $ ad.

sk.
z S ad. sk.

Durban {Gordge).
Transvaal {T. Ay res).
Transvaal (T. Ay res).
Potckefstroom, Jan., June (7".
Ay res).

Potchefstroom, Jan., Feb. {T.

Ay res).
Potchefstroom, Feb. 3 {T.

Ay res).
Potchefsti'oom, Jan., March

(T. Ay res).
Ondonga, Ovampo-Land,Nov.

1866 (C. J. Anderssmi).
Ondonga, Jan. 22 (C. J. A.).

SheUey Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
Forbes Coll.

H. Seebohm, Esq.

[P.].
Shai'pe Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

15. Pyromelana ladoensis.

Euplectes taha (nee Smith), Antin. Cat. Ucc. p. 68 (1864) ; Hartl.

AbJiandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 10-3 (18S1), viii. p. 201 (1883) ;

Pek. Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xxxii. p. 506 (1882).
Euplectes habessinica, pt, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 575 (1870).
Euplectes abys^iuicus (iiec V.), Antin. if- Salvad. Viaqg. Bogos,

p. 118.
Euplectes ladoensis, Reichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 218.
Euplectes taha ladoensis, Reichen. t. c.
Pyromelana sticta (nee Heugl.), Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 354.
Pyromelana ladoensis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 33.

Adult male. Similar to P. taha, but much smaller, aud distin-
guished by a little more j'ellow on the sides of the body ; the
feathers below the yellow patch on the sides of the breast slightly
mottled with yellow bases, and the feathers of the sides of the body
with narrow yellow edges. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0"55,
wing 2-25, tail 1-1, tarsus 0*65.

The amount of yellow on the sides of the body seems to vary a
good deal.

Eab. North-eastern Africa, from the Eastern Soudan and White
Nile districts to Lamo.

a, b, c. (5 ad. ; d.

2 ad. sk.
e. j ad. sk.
f-k. $ ad. ; /. S
juv. sk.

Lado, June, Aug. {Emin

Pasha).
Lado, Aug. 30, 1884.
Lamo. E. Africa {Sir J.

Kirk).

Shelley Coll.

Emin Pasha [P.].
Shelley Coll.

10. PLOCEIPASSER.

Type.

Plocepasser, Smith, Rep. Exped. C. Afr. p. 51 (1836). P. mahali.

Agrophilus, Sioains. B. W. Afr. i. p. "209 (1837) P. superciliosus

Leucophrvs, Swains. Clnssif. B. ii. p. 287, fig. 262

(1837) : ." P. mahali.

Philagi-us, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 179 (1850) P. mahali.

Range. Confined to Africa.

10. PL0CEIPAS8EE. 245

Key to the Species.

a. Crown of head black ; eyebrow white.

«'. No black markings or spots on the fore neck.

a" . Bill pale horn-brown mahali, p. 245.

b" . Bill black melanorhynchus, p. 246.

b' . With black markings on the fore neck.

a". Bill black pectoralis, p. 247.

b". Bill brown i)ropinquatud, p. 247.

6. Crown of head ashy grey with a broad lateral

stripe of black ; eyebrow ashy grey ; back

rufous-browu ritfoscapulatits, p. 248.

c. Crown tawny rufous ; eyebrow whitish ; bill

pale supeixiliosus, p. 248.

1. Ploceipasser mahali.

Plocepasser mahali, Smith, Rep. E.iped. C. Afr. App. p. 51 (1836);

id. 111. Zoul. S. Afr., Aves, p. 65 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 354

(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 443 (1850) ; Gray, ^Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47,

no. 6655 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 256 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 61(1871); Gurney in Andeiss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 106 (1872);

Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 380 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 318 (1877-81) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 263 ; Sharjye in Oates' Matabele-Land, App.

B'.-p. 321 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 351 ; Molub Sr Von Pelz.

Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 120, cum fig. (1882) ; Shaipe, ed. Iayard!s

B. S. Afr. pp. 447, 848 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 5.
Leucophrys pileatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 287 (1837).
PhilagTus mahali, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Th. i. p. 179 (1850).
Agrophilus hsematocephalus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 50

(1854).
Plocepasser pileatus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 187 (1867).

Adult male. General colour above light brown ; scapulars like
the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts jjure white ;
lesser wing-coverts rather more ashy brown than the back ; median
coverts brown, with a broad white ending fonning a bar ; greater
coverts blackish, tipped with white, forming a second wing-bar but
not so broad ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown,
broadly edged with light fawn-colour or whity brown, the inner
secondaries resembling the innermost greater coverts ; tail-feathers
dark brown, edged with lighter brown and tipped with white ;
crown of head black, as far as the occiput and nape ; hind neck
brown, as also the sides of the neck ; lores, feathers round eye, and
cheeks black ; sides of face and ear-coverts brown, above the latter
a broad white eyebrow extending to the sides of the neck ; throat
white ; sides of neck brown like the back ; remainder of under
surface of bodj- isabelliue, browner on the sides of the breast, sides
of body, and flanks ; lower breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts isabelline whitish : under wing-coverts and axillaries isabel-
line : quills below dusky brown, ashy isabelline along the inner
edge : "bill, feet, and toes yellowish red'' (C. J. Andersson) : " bill
dusky, nearly black ; tarsi and feet pale brown ; iris bright red-

246 PLOCEID^.

hvo^n" {T. Ay res). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing
3-9, tail 2-3, tarsns 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller : " bill
light dusky brown, paler ou the lower mandible" (T. Ayres). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-85, tail 2-5, tarsus 0*9.

Hah. South Africa from the Orange Eiver to Damara-Land and
Benguela on the west, and to Matabele-Land on the east.

a. Ad.; h. Juv. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)

e. Ad. sk. South Africa {Sir A. Smith). Purchased.
d, e. cJ ad. sk. Giiqua-Land, May {T. C. Shelley Coll.

Atmore).

f. cf ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.
jy, ^. c? ad. sk. Matabele-Land, Sept. (T. ^. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

i, iS ad. sk. Palatsie Eiver, near Shoshong, W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Aug. 13, 1874 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

k. I, Ad. sk. Matalko, Damara-Land, July Sharpe CoU.

14, 1866 (C. J. Andersson).

m. 2 ^^- sk. Rio Chimba, Mossamedes {J. Sharpe Coll.

Anckieta).

n. c? ad. sk. Maconjo, Aug. (J. AncJdeta). Shelley Coll.

o. Ad. sk. Capaugombe {J. Anchieta). Shelley Coll.

2. Ploceipasser melanorhynchus.

Ploceus superciliosus, Bes Murs in Lefehwe's Voy. Abyss, p. 110,

pi. ix. fig. 2 (1845-50).
Plocepasser melanorhynchus, RUpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845) ;

Bp. Consix i. p. 444 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6656

(1870) ; Antin. ^ Salimd. Viayg. Boyos, p. 119 (1873) ; Pelz. Verh.

z.-h. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 150 (1881) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov.

(2) i. p. 177 (1884), vi. p. 295 (1888) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 6.
Philagrus melanorhynchus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 179, note

(1850); Ileuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 538, pi. 21 (1870), iv. p. cxxviii

(1871) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 232 ; Bartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, \n. '^. 101 (1881); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 328

(1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 1.34.
Plocepasser mahali (nee S7nifh), Heiigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 43 (1850) ;

Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1864) ; Heuyl. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 309 ;

id. Orn. W.O.-Afr.i.-p. 537 (1870) ; Salvad. AttiR. Accad. Torino,

V. p. 740 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above light brown, the rump and
upper tail-coverts white ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
coverts white, forming a broad band ; greater coverts dark brown,
broadly tipped with white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills dark brown, the primaries fringed with whity brown, the
secondaries more broadly edged, the innermost also lighter brown ;
tail-feathers blackish brown, fringed with whity brown, and tipped
with a bar of white ; crown of head brownish black, as far as the
occiput ; hind neck like the back ; lores black, as well as the
feathers below the eye ; a broad eyebrow of white extending above

10. PLOCEIPASSEE. 247

the ear-coverts, which are dark brown ; cheeks black, continued into
a broad line along the sides of the throat, which is white like the
rest of the iinder surface, with a large patch of light brown on the
sides of the lower breast ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries dark brown ; quills below dusky
brown, lighter along the inner edge : " bill blackish ; feet reddish
brown ; ins chestnut " {Heurjlin). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7
wing 4-05, tail 2-G, tarsus 0-9. '

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 7
inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4-05, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.

Hub. N.E. Africa from Bogos-Land and the Upper Nile districts
to Ukamba and Masai-Land.

a. Ad. sk. Khartoum {Knohlecker). Sharpe Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Mus.

d. c? ad. sk. Ambukarra, Shoa, Aug. 13 Shelley Coll.

(O. Antinori).

e. Ad. sk. White Nile. Purchased.
f,ff- d; h. 2 ad. Lado, Equatorial Africa, March Shelley Coll.

sk. (Umin Pasha),

i. 2 ad.sk. Kitui in Ukamba, May 1877. Dr. IlildebrandtrCl.

k. cS ad. sk. Kitui, May (Br. Hildebrandt). Shelley Coll. ^

3. Ploceipasser pectoralis.

Agrophilus melanorhynchus {nee Riipp.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol.

p. 60 (1854).
Philagrus pectoralis, Pe^era, j; /. O. 1868, p. 133; Seuffl. Orn. N.O.-

Afi\ p. 539, note' (1870) ; Fimch 8f Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 387

(1870).
Plocepasser pectoralis, Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6658 (1870).

Adult. Similar to P. mahali, but smaller, rather more rufous-brown
in colour, and is further distinguished by its black bill and especially
by the black markings across the fore neck. Total length 6-4 inches,
culmen 07, wing 3-75, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. South-eastern Africa from the Zambesi to Inhambane.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedition.

4. Ploceipasser propinquatus.

Plocepasser propinquatus, Skellei/, Ibis, 1887, p. 6 (ex Oustalet, MSS.
in Mus. Paris) .

Adult. Similar to P. pectoralis, but distinguished by the pale
brown bill and the less distinct spots on the throat (Shelley).
Hah. Somali-Land.

248 PLOCErD^.

6. Ploceipasser rufoscapulatus.

Plocepasser rufoscapulatus, Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 238,
pi. 9. fig. 2 (1888).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above rufous cho-
colate ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more ashy brown,
the latter much clearer ashy ; lesser wing-coverts rufous-brown like
the back : median and greater series black, tipped with white, the
former rather browner and forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-
wing, primary -coverts, and quills blackish, fringed with light brown,
more rufous on the secondaries, the inner secondaries edged with
isabelline, like the greater coverts ; tail uniform light brown ; centre
of crown ashy grey like the hind neck ; base of foi-ehead and a
broad lateral stripe on the crown black, followed by a broad eye-
brow of grey ; lores, feathers round the eye, and a stripe along the
upper edge of the ear-coverts black ; ear-coverts and cheeks ashy
grey, the latter whiter anteriorly ; throat white, separated from the
cheeks by a distinct malar stripe of black from the chin, widening
out below ; lower throat and fore neck and chest light ashy grey,
with a shade of ochreous brown on the lower throat ; remainder of
under surface of body greyish white, a little more ashy on the lower
flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts ashy white ; under wing-
coverts ashy white, the lower greater coverts ashy brown, the outer
coverts also mottled with ashy brown ; quiUs dusky brown below,
isabeUine along the inner edge : " bill and feet horn-colour ; iris
dark brown " { Van der Kelleii). Total length 6'2 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 3-8, tail 2-3, tarsus O'S. {Mus. Lwjd.)

Hab. Cunene River, S.W. Africa.

6. Ploceipasser superciliosus.

Ploceus superciliosus, ex Rilpp. MSS., Cretzschm. in Hiipp. Atlas,

Voff. p. 24, pi. 15 (1826).
Plocepasser superciliosus, Smith, Hej). Exped., C. Afr. Apf. p. 51,

note (1836) ; Hupp. St/sf. Uebers. p. 78 (1845) ; Graij, Gen. B. ii.

p. 354(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 179, note (1850); Heugl. Syst.

Uebers. p. 43 (1856) ; Hart/. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1857) ; Antin.

Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6657

(1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 5 ; Salvad. Ann. Mks. Civic. Genov.

(2) i. p. 194 (1884), vi. p. 295 (1888).
Agrophilus superciliosus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 209 (1837).
Philagrus superciliosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 279 (1850) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 536 (1870), iv. Api). p. cxxviii (1871) ; Har-

tert,J.f. 0. 1886, p. 585.

Adult. General colour above light brown, paler and more ashy
brown on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark brown,
tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing, pri-
marj'-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with fulvous, the
secondaries margined with white ; tail-feathers brown, with lighter

11. PHIL^TERUS. 249

brown margins ; crown of head tawn}- rufous as far as the n ape ;
hind neck like the back ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white ; eye-
lid and feathers below the eye white ; ear-coverts rufous-brown,
surmounted by a narrow line of tawny rufous ; cheeks whitish,
followed by a broad malar stripe of black ; throat white ; fore neck
and remainder of under surface pale ashy, whiter on the lower breast
and abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy whitish ; quills below dusky, isabelline along
the inner edge : " bill and feet rufous horn-colour : iris dusky
rufous " {Heuglin). Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*65, wing
3-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Senegambia to the Niger. N.E. Africa, from Bogos-Land
to Shoa.

a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. Bogos-Land {Esler). Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

d, e.S ad. sk. Shoa, Nov. (0. Antinori). Shelley Coll.

11. PHIL.ffiTERUS.

Type.

Philetairus, Smith in Charlesiv. Mag. 1837, p. 5-3G P. socius.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Upper plumage and flanks scaly, with white edges to

the feathers ; head brown socius, p. 249.

b. No scaly markings on buck or flanks.

«'. Bm black ; head pearly grey ; under surface of ^ ^^,^^^^^j. 250.
body drab-brown like the back <. dorvili<i ii '^51

b'. Bill yellow; head black; under surface of body ' ^) P- " •

white, with black on the sides of the body and
in the centre of the breast cabanisi, p. 251.

1. PhUsBterus socius.

Social Grosbeak, Patersons Toyaye, p. 12G, pi. 19.

Loxia socia, Lath. Ind. Or 11. i. p. 08I (1790, ex Futerson).

Coccothraustes socia, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xiii. p. 540 (1817).

Ploceus socius, Cuv. Begne Anim. i. p. 384 (1817).

Phiheterus lepidus. Smith in Charlesw. Mag. 18.37, p. 530 ; id. lU.

Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 8 (1838).
Euplectes lepidus, Sivains. An. in Menay. p. 309 (1837) ; C'haj)?n.

Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 401 (18u8).
Philfeterus socius, Oray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 445 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 186 (1867) ; Ayres, Ibis,

1871, p. 253; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (lb71) ; G'urney in

Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 167 (1872) ; Roluh >.y Von Pelz. Beitr.

Orn. Siidafr. p. 119 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard'n B. S. Afr. p. 449

(1884) ; SheUey, Ibis, 1886, p. 307.

Adult male. General colour above brown, the feathers of the

250

hind neck, mantle, and upper back having a scaly appearance, being
edged with pale oclireous or sandy buff, before which is a subterminal
shade of black ; rump and upper tail-coverts pale brown, with
whitish margins, more distinct on the latter ; quills brown, edged
with paler brown, inclining to whity brown on the greater coverts
and inner secondaries ; tail-feathers blackish, brown externally and
at the ends, with a white spot near the tip of the inner web ; centre
tail-feathers light brown ; head uniform drab-brown ; eyelid white :
lores, feathers in front of the eye, fore part of cheeks and chin, and
upper throat black ; remainder of sides of face, ear-coverts, hinder
cheeks, and under surface of body from the middle of the throat
downwards pale drab-brown, the sides of the neck mottled with
scaly black mai'kings like the back ; on the sides of the body a patch
of scaly feathers, black, with sandy-white margins ; axillaries and
under wing-coverts like the breast : " bill pale livid horn-colour ;
legs and toes light brownish horn-colour ; iris dark brown " (C. J.
Andersson). Total length 5"4 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 2-9, tail 1*7,
tarsus 0-8.

Young. Similar to the adults, but more distinctly mottled above
with sandy-brown edges to the feathers ; the head also minutely
spotted with black ; the patch of scaly feathers on the side of the
body not so distinctly pronounced.

Hab. Southern Africa from tiie interior districts to the Transvaal
and north of the Diamond Fields to Damara-Land, not occurring
south of the Orange River.

b. Ad.etjuv.sk. Latakoo.

e. cJ ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. J jav. sk.

f. Juv. sk.

Transvaal {T. Ay res).
Transvaal (T. Ayres).
Damara-Land.
Damara-Land (C. J. A.).

Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of P. lepidus.)
Sliai-pe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
C. J. Andersson [C.].
Sharpe Coll.

2. PhilaBterus arnaudi.

Nigrita arnaudi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 444 (1850, ex Pucher. MSS. in
Mus. Paris); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131, note (1857); Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. 6649(1870); Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
i. p. 541, Taf. XX. (1870) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii.
p. 104 (1881) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 329 (1884) ; id.
J.f. O. 1885, p. 134; Hartl. J.f. 6. 1887, p. 310.

Fringllla (PjTgita) molybdocepliala, Hevyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 41
(1856).

Philseterus arnaudi, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 308.

Wing of Philaicrtis arnaudi, to show bastard primary.

Adult male. General colour above light drab-brown ; lesser wing-
coverts dark ashy with dusky margins ; median and greater coverts

I

11. PHIL^TERTTS. 251

drah-brown like the back; bastard-wing, primary-coverts and
quills b ack, tipped with drab-brown, the secondaries Idged w h t h e
same colonr, the innermost being externally drab-brown, interndlj
broom'vf^^''l tail-coverts like the back; tail-feather^ blackish,
broadly tipped with drab-brown, white at the ends, extending alone'
the outer web of the ontermost ; crown of head 'and nape^peady
gre>; lores drab-brown; eyelid whitish ; ear-coverts, cheeks, fhroat
a under snr ace of body drab-brown, including (he thigh^, undei'
r,nf n'" 1 fr.'^'' '"'^ a^i"aries; quills below duskv brown
sabellme along he inner edge : " biU black ; feet dusky flesh-colour

AfSa^^el^^egSir ""'"^-^'^ ''''''''' '' ^^^^^^

a. Ad. sk. White Nilp n , •■

h ^ nfl cl- T^ vf ^ . . , ,„ Purchased.

6. d ad. sk. Eedjaf, Equatonal Africa, July 3 Shelley Coll.

c 2 ad sk. Eedjaf, December 2. Emin Pasha IP "

f S ad S" w'°' ''T' ^.t"'^ ^.'"'"^- Sidney ?oIL ^'^•^■

e. 6 ad. sk. Waso-neibor, Masai-Land, April 1.3 Shelley Coll.
{Dr. Fischer). •'

3. Philsterus dorsalis.

NigTita canidorsalis, Eeichen. J. f 0. 1887, p. 41 ilavsn cal )
NjgTita dorsahs, Iiek/>e72. t. c. p. 71. ^ ^ ^ ■''

Similar to P. arnaudi^ but differing in its grey back, darker grey

S lor;i'^'",^"!l-^t?' i" "^"^^"-^ ^^^ Wack tail-bands ^S

4. Philaeterus cahanisi.

Nigrita cahanisi i^,W,er Sf MeicMn. J. f. O. 1884, p. 54; Fischer
Zeitschr. ges 0,n. i. p. 330 fl884):'u/. J. f. O.lBm, p 134-
Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 71. •' ' ^' '

PMseteruscabanisi, Shelhij, Ibis, 1886, p. 308; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 292,

Achth female General colour above clear drab-brown, the upper
tail-coverts a little more blackish brown; wing-coverts like the
back; quills ashy brown, externally like the back ; tail-feathers
blacJush, the outer ones fringed with white along the end of the
inner web ; crown of head, lores, feathers round eye and upper part
of ear-coyerts black ; remainder of sides of face, cheeks, and under
surface of body white, with a streak of black down the centre of

WftT -li'^i^f /^ ^'^^^ '^^^^ ^"°^' drab-brown, the feathers
mottled with black spots ; thighs and under tail-coverts white •
under wing-coyerts and axillaiies white, the outer coverts pale
drab ; quills below pale dusky, ashy along the inner edge : "bill

252 PLOCEID^.

horn-colour, greenish towards the base ; feet flesh-colour ; iris red "
(G. A. Fisclier). Total length 5 inches, culmeii 0-6, wing 2-6,
tail I'S, tarsiis 0"7.

Adult male. Similar in plumage to the female. Total length
4*7 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2'7, tail 1*9, tarsus 0'7.

Hah. Kilimanjaro district to the East Coast.

a, h. S; c. 9. ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

March 14, 1887.

12. PYRENESTES.

Type.
Pyrenestes, Sirauis. B. W. Afr. i. p. 1-j6 (1837) P. ostriuus.

Bill of Pyrenestes ostrinus, to show tooth in toiaium.
Range. Confined to AVest Africa.

1. Pyrenestes ostrinus.

Loxia ostrina, Vieill. Ot's. Chant, p. 79, pi. 48 (1805).
Coccothraustes ostrinus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xLii. p. 548

(1817).
Pyrenestes sanguineus. Steams. B. W. Afr. p. 156, pi. 9 (1837).
Pyrenestes ostrinus, Gray., Gen. B. ii. p. 356 (1844); Bp. Consp. i.
p. 450 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 139 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 49, no. 6G78 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 68 (1871) ;
Forhes, Ibis, 1883, p. 526 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 549 ; Shelley, Ibis,
1886, p. 314 (pt.).
Adult male. General colour above velvety black, from the hind
neck to the rump ; scapulars like the back ; rump and upper tail-
coverts bright crimson ; wing-coverts and quills brownish black : tail-
feathers entirely dark crimson, the rest blackish, externally dark
crimson ; a narrow line of black along the base of the forehead ;
crown of head and hind neck, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and chest bright crimson ;
breast and abdomen velvety black ; sides of body bright crimson
like the throat ; thighs and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-
coverts and asillaries black ; quills below dusky, more ashy along
the inner edge : " bill blue-black, culmen greyish blue at the base ;
eyelids black, with pale blue median spot on each ; feet dark horny ;
iris chestnut-brown" (W. A. Forhes). Total length 5-6 inches;
exposed culmen 0'6, wing 2*9, tail 2"25, tarsus 0"85.

Adidt ftntale. Differs from the male in being brown where the
latter is black, the vent and under tail-coverts being washed with

12. PYEENESTES. 253

crimson. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-9, tail 2-25,
tarsus U'8.

Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to the Niger. ? Gaboon.

a. [ 2 1 ad. sk. Kiver Gambia. Shelley Coll.

6. [ § ] ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharps Coll.

c. [2]ad. sk. itiver Gambia. Forbes CoU.

d. [ ? ] jmi. sk. River Gambia. Old Coll.

e. <S ad. sk. Shonga, R. Niger,

Nov. 1882 ( W. A. F.). Forbes CoU.

2. Pjrrenestes coccineus.

Pyrenestes coccineus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 67 ; id. Journ.

Philad. Acad. i. p. 242, pi. 31. fig. 2 (1848) ; Hartl. Orn. JV.-Afr.

p. 139 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 139 ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1870, p. 54 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 6679 (1870) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 68 (1871) ; Reiclien. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41,

1887, p. 301.
Pyi'enestes personatus, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Bru.v. xxii. pt. i. p. 151

(1855) ; Marti. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 139 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 49, no. 6680 (1870) ; Eeichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41 ; Bilttik.

Notes Leyden Mns. vi. p. 199 (1885), vii. p. 199 (1885), viii.

p. 260 (1886), X. p. 91 (1888) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 305.
Pyrenestes ostrinus {nee V.), Reichen. J.f. 0.1877, p. 29; Bocage,
" Orn. Angola, p. 300 (1877-81) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 314 (pt.).

Adult male. Similar to P. ostrinus, but smaller in size : " bill
metallic cobalt-blue ; feet olive-brown ; eyelid cobalt-blue ; iris
brown" {Biittikofer). Total length 5 inches, exposed culmen 0'6,
wing 2"5, tail 2, tarsus 0'7.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. ostrinus, but smaller :
" bill dark steel-blue ; feet olive-brown ; eyelid ochraceous ; iris
brown " {Buttikofer). Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*4,
tail 1"85, tarsus 0-75.

Young. Entirely brown, without any crimson colour whatever :
tail dull red ; soft parts as in adult female. {Mus. Liigd.)

That the male takes some time before assuming the fuUy adult
black plumage seems to be certain, for Blittikofer discovered a colony
of breeding birds in Liberia, wherein there was not a single black-
backed male, and he never saw one during his residence in that
country. It is evident that the black-plumaged birds are very rare,
and very few specimens exist in collections. The males collected by
Biittikofer vary from alight brown to a dark, almost chocolate-brown;
while the females resemble the males, but are paler still, and have
scarcely any wash of crimson over the brown plumage ; the crimson
colour of the head and throat is less vivid, and the bill is conspicu-
ously smaller. Underneath, the colour resembles that of the male
but is decidedly lighter, the red of the throat less extended and not
reaching to the fore neck ; the sides of the breast brown (not crim-
son) and with only a slight shade of red. Total length 4'7 inches,
exposed culmen 0'45, wing 2'4, tail 1"S, tarsus 0'7. (J/ws. Lugd.)

Dr. Eeichenow says that in a Gaboon specimen of P. jjersonatus

254 PLOCEIDJi!.

the bill was blue-black, the feet yellowish browu, and the eyelid
white. The Cameroons specimen, which ho separates as P. coccineus,
had the bill steel-blue, the feet yellowish grey-brown, the iris clear
reddish browu, and the eyelid white. These soft parts will bo seen
to differ somewhat from those given by Mr. Biittikofer.

Hab. West Africa from Senegambia to the Congo, extending
along the Congo region to Equatorial Africa.

a. [Si ad. sk. Fantee. A. Swauzj, Esq. [P.].

/!i. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Fantee. Saarpe Coll.

c, rf. [ $ ] ad. sk. Fantee {Kirby). Shelley Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

f.\9.^ ad. sk. Gaboon. Sharps Coll.

'(). Juv. sk. Gaboon. M. DuChaillu [C.].

h. ad. sk. Gaboon {DuChaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

i. 2 imm. sk. Leopoldville, Upper Congo, F. Bohndorff [C.].

Dec.

k. (5 ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial Afiica, Eniin Pasha [P.].

July 4, 1885.

13. CRYPTOSPIZA.

Type.
Cryptospiza, Saload. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 180

(1884) C. reichenowi.

Range. Confined to Africa.

1. Cryptospiza reichenowi.

Pytelia reicherowii, Hartl. Ibis, 1874, p. 166 ; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875,

p. 41, pi. 2. %. 1. __
Cryptospiza reicheuowii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Cicic. Genov. (2) i.

p. 180 (1884) ; Shelleij, Ibis, 1886, p. 317.

Adult. Head, neck, and under surface of body yellowish
olive-brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and sides of body
brownish carmine-red ; coverts and inner secondaries edged with
brownish red: iris dark; feet aud bill black. Total length 12
inches, culmeu I'l, wing 5'3, tail 4, tarsus 2. (Hartlcmb.)

Hab. Bonjongo in the Cameroon Mountains, and extending across
to Shoa.

14. aUELEA.

Type.
Quelea, Reichenb. tSi/st. Nat. Taf. l.Yxvi. fig. 1 (1850) .... ? Q. quelea.
Hyphautica, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 180 (1S50) ? Q. quelea.

Bill of Qticka quelea, to show deflected angle in tomium.
Range. Confined to Africa.

14. QTJELEA. 255

Key to the Species.

a. Crown, sides of face, and throat bright crimson.

a'. Some black on the throat erythrdjis, p. 255.

b'. No black on the throat cardinalis, p. 250.

b. No crimson on the crown or throat, which may be

rose-coluiired in very old birds.
a'. Ear-coverts black like the upper throat.

a". Forehead black, forming a broad band .... quelea, p. 257.

h" . No black on forehead (ethiopica, p. 259.

c". With a little black on the forehead intermedia, p. 259.

b'. Ear-coverts sandy bufl"; no black on forehead

or throat russi, p. 260.

1. Guelea erythrops. (Plate X. fig. 1.)

? Fringilla erythrocephala, Des Murs in Lefebvres Voy. Ahy^s. p. 119

(1845).
Ploceus erythrops, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 109 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 353 (1849) ; Keidem. N. T. I), iii. p. 394 (1866) ; Grai/, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 45, no. 6623 (1870) ; Finsch Sj- Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 407

(1870, note) ; Reichenb. Corresp. Afrik. Gesellsch. 1874, p. 181 ; id.

J.f. O. 1877, p. 28; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 319 (1877-81);

Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 194 (1885).
Euplectes erythrops, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 53, Taf. viii.

(1848).
Foudia erythrops, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 129 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 134 ; Hartl. J.

f. 0. 1861, p. 176; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 62 (1871); id. Ibis,

1872, p. 72 ; Shelley <^- Buckley, Ibis', 1872, p. 239.
Quelea capitata, DuBus, Btdl. Acad. R. Brux. xxii. pt. i. p. 151

(1855).
Calyphantria erythrops, Heine, J. f. 0. 1860, p. 144.
Quelea erythrops, Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 67, pi. xxx. iigs. 239^241

(1861); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 356; id. P.Z.S. 1888, p. 33.
Foudia hfematocephala, Heuyl. J.f. O. 1864, p. 250.
Calyphantria hsematocephala, Heuyl. J. f O. 1867, p. 390.
Hyphantica hsematocephala, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 545,

pi. 19 a (1870).
Hyphantica ervthrops, Fischer l^- Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 352 ;

'Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 327 (1884); id. J.f. O. 1885,

p. 134.

Adult male. General colour above brown, streaked witli dark
brown centres to the feathers, the mantle-feathers with paler and
more sandy-brown edges ; "\ving-covorts like the back, and similarly
edged, the median coverts margined with white ; the greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primarj-- coverts, and quills dark brown, with olive-
yellow margins, some of which are tinged with rosy ; upper tail-
coverts uniform brown : tail-feathers dark brown, with olive-yellow
edges ; crown of head and nape crimson, as also the lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat, the latter mottled with black
bases to the feathers, extending on to the fore neck ; chest uniform
tawny brown ; breast and abdomen whitish ; sides of body and

256 PLOCEID^.

" flanks tawny brown, with dusky-brown centres ; thighs rosy ; under
tail-covoits uniform isabellino buff ; uuder wing-coverts and axil-
laries pale tawny buff, edged with rosy along the bend of the wing ;
quills below dusky brown, ashy along the inner edge : " bill horn-
black, with a slight tint of rosu-colour ; angle of mouth whitish ;
feet and claws pale rosy ; iris duskj' " (Ilew/Un). Total length 3"9
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-35, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-7.

An adult male from Kibiro {Emin Pasha) is larger (wing 2*6)
and has whiter uuder tail-coverts.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, streaked with darker brown centres to the feathers, the
mantle-feathers margined with whity brown ; wing-coverts and
quills dark brown, edged with paler brown, whitish on the median
and greater coverts, and olive- yellow onthecjuills ; upper tatl-coverts
like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown, with lighter bi'own edges,
tinged with olive-yellow ; crown of head more uniform brown,
washed with olive-yellow on the forehead ; a distinct eyebrow of
pale orange-yellow ; lores ashy brown ; ear-coverts and cheeks light
tawny brown, with a reddish tinge ; throat whitish, washed with
tawny brown ; fore neck and upper breast pale tawny brown ; the
lower breast and abdomen pure white ; sides of body, flanks, and
thighs brown; under tail-coverts isabelline buff: under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale tawny brown, yellow along the edge of
the wing ; quills below dusky brown, ashy along the inner edge.
Total length -i'l inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2"35, tail 1"3, tarsus 0'65.

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia extending throughout the
Congo region to Angola, and across to Equatorial Africa.

a. tS ad. sk.

Kibiro, June 3, 1886.

Emin Pasha [P. 1

h. 2 ad. sk.

Fantee.

Sbarpe Coll.

c, d. 2 ad. sk.

Accra, March 1 ( G. E. S.).

Shelley Coll.

e. (S hiem. sk.

Prince's Island, June
(«/. G. Keulemans).

186-5

Shelley Coll.

/. ? ad. sk.

Gaboon {DuChaillu).

Sharpe Coll.

*/. c? ad. sk.

Gaboon.

M. A. Bouvier.

h. S ad. sk.

Gaboon.

M. Verreaux.

i, k. (^ 2 imm. sk.

Gaboon {DuChaillu) .

Tweeddale CoU.

I. cJ ad. sk.

Landana, Congo.

M. L. Petit [CI.

m, n, 0. S ad. sk.

Landana, Congo {L. Petit).

Shelley Coll.

p. (5 ad. sk.

River Quanza.

Shelle> Coll.

2. Guelea cardinalis, (Plate X. fig. 2.)

Hyphantica cardinalis, Hartl. J.f. O.1880, p. 325, 1881, pi. i.figs. 1,
"2; id. Abhandl. ?iat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 102 (1881), viii. p. 201
(1883); Pelz. Verh.z.-b. Ges. fFiwi, xxxii. p. 508 (1882); Fischer,
Zeitschr. qes. Orn. i. p. 329 (1884) ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 134.

Quelea cardinalis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 357; id. P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 33.

Adult male. Similar to Q. erytlirops, but with the head and throat
lighter crimson, and extending over the whole of the fore neck. The
crimson on the crown does not extend beyond the hinder crown, the

14. QUELEA. 257

occiput, nape, and hind neck being brown, streaked with black and •
washed with crimson. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
2-25, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-65.
Hub. Equatorial Africa.

a, h,c. S '} d, e. $ Lado, Equatorial Africa, June to Shelley Coll.

ad. sk. August (Emin Pasha).

f. (S ad. sk. Lado, July 17, 1870 {Emin Forbes Coll.

Pasha).
I/, h, i. (5 ad. sk. Wadelai, July 1885. Emin Pasha [P.].

3. ftuelea quelea. (Plate X. fig. 3.)

Brazilian Span-ow, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 128, pi. 271. fig. 2

(1700).
Le Moineau a bee rouge du S^ndgal, Bliss. Orn. iii. p. 110, pi. vi.

tig. 1 (17G0) ; Daubent. PI. Erd. iv. pi. 183. fig. 2.
PLoxia sanguinirostris, Linn, Si/st. Nat. i. p. 30.3 (1766).
Emberiza quelea, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 310 (1766, ex Bfiss.) ; Gni,

Syst. Nat. i. p. 877 (1788).
Moineau du S6n<?gal, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 233. fig. 1 ; Buff. Hist.

Nat. iii. p. 484 (1775).
Black-faced Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 192 (1783). '
Loxia quelea, Baud. Trait4, ii. p. 448 ( 1800) ; Less. Traiti, p. 446

(1831).
Dioch, Vieill. Ois.' Chant, p. 46, pis. 22, 23 (1805).
Dioch rose, Vieill. t. c. p. 48, pi. 24 (1805).
Fringilla quelea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 233 (1817) ;

Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 27 (1823).
Loxia lathami. Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 51 (1836).
Loxia sanguiuirostris, Hahn 4' Kiister, Orn. Atlas, Lief. i. Taf. 4

(1834).
Euplectea sanguinirostris, Sivains. B. W. Afr. 1. p. 188 (1837);

Hartl. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 30 (18-18).
Ploceus sanguinirostris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; Sundev.

(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. 1850, p. 126 ; StricJd. ^- Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 150; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. 6618 (1870); Finsch Sf

Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 407 (1870) ; Sharjye, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61

(1871, pt.j ; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 320 (1877-81) ; Bokni, J.f.

O. 1883, p. 199.
Amadina lathami. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
Quelea sanguinirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 445 (1850) ; Reiehenb. Singv.

p. 66, pi. XXX. figs. 233-235 (1861); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-

Ld. p. 173 (1872) ; Holub Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siklafr. p. 116

(]882).
Ilyphantica sanguinirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 180 (1850) ;

Reichen. J.f. O. 1886, p. 392.
Ploceus quelea, Licht. Nomencl. p. 50 (1854).
Quelea occidentalis, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 129 (1857); id. J.f. O.

1861, p. 176.
Quelea lathami, Reiehenb. Singv. p. 67, Taf. xxx. figs. 236-238

(1861).
Ploceus lathami, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 186 (1867).
Quelea quelea, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 356 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard''s B. S.

Afr. p. 458 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 357 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888,

p. 34.
VOL. XIII. s

258 rLOCEiB.'E.

Adult male in hrecding-plumage. General colour above brown,
mottled with blackish centres to the feathers, those of the mantle
with whit}' brown edges ; lesser wing-covcrts like the back, the
median and greater coverts margined with whity brown ; bastard-
wing and primar5--coverts uniform dark brown ; quills dark brown,
the primaries edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with liglit
brown or whity brown ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown, and fringed with
white along the inner web ; crown of head rosy pink, as far as the
occiput, which is uniform brown like the nape and hind neck ; fore-
head, lores, eyelid, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and throat dusky
black ; hinder cheeks, sides of neck, lower throat, and under surface
of body rosy pink ; the sides of body and flanks browner, the lower
flanks with dark brown centres to the feathers ; thighs light brown ;
under tail-coverts white, with a slight fulvous tinge ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries light fulvous, with a tinge of yellow near the
edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge :
" bill scarlet, merging into vermilion at the base and at the corner
of the mouth ; legs and toes flesh-colour ; iris brown ; ring round
the eye reddish orange" {G.J. Andersson). Total length 4"3 inches,
culmen 0'5, wing 2'55, tail 1'5, tarsus 0'7.

The rosy tint on the head and underparts is apparently the sign
of a very old male. Most of the males in breeding-plumage have
the head and chest light tawny or straw-colour.

Adult female. Different from the male, and entirely lacking the
black face and straw-coloured or rosy head and neck ; the quills
and tail-feathers as in the male, the latter as weU as the primaries
having a distinct yellow edging ; crown of head uniform brown like
the hind neck ; above the eye a line of creamy white ; lores ashy ;
eyelid and feathers below the eye creamy white ; ear-coverts ashy ;
cheeks and under surface of body creamy white, the throat, breast,
and abdomen purer white ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest washed
with buff ; sides of upper breast ashy ; sides of body and flanks
brown, the latter streaked with dusky brown ; thighs white ; under
tail-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline.
Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-45, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-G5.

The adult male in winter plumage resembles the female, but has
the head more ashy brown, an ashy white eyebrow, the sides of the
face ashy, and the under surface of the body more ashy.

Hah. The greater part of Africa.

a. Var. mel. sk. Africa. Sharpe Coll.

b, c. 2 ad. sk. Eurrichaine, Oct. 1836 {J. Gould Coll.

Ven-eaiix).
flf, e. c? ad. sk. Transvaal (T. ^yres). Shelley Coll.

/"-«'. S 2 ad. sk. Transvaal ( T. Aijres). Sharpe Coll.

'7c. $ ad. sk. 1mvLS\Aii\{T. Ayres). J.H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

/. J ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. il,187G J. 11. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

(7*. Ayres).
m. $ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Dec. 11,1876 Forbes Coll.

{T. Ayrcs).
n. c? imm. sk. Omaruru, Daraara Land, Shelley CoU.

Nov. 8 (A. Brickson).

14. QUELEA. 259

0. (Ja.d.;p,q. $ Damara Land (C /. An- Sharpe Coll.

ad. sk. dersson).

r. cJ biem. sk. Otiimbinque, Damara Land, Sharpe Coll.

Oct. 2, 1806 (C. J. An-

dersson).
8. (S hiem. sk. Elephant Vlev, Aug. 21, Sharpe Coll.

1S59 (C. J. A.),
t. <S hiem. sk. Swakop River, June 23, Sharpe Coll.

186.3(0./.^.).
u. 2ad.sk. Swakop River, June 23, Tweeddale Coll.

1863 (C. J. A).
V. 2 ad. sk. Capano-ombe, Benguela (J. Sharpe Coll.

Anchiefa).
w. ^ ad.sk. Kibiro, June 5, 1886. Emiu Pasha [P.].

.r. S ad. sk. West Africa. Kiocour Coll.

Subsp. «. duelea intermedia. (Plate X. fig. 4.)

Hvphantica quelea (nee L.), Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 232.
Hvphantica intermedia, lieichen. J.f. 0. 1866, p. .394.
Quelea intermedia, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 294
(1888).

Adult. Similar to Q. quelea, and only differing in the smaller
amount of black on the forehead. This, however, varies considerably
with individuals, and the characters are not of great importance.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-7, tail 1'4, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. East Africa.

a, b, c. Ad. ; J. Juv. sk. Lamo, E. Africa {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

4. Quelea sethiopica. (Plate X. fig. 5.)

Emberiza quelea {7iec L.), Des Murs in Lefebvres Voy. Abyss, p. 119

(1845).
Ploceus sanguinirostris {nee L.), iStricJd. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 ;

S/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871, pt.) ; Bohm, J.f. O. 188.3, p. 199.
Ploceus sanguinirostris, var. tethiopicus, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad,

Fiirh. Stockh. 18.50, p. 126.
Ploceus sanguinirostris, var. major, Sundev. t. c. p. 126.
Coccothraustes sanguinirostris, JEeuql. Syst. Uehers. p. 39 (1850).
Quelea orientalis, ^('M^;. J.f. O. 1862, p. 27.
Quelea sanguinirostris, Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 67 (1884).
Ploceus sethiopicus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. 6619 (1870) ;

Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 263 (1870) ; id. Sf Haiil Vog. Ostafr.

p. 409, note (1870).
Hvphantica pethiopica, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 643 (1870);

yischer ^ Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 352 ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 201 (1883) ; Mscher, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i.

p. 327 (1884) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1880, p. 393, 1887, p. 70.
Quelea sethiopica, Blanf. Geol. 8f- Zool. Abyss, p. 405 (1870) ; Antin.

(§■ Salvad. Viayg. Boyos, p. 119 (1873) ; Peh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

xxxii.p.506 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 585; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 177 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 358.

Adult male. Similar to Q. quelea, but rather larger, and having the
black confined to the sides of the face and throat, but not extending

s2

260

on to the forehead, which resembles the rest of the head : " bill dark
blood-red, lighter at the tip ; feet clear orange, claws horn-colour ;
eyelid orange-red; iris brown" {G. A. Fischer). Total length
4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-9, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Apparently not distinguished from the female o^
Q. quelea : " bill dull straw-yellow ; eyelid yellow ; iris brown " (G.
A. Fischer). Total length 4'7 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2"7, tail
0'55, tarsus 0'75.

Hah. North-eastern Africa, extending to the Zanzibar district on
the east coast.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b, c, d. c? ad. ; e.
2 ad. sk.

/. d ad. sk.
g. $ ad. ak.
h, i. (S $ ad. sk.
k, I. d 2 ad. sk.

m, n. S 2 *id. sk.

0. [ 2 ] ad. sk.
p. (S ioim. sk.

q. d" imm. sk.
r. d juv. sk.
8. Ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.
M. Juv. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

Sennaar.

Ailat, Samhar (JEsler).

Ailat, June 29, 1868 ( mjesse).
Ailat, June 29, 1808 ( W. J.).
Ailat, June 29 (W. J.).
Ailat, June 29, 18G8.

Bejook, Bogos Land, July 18,

1868 ( JV. Jesse).
Abyssinia (von Miiller).
N.E. Africa {Hemprich 8f

Ehrenherg).
Kordofan.

Shoa, April (0. Antinori).
Kilima-njaro.

Lamu, E. Africa {Sir J. Kirk).
Lamo {Sir J. Kirk).
Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk).

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
SheUey Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
H.C.V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

5. Guelea russi. (Plate X. lig. 6.)
Ploceus russi, Finsch, Gejied. Welt, 1877, p. 317.

Adult male. Similar to Q. quelea, but without any black on the
head or throat, the ear-coverts being light sandy buff ; the crown
and under surface of body in old birds being deep rosy pink. Total
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-6, tail 1'45, tarsus 0*7.

Hab. Transvaal, probably extending into West Africa, but the
exact distribution is unknown.

a. (J ad. sk. [West Africa ?]

b. cJ ad. sk. [W^est Africa {L. Frrtser).]

c. 2 3d. sk. Gambia *.

d. d ad. sk. Trans\-aal {T. Ayres).

e. Ad. sk. Pinetown, Natal ( T. Ayi-es).

f. (S juv. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal,

3\Aj m {T. Ayres).

g. 2 ad. sk. Maragaz, Bogos Land, July

27, 1868 ( W. Jesse).

* Doubtful. Perhaps the female of Q. csthiopica or whatever the species
may be from Senegambia. I have not seen authentic specimens from the
Gainbian region.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
SheUey CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

15. 8PEEMESTES. 261

15. SPERMESTES.

Type.

Spei'inestes, Sioams. B. W. Afr. i. p. 201 (1837) S. cucullatus.

Lepidopygia, Reichenb, Singv. p. 48 (18(31_) S. uana.

Range. Africa and Madagascar.

Key to the Species.

a. Feet blackish ; no yellow on the rump and upper

tail-coverts.

a! . With no white spots or bars on the lower back

and rump, or on the secondaries or primaries ;

back, throat, and fore neck greenish black . . bicolor, p. 261,

b' . With no white bars or spots on the rump;

secondaries externally checkered with white

spots punctata, p. 262.

c' . With white bars or spots on the rump.

a" . Secondaries checkered with white on the
outer webs as well as the primaries.
«'". Back glossy greenish black like the head, poensis, p. 262.
b'". Back chestnut, contrasting with black

head niffricejjs, p. 263.

b". Secondaries brown like back ; primaries
faintly checkered with white; back brown,
with a scapular patch of glossy green.
c'". A patch of glossy green on the sides of

the breast cucullata, p. 264.

d'". A patch of blackish og the sides of the

breast, not green scutata, p. 265.

b. Feet reddish ; rump and upper tail-coverts straw-

yellow ; back brown ; head grey nana, p. 266.

1. Spermestes bicolor.

Amadina bicolor, Fraser, F. Z. S. 1842, p. 14o ; Allen ^- Thomps.
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 500 (1848) ; Fraser, Zool Typ. pi. 50. figs. 2, 3
(1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54,
no. 6748 (1870).

Spermestes bicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 148 (1857) ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 36, Taf. xiii. figs. 112, 113
(1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 481 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871);
Shelley ^ Bucklei/, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 306 ; Bi/tfik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 202 (1885J, viii. p. 261
(1886), X. p. 91 (1888) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 310.

Adult. Glossy greenish black, the lesser and median wing-coverta
like the back ; greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black with
greenish gloss externall)' ; the inner secondaries with one or two
tiny white dots (sometimes absent) ; head all round, throat, and fore
neck glossy greenish black, which continues down the sides of the
breast ; remainder of the under surface pure white, except the
thighs, which are black ; the sides of the body mottled with black
bars where the white adjoins the black, the feathers being black,
white externally and at the ends ; under wing- coverts and axillaries-

262 PLOCEID^.

whito, with a black patch near the outside of the wing : " bill blue ;
feet black ; iris black " (/. Buttikofer). Total length 3"5 inches,
culmcii 0-45, wing 2, tail 1-25, tarsus O'S.

Ohs. Occasionally a white spot or two is visible on the outer webs
of the secondaries.

Yoinig. Chocolate-brown, darker on the head ; quills brown, with
lighter brown edges ; tail-feathers blackish ; throat, fore neck, and
sides of body chocolate-brown, the breast and remainder of under
parts whity brown.

Hab. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Dahomey.

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone {Dr. Clark). Sliai-pe Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Tweeddale Coll.

c. J. Ad. etjuv.sk. Cape Palmas. L. Fraser [0.].

(Types of species.)
e. Ad. sk. Elmina, April {H. F. BUssett). Sharpe Coll.

/,(/. Ad.etjuv.sk. Fautee. Sharpe Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Fautee {H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Ashantee. Gould Coll.

k, I. Ad. sk. River Volta, Aug. (11. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.

m. Ad. sk. River Volta (//. T. Usshcr). Shelley Coll.

n. Ad. sk, Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 23 Shelley Coll.

{T. E. Buckleij).
0, p. Pull, sk, Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].

2. Spermestes punctata.

Spermestea punctata, Hewjlin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. SO-i, note (1870).
Spermestes poensis (nee Fraser), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871).

Adult. Intermediate between S. hicolor and 8. poensis, but
lacking the spots on the rump of the latter. The primaries are not
checkered with white spots as in *S'. poensis, but the secondaries are
numerously checkered with white, which character separates the bird
from 8. hicolor. Total length "6 inches, culmen 0*4:, wing 1-9, tail I'l,
tarsus 0"5.

Hah. West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Cameroons. Sharpe Coll.

3. Sparmestes poensis.

Amadina poensis, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145 ; Allen S,- Tho7nj}s.
Exped. Niger, ii. p. 600 (1848) ; Fraser, Zool. T%jp. pi. 50. fig. 1
(1849) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) : id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 54,
no. 0747 (1870).

Spermestes poensis, Bp. Cunsp. Av. i. p. 454 (1850) ; IIai-tl. Orn.
W.-Afr. p. 148 (1857) ; Cass. Pr. Philnd.Acad. 1859, p. 138; Mont.
P. Z. S. 1860, p. Ill ; Eeichenb. Sinyv. p. 3G, Taf. xiii. fig. Ill
(1861); Ilartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 2-09; Eeichenoic, J.f. O. 1875,
p. 42, 1877, p. 29; Bocage, Orn. Anqola, p. 351 (1881); Oust.
Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bidl. p. Ill (1879); Shelley, Ibis,
1886, p. 309. ^' '

Adult. Similar to S. hicolor, but not so greenish, and differing
in the white bars on the lower back, n mp, and upper tail-coverts,

15. SPKEMESTES. 263

and tho white checkered spots on the outer edges of the quills.

Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-1, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-5.

IJah. West Africa, from Angola to Gaboon and Fernando Po.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Fernando Po (Z. Fniser). Eyton Coll. (Types

of species.)

d. 2 ad. sk. Fernando Po. Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq.

[P.].

/. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Sharpe Coll.

g. Ad. sk. Gaboon {Du Chaillu). Shelley Coll.

h, i. Ad. et imm. Gaboon \Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

sk.

k. 5 ad. sk. Landana, Congo {Dr. Lucan). Shelley Coll.

I. Ad. sk. Bembe, Angola, Mouteiro Coll.

4. Spermestes nigriceps.

Spermestes nigriceps, Cass. Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1852, p. 185.
Spermestes rufodorsalis, Peters, J. f. O. 1863, p. 401 ; Cab. in Von

der Deckens lieis. iii. p. 30 (1SG9) ; Fimch ^- Hartl. Vikj. Ostafr.

p. 438 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871) ; Cab. J. f. O.

1878, p. 2.30; Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 128 ; Bohm, J. f. 0. 1883,

p. 184; Sharpie, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 456 (1884") ; Fischer,

Zekschr. c/es. Orn. i. p. 323 (1884); id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 136;

Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309.
Amadina puuctipennis, Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. xviii. p. 323,

pi. 41. tig. 1 (1867).
Amadina nigriceps. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6760 (1870).

Adult female. General colour above chestnut, the rump and upper
tail-coverts black, barred and spotted at the tips of the feathers
with white ; wing-coverts chestnut-brown, the inner ones like the
back ; the median-coverts with a pale streak near the ends ; outer
greater coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dusky blackish,
edged with chestnut-brown; quills black, minutely spotted with white
on the outer web, producing a barred appearance, the inner secon-
daries externally rufous brown, the innermost chestnut like the
back ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head, hind neck, lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck black ;
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of body and
flanks black, spotted and barred with white ; thighs black, inter-
nally white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of
the wing mottled with black ; quills below blackish, edged with
ashy, whitish towards the base. Total length 3"4 inches, culmen
0-35, wing 1-85, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-5.

Adult male. Similar to the female. Total length 33 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 1-85, tail 1-15, tarsus 0"5.

Hah. East Africa, from the Zanzibar region down to Natal.

a. S ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. A. Buxton [C.].

b. (S ad. sk. Mombasa ( Von der Deckeii). Sharpe Coll.

c. c? ,iuv. sk. Zanzibar ( Von der FeckerC). Sharpe CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Kibe {B. C. Ramsham). Shelley Coll.

e. 5 ad. sli. Durban, Natal, Aug. 27 (T. L. Shelley Coll.

Ay res) .

2G4 I'LOCEID^T!,",

5. Spermestes cucullata.

Speimestes cucullata, Stuams. B. W. Afr. i. p. 201 (1837); Bj/.
Gmsp. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Cab. Mna. Hein. Th. i. p. 173 (1850) ;
Miill. Descr. Nouv. Ois. Afr. pt. iv. pi. 16 (1864) ; Hard. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 147 (1857); Cass. Froc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 138;
liartl. J. f. O. 18G1, p. 259; Rekhenb. Singv. p. 37, Taf. xiii.
figs. 114, il5 (18()1) ; Dvhrn, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 329; Keukm. Onze
Voq. i. pi. 43 (1869) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192 ; id. Cat. Afr. B.
p. 64 (1871, pt.) ; iihelley hf Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ; Ussher,
Ibis, 1874, p. 69 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1875, p. 42 ; 8harpe ^ Bouvier,
Bull. Soo. Zool. France,!, p. 49 (1875); Oust. Noiw. Arch. Mns,
(2) ii. Bull. p. lU (1879) ; JWs. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 152
(1881); Hartl. Ahhandl. not. Ver. Bremen, vlii. p. 202 (1883);
Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp.605, 508, 517 ; Shelley, t.c. p. 553 ; Biittik.
Notes Leyden Mvs. viii. p. 261 (1886) ; Hartert, J. f. O. 1886,
p. 584 ; S/ielley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309 (pt.).

Loxia prasipteron, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 104.

Amadina cucullata, Stmdev. CEfv. K. Vef.-Akad. Stockh. 1849, p. 159 ;
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Htmd-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6746
(1870).

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown : lower back and
nirap barred with dusky brown and whitish, the feathers being
tipped with whitish with a subterminul bar of blackish or dusky
brown ; scapulars glossy steel-green, forming a shoulder-patch ;
lesser wing-coverts brown, with a slight shade of glossy green ;
median and greater coverts brown, edged with ashy whitish at the
ends ; bastard- wing, i)rimary-covcrts, aud (juills browu, fringed with
lighter brown, the primaries margined with hoary white : upper
tail-coverts ashy grey ; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head glossy
Bteel-green ; nape and hind neck uniform brown ; lores, sides of
face, feathers round eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat blackish,
with a purplish bronzy or greenish gloss ; sides of neck brown, as
also the hinder car-coverts aud sides of hinder crown ; fore neck and
chest rather browner than the throat ; breast and abdomen pure
white ; sides of body and flanks mottled, brown, broadly tipped with
white, before which is a line or shade of glossy green like the shoulder-
patch ; thighs brown, edged with white ; iinder tail-coverts white,
crossed with a few zigzag bars of blackish brown ; under wing-
coverts aud axillarics isabelline buff, the coverts near the edge of
the wing more dusky ; quills below dusky, isabelline along the inner
edge: " bill black ; feet dark brown ; iris clear brown" (Ifartert).
Total length 3"6 inches, culmeii 0-4, wing 2-0, tail 1"2, tarsus 0-45.

After the nesting-season the colours of the male become somewhat
worn and the throat especially is browner, with less gloss. Probably
only old birds have the scaiiular patch entirely green, as many males
have only a small patch of brown with green tips to the feathers.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather browner; the
scapulars brown with glossy green tips. Total length 3'5 inches,
culmen 0'4, wing 1-8, tail 1'2, tarsus 0'45.

Hub. West Africa, from Scncgambia to the Congo, and extending
across to Equatorial Afiica.
a. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Purcliased.

1-3. SPERMESTES,

205

b. Ad.; c. Jiiv. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e, f. Ad. ; g. Juv.
sk.

A. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
A;. Ad. ; /. Juv.

sk.
m. Ad. sk.
w, 0, p. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Juv. sk.
u. Juv. sk.
1'. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
J'. Ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.

Iliver Gambia.

Bathurst, (iambia River (Z.

iMijlaize).
Asliantee.

Elmina {H. F. BUssctf).
Elmina, April (H. F. Blissett).
Cape Coast Castle, Veh. and

March {6^. E. S.).
F'autee {H. T. Ussher).
Accra.

Accra, April {J. Smith).
River Volta (i/. T. Uss/ier).
River Volta (H. T. Ussher).
Lokoja, R. Niger ( W. A. F).
Caiieroons.
Gaboon (Du Chnilln).
Gaboon {Du Chaillu).
Landana, Congo (Z. rdit).
Rimo, Equatorial Africa,

Aug. 2(5 {Fmin Pasha).

6. Spermestes scutata.

Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Cull.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Forbe.s Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Coccothraustes scutatus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 {descr. nulla).
Spermestes cucullata {tier Swains.), Montcint, Ibis, 18(52, p. 3.35;

Mart/. P. Z. S. 18f5.% p. 106 ; Pi4ers, J.f. O. 1«63, p. 401 : Scl.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 110 ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826; SpvrliiH,, Ibis,

1868, p. 290; Heuyl. J.f. O. 1SG2, p. 1 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p. 592 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxxv (lrt71); Salvad. Atti R. Accad.

Torino, v. p. 743 (1870) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 436

(1870) ; Sharjje, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871, pt.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1873, p. 715 ; E. Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 299 ; Shelley, P. Z. S.

1879, p. 677 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 230 ; Fischer ^ Beichen. t. c.

p. 266 ; Shellei/, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 687 ; Bocage, Orn. Atigola, p. 350

(1881, pt.); Bohm, J.f. O. 1883, p. 184; Fischer, Zeitsckr. yes.

Orn. i. p. 323 (1884) ; /(/. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 136 ; Salvad. Ann. Miis.

Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 179 (1884); Schalow, J.f. O. 1887, p. 242;

W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 60 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 309 (pt.) ; Milne-

Edioards 8f Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) x. p. 272 (1889).
Spermestes scutatus, Heiu/l. J. f. O. 1863, p. 18; Cab. in Von dcr

Deckens Reis. iii. p. 30 (1869);
Amadina, sp., Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 321.
Estrelda cucullata (nee Swains.), Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 162, 1868,

p. 46.

Adtdt male. Similar io S. cucullata, but distinguished by the want
of the metallic green on the sides of the body, which have only a
blackish patch. Total length 3-6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-9,
tail 1'2, tarsus 0-5.

Young. Different from the adults. General colour above choco-
late-brown ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with dull
reddish brown ; upper tail-covorts rather more dusky brown than
the back ; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head and sides of face
and car-coverts dusky brown, inclining to sooty black ; cheeks and
throat more ashy brown : remainder of under surface of body pale

266

PLOCEID.E.

reddish brown, tlie abdomen isabelline ; thighs dull ashj- brown ;
under tail-coverts light reddish brown, washed with dull ashy brown
at the ends; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline buff;
quills below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inuer web : " bill
black; legs grey; iris brown " {T. L. A>/res).

Eoth sexes appear to be alike in plumage when young, and they
apparently gain the full plumage by a direct moult. Mr. T. L.
Aj'res has sent young specimens in full moult procured in April
and July,

Hab. South Africa from Natal to the Zambesi, extending across
to South-west Africa and the Congo, where it meets with the allied
S. cucullata. It likewise extends all over Eastern Africa to the
Equatorial Lake regions, as far as Western Abyssinia. Introduced
to the Comoro Islands.

a. Ad. sk.

h.

d" ad. ; c, J. 2

ad. sk.

e,

/■ d $ ad. ;

g. 6 juv. sk.

h-

-/. 6 ; m-t. 2

ad. et imm. sk.

u.

S ad. ; V, to. $

juv. sk.

.V.

, 2 juv. sk.

y-

Ad. sk.

a'. Ad. sk.

b'

. Ad. sk.

V

, d', e'. Ad. sk.

f

,//'. Ad.; h'. Juv.

sk.

i' ,

,k'. (J ad. et iuv.

sk.

I'.

cJ ad. sk.

m

/. Ad. sk.

n'

. Ad. sk.

o'

. Ad. sk.

P'

, q'. Ad. sk.

r'

, s'. Ad. sk.

r.

Ad. sk.

Newcasile, Natal (Cw^^. Savik

Held).
Durban, Natal {(fordge).

Durban, Nov. {T. L. Ayres).

Piuetown, Natal, Feb. -April,

July, Oct. (y. L. Ayres).
Mozambique, March, April.

Shupanga, Shire River, April

{Sir J. Kirk).
Zambesi Kiver (Dr. Meller).
Zanzibar, Dec. {Von der

Decken).
Zanzibar {Sir J. Kirk).
Pangaui lliver {Sir J. Kirk).
Mombasa {Eev. J. Wakefield).

N'dura, Teita, Aug.

Ambucarra, Slioa {Ragazzi).

Angola {J. J. Montciru).

Angola.

Quilombo, Angola, July {A.

Heath).
Kabinda, R. Congo, Aug.

Joanna Island {Sir J. Kirk).
Great Comoro Island (*'(> J.
Kirk).

SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

Livingstone Exped.

Tweedd:ile Coll.
Sbarpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

• H.C.V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Monteiro Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Commander

ling [P.].
Shellev Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Sper-

7. Spermestes nana.

Ilalalavie, Flacnurt, Hist. Madag. p. 166 (16G1).

Le Petit Marteau, Sganziri, Mem. Soc. Mus. (THist. Kat. Strasb.

1840, p. 28.
Pyrrlmla nana. Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 52 ; id. Mag. de Zool.

pi. Iviii. (1845} ; Hartl. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ii. p. 390 (1848).
Spermestes nana, i?;>. Consp. i. p. 454 (1850) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 18C0,

p. 105; id. Faune Madag. p. 56 (1861); <S'. Rock ^- E. Netvt.

Ibis, 1862, p. 275 ; Sol. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 163 ; K. Nnvt. Ibis,

16. AMAURESTHES. 267

18G3, p. 350 ; Vins. Voy. Madag. Ann. B, p. 2 (1865) ; A. Neiot.

P. Z. S. 18G5, p. 836; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 421; Grmidid. Rev.

et Mac/, de Zoul. 1867, p. 389 ; Schl. ^ Pull. Faune Madag., Oia.

p. 107 (1868); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871); Haril. Viig.

Madag. p. 219 (1877) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grandid. Hist. Nat.

Madag., Ois. p. 455, pi. clxxvii. a. fig. 4, pi. clxxxiii. figs. 1, 2

(1885); Mihw-EdiLHtrds i)- Oust. N. Arch. Mas. (2) x. p. 272 (1889).
Lepidopygia nana, Peichenb. Singv. p. 48, pi. xvii. fig. 152 (1853).
Amadina nana, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6751 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above brown, the lower rump and
upper tail-coverts straw-j'ellow ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, the inner secon-
daries like the back ; tail-feathers blackish brown ; crown of head
dark ashj- grey, contrasting slightly with the back ; lores black :
feathers round eye and sides of face ashy grey, the ear- coverts a
little browner ; cheeks pearly grey ; throat black ; remainder of
body from the lower throat downwards light tawny brown, with an
ashy shade over the fore neck and breast ; abdomen paler and more
fulvescent ; under tail-coverts dusky blackish, with broad ochreous-
buff margins ; under wing-coverts light tawny buff ; quills below
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " upper mandible black, the
lower one whitish ; feet flesh-colour ; iris brown " {Pollen).
Total length 3-6 inches, cnlmen 0-4, wing 1'8, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-5.

The adult female is similar to the male, but wants the black chin
{Orandidier).

Young. Browner than the adults, the head like the back ; sides
of face brown ; cheeks and under surface of body light tawny brown,
paler and more ashy on the throat.

Hab. Madagascar, Mayotte, Great Comoro.

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sharpe Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [C.].

e. Ad. sk. Madagascar {Capt. Betvsher). Shelley Cull.
/. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll.
g, h. Ad. et Ankafana Forest, Betsileo, Shelley Coll.

juv. sk. March & April (IF. Deans

Cowan).
i. $ juv. sk. Ankafana, March. Rev. W. Deans

Cowan [C.].

16. AMAURESTHES.

Amauresthes, Reichcnb. Smgv. p. 86 (1861) A. fringilloides.

Range. Confined to Africa.

1. Amauresthes fringilloides.

loides, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1835, ]
gilloides, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. S
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 826 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6752 (1870).
Munia fringilloides, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 453 (1850).

rioceus fringilloides, Lafr. 3Iag. de Zool. 1835, pi. 48.

Amadina fringilloides, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Hartl.

268 I'LOCEIDiE.

Spermestes fringilloides, Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 147 (1857) ; id.

P. Z. -S. 1867, p. 82G ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871); Oust.

Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 112 (1879) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd.

Mus. viii. p. 261 (1886), x. p. 91 (1888) ; Shellet/, Ibis, 1886, p. 308.
Amauresthea fringilloides, Reichenh. Slngv. p. 86, pi. 44. fig. 322

(1861) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vo(/. Ostafr. p. 434 (1870) ; Fischer Sf

Reichen.J.f. O. 1878, p. 265; iid. "1879, p. 352; Biittik. Notes

Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 201 (1885).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the upper
back varied with light rufous tips to the feathers and pale linear
apical shaft-stripes ; scapulars with whitish shaft-lines ; rump and
upper tail-coverts glossy blue-black ; wing-coverts chocolate-brown,
the median series with white shaft-streaks ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills brown ; tail-feathers black, the outer feathers
fringed with white along the inner web ; crown of head and hind
neck black with a steel-green gloss, as well as the lores, sides of
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat ; remainder of
uuder surface from the fore neck downwards white ; sides of breast
with a purplish-black patch ; sides of body with a large patch of pale
chestnut, the outer feathers of which are streaked with black and
margined with white ; flanks white ; thighs black, white internally ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelliue
buff ; quills below dusky, deep isabelline along the inner edge : " upper
mandible dark brownish black, the lower mandible horny greyish
blue, with the point and edges darker ; feet horny blackish ; iris
brownish red" (O. A. Fischer). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen
0*6, wing 2-35, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-55.

The specimen described was shot by Mr. T. L. Ayres near Pine-
town in Natal, on the 30th of June, and is probably in full winter
plumage. A specimen procured by the same gentleman on the
5th of February differs in some minor particulars. The centre of
the back is pale, but does not show the rufous barring of the other
male, caused by the pale tips to the feathers, but every feather has a
distinct pale shaft-streak ; the chestnut flank-patch is very pale,
and the gloss on the head and throat is duller. The differences of
plumage are doubtless only duo to the fact that the bird procured
in February is rather faded after the breeding-season.

Bab. The greater part of Africa, excepting the north-east, south-
west, and south of the continent.

«. S ad. sk. West Africa. Sharpe Coll.

b. Ad. sk. West Africa. Shelley Coll.

c. Juv. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll.

d. e. Juv. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.
f,9-6;h.2 Zanzibar, April (G. A. Shelley Coll.

ad. sk. Fischer).

i, k. (S ad. sk. Pinetown, Niital, Feb., June Shelley ColL

{T. L. Ayres).

17. OETTGOSPIZA. 269

17. ORTYGOSPIZA.

Type.
Ortygospiza, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 18^0,
p. 98 0. polyzona.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. White on the chin and round the eve polyzona, p. 269.

b. No white on chin or round the eye, both these

parts being black atricollis, p. 270.

1. Ortygospiza polyzona.

Friugilla polyzona, Temm. PL Co^. iii. pi. 221. fig. 3 (1823) ; Ilcvgl.
Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1856).

Amadina polyzona, Riipp. Nene Wirb., Vog. p. 101 (1835-40) ; id.
Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845; ; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 148 (1857,
pt.) ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 408 (1870).

Eslrelda polyzona, Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 117 (1845)
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Licht. NotneticL Av. p. 48 (1854)
Layurd,B. 8. Afr. p. 198(1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 162
Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 370 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 0798
(1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355.

Ortygospiza polyzona, Sinidev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.
1850, p. 98; B]). Consp. i. p. 465 (1850) : Reichenb. Singv. p. 26,
Taf. Vn. iig. 66 (1861); Ayres, Ibis, 1863, p. 329; Sharp>e, Cat.
Afr. B. p. 66 (1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282, 1878, p. 297,
1880, p. 107; Sharps in Oaies' Matabele-Ld. App. p. 321 (1881) ;
id. eel. Layara's B. S. Afr. p. 457 (1884) ; Bidler, Feilden, <^ Reid,
Zool. 1882, p. i99 ; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. (2) i. p. 179 (1884);
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 337 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 71.

Ortygospiza fuscocrissa, Ileugl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 18.

Adult male. General colour above brown, slightly mottled with
darker brown centres to the feathers ; wing-coverts dusky brown,
fringed with ashy ; the greater coverts rather darker ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills lighter brown, the first primary
margined with white, the secondaries fringed with ashy like the
coverts ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers brown, edged
with lighter brown, the two outer ones with a white spot at the
end of the outer web ; crown of head like the back, tie base of fore-
head black, extending backwards in a line above the eye, below this
black line being a distinct white one ; lores blackish ; eyelid and a
streak below the eye white ; ear-coverts and sides of neck dark ashy
brown ; cheeks and feathers below the eye blackish, extending
backwards over the fore part of the ear-coverts ; chin white ; throat
black ; fore neck ashy blackish, banded narrowly with white ;
breast light chestnut ; abdomen isabelline ; sides of body and
flanks brown, barred with white, each white bar having a corre-
sponding bar of black ; thighs fulvous ; under tail-coverts pale
tawny buff, with longitudinal black centres ; under wing-coverts

270 rLOCEIDJE.

and axillarics pale isabcUine with a slight tawny tinge ; quills
below dusky, ashy isabclliue along the edge of the inner web : " bill
crimson ; tarsus and feet very light brown ; iris light reddish hazel "
(Ayrcs). Total length 3-4 inches, culmen 04, wing 2-1, tail 0-95,
tafsus 0"6.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wants the black on the
face and throat, these spots being dark ashy brown. The markings
are the same as in the male, but the uuder surface of the body is
paler and the bars browner and less pronounced ; " upper mandible
black, lower one red ; tarsi and feet pale ; iris light reddish hazel "
(T. Ayrcs). Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-15, tail
1-15, tarsus 0"6.

Bah. South-east Africa, through the interior of Eastern Africa
to Abyssinia and on the west to Senegal.

a. $ ad. sk.

South Africa.

Purchased.

b, c. cJ ad. ek.

Eland's Post, S.E. Africa
(T. C.Atmore).

Sharpe Ooll.

d. <S ad. sk.

Eland's Post, S.E. Africa,
July (T. a A.).

Shelley CoU.

e,f- S \ 9-2

Pinetown, Natal, Oct. {T.

Seebohm Coll.

ad. sk.

L. Ay res).

h, i. c? ; lc,l, m.

Pinetown, Natal, July, Oct.

Shelley Coll.

2 ad. sk.

{T. L. Ay res).

n. 2 ad. sk.

Near Newcastle, Natal {F.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Oates).

Esqrs. [P.].

o,p. 2 ad. sk.

Newcastle, June, Oct. (A.
E. Butler).

Shelley Coll.

q. 2 ad. sk.

Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
April 15, 1878 {T. Ayres).

Forbes Coll.

r. 2 ad. sk.

Senaf6, Tigre, Abyssinia,

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

May 26, 1878.

t^-^-

s. 2 ad. sk.

Senegal.

M. L. Laglaize [C.].

2. Ortygospiza atricoUis.

FringiUa atricollis, Vieill. N. Diet. xii. p. 182 (1817) ; id. Enc. Mith.

iii. p. 990 (1823).
Estrelda atricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849).
Amadina lunulata, Ilartl. Orn. Wedafr. p. 148 (1857, ex Temm.

MSS.).
Amadina polyzona, Ilartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 148 (1857, pt.).
Ortygospiza atricollis, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 138 ;

lieicheiib. Si?iyv. p. 26 (1801); muyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2,

p. 598 (1870), iv. App. p. cxxxv (1871) ; Fiyisch, Trans. Z. S. vii.

p. 325, note (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 338 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 32.
Amadina atricollis. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6799 (1870).
Amadina lunulata. Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 6800 (1870).
? Ortygospiza polyzona, Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 352 (18Sl) ; BUttik.

Notes Leyden Mns. viii. p. 259 (1886).

Adult male. Similar to the male of 0. polyzona, but distinguished
by the entirely black throat and sides of face, which only show a
few whitish plumelets round the eye. Total length 3-7 inches,
culmen 0-35, wing 2-1, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-5.

18. LAGONOSTICTA.

271

Adult female. Differs from the female of 0. polyzona in the same
way as the male, viz. by the eutirel)^ black face and chin. Total
lenjjth 4-1 inches, culmcn 0*35, wing 2"05, tail 0-95, tarsus 0"55.

Hah. West Africa, from the Niger to Angola, extending across
to Equatorial Africa.

a. 2 ad. sk. Lokoja, R. Niger (IF. A. F.). Forbes Coll.

6, f. d" 2 ad. sk. Gaboon {DuChaillu). Sharpe Coll.

d, e, f. S 2 ad. Redjaf, Equatorial Africa, Emiu Pasha [P.].

etjuv.sk. Nov. & Jan.

18. LAGONOSTICTA.

Type.
Lagonosticta, Cah. Mws. Hein. Th. i. p. 171 (1850) . . L. rubricata.

Hypargus, Renhcyih. Singv. p. Ul (1861) L. margaritata.

Mormolycia, Reichenh. t. c. p. 67 (1861) L. larvata.

Rhodopyga, Heu(/L J.f. 0. 1868, p. 13 L. rhodopsis.

Lychnidospiza, Ileiigl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. iv. App.
p. exxxvii (1871) L. rara.

Tail of Lagonosticta rubricata.
Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

With no black on head or throat.
«'. With crimson or scarlet on the throat.

a" . Red on throat confined to a triangular patch ;
remainder of head and throat grey ; under
surface of body chestnut-brown, thickly
spotted and barred with white, including

the under tail-coverts monteiri, p. 273.

b". Entire throat and chest rosy or crimson, or
tinged with the latter colour.
a'". Breast and sides of body black, thickly
spotted with ovate spots of white.
«^. Spots of breast smaller and snow-
white niveigidtata, p. 274.

6'. Spots of breast larger and shaded with

pink margaritata, p. 275.

272 PLOCEIDJE.

6"'. Breast and sides of body crimson or rosy,
with or without tiny white spots or bars,
c*. lender tail-coverts not black.

a\ Bill red in life, yellow in sldn with
black culmen.
a". Head crimson like the back.

a'. No white spots on the sides of

the breast seneyala, p. 275.

h~. With tiny white spots on the

sides of the breast minima, p. 276.

6^ Head brown or ashy brown, not
washed with rosy or crimson.
c'. With no bars, but spots on the

breast; throat and breast pink, bnmneiceps, p. 277.
d". With tiny white bars on the
fore neck and breast ; throat and

breast rosy rufopicta, p. 278.

e". Throat and'breast thickly spotted
with white in the form of large

rounded dots nitidula, p. 279.

¥. Bill blacki.sh ; general colour below
ashy, the belly and under tail-coverts

whitish rhodopsis, p. 279.

dK Under tail-coverts black.

c'. Bill black, or with a paler base to the
lower mandible,
c". Head not washed with crimson.
f\ Head and back of the same
colour.
a^. Head and bTck dark slate-
colour ; a distinct crimson

eyebrow polio7iofa, p. 280.

^»^ Head and back light slaty

grey ; no crimson eyebrow, congica, p. 280.
{f. Head slaty grey; back brown. . rubricata, p. 281.
d\ Head strongly washed with crim-
son.
K'. Back also washed with crimson

like the head _■ • rara, p. 282.

t'. Back browner, washed with
crimson.
^^. Deep crimson below, with dis-
tinct white spots on the sides

of the breast rhodoparia, p. 282.

<f . Rosy pink or pale crimson
below, with no white spots

on sides of breast jamesoni, p. 283.

fZ'. Bill yellow, with black tomia and
tip ;"back brown ; head washed with

crimson • Iwidancs, p. 283.

b'. With no crimson on the throat, which is pearly

c". Tail red c<emlesce}is, p. 284.

d". fail black.

c". Lower abdomen and under tail-coverts

light grey incana, p. 284.

18. LAGONOSTICTA. 273

d'" . Lower abdomen and under tail-coverts

black perreini, p. 285.

f>. With black on the face and throat.

c'. Black of head and throat sun-oimded by red.
e". Black of crown confined to forehead ; chest

red, with no white spots on the sides .... vinacea, p. 286.
/". Front half of crown and lower chest black,

with white spots on sides of chest larvata, p. 286.

(T. Black of head surrounded by grey ; forehead,
crown, mantle, and breast unifirm grey, with
white spots on the sides of the chest nif/7'icollis, p. 286.

1. Lagonosticta monteiri.

Pytelia monteiri, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. Ill, pi. 161 ; Reichenb.

Sinyv. p, 25 (1861); Sharpe S)- Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Frcmce,

i. p. 309 (1876); Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 29; Hartl. Ahhandl.

nat. Ver. Bretnen, viii. p. 203 "(1882).
Zonog-astris monteiri, Heugl. Orti. N.O.-Afi: i. p. 624, note (1870).
Estrilda monteiri, Gray, Hcnul-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 6735 (1870).
Hypargus monteiri, Sltelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 318 ; id. F. Z. S. 1888,

p. 30.
Pytelia stictolsema, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 213, 305, 308.

Adult male (type of species). General colom- above brown, the
wings like the back ; quills externally like the back ; rump and
upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail-feathers black ; head and liind neck,
including the sides of the face, eai'-coverts, cheeks, and throat, dark
slaty gre}', with a triangular mark of crimson down the centre of
the latter; remainder of under surface of body chestnut-brown,
mottled all over with bar-like spots of white ; under tail-coverts
barred with chestnut-brown and white. Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2'2, tail 1'8, tarsiis 0*65.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather duller in colour,
and wanting the crimson throat-patch, which is represented by a
median broad streak of white slightly tinged with red on the lower
throat. Total length 5 inches, culmen O'o5, wing 2'25, tail l*7o,
tarsus 0'7.

Young male. Differs from the adult in being more dingily
coloured and in not being spotted below. The throat is uniform
slaty grey without any sign of the crimson patch, and the fore neck,
breast, and sides of body are uniform tawny buff without any white
spots, and the under tail-coverts are slightly barred with white.

Hah. N.E. and W. Africa ; Upper White Nile, about 5" N. lat. ;
and from Angola to the Loango Coast.

a. d' ad. sk, Bembe, Angola. Monteiro Coll.

(Type of species.)

6, c. c? ? ad. sk. Landana, Congo, June (Petit). Shelley Coll.

e?. J ad. sk. LeopoldvilleJ Upper Congo, F. Bohndorff [C.].

Dec.

e. S iniiu. sk. Kudm-ma, Equatorial Afi'ica, Shelley Coll.

Nov. li {Emin Pasha).

VOL. XIII. T

274 PLOCEID^.

f S iwv. sk. Foda, Nov. Emin Pasha [P.].

g. S ad. sk. Tino-asi, Sept. 23. Emin Pa-slia [P.].

h. 2 ad. sk. Tanjiiuoro, Oct. 5. Emin Paslia [P.].

2. Lagonosticta niveiguttata.

Spermospiza guttata {nee V.), Biunc. Spec. Zool. Mosamh. fasc. xviii.

p. 326 (1867).
Spemiopliaga niveiguttata, Pefers, J. /. O. 1868, p, 133; Cab. J.f. O.

1878, p. 230 ; Eeichen. J.f. O. 1887, p 309.
Estrilda niveiguttata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6727 (1870).
Hypargus niveiguttatus, Finsch iif Hartl. Voy. O.stafr. p. 448 (1870) ;

Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 5o8, pi. oi. fig. 2 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes.

0)-n. i. p. 323 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 477

(1884) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 135 ; Matschie, J. f. 0. 1877,

pp. 143, 154.

Adult, General colour above warm chocolate-brown, with a wash
of crimson on the hind neck and back : rump and upper tail-coverts
dark crimson ; wing-coverts like the back, with a tinge of crimson
on their margins ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky
blackish, externally brown like the back ; centre tail-feathers dull
crimson, the remainder black, externally duU crimson ; crown of
head dark ashy, contrasting with the back; loi'es, eyebrow, sides of
face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest deep crimson ; remainder
of under surface black, the sides of body plentifully spotted with
large rounded spots of white ; a slight wash of crimson visible on
the black underparts here and there, especially on the imdcr tail-
coverts ; under wing-coverts white, with a dusky patch near the
edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge :
" bill bluish grey, the point, cnlmen, and cutting-edges of upper
mandible as well as the tip of the lower mandible black ; feet lead-
colour, claws brownish ; iris brown" (G. A. Fischer).

Adult female (?). Browner than the male, especially on the sides
of the head and throat, the latter being brown, washed with crimson,
the fore neck becoming entirely crimson, but much duUer than in
the male, as is the red colour of the upper tail-coverts and tail;
breast browner, slightly tinged with red, and spotted with white,
the white spots having a black line above and below.

Tounq (?). Browner than the adults, the head only a little more
ashy; the throat and chest tawny brown, with a little crimson on
the latter ; breast and abdomen ashy brown, spotted with white,
each white spot bordered with black above and below.

The above description may be found to apply to the adult female,
and the bird which I suppose to be the old female may be after aU
a young male, just getting his crimson throat.

Hab, East Africa, from the Lake districts and Zanzibar to
Inhambane.

a. Imm. sk. East Africa. Sharpe Coll.

6, c. Ad. sk. Paugani {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

18. LAGONOSTICTA. 275

d, e. Ad. et iuim. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

sk.

/. Ad. sk. Zcambesi (Sir J. Kirk), Sharpe Coll.

ff. Imm. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

3. Lagonosticta margaritata.

Spermophaga mai-garitata, Strickl. Ann. i^- Mckj. Nat. Hist. xiii.

p. 418, pi. X. (1844) ; Salviii, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 249 (1882).
Spermophaga margarita, Des Murs, Iconogr. Orn. pi. 64 (1848) *.
Spermospiza margaritata, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 16 (1849).
Habrop3'ga margaritata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 461 (1850).
Hypargus verreaiixi, Reichenh. Sinr/r. p. 22, Taf. vi. fig. 49 (1861).
Hypargus margaritatus, Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 449 (1870) ;

Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 476 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 317.
Estrelda margaritata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6726 (1870).

Adult. The whole of the upper parts are rich ferruginous brown,
except the quills, which are dusky within ; the upper tail-coverts
and outer margins of the rectrices dull vinous red, and their inner
webs and apical portions black. The circuit of the eyes, cheeks,
throat, and breast pale claret-red, rest of lower parts deep black,
spotted next the breast and on the sides with large pearl-like spots
the colour of peach-blossom, of which two are xjlaced transversely
and subterminally on each feather. Total length 4*75 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2*1, tail 2, tarsus 0*75. (StricHand.)

Hah. Cape Colony.

4. Lagonosticta senegala,

Le Senegal! rouge, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 208, pi. x. fig. 2 (1760).

Fringilla senegala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 320 (1766).

Le Senegali, Daid)ent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 157. fig. 1 ; Month. Hid. Nat.

Ois. iv. p. 99 (1778).
Fire-bird, Brown, III. Zool. pi. 2. fig. 2 (1776).
Senegal Finch, Lath. Gen. Syji. ii. pt. i. p. 312 (1783).
Fire Finch, Lath. t. c. p. 318 (1783, e.v Brown).
Fringilla iguita, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 906 (1788, ex Brown).
Estrelda senegala, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 460(1850); Hartl Orn. 7F;-4/'r. p. 143 (1857) ; Grai/, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 52, no. 6717 (1870).
Lagonosticta iguita, Reichenb. Singv. p. 18, Taf. iv. fig. 36 (1861 ).
Lagonosticta senegala, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 323 (pt.).

Adult male. General colour above crimson, the back browner but
washed with crimson ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
deep crimson ; wing-coverts brown with crimson margins ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quOls brown, narrowly edged with olive-
brown ; tail-feathers black, washed with deep crimson along the

* Atnadina verreauxi on the plate.

T 2

276 PLOCEID^.

outer webs ; crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, throat, and
breast deep crimson, fading into brown on the abdomen, which,
like the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts, is ochrcous brown ;
under wing-coverts brown with silky-M'hite bases ; quills below
dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 3-75 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 1-9, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5.
Hah. Senegambia.

a. (S ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.

b. tJ ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll.

5. Lagonosticta minima.

Le Petit Senegali rouge, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. 10 (1805).
Fringilla minima, Vieill. N. Diet. cVIIist. Nat. xii. p. 183 (1817).
Estrelda minima, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. o69 (1849) ; Bp. Comp. i.

p. 460 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 144 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l

^.ii. p. 52, no. 0710(1870).
Lagonosticta minima, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172 (1850) ; Eeichenb.

Singv. p. 18, Taf. iv. figs. 34-37 (1861) ; 8harpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72 ;

SharjK ^ Boiivier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 49 (1876) ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1883, p. 6.54.
Lagonosticta senegala (wee i.), Reichenb. Sitigv. p. 18, Taf. iv.

fig. 37 (1861).

Adult male. Similar to L. senegala, but pink as a rule, never
reaching such a fine crimson colour, and always distinguished by
some tiny white spots on the sides of the breast : " feet dark flesh-
colour ; iris olive-brown ; eye-ring yellow " ( W. A. Forbes). Total
length 3'7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1*85, tail 1'3, tarsus 0*5.

Adult female. Diflerent from the male. Dark brown above,
with crimson on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings like the
back : tail as in the male ; sides of face brown, with a crimson
loral spot ; under surface of body ochreous brown, clearer ochreous on
the abdomen, with white rounded spots on the sides of the breast :
" bill rosy red, the culmen and symphysis black, shaded off on the
upper mandible; feet fleshy brown; eye-ring yellow" {W. A,
Forbes). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1-75, tail 1-25,
tarsus 0-5.

Captain Shelley considers that L. minima and L. senegala are the
same species. This is quite likely to be correct, as the white spots
on the sides of the breast vary a good deal, and may perhaps
disappear altogether with age, in which case L. senegala wiU turn
out to be the very oldest stage of plumage.

Hab. West Africa from Senegambia to the Niger.

a. Ad. sk. W. Africa. Purchased.

b. Var. alb. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.

f,(^. (5 ad. ; f. 5 juv. sk. Dakar, Senegambia (Z. Tweeddale Coll.

Laylaize).

f. 2 ad. sk. Dakar (L. Laglaize). Sharpe Coll.

(I,h. 5 ad., (S juv. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.

V. S ad. sk. River Volta (H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.

18. LAGONOSTICTA. 277

k. 5 ad. sk. River Niger (Dr. Baikie). Sharpo Coll.

l,m. (5 5 fid. sk. Lokoja, River Niger, Forbes Coll.

August ( W. A. F.).

n. cJ ad. sk. West Africa. Riocour CoU.

6. Lagonosticta brunneiceps.

Fringilla senegala (nee L.), Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 27 (182.3).
Estrilda minima (nee V.), Rilpp. Neue Wirh., Voff. p. 101 (1835-40) ;

id. Si/st. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ; ITeuf/l. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 105, 1862,

p. 20, 1864, p. 249, 1868, p. U; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 100 ; SeL

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 110; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 71 (1864);

Lmjard, B. S. Afr. p. 107 (1867) ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Ahjss.

p. 400 (1870).
FringiUa (Estrelda) minima (nee V.), Heiigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 49

(1856).
Lagonosticta minima (nee V.), Brehm, Reis. Hahesch, pp. 217, 340
. (1863) ; Ilartm. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 466 ; Cab. in Von der Declen's

Reis. iii. p. 52 (1869); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 612 (1870);

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 143 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871 , pt.) ;

Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 176 (1872) ; Antin. Sf Salvad.

Viagy. Bogos, p. 115 (1873) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 230; Bocage,

Orn. Ani/ola, p. 363 (1881) ; Sharpe, iti Oates^ Matabek-Land,

App. p. 321 (1881); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 588; id. Ibis,

1882, p. 356 ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, pp. 184, 201 ; Schalow,

t. c. p. 363 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 476 (1884) ; Salmd.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 177 (1884) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes.

Orn. i. p. 324 (1884) ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 135 ; Matschie, J.f. O.

1887, p. 143 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) vi. p. 279 (1888).
Pytelia minima (nee V.), Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 267 (1870) ; id.

^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 444 (1870).
Lagonosticta senegala (nee L.), Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 60 ; Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1888, p. 31.

Adult male. Similar to L. senegala, but baving tbe bead always
brown, without any crimson wash on tbe centre of crown and nape ;
sides of tbe breast always spotted witb wbite : " bill vinous red,
tbe culmen and tomium dark grey ; feet reddisb grey ; iris reddish
brown ; eyelids leaden grey, with a fine eye-ring of ochre-yellow "
(B. Bbhm). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail 1-35,
tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Similar to the female of L. minima. Total length
3-8 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-1, tail 1-4, tarsus 0*5.

Hah. North-eastern Africa throughout Eastern Africa and the
south-east and south-west portions of tbe continent.

a,b.^2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith.

c. (5 ad. sk. Pretoria (Pratt). Shelley Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Rustenberg, E. Transvaal, Shelley Coll.

Aug. 2 ( W. Lucas).

e,f. 2 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal Sharpe Coll.

(T. Ayres).

g, h. c? ad. sk. Crocodile River, July W. E. & C. G. Gates,

(F. Gates). Esqs. [P.].

^,k.(S 2 ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedi-

tion.

278

PLOCEIB^.

/. (S ad. sk.

m, w. cJ 5 ad. sk.

0. (S ad. sk.

p. $ ad. sk.

r/. c? ad. sk.

r, s. S 2 ad. sk.
t, u. S 2 ad. .sk.

?'. 2 ad. sk.
w. 2 ad. sk. ;

juv.
y. 2 ad. sk.

X. S

z, a'. (S ad. et juv.

sk.

h'. (5 ad. sk.

c'. 2 ad. sk.

d'. (^ ad. sk.

e'. 5 ad. sk.

f. (S ad. sk.

.'/'. 2 f^"^^' s^^-

^'. (S ad. sk.

Zambesi River.
Mozambique.
Ondonga, Nov. 28 (C. /.

Ovaquenyama, Damara Laud,
May 20 (C. J. Andersson).

Katenbella, Eenguela {J.
Sala).

Ujiji, Upper Congo, Aug.

Pangani, E. Africa {Sir J.
Kirk).

Lamu {Sir J. Kirk).

Slioa {Sir W. C. Harris).

Dongolo, Tigre, Maj' 18.

Keren, Bogos Land {Esler).

Keren {Esler).
Bejook, July 15 {W. Jesse).
Bejook, July 15 ( W. Jesse).
Maragaz, July 27 ( W. Jesse).
Maragaz, July 27 ( W. Jesse).
Soudan {Capt. Vei'ner).
Kibiro, Equatorial Africa,
Oct. 7.

Sir J. Kirk [P.].
Dr. Gueinzius [0.].
Sharpe Coll.

Slaarpe Coll.

Sharps Coll.

F. Bobndorff [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.
India Museum,

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Shellev Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.
Emin Pasha.

7. Lagonosticta rufopicta.

Estrilda rufopicta, Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 27 ; Allen S,- Thorns. E.vp.

Niger, ii. p. 501 (1848) ; Eraser, Zool. T,/p. pi. 51 (1849) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 143 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no.

G715 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 306 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1883,

p. 517.
Estrelda rufopectus, G7-ai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849).
Lagouosticta (Estrelda) lateritia, Heiujl. J.f. O. 1864, p. 251.
Estrelda lateritia, Hcugl. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 15 ; Gray, Hand-l. E. ii.

p. 52, no. 6720 (1870).
Pytelia rufopicta, Einscli, J.f. O. 1869, p. 336.
Lagonosticta rufopicta, Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 615 (1870);

Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192; V<Z. Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871) ; Shelley S^

Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 70; Pelz.

Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 152 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883,

p. 555; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 322.
Astrilda rufopicta, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 103

(1881).
Estrelda rubropicta, Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 532.

Adult male. General colour above brown, the upper tail-coverts
deep pink ; wing-coverts brown like the back : quills dark brown,
externally lighter brown like the back ; tail-feathers brown, washed
with dark pink towards the base of the outer web ; crown of head
brown like the back ; base of forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face,
ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast rosy pink, becoming paler on
the abdomen, flanks, and thighs, which are pale brown washed with
rosy pink ; under tail-covcrts ochi'eous white, the long ones brown

18. LAGONOSTICTA.

279

With whitish edges ; under wing-coverts ochreous ; quills below
dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner edge ; on the fore neck and
chest some tmy white spots or bars : " bill violet-red, the culmen
and genys black ; bare eyelids yellow ; iris pale dusky brown • feet
dusky reddish " {Heuglin). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-35
wing 1-95, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-55.

_ Hah. West Africa froi Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast and JN^iger
districts, occurring also in Equatorial Africa and the Upper Nile.

a. S ad. sk.
h. cS ad. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. cj" ad. sk.

f-i iS ad. sk.

Jv, I. cf ad. sk.

m, n. (S ad. sk.
0. c? ad. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.

q. S ad. sk.

West Africa.

Sierra Leone {Dr. Clark).

Sierra Leone.

Asbantee.

Cape Coast Castle.

Cape Coast Castle, March

[G. E. S.).
Cape Coast Castle, March

(T. E. Buckley).
River Volta {H. T. Ussker).
River Niger.
Abo, River Niger, August

(W.J.F.).
Abutchi, River Niger (W.

A. F.).

8. Lagonosticta nitidula.

Purchased.
Sbarpe Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Gould Coll.
L. Fraser [C.].
(Type of species.)
SheUey CoU.

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe CoU.

Mrs. Heywood [P.].

Forbes CoU.

Forbes CoU.

Lagonosticta nitidula, Hartl. Bull. Mus. Boy. cVHist. Nat Belq iv
p. 145, pi. iv. figs. 1, 2 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 46. ' ' "

Adult male. Above pale olivaceous dusky ; eyebrows very
narrowly joined in front, sides of head and throat pale vinaceous
red ; breast vinous red, thickly marked with minute rounded spots
of white ; abdomen more ashy, becoming gradually paler ; rump
and upper tail-coverts uniform"' with the back : tail uniform' dusky
brown ; quUls dusky ; under wing-coverts ochreous white ; bill
orange-reddish, the ridge of the bill darker. Total length 375
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 2-05, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-65. {Hartlauh.)

Toung. Above uniform pale dusky; underneath paler, the
abdomen fulvescent ; throat conspicuously varied with reddish.
{Harilauh.)

Hah. Lake Tanganyika.

9. Lagonosticta rhodopsis.

Estrelda rhodopsis, Hemjl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 166 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 50, no. 6701 (1870).
Rhodopyga rhodopsis, Heugl. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 13, pi. i. fig. 3 ; id.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. cxxxvii (1871).
Habropyga rhodopsis, Seuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 010, pi. x'lx.

fig. c (1870).
Lagonosticta rhodopsis, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 325.

Adult male. Entirely dull dusky ashy ; paler underneath ; middle

280 PLOCEID^.

of the belly and under tail-coverts -whiter ; eyebrows, lores, cheeks,
and chin washed with rosy ; tail rather graduated, above black,
below smoky brown ; rump and tail-feathers crimson, brown towards
the bases of the outer margin ; bill blackish, washed with rosy,
with a white spot at the angle of the mouth ; feet dusky, the soles
ashy ; iris brown. Total length 3-8 inches, bill from forehead
scarcely 0-4, wing 1-85, tail i-6, tarsus 0-6. (Heugliu.)
Hah. Gazelle lliver, N.E. Africa.

10. Lagonosticta polionota. (Plate XI. fig. 2.)

Lagonosticta polionota, SheUeij, Ibis, 1873, p. 141 ; id Ihis, 188G,
p. 325 ; Hartert, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 584.

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty
brown, with a rosy tinge, especially on the head and hind neck,
which are otherwise slaty brown like the back ; rump and upper
tail- coverts deep crimson ; wing-coverts and quills slaty brown like
the back, also with a slight rosy wash ; tail-feathers black, deep
crimson towards the base of the outer web ; base of forehead, lores
and eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat and breast,
and sides of body deep crimson, with a few tiny white spots on the
sides of the breast ; abdomen and thighs slaty black : under tail-
coverts black; under wing-coverts ochreous buff; quiUs below
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill slaty grey ; feet and claws
slaty brown, iris dark brown" (G. E. Shelley) ; eye-ring yellowish
white (Hartert). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-95,
tail 1*55, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Niger.

fl. cJ ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

b. d "d. sk. Fantee. Sliarpe Coll.

c, d. (S ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, March (G. Shelley Coll.

ja. S.). (Types of species.)

e. S ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, March (T. Shelley Coll.

JE. Buckley).

11. Lagonosticta congica. (Plate XI. fig. 3.)

Estrelda rubricata (nee Licht.), Itekhen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 29.
Lagonosticta rubricata (nee Licht.), Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 362

(1881)._
Lagonosticta poUouota (nee Shellei/), Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 305 ;

Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 323 (1887).

Adult female. Similar to L. polionota, but with a much smaller
bill ; the colours very much paler, the head being light slaty grey
like the back ; lores crimson, but no crimson on the eyebrow :
" ii-is blackish brown " (F. Bolmdorff). Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1'8, tail 1'45, tarsus 0"5o.

Hah. Upper Congo region.

a, $ ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo. F. BohudorfF[C.].

I

18. LAGONOSTICTA, 281

12. Lagonosticta rubricata.

Le S6ii6gali rouge, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pi. ix. (1805) ; id. N. Diet.

(VHist. Nat. xii. p. 183 (1817).
Fringilla rubricata, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 27 (1823).
Estrekla rubricata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Bp. Q'omp. i.

p. 459 (1850) ; Liclit. Nomend. Av. p. 48 (1854) ; Gurnei/, Ihis,

1864, p. 352; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 197(1867); id. Ibis, 1869,

p. 370; Finsch ^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 446 (1870); Grai/,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6714 (1870).
Lagonosticta rubricata, Cah. Miis. Hein. Tli. i. p. 171 (1850) ;

Sha)ye, Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871); ShelJey, Ibis, 1875, p. 80;

Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 431 ; Sharpe, ed, Layards B. S. Afr. p. 475

(1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 324.

Adult male. General colour above brown, tbe rump and upper
tail-coTcrts dark crimson ; wing-coverts bro\vu like the back : quills
dusk}', the primaries externally slatj- grey, the secondaries browner
like the back ; tail-feathers black, externally dark crimson ; crown
of head and hind neck slaty grey, contrasting with the back ; lores,
base of forehead, eyebrow, and sides of face deep crimson ; hinder
ear-coverts slaty grey like the sides of the neck ; cheeks, throat,
breast, and sides of body deep crimson, with some tiny white spots
on the sides of the breast ; abdomen slaty black : thighs and
under tail-coverts deep black ; under wing- coverts duU ochraceous ;
quills below dusky, ashy fulvous along their inner edge : " upper
mandible ashy black ; lower mandible ashy, but pink at the base ;
tarsi and feet dusky; iris dusky" {T. Ayres). Total length 4-1
inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-05, tail 1'65, tarsus 0*55.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, and never so
crimson ; further distinguished by the oehreous-brown abdomen ;
thighs dark ashy ; under tail-coverts blackish with ashy margins.
Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4.5, wing 1-7, tail 1-6, tarsus 0*6.

Young male. At first resembles the old female, but has generally
some trace of black on the abdomen.

Hah. South-eastern Mrica.

«, &. c? 2 ad. sk. S.E. Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c, d. (5 2 ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. At more). Sharpe Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. A.). Shelley Coll.

/. S ad. sk. Grahamstown {T. C. A.). Sharpe Coll.

g,h. c? 2 ad. sk. Durban, Natal ( T. L. Atjres). Shelley Coll.

i, k. cJ ad. et juv. Pinetown, Natal (7'. L. A.). Sharpe Coll.

sk.

I'P. S ; ?> '■; s. Pinetown, Natal, May to SheUev Coll.

2 ad. et juv. sk. August {T. L. A.),

t, u. d 2 ad. sk. Pretoria (Pratt). Shelley Coll.

V. 2 ad. sk. Macamac, E. Transvaal, Dec. F. A. Barratt, Esq.

4, 1874. [P.].

zv. 2 ad. sk. Macamac, E, Transvaal, Dec. J. H. Gm-ney, Esq.
9 (T. A.) [P.].

282 PLOCEIB^.

13. Lagonosticta rara.

Estrelda uielauogaster {nee Sivains.), Heiujl. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 273.
Ilabropyga rara, Antin. Cat. descn: Uce. p. 72 (18G4, March).
Ilabropyga hvpomelas, lintel. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 2o2 (June).
RhodopVga hVpomelas, Ilenr/l. J.f. O. 1868, p. 13, pi. i. fig. 4.
Ehodopyga rara, Salvad. Atti JR. Accad. Torino, v. p. 742 (1870).
Estrelda rara. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 60, no. 6699 (1870) ; Forbes,

This, 1883, p. 513.
Ilabropyga hypomelsena, Heuc/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 611 (1870).
Lychnidospiza melanogastra, Heugl. op. cit. ii. App. p. cxxxvii

(1871).
Ilabropyga fenocbroa, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 322; id. Ortiith. Cen-

traJhl. 1882, p. 91 ; id. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 322 ; id. Ahhandl. nat. Verein.

Bremen, viii. p. 203 (1882) ; Eeichen. ^ Scludoiu, J.f. 0. 1884, p. 404.
Lagonosticta melanogastra (nee Sivains.), fSheUey, Ibis, 1883, p. 553.
Lagonosticta rara, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 325 ; Salvad. Ami. Mus.

Gcnov. (2) Yi. p. 281 (1888) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 31. _
Lagonosticta jenocbroa, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 220

(1882) ; id. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 322, Taf. xiii. fig. 6 (1887).

Adult male. General colour above rich dark crimson everywhere,
the bases of the feathers being dull ashy blackish ; rump and
upper tail-coverts uniform with the back ; lesser and median coverts
dusky blackish with crimson edges ; greater coverts, bastard-wing,
primary -coverts, and quills dusky blackish ; tail-feathers black,
externally dark crimson near the base : crown of head, sides of face,
and under surface of body dark rich crimson ; centre of breast,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ; sides of body crimson
like the throat ; under wing-covcrts huffy white ; quills below
dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill rosy, upper mandible
blackish ; feet dark grey ; iris olive-brown ; eyelid very pale pink "
(Emin). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2, tail 1-6,
tarsus 0"6.

Adult femah. Duller crimson than the male, the rump and upper
tail-coverts a little brighter than the back ; crown of head and hind
neck, sides of face and sides of neck dark ashy grey ; lores bright
crimson ; throat ashy, becoming tinged with pink on the lower
parts ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body pale pink ; centre of
breast and abdomen ochraceous ; lower abdomen mixed with black ;
under tail-coverts black. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2,
tail 1"55, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. Equatorial Africa, extending to the Niger region in West
Africa.

a. S ad.; b. Juv. Lokoja, K. Niger, Aug. (IT. Forbes ColL

sk. A. F.).

e, d. J 2 ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].

July, Aug.
e. Imm. sk. Foda, Oct. 24. Emin Pasha [P.].

14. Lagonosticta rhodoparia.

Lagonosticta rhodopareia, Ilenql. J. f. O. 1868, p. 16 ; Cab. J. f. O.
1878, p. 229 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 324.

18. LAGONOSTICTA. 283

Estrelda rhodopareia, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6719 (1870) ;

Fimch ^- Hartl Viig. Ostafr. p. 446 (1870).
Lagonosticta riibricata {nee Sundev.), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 615

(1870).
? Lagonosticta polionota {nee Shelley), Cah. J. f. O. 1878, p. 230 ;

Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 588.

Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with rosy ; lower
rump and upper tail-covcrts bright crimson ; wings brown like the
back ; tail-feathers black, the centre feathers dull crimson towards
the base, the remainder black, externally dull crimson ; head and
neck crimson, the crown a little browner ; lores, eyebrow, sides of
face, and under surface of body rich crimson ; centre of abdomen
and thighs blackish ; under tail-coverts black ; on the sides of the
breast some tiny spots of white ; under wing-coverts ashy with
brown bases ; quills dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner web : " bill
lead-colour, the tip black; feet dusky lead- colour; iris dusky"
(Ileuglin). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing l-So, tail
1-55, tarsus 0-5.

Bah. Prom the Zanzibar region in East Africa to Gala Land and
Bogos Land in North-eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaam, E. Africa (Sii- J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

15. Lagonosticta jamesoni. (Plate XL fig. 1.)

Lagonosticta jamesoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ; Beiehen. Ornith.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 91 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 475
(1884) ; Beiehen. S,- Schahnv, J. f. O. 1884, p. 404 ; Shelley, Ibis,
1886, p. 324.

Adult male. Similar to L. rhodoparia, but much paler and more
pink, especially on the under surface, and with hardly a trace of
white dots on the sides of the breast : " bill bright bluish ash, with
the culmen and tip somewhat dusky ; tarsi and feet pinkish ; iris
dusky brown " {T. Ayres). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"4,
wing 1'85, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour, especially
below, the under surface being salmon-pink ; under tail-coverts
blackish with pinkish-buft' margins. Total length 3-9 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1-9, tail 1'6, tarsus 0-5.5.

Hah. Mashoona Land, S.E. Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Tatin River, Dec. 9 {J. S. Shelley Coll. (Type

Jameson). of species.)

b. $ ad. sk. Umvuli River, Aug. 17 (J. Shelley Coll.

S. Jameson^.

16. Lagonosticta landanae. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

? Estrelda rubricata, Beiehen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 229.

? Lagonosticta rubricata, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 302 (1881).

Adult male. Similar to L. rhodoparia, but distinguished by its
yellow eyelid and yellow bill, the latter being blackish at the ends

284 PLOCEIDiE.

of both mandibles and along the tomium of the upper one. Total
length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-43, wing 1-9, tail 1-4, tarsus O'S.

Adult female. Everywhere duller and paler brown than the male ;
eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body salmon-red,
ochrcous on the abdomen and blackish on the under tail-coverts ;
sides of body with distinct white spots.

Jlcib. Lower Congo llegion.

a, 6. cJ $ ad. sk. Landana, Feb. (L. Petit). Shelley Coll.

17. Lagonosticta csBrulescens.

Le Beugrtli giis-bleu, T'ieill. Ois. Chant, p. 27, pi. 8 (1805).
Fringilla cperule.?cens, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 17(j

(1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 986 (1823),
Estrelda cserulesceus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 195 (1837) ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849); Bp. Comp.'Av. i. p. 460 (1850) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 142 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 0718

(1870) ; SJielley, Ibis, 1886, p. 328.
Lagonusticta cserulescens. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 172, note (1850).
Habropvga caerulesceus, Reichenb. Siiu/v. p. 12, pi. 2. figs. 14, 15

(1801); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871).
Habropysra liaibriata, Reiclienb. Singv. pp. 12, 49, pi. 18. figs. 105,

166 (l'861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6723 (1870).

Adult. General colour above and below pearly grey ; the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright crimson ; centre tail-
feathers dull crimson, the remainder black, externally dull crimson ;
quills dusky, externall)- hoary grey ; lores blackish ; face and throat
a little paler grey than the rest of the upper parts ; the fore neck
and breast dusky grey, gradually darkening towards the abdomen
which is blackish ; under tail-coverts crimson ; under wing-coverts
hoary whitish ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web.
Total length 3-35 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 19, tail 1"4, tarsus
0-55.

Hah. West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Seuegambia. Governor Rendall [C.].

h, c. Ad. sk. Seuegambia. Shelley Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Seuegambia. Sharpe Coll.

e. Ad. sk. S. Louis, Senegal Tweeddale Coll.

(Z. Laglaize).

18. Lagonosticta incana*.

Estrelda incana, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirhandl. Stoekh. 1850,
p. 98 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 51, no. 0709 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis,
1875, p. 80 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 470 (1884) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1886, p. 329.
Habropyga natalensis. Cab, Mus. Hein. i. p. 170 (1850) ; Reichenb.
Sinyv. p. 12 (1861).
• Estrelda caBrulescens (pt.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (1854).

* Dr. Reichenow separates the specimens from Mozambique in the Berlin
Museum as Habropyga foliogastra (J. f. 0. 1886, p. 121).

f

18. LAOONOSTICTA. 285

Habropyg-a incana, Beichenb. Singv. p. 12 (1861).

Fringilla cserulescens {nee VieUL), Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc

xviii. p. 326 (1867).
Pytelia incana, Ln>/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 197 (1867); Finsch <§• Bartl.

Tog. Ostafr. p. 446 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above delicate blue-grey, the lower
back and rump and upper tail-coverts crimson ; wing-coverts like
the back ; quills dusky, externally like the back, the primaries
edged with hoary grey; tail-feathers dusky blackish; crown of
head like the back, with a narrow black line along the extreme
base of the forehead ; through the eye a narrow black streak ; base
ot chin black ; lores, sides of face, and throat light pearly grev,
deepening on the lower breast and abdomen, as well as the sides of
body and flanks; thighs ashy grey; under tail-coverts dusky
blackish ; under wmg-coverts white, those near the edge of the wino-
ashy; axillaries like the breast; quills below dusky, ashy along the
inner edge : " billgrey ; feet black; iris red" {T. L. Ayres). Total
length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1-95, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-25 inches
culmen 0-35, wing 1-9, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

Hab. South-eastern Africa from Mozambique to Natal.

a b, c Ad. sk. Durban, Natal ( Gordge). Shelley Coll.

d, e. 6 ad. sk. Durban, July, Oct. {T. L. Shelley Coll

Ayres).

f. $ ad. sk. Pinetown, July (T. L. Aijres). Shelley Coll.

Subsp. a. Lagonosticta perreini,

Fringilla perreini, VleiU. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xii. p. 179 (1817)

^f ■t^M'n"n«-'nf''''-^^?-^- "• P- ^^'^ (1^49) '• ^P- ^onsp. A,.
Hand-l.B.n. p. 50, no 6690 (1870); Sharpe ^ Border jS
amfsSS;;:ib.^^^^ ■' '-^^' Or2 Angola/,. 359

lyteha perreini, Fimeh ^ Hartl. Vog. Ostafr: l'. ~U7 , note (1870).

bl«fS Z^'' if """f^' *° ^V "''"""' ^"* ^^^^ ^^^ l°^er abdomen
blackish as well as the under tail-coverts. Total length 4 inches
culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail DS, tarsus 0-6. '

Adult female Similar to the male. Total length 4-1 inches
culmen 0-35, wmg 1-9, tail l-6o, tarsus 0-55. '

Hah. Congo region.

?f!?0^nr] 1- Y^'^J'''^^ ^<^^S0 {Dr. Luean). Shelley Coll.
6, c. cJ ? ad. sk. Laudaua (Z. Pe^tY). Shelley Coll.

286 PLOCEIDiE.

19. Lagonosticta vinacea.

Estielda vinacea, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 14^ (1857) ; Gray, Hand-L

B. ii. p. 52, no. 6722 (1870).
Lagonosticta vinacea, Reichenh. Singv. p. 18 (1861) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1886, p. 325.

Adult. Beautiful vinous red, more brightly tinged below ; tail
above more intense red, black underneath ; head ashy ; sides of
head, throat, and margin of forehead black ; flanks with some tiny
white spots ; under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill and feet lead-colour. Total length 4 inches, culmen 3-35,
wing 1"9, tail 1-75, tarsus 0'55. {Hartlaub.)

Hah. Sencgambia.

20. Lagonosticta larvata.

Amadina larvata, Riipp. Neue Wirb., Vog. p. 97, pi. 36. tig. 1
(1835) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370
(1849).

Habropyga larvata, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 461 (1850).

Fringilla (Amadina) larvata, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1856).

Mormolycia larvata, Reichenb. Singv. p. 67 (1861).

Lagonosticta larvata, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 16; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
p. 017, App. p. cxxxviii (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis-, 1886, p. 325.

Estrelda larvata. Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. 6728 (1870).

PPytelia larvata, Fischer ^ Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 212.

Adult. General colour beautiful vinaceous red on an ashy ground ;
ear-coverts and throat black, well defined, the crown washed with
slaty grey ; interscapnlary region dark dusky ashy, the wings more
dusky ; quills pale smoky brown, margined with ashy ; tail-feathers
black below and on the inner web, crimson on the outer web like
the upper tail-coverts ; under tail-coverts, vent, and abdomen black,
the former washed with purple, the latter more ashy towards the
breast ; under wing-coverts whitish, varied with vinous and grey ; on
the flanks some rather large dots of white, surrounded with blackish :
bill purplish lead-colour ; feet and bare region of the eye lead-colour ;
iris dusky. Total length ih", bill from front 41"-4|", wing 1" 10'",
tail 1" 6'"-l" 8'", tarsus 6|"'-7"'. {Hcwjlin.)

Hah. N.E. Africa.

21. Lagonosticta nigricollis.

Lagonosticta nigricollis, Heuyl. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 273 ; id. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. p. 618, App. p. cxxxviii (1871) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 555,
1886, p. 325.

Habropyga larvata {nee Rilpp.), Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 71 (1864) ;
Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Tor. v. p. 742 (1870).

Estrelda nigricollis, Ifeugl. J.f. O. 1868, p. 17, pi. 1. fig. 1 ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1883, p. 508.

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey, the upper tail-
coverts dull crimson like the centre tail-feathers ; wing-coverts like
the back ; quills dusky, externally slaty grey, inclining to hoary

19. STICTOSPIZA. 287

white ou the outer web of the primaries ; tail-feathers black,
externally dull criiusou ; crown of head slaty grey like the back ; a
liue across the base of the forehead, feathers round the eye, ear-
coverts, sides efface, cheeks and throat, black; remainder of under
surface of body pearly grey, a little darker on the sides of the body,
which are ornamented with tiny white dots ; thighs slaty grey :
sides of vent and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts ashy
grey, with whitish bases to the feathers ; quills dusky below, ashy
along the inner web : " bill pale greyish blue, darker on the culmen
and apex ; feet dark grey ; eyelid pale greyish blue : iris brown "
(TF. A. Forbes). Total length 4--i inches, culmen 0-45, wins 1-95
tail 1-7, tarsus 0-5.

Hab. ISr.E. Africa in the countries of the Upper White Nile
across to the Niger lliver in Western Africa. '

a. J ad. sk. Lokoja, lliver Niger, Aug. Forbes Coll.

19. STICTOSPIZA.

Tail of Stictosjjizaformosa.
RaiKjc. Confined to the Indian Peninsula.

1. Stictospiza formosa.

Lovely Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. G18 (1787)

Fnugilla formosa, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 441 (1790)

Estrelda formosa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat B
Mus.As.Soc. p. 119 (1849) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 861 (1863 : Gray
Hand-l. 11. p. 53 no. 6734 (1870); Hume, Nests ^ EcmsLnd. B

^-f^'n^^f^'''^^''- ^-J''- J^- ^^^ (1^"^)' Fairbanktstr.F.iv.

P-.2f /1876) ; irunu>, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; BrMer, Cat. B.

Stud ^-c p. 46 (1879); td. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 61 (1880);

Meid, '\F-^.V- 56; Davidson, t. c. ip. 313 (1882); Swmh.'d

Barnes, Lbis, 1885, p. 129. ^ J ' • y

Pytelia laterahs, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 462 (1850)
Pyteha formosa, Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 421 (1874), vii. p. 222 (1878).

Adult male. General colour above light olive-green, the wino--
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quilts
dark brown, narrowly edged with olive, the inner secondaries
entirely olive-green like the back; upper taU-coverts brighter olive-

288 PLOCEID^.

yellow ; tail-feathers black ; sides of face and sides of neck light
olive-green ; checks, throat, and under surface of body bright
yellow, paler on the throat and deepest on the abdomen and i;ndcr
tail-coverts ; sides of body barred with black and white, the black
bars very broad, the white bars narrow ; under wing-coverts
isabelline ; edge of wing bright yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy
isabellinc along the inner web: "bill waxy red; feet plumbeous
brown ; iris pale brown " (Jenlon). Total length 4'4 inches, culmen
0*4, wing 1"85, tail 1'4, tarsus 0'55.

Adult female. Duller green than the male, the upper tail-coverts
washed with brighter olive-yellow ; head and back ashy olive-green,
as also the sides of the face ; thi'oat and fore neck ashy white, the
sides dull ashy ; breast, abdomen, thighs, and iinder tail-coverts
pale yellow, the sides of the body barred with black and white as in
the male, but not so distinctly. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'4,
wing 1*9, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Distinguished by its black bill and olive-brown colour;
throat and chest ochreous buff; remainder of under surface pale
sulphur-yellow, with light brown flanks.

Hah. Central India.

a. Ad. st. India. Zoological Society.

b,c. (S; d. 5 ad. Mount Abu, March, May, Hume Coll.

sk. July {G. King).

e,f, g. Ad. sk. Jhansi. Pinwill Coll.

Ji-r. S $ ad. sk. Jhansi, Aug., Sept. Hume Coll.

s. Ad. St. Behar. Hodgson Coll.

t. ^ ad. sk. Saugor, March 19. Hume Coll.

u. c? juv. sk. Palamow, April ^ {V. Bait). Hume Coll.

v-s. Ad. etjuv.sk. Raipur, Jan. Hume Coll.

a', 6', e'. Ad. sk. Mnndla district, April Hume Coll.

(i?. Thompsoti).

iT. Ad. sk. Valley of the Tapti, Khan- Hume Coll.

deish, May.

^\.f\9'- S fid. sk. Pranhita River, April. Hume Coll.

20. AMADINA.

Type.

Amadina, Stvams. Zool. Journ. 'in. p. 349 (1827) A. tasciata.

Sporothlastes {novi. emend.), Cab. Arch. f. Natunj. 1847,

p. 331 A. fasciata.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. With a crimson band across the throat extend-

ing to the ear-coverts.
a' Black lines on imderparts suhterminal, and

not forming a fringe fasciata, p. 289.

b'. Black lines on underparts forming an edging

to each feather mcfrf/inalis, p. 290.

b. Head and throat as well as sides of face red .... erytlu-ocephala, p. 200.

20. AMADINA. 289

1. Amadina fasciata.

The Fasciated Grosbeak, Brown, III. Zool. p. 64, pi. xxvii. tit>-. 1
(1770) ; Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 155 (1783).

Loxia fasciata, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 859 (1788) ; Des Murs in Lefebvre's
Vol/. Abijss. p. 118 (1845).

La Loxie fasciee, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 90, pi. 58 (1805).

Coccothraustes fasciata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 528
(1817).

Fringilla detruiicata, Licht. Verz. Douhl. pp. 25, 26 (1823).

Amadina fasciata, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 349 (1827) ; id. B. W,
Afr. i. p. ly7, pi. 15 (1837) ; Bes Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss,
p. 173(1845); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1841)); Bp. Consp. Av.
i. p. 454 (185U) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 140 (1857) ; Bolle,
J.f. 0. 1859, p; 43; lieiohenb. Sinyu. p. 34, Taf. 12. figs. 102-104
(1861); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, 259; Heuyl. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 28;
Antin. Cat. descrr. Uce. p. 70 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53,
no. 6741 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. B. Afr. p. 65 (1871); Antin. ^
Salvad. Viayy. Boyos, -p. IIQ (1873): Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn.
i. p. 323 (1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p'. 313 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30;
Salvad. Ami. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 179 (1884), vi. p. 283 (1888).

Amadina detnmcata, liiipp. Neue Wirb., Voy. p. 101 (1835) ; id. Syst.
Uebers. p. 77 (1845).

Sporothlastes fasciatus. Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1847, p. 331 ; id. Mus.
Hein. i. p. 173 (1850) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 596, App. p. cxxxv
(1871) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 203 (1883) ;
Iteichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 71.

FringiUa (Amadina) detruncata, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 40 (1850).

Munia fasciata, Keidem. Onze Vcy. ii. pi. 54 (1873).

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, numerously
crossed with black bars, the rump and upper tail-coverts paler, and
the latter white at the ends ; wing-coverts brown, the lesser ones
barred like the back, the median and greater series pale fawn-
colour at the ends with a subterniinal bar of black ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown,
the inner secondaries spotted with fawn at the ends like the greater
coverts : tail-feathers blackish, the centre ones washed with grey
towards the base, the remainder tipped with white, and the outer
one white along the outer web ; head like the back, and barred in
the same manner ; feathers round the eye, cheeks, and throat
white, with a broad band of crimson reaching irom the ear-coverts
across the hinder cheeks and throat ; lower throat and remainder of
under surface pale fawn-colour, with narrow cross bars of triangular
shape ; in the centre of the breast a large patch of pale chestnut ;
lower abdomen and vent white ; under tail-coverts buffy white with
blackish bases ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform pale
fawn-colour : " bill imle lead-colour ; feet reddish ; iris umber-
brown " {Heuylin). Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-6,
tail 1*4, tarsus 0'6.

The adult female, according to Heuglin, wants the crimson on the
throat, and also the chestnut spot on the abdomen.

Hah. Senegambia across to North-eastern Africa, and south to
Masai-Land.

290 PLOCEIDiE.

a. Ad. St. West Africa. A. Wieuer,Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. St. West Africa. Mr. J. Baker.

c. Ad. St. West Africa. J. Gould, Esq.

d. Imm. sk. West Africa. Sliarpe Coll.

e. Ad. sk. West Africa. Eiocoiir Coll.
/. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.
(/. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.

h. Imm. sk. Ailat, Bogos-Land. Mr. Eslev [C.J.

i Ad. sk. Ailat, Bogos-Land (Esler). Sharpe Coll.

k, I, m. Ad. et Ailat, Bogos-Land {Esler). Shelley Coll.

jiiv. sk.
n. (S ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, May 27 Shelley Coll.

(O. Antinori).
0. <S ad. sk. Redjaf, Equatorial Africa, Emiii Pasha [P.].

Dec. 17.

2. Amadina marginalis.

Adult. Similar to A. fasciata, but having a throat-band of deeper
crimson, a generally darker rufous coloration, and all the feathers
of the breast and flanks edged, not subterminally harred, with black.
Total length 4-2 inches, culmeu 0-4, wing 2-5, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-6.

Ilab. West Africa.

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. L Pulham, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith.

b. Amadina erythrocephala.

The Sparrow of Paradise, EJiimrds, Nat. Hist. B. iv. pi. 180 (1751).

Le Cardinal d' Angola, Bri&s. Orn. vi. Siippl. p. 78 (1760).

Loxia erythrocephala, Z/w«. Syst. Nat. i. p. 301 (1766); Gm. Syd.
Nat. i. p. 849 (1788) ; Smith, Id. Zool. S. Afr. B. pi. 69 (1841).

Gros-bec du Bresil, Dauhcnt. PL Enl, iv, pi. 309. tig. 1.

Le Grivelin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 401, pi. xxx. fig. 2 (1775) ;
Vieill Ois. Chant, p. 80, pi. 49 (1805).

Brasiban Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 122 (1783).

Paradise Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 122 (1783).

Loxia brasiliana, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 19 (1783) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 848 (1788).

Coccothraustes erythrocephala, Vieill. X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii,
p. 530 (1817). '

Loxia maculosa, Burch. Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 269 (1824).

Friugilla reticulata, Voigt, Cuv. Thierreich, p. 582 (1831).

Amadina erythrocephala. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; Bp,
Consp.Av. i. p. 454 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 146 (18-57);
Reichenb. Singv. p. 35, Taf. xii. figs. 105-107 (1861); Gurney,
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 7 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 200 (1867) ; Chapman,
Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53,
no. 6742 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871) ; Gzirnei/, in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 174 (1872) ; T. Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103 ;
Bocayv, Orn. Angola, p. 352 (1881) ; Sharpe in OateS Matabele-
Land, App. B, p". 320 (1881) ; Hohib Sf von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siid-
afr. p. 131 (1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 407, 849
(1884); Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 313; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 332.
Sporothlastes erythrocephala, Gab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 173 (1850) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. .597, App. p. cxxxv (1871).

20. AMABINA. 291

Amadiua argus, Reichenb. Singv. p. So, Taf. xii. fio-. 108 (1861) : Gmii,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 6745 (1870).

Adult male. Light ashy grey above, the upper tail-coverts ashy
grey, with white tips and a subtermiual blackish bar ; wing-coverts
like the back, the lesser coverts spotted with white at their ends,
the median and greater series barred with white, before which is a
subtermiual black bar; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
brown, externally edged with ashy, the inner secondaries tipped
with white like the greater coverts; tail-feathers blackish, ashy
brown towards the base, all but the centre feathers tipped with
,white, the outer one also edged with white externally ; head dull
scarlet as far as the nape ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, chin,
and upper tliroat also scarlet ; hinder ear-coverts light ashy ; lower
throat and sides of neck very pale ashy, with a few dusky cross
bars ; fore neck and breast ashy brown, barred with white, each
white bar fringed above and below with a narrow line of black ;
sides of body much more broadly barred with white and black, and
tinged with fawn-coloured bases to the feathers, especially in the
centre of the breast ; under tail-coverts white, with dusky bases ;
under wang-coverts and axillaries pale isabelline, with dusky bars
on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner
web: "bill dusky blue; feet dirty flesh- colour ; iris pale hazel;
skin round eye red " {F. Oates). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen
0-45, wing 2-9, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the red on the
face and throat, the head being brown, slightly washed with red ;
the throat whitish, with narrow cross bars. Total length 4-8 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-9, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-65.

Young. Differs from the female in being reddish brown under-
neath, with no white spots or bars, and having the upper surface
brown, barred with black, as in A. fasciata. This description is
taken from Mr. E. Oates's Tati specimen, which looks very much as
if it were the young of A. fasciata or of some kindred' form not
before known in South Africa.

Hah. South Africa.

«,6. $; c. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

d. cJ ad, sk. Griqualaud (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Bloemfootein, Jime 18 [Dr. Shelley Coll.

Exton).
/. Juv.sk. Tati River, Matabele-Land, W.E.& C.G. Oates,

Oct. 1 {F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

g,h,i. J; k,l,m. 2 Makalaka Country (D/'.^rfliZ- Shelley Coll.

ad. sk. shaw).

n. J ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. J. Anders- Shelley Coll.

soil).
0, p. c? $ ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. J. AX Sharpe Coll.

q. 6 ad. sk. Otjimbiuque, Sept. 8' ( C. Sharpe Coll.

J. A.).
r. cJ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, March 28 (C. Tweeddale Coll.

J. A.).

tj2

292 PLOCEID^,

21. STAGANOPLEURA. „

Type.

Staganopleura, Reichenh. Syst. Av. Nat. Taf. Ixxv. fig. 25

(1851 ) S. guttata.

Sporotlilastes, Bp. {nee Cab.) Consp. i. p. 455 (1850) !S. guttata.

Mange. Confined to Australia.

1. Staganoplenra guttata.

White-headed Finch, Lafh. Gen. Syn. Suj>pl. i. p. 210, pi. 132

(1787) *.
Fringilla leucocephala, Lafh. Ind. Orn. p. xlviii (1790).
Loxia guttata, Shaic, Mus. Lever, p. 47, fig. 2 of plate (1792).
Fringilla leucocephala, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 50, pi. 26 (1805).
Spotted Grossbeak, Letvhi, Nat. Hist. Birds N. S. W. pi. xi. (1822).
Fringilla lathami, Vig. df Horsf. Trayis. Linn. Si/c.xv. p. 256 (1827).
Aniadina guttata, Gould, B. Ansfr. fol. iii. pi. 8ij (1848) ; Sturt,

Exped. Centr. Ausf.r. ii. p. 27 (1849); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370

(1849); Reichenh. FdV/. Neuholl. p. 112 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 56, uo. G789 (1870).
Sporothlastes guttata, Bp. Co?isp. i. p. 455 (1850).
Stegauopleum guttata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172 (1850) ;

Reichenh. Singv. p. 20, Taf. v. figs. 44-46 (18(52;; Gould, Handh.

B. Austr. i. p. 417 (1865).
Aniadina lathami, Dir/yles, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 5 (1870) ; Keulem.

Onze Voy. ii. pi. 52 (1873).
Estrilda (Steganopleura) guttata, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above brown ; rump and upper tail-
coverts rich crimson, with a patch of black feathers on the sides of
the rump ; w iiig-coverts like the back ; bastard- wing, primarj'-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with brown like the back,
more ashy on the primaries ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head
and hind neck ashy gi'ey : lores black, with a hoary whitish line
above ; sides of face and ear-coverts more pearly grey below the
eye ; cheeks and throat white, followed by a broad black band across
the fore neck, the lateral feathers having white spots at the end ;
breast and abdomen pure white ; sides of body and flanks black,
each feather with a large white subterminal spot ; thiglis and under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, dusky
near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner
edge : " bill blood-red, passing into lilac at the base and on the
culmen ; feet purjilish brown ; iris red, surrounded by a narrow,
naked, lilac-red lash"' ((ro»?irZ). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2o5, tail 1*55, tarsus O-oo.

The sexes are alike in colour. {Gould.)

The young for the first year has the bill black, except at the
base, where it is flesh-colour ; the band across the breast and the
flanks greyish brown, the latter being barred indistinctly with

* Taken from a drawing and doubtless intended for the present species ; but
the description is so inaccurate that I do not adopt the name leucocephala.

22. ZON^GINTBTUS. 293

black and greyish white ; in ohher respects the plumage nearly
resembles the adult. (Gould.)

Hah. South Australia to New Soutli \\';iles, and north to the Wide-
Bay district.

a, b. Ad. et juv. st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Australia. Rev. A. Strong [P.].

d. 2 ad. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll.

e. Juv. sk. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
/. $ juv. sk. South Australia. Gould CoU.

g. Ad. St. South AustraHa. Sir G. Grey [P.].

h. 2 ad. sli. South Australia (J. G.). Gould Coll.

i. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll.

k, I. Ad. sk. New South Wales (J. T. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Cockerell).

tn. Ad. sk. New South Wales. II. B. Sharoe, Esq.

[P.].

22. ZON^IGINTHUS.

Type.
Zonsegmthus, Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Th. i. p. 171 (1850) Z. bellus.

Range. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. No red spot on the ear ; under surface transversely

narrowly barred bellus, p. 293.

b. A crimson ear-spot; throat and fore neck brown,

transversely barred with black ; rest of imder sur-
face lai'gely barred and spotted with white oculatus, p. 294.

1. Zonseginthus bellus.

Black-lined Grosbeak, Lafh. Gen. Stpi. Suppl. ii. p. 198 (1801).

Nitid Grosbeak, Lath. t. c. p. 198, pi. 1.31 (1801).

Loxia bella, Lath. hid. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xlvi (1801).

Loxia nitida. Lath. t. c. p. xlvii (hsOl) ; Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 93,

pi 60 (180o).
Fringilla bella, Vig. S,- Horsf. Tram. Linn. Sac. xv. p, 2-57 (1827).
Estrelda bella, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 78 (1848) ; Pelz. Ibis,

1873, p. 11-5.
Aniadiim nitida, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
Astrilda bella, lieichenb. Vor/. Neuholl. p. 90 (1850).
Zonffiginthus bellus, Cab. Mas. Hem. T.'. i. p. 171 (1850); Goidd,

Handb. B. Audr. i. p. 406 (1865).
Sporothlastes nitida, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850).
Zonseuinthus nitidus, Reichenb. Sinnv. p. 13, Taf. iii. tigs. 19, 20

(1862).
Amadina bella, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6796 (1870;.
Estrelda (Zoiifeginthus) beUa, Banhsay, l\oc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult. Brown, vermiculated with very narrow blackish cross
lines, less distinct on the head and mantle, more pronounced on the
back and scapulars and wing-coverts ; greater coverts and second-
aries more distinctly barred with blackish cross lines, the latter

294 PLOCEIDiE,

somewhat greyer; primaries brown, scarcely barred at all with
lighter brown on the outer web ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts
bright crimson ; centre tail-feathers black, washed near the base
with dull crimson, the remainder barred with light brown on the
outer web ; head and sides of face, ear-coverts and sides of neck
brown, like the back, but so finely vermiculated as to appear almost
uniform ; lores and a narrow frontal band as well as the feathers
round the eye black ; cheeks a little greyer than the ear-coverts ;
under surface of body silvery grey, more coarsely vermiculated with
black cross bars, finer on the throat and fore neck, the breast and
abdomen having whiter and coarser bars ; abdomen and under tail-
coverts black ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous brown, with remains
of dusky vermiculations : " bill crimson, becoming paler at the base
of the upper mandible ; feet flesh- colour ; iris very dark brown ;
eyelash beautiful light blue " {J. Gould). Total length 4-4 inches,
culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-65.

The sexes are alike in colour. (Gould.)

Young. Much browner and more dusky than the adults; the
head uniform brown ; the black on the lores and base of forehead
scarcely indicated ; imder surface of body browner, with indistinct
vermiculations of blackish cross lines, but not distinct cross-barring,
as in the adult : bill dusky.

Bab. New South Wales ; South Australia ; Interior Province to
Wide Bay District (E. P. B.).

a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

c. Juv. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll.

d, e. Ad. ; New South Wales {J. T. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Juv. sk. Cockerell).

g. J ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

/*,i. Ad. sk. Tasmania (/. 5. J«/Z;es). Voy. H.M.S. ' Fly.'

h, I. Ad. St. Tasmania. P^onald Gimu, Esq. [P.].

m, n. (S ; Bryn Estyn, New Norfolk, C. G. H. Lloyd, Esq.
o,p. $ ad. sk. Tasmania. [P.].

2. Zonsegintlms oculatus.

FringiUa oculata, Quay et Gahn. Voy. de VAstrol. i. p. 211, pi. 18.

fig. 2 (1830).
Estrelda oculea, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 79 (1848) ; Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. .368 (1849).
Zona?pinthus oculeus, Cah. Mus. Ilein. Th. i. p. 171, note (1850) ;

Beichenh. Singv. p. U, Taf. iii. figs. 21, 22 (1862) ; Goidd, Haiulb.

B. Austr. i. p. 407 (18G5).
Astrilda oculea, Beichenh. Vog. Neidioll. p. 90 (1850).
Sporotblastes oculea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 455 (1850).
Amadiua oculea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6797 (1870).
Estrelda (Zonseginthus) oculea, Bamsay, Broc. Linn. Sac. N. S. TV.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adidt. General colour above brown, with wavy cross lines of
blacli, less distinct on the head and neck ; rump and upper tail-
coverts crimson : wing-covcrts like the back ; quills dusky, exter-

23. EMBLEMA. 295

nally barred with narrow lines of black, the inner secondaries
barred across ; tail-feathers diiskj- brown, narrowlj' barred with
black, the central feathers crimson near the base of the outer web ;
a narrow frontal line, lores, and feathers below the eye black ; below
the hinder part of the eye a spot of crimson ; ear-coverts, cheeks,
throat, and chest paler brown, very finely vormiciilated on the sides
of the face and throat, more coarsely lined on tlie fore neck and
chest ; remainder of under surface white, barred with black, the
spots more ovate on the sides of the breast : under tail-coverts like
the breast ; thighs pale brown, very finely vermiculated with
blackish lines ; under wing-coverts ashy whitish, with a few dusky
cross lines : " biU bright vermilion, the base of the upper mandible
edged with pearl-grey ; eyelash greenish blue ; legs yellowish grey "
(/. Gould). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 1"8,
tarsus 1'05.

Adult female. Similar to the male.

Young. Similar to the adults, but much duller in colour, espe-
cially the crimson on the rump and base of tail-feathers ; no crim-
son spot below the eye ; entire under surface pale brown, with
narrow lines of blackish and a few whitish interspaces, producing a
mottled appearance.

Hub. Western and South-western Australia.

a. Ad. sk, Australia. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll.

e. Ad. sk. West Australia (/. T. Salviu-Godman CoU.

Cockerell).

f. Ad. St. West Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

23. EMBLEMA.

Type.
Emblema, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17 E. picta.

Range. Confined to Australia.

1. Emblema picta.

Emblema picta, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 17 ; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.
pi. 97 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 118 (1850); Bp. Consp.
Av. i. p. 461 (18.50); Eeichenb. Smt/v. p. 21, Taf. vi. figs. 47, 48
(1861) ; Gould, Handh. B. Atistr. i. p. 429 (1865) ; Bajnsai/, Proc.
Linn. Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878); id. op. cit. (2) i. pp. 881,
1093 (1887); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Estrelda picta, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 6739 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above pale brown, the wing-coverts
like the back ; quills darker brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
rich scarlet ; tail-featliers blackish, with a little scarlet on the
edges ; head brown like the back, as also the sides of the face and
sides of neck ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, feathers below the eye, and
fore part of cheeks scarlet ; throat and under surface of body black,
the chin and upper throat with scarlet-tipped feathers ; centre of
fore neck and chest also scarlet ; sides of the black breast and

296 PLOCEID^.

abdomen spotted with white ; sides of body and flanks brown : under
tail-coverts black : under wing-coverts f ulvescent : '' upper mandible
black, tipped with scarlet ; under mandible scarlet, with a trian-
gular patch of livid blue at the base " {F. Oihson). Total length
4-2 inches, culmcn 0-45, wing 2-2, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with only the lores and
the feathers above the eye scarlet ; no red on the cheeks or throat ;
the latter, as well as the fore neck, black, spotted with white ; the
whole of the under surface browner below and more plentifully
spotted with white ; only a tinge of scarlet on the breast. Total
length 4 inches, culmen Oo, wing 2-2, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-55.

The males differ from each other in the amount of scarlet, which
sometimes extends over the whole of the throat and down the entire
breast.

Hah, Northern and Central Australia.

a. $ ad. sk. Champion Bay. Purchased.

h. S ad. sk. Interior of Northern AustraHa. F. Gibson [C.].

c, (S ad. sk. Interior of Northern Austi-alia. Forbes Coll.

d, e. c? ; Interior of Northern Australia Gould Coll.
/. 2 ad. sk. (F. Gibson).

24. ZONOGASTRIS.

Type.

Zonogastris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172 (1850) Z. citerior.

Marquetia, Reiclienh. Singv. p. 48 (1861) Z. melba.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Red colour of head not extending beyond the eye,
but produced over the fore neck.
a'. Colour of head and throat scarlet vermilion . . mella, p. 296.
h' . Colour of head and throat rosy vermilion .... soudanensis, p. 298.
h. Scarlet colour of head extending over the eyebrow
and behind the eye, but conflned to the upper
throat ; the lower throat golden yellow like the
fore neck citerior, p. 299.

1. Zonogastris melba.

The Green Goldfinch, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 128, pi. 128.

fig. 1 (1750), {iiec Glean, pi. 272. fig. 2) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i.

p. 286 (1783).
Le Chardonneret verd, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 70 (1760) ; Month.

Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 211 (1778).
Fringilla melba, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 319 (1766) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 168 (1817) ; id. Fnc. Meth. iii. p. 984 (1823).
Le Beau Marquet, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 497 (1775).
Moineau de la Cote d'Afrique, Daubent. PI. Fnl. iv. pi. 203. fig. 1.
Beautiful Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 206 (1783).
Fringilla speciosa, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 12 (1783).

24. ZONOGASTEIS. 297

Fringilla elegans, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 912 (1788) ; Vieill. Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 984 (1823J ; id. Gal. Ois. p. 77, pi. Ixiv. (1825-34).

Fringilla beau Marquet, J'ieill. Ois. Chant, p. 49, pi. 25 (1805).

Loxigilla elegans, Less. Traite, p. 444 (1831).

E.sti'elda speciosa, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1849).

Pytelia elegans, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 461 (1850).

Zonogastiis melba, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 172, note (1850).

Pytelia melba. Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150 ; Fiiisch ^ Hartl,
Voff. Ostafr. p. 441 (1870); S/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871);
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 178 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis,
1874, p. 382 ; Sharpe l^j- Boiivier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. J9
(1876) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1877, pp. 29, 172 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1878,
p. 282 ; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 355 (1881) ; Sharpie in Oates'
Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 320 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 356;
Bohni, J. f. O. 1883, p. 184 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.
p. 468 (1884) ; Bohm, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 200 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,
p. 319 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mas. xi. p. 74 (1888) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1888, p. 302 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30.

Marquetia elegans, Reiclienb. Sini/v. p. 48, pi. 18. figs. 159, 160
(1861).

Estrelda melba, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 199 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 52, no. 6729 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 295.

Pytelia citerior (nee Strickl.), Fischer i^" Beichen. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 352 ;
Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887,
p. 71.

? Pytelia elegantissima, Bdhm, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 178.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow ; the lower rump
and upper tail-coverts dull scarlet ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing aud primarj'-coverts dusky, with olive-yellow margins ;
quills dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow, ashy on the margins
of the primaries, the inner secondaries almost entirely olive-yellow ;
centre tail-feathers dull scarlet, with black shafts, the remainder
black, dull scarlet externally ; crown of head and hind neck slaty
grey, as also the ear-coverts and sides of neck ; forehead scarlet ;
lores dusky ; fore part of cheeks scarlet, the hinder part slaty grey ;
throat scarlet ; fore neck olive-yellow with a golden tinge ; chest
washed with yellow, the feathers spotted with white at the ends,
and subterminally barred with white and black ; the spotted cha-
racter disappearing on the rest of the under surface, which is more
regularly barred with, white and black, especially on the sides of the
body ; thighs ashy brown ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts
white, the latter with a fulvous tinge ; under wiug-coverts ashy,
washed with yellow near the edge of the wing ; quills below ashy,
lighter along the inner edge : " bill light brick-red, the culmen
dusky; feet light ashy brown (T. Ayres) : feet and toes purplish;
iris orange-brown" (C. J. Andersson), "light hazel" {T. Ayres).
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-25, tail 1"9, tarsus 0*7.

Adnlt fhncde. Diifers from the male in being duller in colour, in
wanting all the scarlet on the head and sides of face, which parts
are ashy grey : the throat also is light ashy, with slight indications
of whitish bars ; there is also no golden yellow on the fore neck and
breast, the under surface being less strongly barred and spotted than
in the male: "bill crimson, feet dark brown; iris red" (T. E.

298

PLOCEID^.

Bi(clle)j). Total length 4'5 inches, ciilmen 0-5, wing 2"3, tail 1*7,
tarsus 0'6.

Young male. Similar to the adult female, and without any red on
the forehead or throat, but duller in colour, being brown with a
wash of oHtc on the head ; under surface of body ashy brown, buffy
whitish on the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts, and with
scarcely any indications of whitish cross barring.

Bab. From the Congo region in "NV. Africa to Angola and Damara
Land ; thence to the Transvaal and Natal : throughout East Africa
to Equatorial Africa.

a. cJ ad. sk.

b. J ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.
(1. S fid. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. ; f/, fi, i.

Juv. sk.
k, l. c? 2 ad. ; m.

cJ juv. sk.
n. 2 ad. St.

0, }). (S $ ad. sk.
q. cS ad. sk.
r, s. d $ ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.

%t. S ad. sk.

V, 10, X. (S imm.

sk.
y. c? ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.

a', b'. (S $ ad. sk.

c'. c? ad. sk.

Landana, Congo, Feb. {L.

Petit).
Quanza River, Angola.
Quanza River, Angola.
Benguela.
Otjimbinque, Damara-Land,

Aug. 21 (C. J. Andersson).
Otjimbinque, July, Oct. (C.

J. A.).
Otjimbinque, July, Sept. (C

J. A.).
Magaliesbergen, Transvaal,

Dec. 22.
Transvaal {T. Ayres).
Natal.

Weenen, Natal.
Bamangwato, Oct. 26 ( T. E.

Buckley).
Matabele-Land, Sept. 29

(7'. E. Buckley).
Tati, Matabele-Land, Sept.,

Oct. (F. Oates).
Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk).
Lamu, East Africa {Sir J.

Kirk).
Manda Island, Nov.

Kibiro, Oct. 11.

Shelley Coll

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Mouteiro Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley CoU.

Prof. Wahlberg [C.].

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe CoU.
Shellev Coll.
Shelky Coll.

Shelley Coll.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Livingstone Exped.
SheUey Coll.

F. J. Jackson, Esq,

[P.].
Emin Pasha [P.].

Siibsp. a. Zonogastris soudanensis.

Zouogastris elegans {nee Gni.), Hurtin. J. f. 0. 1863, pp. 313, 407.
Pytelia elegans {ncc Gin.), Antin. Cat. descn: Ucc. p. 73 (1864) ;

'Salvad. Atti B. Accad. Torino, v. p. 742 (1870).
Pytelia melba {nee L.), Heuyl. J. f. 0. 18G4, p. 248 ; Peh. Verh. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 014 (1881), xxxii. p. 509 (1882).
Pytelia melba, var. citerior, Haiti. Ahhandl. nat, Ver. Bremen, vii.

p. 104 (1881).

AihiU male. Similar to Z. melha, but rather more golden on the
fore neck and chest, the red on the throat extended in the same
manner, but of a rosy red instead of scarlet. Total length 4-8
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-25, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

24. ZONOOASTEIS. 299

Adult female . Similar to the female of P. citerior, and equallj'
pale. Total leugth 4-6 inches, ciilmen 0-5, wing 2-3, tail I'S,
tarsus 0'6.

Bab. N.E. Africa, from Bogos-Land to the Soudan and to Lado in
Equatorial Africa.

a. cJ imm. sk. Keren, Bogos-Laud (JEsler). Sharpe Coll.

b, c. cJ 2 ad. sk. Khartoum. Sharpe Coll.
d. c? ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, May 5 Shelley Coll.

{Emin Pasha).

2. Zonogastris citerior.

The Green Goldfinch, Edicards, Gleanings, vi. p. 130, pi. ■27'2. fig. 2

(1760).
? Estrelda elegans (nee Gm.), RUpp. Neue Wirh., Voi/. p. 101

(1835-40); ul. Si/st. Uebsrs. p. 77 (1845).
Estrelda speciosa {iiec Bodd.), Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss.

p. 17.3 (1845).
Estrelda melba [nee L.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849).
Pyteha elegaus {iwc Gm.), Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 ; Lieht.

' Koniencl. p. 48 (1854).
Pyteha melba {nee L.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 461 (1850) ; Peiclienb.

Singv. p. 24, Taf. vii. figs. 60, 61 (1861); Heuql. J. f. O. 1862,

p. 29; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 620 (18!r0, pt.); Shelley,

Ibis, 1886, p. 319 (pt.).
P\ telia citerior, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852. p. 151 ; Blanf. Geol. ^
"Zool. Abyss, p. 410 (1870) ; Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 267 (1870) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871) ; Antin. i^- Salvad. Viayg. Boyos,

p. 115 (1873) ; Salvin, Cat. Strield. Cull. p. 248 (1882) ; Salvad.

Ami. Mas. Genov. (2) i. p. 176 (1884).
Fringilla (Pytelia) elegans, Heugl. Syst. Uehers. p. 40 (1856).
Zonogastris citerior, Heugl. J. f. O. 1868, p. 19; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

iv. App. p. cxxxTiii (1871).
Estrelda citerior. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 6730 (1870).

Adult mcde. Similar to Z. melba, but having the scarlet confined
to the chin and upper throat; the lower throat and fore neck golden
yellow, brighter than in Z. melba : " bill coral-red ; feet reddish ;
iris red" {Heuglin). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen O'o, wing 2-3,
tail 1"8, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the female of Z. melba, but very much
paler and much more faintly barred below ; the throat ashy white,
with scarcely a trace of dusky cross bars. Total length 4-7 inches,
culmcu 0-5, wing 2-3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-6.

Hub. N.E. Africa across to Senegambia.

a. 2 ad. sk. Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abvs- W. T. Blanford, Esq.

sinia, Feb. 4, 1808. " [C.].

b. S ad.sk. AnsebaValley.Julv 27, 1868. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
e. (5 ad. sk. Bejook,Bogos-Land, July 17, Tweeddale CoU.

1868 ( W. Jesse),
d. d ad. sk. Bairo, Aug. 13, 1868 ( XT'. Shelley Coll.

Jesse).

300 PLOCElDiE.

e.

c? ad. sk.

St. Louis, Senegambia {L.
Laylaize).

Tweeddale Coll.

/.

S ad. tfk.

St. Louis.

L. Laglaize [C.].

9-

$ ad. .sk.

Senegambia.

Forbes Coll.

h.

S ad. sk.

Seueganibia.

Sir A. Smitb [P.].

25. PYTELIA.

Type.
Pytilia, Bwains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 203, note (1837) . . P. pboenicoptera.
Pytelia, Simms. Clansif. B. ii. p. 280 (1837) P. phceuicoptera.

Head of Pytelia afra.
Range. Confinod to Africa.

Key to the Sjpecies.

a. With red or orange ou the wings, and with
crimson on the tail-feathers ; no ovate white
spots on under surface.
a'. Outer aspect of quills bright red ; no red on
the face in the male.

a". Bill slaty grey phamicoptera, p. 301.

b". Bill red Imeata, p. 301.

h\ Outer aspect of quills orange or golden yellow.

c". Under surface of body slaty grey with

naiTow white cross bars, but no orange

on the breast hypoyrammica, p. 302.

d". Under surface strongly tinged with olive-
yellow, especially on the breast, and
barred with white and dusky olive on the

flanks afra, p. .302.

h. With tlie quills and tail olive-yellow like the
back ; head grey ; face white ; thi-oat black ;

.sides of body bright yellow sharpii, p. 303.

c. With the outer aspect of the quills green ; tail-
feathers green ; conspicuous ovate spots of
white on the under surface.
c'. Lores and throat, as well as sides of face,
orauge-scarlet or orange; breast blackish

with white spots _ schleyeli, p. 304.

d'. Lores sliglitly tinged with orange ; sides of
face and throat and under surface of body
ashy, with white spots nitidula, p. 30-5.

25. PTTELIA. 301

1. Pytelia phcenicoptera.

Pvtelia phcsuicoptera, Swains. B. W. Aft: i. p. 1^03, pi. IG (1837) ;
'Bp. Cuiisp. i. p. 4G2 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 145,274

(1857) ; Eeichenb. Situjv. p. 25, Taf. vii. fig. (w (1861) ; Antin. Cat.

descn: Ucc. p. 73 (1864); Hmgl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 248; id. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 622 (1870) ; Rekhen.'J. f. O. 1875, p. 42 ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1886, p. 321 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 31.
Estrekla erythroptera. Less. Echo dii Mondes Sav. 1844, p. 295 ; id.

Bescr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 343 (1847).
Estrelda plioenicoptera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 5.3, no. 6732 (1870).
Zouogastris pLoenicoptera, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172, note (1850) ;

Hevyl. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 20.

Adult. General colour above ash)' brown with a slight wash of
crimson, a little more distinct on the scapulars ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coveris dark crimson ; lesser wing-coverts brighter
and more vermilion ; median and greater coverts ashy brown, with
vermilion edges ; bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills dusky
brown margined with dull vermilion, the inner secondaries entirely
ashy brown ; centre tail-feathers dark crimson, the remainder blackish,
externally dark crimson ; crown of head and hind neck rather lighter
ashy than the back ; base of forehead, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck clearer and more hoary
grey, the latter with some narrow whitish cross lines, slightly visible
also on the tliroat ; chest and remainder of under surface light ashy
grey, barred with white, these bars more distinct on the lower
breast and abdomen, the dusky bars browner ; lower abdomen and
vent white ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs barred with dusky
brown and white ; under tail-coverts dusky brown with some white
bars near the ends of the feathers ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries white, the edge of the wing vermilion ; quills below dusky,
ashy brown along the inner edge : " bill black : feet pale brown :
iris red '' {Emin Pasha). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 045,
wing 2-2, tail 1-35, tarsus 1-3.

The specimen from Lado differs from the Gambiau bird in having
the under wing- coverts barred with ashy, but as slight traces of
similar bars can be traced in the former bird, these differences are
probably only due to age. The dimensions are the same, but the
bill is a little stouter in the Lado example.

ffab. From Seuegambia to the Upper ±^ile regions and Equatorial
Africa.

a. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.

b. S ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Afiica, Aug. 16. Emiu Pasha [P.J.

2. Pjrtelia lineata.

Fringilla (PvteHa) lineata, Hem/l. Syst. Uelers. p. 40 (1856, descr.

nulla).
Pytelia lineata, Marti. Orn. Westafr. p. 146, note (1857); Heugl.

J. f. O. 1863, p. 17 (descr, orig.) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 321.

302 PLOCEID^.

Fring'illa polyzoua, Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 303 (ex Pr. Wilvtemb.

MSS.).
Zonogastris lineata, Heugl. J.f. O. 1808, p. 21 ; id. Oni. N.O.-Afr.

p. 623, pi. 19. fig. 1 (1870).
Esti-elda lineata, Cfray, Hand-l. B. ii, p. 53, no. 6737 (1870).

Adult. Similar to P. phcenkoptera, but with the bill more slender
and of a rosj--cinuabar coloiir ; the red colour of the rump, wings,
and tail more extensive ; edge of wing crimson : iris scarlet : feet
flesh-colour. Total length 1-" 6'" to -1" 8'", culmcn 41'" to 5'", wing
2" 3'", tail 1" 7|-"' to 1" 9|"', tarsus 7'". {Heuglin.)

Hah. A\^estern Abyssinia.

3. Pytelia hypogrammica. (Plate XII. fig. 2.)

Pytelia afra (mcc Gm.), Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 145 (1857).

Pytelia hypogrammica, Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 56 ; id. Cat. Afr. B.

p. 67(1871); Shelley Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; S/ielley, Ibis,

1883, p. 553 ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 320.
Estrelda hypogrammica, Gi-ay, Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 53, uo. 6738 (1870).

Adult (type of species). General colour above slaty grey ; the
forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, throat, rump, and upper tail-coverts
rich crimson ; wing-coverts orange, the lesser series tinged Avith
red; primary-coverts and quiUs dark brown, externally edged with
orange ; two centre tail-feathers like the rump, the rest blackish
brown, margined with crimson ; entire under surface of body dark
slaty grey, with narrow transverse white lines, broader on the
abdomen : bill black ; feet light brown (in skin) : " iris crimson "
(W, A. Forbes). Total length 3*5 inches, culmen 0'-15, wing 2-2,
tail 1-5, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but Avanting the crimson on
the head and throat ; the white barring on the under surface a little
more distinct. Total length 3'8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-2,
tail 1*3, tarsus 0"55.

Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to the Niger.

a. (S ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll.

(Type of species.)

b. 9 ad.sk. Abokobi, Aguapim, Feb. Shelley Coll.

26 (G. E. 8.).

c. (5 ad. sk. Loko, River Niger ( W. Forbes Coll.

A. F.).

4. Pytelia afra.

Red-faced Finch, Brotvn, III. Zool. p. GO, pi. 25. fig. 2 (177G) ; Lath.

Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 286 (1783).
Fring-illa afra, Gm. St/st. Nat. i. p. 905 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 243 (1817).
Estrelda afra. Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 369 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 53,

no. 6731 (1870).
Pytelia afra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 462 (1850) ; Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 25

(1861) ; Bocaye, Orti. Aju/ola, p. 35'o (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 320; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 301.

25. PTTELIA. 303

Pj'telia inelba, pt., Fimch ^- Hartl. Vocj. Ostafr. p. 442 (1870).

Pytelia cineieigula, Cab. Orn. Centralbl. 1877, p. 182 ; id. J. f. O,
1878, pp. 10] , 2.30 ; Fischer ^- Reichen. J. f. O. 1878, p. "260
Fischer, J. f. O. 1880, p. 193: Shelleij, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 58-!
Schaloiv, J. f. O. 1884, p. 177 ; Bohm, J. f. O. 188o, p. G9
Schalmv, J. f. O. 1886, p. 413 ; Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 154.

Pvtelia wieneri, Ems, Gefied. Welt, 1887, p. 317 ; Forbes, P. Z. S.
' 1880, p. 40, pi. 47. tig. 2.

Pytelia pyroptervx, Schaloiv, J. /. 0. 1884, pp. 177, 178 {ex Bohm,
'MSS.).

Adult male. General colour above dull orange-yellow ; lower rump
and upper tail-coverts crimson; wing-coverts like the back, the median
and greater series washed externally with orange-scarlet; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, with orange or orange-
scarlet on the outer webs ; centre tail-feathers dark crimson, the re-
mainder black, dark crimson externally ; crown of head and nape ashy
grey, as also the sides of the neck and lower thi'oat ; the forehead, eye-
brow, feathers rouud eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore part
of cheeks and upper throat crimson ; hinder cheeks ashy grey ;
remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow with a golden olive
tiuge on the fore neck ; breast barred irregularly with white, these
bars more distinct on the abdomen ; sides of body also slightly
barred ; under tail- coverts dusky olive with white tips and bars ;
under wing-coverts whitish, with ashy bases, the edge of the wing
washed with olive-yellow ; quills below dusky blackish, ashy along
the inner edge : " bill red, base of upper mandible brown ; feet
horu-yellow ; iris orange '' (G. A. Fi<icher). Total length 4-7 inches,
culmen Q-o, wing 2*35, tail 1"4, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour and
wanting the red on the forehead, face, and throat. Total length
4-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Similar to the adult female, but with a paler and more
horn-brown bill, and whiter throat.

Hab. West Africa, from the Congo to Angola and Mossamedes
and across to Lake Tanganyika and the Zanzibar district of Eastern
Africa.

West Africa. A. Wiener, Esq. [P.].

Landana,Congo, Feb., March Shelley Coll.

(L. Petit).

Ujiji, Upper Congo, Aug, F. Bohndoi-if [C.].

K!assongo, June. F. Bohndorff[C.].

Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll.

Kirk).

Lamo {Sir J. Kirk). SbeUey Coll.

Dar-es-Salaam {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

5. Pytelia sharpii.

Amadina sharpii, Nichols. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 130, pi. x.

Munia sharpii, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 311.

Pytelia sharpii, Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 91 (188S).

a.

h

e.
f-
9-

Ad. sk.
c. (S ad. ; d.
ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

I.

i, k. Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

304 PLOCEID^.

Adult (type of species). General colour above olive-yellow, the
scapulars and wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive-yellow, brighter on
the primaries, the inner secondaries entircl)' olive-j'ellow like the
back : tali-feathers olive-yellow, the inner webs dusky brown
towards the base ; crown of head and hind neck light grey, the base
of the forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks
white ; throat black, extending up behind the ear-coverts ; sides of
neck and uuder surface of body light grey ; the abdomen slightly
washed with olive-yellow ; sides of body and flanks bright golden
yellow, more brilliant on the sides of the breast ; thighs and under
tail-coverts ashy, washed with olive-yellow ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries isabelline, washed with yellow near the edge of the
wing : quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length
4-2 inches, culmen O'-l, wing 2-3, tail 1'9, tarsus O-Go.

An example from the Gambia is much duller in colour and has the
ear-coverts blue-grey like the head, leaving the cheeks greyish
white ; the yellow on the sides of the body is not nearly so brilliant.
This may be the adult female.

Hah. West Africa, from Senegambia to Dahomey.

a. Ad. sk. Abeokuta (i^ Rohin). F. Nicholson, Esq

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Purchased.

6. Pytelia schlegeli.

Pytelia schlegeli, SharjJe, Ibis, 1870, p. 482, pi. xiv. figs, 2, 3 ;
Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 112 (1879); Bnttik. Notes Leijden
Mus. vii. p. 201 (1885) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 319.

Ad.idt male (type of species). General colour above olive-green,
golden brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; sides of face and
chin crimson ; throat and upper part of breast orange-brown, tinged
with crimson ; sides of neck like the back ; quills brown, externally
like the back, the secondaries almost entirely olive-green ; tail-
feathers olive-green, blackish internally ; breast and remainder of
under surface blackish, slightly washed with olive-green and thickly
spotted with white ; lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts
olive-green : " bill blackish, blue at base, the tips of both mandibles
and the greater part of the lower mandible rose-colour ; feet greyish
flesh-colour; iris dark brown'' {J. Bi'Utikofcr) . Total length 4*7
inches, wing 2, tail I'lo, tarsus 0-(i.

Adult female. Difit'erent from the male. Olive-green above,
brighter on the rump ; face fulvous ; throat and remainder of under
surface of body dull ashy, tinged with olive. Total length 4*7
inches, wing 2, tail 1*1, tarsus OMi.

Hah. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. A. Wiener, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Sir E. Sabine [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe CoU.

d. $ ad. sk. Accra {Capt. Hayiies). Sharpe Coll.

26. coccoPYGiA. 305

7. Pytelia nitidula.

Estrelda nitidula, Hartl. Ibis, 1865, p. 269 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 60, 110. 0691 (1870) ; Skarpe, ed. LayariVs B. S. Afr. p. 472

(1884).
Amadina liartlaubi, Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosmnb. xviii. p. 324, pi. iv.

fig-. 2 (1867).
Pytelia liartlaubi, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 469 (1884).
Pytelia nitidula, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 319.

Adult. Olive-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish
green, with an anteocular spot of orange-buff, extending also round
the base of the mandible ; under wing-coverts varied with olive and
whitish, the abdomen prettily spotted with rounded white spots
surrounded with black ; tail and wings olivaceous ; biU black : feet
lead-colour. Total length 3" 2'", bill 3|"', wing 1" 9'", tail 1" 2'",
tarsus 6'". {Hartlauh.)

Hob. Natal to Mozambique.

a. S imm. sk. Durban, Natal i^Gordge). SheUey Coll.

26. COCCOPYGIA.

Type.

Neisna, Bp. Consp. i. p. 460 (1850) C. subflava.

Coccopygia, Reichenb. Singv. p. 23 (1861) C. dufresnii.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat black dufresnii S , P- 305.

b. Throat grey.

a'. Abdomen and under tail-coverts pale fulvous

or isabelline buff dufresnii 2 j P- 305.

b'. Abdomen yellow ; under tail-coverts isabelline

buff; sides of body green quartinia, p. 307.

c . Abdomen and under tail-coverts deep oclira-

ceous kilimensis, p. 307.

1. Coccopygia dufresnii.

? Hed-rumped Finch, Broion, III. Zool. p. 70, pi. xxix. (1776).

Fringilla dufresnii, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Uist. Nat. xii. p. 181 (1817) ; id.
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 989 (1823).

Friugilla erytbronotus, Vieill. t. c. p. 242 (1817, e.v Temm. MSS.).

Fringilla melanotis, TeniDi. PI. Col. iii. pi. 221. fig. 1 (1833).

Estrelda melanotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849).

Estrelda dufresnii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; Bp. C'onsi). i.
p. 460 (1850) ; Hart/. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 142 (1857) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1862, p. 32; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 197(1867); Gurney, Ibis,
1868, p. 162 ; Gray, Hand I. B. ii. p. 51, no. 6703 (1870) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107 ; Bocaye, Orn.
Angola, p. 361 (1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. pp. 469,
849 (1884) ; SheUey, Ibis, 1886, p. 330. '

VOL. XIII. X

306 PLOCEIDiE.

Estrelda melanogeiivs, SuruJev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1850,

p. 97.
Estrelda ueisna, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (1854).
C(5CCopygia dufresuii, Beichenh. Si?i(/v. p. 23, Taf. vi. fig's. 53, 54

(18Gi).
Habropyga dufresuii, Hcik/L Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. ii. p. 008, note

(1870).
Ortygospiza dufresnii, Butler, Feildcn, l^'- Rekl, Zool. 1882, p. 300.

Adidt male. General colour above olive-yellow, with a slight wash
of crimson on the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts crimson ; wing-
coverts like the back, as also the inner secondaries, with a wash of
crimson on the latter as well as on the greater coverts ; bastard-
wing, primary- coverts, and primary-quills dusky, with ashj'-olive
margins ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head and hind neck pale
slaty grey ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and upper throat
black ; lower throat, sides of neck, and fore neck pearly grey, in-
clining to white behind the car-coverts and extending on to the sides
of the breast ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
pale ochreous buff; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy brown ;
under wing-coverts ochreous buff; quills below dusky, ashy ochreous
along the inner edge : "upper mandible black, lower one scarlet;
feet very dark brown ; iris crimson " {T. Ayres). Total length 3'6
inches, culmeu 0-85, wing 1-8, tail 1-3, tarsus 0*55.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being paler and having
more vermilion on the rump and upper tail-coverts, and in wanting
the black mask on the face and throat, these parts being pearly
grey, becoming ashy grey on the breast. Total length 3-5 inches,
culmen 0'3o, wing 1-9, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. South Africa, from the Knj'sna to Natal, and the Transvaal
to the Zambesi.

a. (S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b. d'ad. ; c. c5' juv. Knysna, Jan. {C.J. Anders- Shelley Coll.
sk. son).

d,e. cJ 2 ad. ; Kuysna, Jan., March, April Sharpe Coll.

f,g. j imm. sk. (G J. A.).

h. 2 ad. sk. Grahamstowu ( T. C. At- Shelley Coll.

more).
i. 5 ad. sk. Grahamstowu (T. C. A.). Sharpe Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Natal ( T. Ayres). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I, m. (S ; ii. 2 ad. Natal, Jidy, Oct. Shelley Coll.

sk.
0. 2 ad. sk. Piuetown, Natal, Oct. 1 ( T. Seebohm Coll.

L. Ayres).
p. Ad. sk. rietermaritzburg (i?. A. Shellev Coll.

Butler).
q J ad. fik. Lydenburg, E. Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.].

26. coccoPYGiA. 307

2. Coccopygia quartinia *.

Bengali, Des Murs, in Lefehvre's Voy. Ahjss., Ois. p. 117 (184o).
Estrelda quartinia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 4G1 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-

Afr. p. 142, note (1857); Heiu/l. J. f. 0. 18G8, p. 11 ; Blanf.

Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 409 (1870); Finsch, Trans. Z. 8. vii,

p. 326 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 51, no. 6704 (1870 j.
Fringilla (Estrelda) flaviventris, Heugl. Sysf. Uebers. p. 40.
Coccopygia quartinia, Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 23 (1861) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Genov. (2) i. p 178 (1884), vi. p. 282 (1888).
Estrelda ernesti II., Heugl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 29.
Estrelda ernesti, Heuyl. J.f. O. 1868, p. 10.
Habropvga ernesti, Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 607, tab. xix. fio-. 2

(1870).
Habropyga quartinia, Heugl. t. c. ]). 608.
Coccopygia ernesti, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv, p. cxxxvii (1870).

Adult. Similar to C. dufresnii, but differing iu its greener
colouring and greener flanks and sides of bod)-, leaving the centre
of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts more decidedly
ochraceous than in C. dufresnii : " upper mandible deep black, lower
one coral-red ; feet blackish ; iris red " {Heuylin). Total length
3"7 inches, culmen 0'3, wing 1-85, tail l-4o, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as the
female of C. dufresnii by the want of the black mask. Total length
3'6 inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1'9, tail 1'4, tarsus 0"55.

Hah. N.E. Africa. Dr. llochebruue says that it occurs also in
Senegambia, but the statement requires confirmation.

a. Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

b. (S ad. sk. Ankober, Jan. 1842 (^'(> W. India Museum.

C. Harris).

c. 2 ad. sk. Senafe, Abyssinia, Feb. 26. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

Subsp. a. Coccopygia kilimensis.

? Estrelda quartinia, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 360 (1881).

Advlt male. Similar to 0. quartinia, but differing in the deep
ochraceous breast and abdomen. Like C. quartinia there is no
black on the face. Total length 3-3 inches, culinen 0-35, wing
1-85, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-55.

Hab. Kilimanjaro district. It may be the form of 0. quartinia
which extends across to Angola.

a. cS ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, Aug. 0. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.].

* Estrelda savatieri, Bochcbr. Faun. S6neg., Ois. p. 252, pi. xxi. fig. 1 (1884) •
Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330.
Is probably the same as C. quartinia.

x2

308 PLOCEID^.

27. HYPOCH^RA*. ^y^^

Hypochaera, Bp. Vunsp. i. p. 450 (1850) ?

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. With a gloss of steel-green or bottle-gTeen, so

that the eifect of the plumage is gi-eenish
black.
a. With the wiugs black, not contrasting

strongly with tlie back anea, p. 308.

b'. With tlie wiugs brown, contrasting greatly
with the back ; green gloss not so pro-
nounced and approaching greenish black . . amauropteryx, p. oOO.

b. With a purplish or violet gloss.

c . Wiugs dark, scarcely contrasting with the

back ; gloss of plumage purphsh blue .... ultramarinu, p. 309.
d'. Wings light brown, contrasting with the
back; gloss of plumage more distinctly
purple.
a". Purplish gloss more lively and slightly

more bluish .' ". funerea, p. 310.

b" . Purplish gloss more dead and general plu-
mage more of a dead black both above
and below niyerrima, p. 311.

1. Hypochsera senea.

? Le Pere noir a bee rouge, JBriss. Orn. iii. p. 1.30 (1760).

? Moineau du Bri^sil, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 291. figs. 1,2; Buf.

Hint. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 486 (177.5).
? FiingiUa chalybeata, P. L. S. Miill. Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 255

(1776, ex Daub.) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 255.
? Glossy Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 267 (1783).
? Fringilla nitens, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 909 (1788, ex Lath.).
Le Comba-sou, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 44, pi. 21 (1805).
Fringilla nitens, Bonn, et Vieill Enc. Meth. iii. p. 955 (1823).
Loxigilla nitens, Less. Traite, p. 444 (1831).
? Amadlna nitens, Sivains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 199 (18-37).
Amadina nitens. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
Hypochera nitens, Bp. Consp. i. p. 450 (1850); Cah. Mus. Hein.

"Th. i. p. 175 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 142 (1857) ; id.

J.f. O. 1801, p. 259; Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 53, pi. xxii. figs. 184-

189 (1861).
Hypoclisera aenea, Hartl. J.f. 0. 18-54, p. 115.
Amadina chalybeata. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6809 (1870).
Hypocheera chalybeata, pt., Sliarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871).

Adult male. Black, with a distinct gloss of steel-green ; quills and
tail-feathers blackish. Total length 3-8 inches, cuhnen 0"35, wing
2-35, tail 1*35, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Senegambia.

* Further diiferences in these species may probalily be found in the colour
of the bill. The southern birds appear to have.had red bills ; while some Uving
birds I saw recently in Paris (presumably from Senegal) had the bill ivory-white.

27. HTPOCH^EA. 309

a. S ad. ; b,c. River Gambia. Sharpe Coll.

? ad. sk.

d. S ad sk. River Gambia. Shelley Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal (i. Lcujlaize). Tweeddale Coll.
/. <S imm. sk. West Africa. ]N[r. Pulman [P.].

2. HypochaBra amauropteryx.

Hypoclicera uitens [iiec Gm.), Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 322.
Amadina nitens (tiec Gm.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 201 (1867).
Hypoclisera ultramarina (iiec Gm.), Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 213 ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 64 (1871, pt.) ; Gurney in Anders. B.

Dam. Ld. p. 175 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr, p. 4-57

(1884, pt.).
PHypochsera ultramarina, Beichenb. Sinqv. p. 54, pi. xxii. figs. 190,

101 (1861).
Hypocbpera chalybeata {nee Miill.), Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 207;

"Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 339.

Adult male. With a steel-green gloss like the preceding, but
altogether darker and appearing greenish black ; wings brown,
contrasting with the back. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2-7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. South Africa from the Transvaal to the Zambesi and Mo-
zambique, extending westwards to Ovampo-Land.

a. (S ad. sk. Rustenberg, E. Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[C.].

b. cJ ad.sk. Rustenberg, Jan. 5 (IF. iwcai). SlieUey Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradsliaw [C.].

d. e. S ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Expedi-

tion.
/. c? ad. sk. Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

y. S ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Jan. Sbai-pe Coll.

22, 1867 {C.J. Andersson).

3. Hypochsera ultramarina.

Outre-mer, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 56 (1778, e.v Bi-uce, Icon.).
Ultramarine Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 301 (1783).
Friugilla ultramarina, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 027 (1788, e.v Lath.).
Amadina nitens {nee Gm.), Riipp. Neue Wirb., Voy. p. 101 (1835-40).
Pbilffiterus nitens, Strichl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218
Hypocbpera ultramarina {nee Gm.), Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 175

'(1850) ; Horsf. S> Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 513 (1856) ;

Fischer, J. f. 'O. 1885, p. 135; Eeichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 70.
Fiingilla (Amadina) uitens, Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 41 (1856).
Hvpochjera nitens, Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 70 (1864) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 110; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 688 (1870);

Salvin, Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 247 (1882) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.

Genov. (2) i. p. 181 (1884).
Hypochsera nitens, var. ultramarina, Ilartl. Abhandl. nat.Ver. Bremen,

viii. p. 202 (1883); Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 325 (1884).
Hypochffira mtens,Hartl. Abhandl. not. J'er.Bre7nen,\n\. p. 202(1883)
Hvpochffira cbalvbeata, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 338, pt. ; Salvad. Ann.

'Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 284 (1888).

310 PLOCEID^.

A(Mt male. Glossy purplish blue both above and below ; quills
and tail-feathers blackish. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0*35,
wing 2*5, tail 1"4, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Above dusky brown, the feathers margined with
dull whitish ; a vertical streak, with another above the eye, and a
third below the latter dull whitish ; under surface of body dull
whitish ; throat, breast, and tianks dusky ashy, the former and the
vent in some specimens more fidvescent : tail-feathers smoky brown.
{Heugl. N.O.-Afr. p. 588.)

Hnh. Abyssinia and Shoa as far as the Upper White Nile.

a. Ad. sk. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].

b. c? ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Shelley Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

e. S ad. sk. Lake Sanne, M'tesa's country M. A. Bouvier [P.],

{Pia^gid).

f. 6 ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, Nov. 22 (O. Shelley Coll.

Antinori).

4. Hypochsera funerea.

?The Black Urmei, Edwards, Glea7iings,m. p. 322, pi. 362. fig. 1

(1764).
Fringilla funerea, De Tarrag. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 180.
Tiaris funerea, Gray, Gt-n. B. ii. p. 375 (1849).
Hvpochfera ultramarina, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 149 (1857); Fischer,

'J.f. 0. 1885, p. 135 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 70.
Hypochsera purpurascens, Reichen. J. f. O. 1883, p. 221 ; Fischer,

J.f. 0. 1885, p. 135.
Hypocha?ra nitens, Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 584.

Adult male. General colour above dull purplish black with scarcely
any gloss : on each side of the lower back a patch of silky white ;
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills light brown, the inner secondaries purplish black like the
back ; tail-feathers light brown, fringed with whity brown ; sides
of face and entire under suiface of body dull purplish black like the
back ; asillaries and under wing-coverts creamy buff ; quills light
brown below, creamy bufl' along the inner web : " bill white ; feet
red : iris brown " (Hartert). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2*7, tail I'oo, tarsus 0"55.

Hub. Natal to Eastern Africa, and apparently West Africa from
Senegambia to Abeokuta * and the Niger.

a. cJ ad.sk. Bm-g Mountain, Natal (G-'wrff/e). Shelley Coll.

6, c. c? ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, Jan., Feb. (TF. Forbes Coll.

A7-))old).
d, e. (5 ad. sk. Weeuen, Natal, Feb., Apiil Shelley Coll.

( W. Arnold).

* TliP sjjeciraeii from Abeokuta bas been in spirit and therefore the actual
sliade of gloss on the plumage cannot be trusted. The only specimen from
Senegambia in the Museum is not in full plumage, but appears to be donning a
much more Tiolet-black plumage than the Natal birds, so that in all probability
the Senegambian specimens will be found to belong to a distinct species.

28. T-DNTOPT&IA. 311

/ Ad. sk. Mamboio, E. Africa (Sir J. Shelley Coll.

Kirh).
■'i '^ "j""; •*''■ Sedhiou, Senegambia. M. A. Marche TO 1

/'. dad. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].

5. Hypochaera nigerrima.

Hypochffii-a nigeiTima, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 1.33 ; id. Cat. Afr.

rS. p. 64 (18/1). •'

Hypochsera uiteus {nee Gm.), Bocmje, Orn. Angola, p. 348 (1877-81)
liypochajra ultramarina, Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 308.

Adiilt (type of species). Similar to If. fuyierea, and with the
same brown wmgs, but with the plumage deep purpHsh black above
and below. Total length 4-4 inches, culmeu 4-4, wing 2-6 tail 1-4
tarsus O-oo. o i ■,

Hah. From Angola to the Uj^per Congo Region and south to the
Zambesi.

«. d ad. sk. Galungo-alto, Angola (Hamil- Sharpe CoU. (Tj^je

, , , , '^ ^^'^)- ^^ of species.)

7 , ■ I , Kassougo, Upper Congo, June. F. BohudorftTC.l.

c, d. S ad. sk. Zambesi [Sir J. Kirl). Li.4ugstone Expedi-

tion.

28. TJENIOPYGIA.

Taeniopygia, Reichenb. Siwjv. p. 26 (18(U) T. eaJtanotis.

Range. Australia and the Timor group of islands.

Key to the Species.

a Throat gi-ey, with distinct narrow cross lines of

black. castanotis, p. 311.

6. Ihroat uniform grey, the cross lines obsolete, so

that the throat appears practically unbarred .... insularis, p. 312.

1. Taeniopygia castanotis.
Bengali mouchete, Vieill. Ois. Chcmf. pi. 3 (1805)
Amadina castanotis Goidd, P. Z. S 1835, p. 105 ; id. B. Atcsfr.
f:. '\J'\% {IS48); Gra;/, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Reichenh.

^ (IbbO) ; Bujyles, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 4 (1870)
steganopleiua castanotis. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 172 (1850)
■|porothlastes castanotis, Bj). Consp. i, p. 455 (1850)
rffimopygia castanotis, Reichenb. Sinf/v. p. 26, Taf viii. fi<^s. 07-69
^ ( lbb2) ; Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 419 (1865). °

^strelda (Tffiniopygia) castanotis, Rammy, Proc. Linn Soc Y -S' W

11. p. 18/ (1878) ; id. Tab. List Aii.,fr. B. p. 10 (1888) '^ ' ' '
istrelda castanotis. Ramsai/, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S W (o^ \

p. 1091 (1887), ii. p. 168 (1888). ' ' ^~'

312 PLOCEID^.

Adult. Ashj- brown, greyer on the head ; wing-coverts like the
back ; quills dusky, externally ashy brown like the back ; rump
white, with a black patch ou each side ; upper tail-coverts black,
with a broad white band at the end ; tail-feathers dark brown ;
lores and fore part of cheeks white, skirted by a narrow black line
along the line of the bill, and another from below the eye ; entire
ear-coverts and adjacent region of the sides of the neck light orange-
rufous ; sides of neck ashy grey ; throat and fore neck pearly grey,
with narrow blackish cross lines ; across the fore neck a distinct
bar of black ; breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ;
sides of body deep tawny or chestnut, spotted with white ; under
wing-coverts white, washed with chestnut ; quills dusky, pale buff
along the inner web : " bill reddish orange : feet reddish orange,
rather lighter than the bill ; iris red " (J. Gould). Total length
3-8 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2"15, tail 1-4, tarsus 0*5.

Adult female. Like the male, but with entirely grey sides to the
face ; lores and cheeks white, skirted by the same black lines as in
the male ; throat and chest uniform ashy grey, but with no blackish
cross lines ; breast and abdomen pale ochreous buff. Total length
3"6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-2, tail 1-3, tarsus 0'55.

ITah. North-western, Northern, and Western Australia, New
South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Interior Province (E.
P. B.).

a. cJ ad. sk. S. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C],

b. c? ad. sk. Kiver Darling. Gould Coll.

c. d. S 2 8d. sk. Queensland (J. T. Cockered). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,f. (S 2 ad. sk. S. Queensland. - Tweeddale Coll.

ff, k. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq.

[P.].

i. S ad. sk. Fitzroy River, N. W. A. {T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower

Boioyer Bower). [P.].

k, I. Ad. St. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.:.

m, M. c? 2 ad. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P..

sk.

0. ^ jun. sk. Australia. Forbes Coll.

p,q. S 2 ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.

2. Tseniopygia insularis.

Amadina insularis, W(dl. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 495 ; Fiiisch, Neu-Guiiea,
p. 176 (1865) ; Gra^J, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6791 (1870).

Adidt male (type of species). Similar to T. castanotis, but vith
the throat and fore neck uniform pearly grey, with no cross liiBs of
black ; across the fore neck a broad baud of black. Total logth
3'8 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2, tail 1'35, tarsus 0'55.

Adult female. Similar to the female of T. castanotis, but iither
browner. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2, tai" 1"3,
tarsus 0"55.

I/ah. Timor and Flores.

29. STICTOPTEEA. 313

a. S ad. sk. Timor (A. E. Wallace). Gould Coll.

h,c.(^2 ad. sk. E. Timor. Wallace Coll.

(Types of species.)

(l. 2 ad. sk. £. Timor. Wallace Coll.

e. cj ad. sk. Semao, Timor. Wallace Coll.

fyff. S; h, i. $ Flores. Wallace Coll.

ad. sk.

k,l. ^ 2 ad. sk. Flores {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

m. 5 ad. sk. Flores {A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

29. STICTOPTEEA.

Type.
Stictoptera, Reichenh. Sinrjv. p. 31 (1861) S. bichenovii.

Range. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. W^ith the rump white hichenorii, p. 31.3.

h. With the rump black annulosa, p. 314.

1. Stictoptera bichenovii.

Fringilla bichenovii, M(j. &i- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 258

(1827). _
Estrelda bichenovii, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 80 (1848) ; Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 168 (1888).
Amadina bichenovii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

i?._ii. p. 57, no. 6793 (1870).
Astrilda bichenovii, Reichenh. Voy. Neuholl. p. 11-5 (1850).
Staganopleura bichenovii, Bp. Consj). i. p. 4.56 (1850).
Stictoptera bichenovii, Reichenh. Sinqv. p. 31, Taf. x. figs. 91, 92

(1862) ; Gould, Handh. B. Austr. \. p. 409 (1865).
Estrelda (Stictoptera) bichenovii, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tah. List Austr. B. p. 10 i

Adult. General colour above light brown, vermiculatcd with
indistinct transverse bars of dusky brown ; upper tail-coverts white,
preceded by a black bar across the rump ; lesser and median wing-
coverts like the back, the latter with coarser blackish cross bars ;
greater coverts and quills blackish, checkered with white spots ;
tail-feathers black ; head like the back ; forehead blackish, extend-
ing backwards in a line along the sides of the crown and descending
behind the ear-coverts in a narrow collar across the lower throat,
enclosing the latter, as well as the sides of face, which with the
lores and a narrow eyebrow are white ; remainder of under surface
of body yellowish white, crossed by a second black band across the
breast ; chest tinged with ashy, the sides of it light brown like the
back, with faint vermiculations ; under tail-coverts black; under
wing-coverts fulvesceut ; quills dusky, ashy fulvous along the inner
web: "bill beautiful pale blue; irides black, surrounded by a
narrow black lash" {Gould). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2-15, tail 1'6, tarsus 0-6.

314 PLOCEID^.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but less brilliant in plumage
and the bands on the chest narrower (Gould).

Young. More uniform above, without the transverse vermicula-
tions ; the black bands on the throat and breast imperfect, the
latter merely represented by a few black feathers.

Hab. Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Linnean Society. (Type

of species.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Australia, Sept. 25. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].
e. Ad. st. Australia. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll.

e. Juv. sk. Liverpool Plains. Gould Coll.

/. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Salviu-Godman Coll.

ff, h, i. Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. K. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

2. Stictoptera annulosa.

Amadina amnilosa, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 143 ; Graij, Gen. B. ii.

p. 370 (1849) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 37, no. G792 (1870).
Estrelda annulosa, Goxdd, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 81 (1848) ; Bujgles,

Orri. Ausir. pi. 48. fig. 3 (1870).
Astrilda annulosa, Reichenh. Vog. Neuholl. p. 116 (1850).
Steganopleura annulosa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 45G (1850).
Stictoptera annulosa, Beichenb. Singv. p. 31, Taf. x. figs. 89, 90

(18(32) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 410 (1865).
Estrilda (Stictoptera) annulosa, Eamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).
Estrelda annulosa, Rumsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N, S. W. (2) i. p. 1090

(1887) ; id. op. cit. (2) i'i. p. 168 (1888).

Adult male. Similar to S. hiclienovii, but having the rump black
instead of white: "bill and feet lead-colour" (/. Gould); "iris
red-brown " {J. Ii. Elsey). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2, tail I'S, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male : "bill and feet slate- colour ;
iris brown " (J. R. Elsey). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 1-9, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-5.5.

Hcd). Northern and North-western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. N. Australia {J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Richardson [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Fitzroy River, N.W. Australia Capt. Bowver Bower

{T. H. Boivyer Bouvr). [P.].

d,e. cf ? ad. sk. Victoria River, N.W. Australia, J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].
May.

30. NIGRITA. rv

Tjpe.

yEthiops, SfrieJd. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30 (nee Martin, Nat.

II. Qiuidr. p. 508, 1840) N. canicapilla.

Nigrita, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145 N . canicapilla.

Percnopsis, Heine, J. f. 0. 1860, p. 144 N. piuarduota.

Banye. Confined to Africa.

I

30. NTGRITA. 315

Key to the Sj^ecies.

a. Belly black or dark iron-grey.
a'. Forehead black ; belly black.

a". Hump greyish white; wing-coverts and secon-
daries spotted with white canicajnlla, p. 315.

/;". Rump grey, only slightly paler than the

back ; no white spots on secondaries .... emili(e, p. 316.

b' . Forehead ochreous ; belly black luteifrons, p. 317.

c'. Forehead ochreous ; belly grey luciejii, p. 317.

b. Belly chestnut like the forehead and sides of face ;

back iron-grey bicolor, p. 318.

c. Belly white.

d'. Rump like the back pinaronota, p. 318.

e'. Rump ochreous, contrasting with back uropygialis, p. 319.

Head of Nigrita canicapilla.

1. Nigrita canicapilla.

iEthiops canicapilla, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30.

Nigrita canicapilla, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145; id. Zool. Tijp.

pi. 48 (1849) ; Grmj, Gen. B. ii. p. 354 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 444(1850); Hctrtl. Oni. W.-Afr. pp. 130, 273(1857); Cas.s.

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 37, 1859, p. 135 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 46, no. 6648 (1870); 8harpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 133; id.

Sj- Bouv. Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 48 (1870) ; Boeaqe, Orn.

Am/ohi, p. 322 (1877-81^ ; Shellei/, Ibis, 1886, p. 306 ; lieichen.

J.f. O. 1887, p. 307.
Niorita cinereieapilla (laps, cal.), S/uape, Ibis, 1809, p. 385 ; Reichen.

J-./. 0.1877, p. 28.

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, brighter on tho
rump, which is pearly grey ; wings black, spotted with white at the
ends of the feathers, the spots on the greater coverts and inner
secondaries being larger : bastard-wing, x^rimary-coverts, and quills
entirely black ; upper tail-coverts ashy grey, washed with pearly
grey ; tail-feathers black, with a narrow fringe of ashy grey at the
end of the outer ones ; crown of head dark slaty grey like the back,
the forehead black, as well as the lores and a broad eyebrow, sides
of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck ; the black separated from the
grey of the upper parts by a narrow hne of hoary whitish which
skirts the black forehead along the sides of the crown and along the
sides of the neck ; entire under surface of body black, the sides of
body and flanks dark slaty grey : thighs and under tail-coverts
black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the
wing black ; quills below dusky blackish, ashy along the inner edge.
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-75, tail 1*9, tarsus Q-?.

316 PLOCEID^.

Young. Differs from the adult in being much browner, the mmp
only a little greyer than the back ; scarcely any white spots on the
wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; forehead like the back ; under
surface of body dull slaty grey, interspersed with a few black
feathers of the approaching adult plumage.

Hah. West Africa from Dahomey to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk.

Abeokuta.*

F. Nicholson, Esq.

b, c. Ad. sk.

Fernando Po.

[P.].
L. Fraser [C.].

d. Ad. sk.

Feruaudo Po (Z. Fraser).

(Types of species.)
Eyton Coll.

e, f. Ad. ; g. Juv.

"sk.
7^ Ad. sk.

Gaboon.

Sharpe Coll.

Gaboon {Du Chaillu).

Tweeddale Coll.

i. Ad. sk.

Muni River, Gaboon.

P. Du Chaillu [C.].

Ji, I. Ad. et imni.

Landana, Congo River (Z.

SheUey CoU.

sk.
m. Ad. sk.

Petit).
Landana {Dr. Lucan).

Shelley CoU.

n. c? ad. sk.

Chinchonxo, March 2 {Dr.

Shelley Coll.

LuCttTl).

o. Ad. sk. [Angola {Hamilton).'] Sharpe Coll.

2. Nigrita emilise.

Nigrita cauicapilla, pt., Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 1.30.

Nigrita emilise, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 884, pi. 11. fig. 2; id. Ibis,

1870, p. 473 ; Gra>/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 0651 (1870) ; Sharpe,

Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 "(1871); Shelley Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289;

Heichen. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 41 : She'llet/, Ibis, 1886, p. 307 ; Biittik.

Notes Leyden M%(s. x. p. 90 (1888).
Nigrita canicapilla {nee Strickl.), Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. viii.

p. 261 (1886).

Adult. Similar to N. canicapilla, but smaller, with the rump like
the back or only a Httle paler grey ; no white spots on the \vings,
the coverts and inner secondaries faintly fringed with ashy grey at
the ends : " bill black ; feet smoky brown ; iris yellowish white ''
{J. Stamj)jii); "iris cinnabar-red" {A. Reichenow). Total length
4-4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-4.5, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Uniform sooty black, with no white or ashy spots on the
rump ; tail blacker than the back.

Hah. West Africa from Liberia to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

[Sierra Leone.]
Fantee.

Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Juv. sk.
/, g. Ad. ; h.

_ sk.

i, k, I. Ad. sk.

Juv.

Fantee.

Fantee {Aubinn).

Fantee {H. T. Ussher).

(Type of species.)
Shafpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Denkera {H. T. Ussher).

Shelley Coll.

* Paler in colour, but it is impossible to say if it is speciflcally distinct, as
the specimen was sent home in spirits, and the colours may have faded.

30. NIGEIXA. 317

m. Jut. sk. Deukera (Aubmn). Sliurpe Coll.

n, 0. Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 2 {T. Shelley CoU.

E. Buckley).

p. Juv. sk. River Volta (If. T. Ussher). Sliarpe Coll.

q. Ad. sk. [Gaboon] * Sharpe Coll.

3. Nigrita luteifrons.

Nigiita luteifrons, Verr. Rev. et Mw/. de Zool. l6^\, p. 4:20; Hartl.
Orn. TV.-Afr. p. 131 (18-57); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859,
p. 135 ; Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6650 (1870) ; Sliarpe,
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 612 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 306.

Adult. General colour above light ashy grey, slightly paler
towards the rump ; wings and tail black, slightly washed with ashy
on the wing-coverts ; head lighter grey than the back, the forehead
ochreous buff, shading into pearly grey ; lores, feathers round the
eyes, ear- coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface of body black, as
well as the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, the edge of the wing grey ; quills dusky below,
whitish along the inner web. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0'35,
wing 2-25, tail 1"55, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Entirely grey above and below, with the forehead and
sides of face also grey ; quills and tail black : under surface of body
a little more dingy than the upper surface.

Hah. West Afiica from the Cameroons to Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains {A. Cross- Sharpe CoU.

ley).

b. Juv. sk. Gaboon {Dti Chadlu). Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Du Chaillii

[C.].

d. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Cltudlu). Forbes Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Shelley Coll.

4. Nigrita lucieni.

Nigrita luteifrons {nee Verr.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871).
Nigrita lucieni, Sharpe ^- Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 75

(1878) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 557 (1881j ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 306.

Adult (tj'pe of species). Very similar to N. luteifrons, but differ-
ing in its grey under surface. It has the same ochreous buff fore-
head, but has only the lores and feathers round the eye black.
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 035, wing 2-3, tail I'o, tarsus 0-G.

Hah. West Africa, from the Congo to Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). Sharpe Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ungomongo, Interior of the M. A. Bouvier.

Congo State (Z. Petit). (Type of species.)

* I quite agree with Captain Shelley (Ibis, 188G, p. 305) that this specimen
is probably wrongly ticketed by M. Verreaux. The skin has every appearance
of the usual Gold Coast " make."

318 PLOCEID^.

5. Nigrita bicolor.

Pytelia bicolor, Hartl. Si/st. Verz. Bremen, 1844, p. 76.

Nigrita bicolor, Sol Coiitr. Oni. 1852, p. 83, cum tab. ; Cass. Proc.
FMIad. Acad. 1859, p. l;35; Hartl J. f. O. 1801, p. 176; Kmdcm.
N. r. D. iii. p. 391 (1866) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 191 ; Grat/,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6653 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61
(1871) ; Shelley ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 254; Shw^w Sf Bouvier,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 75 (1878) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola,
p. 656 (1877-81) ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 195 (1885),
viii. p. 261 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 307.

Adult. General colour above dull slate-colour ; wing-coverts like
the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown,
edged with the same slate-colour as the back ; tail-feathers blackish,
the outer ones pale ashy at the end ; crown of head like the back,
the base of forehead and eyebrow, ear-coverts, and entire under
surface of body deep vinous-chestnut ; thighs ashy grey ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white with a faint ruddy tinge : quills
dusky below, ashy along the iuner edge : " bill black ; feet sooty
brown ; iris blood-red " (Bilttikofer). Total length 3-9 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-2, tail 1-55, tarsus Q-oo.

Young. "Distinguished by its pale horn-coloured lower mandible
and by the colour of the face and underparts. The upper surface
is of a paler slaty grey than the adults ; the sides of the face and
throat are also light ashy grey, and there is no chestnut on the
forehead or face ; the rest of the under surface is a pale vinous-red
washed with ashy.

Ilcd). West Africa from Pantee to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Ashantee. J. Gould, Esq.

b. Ad. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll.
c,d,e,f. Imm.sk. Fantee (Aubinn). Sharpe Coll.
g. Imm. sk. Fantee (Aubinn). Shelley Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.
i. Ad. sk. Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.
k Ad.sk. Abrobonko, Fantee, Jan. 30 (G.-B.-S'.). Shelley Coll.
I. Ad. sk. Denkera {H. T. Ussher). SheUey Coll.
m. Ad. sk. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. 22 ( G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.
71. Ad. sk. Cameroons, Jan. 7, 1871 (A. Crossley). Sharpe CoU.
0. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Sharpe CoU.

6. Nigrita pinaronota *.

Nigrita fusconota, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 145 ; id. Zool. Typ. pi. 49
(1849) ; Allen Sf Thomps. Exped. Niger, ii. p. 501 (1848) ; Cass.
Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 135; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no.
6052 (1870) ; Sharpe (§- Bouvier, Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 48
(1876) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 28 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,
p. 306.

Percnopsis dorsofusca, Heine, J.f. 0. 1860, p. 144.

* Mr. Fraser's intention was to mark the character of the dusky brown back ;
but fusconota is a hybrid word. Dr. Heine's amendment is of such an unclassical
character that I haye altered the name entirely, seas to bring it back to Fraser's
original meaning.

31. SPOILffiGINTHUS. 319

Adult (type of s])ecies). General colour above light ochrcous
brown ; scapulars like the back ; rump black ; upper tail-covorts
glossy purplish black ; lesser wing-coverts glossy purplish black ;
median and greater coverts dark chocolate-brown ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quiUs black, the inner secondaries chocolate-
brown ; tail-feathers black, glossed with purple on the edges ; crown
of head and nape glossy purplish black, as well as the lores, sides
of face, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts ; cheeks, throat, and
under surface of body pure white : thighs, under tail-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillaries also white ; quills below brown,
light ashy along the inner edge. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 2"15, tail 1-55, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. From Fernando Po and Gaboon to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Fernando Po. L. Fraser [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. (S ad. sk. Chinchouxo, Congo, April 2 Shelley Coll.

(Dr. Lucan).

c. Ad. sk. Laudaua. L. Petit [C.].

7. Nigrita uropygialis.

Nigrita uropygialis, Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. ;j84, pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Grat/,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 47, no. 6654 (1870) ; kl. Cat. Afi: B. p. 61
(1871) : Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. .306.

Adult (type of species). Similar to jSi.pinaronota, but differing in
the pale ochreous-buflf band across the lower back and rump. Total
length 3"9 inches, culmen 0'4, wing '2, tail 1*9, tarsus 0"55.

Youm/. Differs from the adult in being duller in colour, the head
sooty black without any gloss, and the white underparts washed
with ochreous buff.

Hab. Confined to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

Fantee.
Fantee.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll. (Type

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
ff, h. Ad. sk.

Fantee (H. T. Ussher).

Fantee {Aubimi).

Fantee (Aubinn).

Fantee.

Denkera {H. T. Ussher).

of species.)
Sharpe CoU.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
A. Swanz)', Esq. [P.].
Shelley Coll.

31. SPOR.aiGINTHUS.

Type.
Sporseginthus, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. 170(1850). . . . S. amandava.

Amandava, Reichenb. Singv. p. 1-5 (1861) S. amandava.

Melpoda, Reichenb. t. e. p. 26 (1861) S. melpoda.

Range. Indian Peninsula ; Burmese countries. Malayan Penin-
sula ; Java ; Flores ; Timor.

320 PLOCEID^.

Key to the Species.

a. Throat crimson, with white spots on the chest

and sides.

a'. Belly black amandava, p. 320.

h'. Belly orange-yellow Jlavidiventris, p. 323.

b. Throat yellow ; belly orange or yellow, with

ashy bars on the sides ; a crimson eyebrow . . subjlava, p. 324.

c. Throat pearly grey ; lores, eyebrow, ear-coverts,

and cheeks orange meljioda, p. 325.

1. Sporseginthus amandava.

The Amaduvads, cock and hen, Alhin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 72, pi. 77

(1740).
The Amadavad, Edwards, Gleanings,^ iii. p. 301, pi. 355 (1774).
Le Bengali piquete, Briss. Ovn. iii. p. 206, pi. x. fig. 4 (1760) ;

Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 115. fig. 3 ; Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv.

p. 96 (1778).
Le Bengali brun, Briss. t. c. p. 205, pi. x. fig. 3; Daiibent. t. c.

pi. 115. fig. 2.
Fringilla amandava, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 319 (1766) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 175 (1817).
Amadavade Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 311 (1783).
Amandava, Vieill. Ois. Chant, pis. 1, 2 (1805, bad).
Fringilla punicea, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 160 (1821).
Linaria amandava, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1832, p. 93.
Estrelda amandava, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 26 (1840) ; Blyth,

J. A. 8. Beng. xiii. p. 949 (1844), xvi. p. 407 (1847) ; Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 118 (1849) ;

Bp. Comp. i. p. 459 (1850); Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E.I. Co. ii. p. 502 (1856) ; Jerd. B.lkd. ii.p. 359 (1863) ; Schomb.

Ibis, 1864, p. 262 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 331, 1868, p. 173 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 61, no. 6710 (1870) ; Holdsio. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 464 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 209 ; id. Nests and Eggs

Ind. B. p. 454 (1873) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 421 ; Hume, t. c.

p. 258 ; Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 342 ; Butler, t. c. p. 496 ; Morgan,

Ibis, 1875, p. 322; Fairh. Str. F. 1876, p. 261; Hume, Str. F.

1877, p. 39 ; Ball, Str. F. 1878, p. 222 ; a-ip2)s, t. c. p. 294 ; Leqge,

B. Ceylon, p. 622, note (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ;

Butler, Cat. B. Sind Si-c. -p. 46 (1879); id. Cat. B. Bomb. Pres.

p. 61 (1880) ; Hu7ne, Str. F. ix. p. 118 (1880); Beid, Str. F. x.

p. 56 (1881) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 312 (1882) ; Davison, t. c. p. 403

(1883); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 182 (1884); Sioinh.

<§• Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129 ; Taylor, t. c. p. 463 (1887) ; Ternj,

t. c. p. 478 (1887) ; Reid, Cat. Lucknoto Mus. p. 130 (1887).
Amadina punctata, Blyth, A?in. S,- Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 166 (1843).
Estrelda punicea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 459 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E. I. Co. ii. p. 503 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.p. 51, no. 6711

Amandava punicea, Reichenb. t. c, p. 17 (1861).

Adult male in full plumage. General colour above crimson, with
dull ashy bases to the feathers and crimson edges ; on the back

31. SPOR^GINTHUS. 321

a few tiny white spots, rather larger on the scapulars, lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts, which are brighter crimson, the white
spots being tinged with rosy : wings dark brown, the coverts and
inner secondaries with large terminal spots of white ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown ; tail-feathers
black, the outer feathers with white spots at one end ; head, sides
of face, and under surface of body bright crimson ; lores black ;
below the eye some tiny white plumelets ; throat somewhat mottled
with black bases to the feathers, as also the feathers of the lower
breast ; abdomen and under tail-coverts black ; thighs black, barred
with whitish ; on the chest as well as the sides of the fore neck
and sides of body some rounded spots of white, larger on the sides
of the body and the flanks ; under wing- coverts white ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill red, dusky at base
of culm en ; legs and feet brownish flesh-colour; iris orage-red''
{E. A. Butler). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-85,
tail 1"5, tarsus O'o.

Adult nude in winter plumage. Dark chocolate-brown, with the
crimson white-spotted rump and upper tail-covert.s as in the full
plumage ; wings dark brown, with round white spots, also on the
inner secondaries (these easily distinguish winter-plumaged adults
from the brown-plumaged young) ; sides of face dark brown ; chin
whitish ; throat and chest ashy brown, as also the sides of the body,
the flanks having a few white spots ; breast and abdomen ochreous
buff, with a little scarlet on the former ; under tail-coverts white.

Adult female. Brown; wings darker brown, with small white
spots on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; lower rump and
upper tail-coverts dull crimson, with whitish edges and spots ;
head like the back; lores, eyelid, and feathers behind the eye
black ; a whitish streak below the eye ; sides of face, cheeks, and
ear-coverts ashy brown; throat ochreous white, fading into ashy
brown on the lower throat and chest, washed with ochreous buff;
breast and abdomen saffrou-bufl", a little tinged with orange on the
former ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy brown ; under tail-
coverts like abdomen; under wing-coverts white, washed with
saffron- yellow : " soft parts as in male " {E. A. Bidltr). Total length
4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-9, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-55.

Younrj. Like the old female, but rather more olive-brown ; no
white spots on the wing-coverts, which are distinctly tipped with
fulvous : quills dusky brown, the inner secondaries edged externally
with fulvous; tail-feathers blackish, the outer feathers rather
broadly edged with fulvous-brown ; lores ashy whitish ; sides of
face brown; under surface of body ochreous buff, paler on the
under tail-coverts.

Considerable variation in the number and size of the white spots
is seen in a series of specimens. I thought at first that the Javan
and Malaccan specimens were rather more minutely spotted, but I
find specimens from India which match them exactly, and I have
come to the conclusion that E. imnicea cannot be separated from
E. amandava.

VOL. XTTT. r

322

Hah. Indian Peninsula to Assam, Cochin China, and Siam ;
Malayan Peninsula (probably local) ; Java.

a, b. S ad. sk. Kusmore, Sindh, Dec. (^A. 0. H.).

c, d. Ad. sk. Sindh {Dr. H. Gould). _

e. Ad. sk. Mooltan {Capf. Tweedie).

f,ff. 6 2 ad. sk. Deesa, Oct. 25 (E. A. Butler).

h-m. Ad. sk. Umbala.

n. Ad. sk. Umbala {S. Pimcill).

0,^. Ad. etjuv.sk. Etawab.

q. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.

s, t. Ad. sk.

u, V, u\ J ad. ; .1

y. S juv. sk.
«. Ad. sk.
«\ Ad. sk.
b'-e\ Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
y^. Juv. sk.
A'. 2 juv. sk.
A'-w^ Ad. ; o

Juv. sk.
p^-u'-. (S ad.; v'

w\x\ 5 ad.;

y^-lr'. Juv. sk.
c", d'. Ad. sk.

Dehra Dhoon, Oct. 24.

Kumaou.

N.W. Provinces.

Futtehgurh, Jan. 2 {A. Anderson).

Oudb.

Bebar.

Nepal.

Nepal {Hodgson),

Sikhim.

Sikbim.

Buxa Doars, Jan. (Z. Mandelli).

Bbotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April
(L. Mandelli).

f

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Seebobm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hodf^son Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Seebobm Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

cj juv. sk.
/. h\ Ad.;
'^, k"^. Juv. sk.

imm. sk,
o^ Ad. sk.
p'^. cJ imm. sk.
q^. Ad. sk.

»"^, s^. Imm. sk.
e, u^. Ad.; v".

Var. sk.
w^, a-^, y^. Ad. sk.

z=, a'. Ad. sk.
6\ <?, d^. S ad.;

e^. 2 ad. sk.
/3, ff^ Ad. sk.
h\ P. 6 ad. ; k\

P. $ ad. sk.
yr^-if. Ad. sk.
»•', s^ Ad. sk.
P, V?. S ad. ; v^,

uj^. 2 ad. sk.
c? ad. ; d^-
2 8,d. et

juv. sk.
A", t''. cJ ad.sk.

Kamroop, Assam, Dec. {A.

ChejineU).
Cacbar, Jan. 27 (A. 0. H.).
Cachar {J. Inglis).

Sylbet, Jan. 24 {A. O. H.).

W. Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

9'

Dacca.

Commillab, Tipperab.

Silligoree, Bengal, April 2 {H. J.

Elices).
Palamow, Jan., Feb. ( V. Ball).
Raipur.

Kamptee.

Khandeisb.

Kbandeisb,May, Sept. {J.Davidson).

Deccan {Col. Sykes).

Belgaum, Sept. 28 {E. A. Butler).

Slopes of Nilghiris;

Nilghiris {Dr. Day).

Kbotagberry, Sept. 17 {Miss Cock-
burn).

Ootacamimd, Jan., Feb., April ( W.
Davison).

Ootacamund, Aug., Sept. {R. G.

w. a.).

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Dr. B. Hinde

[P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

31. SPOR^GINTHUS. 32,S

^''S'. 2 ad ■ sk "'' ^°°''"°'' ^'P*-' °^^' ^ ^- ^- ^^- ^O- Tweeddale Cull.

o\ p*. d; q*. ? Coonoor, Jan. 24, April {W. Davi- Hume Coll.

ad. SK. son).

r\ d ad. sk. Coonoor, Oct. 18. W. Davison,

t,u. cS ad. sk. Saigon, Cochin China, Jan. (S, Tweeddale Coll

Pimcill).
v\ w\ .f* c?; y\ Singapore Island, Oct. ( W. D.). Hume Coll

2 . 2 ad. sk.
«^ 6S c^. Ad. sk. Java (i).-. Horsfeld). Lidia Museum.

(Types of JE. punicea.)

2. Spora9ginthus flavidiventris.

Estrelda flavidoventris, Wall P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 486, 495; Gray

?i87«r 7? ' ^?'*'-*-<'".' ^^y^./o«/. £•./;«/. Yun-nan, Aves,'^. 600

^ri 7 oiA ■^"'"'^ ^' -0«'«*w*. '^''•- ^- VI. p. 406 (1878): Hume Sfr

F. 1879, p. 107 ; id. Sfr. F. 1880, ix. p. 118. ^ ' '

Estrelda amaudava (i-iec L.), Oates, Sti: F. 1875 p M2

Estrelda burmanica, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p.' 484- 'Arm^fr t r

p. 336 ; Oate.,, Str. F. 1877, p. im. ^ ' ' *■ ^'

Astrilda amandava (nee L.), Bli/th, B. Burm. p. 93 (1875)

Estrilda punicea (nee Horsf.), dates, B. Br. Burm. i. p 371 (1883V

Reid, Cat. Lucknoio Mus. p. 130 (1887). ^ ' '

Adult male. Yery similar to S. amandava, but without the black
belly, this part being bright ochreous yellow : " bill deep red the
posterior half of culmen black; legs flesh-colour; claws horny- iris
crimson: ey-elidspurpurascent; inside of mouth salmon-colour''
(A W Oates). Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-35, win<^ 2-] 5
tail 1-2, tarsus 0-45. ' ° ^^>

Adult female. Differs from the male exactly as does the female
ot A. amandava. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-75 tail
-L'o, t&rsus Uo,

Mab. Burma and Tenasserim ; islands of Flores and Timor.
a, b. Ad. sk. Sanda Valley, May, July. Dr. J. Anderson

rc 1

c,d d;e. 2 ad. Tsitkau, Upper Bunmh, F«b. 7. Dr. ^ Anderson

SK. |-p -,

■^"uv'^sk ''^' *"* ^^^' ^^''''''^~^'"'- <-^- ^'- ^■)- Oates Coll.

t. d ad. sk. Pegu, July (F. jr. O.). Tweeddale Cnll

"' a'd."sk.^ ' "• ^ '''°"' '''^' •'^'^' ^"^- ^^- ^^ • ^•>- F- l>etS ^

y. d ad. sk. Elephant Point, Jan. 1 (J. Arm- Hume Coll

« .r ad ,k C5-!f'"^Vi, 7. „„ (Typeof^.Wm«;«-.a.)

«. c? ad.sk. Sittang\ alley, Dec. 28 (B. G. Tweeddale Coll.

rr . jx.).

«', 6', c'.p ad. sk. Thatone, Fob., Nov. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll
'^.'iJ.k'' ^^°"^- Wallace C;il.

t2

324 PLOCEIDJ..

i', k'. (S 2 ad.sk. Flores {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

/'. 2 ad. sk. Florts {A. li. Wallace). Forbes Coll.

m', n', (5 ; o\p'. J E. Timor. Wallace Coll.

ad. sk. (Types of .species.)

q. cJ ad. sk. E. Timor {A. li. Wallace). Gould Coll.

3. Sporaeginthus subflavus.

Fringilla subflava, Vieill. X. Diet. cTIIi'<t. Nat. xxx. p. 575 (1819).
Fring-illa sanguinolenta, Tenim. PI. Vol. iii. pi. 221. fig. 2 (182.S).
Estrelda sanguinoleuta, Stvains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 190 (1837); Licht.

Nomencl. Av. p. 48 (1854) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 252.
Amadina sanguiuoleuta, Bes Murs, in LefebiTe's Voy. Ali/ss. p. 173

(1845) ; Grai/ S,- Mitchell, Gen. B. ii. pi. xc. figs. 2,' 3 (184'J) ;

Heugl. J. f. 6. 1862, p. 28.
Estrelcla siibflaTa, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. At:

i. p. 4G0 (1850) ; Ha'rtl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 144 (1857) ; Layard, B.

K Afr. p. 200 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 162 ; Gray, Iland-l.

B. ii. p. 51, no. 6713 (1870); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 41;

Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 360 (1881); Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 529;

Shelley, t. c. p. 555 ; Sharpe, eel. LayarcVs B. S. Afr. pp. 469, 849

(1884); Fischer ^- Beichen. J. f. O. 1884, p. 178; Shelley, Ibis,

1886, p. 334 ; icl. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 32.
Sporajginthus subflavus, Cab, Mus. Hein. i. p. 170 (1850) ; Ileugl.

J.f. O. 1863, p. 19; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr., App. p. cxxxvii (1870).
Pytelia mitcbelli, Beichenh. Singv. p. 24, Tat', xviii. figs. 161, 162

(1861).
Spura?giuthus miniatus, Hciigl. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 167.
Estrelda subflava orien talis, Ilem/l. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 11.
Habropvga subflava, Hetigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 609 (1870); Sharjje,

Cat. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871) ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 71.
Pytelia subflava. Buss, J.f. 0. 1869, p. 78.

Zonasgintlius subflavus, Beichen. Mitth. Afrik. Ges. i. p. 6 (1880).
Ortygospiza polyzona, Butler, Feilden, ^ Beid, Zoologist, 1882, p. 300.
Pytelia saoguinolenta, Bohm, J.f. O. 1885, p. 69,

Aclult male. General colour above olive-brown , rump and upper
tail-coverfs crimson ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard- wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky, externally edged with olive-
brown ; tail-feathers dusky, edged with olive-brown, the centre ones
entirely of the latter colour, the outer ones fringed with white at
the ends ; crown of head like the back ; lores and a broad eyebrow
dark crimson ; feathers below eye and sides of face orange-yellow,
the ear-coverts washed with ashy olive, as also the hinder cheeks ;
fore part of cheeks and throat orange-yellow, the throat washed
with scarlet on the lower part, which with the fore neck and re-
mainder of under surface is scarlet or vermilion ; the sides of body
ashy olive or barred with ashy olive and pale red ; thighs olive ;
under tail-coverts scarlet ; under wing-coverts ashy olive, with
whitish edges ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge : " bill
scarlet, black along the culmen and symphysis ; feet fleshy ; iris
red " (W. A. Forbes)). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-3, wing
1-65, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the want of the red

31. SPOKJEGINTHUS. 325

eyebrow and sides of face, the latter being dark ashy olive-browa
like the head ; under surface of body yellow, not scarlet, except on
the under tail-coverts. Total length 3"5 inches, culmen 0'35, wing
I'T, tail I'io, tarsus O'-i.

Yuuiu/ males are not so scarlet underneath as the old birds, but
are yellow like the females.

Hub. The greater part of the Ethiopian Region, but apparently
locally distributed.

a. Ad. St. Natal. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Umlazi Elver, Natal {T. Shelley Coll.

Z. Ay res).

c. Ad. sk. Natal {T. L. Ai/res). Seebohui Coll.
<f, e. cJ ;/. 2 ad. sk. Newcastle, Sept., Feb. Shelley Coll.

{Vapt. Saoile Reid).
g. (S ; /*, i. 2 ^^-i Potcbefstroom, Transvaal, J. H. Guruey, Esq. [P.].

7c, I. Juv.sk. July, Aug., ()ct.{2\Ai/reg).

m. Ad. sk. Potchetstruoui, Oct. 23 Forbes Coll.

(T. Ai/res).
n-s. c? ad. et juv. ; Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emiu Pasha [P.].

t, u, v. 5 ad. sk. March.

tc. Ad. sk. Shonga, 11. Niger, Dec. 1 Forbes Coll.

( IV. A. F.).
.(•. Ad. sk. S. Louis, Senegal (Z. Za- Tweeddale Coll.

fflaize).

4. Sporaeginthus melpodus.

Bengali a joues Oranges, Fiei/l. Ois. Chant, p. 26, pi. 7 (1805).
Friugilla melpoda, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Acit. xii. p. 177 (1817).
Estrelda melpoda, Grci!/, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(J9 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Av.

i. p. 4(30 (1800; ; Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 141 (18.57) ; Cass. Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 138 ; Heine, J. f. O. 1,^00, p. 141 ; Hart!. J.

f. O. 18U1, p. 258 ; ^'Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 482 ; H/wllei/ .^ Buckley,

Ibis, 1872, p. 290; Iieichen.J;f. 0. 1875, p. 41; 8/iarpe i^- Bomier,

Bull. Soc. Zoiil. France, iii. p. 76(1878); Oiistalet, Nouv. Arch.

Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 112 (1S79) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 358

(1881); Forbes, Ibis, 1683, p. 510; iShelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 565 ;

Bdttik. Notes Zeyden Mus. viii. p. 260 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 332.
Frmgilla lippa, Zicht. Mus. BeroL, teste Bp. Consp. p. 468 (1850).
Habropvga melpoda, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 169, note (1850) ; Sharpe,

Cut. Afr. B. p. 66 (1871); Cab. J.f. O. I860, p. 464; Beichen. J.

f. O. 1887, p. 301.
Melpoda lippa, Beichenb. Singv. p. 26, pi. vii. figs. 62-G4 (1861).
Estrilda melpoda, Gray, Hund-l. B. ii, p. 51, no. 6702 (1870).

Adult viale. General colour above light chocolate-brown ; wing-
coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown, edged with chocolate-brown ; upper tail-coverts dark
crimson ; tail-feathers black, the outer feathers edged with ashy
near the ends of the outer web ; crown of head slaty grey, con-
trasting witli the back ; lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-
coverts scarlet ; eyelid whitish ; feathers at base of mandible,

326

cheeks, and sides of neck ashy grey ; throat and fore neck light
pearly grey ; breast and abdomen whitish, with a slight tiuge of red
on the latter ; sides of body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs and under
tail-eoverts also ashy grey ; under wing-coverts ashy, the lower ones
pale isabelline ; axillaries ashy ; quills below dusky, ashy along the
inner edge : " bill scarlet ; legs dark horny ; iris light brown " ( W.
A. Forbes). Total length 3*8 inches, culmen 0*35, wing l*8i), tail
1*6, tarsus 0'5.

Mab. West Africa, from Senegambia to Angola.

a. Ad. st.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

ff. c? ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. cJ ; ni, n. 2 ad.
sk.

West Africa.

Senegal (L. Laglaize).

River Gambia {A. Marche).

Fantee {A. Swanzy).

Fantee.

Abrobonko, Fantee, Jan. 30

{G. E. S.).
Shonga, R. Niger {W. A. F.).
Lokoja, R. Niger ( W. A. F.).
Gaboon.

Gaboon (Du Chailht).
Landana, Congo (i. Petit).

Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharps Coll.
Gould Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Forbes Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Purchased.
Forbes CoU.
Shelley Coll.

32. MUNIA.

Type.
Lonchura, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 94 {nee Schdn.

1801) M. punctulata.

Mania, Hodgs. Asiaf. Researches, xix. p. 153 (1836). M. atricapilla.

Dermophrys, Hudgs. J. A. S. Beng. x. p. 28 (1841). . M. atricapilla.

Donacola, Gould, B. Ausfr. iii. pi. 94 (1842) M. castaneiceps.

Oxycerca, Grag, List Gen. B., App. p. 10 (1842) . . M. punctulata.

Padda, Rekhenh. 8yst. Nat. Taf. Ixxvi. fig. 6 (1850). . M. oryzivora.

Maia, Reiehenh. Syst. Nat. Taf. Ixxvii. fig. 7 (1850). . M. maja.

Oryzornis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 174 (1850) .... M. orjzivora.

Diachmura, Reiehenh. Singv. p. 48 (1861) M. quinticolor.

Tail uf Munia punctrdata.

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon ; Indo-Chinese Region ;
Malayan Peninsula ; Indo-ilalayan Islands and Timor, Flores,
Lombock, to the Papuan Islands and Australia.

32. MTJNiA. 327

Key to the ISpecies.

a. Legs pale, yellow or white ; upper tail-coverts

and tail black ; head black, with a large white
patch on the ear-coverts.
a'. Abdomen rosy pink ; breast and fore neck

light grey oryzivora, p. 328.

b'. Abdomen white ; breast and fore neck drab-
brown fuscata, p. 330.

b. Legs dark ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-

feathers maroon or golden yellow.
c'. Under tail-coverts black.

a". Upper tail-coverts chestnut or deep ma-
roon.
a'". Sides of body white like breast ;

lower breast and abdomen black .... malacca, p. 330.
b'". Sides of body chestnut or brown,
a*. Head white.

«'. Throat and fore neck black, joined

to black of breast and throat .... ferruginosa, p. 332.
6'. Throat white or light brown ; chest

brown ; abdomen black maja, p. 332.

6*. Head black or brown. , „. .• ■,, ^ qqi

c\ Head black < „-„„^„,- „ qq7

( jagori, p. 66 1 .

„ TT 3 1 fonnosana, p. 338.

a\ Head brown {\ • „ \, ooa

I brunneweps, p. o3o.

b". Upper tail-coverts golden or straw-yel-
low or deep orange.
c'". Throat deep chestnut.

c*. Upper tail-coverts and tail golden

straw-colour quinticolor, p. 339.

d^. Upper tail-coverts and tail golden

orange wallacii, p. 339.

d'". Throat black.

e*. Centre of abdomen white.

e". Chest fawn-colour, followed by a
black pectoral band.
a°. Ear-coverts black, with hoary
grey shaft-streaks ; head hoary

grey . eastaneithorax, p. 340.

6'. Ear-coverts black ; head black,

spotted with ashy nigriceps, p. 341.

f^. Chest white Uke breast and abdo-
men ; head black all round .... spectahilis, p. 342.
f*. Centre of abdomen chestnut.

g'. Entire fore neck, breast, and sides
of body tawny rufous ; back

chestnut forbesi, p. 343.

h'. Throat, breast, sides of body, and

back black melfsna, p. 343.

g*'. Centre of abdomen black like the
throat and breast ; sides of body

chestnut grandis, p. 344.

A*. Centre of abdomen black like the
throat and breast ; sides of body
also black ; head hoary grey hunsfeini, p. 344.

328 PLOCEIDiE.

e'" . No black on throat, wlncli is grej' or
■whitish.
i^. Head ashy ; back dark chocolate-
brown ; breast smoky brown ; abdo-
men black caniceps, p. 345.

k\ Head whitish; back pale chestnut;
throat, breast, and abdomen isabel-

line or light tawny buff Jfaviprymna, p. 345.

d' . Under tail-coverts chestnut; upper tail-
coverts maroon ; tail golden yellow ; head
and throat wliitish ; back brown ; breast

and abdomen pale reddish pallida, p. 346.

«'. Under tail-coverts buffy white ; throat deep
chestnut ; sides of body ocellated with

black and white spots jninctuhifa and allies,

c. Legs pale ; upper tail-coverts and tail dusky [pp. 340-352.

blackish; head drab-grey like the hack ; sides
of face and throat black ; fore neck and chest
white, subterminally barred with black .... cahanisi, p. 353.

1. Miinia oryzivora.

The Cock Padda or Eice bird, Edwards, Xat. Eigt. B. i. p. 4],

pi. 41 (1743j.
Le Gros-laee cendr^ de la Chine, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 244, pi. xi. fig. 4

(1766).
Loxia orvzivora, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766) ; Tieill. Ois. Chant.

p. 94, pi. Ixi. (1805); liaffl. Trans. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 314 (1820) ;

Mahn ^ Kiister, Vog. aus Asien etc. Lief. x. Taf. 3 (1821) ; Schl. Sf

Full. Faun. Madacj , Ois. p. 154 (1868).
Le Padda ou I'Oiseau de riz, Bi/f. Hist. Kat. Ois. iii. p. 463 (1 775).
Le Calfat, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 371 (1778 j.
Grosbec de la Chine, Daubeiit. PL Enl. iv. pi. 152. fig. 1.
Java Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 129 (1783).
l!ed-eyed Bunting, Lath. t. c. p. 210 (1783).
Emberiza calfat, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 887 (1788).
Loxia javensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 850 (1788) ; Sparrm. Mus. Cnrls.

fasc. iv. pi. 89 (17f<9).
Coccothraustes oryzivora, Vieill. N. Diet. (Tllist. Nat. xiii. p. 545

(1817).
Fringilla orvzivora, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 (1820) ;

Swains. Zool. lUustr. iii. pi. 156 (1822-23).
Amadina orvzivora, StricM. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 ; Blyth, J. A. S.

B. XV. p'285 (1846); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 118 (184V0 ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 309 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 65, no. 6776

(1870) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 67, 107 (1879).
Munia orvzivora, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 451 (1850) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861,

p. 45 ; 'F. Newton, t. c. p. 115; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219; Hartl.

P.Z.S. 1867, p. 826; id. Vog. Madag. p. 404 (1877); Shelky,

Ibis, 1886, p. 312 ; Bartlett, Monoyr. Weaver-B. pt. i. (1888).
Oryzornis oryzivora. Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. 174 (18oOj ; id. in Von der

Decken's Peis. iii. p. SO (18l.9j ; Finsch i^- Hartl. Tog. Ostafr.

p. 483 (1870) ; Shcape, Cat. Afr. B. p. 68 (1871).
Padda orvzivora, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. F.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 504

(1850); 3Ioore, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 443; Peiehenh. Sinyv. p. 42,

pi. XV. figs. 135-139 (1861) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486 : Melliss,

32. MUNiA. 329

Ibis, 1870, p. 100; S^v^nh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385; Wald. Tr. Z. S.

viii. p. 72 (1872) ; Hume, Nesfs S^- Egqs Lid. B. p. 454 (1873) ;

Smker,J. f. O. 1874, p. 19; Salvad. 't'cc. Born. p. 203 (1874);

Wakhn, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 207 (1875) ; Tiveedd. Ibio, 1877, p. 317;

Drivid ^- OusfAd. Ois. Chine, p. 344(1877); Legge, Birds of Ceylon,

p. 646(1879); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 132; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 344; Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, p. 153 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.

Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 222 (1885), xlvi. p. 87 (1887).
Pcadda verecunda, Eeichenb. Singv. p. 41, Taf. xv. fig. 133 (1861).
Oryzivoia leucotis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 359 (1863).
Speimestea ovyzivora, Euss, Stubenv. p. 136, Taf. viii. fig. 33 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above delicate blue-grey ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts black : wiug-coverts like the back ;
bastard -wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, narrowly edged with
grey, the inner secondaries entirely blue-grey, like the back ; tail-
feathers black ; crown of head glossy black as far as the nape, where
the black is sharply defined ; lores and eyelid black ; sides of face,
ear-coverts, and cheeks pure white, forming a large patch, which is
girt by a narrow black line ; chin and upper throat black ; re-
mainder of throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast delicate blue-
grey ; abdomen, sides of bodj-, and flanks clear vinous ; thighs and
under tail-coverts white, with a slight tinge of vinous ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale vinous, the edge of the wing blue-grey ;
quills below ashy, paler along the inner edge : " bill and eyelid rosy
pink, shading to a delicate rosy white towards the tip ; feet pale
pink ; iris dull lake " ( W. Davison). Total length 5-4 inches, cul-
men 0'65, wing 2-65, tail 1"9, tarsus O'T.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-4 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 2-65, tail 1-75, tarsus O'T.

Bab. Java, Sumatra, and Malacca. Introduced into many other
countries.

a. Ad. sk. Japan. Goidd CoU.

b, c. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Tenasserim. J. C. D. Packman, Esq.

[P.].

e. Ad. sk. Malacca (Cantor). India Museum.
/-/. J; m-t. 2 Singapore Island, Jan., Hume CoU.

ad. sk. Peb., Aug., Sept. ( W.

Daiison).

u. Ad. ; V, w. Juv. Java. Tweeddale Coil.

sk.

X. (S ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Java {Ilorsfield). India Mas.

s. Juv. sk. Lain pong, Sumatra (E. Tweeddale Coll.

C Bu.cton).

a', b'. (S ad. ; c . 2 Lombock. Wallace Coll.

juv. sk.

d'. Ad. sk. Labuan. Sir Hugh Low [C.].

e'. Ad. sk. Labuan {H. Low). Tweeddale Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Banjermassing, Borneo Wallace Coll.

( J. Motley),
g', h', i'. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon, Sept. Tweeddale Coll.

{Maitlund-Heriot).

3.

W

pi.oceiim:.

k\

Ad. ; I'. Juv.

Amoy, Sept., Oct. (ff.

Seebohm Coll.

8k.

Sicinhoe).

m'

'. Jut. sk.

Seychelles.

Sharpe Coll.

n'.

Ad. sk.

Mauritius.

Zool. Society.

o'.

. Ad. sk.

Zanzibar {Sir J. Kirk).

Sharpe Coll.

P'

. Ad. sk.

Pangani {Sir J. Kirk).

Shelley Coll.

9 ■

Var. sk.

Forbes Coll.

r.

Var. sk.

Riocour Coll.

2. Munia fascata.

Loxia fuscata, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 95, pi. Ixii. (1805).
Coccothraustes fuscata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JIist. Nat. xiii. p. 545 ( 1 81 7).
Amadina fuscata, Graj/, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 55, no. 6777 (1870).
Munia fuscata, B^y. Consi). Av. i. p. 451 (1850) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 486 ; Bartlett, Monngr. of Weaver-Birds, part iii. (1889).
Oryzornis fuscata, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174, note (1850).
Padda fuscata, Reichenb. Singr. p. 43, pi. xv. fig. 140 (1861) ; Salvad.

Vcc Born. p. 224 (1874).
Rpermestes fuscata, Buss, Stuhenv. p. 142 (1879).

Adult male. Light chocolate-brown, inclining to dull ashy on the
lower rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and inner secon-
daries a little duller chocolate than the back ; quills blackish brown,
externally washed with chocolate-brown ; tail-feathers blackish ;
crown of head dusky black, becoming chocolate-brown towards the
nape ; lores and eyelid black ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and
ear-coverts white ; chin and upper throat black ; remainder of
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and upper breast light chocolate-
brown ; the remainder of the under surface of the body white,
which is separated from the brown chest by a band of black ; under
wing-coverts white ; quills dusky below, ashy isabelline along the
inner web. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-45,
tail 1-65, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4 7 inches,
culmen 0-o5, wing 2-45, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. Timor.

a, b, c. Ad. sk.

d. 5 ad. sk.

e. $ ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
g. c? ad. sk.

E. Timor.
Seniao, Timor.
Timor Coupong.
Timor {Wallace).
Timor.

3. Munia malacca.

Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Forbes Coll.

The Chinese Sparrow, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 49. pi. 53. fig. 1,

nee fig. 2 (1738).
White-breasted Indian SpaiTOW, Edicards, Gleanings, iii. p. 301,

pi. 355. fig. 2 (1764).
I.e Gros-bec de Java, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 237, pi. xiii. fig. 1 (1760).
Loxia malacca, Liiin. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766) ; Gm. Sgsf. Nat. i.

p. 851 (1788).
Le Jacobin, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 468 (1775); Tieili. Ois.

Chant, p. 83, pi. 52 (1805).

32. MUsiA. 331

Giosbec de Java dit de Jacobin, Dauhent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 130. fig. 3.

Loxia jacobin, P. Z. <S'. Mull. S. X., Anhang, p. 151 (1776); Cass.
Proc. PhUad. Acad. Ib64, p. -Ib-I.

Malacca Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 140 (1783).

Coccotbraustes malacca, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 532
(1817).

Spermestes malacca, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 27 (1840).

Amadina malacca, 8trickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 ; Bli/th, J. A. S. B.
XV. pp. 36, 285 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Kelaart,
Prodi:, App. p. 125 (1852) ; Layard, Ann. Sf May. Xat. Hist. (2)
xiii. p. 258 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6758 (1870) ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 60
(1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 71 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 402
(1883) ; Taijlor, t. c. p. 462 (1887) ; Terry, t. c. p. 478 (1887).

Munia malacca, Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 116 (1849); Bp.
Consp. Av._ i. p. 452 (pt.) (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.I.
Co. Mus. ii. p. .507 (1856) ; Reichenb. Sinqv. p. 39, pi. xiv. fio-s. 121,
122 (1861) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 352 (1863) ; Holdsu: P. Z. S.
1872, p. 464 ; Hume, Xests S,- Eggs Lid. B. p. 443 (1873) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Born. p. 206 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 39 (1878) ; Ball,
t. c. p. 222; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 652 (1879); Bartlett,
Mmiogr. Weaver-B. pt. iii. (1889).

Dermopbrys malacca. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174 (1850).

Spermestes braccata, Licht. Xomencl. Av. p. 49 (1854).

Spermestes malaccensis, Russ, Stuhenv. p. 169, Taf. vi. fig. 31 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, deepening towards
the lower back and rump aud upi)er tail-coverts, which are maroon,
with a wash of golden on the latter ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills dusk}- brown, edged externally with chestnut : tail-feathers
dusky brown, externally golden orange ; head all round, throat, and
chest black ; remainder of under surface of body white, the centre
of the breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ; under
wing-coveits white, mottled with chestnut along the edge of the
wing ; quills dusky brown below, ashy rufous along the inner edge
of the wing : " bill pale lavender ; feet leaden blue ; iris dark brown."
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4.5, wing 2-2, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-1 inches,
culmen 0"45, wing 2-1. tail 1-25, tarsus 0'65.

As far as I can judge there is no seasonal cbange of plumage in
this species, though some specimens show a few dusky or blackish
edgings to some of the white feathers of the breast adjoining the
black abdomen.

Young. Eeddish brown, the head more dusky brown ; wing-
coverts like the back ; quills dusky, externally reddish brown ; tail-
feathers dark broM'n ; sides of head dusky brown, as also the cheeks ;
under surface of body isabelline buff, more ashy on the throat and
whiter on the chin.

Hab. Southern and Central India, and Ceylon.

a.

Ad. sk.

Ceylon.

Gould Coll.

h,

c. d 2 ad. sk.

BaduUa district, Dec. 'IQ, 1886
( S. Chapman).

Tweeddale Coll.

d.

Ad. sk.

Aujango, Travancore.

Hume Coll.

e.

S ad. sk.

Vellarnev Lake, Travancore,
June 21 (F. Bourdillon).

Hume Coll.

332 PLOCEID^.

/. Ad. sk. Malabar Coast. Hume Coll.

g, h. Ad. sk. Coorg. Tweeddale Coll.

t. J ad. sk. Bangalore, Sept. 22, 1874 Hume Coll.

(F. Cuiissynaker).

k. c? ad. sk. Baugalore, Sept. '22, 1874 MajorC. T.Bingham

(F. Couss maker). [P.].

In-u. cJ ad. sk. Madras, March. Hume Coll.

V. Ad. sk. Madras {T. C. Jerdon). Gould Coll.

IV. (S ad. sk. Pothanore, Oct. 24 {A. G. It. Huuie Coll.

Theobald).

X. Ad. sk. Mysore (F. Day). India Mus.

y-f. c? ad. etjuv. ; Belgaum, July-Uct. {E. A. Hume CoU.

g'-l . 2 ad. sk. Butler),

m. 5 ad. sk. Buudara district, Central Pro- Hume Coll.

■vinces, July (F. Blewitt).

n, d. Ad.sk. Raipur, July {F. Blewitt). Hume Coll.

I)' . Ad. sk. Tndia. Riocour Coll.

-i. Munia ferruginosa.

Loxia ferruginosa, Sjxirrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. iy. pis. 90, 91 (1789);

Sundev. Vrit. om Sparrtn. p. 14 (1857).
Frinfilla maja {nee Linn.), Morsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 162

(1S20).
Fringilla maianoides, Te7nm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 500. fig. 3 (1830).
Amadina ferrugiuea. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
Munia ferruginosa, Blyt/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. p. 116 (18J9) ;

lieichenb. Singv. p. 4l, pi. xv. figs. 134,135(1861); Nicholson,

Ibis, 1881, p. 152; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv.

p. 219 (1885).
Munia ferrugiuea, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 451 (18-50).
Dermophrys ferrugiuea, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 174, note (1850).
Amadiua ferruginosa. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6756 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to M. maja, but very much deeper chestnut,
and distinguished by its entirely black throat and fore neck ;
remainder of under surface of body deep maroon, the centre of the
breast, abdomen, thighs, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts black :
" iris black" {H. 0. Forbes). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-45,
wing 2-05, tail 1"3, tarsus 0-6.

Hab. Java.

a. Ad. sk. Java {Dr. Ilorsfeld). India Museum.

h, c. Ad. sk. Java. . Tweeddale Coll.

d, e. J ad. sk. Batavia, Feb. 23 {S. O. Forbes). Forbes Coll.

5. Munia maja.

Malacca Grosbeak, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 202, pi. 306. fig. 1

(1760).
Le Maia de la Chine, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 212, pi. ix. fig. 2 (1760) ;

Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 109. tig. 1.
Loxia maja, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 301 (1766) ; G?n. Syst. Nat. p. 849

(1788).
Le Maian, Month Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 107 (1778); Vieill. Ois.

Chant, p. 87, pi. 56(1805).
White-headed Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syu. ii. pt. i. p. 151 (178.3).

32. MUNiA. 333

Fringilla maja, Bochl Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 7 (1783); Llcht Vev

Boubl. p. 26 (1«L'3).
Loxia leucocepliala, Baffl. Trans. Linu. Soc. xiii. p. 314 (1S22).
Amadina maja, li/i/fh, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 949 (1844), xv. pp. 36 285

(1846) ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849J ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p 54

no. 6754 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 66.
Miinia maja, i?/?/</i. Cat. B. Mus. As. .S'oe. p. 116 (1849) ; Bp Coruyj

Av. i. p. 451 (1850) : Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co.

11. p. 505 (185()); Keichenh. Singu. p. 40, pi. xv. fio-s. 1.30-132

(1861); StoUczha, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 329 (1870); jfahlen, Ibis,

18/1, p. 177 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 460 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tiidschr.

Aederl. Lid. xliv. p. 218 (1885), xlvi. p. 87 (1887).
Dermophrys maja, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 174 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above dull chestnut-brown ; rump
and upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, the latter inclining to deep
crimson ; tail-feathers blackish, with deep crimson edges to the
centre ones; wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with
the same colour as the back ; head all round and throat white, the
hind neck white, washed with brown, as also the centre of the
throat, which is chocolate-brown ; the centre of the breast and
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ; sides of the breast
and Hanks deep chestnut : under wing-coverts tawny buff ; quills
dusky, chestnut along the inner web : " bill very pale blue, whitish
towards the tip and along the commissure ; feet and claws very
dark plumbeous; iris dark brown "(TF. Davison). Total length
4-1 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 4
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-1, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-55. °

Young. Entirely brown, inclining to ochreous brown on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; quills and tail-feathers brown, edged with
the same colour as the back ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and
under surface of body pale tawny buff, lighter on the throat' and
centre of the body.

The young birds moult directly into the red plumage of the adult,
but the head, throat, and chest are smoky brown, leaving only a
little white on the face and chin ; there is very little black on the
abdomen compared with the adult, at least in the females. Whether
the adults moult into a seasonal plumage, I am unable to find out
from our series.

Hah. Malayan Peninsula, from the WeUesley Province south-
wards. Sumatra. Java.

a, b. Ad. ; c. Juv. Welleslev Province, Malacca, Hume Coll

sk- Nov. 27 (F. Stoliczka).

d, e. S ad. sk. Perak, Feb., Mav {H. Kelham). Forbes Coll

f-g. c? ad sk. Peuang, July ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

h, I, Jc Ad. sk. Penaug (Dr. Cantor). ludia Museum.

l-y. d ad. et piv. ; Klang, Salangore, Feb.-April, Hume Coll
_^ z-h. $ ad.sk. Aug., Oct. (TF. Damson).

t,k. $ ad. sk. Jerome, Salangore, Aug. ( W. Hume Coll.
DatHso?i).

334 PLOcEid,

/', m'. S ad. sk. Gunong Piilai, Jahore, March, Hume Coll.

July (Ti^. D.).
n'-q'. 2 ad. etjuv.; Singapore, Sept. (W. D.). Hume Coll.

r'-v'. (S ad. et

juv. sk.

10 -f". 6 ad.

et

Singapore Island, Jan., Feb.,

Hume Coll.

juv.; g"-x".

?

Aug., Sept. (Xr. IJ.).

ad. et juv. ek.

y". Juv. sk.

Aclieen, Sumatra, Feb. 4,
( W. D.).

1873

Hume Coll.

s". Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Wallace Coll.

a", c? ad. sk.

Sumatra {A. B. Wallace).

Tweeddale Coll

V". Ad. sk.

Sumatra (C. -BocA;).

Tweeddale Coll.

c'". Juv. sk.

Lampong {E. C. Bu.vton).

Tweeddale Coll.

d'". Ad. sk.

Java {Horsfield).

India Museum.

«'". Ad. sk.

Java.

Kiocour Coll.

6. Munia atricapilla*.

Loxia atricapilla, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 84, pi. 53 (1805).
Coccothraustes atricapilla, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xiii. p. 534

Munia rubronigra, Hodgs. Asiat. Researches, xix. p. 153 (1836) ;

Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 116 (1849); Horsf. <^ Moore, Cat.

B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 507 (1856) ; Reichenb. Siiigv. p. 39 (1861) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 253 (1863) ; Godicia-Austen, J. A. S. Beng.

xxxix. p. 110 (1870); Stoliczka, t. c. p. 329; Walden, Ibis, 1871,

p. 177 ; Holdsxe. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464 ; Latjard, P. Z. S. 1673,

p. 205 ; Blyth S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 92 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. v.

p. 39 (1877) : Oafes, t. c. p. 160 (1877) ; Himie (^ Davison, Str. F.

vi. p. 401 (1878); Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 222; Cri}}ps, t. c. p. 293;

Leqqe, B. Ceylon, p. 652, note (1879) ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 193

(1880).
Lonchura melanocephala, McCIell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163.
Spermestes melanocephala, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 307. fiffs. 4, 5 (uos. 322, 323) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84

(1844) ; Blyth, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 166 (1843).
Munia malacca, Gray, Cat. Blamm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 106

(1846).
Munia sinensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 444 ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 39,

Taf. xiv. figs. 123, 124(1861); Swi7^h. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385;

Davids,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 343 (1877).
Donacola atricapilla, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 171.
Amadina atricapilla, Gray, Handel. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6759 (1870) ;

Hume, SYr. F. viii. p. 66 (1879) ; Oat.es, Handb. B. Brit. B. i.

p. 366 (1883).
Munia atricapilla, Hume, Nests 4' Eggs Ind. B. p. 444 (1873) ; id.

Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874), iii. p. 155 (it>75) ; Anderson, Zool. E.vped.

* It is possible that the ' Chinese Sparrow ' of Edwards is also intended for
the present species ; but Edwards's figure is inaceui-ate, tlie under tail-coverts
beine represented as chestnut. The name, too, is misleading.

The Chinese Sparrow, Edwards, Xat. Hi^'t. B. i. p. 43, pi. 43 (1743).

Le Grosbee de la Chine, Biis.^. Oni. iii, p. 23.t (1760).

Loxia nialacoa, var. (i, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1788).

Amadina sinensis, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hatid-L B. ii. p. 54,

no. 6760 (1870).
Munia malacca. pt., Bp. Consp. i. p. 452 (1850).

32. iiUNii. 335

Yun-nan, Birds, p. 598 (1878) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Ind. xliv. p. 220 (1885).
Amadina rubronigra, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; Scidbj, t. c.
p. 332; Vidal, Str. F. i^. p. 71 (1880); Heid, Str. F. x.'p. 55
(1881) ; Gates, t. c. p. 232 (1882) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 272 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above light rufous or chestnut, the
wing-coverts like the back ; quills dusky brown, extern aUj- chest-
nut, the inner secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; rump and
upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, the latter with a slight golden
gloss ; tail-feathers brown with deep orange margins ; head and
neck all round, throat, and fore neck glossy black ; remainder of
under surface of body chestnut, the centre of the lower breast,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts
pale tawny buff, the edge of the wing chestnut : " bill pale leaden
blue; legs and toes dark bluish plumbeous ; iris dark brown " (J".
Sculhj). Total length -l-o inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*1, tail 1-35,
tarsus 0'6.

Although, at first sight, a considerable difference is apparent be-
tween a Malacca)! and a Himalayan specimen of the Eufous-and-
black Weaver-Finch, there are many specimens which are thoroughly
intermediate between these two forms, especially in the Burmese
provinces. The grey mottling on the mantle appears to be a decided
character of the Malayan race, but it is less developed in some of
the Tenasserim birds, and it is by no means certain that the Hima-
layan birds do not possess a similar stage of plumage. After the
moult it is evident that the mantle of Malaccan specimens is much
more uniform, for instance in August, than it is in B'ebruary, when
the grey mottling on the mantle is very distinct ; the latter may be a
sign of breeding-plumage.

The following is a description of a pair from Malacca : —

Adult male. Similar to the Himalayan form, but smaller, with less
black on the abdomen nnd with boaiy-grey edges to the feathers of
the mantle, which is slightly mottled : " bill leaden blue ; feet dark
plumbeous; iris dark brown" (E. W. Oates). Total length 3-7
mches, culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-6.

Adidt female. Similar to the male. Total length 3-8 inches,
culmen 0'45, wing 2, tail 1"3, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Brown, more or less tinged with chestnut, especially on
the wing-coverts ; head and sides of face ashy brown ; cheeks,
throat, and underparts ochreous buff, inclining to hoary white on
the former.

The adult plumage is gained at once by a moult, but there seems
to be no seasonal change in the species.

Eah. Himalayas and Central India to the Burmese countries and
the Malayan Peninsula.

a. M. rid)ronigra.

a-e. c? ad. ; /. N.W. Himalayas. Pinwill Coll.

Juv. sk.
(/. Ad. sk. Dehra Donii. Hume Coll.

336

PL0CEIDJ3.

h. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. St.

k, I. Ad. ; m, n.

Juv. sk.
0, p, q. Ad. sk.
»•-«. Ad. ; v-w. 5

juv. sk.
X, y. Ad. sk.
z-e\ Ad. sk.

/I. Ad. sk.

g\ h\ 6 juv.,$

ad. sk.
{}. (S ad. sk.
A;^ l\ Ad. sk.

?«'-2\ c^ ad. ; r^,
s\ 5 ad. sk.

t\ Ad. sk.

m\ y'. c? ad. sk.

w^. S juv. sk.

a-\ y\ z\ S ; «',
h\ e^ $ ad. et
juv. sk.

d^, e\f~. 6 ; g-,

h\ 2 ad. sk.
{\ Ti\ Ad. sk.
l\ Ad. sk.
TO^ c? ; w^ '>^ $ ;

p'. Juv. sk.

?^ Ad. sk.
»-^, s''. Ad. sk.
(', vr, v^. S ; '<-""

2 ad. sk.
.r^-f^. S ad. et

juv.; <Z3. 5

juv. sk.
^■/='. Juv. sk.

Dehra Dhoon.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of M. nibrimif/ra.)
India Museum.
JIume Coll.

Nepal (B. H. Hochjson).

Nepal VaUey, June, Sept. (J.

Scully).

Sikhiiu. Hume Coll.

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April Hume Coll.

(Z. Mandc'IH).
Assam (/. McClelland). India Museum.

(Type of L. mrlanocephala.)
Shillong, July {J. Cvckhurn). Hume Coll.

Shillong, June {A. W. Chonnell).
Near Sadhyia, April, June (J.

Cockhurn).
DiLrughur, July, Sept. (J. H.

Cn'pps).
Mymensiug.

Caehar, Feb. (J. Ini/Us).
Cacliar, March {J. Iiu/lis).
Sylhet, Jan. {A. 0. H.).

Manipur, May i^A. 0. H.).

Dacca.

Tippera.

Sumbulpur, Central Provinces.

/5. M. atricapilla.

Upper Burmali.

Mungla, Sanda Valley, July.

Tonghoo, May, Oct. {U.

W. R.).
Pegu, Jan. to May.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Saigon, Cocbiu China, Aug.
</',Vi3, js. tS ad. et Kaukaryit, Tenasserim, Jidy,

juv. ; B. $ ad. sk. Sept.'( /. Darling),
l^. 2 ad. sk. Kaukaryit, May.

m'. 2 ad.sk. Yeaboo, March (TF. Ua^'jon).

M^-y^cJad.etjuv.; Mergui, June, July (7F. -D.).
tc^. 2 ad. sk.

Perak, May 2.3 {H. Kelham).
Province ' Wellesley, Malacca,

Nov. 25 (F. Sfoliczka).
Penang {Dr. Cantor).

a^. Ad. sk
y^. (S ad. sk.

s'-o'*. Ad. et juv.

sk.
b*-s\ S ad. ; t*-b\

5 ad. etjuv.sk.
c5. (S ad. sk.
d\ S ad. sk.

Hi

Klang, Salangore, Feb., March,

May, Aug. ( W. Davison).
Johore, March ( W. Davison).
Singapore Island, Feb. (XT'. D.).

Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Iluuie Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Dr. Jerdon [P.].
Dr. Anderson [C.J.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gates Coll.

M. E. Pierre [P.].
Hume Coll.

Major C. T. Bing-
ham [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Forbes Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

H ume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

32. MUNiA. 337

7. Munia jagori.

Munia (Dermophrys) jagori, Cah. in Mus. Berol. ; Martens, J. f. O.

18G0, p. 14.
Dermophrys jagori, Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 316.
Amadina jagori. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6766 (1870).
Amadina miniita, Gray, t. c. p. 55, no. 6761 (1870).
Munia jagori, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 207 (1875) ; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 667 (1875) ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc.

2nd ser. i. p. 353 (1876) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 549, 690,

764; id. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 288, 343, 710, 951 ; id. Rep. Voy.

' Challenger,^ Zool. ii. p. 22 (1880) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi.

p. 192 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 437 (1881); Wardlaw

Ramsay, Ticeeddale Mem. p. 654 (1881).
Muuia atricapilla {nee V.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 202.

Adult male. Similar to M. atricajnlla, but witii mucli more
extended black patch on the bell)^ this black extending nearly to
the throat, and leaving a very narrow chestnut band between ;
head and throat deep black : " bill pale grey ; feet dark grey ; iris
brown " (A. Everett). Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2,
tail 1*4, tarsus 0-G.

Adult female. Similar to the male : " bill pale bluish grey ; leg8
darker grey ; iris red-brown " (A. Everett). Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1*25, tarsus 0-55.

Probably identical with M. jagori is Munia minuta of Meyen*,
but the figure is so absolutely unlike any of these Black-headed
Weaver-Finches that I am obliged to leave the species unidentified,
as was also Lord Tweeddale. There are several specimens of black-
headed Munice from the Philippines in the Tweeddale collection
which show somewhat of a brown head, but a complete gradation
between the two forms appears to take place.

Hah. Philippine Islands.

a. $ ad. sk. San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 1877 Tweeddale Coll.

{A. Everett).

b,c. c? 5 ad. sk. Cebii, April (A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll.

d, e. S ad. sk. Cebu, March {A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

/. c? ad. ; (j,h. <^ S.Leyte, July, Sept. {A.H.E.). Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk.

i. d ad. sk. N. Bohol, Oct. {A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll.

k, I, m, n. (S ad. Valencia, Negros, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.

et juv. ; 0. $ {A. H. E.).

ad. sk.

p. 2 ad. sk. Dumaguete, Negros, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.

[A. H. E.).

q. <S ad. sk. Dumaguete, Aug. {A. H. E.). Forbes Coll.

* Munia minuta.
Fringilla minuta, Meyen, y. Acta Acad. Cas. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. x\i.

Siqjpl. p. 8fi, pi. xxii. fig. 2(1834); Martens, J.f. 0. 18(5(i, p. 14.
Munia minuta, Walden, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 208 (1877).
Hah. Manila.

338 PLOCEID^.

r. c? ad. sk. Butiian, N. Mindanao, May Tweeddale Coll.

(A. H. E.).
s, t. (S 2 ^d. sk. Placer, S. Mindanao, July Tweeddale Coll.

(A. H. E.).
u. V. (J 2 ^d. sk. Zamboanga, Mindanao. Voy. H.JI.S. ' Chal-

lenger.'
(/•, .r, y. (^ ad. et Zamboaug-a, Marcb (A. II. E.). Tweeddale Coll.
imm. ; z. $ ad.
sk.
«'. S ad.sk. Taguso, Palawan, July. J. Whitehead, Esq.

8. Munia formosana.

Mnnia foraiosana, Stcinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 366 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 886 ;
IVahlen, Tra7is. Z. S. ix. p. 207 (1877) ; David. ^- Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 342 (1877) ; Sahud. Orn. Fajntasia etc. ii. p. 438, note (1881).
Amadina formosana, G7-at/, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 55, no. 6764 (1870).

Adult (type of species). Similar to M. atricapilla but duller
chestnut, perfectly uniform above, the black on the belly very much
extended, so as to leave only a little chestnut between the throat and
the black of the breast, but especially distinguished by its smoky-
brown head and neck, the fore part of the crown and sides of face
being blacker : " bill cobalt^blue, deeper on the culmen and gonys ;
i'eet and claws plumbeous, with light yellowish solos and bases ; iris
deep rich brown " (It. SwinJioe). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen
0-45, wing 1-9, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-6.

Bab. Island of Formosa.

a,b. Ad.etjuv.sk. Formosa. (S. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll..

c-h. Ad.etjuv.sk. Formosa, Jan., Feb. (H. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll.

I-/. Ad. sk. Takow, Formosa, Mai eh (H. S.). Seebohm Coll.

in. Ad. sk. Takow, March (i?. S.). Tweeddale Coll.

H. Ad.; 0,2^- Ji-iv- Takow, March {It. S.). Seebohm Cull,

sk. (Types of species.)

Subsp. a. Munia brunneiceps.

P Amadina sinensis, Mutl. ^- Dillw. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 26, pi. 6

(1855) *.
Munia malacca {nee L.), Scl. F. Z. S. 1863, p. 219.
Munia brunneiceps, Waldeti, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 73, pi. ix.fig. 1 (1872).
Munia atricapilla {nee 7'.), Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 205 (1874).

Adult. Similar to M. atricapilla, and apparently without any grey
mottling on the back, the black on the belly strongly marked and
reaching so far up as to leave only a narrow chestnut band between
it and the black of the throat ; the head is sooty black or dusky
chocolate, slightly browner on the hinder head and nape. Total
length 3-9 inches, culmen 0"45, wing 1-9, tail 1'2, tarsus 0"6.

Hub. Borneo and Celebes.

* Although the Bornean specimens examined by me are clearly M. brtnineiceps,
the specimen figured by Wolf on the plate quoted is apparently true M.
atricapilla.

32.

339

«. Ad. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddal^ Poll

l>,c. 6 2 ad. sk. Makassar. ^^Ikce CoU

/• J u^ . .k. Labuan {Sir H. Low). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

9, h. Ad. sk. Lawas River, N. W. Borneo H. ^^Vdtch, Esq
. m . Btirhidge). rp 1 ^

A Ad*V Sarawak, Borueo. Wallace CoU.

K. Ad. sk. Banjermassiog (J. J/o</.y). Tweeddale Coll.

9. Miinia quinticolor.
Loxia quinticolor, VieiU. Ois. Chant, pi. U (1805)
Coccothraustes quinticolor, VieiU. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 538

Amadina ^^^^f^^olov Grmj Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Finsch, Xeu-
Gmnea, p. L6 (I860, pt.) j Gra;/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no! 6783

Munia quinticolor, Bp. Comp. i. p. 451 (1850) ; Wall. P. Z. S. 1863.
p. 400 (pt.). '

^'(imS)''' '1'""*'''°^°'' ^"'c^'^"^- ^^»ffv- p. 48, Taf. xvii. fig. 165

Adidt. General colour above clear chestnut or bay, with indistinct
hoary margms to the feathers; rump and upper tail-coverts glossy
golden yeUow ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back • re-
mainder ot wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally dull chest-
nut ; tail-feathers dusky brown, the centre feathers edged with straw-

h^ndn' l7f'i '^''*''^* °^ ^^' ^"■'g^"^' ^^°^" of head and
hind neck dusky brown, with hoary margins; forehead, lores, sides
ot face, and ear-coverts chestnut, the cheeks and ear-coverts with
whitish shatt-lnies ; throat maroon-chestnut, becoming blacker on
the lower throat; remainder of under surface of body from the fore
neck downwards white: sides of lower back, thighs, and under
ttn^T^ff 't' '^?'"'' ^"^ ""'^'^^ wing-coverts white with a
«X ?r"' n'' ^^^.1°^^^ coverts dusky brown like the under

lotdl length 4-0 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-15, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-65
Another specimen shows none of the pale hoary margins to the"

plumage only.' "''" '''''°'' '"'^ '''''' ^^^ ^^ ^' ^»- °' --«-l
Mab. Timor and Tlores.

/ Ad sk' '^' '■ ^^^' '^- ?•• '^'r':. x> r "^'^^^^'^ Coll.

•; td sk ^•"'°' H- ^- ^f^"''''')- Clould Coll.

f' / Ad sk -^r°' (^- ^- ^«^^«^«)- SeebohmColl.

' '■ ^"^^ '^- I^loi-es-' Wallace CoU.

10. Munia wallacii.

Munia quinticolor, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486 (pt )
Amadiua quinticolor {nee V.), Finsch, Neu-Guinea,^. 176 (1865, pt.).
Adult male. Similar to .1/. ^,uH</oo/oy, but with the rumn and
upper tail-coverts glossy maroon, not yellow : "bill and feet pale

22

3-10 ?XOCEID^.

lead-colonr ; iris dark " (A. R. Wallace). Total length 4-5 inches,
culmcn 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2, tail 1'3, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. Lombock.

a. 2 ad. sk. Lombock. Wallace Coll.

h. tS ad. sk. Lombock {A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll. (Type

of species.)

11. Munia castaneithorax.

Amadina castaneothorax, Gould, Sijn. B. Austr. pt. ii. (1837) ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Uand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6767 (1870).
Donacola castaneothorax, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 94 (1848) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 453 (1850) ; Beichenb. Voq. Neuholl. p. 118 (1850);

id. Singe, p. 27, Taf. viii. figs. 72, 74 (1862); Gould, Handb. B.

Austr.' \. p. 426 (1865); JRamsay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W.i.

p. 54 (1877); id. eyp. cit. ii. p. 187 (1878).
Donac<:)la bivittata, Beichenh. Singv. p. 28, Taf. viii. fig. 75 (1862).
Amadina bivittata, Gray, Hand-l. B ii. p. 55, do. 6769 (1869).
Donacicola castaneothorax, Sharpe, Rep. Voy. ' Alert^ p. 21 (1884) ;

Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) i. p. 1147 (1887) ; id. List

Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above cinnamon-brown, the feathers
obscured by their ashy tips ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts
glossy straw-colour ; wing-coverts cinnamon-brown, tipped with
ashy like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown, edged with cinnamon-brown ; centre tail-feathers
straw-colour, the rest dusky brown with yellowish or light brown
margins ; crown of head and hind neck more dusky than the back,
and obscured by ashy tips to all the feathers ; lores, eyebrow, sides
of face, and ear-coverts blackish, with tiny brown shaft- lines ; cheeks
and throat also blackish, with less distinct pale shaft-lines ; sides of
neck, fore neck, and chest pale cinnamon, followed by a black band
across the breast, which is white like the abdomen ; sides of body
cinnamon, with some white and black bars, the feathers having a
subterminal white bar between two black ones ; flanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
cinnamon-buff; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*15, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the male, except
by a slightly paler coloration and by the black markings on the
flanks less pronounced. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
2-15, tail 1'15, tarsus Goo.

Young. Nearly uniform brown above, a little dusky on the
head, and slightly more fulvous on the lower back and rump ;
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
uniform dusky brown ; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged
with pale brown like the back, the centre tail-feathers somewhat
olive in tint : lores dusky blackish ; ear-coverts and sides of face
brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; throat ashy whitish, mottled with

32. JIUNIA.

341

dusky bases to the feathers ; lower throat and fore neck, as well as
the sides of the body, flauks, and thighs, fulvous-brown ; breast and
abdomen isabelliiie, clearer white on the latter and ou the under
tail-coverts, the latter mottled with black bases ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff.

Young birds gain the adult plumage by the first moult, and speci-
mens are often seen with the throat spotted with black. D. hivittata
of Reichenbach is merely a bird which has not quite completed its
moult !

Hah. Australia.

a. Ad. st.

b, c, d. Ad. sk.
e. ^ imiii. sk.
/. Imm. sk.

g. Ad. ; h. Imm.

sk.
i, k, I. Ad. ; ?h.

Juv. sk.
n. Ad. ; o. Imm.

sk.
p, q. Ad. St.

r. Ad. ; s-v. Imm.

sk.
w. (f ad. sk.

X. j/, z. J ad. ; a',

b'. $ad. .?k.
c'. Ad. sk.
d. cf ad. sk.

Australia.

Australia.

New South Wales.

Richmoud River.

Queensland.

Queensland (J. T. Cockerell).

Cape York.

Cape York,

Thursday Island, Torres Strait,

July 1881 {Dr. Coppinger).
West "Island, Torres Straits,

Oct. 1881 (Dr. Coppinger).
Port Darwin, Oct. 1881 (Dr.

Cojjpinger).
Port Albany (C. Co.ven).
Mabiak, Torres Straits ( O.

lYnscJi).

Dr. Giinther [P.].
Forbes Coll.
Gould Coll.
A. P. Goodwin [C.].
Forbes Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J.B. JiJ£es,Esq.[P.].

J. Macgillivrav, Esq.

[C.].
Yoy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'

Yoy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Yoy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

12. Munia nigriceps,

Donacola nigriceps, Raimay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. i. p. 392

(1877) ; Sharjje, Linn. Soc. Jonrn., Zool. xiii. p. 501 (1877), xiv.

p. 688 (1879) ; Ramscnj, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 289

(1879), iv. p. 100 (1879).
Donacicola nigriceps, Salvcid. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 195 (1880) ;

id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 4-tl (1881) ; Sharpe in Gould's B.

New Guinea. i\. ^\. 2o (1881); id. Linn. Soc. Journ., Zool. xvi.

p. 442 (1882).

Adult. General colour above delicate burnt-sienna, with ashy
shading to the feathers of the back ; the rump and upper tail-coverts
orange, with dusky bases to the feathers ; tail-feathers pointed, dark
brown, with straw-yellow mai-gins, the two centre feathers almost
entirely straw-yellow ; head and nape chocolate-brown, veined with
streaks and spots of ashy whitish, the nape-feathers edged with the
latter colour ; lores, feathers above the eye, entire sides of face,
and throat uniform black ; fore neck and chest entirely pinkish
fawn-colour, forming a large plastron, succeeded by a band of black
across the lower breast ; centre of the body and abdomen pure white ;

342 plockidjH.

the flanks rcjjularly barred with black and white ; thighs and under
tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts buffy white, the edge of the
wing minutely barred with black and white ; wing-coverts above
eienna-brciwn ; quills light brown, externally washed with sienna-
brown, ashy brown below, edged with buff along the inner web :
"legs slate-colour; iris very dark " (^. Goldie). Total length 3'8
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail 1"55, tarsus 0"6.

Considerable difference is observable in a series with regard to
the amount of spotting on the head, but there never seems to be
the uniform ashy-brown appearance which is generally characteristic
of M. castaneithora.v. The sides of the face likewise are always
uniform, with no lines on the ear-coverts.

Young. Nearly uniform brown above, the head rather more dusky
brown ; wing-coverts brown like the back, with slightly paler ends
to the median and greater series ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
uniform dusky brown ; quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged
with the same colour as the back ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts
dark brown, the latter streaked with whity -brown shaft-lines ; base
of cheeks and chin ashy whitish ; throat dark brown, obscured by
whity-brown edges to the feathers ; remainder of under surface of
body pale tawny brown, lighter and more isabelline on the breast
and abdomen ; under tail-coverts isabelline, mottled with blackish
bases ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like the breast ; quills
dusky below, rufous along the inner web.

Hah. South-eastern New Guinea.

a, h. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. H. Broadbent [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Port Moresbv. O. C. Stone [C.].

d, e. Ad. sk. Port Moresby (Goldie). Goidd Coll.
/, g. Ad. ; /*. Juv. Port Moresby (Goldie). Forbes Coll.

sk.
t. Ad. ; J<, I. Juv. Astrolabe Mountains. A. Goldie [C.].

sk.
tn. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains (Goldie). Tweeddale Coll.

13. Munia spectabilis.

Donacicola spectabilis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 449, pi. xxxvii. fig. 2 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 66 ; Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 297; Snlmd. Ann.
Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1881 , p. 537 ; S/mrpe,
in Gotdd'sB. New Guinea, iv. pi. 24 (1881) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia
etc. ii. p. 441 (1881), iii. App. p. 549 (1882); Finsch, Voy. der
Siidsee, p. 14 (1884).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dusky chestnut,
shaded with blackish on the mantle, the rump paler cinnamon ;
upper tail-coverts golden yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts
dull chestnut ; greater coverts and quills blacldsh, externally dull
chestnut ; tail-feathers externally chestnut and washed on the
outer web with golden yellow ; head and hind neck, sides of face,
sides of neck, and throat black ; remainder of under surface of body
from the lower throat downwards white ; sides of lower flanks,

32. MTJNiA. 343

thighs, and under tail-coverts black; under wing-corerts pale fawn-
colour ; quills dusky below, fulvescent along the inner web. Total
length 3'4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1'85, tail 1'2, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Paler than the male, with less dusky black on the
mantle and back, the wing-coverts like the back, with pale creamy-
buff tips to the median wing-coverts ; greater coverts and quilla
dusky blackish, externally dull chestnut ; lower rump and iipper
tail-coverts pale chestnut, not golden ; tail-feathers brown ; head
dusky brown, streaked with black in the centres of the feathers ;
sides of fkce and ear-coverts black with whitish shaft-streaks ; throat
ashy whitish, with blackish bases to the feathers ; remainder of
under surface of body pale fawn-buff : " bill and feet black ; iris
hrown " (G. E. liichards). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0"45,
wing 2, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-6.

Hab. New Britain.

a, b. Ad. sk. New Britain. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

(Types of species.)

c. c? ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. 3, 1880 (J)r. Tweeddale Coll.

0. Fmsch).

d, e, cf $ ad. sk. Blanche Bay, New Britain, Forbes Coll.

June 16 (<?. E. Richards).
fi 9- c? $ ad. sk. New Britain. Dr. Klein?chuiidt

[C.].

14. Munia forbesi.

Munia forbesi, Sd. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 449, pi. xxxvii. fig. 8 ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880) ; Sharpe in GouhVs B. New
Guinea, iv. pi. 23 (1881); Sahad. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 438
(1881), iii. App. p. 549 (1882).

Adult male (type of species). General colour about light chest-
nut, the lower rump and upper tail-coverts deep golden yellow ;
wing-coverts like the back, the quills dusky brown, externally
chestnut ; tail-feathers chestnut, externally golden, the outer ones
dusky, edged with golden ; crown of head and nape, sides of face,
ear-coverts, and throat black ; rest of under surface of body from
the lower throat downwards pale cinnamon-rufous ; sides of lower
flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-
coverts pale fawn-colour ; quills dusky brown, pale rufous along
the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 0'55, wing 2-05,
tail 1-45, tai'sus 0'6.

Hah. New Ireland.

a. (S ad. sk. Topaia, New Ireland, Sept. 1878. Rev. G. Brown [P.].

(Type of species.)

15. Munia luelaBiia.

Munia melfena, Sol. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 06, pi. vii. tig. 2 ; Salvad. Ann.

Mils. Oenov. xvi. p. 192 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 439

(1881).
Munia hemimelaena, Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 66 (lapsu).

Adult (type of species). Black above, washed with chocolate on

34-4 PLOCEID.?:.

the mantle and back, the lower back and rump chocolate-brown,
the latter washed with chestnut; upper tail-coverts deep golden
yellow, with a chestnut tinge ; tail-feathers blackish, externally
golden yellow ; lesser wing-coverts blackish like the back ; re-
mainder of wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with blackish ;
entire head, sides of face, and under surface of body black, the centre
of the abdomen very pale cinnaraon-buff, the sides and flanks
cinnamon-buif, tipped or barred with black ; lower abdomen, thighs,
and under tail-coverts black; under wing-coverts pale cinnamon-
buff. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-05, tail 1-3,
tarsus 0"65.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-1 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail 1*45, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. New Britain.

a. Ad. sk. Kabahadai, New Britain. Rev. G. Brown [C.].

(Type of species.)
b,c. J 2 ad. sk. New Britain, Nov. 1880. Dr. 'Kleinschmidt [C.].

1 6. Munia grandis.

Munia grandis, Sharpe, Lhm. So". Journ., Zool. xvi. pp. 319, 442
(1882) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 426 (1882) ; id. Orn.
Papuasia etc. iii. App. p. 549 (1882) ; Sharpe in Goidd's B. New
Guinea, iv. pi. 22 (1883).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above light bay, the
rump and upper tail-coverts shining straw-yeUow ; least and median
coverts like the back ; greater coverts darker and more chestnut ;
primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally chestnut, the
innermost secondaries entirely of the latter colour ; central tail-
feathers straw-yellow, dark brown along the middle ; remainder of
tail-feathers edged with straw-j^ellow ; entire head and neck all
round jet-black, as well as the breast and entire under surface, with
the exception of a patch of light chestnut on the sides of the breast
and upper flanks ; under wing-coverts and axillaries light reddish,
the lower series ashy rufous ; quills dusky brown below, ashy rufous
along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2-2, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-65.

Hah. South-eastern New Guinea.

a. (S ad. sk. Astrolabe Mountains, S.E. A. Goldie [C.]. (Type

New Guinea. of species.)

17. Munia hunsteini.

Donacicola hunsteini, Finsch, Ibis, 1886, p. 1, pi. i. ; Sharpe in Gould's
B. New Gtiinea, iv. pi. 26 (1888).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above black, the rump
and upper tail-coverts chestnut with a wash of golden yellow ; wing-
coverts black like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills rather paler blackish brown edged with golden ; tail-feathers

32. MUNiA. 345

blackish brown, the centre ones golden towards the ends, like the

Mow the ^e ^I'f^^ ^T. '' '^'' ^''''^'''' lo^-andfeafhe
belou the eje, eyelid, and forepart of cheeks black; ear-coverts
hoary grey hke the head, a shade of the same colour o;erspreadin'
the hinder cheeks ; throat and entire under surface of body velvet?
back; under wing-coverts pale tawny buff, the edge of the wing

' b 11 ^n'd tt r ?'''"^' Pf 'f, '^""^ ^"^ ^^-^g ^he inner e^e :
_ bill and feet black, ins dark" (0. Fhisch). Total len-th ^^-5
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2, tail Mo, tarsus 0-6. "

_ Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total leneth S-5
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-9, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-55. ^

rouug. Erown, without any of the chestnut on the rump and

head '1'^ 'f ; '^^^?' r'^^'^''^'^"^ °^ S'^y ^^-^ ^^i there on Te
head; sides efface, cheeks, throat, and chest dark chocolate-brown
the breast and abdomen isabelline buff.
ffab. New Ireland.

a, /a d ? ad. ; c. $ juv. sk. New Ireland. Dr. O. Finsch [C.].

(Types of species.)

18. Munia caniceps.

^^(?876f ""*''^^'' "'"''■' ^'''"'"i^' P'-'"^- ^"'«- Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 39.3
Munia caniceps, Sakad. Ann. Mas. Genov. ix. p. .38 (1876) • Shame

ooc. i\^. n . 111. p. 289 (18/9); td. op. at. iv. p. 100 (1879)
Donacicola caniceps, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xvi. p. 192 (1880) •
id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 4.39 (1881). ^ <.^° "^ .

wilf ^'ln^'"'I^^ f°^°"'^^°^' ^^'^ chocolate-brown, including the
wings; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright golden
orange, me uding the two middle tail-feathers, the latter with dark-
^Zn T^7= --r^- of tail-feathers blackish, edged M^th
golden ; head and neck all round, including the throa , light ashy

bodvT\^T' ^'''''''^ '''^^''''' '' -^" - '^^ sides of thJ
body smoky brown ; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs and under

etbSord ,' under wing coverts light tawV bfiff ': '' JiU Id
teet black or dark ashy ; ins black » {D' Albertis). Total len-th 3-5
inches culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-6. "

Mab. bouth-eastern New Guinea.

a. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

19. Munia flaviprymna.
Donacola flaviprymna, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845. p. 80 ; >d B Austr

^^lr;. 5^rs (S%f ^"- ^- -• p- ''' ^''''^■' ^^•^«'^^-

Dermophrys flaviprymna, Cab. J/,«. ffein. Th. i. p. 174, note (1850).

"^■ItJ PLOCEID^.

Munia fla\-iprymna, Goxdd, Handh. B. Amtr. i. p. 428 (1866) ;
Eamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 87 (1878) ; id. Tab. List
Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. Chestnut-brown : upper tail-coverts golden ochre ;
tail-feathers brown, with straw-coloured margins: scapulars and
wing-coverts chestnut-brown like the back ; quills dusky brown,
externally edged with chestnut ; head all round hoary grey, whiter
on the throat ; under surface of body creamy buff, tinged with
fawn-colour on the breast ; thighs brown, spotted Avith white ;
under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining isa-
belline buff: "iris dark brown" (J. R. Eheif, iMSS.). Total
length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. Northern Australia, from Port Essington to the Victoria
River,

«• Ad. sk. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

20. Munia pallida.
Munia pallida, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 486, 495.
Donacola paUida, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 175 (1865).
Aniadiua pallida, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 54, no. 6755 (1870).

Adult male. Light brown, with maroon on the rump ; the
head all round, throat, and chest white, suffused with a slight
brown shade, the sides of the fore neck and chest rather pearly
grey; breast and abdomen bright tawny buff; the under tail-
coverts chestnut; no black on the under surface: "bill and feet
light blue ; iris dark " {A. R. Wallace). Total length 4-2 inches,
culmen O'o, wing 2-1, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-6.

Adxdt female. Similar to the male but paler in colour. Total
length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-6.

I/ah. Lombock and Flores.

a,b.cS2 ad. ; c. Lombock. Wallace Coll.

Juv. sk. (Tj-pes of species.)

d. cJ nd.; e.Jnv.sk. Lomhock (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

f. d ad. sk. Flores. Wallace Coll.

21 . Munia pnnctulata.

The Chinese Sparrow (9), AUii7i, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 49, pi. 53.

fig. 2 (1738).
The Gowry Bird, Edumrds, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 40. pi. 40 (1743).
Fringilla punctulata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1760).
Grosbec de Java dit le Domino, Dauhent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 139. fig. 1

(misprinted tig. 2).
Loxia undulata, P. L. S. mill. Syst. Nat, Anhang, p. 151 (1776);

Cass. Pioc. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 252.
Cowry Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. 8yn. ii. pt. 1, p. 142 (1783).
Loxia puuctularia, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 851 (1788).
Lonchura nisoria (nee Temm.), Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 94.
Munia lineoveuter, Hodc/s. Asiai. Res. xix. p. 154 (18361.
Spermestes nisoria {7iec Temm.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 26 (1840).
Spermestes lineoventer, Hodqs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 307. fig. 5 (no. ,324) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

32. MUNiA. 347

Amadina lineoventer, Hay, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 554, note (1845).
Muiiia punctiilaria, Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. etc. Nepal pres. ilodqs,

p. 140 (1846).
Amndiua punctiilaria, Bhfth, J. A. S. B. xv. pp. 37, 285 (1846) ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 270 (1849).
Mimia undulata, Blijth, Cat. B. Mits. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849) ; JTorsf.

Sr Moore, Cat. B. Mns. E.I. Co. ii. p. 606 (1856) ; Jerd. B. hid.

ii. p. 3o4 (1863) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464.
Uroloucha pimctulata, Cah. Mks. Ilein. i. p. 175 (1850).
Amadiua uudukta, /tV/rt«/-i, Prodr. Cat. p. 12o (1852); Layard, Ann.

8f May. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 258 (1854).
Amadina pimctulata. Gray, mmd-l. B. ii. p. 5G, no. 6779 (1870) ;

Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Scully, t. c. p. 332 ; Vidal, Str. F.

ix. p. 71 (1880) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 55 (1881) ; Davidson, t. c.

p. 312 ( 1882) ; Davison, t. c. p. 402 (1883) ; McGregor, t. c. p. 439

(1887) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 463 (1887).
Oxycerca punctulata, Hume, Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 444 (1873).
Munia punctulata, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) ; Fairhank, Str. F.

1876, p. 260, 1877, p. 408 ; Davidson S,- Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 85

(1878) ; Ball, t. c. p. 222 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 293.
Lonchura punctulata, Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 387 ; Ball, Str. F.

1874, p. 420 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 156 ; Butler, t. c. p. 469.

Adult male. General colour above warm chocolate-brown, with
narrow whitish shaft-lines ; the lower back waved with dusky-brown
cross bars ; rump and upper tail-coverts straw-yellow, with a golden
gloss ; tail-feathers dusky brown, glossed externally with straw-
yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, as also the
inner secondaries, all showing white shaft-lines : greater coverts a
little brighter rufous than the back ; quills dusky brown, externally
bright rufous ; head viuoug chestnut, with feebly indicated shafts
lines ; sides of face and throat deep vinous chestnut ; sides of neck
paler, with narrow whitish shaft-lines ; remainder of under surface
of body thickly mottled with white spots, all the feathers being
barred and edged with chestnut on the breast and with blackish on
the sides of the body ; thighs ashy brown, with dusky cross bars ;
centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, the latter
with a buiSsh tinge ; under wing-coverts buff, with a few dusky
cross bars ; the edge of the wing mottled with white ; quills dusky
below, ashy fulvous along the inner web : " bill black ; legs and
feet lavender " {A. 0. Hume, MSS.) Total length 4-4 inches, cul-
men 0-45, wing 2*25, tail 1*65, tarsus 0'6.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*5
inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1-75, tarsus 0"6.

Young. Nearly uniform reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts more
yellowish brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series and
the outer aspect of the quills ruddy brown, the primaries inclining
to chestnut on the outer web ; tail-feathers brown, externally ruddy
brown, the centre ones washed with yellowish brown ; crown of
head and sides of face like the back ; under surface of body deep
ochrcous or sand}" brown, the centre of the breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts white : " bill black ; legs dull lavender ; iris
brown ; orbits bluish slate" {R. G. Wardlaiv Bamsay).

Young birds remain in their uniform plumage from September to

348

PJ.OCEIDa:.

January without any sign of change ; but in the latter month signs
of moulting can be perceived, and in nearly every month from
January to August the young birds are putting on the adult plu-
mage. The back of the freshly moulted young bird is almost with-
out stripes ; but white shaft-lines are very evident on the rump.

The adults appear to have their best plumage in June and July,
the freshly moulted feathers having indistinct pale fringes on the
back ; the white shaft-lines to the feathers are often very faintly
indicated and are sometimes absent altogether from the back, though
the feathers of the rump generally have some white-centred spots
or streaks. During the nesting-season the plumage becomes re-
markably abraded, especially visible in individuals procured from
Jan\iary to March, when they begin to moult.

The feathers of the rump are blackish brown, tipped with pale
yellowish, before which is a bar of blackish brown, which is again
preceded by an ashy bar, in the centre of which the white shaft-line
forms a diamond-shaped spot. The yellow colour increases towards
the upper tail -coverts, which are conspicuously golden or deep straw-
yellow, and this colour pervades the tail.

Feather from lower back of M. punctulata (enlarged).

Hah. The greater part of India and Ceylon, ranging eastwards
into Assam and Cachar, where the range coalesces with that of M.
eubundulata.

a. 2 ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

c, d, e,f. Ad. ; g.

Juv. sk.
A. Juv. sk.
i, k. Ad. sk.
I. 2 ad. sk.
m, n. cJ ad. ; o. 5

juv. sk.
p, q. Ad. ; r, s, t.

Juv. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
V, w, X. Ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a', h', c. 2 ad. ;

d'. cJ imm. sk.

Mount Abu, Sept. 27 l^Dr. G.

King).
Mount Abu.

N.W. Himalayas.

Koteghur.

Simla, July {R- C. Beavan).
Simla, July (J. Biddulpli).
Simla, July, Nov. (A. O. H.).

Masuri, Oct,

Almora, Oct.

Dhoon, Jan.

Dhoon, Jan.

Kaladoongi, Dhoon, Sept. 25.

Jbansi district, Aug., Sept.

Hume Coll.

Colonel E. A.

Butler [C.].
Pinwill CoU.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

32. MUNIA.

349

c'. 5 juv. sk.
f,g'. Ad. etjuY.

sk.
h'-ll . ^ ; m! , n' .

2 ad. sk.
o,p',q'. Ad.;

r', s', t'. Juv. sk.
u', v'. Ad. ; tv', x'.

Inim. sk.
r/', z'. Ad. ; a^.

Imm. sk.
b\ Ad. sk.

c^. Ad. sk.
d^-ff\ Ad.; A^

Juv. sk.
t=-o^ Ad. ; p--s\

Juv. sk.
i^, M^. Ad. ; v'^, lo'^,

x'^. Juv. sk.
y^,z^. Ad.etjuv.sk.
a'-dK Ad. ; e'-g^

Juv. sk.
h\ Ad. sk.
t'-y". J ? ad. et

juv. sk.
w^. Ad. sk.
^•'. Ad. sk.
y\ Ad. sk.
«^, a^. Ad. sk.
6^ cS dK Ad. sk.
e^ Ad. sk.
/*. Ad. sk.
/,/i\dad.; i\kK

5 juv. sk.
/*, cJ ad. sk.

>ra*. 2 juv. sk.
n\ Ad. sk.
o*. Ad. sk.
/>^. cJ ad. sk.

q*. Ad. sk.

r*. Ad. sk.

eS <S uK Ad. sk.

f*, w\ (S 5 ad. sk.

A'-*, y*. 2 ad. ; s*, a\

S 2 juv. sk.
6', c'. Ad. et juv.

sk.
d%e^,f. KA.;g^,

k', i", k\ J uv. sk.
P. Ad. sk.

»n'. 2 ad. sk.

Etawah, Jan. ( TV. E. Brooks).
Sai'un district, March {R. M.

Adam).
Futteligurh district, July {A.

Anderson).
Nepal.

Nepal (-B. H. Hodgson).

Nepal Valley, May, Aug. (/.

Scully).
Mogulserai, Oude, Sept. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Be liar.
Native Sikhim, March, June,

Oct. (Z. Mandelli).
Sikhim, June, July, Oct., Nov.

{L. Mandelli).
Sikhim.

Darjiling.

Bhotan Doars, Jan. (Z. Man-
delli).

Assam {McClelland).

Shillong, July, Sept.-Dec. (/.
Cockbnrn).

ShilloDg, July [A. W. Chennell).

Cachar, July 3 {J. Inglis).

Dacca.

Patua, Oct. 8 (W. E. Brooks).

Dinapur {Stackhouse Pinwill).

Saugor.

Raipur.

Maunbhoom, Jan., July (it!. C.
Beavan).

Godavery Valley, Dec. {W. T.
Blanford).

Khandeish, April {J. Davidson).

Deccan {Col. Sykes).

Matheran, Bombay, Nov. 1.

Belgaum, March 17 {E. A. But-
ler).

Mysore {F. Dag).

Madras.

Madras (R. G. W. R.).

Slope of Nilghiri Hills, July.

Ootacamuud, March, April {W.
Davison).

Coonoor, March (F. Dag).

Coonoor, Sept., Oct. (R. G. W.

R.).
Lower Palaiii Hills, June 17 (S.

B. Fairbank).
Lower Palani Hills, June 12 (<S'.

B. F.).

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hnme CoU.

350 PLOCEID.B.

«'. Ad. sk. Aujango, Tiavancore, Dec. Hiiine Coll.

o'. Ad. sk. Ceylou. T. Thwaites, Esq.

[C.].
p\ 2 ad. sk. Ootta, Ceylou, March 15. Colonel V. Legge

[P.].
q', r\ s\ Ad. ; t', Ceylou {Nevill). Tweeddale Coll.

u^. Juv. sk.
v\ d; w\.vK 2- Ceylon, Nov. {W. Hart). Hume Coll.

ad. sk.

Subsp. a. Munia subundulata.

Munia punctularia {nee Gin.'), Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 263 ; Bh/th 4"

Wald. B. Burm. p. 93 (1875) ; Anders. Zool. Kcped. Yun-nan,

p. 599 (1878).
Munia subuudulata, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 48; Hume,

Str. F. iii. p. 398 (1875) ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 162.
Munia superstriata, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481, note (1874) ; id. Sr

Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 402 (1878).
Munia inglisi, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 39 (1877).
Auiadina subundulata, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; id. Str.

F. xi. p. 272 (1888).
Amadina superstriata, Hume, t. c. p. 107 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 232

(1882).
Amadina inglisi, Hume, t. c. p. 107.
Amadina punctulata {nee L. ), Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 308

(1883).

Adult. The characters wbicb separate tbis race from M. punc-
tulata are extremely sligbt. They consist in the more olive-yellow
shade of the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, and the generally
more ashy black of the flank -barring, which, moreover, is not so
strongly pronounced as in 31. jncnciulata. On the rump the
feathers have not the second subterminal dusky bar which is seen
in the latter species.

Feather from lower back of M. subundulata (enlarged).

M. subundulata is in reality very similar to M. punctidata and
intermediate between ihat species and M. nisoria. It differs from
the former in having the black barring on the sides of the body
much less pronounced, the bars being narrower and more ashy
blackish in tint. The shade of yellow over the rump and upper
tail-coverts is pale straw-yellow with an olive tinge, and a shade of
hoary olive joervades the tail. Of the two forms, M. subundulata
approaches nearest to M. nisoria ; but the yellow shade which is
found on the rump and tail of many specimens shows an approach
to 31. jiunctulata. As a rule the chestnut on the throat is less

32. MUNIA.

351

extended in M. snlunchdata. In Pegu the birda have a great deal
more yellow on the rump and tail, and show a decided approach to
M. punctulata ; but the chestnut on the throat is still restricted
and the bars on the flanks are narrow.

Bab. From Cachar to Manipur, Burmah, and Teuasserim, east-
wards to Cochin China.

a, b. cJ ad. ; c, d,
e,f. Imm. sk.

9-n. c? 2 ad. ; o.
Juv. sk.

p. (S ad. sk.

q, r. Ad. sk.

s-y. c? ad. at juv.

sk. ; z-ff' . 5 ad.

et juv. sk.
h', {', k' . cT ad. et

juv.; I'-p'. 5 ad.

et juv. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.
«', t' . Ad. et niv.

sk. ^

u', v', w'. 2 ad. sk.
■^'S y'- 6 2 ad. sk.
z'. 2 ad. sk.

a", b". cJ ad. sk.

c". (S ad. ; d"-k".

2 ad. et juv. sk.
i", k". c5' ad. sk.

I". 2 ad. sk.
wt", «". c? ad. et

juv. sk.
o". (5 ad. sk.

p''. Imm. sk.

Dibrughur, Assam, May, July, Ilume Coll.

Oct. (J. K Cripps).

Cachar, March, April, July, Hume Coll.

Sept., Oct. (/. In(/lis). "(Types of 31. hiffliti.)

Cachar, March (J. Inff/is). Forbes Coll.

Manipur {IT. If. Godwin-Aus- Tweeddale ColL

ten).

Manipur, Feb.-April (.4. O. H.). Hume Coll.

Tonghoo, Feb., April, May, Oct. Tweeddale ColL
{R. G. W. It.).

Tonghoo (Col. Lloyd).
Rangoon, June {li. G. W. R.).
Basseiu, Pegu.

Pegu, Jul}"^, Aug.

Pegu, Aug.

Kaukaryit, Teuasserim, Sept. 12

(/. Darling).
Schouay Goon, Salween Rivei',

Aug." 8 (i?. e. Beavan).
Moulmein, Dec. and Jan. ( W. D.

^- J. D.).
Moulmein, Oct., Nov. (C. T.

Bingham).
Tavoy, June 13 ( W. Davison).
Thatone, March ( W. D.).

Momien, Yun-nan, W. China,

June.
Saigon, Cochin China, April.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.

Oates Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Dr. J. Anderson

[C.].
M.E.Pierre [P.].

Subsp. /3. Mimia topela.

Munia malacca, Stoinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 61 ; id. Ibis, 18G1, p. 45.
Munia topela, Swinhne, Ibis, 1863, p. 380 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 299 ;

id. Ibis, 1870, p. 3.54 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385 ; David .^- Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 343 (1877).

Adult male. Similar to M. punctulata, but with a shade of ashy
olive over the rump and with the upper tail-coverts and tail shaded
with pale straw-yellow ; the chestnut throat more restricted than
in the Indian species and the barring on the flanks more dusky
blackish : " bill deep bluish grey, approachiog to black ; tarsi and
feet light purplish lead-colour ; iris chocolate-brown " (Sivinhoe).
Total length 4-25 inches, culmeu 0*45, wing 2-15, tail 1-55, tarsus
0-55.

352

The Manipur specimens in the Hume Collection are almost undis-
tinguishable from Chinese and Formosan examples of M. topda, and
several Burmese and Assamese specimens appear to be intermediate,
but the tlank-barriugs are generally very distinct and broad, and the
golden colour on the rump and tail is usually so well-pronounced that
they appear to belong as much to M. pimctulata as to M. suhundalata.
The specimens, however, from these localities form a very strong
connecting-link between the two species.

Uab. Southern China, Formosa and Hainan.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk,

d. e. Ad. at juv.
sk.

/, g, A. Ad. ; i, k,
/, tn. Juv. sk.

n, o. Ad. et juv.
sk.

p. Var. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r, s, i, u. Juv. sk.

V, 10. Imm. sk.

.r. Ad. sk.

y. Ad. sk.

z, «'. Ad. sk.

h' . Ad. ; c', (V .

Juv. sk.

e . Ad. sk.

/, g'. Ad. et
imm. sk.

Foochow, China (-R.

Sivinhoe).
Foochow {R. S.).
Foochow {M. S.).
Tingchow, Oct. {R. S.).

Amoy, Jan., April, June, Oct.,

Nov. (i?. S.).
Amoy, June, Nov. (i?. S.).

Shanghai.

Macao, March 21 (E. S.).
N. Formosa, March (i?. 8.).
N. Formosa, March (E. iS.).
N. Formosa, March (E. S.).
Takow, Formosa, Dec.

(R. S.)
S.W. Formosa (R. S.).
Hainan, Feb., March {R. S.).

Hainan, March (R. S.).
Hainan, Feb.

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Cull.

SeebohmCoU. (Types

of species.)
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Forbes Coll.

Seebohm CoU.
Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Consul Swinhoe [C.].

Subsp. y. Munia nisoria.

Le Grosbec tachet^ de Java, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 239, pi. xiii. fig. 2

(1760).
Loxia undulata {nee Miill.), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 387 (1790).
Fringilla punctularia (nee Gm.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161

(1820).
Fringilla nisoria, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 500. fig. 2 (1830).
Aniadina punctularia (nee Gm.), Hay, J. A. S. JB. xiv. p. 554, note

(1845).
Oxycerca nisoria, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 10 (1849).
Munia punctularia (nee Gm.), Blyth, Cut. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117

(1849) ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 452 (1850) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B.

Mils. E. L Co. ii. p. 6C5 (1856).
Amadina undulata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6778 (1870).
Amadina nisoria, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 66 (1879).
Lonchura undulata, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv.

p. 224 (1885).

Adult. Similar to 31. pimctulata, but has a grey shade over the
rump and tail, with scared}' any olive-yellow ; the rump-feathers
are like those of M. topela, plain with a pale edging, but with

32. MTTNIA.

353

indications of two dusky bars. A good manj' specimens are nearly
uniform on the rump, and I am not sure that these light bars are not
signs of age, and they may be absent in the younger birds. Flores
examples show more yellow on the tail than those from Malacca.
Hub. Malayan Peninsula ; Java.

a. Ad. sk,

b. 6; c,d. 2
ad. et juv. sk.

e,f. Ad. sk.
g. $ ad. sk.
h. § ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k,l. S 2 ad. sk.
711, n. 5 ad. sk.
o-v. tS ad. et juv. ;

tv-b'. $ ad. et

juv. sk.
c'-/'. cf ad.etjuv. ;

m'-y'. 5 ad. et

juv. sk.
lo'-b", (S ad. et

juv. sk.
c", d''. Ad. ; e'',

f ,<r ■ Juv. sk.
A' . Juv. sk.
»". Ad. sk.

A", (f ad. sk.
V, m". Ad. et

juv. sk.
w". Ad. sk.
o''. Ad. sk.
p". Ad. sk.
g-". Ad. sk.
r". Ad. sk.
s", t". 5 juv. sk.

m", v". 5 ad. et
juv. sk.

w". Ad. sk.
.r". Ad. sk.

Penang {Dr. Cantor).
lilaug, Salangore, July, Aug.

( W. Damson).
Malacca, Aug. ( W. D.).
Malacca.

Malacca {A. R. Wallace).
Pulo Seban, Nov. 9 ( W. D.).
Nealys, Oct. 15 ( W. D.).
Kuroo, Oct. 29 ( W. D.).
Singapore, Aug., Sept.

{W.D.).

Singapore Island, Jan., Feb.,
July-Sept., Dec. {W. D.).

Mount Sago, Sumatra

(Carl Bock).
Java.

Java {Dr. Horsfield).
Near Batavia, Nov. 27

{H. O. Forbes).
Bali.
Flores.

Flores {A. R. Wallace).
Flores {A. R. Wallace).
Flores {A. R. Wallace).
E. Timor.
Makassar, Celebes.
Island of Larat, Timor Laut,

Aug. 2 {H. 0. Forbes).
Larat, Aug. 11.

Introduced Sjpecimetis.
Mauritius.
Hilo, Owhyhee.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
WaUace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

India Museum.
Forbes Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].

Zoological Society.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Cbal-
lenser.'

Subsp. d. Munia cabanisi.

Uroloncha jagori (nee Munia jagori, Cab.), Cab. J f. O. 1866, p. 14.
Oxycerca jagori, Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 317 ; Walden, Tram. Z. S.
ix. p. 208 (1875) ; Tweedd. P. Z. iS. 1877, p. 699.

Adult male. General colour above brown, with slight indications
of dusky cross lines, the feathers with narrow and indistinct shaft-
lines of whitish ; rump and upper tail-coverts more ashy, the latter
shaded with straw-yellow ; lesser and median wing-coverts brown,
with white shaft-lines slightly dilated at the ends; greater coverts

VOL. XIII. 2 a

354 PLOCEID^.

and quills dark brown, externally lighter brown ; centre tail-
feathers ashy straw-colour, the remainder dark brown, externally
dull straw-colour ; crown of head darker and more chocolate-brown
than the back ; the sides of the hinder crown with whitish shaft-
lines ; lores dusky ; feathers round eye and sides of face brown,
inclining to hoary whitish on the ear-coverts and hinder cheeks ;
fore part of cheeks rufous-brown ; throat rufous-brown ; lower
throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and under surface of body mottled,
the feathers being ashy whitish with brown edgings,, and a brown
spear-shaped mark in the centre of the feather ; sides of body and
flanks more strongly marked, as also the under tail-coverts ; under
wing-coverts buffy white ; quills below dusky, ashy rufous along
the inner edge : " bill dull blue ; feet blue-grey ; iris Indian red "
(A. H. Everett). Total length 4 inches, culmcn 0-4, wing 2-05,
tail 1"35, tarsus 0-45.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 3" 9 inches,
culmen 0'4, wing 2, tail 1'4, tarsus 0'5.

This species differs from M. nisoria in having the chestnut throat
much more restricted, and in having pale brown markings below as
in M. .subimchdata and M. toj^ela.

Hah. Confined to the island of Luzon.

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Zoological Society.

h,c.S'i ad. sk. Luzon, Feb. 7 {A. B. Meyer). Tweeddale Coll.

d. Imm. sk. Manila (Maitland-Iferiof). Tweeddale CoU.

e. $ ad. sk. Monte Alban, Feb. {A. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).

f. S ad. ; g, h. San Mateo, Feb. {A. H. Tweeddale Coll.
Juv. sk. Everett).

22. Munia pectoralis.

Donacola pectoralis, Goidd, B. Atistr. iii. pi. 95 (1848) ; Iteichenb.

Vog. Neuholl. p. 118 (1850) ; Bjj. Consp. Av. i. p. 453 (1850) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 427 (18G5) j Rammy, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878).
Amadina pectoralis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii.p. 55, no. 6768(1870).
Donacicola pectoralis, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 1091

(1887) ; id. op. cit. ii. p. 168 (1888) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10

(1888).

Adult male. Above lavender-grey, the upper tail-coverts dusky
blackish; wing-coverts light brown, washed with ashy, and with
minute terminal white dots ; quills dusky, externally light brown ;
tail-feathers blackish brown ; head lavender-grey like the back ; a
narrow line from the base of the forehead above the eye, and running
down the sides of the nock, pale vinaceous bull" ; lores, sides of face,
and ear-coverts, as weU as the throat, jnirplish black ; fore neck
black, with a patch of broad white-tipped black feathers ; sides of
body pale vinaceous brown, ornamented with white bars, edged with
a black line on each side of the bar ; under tail-coverts dusky, the

33. TJEOLONCHA.

355

long ones with broad pale tips of vinaceous, before which is a sub-
terminal line of white ; under wing-coverts vinaceous, as also the
inner edge of the quills : " bill slate-colour ; legs dirty pinkish

white ; iris dark " {J. B. Elsen).
0-5, wing 2-3, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-6.
Hah. N.W. Australia.

a. (S ad. sk.

N.W. AustraUa.

Total length 4'7 inches, culmen

J. E. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

33. UROLONCHA.

Loncliura, Si/kes (nee Schonh.), P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95
Uroloiiclia, C'ah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 173 (1850) . .
TrichogramoptUa, Reichenb. Singv. p. 37 (1861) . .

Type.
U. striata.
U. molucca,
U. striata.

Tail of U. acuticaitda.

Range. Eastern Africa; Indian Peninsula and Ceylon; Indo-
Chinese Region and Malayan Peninsula ; Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
Philippine Islands, Celebes and the Moluccas to New Guinea.

Keif to the Species.

a. With a white rump.

a' . With white upper tail-coverts ; head grey ;
back pinkish brown ; sides of face and throat
gi'ey mottled with white spots and bars .... canieeps, p. 356.
b'. With blackish upper tail -coverts.

«". Back distinctly streaked with white shaft-
lines.
a!". Sides of neck reddish brown, mottled

with white spots ; chest washed with , .. , „_^

rufous-brown . acut^cauda, p. 356.

b'". Sides of neck like the back; throat and ' '<l^(^^riieolhs,^.^m.

chest entirely uniform black striata, p. 359,

. h" . Back with scai'cely any indication of white
streaks, or quite uniform,
c'". With slightly indicated scale-like edges

to the feathers of the fore neck semistrlata, p. 361.

d'" . No indications of scale-like markings on

the fore neck, which is uniform black. . fumigata, p. 361.

2a2

356 PLOCEID^.

h. With no white on the rump.
c. With white on the belly.

c". Back distinctly lined with white shaft-
streaks ; tail-feathers washed with golden
or straw-yellow.

e'" . Throat and breast black leucogastra, p. 362.

/'". Throat and breast chocolate -brown .... everetti, p. 363.
cl' . Back scarcely perceptibly Uued with white ; [p. 363.

no golden or straw-yeUow on the tail .... leuco(/astroides,
d'. Belly black.

e" . Black, with no white shaft-streaks or lines, fuscans, p. 364.
/". Chocolate-brown, mottled with tiny white if^.^gfiggi^j^n p 3(34
shaft-streaks at the end of the feathers ■ ■ I j f-u'^' ope:'
e . Belly white, thickly mottled with spots and ' * iV-

bars of black ; tail black ; upper tail-coverts \ pectoralis, p. 365.

straw-yellow | kelaarti, p. 366.

c. With the rump white, barred with black ; back

light brown ; breast white, barred -with black 1 molucca, p. 367.
vermiculatious | propinqiia, p. 368.

1. Uroloncha caniceps.

Pytelia caniceps {nee Snlvad.), Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 139;

id. S)- ScJialow, J. f. O. 1879, p. 326 ; Fischer ^ Reichen. J. f. O.

1879, p. 352, Taf. ii. fig. 3.
Spermestes caniceps, Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 203

(1882); Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 136; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 71.
Mimia caniceps (nee Salvad.), Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 312.

Adult male. General colour above pinkish brown or pale reddish,
the scapulars brown ; lower back more ashy brown ; rump and
upper tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts brown ; bastard-wing black ;
primary-coverts brown ; quills black, the secondaries browner
towards the ends, the inner ones entirely brown ; tail-feathers black,
the outer ones whitish towards the ends ; crown of head slaty grey,
more ashy on the nape and hind neck ; forehead slightly mottled
with whitish tips to the feathers ; lores black ; feathers round eye,
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and chin dusky grey, profusely
mottled with white dots, the latter with narrow blackish bars ;
lower throat and sides of neck slaty grey ; fore neck and under
surface of body pinkish brown, becoming paler on the lower breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts, which parts are more isabelline ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast with whitish
edges ; quills below dusky, ashy rufous along the inner edge :
" upper mandible dark grey, the under one clear bluish grey, darker
at the point; feet lead-colour; iris brown" (G. A. Fischer). Total
length i-7 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-35, tail 1"7, tarsus 0-55.

Ifab. East Africa, ranging into Equatorial Africa.

a. c? ad. sk. Tarrangole, Equatorial Africa, April Shelley Coll.

23 (Fmin Pasha).

2. Uroloncha acuticauda.

Munia acuticauda, Hodgs. Asiat. Research, xix. p. 153 (1836) ; id.
Icon. ined. Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 283. figs. 1 , 2, pi. 307. fig. 3

33. UROLONCHA. 357

(no. 325) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. ii. p. 510

(1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 356 (1863) ; Godwin-Austm, J. A. S.

B. xxxix. p. 271 (1870) ; Hume, Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 450

(1873) ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) ; Brooks, Str. F. iii.

p. 254 (1875) ; Bhjth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 93 (1875) ; Hume ^

Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 403 (1878) ; Eelliam, Ibis, 1881, p. 523.
Spermestes (Lonchura) acuticauda, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Miscell.

p. 84 (1844).
Amadina acuticauda, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 949 (1844) ; Strickl.

P. Z. S. 1846, p. 103 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6781 (1870) ;

Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 66, 107 (1879) ; Scully, t. c. p. 333;'.S'Mwe,

Str. F. ix. p. 257 (1880) ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 2-32 (1882) ; id.

Handb. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 364 (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 273

(1888).
Munia leuconota, Gray, Cat. Mainm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 106

(1846).
Munia niolucca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849).
Munia muscadina (Mus. Lugd.), Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 172,
Lonchura acuticauda, Hume, SYr. F. iii. p. 156 (1875).
Spermestes acuticauda, Russ, Stubenv. p. 153 (1879).
Urolonclia acuticauda, A. Miiller, J.f. O. 1882, p. 387.

Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown with distinct shaft-
lines of white, these streaks less pronounced on the head, which is
blackish brown ; across the lower back a broad band of white ;
rump and upper tail-coverts reddish brown, with white shaft-lines,
the upper tail-coverts blackish brown with a slight wash of straw-
yellow ; wing-coverts blackish, with narrow white shaft-lines ; quiUs
blackish brown ; tail-feathers black ; lores, sides of face, throat, and
chest blackish, with a shade of warm chocolate-brown or reddish
brown on the sides of the fore neck and chest, the feathers being
edged with this colour ; ear-coverts and sides of neck tawnv rufous,
spotted with white ; remainder of under surface of body from the
chest downwards white, with a few traces of dusky brown mottlings
and edgings to the feathers of the sides of the body ; tlanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts tawny rufous, centred with white shaft-
streaks ; axillaries light tawny buff; under wing-coverts whitish
mottled with brown bases ; quills dusky below, tawny buff along
the inner webs : " upper mandible blackish, the lower one plum-
beous ; feet plumbeous; iris dark brown"' {E. W. Oates). Total
length 4-5 inches, culmeu 0*4, wing 2-05, tail 1"65, tarsus 0"5o.

Young. Difiers from the adults in being browner, the head like
the back, all the upper parts streaked with white shaft-lines ; sides
of face, throat, and chest brown, the latter being washed with
rufous and mottled with dusky markings ; breast white, mottled
vsdth dusky brown centres and edgings to the feathers.

Malayan specimens vary somewhat. They are similar to Hima-
layan examples, but are more scaly in appearance on the throat, the
feathers being much more distinctly edged with whitish, the sides
of the face being also spotted with whitish. cS . Total length 4-2
inches, culmen 0"45, wing 1-95, tail 1-45, tarsus 0"o5.

$ . Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 1-9, tail 1-6,
tarsus 0-5.

358

PLOCEID^.

Hah. Himalayas from the neighbourhood of Masuri to Sikhim,
through Assam and the Burmese Provinces to Malacca and Sumatra.

a. Ad, sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. $ ad. sk.

dr-g. Ad. sk.

h-m. Ad. ; n.

Imm. sk.
0, p, q. Ad. sk.

r, s, t. Ad. sk.

M. Ad. sk.

v-K^. Ad. ; i^. Juv.

sk.
k\ l\ m\ Ad. sk.
n^-u^. Ad. sk.
v^. Ad. sk.
w^. S ad. ; .r\ y'^.

5 ad. etjuv.sk.
2^ 2 ad. sk.
a^. Ad. sk.
b'-e\ (S $ ad. sk.
f, g\ Ad. sk.

K", i\ Ad. sk.
A;^ P. Ad. sk.
m^, w". c? ad. sk.
o^. Ad. sk.
J)'. 2 ad. sk.
g'-. Ad. sk.
r^. 2 ad. sk.
S-. Ad. sk.

<^ S ; M^ «^ 2

ad. sk.
w'^. S ad. sk.
a-^ 2 ad. sk.
y'^. 2 ad. sk.
z^, a^ S 2 ad. sk.
63-e3. ^ 5 ad. sk.
/^<7^dad.5 h\

Juv. sk.

2 ad. sk.
n^-v'^. S ad. ; tv^-

e^. 2 ad. et juv.

sk.
f, g\ 2 ad. sk.
h*. Imm. sk.
i'-M*. c? ad. et

imm. ; o'. 2 ad. s

Middle range of Hills north of Hume Coll.

Masm-i.
Doonda, May 6 ( W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.
"Kupkote," June 1 {A. Ander- Seehohm Coll.

soil).
Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

J.

W.

Nepal VaUey, Feb. 17 (D,

Scully).
Native Sikhim, May, July, Aug.

(i. Mandelli).
Sikhim, Jan.
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., April, Jvme,

Sept., Nov., Dec. {L. Mandelli)
Sikhim.

Near Darjiling, Feb., March, Dec.
Assam {McClelland).
Dibrughur, April, May (/. R.

Cripps).
Tippook, April 1 (/. Cockhurn).
Sadhyia, April {J. Cockhurn).
Dhollah, April {J. Cockhurn).
N. Khasia HUls, Dec, Jan. {A

Chennell).
Mymensing.
Cachar (J. Inglis).
Manipur, April, May {A. 0. H).
Tippera.

Akyab, March 21 (J. Armstrong).
Thayetmyo.
Pegu, June 19.
Tonghoo Hills, April {R. G.

W. R.).
Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Jan. ( W.

Davison).
Moulmein, Aug. {R. C. Beavan).
Amherst, Aug. 4 ( W. D.).
South of Yea, April 2 ( W. D.).
Meetan, Feb. ( W. D.).
Tavoy, March ( W. I).).
Mergui, Dec, Jan. ( W. D.).

Pakchan, Jan. ( W. D.).

Bankasoon, Feb., April, May
( W. D.).

Malewoon, Jan. ( W. D.).
Malewoon.

Kossoum, April, May, Sept. {J.
k. Darling),

Hodgson Coll.

(Types of species.)

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seehohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

T^veeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.

Dates Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU
Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.

33. i:eoloncha.

359

ad. sk.
s%i!^ d ? ad. sk.
?<*. c? ad. sk.

v^~y^- d ad.; 2*-
rf'. 2 ad. sk.

e^,/'. Ad. sk.

^^, A". Ad. sk.

i\ Ad. sk.

A'. 5 ad. sk.

P. $ ad. sk.

m'-u'. d ; y', «f '.
5 ad. et juv. sk.

.(•^ $ ad. sk.

Salang, Feb., March {J. Darling). Hume Coll.

Poungyah, July, Aug-. (/. D.). Hume Coll.

K-wala Kangsar, Perak, April {H. Forbes Coll.

Kelhani) .

Klaug, Feb., March ( W. D.). Hume CoU.

Malacca, Aug. {R. G. W. R).
Malacca, May, Dec. (S. Pmwill).
Malacca (Dr. Cantor).
Kuroo, Nov. 2 ( TV. D.).
Johore, Aug. 18 ( W. D.).
Singapore, July, Sept. {W. D.).

Sumatra, Oct. 28.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

H. 0. Forbes,
Esq. [P.].

3. Uroloncha squamicoUis.

Munia molucca (nee L.), Szvinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 61.

Munia acuticauda (nee Hoclgs.), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 379 ; id. Ibis,

1870, p. 3.54; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 385; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 371;

David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 343 (1878).

Adult male. Similar to U. acuticauda, but distinguished by the
more scaly appearance of the throat and fore neck, these parts being
light rufous like the sides of the face, with indistinct -whitish shaft-
stripes and margins to the feathers: "bill brown, with the lower
mandible tinged with bluish ; feet leaden grey ; iris hazel-brown "
(A. David). Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail
1-75, tarsus 0-55.

Adidt female. Similar to the male. Total length 3-6 inches,
culmen 0*45, wing 2, tail 1"35, tarsus 0*5.

Hab. China : Formosa and Hainan.

a, b. Ad. sk.
c,d. c? 2 ad. sk.
e,f, 9- Juv. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.
i. S ad. sk.
k, I, ni. ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
o, ;j. Ad. sk,
q-v. Ad. sk.

tu. Ad. sk.
.?•, y. Ad. sk.

z, a', d 2 ad. .sk.

China (Tuckett).
Szechuen, May 4 {R. Sicinhoe).
Shanghai, July, Nov. {R. S.).
Shanghai, March (Capt. Ince).
Ningpo, March (R. S.).
Foochow, Feb. (R. S.).
Canton, AprU 11 (R. S.).
Whampoa, April 17 (R. S.).
Formosa, March, April

(R. S.).
Formosa, March (R. S.).
N. Formosa, March, April

{R. S.).
Hainan, Feb. {R. S.).

Tweeddale CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm CoU.
Seebohm CoU.
Seebohm CoU.
Seebohm Coll.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Seebohm CoU.

4. Urolonclia striata.

Le Gros-bec de ITsle de Bourbon, Rriss. Orn. iii. p. 243, pi. xiii
fig. 4 (17G0) ; Dauhent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 153. fig. 1.

Loxia striata, Lii^n. 8yst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 861 (1788).

Striated Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 142 (1783).

360 PLOCEID^.

Fringilla leuconota, Temm. PL Col iii. pi. 600. fig. 1 (1830).
Lonchura leuconota, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95.
Spermestes leuconota, Jerd. Much: Journ. xi. p. 27 (1840).
Amadina striata, Blytli, J. A. S. Bemj. xiii. p. 949 (1844), xv. p. 36

(1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prodi: p. 126

(1852) ; Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii. p. 258 (1854) ;

Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 511 (1856) ; Gray.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6786 (1870) ; mime, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107

Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 61 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix

p. 72 (1880) ; Oates, Handh. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 365 (1883)

Terry, Str. F. x. p. 478 (1887).
MuDia striata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1847) ; Bp.

Consp. Av. i. p. 453 (1850) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 356 (1863) ;

Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464 ; Hume, Nests ^- Eqgs Ind. B. p. 448

(1873) ; Wald. Ibis, 1874, p. 144 ; Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 260 (1876) ;

Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 222 (1878) ; Leyge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 660

(1879).
Uroloncha striata, Cab. Mus. Hein.Th. i. p. 173 (1850). _
Trichogramoptila striata, !-Z?e«c/im6. iS'mf/y. p. 37, Taf. xiii. figs. 116-

117 (1861) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 420 (1874).
Munia leuconota, Blyth ^ Wald. B. Burm. p. 93 (1875).
Spermestes striata, JRiiss, Stubenv. p. 151 (1879).

Adult. Sooty brown, distinctly streaked with white shaft-lines,
the dorsal feathers pale at the ends with a faint dusky subterminal
bar ; wing- coverts a little darker than the back, with similar
whitish shaft-lines; quills blackish brown, the inner ones with
white shaft-lines ; rump white ; upper tail-coverts blackish with
brown edges and with white shaft-lines : tail-feathers black ; head
blacker than the back, the nape and hind neck similarly streaked
with white shaft-lines, as also the sides of the neck and ear-
coverts ; forehead, lores, sides of face, throat, and chest black,
with very faintly indicated pale shaft-lines on the latter ; breast
and abdomen white, the lower flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts dark brown washed with rufous, and having whitish
shaft-lines, more distinct on the flanks ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts buify white, the edge of the wing mottled with black ;
quills below blackish, buffy white along the inner web: "bill,
upper mandible blackish leaden, the lower one bluish with dark
tip ; legs and feet bluish or dusky leaden : iris brown or reddish
brown " ( W. V. Legge). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2,
tail 1'7, tarsus 0'6.

Hab. Central and Southern India and Ceylon.

a. Ad. ; b. Imm. Maunbhoom, March, April Tweeddale Coll.

sk. (R. C. Beavan).

c, d. Ad. sk. Sumbulpur, Central Provinces, Hume CoU.

Dec.

e-i. Ad. ; k, I. Raipur, Jan. Hume Coll.

Imm. sk.

m-p. cj ; q, r, s. Seoni District, May (i?. Hume CoU.

$ ad. sk. Thompson),

t, II. Ad. sk. Deccan {Col. Sykes). India Museum.

V. <S ad. sk. Khandala, July. Gould CoU.

w. S imm. sk.

.r. (S ad. sk.

y,~-6 2 ad. ; a'.

$ imm. sk.
b', c', d\ Ad. sk.
e'. d ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.

g\ h'. d 2 ad. sk.

i'. Ad. ; k'. J

imm. sk.
I', m'. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p', (/. Ad. sk.
'•'. 2 ad. sk.
«', i^'. d 2 ad. sk.

33. XJEOLONCHA.

Kkandala, March 23 (6'. £.
Fairbank).

Goa Froutier, April 19*
^ {S.B.F.).
Madras.

Madras {R. Q. W. R.).
Bangalore, Aug. 3 (R. G.

W. R.).
Mysore {Dr. F. Bcoj).
Slope of Nilghiiis, March,

Jmie.
Coonoor, Sept. 14 (R. G

W.R.).
Coorg.
Malabar.
Malabar.
Ceylon.

Ceylon (H. Nevill).
Cotta, Ceylon, Nov. lU
{Hart). '

361

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

India Museimi.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,
Forbes Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.

5. Uroloncha semistriata.

Muuia semistriata, Hmne, Str. F. 1874 p 957
Amadma semistriata, Hume, Str. F. 1879^ p. 107.

soSrftUSl'^'r^- ^^^'^ '" '^- ^^'■'"'«' b"t not nearly
bo piaiuij streaked, thereby approach ng U. fumioata Tt iWffJ.

from both these species, however, in havfng th{ fore n^k amlX

b"^k ^.e"''!Klf ''^" '''''' ""^^^^ ^-^- with ^edd sh o'lwS
brown edges : ' bill, upper mandible black, the lower brio-ht leaden
b^e ; egs and ieet plumbeous green or greenish horny ; iriVbiwn "

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total leno-th ^-7 ;...>.
culmen U-4, wing IS, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-5 " ' "''^'''

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

a. Ad. sk.

6. d" ad.; c. 2

juv. sk.
d, e. Ad. sk.

f, <jA- c? ; «'. ?
ad. sk.

Nicobar Islands.

Nicubar Islands, Jan. 18

{R. J. Wimherleij).
Nicobar Islands.
Camorta, Nicobars, Feb.

( W. Davison).

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll. (Types
of species.)

6. Uroloncha fumigata.

(1873) ; ^d. ms, 1874, pp. 144, 145; Huv^e, Str.^A t. l ITl

Muuia striata {nee Linn.), Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp 257 497
Munia nonstnata, Hume, Str. F. 1874 p ^oj ' ^^ ' ''
Amadma fumigata, Hime, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879).

ihtf-\'''f- f™""' *° ^- ^'^'•''"«' but uniform above with onlv
the faintest indications of pale shaft-lines; the uppei 'aid unS

362 PLOCEID^.

tail-coverts, as well as the thighs and lower flanks, black washed
with rufous ; sides of neck washed with rufous-brown, but not
streaked with whitish: " upper mandible black, the lower one leaden
blue ; legs and feet plumbeous green or greenish horny ; iris
reddish brown '* {A. 0. Hume). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen
0*4, wing 1-95, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-45.
Hob. Andaman Islands.

a, b. Tmm. sk. S. Andamans, Feb. (-R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. It.). (Types of species.)

c-g. d ; ^-^- S. Andaman, March, June, Tweeddale Coll.

9 ad. sk. Oct. (R. J. Wimbeiiey ^

R. G. W. R.).
n, 0. (S 2 ^^- sk. S. Andaman, July. Hume Coll.

/;. Ad, sk. Aberdeen, S. Audamaus, Hume Coll.

Nov. 11 {W, Davison),
q, r, s. (S ; t, u, Port Blair, June ( W. Dmi- Hume Coll.

v,w. 5 ad. sk. son).

a,--«. ,5 ad. et juv. ; Mount Harriet, June, Dec. Hume Coll.
a'-e'. $ ad. sk. {W. Davison).

7. Urolonclia leucogastra.

Amadiiia leucogastra, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 286 (1846) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 66, 107, 161 ;
Gates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 367 (1883).

? Munia melanictera, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. 8oc. p. 117 (1849).

Munia leucogastra, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E. 1. Co. Mus. ii. p. 510
(1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 359 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 267
(1874); Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 323; Davison, Str. F. 1877,
p. 460; Hume |- Davison, Str. F. iv. p. 402 (1878) ; Vorderm. Nat.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 234 (1887).

Munia chrysura, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 172 {ex MSS. Mies. Lugd.).

Oxycerca leucogastra, Tivecdd. Ann. Sf Maq. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. p. 96
(1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 622.

Adult male. Above brown, streaked with white shaft-lines, the
wing-coverts like the back and similarly streaked, as also the
secondaries; quills blackish; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform
black ; tail-feathers blackish, broadly edged with golden- or straw-
jeUow ; crown of head more uniform brown, with scarcely any
whitish shaft-streaks ; the forehead, lores, sides of face, throat, and
chest black ; remainder of under surface of body white ; the sides
of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts black, with a
slight wash of chocolate-brown ; the white feathers on the sides of
the body spotted or marked with black in the vicinity of the blackish
flanks ; under wing-coverts white ; quills blackish below, fulvous
along the inner web : " bill, upper mandible brownish black or
black, lower dull smalt or pale blue: legs and feet i^lumbeous or
dull smalt-blue ; iris dark brown " ( W. Davison). Total length
3-8 inches, culmeu 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-4, tarsus 05.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4-6
inches, ciilmen 0-45, wing 1-95, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-5.

Young. Similar to the adults but lighter brown, with less straw-

33. TJEOIONCHA.

363

yellow on the tail, and the white shaft-streaks almost obsolete;
under surface of body as in the adult, but browner.

Hah. Malayan Peninsula, ranging into Southern Tenasserim,
Borneo.

a, b. 5 ad. sk.

c-s. (S ad. et juv.

t-e'. 5 ad. et

juv. sk.
/• c? ; 9', h'. 2

ad. sk.
i', k'. S ad. sk.
I'. $ ad. sk.
m'. S ad. sk.
li. Ad. sk.
°\ P'- <3 2 ad. sk.
q'. 2 fid. sk.
»■', «'• 6 2 ad. sk.

Choungthanoung, Tenasserim,

Dec. ( W. Davison).
Bankasoon, Feb., April, May

(TT. 2).).

Malewooii, Jan. ( W. B.).

Malewoon, Dec. 29.
Salang, March 20 {J. BarUiuj).
Klaug, Salaiigore {W. D.).
Malacca {S. Pimvill).
Malacca.

Malacca ( Wallace).
Momit Ophir, Malacca, Aug. 14
(M. G. W. R.).

8. Uroloncha everetti.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gxycerca everetti, Tiveedd. Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. (4) xx n 96
(1877); id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 699, 764, pi. Ixxii . lio- 2- id
P.Z.S. 1878, p. 622; 67*«,V^, iits, 1888, p. 202. ^ '

Adult male. Yery similar to U. leucogastra, but more distinctly
streaked with white above, and having the sides of the fore neck and
chest distinctly chocolate-brown, not blackish : " bill black, lower
mandible lead-grey, feet dark grey, iris Indian red" (Everett).
iotal length 3-() inches, culmen 0-5, wing 1-9, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-55

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4 inches
culmen 0-5, wmg 1-95, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. Philippine Islands.

a, h. S ad. sk.
c, d. 2 ad. sk.

e,f. 6 2 ad- sk-
ff-k- d;l.2
ad. sk.

Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb. 1877

(A. H. Everett).
San Mateo, Luzon, Feb. 1877

(.4. //. E.).
Cebu, March, April {A. H. E.).
Puerto Princesa, Palawan,

Dec. (A. II. E.).

Tweeddale Coll.
(Types of species.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

9. TJroloncha leucogastroides.

■^^/??om ^^^'^^^^ ('^^^ Litm.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161
( 1 b20) . ^

Munia leucogastroides, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. E. I Co Mus ii

P- ^}2 ^Ir^^'' ' ^''^'^- ^**'*' i^^^' P- 1^5 ; Tiveedd. Ibis, 1877'
p. 318 ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 170. ' °">

Trichogramoptila melanopygia, Eeichenb, Sinnv. pp. 38 48 Taf yv^"
ligu 153, 154(1861). ^ i-V , , ^cn. xvn.

Amadina leucogastroides. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no 6787 (1870)
Amadioa melanopygia. Gray, Hayid-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6788 (1870)
bpermestes melanopygia. Buss, Stubenv. p. 152 (1879)

364 " PLOCEID^.

Trichogramoptila leucogastroides, Vorchrm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.
Ind. xliii. p. 105 (1884).

Adult. Similar to U. striata, but not so distinctly streaked with
white shaft-liues, rather lighter brown, and distinguished at once by
the absence of the white rump : " bill, upper mandible black, the
lower lead-blue ; feet lead-blue ; iris Vandyke brown " (^. G. Vor-
derman). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2'1, tail 1"5,
tarsus 0*55.

Young. Much lighter brown than the adult, with no black on the
forehead or face, and only a little on the throat, which is also light
brown.

Hah. Java and Sumatra.

a, b. Ad. sk. Java. India Museum.

(Types of species.)
c-f. S ; 9- Java. Tweeddale CoU.

Juv. sk.
h. Ad. sk. W. Java (E. C. Buxton). F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
i,h. Ad. et juv. Lampong, Sumatra {E. C. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. Buxton).

10. Urolonclia fuscans.

Spermestes fuscans, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 185 (1852).
Friugilla uigenima, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 18-5 (18.52).
Fringilla aterrima, Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. vi. p. 185 (1852).
Munia fuscaus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 219 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 268

(1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 344 ; Briigg. Abhandl. not. Ver.

Bremen, v. p. 461 (1877) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.

xlvi. p. 234 (1887) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 434.
Amadina fuscans. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6763 (1870).

Adidt male. Entirely uniform blackish chocolate, somewhat
obscurely mottled with browner centres to the feathers; quills and
tail-feathers black : " iris brown '" (Doria). Total length 4-2 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2, tail 1'4.5, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 1-9, tail 1-45, tarsus 0"5.

Hah. Borneo.

a,b. c? 2 ad. .sk. Sarawak. Wallace Coll.

c, d, e. Ad. sk. Sarawak {Rajah Brooke). Goidd Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq.

[C]

g. (5 ad. sk. Sarawak {A. Everett). Hume Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Banjermassing {J. Motley). WaUace Coll.

11. Urolonclia tristissima.

Munia tristissima, Wall. P.Z. S. 1865, p. 479 (? juv.) ; Meyer, Sitz.

7c. Akad. Wien, Ixs. p. 126 (1874) ; Salvad. Ami. Mm. Civic.

Genov. vi. p. 86 (1874), x. p. 148 (1877), xvi. p. 191 (1880); id.

Orn. Pajniasia, ii. p. 435 (1881).
Amadiua tristissima. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 65, no. 6765 (1870).
Munia, sp., Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. vi. p. 86 (1874),

33. TTEOIONCHA. 365

AcluU (tj'pe of species). Nearly uniform chocolate-brown, above
and below, with a slight appearance of paler brown stripes on the
head ; sides of face, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast with scanty
narrow whitish shaft-lines ; centre of breast and abdomen and
under tail-coverts blackish ; wing-coverts like the back, with tiny
white dots; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers
blackish brown ; the inner secondaries like the back, with pale
fulvous tips ; under wing-coverts and inner lining of quills ochreous
buff. Total length 3'9 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-95, tail 1'3,
tarsus 0'5.

Hob. ISTew Guinea.

a. Ad. sk. New Guinea. Wallace Coll. (Type of species.)

12. TJrolonclia leucosticta.

Munia leucosticta, If Alb. &; Salviul. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv.
p. 88 (1879); Reichen. ^- Schalorv, J. f. O. 1879, p. 327; Salvad.
Ami. Genov. xvi. p. 191 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, ii. p. 4-37
(1881).

Adult. General coloiir above brown ; head dusky, marked with
white shaft-lines ; back and wing-coverts brownish, with white
spots ; rump yellowish ; upper tail-coverts black ; underparts
rufous-brown, gradually whitish towards the throat ; breast scaled
with white ; under tail-coverts blackish ; quills dusky ; under wing-
co verts white, uniform with the throat ; tail black ; bill pearly grey ;
feet ashy ; iris black (D'AJbertis). Total length 3-9 inches, culmen
0"45, wing 1"95, tail 1-5, tarsus 0'95. (Salvad.)

Said to be near U. tristissima, but differing in its clearer brown
colour, especially below, and by the little white spots on the back
and wing-coverts, and by the breast scaled with white markings.

Hab. Fly River, S.E. New Guinea.

13. Uroloncha pectoralis.

Spermestes, sp. nov., Je7-d. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 171 (1844).

Muuia pectoralis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 355 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F.

1875, p. 263, 1876, p. 403.
Amadina pectoralis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6782 (1870) ;

Hume, Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 448 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ;

Bxdler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 61 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. x.

p. 402 (1883) ; Terry, t. c. p. 478 (1887).

Adult male. Above warm chocolate-brown, streaked with narrow
buffy-white shaft-lines to the feathers ; the head rather darker ;
rump blackish, with broader shaft-lines of huffy white and broad
terminal spots of the same colour ; upper tail-coverts straw-yellow ;
wings and tail-feathers black ; lores, feathers round the eye, sides
of face, cheeks, throat, and fore neck black ; feathers behind the
eye, hinder car-coverts, and sides of neck light chocolate-browu,
with the same white shaft-lines as the back ; sides of neck and

366 PLOCEID^.

sides of fore neck light pinkish brown, like the rest of the under
surface of the bodj- ; the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-
coverts blackish, with broad central streaks of pinkish brown or
whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries like the breast : " bill,
legs, and feet slaty ; iris brown " (Miss CocJchum). Total length
4-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail 1*5, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-5 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1'6, tarsus 0-55.

Hab. Southern India.

a. 2 iram. sk. Peria Forests, Wyuaad, May 1, Hume Coll.

188] {W.Davison),

b-k. cJ ad. etjuv. ; Coonoor, Nilghiris, Sept.-Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

l-o. 9 ad. sk. {R. G. W. R.).

p. (S ad. sk. Coonoor, Nov. 9 (W. D.). W. Davison, Esq.

[P.].

q, r. c5' ad. sk. Slope of Nilghiris, June. Hume Coll.

s. 2 ad. sk. Slope of Nilghiris, June. Forbes Coll.

t-b'. (^ ; c'-i'. 5 Kotaghei-ry, Nilghiris, July Hume Coll.

ad. ; ^'. 5ii"'-sk. (Miss Cockburn).

t. Ad. sk. ■ Malabar. Tweeddale Coll.

111-2)' . ^d. sk. Mynall, Travancore, July, Aug. F. Bourdillou [C.].

q', r'. Juv. sk. MynaU, May (F. Bourdillon), Hume CoU.

14. Uroloncha kelaarti.

Munia pectoralis (nee Jercl), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 178 (1851).
Amadina pectoralis (nee Jerd.), Kelaart, Prodr. p. 126 (1852);

Layard, Ann. ^ Mar/. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii. p. 258 (1854).
Muni'a kelaartii, Blyth, MSS. ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 356 (1863) ;

Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 299 ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 464 ; Hume,

Str. F. vii. p. 410 (1878) ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 650, pi. xxvii.

fig. 2 (1879).
Amadina kelaartii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 56, no. 6780 (1870) ;

Hwne, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879).

Adult male. Similar to U. pectoralis, but distinguished by the
mottled abdomen, the feathers being white barred with black, the
bars somewhat irregular and in the form of lateral notches ; the
sides of the neck and sides of breast pale pinkish fawn-colour : " bill
blackish leaden, bluish at the base of lower mandible ; legs and feet
plumbeous, in some with a greenish tinge ; iris sepia-brown "
(Legge). Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2*2, tail 1-55,
tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4'1 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2*15, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Uniform brown above, with only a few white marks on
the rump ; under surface light brown, streaked with white shaft-
lines on the fore neck and chest ; throat whitish, spotted with
dusky blackish ; abdomen whitish, with scanty spots and bars of
dusky blackish, these bars being more distinct on the lower flanks
and under tail-coverts.

Hab. Ceylon.

I

33. UROLONCHA. 367

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].

c, d. Ad. et JUV. sk. Ceylon. T. Thwaites, Esq. [C.].

e-h. cJad. etjuv. ; Nuwara Eliya, Aug., Tweeddale Coll.
i. 2 ad. sk. Oct. (R W. H. Holds-

luorth).
k, I. (S ^ ad. sk. Ceylon, Feb., Aug. ( W. Seebohm Coll.

V. Lefff/e).

15. Uroloncha molucca.

Le Gros-bec des Moluques, 5ms. Orn. iii. p. 241, pi. 13. fig. 3 (1760) ;

Daubent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 139. fig. 2 {nee fig. 1)*.
Loxia molucca, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766).
Molucca Grosbeak, Lath. Gen, Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 141 (1788).
Loxia punctulata, cJ {nee L.), Bodd. Tahl. PL EnL p. 9 (1783).
Loxia variegata, VieilL Ois. Chant, p. 82, pi. 51 (1805).
Coccotliraustes variegata, VieilL N. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 544

(1817).
Amadiua molucca, way, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
Amadina variegata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1840) ; id. Hand-L B.

ii. p. 66, no. 6784 (1870).
Muuia molucca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus, As. Soc. App. p. 323 {nee p. 117,

= M. acuticauda).
Munia molucca, Bj). Consp. i. p. 453 (1850) ; Heichenb. Singv. p. 38,

Taf.xiv. figs. 118-120(1863); WalL Ibis, 186.3, p. 33; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. viii. p. 380 (1876), xiv. p. 656 (1879), xvi.

p. 191 (1880) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. ii. p. 434 (1881).
Uroloncha molucca, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 173, note (1850).
Amadina molucca, Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 355 ; Finsch, Neu-Gtiinea,

p. 176 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 54, no. 6753 (1870).
Amadina moluccensis, Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 7 (1875).

Adult male. Above light brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
■white, crossed with wavy lines of blackish brown, rather broad ;
the long upper tail-coverts black ; scapulars and wing-coverts like
the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown,
the inner secondaries washed with light brown ; tail-feathers blackish;
crown of head black, becoming browner on the occiput and nape ;
sides efface, throat, and fore iieck black ; remainder of under surface
white, crossed with wavy lijies of black ; under wing-coverts bufFy
white ; quills dusky brown below, fulvescent along the inner web.
Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, tail 1*35, tarsus 0'45.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 3-8
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 1-9, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-5.

Young. Browner than the adults, the head a little darker brown,
but not blackish ; sides of face and throat dingy brown, slightly
vermiculated with white ; rump whitish, slightly vcrmiculated with
black ; under surface dull fulvous brown, with a few dusky cross
lines.

Hah. Molucca Islands.

a, b. Ad. sk. Batchian. Wallace Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Batchian {A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

d, e. (S 2 ad. sk. Teruate. Wallace Coll.

* As Count Sahadori has shown, Dauben ton's figures are numbered wrongly.

368 PLocErD^.

/. S ad- ; ff- ? Bourou. Wallace Coll.

jiiv. sk.
h. d ad. sk. Amboiiia, Feb. 13, 18G6 Tweeddale Coll.

{HoecU).
i. $ juv. sk. N. Ceram. Wallace Coll.

Subsp. o. Uroloncha propinqua.

Mimia molucca (nee L.), Wall. P. Z. S. 18G3, p. 486 ; Walclen, Trans.
Z. S. viii. p. 73 (1872) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1874, p. 132.

The adults from Flores are almost entirely white on the sides of
the breast, so as to form an indistinct collar, without black markings.
They belong apparently to a distinct race ( U. py'opiwiua, nob.). The
Celebean birds appear to be intermediate, being more sparsely
barred than the Moluccan birds, but not so devoid of bars as in the
birds from Flores. I have not been able, however, to examine many
adult birds from Celebes.

Hah. Celebes ; Flores.

a. Ad. sk.

Flores.

WaUace Coll.

h. Ad. sk.

Flores {A. R. Wallace).

Forbes Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Flores {A. R. Wallace).

Seebolim Coll.

e. Ad. sk.

Flores {A. R. Wallace).

Gould Coll.

/. Ad. sk.

Flores {A. R. Wallace).

Tweeddale Coll.

g. Ad. sk.

Menado, Celebes.

Tweeddale Coll,

h. cJ ad. ; i.

,k.

Makassar.

Wallace Coll.

6 $ juv.

sk.

34. AIDEMOSYNE. ^

Type.

Aidemosyne, Reichenh, Singv. p. 14 (1861) A. modesta.

Euodice, Reichenb. t. c. p. 46 (1861) A. cantans.

Hah. Australia. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon. South Arabia.
Senegambia to North-east Africa, extending into East Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Chin black, followed by a barred throat and chest ;

forehead dark crimson ; outer tail-feathers tipped

with white modesta, p. 368.

b. No black on throat or lores ; no crimson on fore-

head ; no bars on throat and chest ; no white tips

to outer tail-feathers.

a'. Upper tail-coverts white malabarica, p. 369.

b'. Upper taU-coverts black canta7is, p. 371.

1. Aidemosyne modesta.

Amadina modesta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 105 ; id. Si/n. B. Austr.
pi. 10. fig. 3 (1837); id. B. Austr. fol. iii. pL 85 (1848); Grag,
Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 89 (1850).

Steganopleura modesta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 457 (1850).

Aidemosyne modesta, Reichenb. Singv. p. 14, Taf iii. figs. 23, 24
(1863); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. i. p. 414 (1865).

34. AIDEMOSYNE. 369

Estrilda modesta, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 52, no. G274 (1870) ;

Dim/les, Orn. Austr. pi. 48. fig. 5 (1870).
Estrilda (Aidemosyne) modesta, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. TV.

ii. p. 286 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above brown, the rump with broad
white bars at the ends of the feathers ; upper tail-coverts more dusky,
and with broad white spots at the ends ; wing-coverts brown like the
back, but minutely spotted with white at the ends ; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts brown ; quills dusky brown, externally light
brown like the back, the inner secondaries spotted with white at
the ends ; tail-feathers blackish, the outer ones with a white spot at
the end ; crown of head dark brown, the forehead and sinciput dull
vinous crimson ; a black loral spot ; feathers above and behind the
eye silvery white ; sides of face and ear-coverts silvery white, the
latter with brown bars, producing a scaled appearance ; chin and
upper throat black ; sides of neck and under surface of body barred
with white and pale brown in regular alternate bands ; breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform white ; thighs brown ;
under wing-coverts buffy white, with pale brown cross-bars ; quills
dusky below, isabclline buff along the inner web : " bill black ;
feet fleshy white ; iris reddish brown ; eyes surrounded by a very
narrow lash of blackish brown " (J. Gould). Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0*4, wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-6.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but less strongly barred with
pale brown underneath, less crimson on the forehead ; lores dusky ;
throat ashy whitish without any black spot. Total length 4'2 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-2, tail 1*7, tarsus 0'55.

Hah. From the Wide Bay District to New South Wales, Victoria
and South Australia.

a, b. Ad. st. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

c, ^. d $ ad.sk. Australia (J! T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

^- d>f)ff- 2 ^^' Australia. Forbes Coll.

sk.

h, i. $ ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll.

k. 2 ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll.

;. S ad. sk. Banks of the NaiTa. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

2. Aidemos3nie inalabarica.

Loxia malabarica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 305 (1766).
Malabar Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 154 (1783).
Coccothraustes malabarica, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 533

(1817).
Loncbura cheat, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 95 ; id. P. Z. S. 1834, p. 148 ;

iW Clell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163.
Eoxia bicolor {nee Lath.), Tichell, J. A. S. B. ii. p. 578 (1833).
Erythura cheet, Jard. ^- Selby, III. Orn. pi. 34 (1839).
Spermestes cheet, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 27(1840); Burgess,

P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 100.
Amadina malabarica, Blyth, J. A. S. Bcng. xiii. p. 949 (1844), xv.

p. 37 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Kelaart, Prodr.

Cat. p. 125 (1852); Layard, Ann. (^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii.

VOL. XIII. 2 B

370

p. 2.")8 (1854) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, do. 6702 (1870) ; Iliunc,
Nests 8,- Eggs_ Ind. B. p. 4ol (1873) ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 107 ;
Bietler, * ' '

P-

p. ^ - ^ . ,

p. 112; Swinh. Sf Barney Ibis, 18S5, p. 129; Mact/rer/. Sir. F. x.
p. 439 (1837) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 170.
Munia malabarica, Bhith, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 117 (1849) ; Bp.

"ra. n. ma. ii. \i. oot ^lovi-j; , j.j.uv<iai.u. j. . u. -j. j-ui^, ^. lut ,
lume, Str. F. 1873, p. 209 : Adam, t. c. p. 3S7 ; Ball, Str. F.
B74, p. 421 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 496 ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876,

Hii

187

p. 261 ; Davidson S,- Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 85 (1878) ; Ball, t. c.

p. 222; Cripps, t. c. p. 293; Letjge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 602

(1879).
Euodice malabarica, Beiehenh. Sinyv. p. 47, Taf.x%'i. fig. 150 (1861).
Euodeia malabarica, Reichenb. t.c. Nachtr. p. iv (1861).

Adult male. Above light brown, a little darker on the head, which
is slightly mottled, with blackish bases to the feathers ; rump and
upper tail-coverts white, the latter black along the outer web ; the
white rump-feathers adjoining the lower back narrowly barred with
brown ; tail-feathers black, the centre ones with a ferruginous lateral
mark about the middle of the outer web ; wing-coverts and inner
secondaries brown like the back, the latter narrowly fringed with
•white at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black :
lores, eyelid, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface of body
white, with an isabelline tinge on the latter ; sides of neck and
sides of body light tawny buff, the latter faintly mottled with whitish
bars; under wing-coverts and axillaries light tawny buff; quiUs
dusky, pale tawny buff along the inner web : " upper mandible
plumbeous horn-colour, lower mandible lavender ; legs and feet pale
purplish pink ; iris dark brown " (E. A. Butler, MS.). Total length
4-4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-15, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 4-3 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Ceylon and Indian Peninsula, Khelat, and Afghanistan.

a. Ad.sk. Afghanistan (6Vj^);^). India Museum.

b c Ad sk. Zehri, Khelat, 5500 feet Hume Coll.

' ■ (,S'(> O. St. John).

d e Ad. sk. Khelat, July 15 (O. T. Hume Coll.

' Duhe).

f. ^ ad. ; g. $ Dehra Ghazi Khan. Hume Coll.

iuv. sk.
h S fid. sli- Karachi, Aug. 29 (E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler).
i 2 ad. sk. Sukkur, Sind, Dec. 1871 Hume Coll.

{A. O. H.).
J; \_i sk Banks of R. Chenab, near Hume Coll.

Mooltan, Dec. 1871 {A.

O. H.).
tJuv.sk. Hyderabad (Dr. ^.GoitW). India Mu,seum.

34. AIDEMOSrXE.

371

m, n,o. (^ ; /). J ad.

sk.
q. $ ad. sk.
?•. Ad. sk.

s,t. c? 2 ad. sk.

II. Ad. sk.
I'. Ad. sk.
w-x. (S $ ad. sk.

y. J ad. sk.
;. Ad. sk.

ti'-d'. Ad. sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
(/'-k'. cJ ; I', ni ,

n'. 5 fid. et

juy. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
^>', j'. Ad. sk.
r . Ad. sk.
s', t' . Ad. sk.

?<'. 2 ad. sk.
v. 2 ad. sk.

ic'. Ad. sk.
.r'. Ad. sk.
t/', 2'. 6 ad. sk.
a-, c? ; b', C-. 2

ad. sk.
d--K\ Ad.sk.

i^ F. 6\r-. 2

ad. sk.
w^ 2 ad. sk.

n^. Ad. sk.
d\ Ad. sk.
p-. Ad. sk.
(f, )■-. 2 ad. sk.

Sambliur district, Feb.,
July {R. M. Adam).

Sambliiu-, July {R. M. A.).

Sirza district, Jan.

Umbala, Nov. {R. C. Bea-
van).

Dehra Doon.

Dehra Boon.

Jhansi district, N. W. P.,
Sept. 10.

Mooradabad, Nov. 2, 1872.

N. W, Provinces, Dec. 9
(A. Anderson).

Etawab, Sept.

Cawnpore, Feb. 4 ( W. E.
Brooks).

Oude, Dec. 1^74.

Fiittebgurb, 3Iarcb(^. An-
derson).

Dinapur (<S'. Pinw-ll).

Bebar.

Dacca.

Maunbboom, ilarcb {R. C.

Beaian).
Palamow, Jan. 24 ( V.B(dl).
Lobardiigga, Jan. 8 ( V.

Ball).
Saup-or ( W. T. Hooper).
JubbuliHir district.
Mbow, Marcb, Nov.
Kbandeisb, Feb., Marcb,

Oct. {J. Davidson).
Deccau {Sykes).

Abmednuggur, Nov., Dec.

(<S'. B. Fairhank).
Mysore, May 23, 1881 ( W.

Davison).
Mysore {F. Day).
Madras.

Madras (Jerdon).
S.E. Ceylon, March ( W. V.

Leyge).

Hiime Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale CoU.
Col. C. Swinboe [P.].
Hume Coll.

India I\rus. (Types of

Lonchura cheet.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Dr. Jerdon [P.J.
Gould Coll.
R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

[P.].

8. Aidemosyue cantans.

Tbe Brown Grosbeak, Broivn, III. Zool. p. 66, pi. 27. fig. 2 (1776).

Warbling Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 157 (1783).

Loxia cantans, Gm. Syst. Naf. i. p. 8o9 (1788) ; Vieill. Ois. Chant.

p. 88, pi. 57 (1805) ; RUpjy. Neue Wirb., Voy. p. 101 (1835-40).
Coccothraustes cantans, I'ieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 529(1817);

Ilevijl. Syst. JJebers. p. 39 (1856).
Fringilla cantans, Lrcht. Verz. Doubl. p. 27 (1823).
Estrelda cantans, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845).
Amadina cantans, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.

') R •:>

372 PLOCEID^.

Av. i. p. i-'A (1850) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218 ; Befil. Reo. et

Mag. de ZooZ. 1853, p. 290; Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 147 (1857);

Bolle, J. f. 0. 1859, p. 38 ; Heitffl. Ibis, 1859, p. 34.3 ; Hartl.

J.f. O. 1801, p. 259; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 70 (L^*J-i); Blanf.

Geol. ^ Zool Abyss, p. 408 (1870) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no.

6785 (1870).
Uroloncha cantans. Cab. Mm. Hem. Th. i. p. 173 (1850) : Heui/l.

J. f. 0. 18G2, p. 28; id. J. f. O. 1868, p. 2 ; Rtiss, J. f. 0. 1869,

pp. 75, 79 ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 594, App. p. cxxx (1871) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr.B. p. 66 (1871); Antin. ^- Saload. Viagij. Bogos,

p. 116 (1873) ; Bohm, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 200 ; Fischer, Zeiischr. ges.

Orn. i. p. 323 (1884) ; Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 136.
Euodice cantans, Reichenb. Singv. p. 46, Taf. xvi. figs. 146-149

(1861).
Eiiodeia cantans, Reichenb. Singv. Nachtr. p. iv (1861).
Spermestes cantans, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 26S (1870) ; id. i^

Hartl. Vol/. Ostafr. p. 435 (1870) ; Fischer ^- Reichen. J. f. O.

1878, p. 266.
Munia cantans, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 311.

Adult male. Similar to A. malaharica, but distinguished by its
black upper tail-coverts, barred upper surface, and by the rufous
spots on the chiu and sides of face : " upper mandible dark greyish
blue, clearer at the base, the lower mandible clear blue-grey ; feet
pale vinous red, claws brown ; iris reddish horny " {Reuglin). Total
length 4-7 inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
4*1 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2"15, tail 1'55, tarsus 0*45.

Hab. Western and North-eastern Africa, extending south to the
Zanzibar district. Southern Arabia.

«. 2 ^^- s^- '■'^"'> Lebka Valley, Bogos, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Aug. 17. [C.].

b. S fi<i- sk. Bejook, Bogos, July 15 Tweeddale Coll.

{W. Jesse).

c. S ad.sk. Aniha., Aug. 19 (W.Jesse). Sliarpe Coll.
d-g. Ad. sk. Ailat (Fsler).

h, i. Ad. sk. Lahej, near Aden, Jan. Major Yerbury [P.].

A-. Skeleton. Aden, Jan. C.Chevallier, Esq.[P].

35. ^GINTHA.

Type.
yEgintha, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 170 (1850) .... M. temporalis

Range. Confined to Australia.

1. .ffigintha temporalis.

Temporal Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 211 (1801) *.
Fringilla temporalis, Lath. hid. Orn. Suppl. ii. p. xlviii (1801).

* Taken from drawings. The definition is uncertain, tlie underparts being
described as wliite.

25S

I

35. iEGINTHA. 373

I>e Senegali quiuticolor, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 38, pi. 15 (1805).
Friugilla qiiinticolor, Ticill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xii. p. 183 (1817).
Common Grosbeak, Lewin, Nat. Hist. B. New Holl. pi. xii. (1822).
Fringilla temporalis, Vig. i^- Horsf. Trans. Linn. Sue. xv. p, ""

(1827) ; Jard. ^- Selbi/, III. Orn. "i. pi. 12. figs. 1, 2.
Estrelda temporalis, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 82 (1848) ; Diggles,

Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fig. 2 (1870).
Amadina temporalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1848) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 57, no. 6794 (1870).
Sporotblastes temporalis, Bp. Cnnsp. i. p. 455 (1850).
yEgintha temporalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 170 (1850); Reichenb.

Singv. p. ly, Taf. iii. figs. 16-18 (1802) ; Goidd, Ilandb. B. Austr.

i. p. 411 (1865).
Estrelda (yEgintha) temporalis, Ramsay, Pi-oc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B.-p.lO (1878).

Adult. General colour above olive-yellowish ; wing-coverts like the
back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts ashy brown fringed with
olive ; quills dusky brown, externally edged with olive, brighter on
the primaries, which are ashy towards the ends of the outer webs ;
rump and upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail-feathers dusky brown,
shaded with ashy grey ; crown of head and nape slaty grey ; lores,
eyebrow, and a streak above the ear-coverts crimson ; eyelid crimson
above, ashy below ; ear-coverts, checks, throat, and under surface
of body ashy grey, pearly grey on the latter : centre of breast and
abdomen isabelline, as also the under tail-coverts, the latter washed
with ashy; sides of body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs ashy grey ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries isabelline ; quills below dusky,
ashy whitish along the inner edge : " biU fine blood-red, with the
ridge of the upper and lower part of the under mandible black ;
feet yellowish white ; iris brownish red ; eyelash narrow, nut-red
and black" {J. Gould). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-4,
wing 2-05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. Australia, Queensland to Wide Bay District and New South
"Wales.

a. Ad. st. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

b. $ ad. sk. South Australia {J. G.). Gould Coll.

c. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

d. Ad. sk. South Australia. J. C. D. Packman,

Esq. [P.].

e. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll.
/, g. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll.

h. S ad. sk. New South Wales. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
i, k. Ad. sk. Queensland {J. T. Cock- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ei-ell).
I. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

374 PLOCEID.E.

36. BATHILDA.

Type.
Batliilda, Beiclwnb. Sinffv. p. 10 (1861) B. ruticauda.

Mange. Confined to Australia.

1. Bathilda ruficauda.

Amadina ruficauda, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 106 ; id. Si/n. B. Austr.

pt. i. pi. 10. fi^. -2 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).
E.strilda ruticauda, Goidd, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 84 (1848) ; Dlygles,

Orn. Austr. pi. 49. fi^. 1 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. o2,

no. 6725 (1870) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. 8. W. (2) i. p. 1090

(1887), ii. p. 168 (1888).
Astrilda ruficauda, Beichenh. Vog. NeuhoU. p. 114 (1850).
Steganopleura ruticauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850).
Batliilda ruticauda, Beichenb. Sim/v. p. 19, Taf. v. tigs. 41-43 (1863) ;

Gould, Handh. B. Austr. i. p. 413 (1865).
Estrelda (B.atliilda) ruticauda, Bamsaij, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.

p. 186 (1878) ; id. Tab. List B. Austr. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the wiug-coverta
like the back ; quills duslcy, externally olive-brown ; upper tail-
coverts dull crimson, with a large subterminal spot of rosy white ;
tail-feathers dusky brown, externally dull crimson, the centre
feathers entirely dull crimson ; head like the back, the forehead,
lores, sides of face, and chin crimson, with tiny white dots on the
ear-coverts and fore parts of cheeks ; hinder ear-coverts and hinder
cheeks olive-brown spotted with white ; throat, fore neck, and
upper breast ashy olive with large white spots, as also the sides of
the body ; lower breast and abdomen and thighs olive-yellow,
whiter on the under tail-coverts : under wing-coverts pale fulvous ;
quills dusky below, ashy fulvous along the inner web : •' bill red ;
iris orange-yellow or red " {J. R. Ehei/, MSS.). Total length 4-3
inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-05, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller everywhere, with
no rosy spots on the upper tail-coverts, but only a subterminal
rosj'-white bar ; very little crimson on the forehead and face, and
scarcely any on the chia. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
2-1, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-6.

Toung. Uniform buffy brown ; eye yellowish olivC; surrounded bv
a narrow olive lash ; bill reddish brown ; feet brownish yellow.

Hah. Xorth-western and Northern Australia, Queeusland. New
South Wales and Interior of Australia {E. P. R.).

a,b. [ d 2 ] ad. N. Australia (J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll.

St.

c, d. S ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Feb. 1856. J. R. Elsev, Esq.

[P.J. ■

e, f. Ad. ; g. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

JllV. St.

h. Ad. sk. Australia. Seebohra Coll.

37. POEPHiLA. 375

37. POEPHILA*.

Type.

Poephila, GvuM, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18 P. acuticauda.

Cliloebia, Beidienh. Sinyv. p. 31 (1861) P. g-ouldiae.

Eange. Confined to Australia.

Keu to the Species.

a. Back reddish or asbj^ brown ; upper tail-coverts

white ; sides of lower abdomen black.
«'. Head grey ; a black baud across the rump.
a". Bill red or yellow in skin ; breast and back

pale vinous isabelline ueuticaudn, p. 375.

b". Bill black ; breast and back tawny vinous . ciiicta, p. 376.
b'. Head like the back.

c'. Ear-coverts like the breast personata, p. 377.

d" . Ear-coverts white, contrastij:g with the

breast leucotis, p. 377.

b. Back green, with blue on the hinder crown, sides

of neck, rump, and upper tail-coverts.

c'. Head black, followed by a blue line gouldice, p. 378.

d' . Forehead crimson, vertex black, followed by a

blue line mir(d)ilis, p. 378.

1. PoepMla acuticauda.

Amadina acuticauda, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 143 ; Gray, Gen. li.

ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 55, no. 6770 (1870).
Poephila acuticauda, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18; id. B. Austr. fol.

iii. pi. 90 (1848); Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 456 (1850); Eeichenb. Voy.

Neuholl p. 116 (1850) ; id. Siiiffv. p. 29, Taf. ix. figs. 82, 83 (1862) ;

Gould, JIandb. B. Austr. i. p. 422 (1865) ; Iia7nsai/, Proc. Linn.

Soc. K. S. ir. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1091 (1887),

ii. p. 1G9 (1888); North, t. c. p. 408; Ramsay, Tub. List Austr.

B. p. 10 (^1888).

Adult male. Pinkish brown on the mantle and back ; lower back
and wing-coverts more earthy brown, as also the inner secondaries ;
qiiills dusky blackish, the primaries ashy whitish along the outer
web ; upper tail-coverts white, with a black baud across the rump ;
tail black ; crown of head and nape, sides of face and ear-coverts,
and cheeks delicate pearly grey ; a loral spot, eyelid, and entire
throat black; remainder of under surface of body from the fore
neck downwards pinkish fawn-colour : the vent, thighs, and under
tail-coverts white ; a large patch of black ou the lower flanks, with
a line of black separating the white vent from the pinkish-brown
breast ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining deep fawn-colour :
" bill waxy orange ; feet coral-red ; iris black "' {spec. "u'.). Total
length 4-6 inches, culraen 0-45, wing 2-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-55.

* Dr. E. P. Eanisav mentions (Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10) a species from the
Gulf of Carpentaria "as Poephila atropyyialis, Diggles (Queensl. Phil. Soc.
p. 876). I have not been able to find the quotation and cannot fix the species.

376 PLOCEID.E.

Achdt female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length 5-4
inches, culmcn 0-41, wing 2-35, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Similar to the adults, but much duller in colour, and
having all but the centre tail-feathers broadly tipped with white.
The head is not so grej-, and approaches the brown of the back.

Hob. North and North-west Australia.

a. Ad. sk.

N. Australia {J. T.

Cocker dl).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Juv. sk.

Port Essington.

Capt. Chambers [P.].

c. Ad. sk.

Port Essington.

Gould Coll._

d. Ad. St.

Port Essington.

Sir J. Richardson

[P.].

e,f- 6;9-i- $ad.

N.W. Australia.

J. R. Elsey, Esq.

et juv. sk.

[P.].

k. 6 ; l-n. 5 ad.

Fitzroy River, N.

W.

A.

(T.

Capt. Bowyer Bower

et juv. sk.
0. Ad. sk.

H. Bowyer Boicer).

[P.]

W. Australia.

Sir G. Grey [P.].

2. Poephila cincta.

Amadina cincta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 105; Oray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. oo, no. 6773 (1870).
Poephila cincta, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 93 (1848) ; Eekhenb.

Voff. Nevholl. p. 117 (1858) ; id. Singv. p. 29, Taf. xi. fig. 79 (1802) ;

Goidd, Handh. B. Ausir. i. p. 425 (1865) ; Eamsay, Proc. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10

(1888).
Sporothlastes cincta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above light cinnamon-brown, a little
more dingy brown towards the rump, which is crossed by a black
bar ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white ; wing-coverts drab-
brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown,
externally drab-brown, the primaries margined with whitish ; tail-
feathers black ; crown of head delicate ashy grey, pearly grey on the
forehead ; lores black ; eyelid, ear-coverts, and cheeks pearly grey,
whitish at the base of the cheeks ; throat entirely black ; under
surface of body from the fore neck cinnamon, with a black bar
across the flanks ; lower abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, and under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale cinnamon ;
quills below dusky, light cinnamon along the inner edge : " bill black ;
feet pink-red ; iris reddish brown ; eyelash blackish brown '' (,/.
Gould). Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-35, tail 1-65,
tarsus 0"6.

Hah. North-east and South Australia.

a. Ad. St. Australia. J. Gould, Esq.

b, c. Ad. & Australia. Gould Coll.
imm. sk.

d. Ad. st. Australia. Sir T. Mitchell [P.].

e,f. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Forbes Coll.

f/. Ad. sk. New South Wales. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T. CockereU). Salvin-GodiLan Coll.

37. poEPHiLA. 377

3. Poephila personata.

Poephila personata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 18 ; id. B. Austr. fol.

iii. pi. 91 (1848); Eeichmb. Tor/. Neuholl. p. 117 (1850): Bp.

Consp. i. p. 4o6 (1850) ; Rekhenb. Siiujv. p. 1^9, Taf. ix. figs. 80, 81

(1862) ; Gould, Hancib. B. Austr. i. p. 423 (1865) ; Bamsaxj, Pi-oc.

Linn. Soc. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).
Amadina persouata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 5.5, no. G771 (1870).

Adult male. Pinkish brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts white;
wing-coverts like the back ; quills browu, externally like the
back ; tail-feathers black ; head a little more cinnamon-brown than
the back ; base of forehead, lores, base of cheeks, and a large chin-
spot, black ; sides of face and under surface of body pinkish brown,
with a large black patch on either flank separated by a line of
white from the brown of the breast; abdomen and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts like the breast ; quills dusky
below, reddish along the inner web : " biU bright orange ; legs and
feet fleshy red; iris red" (Gilbert). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 2-2, tail 2-0.5, tarsus Oo-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but somewhat duller in colour.
Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Browner than the adult, with a blackish bill; the whole
plumage with less pink, and the black mask and flank-spots not so
pronounced.

Hah. North and North-west Australia.

a, h. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Juv. sk. N. Australia. Goidd Coll.

d. Ad. St. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson TP.].
e,f. d 2 ad. ; g. $ N. W. Australia, April 1856. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

juv. sk.

4. Poephila leucotis.

Poephila leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 106 ; id. B. Austr. fol. iii.

pi. 92 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 456 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B.

Austr. i. p. 424 (1865) ; Bamsay, Proc. Limi. Soc. N. 8. W. ii.

p. 18 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).
Amadina leucotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849); id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 55, no. 6773 (1870).

Adult. General colour above warm cinnamon-brown, the rump
and upper tail- coverts white, with a black patch on the sides of the
former, and the lateral tail-coverts externally black ; wing-coverts
like the back, the quills dusky blackish, externally like the back,
the primaries edged with whitish; tail-feathers black; crown of
head rather darker cinnamon-brown like the back ; base of forehead,
lores, eyelid, fore part of cheeks, and chin black ; hinder cheeks and
ear-coverts silvery white ; sides of neck, throat, and breast pinkish
isabelline ; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts white ; sides of
lower breast also white, followed by a broad black patch on the
flanks, the lower feathers being black with white tips ; under wing-

378 PLOCETT).!:.

cnverts like the breast ; quills dusky hclow. reddish on the inner
web: '-bill j-ellowish horn -colour ; feet red; iris dark brown" (J'.
Gould). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-15, tail 1-75,
tarsus O'oo.

Hah. North Australia.

a. (S ad. sk. Australia. Forbes Colb

5. Poephila gouldiaB.

Poephile admirable (pt.), Tlonihr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Snd, Atlas,

pi. 2-2. tig. 2 (1842-63).
Amadina gouldias, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 5 ; Graif, Gen. P. ii.

p. -.'uO (1849) ; Reichenh. Vd(j. Neuholl. p. 111 (1850) ; Gray,

Hmul-1. P. ii. p. 55, no. 0774 (1870).
Poephila gouldije, Des Miirs, Iconogr. Or/i. pi. iii. fig. 2 (1845) ;

Gould, P. Austr. fol. pi. 88 (1848) ; Pj). Consp. i. p. 456 (1850);

Gould, P. Austr. i. p. 420 (1865) ; Armit, Journ. Linn. Sac.

(Lond.), Zool. xiv. p. 96 (1877) ; Rmnsmj, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. pp. 70, 187 (1878); id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1091 (1887), ii. p. 169

(1888) ; id. Tab. List Austr. P. p. 10 (1888).
Chloebia gouldise, Reichenh. Singv. p. 30, Taf. x. figs. 84-86 (1862).

Adult male. Similar to P. mirabilis, but distinguished by a black
forehead and sinciput, followed by a broad band of cobalt-blue,
separating the black forehead from the green of the nape and back :
" bill pink and Avhite, the tip yellow " (J. B. Elsey) ; " feet flesh-
colour " (Gilbert). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-55,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, especially as regards
the blue on the head and the lilac breast.

Young. Dingy yellowish green ; the head ashy grey, with a little
black on the face ; throat ashy grey, the breast pale brown and the
abdomen pale yellowish.

JIah. North and North-west Australia.

a-d. Imm.sk. N.Australia. Gould Coll.

e. Ad. ; /. Juv.sk. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson [P.].

r/, h. Ad. et juv. st. Port Essington. Sir J. Richardson [P.J.

i. Ad.sk. Port Essington (Capt. Stan- Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-

lei/). snake.'

k. Ad. St. Port Essington. Capt. Stanley [P.].

/, m. (S; n. 2 ad. ; N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey,'Esq. [P.].

0. p, q. x\d et

juv. sk.

6, Poephila mirabilis *.

Poephile admirable (pt.), Ilouihr. et Jacq. \'<y. Pule iSud, Atlas,
pi. 22. fig. 1 (1842-53).

* Poephila .iRsuTiANA.
Poepliila armifiana, Eamsay, Proc. Limi. Soc. N. S. W. ii. pp. 70, 187
(1878) ; id. Tab. List Aiisfi: B. p. 10 (1888).
'• May be looked upon as the goklen- or yellow-headed phase of P. mirabilis "
(Ramsay, Tab. List, /, c).

Hub. Derby, N.W. Australia. Gulf of Carpentaria.

37. roEPHiLA. 379

Poepliila niirabilis, J)fs Mws, Iconof/r. Orn. pi. iii. (184o); GotiM,
B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 89 {l8iS) ;' Eeichenb. Vof/. NeuJwll. p. 91
(1850) ; £p. Comp. i. p. 456 (1850); Jacq. et 'Piicher, Toy. Pule
Slid, iii, p. 99 (1853); Gould, Haiidh. B. Amtr. i. p. 421 (1865) ;
Armit, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 95 (1877) ; Eamsaif, Proc. Linn.
Sue. N. S. W. ii. p. 187 (1878) ; id. oj). cit. (2) i. p! 1091 (1887 ),
ii. p. 169 O^SS) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Amadiua gouklipe, pt., Grny, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1849).

C'hloebia niirabilis, Ecicheiib. Sinfjv. p. 30, Taf. x. tigs. 87, 88 (1802).

Amadina mirabilis, Grmj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 65, uo. 6775 (1870).

Adult male. Very pale grass-green, the feathers of the rump and
upper tail-coverts light blue with ashy whitish tips ; wiug- coverts like
the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown with nar-
row greenish margins ; quills dusk}* brown, the primaries externally
olive-yellow, the secondaries greener on the outer web, the inner
ones yellow in the centre; tail-feathers black, the outer ones
spotted with white at the ends ; forehead and sinciput, lores, sides
of face, and ear-coverts scarlet ; this red patch surrounded by a
narrow line of black, followed by a band of beautiful blue between
the black line and the green of the occiput and bind neck, which is
rather lighter than the rest of the back : throat black, followed by
a line of bright cobalt-blue, and then by a broad band of beautiful
lilac across the fore neck and chest ; remainder of under surface of
body golden yellow, with a tinge of light green on the flanks ; thighs
fulvescent ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts ful-
vescent ; quills dusky below, isabelline along the inner web : " bill
pink and white ; legs yellow ; iris deep brown " {J. R. Elsey).
Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-55, tail 1-9, tarsus
0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-6, tail 2, tarsus 0-55.

Youncf. Very much paler than the adults; head black, mixed
with dark crimson, and this frontal patch bordered behind by a
distinct broad line of blue ; throat black, as also the sides of the
face, which show a little ciimson below the eye ; sides of neck pale
prccn, with a little blue shade in the centre ; "chest-patch very pale
lilac ; breast and abdomen very pale yellow.

Bah. Xorth and JN'orth-west Australia.

«. Ad. sk. N. Australia. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. ; c. .Tuv. sk. Port Es.sington. Dr. Pachardson [P.l.

d,e. Ad. et juv. st. Port Essiugton. Capt. Stanley [P.].

/,</■ d?ad. sk. N.W. Australia, Ajuil, Mav. J. K. Elsev,'Esq."[P.J

380 PLOCEID^.

38. ERYTHRUEA. ^^^^

Erythrurn, Sjvains. Classif. H. ii. p. 280 (18.'37) E. prasina.

Geospiza (??ec Gould), Feale, U.S. Expl. U-vped., Zool.
p. 117 (1848).

Aiublynui-a, Reichenb. Siiif/r. p. 32 (1850) E. pealii.

Acalanthe, Reichenb. t. c. p. 32 (1861) E. psittacea.

Lobiospiza, TIartl. ^- Flnsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 817. . . . E. cjanovirens.

Eanqe. Southern Tenasserim, through the Malayan Peninsula to
Java, Sumatra, and Eornco, Tcrnate, ISfew Guinea, Pclew and Caro-
line Islands, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji
Islands, Samoa Islands.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. lied, yellow, or ashy brown on the breast

and abdomen ; tail longer.

a. Breast rod or yellow ; throat blue ; fore-
head blue . . .' praslna S , p. 381.

b'. Breast and throat ashy brown ; forehead

green like the head praslna $ , p. 381.

b. Breast and abdomen blue or green.
c'. Forehead crimson.

a". Forehead only crimson; remainder of
head green like the back.
a". Throat crimson, like the sides of the

face psittacea cJ , p. 382.

b'". Throat blue, contrasting with the

crimson sides of the face pealii <S , p. 383.

b". Entire head crimson, followed by blue

on the nape or hind ueck ; throat blue.

c'". Sides of ueck gi-een, as also the fore

neck and chest ; throat only blue . . cyanovirens (S > P- 384.
d'" . Sides of neck blue like the throat
and chest ; nape crimson like the
head,
rt*. A blue collar round the hind neck ;

back and abdomen green serena S j P- 385.

6^. Back blue ; entire underparts blue, regia S , p. 385.
d'. Forehead blue.

c". Throat green like the undei-parts ; chin

also green ._ . tiichroa J § , p. 385.

d". Throat green Uke the underparts; chin

blue cyanelfrons c5' 2 , P- 386.

e". Throat blue like the underparts.

e'" . Head blue, confined to the crown;

nape green like the back foibesl J' , P- 387.

f". Head blue, this colour extending

over the back tricolor S , P- 387.

e'. Forehead black like the rest of the crown,
sides of face, and chin ; green above and
below, with scarlet rump and upper tail-
coverts klclnsehmldfl, p. 387.

»

38. EKYTHETIKA. 381

1. Erythrura prasina.

Le Verdier de Java, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 193, pi. vii. fig. 4 (1760).
Lb Quadricolor, Buf. Hkt. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 407 (1775).
Le ToLipet bleu, Month. His/. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 170 (1778).
Gros-bec de Java, Daubent. Pi. Enl. iv. pi. 101. fig. 2.
Red-rumped Buutiug, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. '20S (1783).
Blue-faced Bimting, Lath. Gen. Si/n.. ii. pt. i. p. 209 (1783).
Loxia prasiaa, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. pis. 72, 73 (1788) ; Raffles,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 314 (1820) ; Swidev. Crit. om Sparrm.
p. 12 (1857).
Emberiza cyanopis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. p. 886 (1788) .
Emberiza quadricolor, Grn. Si/st. Nat. p. 886 (1788).
Coccothraustes prasiua, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Nat. xiii. p. 537

(1817).
Fringilla prasina, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 161 (1820).
FringiUa spliecura, Tenim. PI. Col. iii. pi. 96. figs. 1-3 (1824).
Loncbm-a quadricolor, Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 94.
Erytbrura viiidis, Swaiiis. Class. B. ii. p. 280 (1837).
Erytbriua prasiua, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 118 (1849).
Amadina prasiua, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 370 (1840) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 58, no. 6805 (1870).
Erytbrura prasiua, Bp. Consp. Ad. p. 457 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore,
Cat. B. E. 1. Co. Mus. ii. p. 503 ( 1856) ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 461 ; Beichenh. Sinqo. p. 34, Taf. xi. figs. 99-101 (1861) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Born. p. 268 '(1874) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 323; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1876, p. 50 ; Hume ^- Damson, Str. F. vi. p. 405 (1878) ;
Nicholson, Ibis, 1879, p. 170 ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 262 ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. pp. 67, 107, ix. p. 121 (1881); Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 545;
Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 63 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.
xliii. p. 106 (1884), xlvi. p. 234 (1887) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 435.

Adult male. General colour above grass-green, the upper tail-
coverts scarlet ; centre tail-feathers dull crimson, the remainder
blackish, edged with crimson and tipped with olive ; wing-coverts
and inner secondaries dull grass-green, the remainder blackish,
edged with grass-green, the primaries with olive-yellow ; head green
like the back, as also the sides of the neck ; the forehead, sides of
face, ear-coverts, and throat blue ; lores and feathers at base of bill
black ; remainder of under surface of body from the lower throat
downwards deep cinnamon-buif ; centre of breast and abdomen
scarlet ; under wing-coverts like the flanks ; quiUs dusky below,
ashy along the edge of the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches,
culmeu 0-55, wing 2-3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but much duller in colour
and with a shorter tail ; the blue not being so pronounced on the
face and throat and shading off into ochreous brown on the fore
neck ; the scarlet on the underparts reduced to a small patch in the
centre of the breast. Total length 4'o inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-3,
tail 1-7, tarsiis O'oo.

Young. Everywhere much duller in colour than the adults, and
having a tinge of saffron-yellow on the rump ; no blue on the fore-
head and only a slight tinge of blue on the face, which is otherwise
green ; throat pale smoky brown with an ashy-greenish shade, the

3S2

sides of the chest greeu ; remainder of under surface of body ochreons
buff, browner on the sides. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-4, tall 1-6, tarsus 0'6.

In the collection are several specimens of a curious variety of the
present species, in which the upper tail-coverts and tail are golden
yellow instead of scarlet, and the pectoral patch is also yellow in-
stead of scarlet. Mr. Everett collected a young bird on Marintanan
which has yellowish iipper tail-coverts, showing that this yellow
variation begins early in life, and is probably always retained.

Hah. From Southern Tenasserim, down the Malayan Peninsula
to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

a-h. S ad. ; i, k. $

juv. sk.
I, m. Ad. et juv. sk.
/(. 5 jii'^- sk.
u-i/. (5 ; ~-6'. $ ad.

sk.
c', d'. c? ad. ; e',f.

(j" 2 juv. sk.
ff'-t. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n'. Juv. sk.

o', p'. Ad. et juv. sk.
f/.d ; r',s'. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
f, u'. Ad. ; v'. Juv.

sk.
7v', .%'. Ad. ; ?/'. Juv.

sk.
z'. Ad. St.

Bopyin, Tenasserim, Dec.

( jr. Davison).
Pakcbau, Jan. ( W. D.).
Baukasoou, Dec. ( If. D ).
MalewooD, Jan. ( IF. D.).

Hume Coll.

Iluiue Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Selang-ore, Nov. {W. D.). Hume Coll.

Sumatra, Oct. (C. Bock).
Java (Kuhl ^- Von Has-

self).
Java {Dr. Horsfeld).
Java.
W. Java {E. C. Buxton).

Borneo.

Sibu, Sarawak, Jul\'.

La was River {H. Bar-

hiihje).
Island of Marintanan, X.

Borneo.
Java.

Esq.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.

India Museum.

Forbes Coll.
F. Nicholson,

Gould Coll.

Alfred Everett, Esq.

[C.].
H. Veitch, Esq. [P.].

A. H. Everett, Esq.

[C.].
Purchased.

2. Erythrura psittacea.

Parrot Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 287, pi. 48 (1783).
Fringilla psittacea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 903 (1788) ; Vieill. Ois.

Chant, p. 56, pi. 32 (180o).
Fringilla puleliella, Fvister, Descr. Anim.Tp. 273 (1844).
Estrelda psittacea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1849) ; id. Cat. B. Trap.

Isl. p. 27 (1859).
Ervtbrura psittacea, Bp. C<>nsp. i. p. 457 (1850) ; E. L. S)- L. C.

Laynrd, Ibis, 1878, p. 260, 1882, p. 622 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 184 ;

Sd.Ibis, 1881, p. 545.
Poepbila paddoni, Macgill. Ann. %■ Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) ii. p. 264

(1858).
Acalantbe psittacea, Beichenb. Stngv. p 32, Taf. xi. fig. 96 (1861).
Amadina psittacea, Gj-ay, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6803 (1870).

Adidt male. Bright grass-green, the rump and upper tail-coverts
crimson-scarlet ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with dull crimson ;
wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and

I

3t<. ERYTHKrKA. 383

quills dusky brown, edged with green, the inner secondaries entirely-
green, the primaries edged with greenish yellow ; hind part of head
and sides of neck like the back ; forehead and sinciput, eyebrow
sides of face, and ear-coverts, as well as the throat and fore neck
bright crimson- scarlet : remainder of under surface of body from
the chest downwards bright grass-green, as also the thighs and
under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts pale yellow ; quills dusky
below, yellowish along the inner web : •' bill black ; legs brown ;
iris dark brown " {E. L. Layard). Total length 4-4 inches, cuLmen
0-4, wing '2-2, tail 1'75, tarsus ()-(So.

Yoaivj. Duller green than the adult, with no scarlet on the face
or throat, the entire head and throat green like the back.

Hah. New Caledonia.

rt. (5 ad. sk. Port de France, New J. Brenchlev, Esq.

Caledonia, Oct. [P.].

h. S ad. sk. Nu, Port de France, New J. Mac"-illivrav Esa

Caledonia, May. [C]

V. c? ad. ; d. $ juv. sk. Xoumea, Aug. & Oct. {E. Tweeddale Coll.

Z. Layard).

f. J ad. sk. Dembea,Julylo(-E'.Z.i.). Forbes Coll.

f. Ad. sk. New Caledonia. Forbes Coll.

3. Erythrura pealii.

Geo.spiza prasiua {tjec Sparnn.), Peak, U. S. Kcpl. Exned., Birds
p. IIG, pi. 31. fig. 3 (1848). / ' ,

Erythrura pealii, Haiti, in Wiegm. Arch. 1852, pp. 104, 132 ; Ca.ss
U. S. E.rpl. Exped., Birds, p. 138, pi. 8. fig. ] (1858) ; ' Hartl
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 462 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 232 ; Finsch ^- Hartl.
Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 99 (1867); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875 p 435
Ihis, 1876, pp. 151, 392 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 546. ' '

Amadina (Erythrura) pealii, Gray, Cat. B. Tropical Isl n "V
(1859). " 1 . y. -

Amblynura pealii, Beichenb. Sinr/v. p. 32, Taf. xii. figs. 93, 94 (1861).
Amadina pealii, Graj/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6801 (1870).

Adidt male. Grass-green, the wing-coverts like the back ; quills
dusky brown, the inner secondaries entirely green, the rest of the
quills externally green, the primaries yellowish green on the outer
web : lower rump and upper tail-coverts dull scarlet, as also the
centre tail-feathers ; remainder of tail-feathers blackish, externally
dull scarlet, olive greenish towards the ends of the outer web';
crown of head scarlet as far as the hinder crown, the occiput and
nape green like the back ; a dusky loral spot and a small dusky
mark on the fore part of the cheeks ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and
cbeeks scarlet ; throat blackish, washed with blue on the lower
throat, the fore neck inclining to cobalt-blue, shading off into the
emerald-green of the remainder of the under surface; under win"-
and tail-coverts also green ; quills dusky below, ashy alono- the
inner web : " biU blackish ; feet brown or pinkish grey ; iris black "
{E. L. Layard). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen O'o, wine 2-25
tail 1'2, tarsus 0"6.

384 PLOCEID-E.

Adult female. Similar to the -male: "bill black; feet and iris
brown" (E.L.Layard). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"45, wing
2-25, tail 1-2, tarsus 1-65.

Young. Differs from the aclnlt in being duller in colour, and lacks
the scarlet on the head and face, these parts as well as the throat
being blue, with a few scarlet plumes on the former and some black
feathers on the latter : " base of bill wattled " {E. L. Layard).

Hah. Fiji Islands.

a-c. (S ; d. 2 jii^'- sk. Rewa, Fiji, Oct., Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

{IS. L. Layard).
e. 9 ad. sk. Taviuni, Aug. 18 {E. L. Forbes Coll.

^•)- .
/. Juv. sk. Taviuni (Liardet). Salvin-Godnian Coll.

g. Imm. sk. Taviuui, April 21 {L. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Layard).

4. Erythrura cyanovirens.

Geospiza cyanovirens, Peale, Zool. U. 8. E.vpl. Euped., Birds, p. 117,

pi. 31. fig. 4 (1848).
Erythrura cvanovirens, Hartl. Arch. f. Naturq. 1852, pp. 104, 132 ;

Cass. U. S. Expl. Exped., Zool. p. 137, pi. Q. fig. 2 (1858) ; Hartl.

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 457 ; Fhisch ^- Hartl. Faun. Centralpoh/n. p. 100,

pi. ix. fig. 4 (18(37) ; WMtmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 441 ; Layard, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 495; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 546.
Erythrura pucheraui, Sp. Consp. Au. i. p. 457 (1850) ; Hartl.

P.Z.S. 1858, p. 457; Reichenb. Siiiyv. p. 34 (1861); Scl. Ibis,

1881, p. 546.
Amadina (Erythrura) cyauovirens, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 27

(1859).
Amadina (Erythrura) pucheraui. Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. p. 27

(1859).
Amblynura cyauovu-ens, ReicJtetib. Sinqv. p. 32, Taf. xi. fig. 95 (1861) ;

Hartl. ^ Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 23.
Amadina cyanovirens, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 57, no. 6802 (1870).
Lobiospiza'notahilis, Hartl Sf Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 817, pi. 49,

1871, p. 24; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 43; Hartl. P.Z.S. 1875,

p. 269 ; Finsch, Journ. Mas. Godvffr. Heft xii. p. 36, note (1876) ;

Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 495.

Adult. Similar to E.'pealii, but differs in having the back washed
with blue ; the entire head and nape deep scarlet or crimson. The
throat also is blue, not black, and the blue colour extends over the
whole under surface, the green of the breast and abdomen being
washed with blue: " biU black; feet black; iris brown" {Peale).
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail 1-2, tarsus 0 7.

Young. Has the bill yellow, tipped with black, with wattled
base, the crimson of the head mixed with blue on the hinder crown
and nape ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face blue ; all the colours
duller than in the adult.

Hah. Samoa Islands.

a-c. Ad. et juv. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. J. Whitmee [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Upolu, Samoa. Forbes Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Navigators' Islands. Gould Coll.

38. EEYTHEtlKA. 385

5. Erythrura serena.

Erytlirospiza (!) serena, Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 544, pi. xv. fig. 1.

Adult. Similar to E. cyanovirens, and with a bright scarlet head
aud upper tail-coverts ; the scarlet of the head extending to the
hind neck, which is separated from the uniform green back by a
broad blue collar ; throat and chest blue, this colour extending on
to the upper breast : remainder of under surface light green : " feet
dusky flesh-colour : iris dark umber-brown " (J. MacgUUvray) *.
Total length 4"25 inches, culmen U-55, wing 2-6, tail 1*35, tarsus 0'7.

Yotuig. Entirely green above, excepting the upper tail-coverts
and tail-edgings, which are dull red ; a slight bluish tinge on the
sides of the face and crown ; under surface of body pale ochreous,
the throat and chest light green.

Hah. Island of Aneiteum, ISTew Hebrides.

a-e. Ad. et juv. sk. Aneiteum. .7. MacgiUivray [C.]. (Types

of species.)

G. Erythrura regia.

Erythrospiza (!) regia, Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 544, pi. xv. fig. 2.

Adult. Similar to E. serena, but with the entire back aud under-
parts blue instead of green. " Total length 4 inches, wing 2-5,
tail 1-5 " (Schter).

Hah. Island of Api, New Hebrides.

7. Erythrura trichroa.

Fringilla trichroa, Kittl. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ii. p. 8, pi. 10
(1835).

Estrelda trichura, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. .869 (1849).

Erythrura trichroa, Bj}. Consp. Av. i. p. 457 (1850) ; Harfl. P. Z. S.
1858, p. 461 ; Eeichenb. Singv. p. 3-3, pi. xi. fig. 98 (1861); Scl.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 158 ; Meyer, Sitz. k. Akad. Wien, Ixx. p. 127
(1874) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoi: xvi. p. 192 (1880) ; Finsch,
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 576; id. J. f. O. 1880, p. 290; id. Ibis, 1881,
pp. 108, 115 ; Scl. Ibis, 1881, p. 545 ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. ii. p. 442
(1881); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 354; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 573;
Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 197.

Erythrura kittlitzi, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 457 (1850, ex Bp. MSS.) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6804 (1870).

Estrelda trichroa. Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. p. 27 (1859).

Erythrura modesta. Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 351.

Amadiua modesta, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 176 (1865).

Erythrura phoenicura, Bernst. Kederl. Tijdschr. liierk. ii. p. 331
(1865).

Amadina trichroa, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6806 (1870); Posetib.
Peistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 7 ( 1875) ; id. Malay. Archip. p. 406 (1879).

Erythrura glauca, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. xii. p. 36 (1876).

Erythrura sp. inc., Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 779.

Adult male. Grass-green, a little lighter on the hinder crown
and sides of neck ; wing- coverts like the back, as also the inner

* The feet are given in the ' Ibis ' plate as brown and the iris as hhwk.
VOL. XIII. 2 c

386 PLOCEID^.

secondaries ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts blackish ; quills dusky
brown, edged with green, the primaries with yellowish green ; rump
and upper tail-coverts dull crimson : centre tail-feathers dull crim-
son, the remainder blackish, dull crimson along the outer web ; base
of forehead, lores, and base of cheeks blackish ; a broad frontal
band, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks cobalt-blue ;
throat and under surface of body clear grass-green, a little lighter
on the throat and breast ; thighs ochreous yellow ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries ochreous buff, the latter washed with green ;
quills dusky below, ochreous bufE along the inner web : " bill black ;
feet pale brown ; iris black " ( 0. M. Woodford) Total length 5'3
inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-35, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-65.

Adult female. Everywhere duller in colour than the male. Total
length 4*7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2'3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0"65.

Young. Differs from the adults in having no blue on the forehead
or face, both of which are green : throat and breast dingy green,
shading off into ochreous butf on the abdomen and under tail-coverts;
bill blackish, with more or less white on the lower mandible and
edge of the upper : " iris dark brown " (C M. Woodford).

The specimens from the Solomon Islands appear to me to have a
somewhat narrower frontal baud, but are otherwise identical with
those from Ternate.

Mab. Moluccas, New Guinea, Caroline Islands, and Solomon
Islands.

a, i- d' ? fid. sk. Ternate. Wallace Coll. (Types

of JS. modesta.)
c-i. <S 2 ^^- s^- Ternate.

k. 2 juv. sk. Ternate. Purchased.

h '"• cJ ? ad. sk. Aola, Guadalcanav, C. M. Woodford, Esq.

July 5. [C]

8. Erythrura cyaneifrons.

Erjthrura cyanifrons, .E. L. Layurd, Ann. ^- Mag. N. II. (5) i.

p. 374 (1878). _
Erythiura cyaneifrons, E. L. Sf L. C. Loi/ard, Ibis, 1878, p. 2(50 ;

Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 191 ; E. L. ^- L. C. Lcujard, Ibis, 1880,

p. 230.

Adxdt male. Similar to E. trichroa, but smaller and with a decidedly
smaller bill : " bill black ; legs brown ; iris vaudyke brown " (E.
L. Lai/ard). Total length 4'o inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2*2, tail
1'75, tarsus 0'65.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but duller in colour. Total
length 4 inches, culmen 0"45, wing 2 25, tail 1"4, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. Loyalty Islands ; New Hebrides.

a. cJ ad. sk. Lifu, Loj'alty Islands, Aug. 25. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

b, c. cJ 5 ad. Port Resolution, Tanna, New
sk. Plebrides, July.

38. EETTHEURA. 387

9. Erythrura forbesi.

Erythrura tricolor {nee Vieill.), Schiter, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. ol, 200.
Erythrura trichroa (nee Kif.tl.), Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 443 ; id.
Nat. Wand. Malay Arch. p. 365 (1885).

Adult male. Similar to E. tricolor, but with the hinder head
entirely green like the back, without any wash of blue on the head,
back, and wings. Total length 4 inches, culmeu 0-45, wing 2-05,
tail 1"15, tarsus 0*55.

Hab. Tenimber Islands.

a. cJ ad. sk. Loetoer, Timor Laut, Sept. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

19, 1882.

10. Erythrura tricolor.

L'Azuvert, Vieill. Ois. Chajit. p. 43, pi. 20 (1805).

Fringilla tricolor, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 233 (1817) ; id.

Enc. Meth. p. 974 (1823).
Diacmura tricolor, Eeichenb. Sinffv. p. 48, pi. xvil. fig. lo6 (1861).
Erythrma tricolor, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 486; Scl. Ibis, 1881,

p. 545.
Amadina tricolor, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6807 (1870).

Adult male. Above green, the head washed with blue, which also
overspreads the neck and mantle ; wing-coverts and the inner
seeondaries green, washed with blue ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dusky brown, externally narrowly fringed with gi-een,
yellower on the primaries ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts
scarlet ; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally dull red ; forehead,
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat purplish blue, shading off
into paler cobalt-blue on the sides of the crown, sides of neck, lower
breast, and abdomen ; thighs ochreous yellow ; wing-coverts ochreous
buff ; axillaries green. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0'45, wing
2-05, tail 1-15, tarsus 0'55.

Hob. Timor.

a. Ad. sk. Timor. Wallace Coll.

11. Erythrura kleinschmidti.
Amblynura kleinschmidti, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 440, pi. xxix.

Front, fore part of cheeks to the posterior edge of the eye, and
chin black ; vertex obscure blue ; upper surface dark grass-green,
the same as the outer edge of the remiges, which are blackish brown
like the tail-feathers ; upper tail-coverts splendid scarlet-red ; under-
parts grass-green, much brighter and lighter than the upper parts ;
ear-region bright greenish yellow ; under wing-coverts isabelline ;
biU and feet ivory-yellow in the skin, in the living bird apparently
flesh-coloured ; nails dark brown. Total length 4 inches, culmen
0-6, wing 2-5, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-85. {Finsch.)

Hah. Viti Levu, Fiji Islands.

2c2

388 PLOCEIDiE.

39. CHLOEURA. „

Type.
Chlorura, Rekhenb. SmjPor/el, p 33 (1862) C. hyperythra

Range. Java and Borneo.

1. Chlorura hyperythra.

Chlorura hyperythra, Reiclienh. Sinqvor/el, p. 33, Taf. xi. tipr. 97 (1862) ;
Scl. Ibis. 1881, p. 546 ; Salvad. Orn. Fap. ii. p. 443 (1881) ; Vor-
derm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 248 (1883), xlv. p. 395
(1886) ; Sharpe, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 434 (1889).

Amadina hyperythra, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 58, no. 6808 (1870) ;
Rosenh. Malay. Archip. p. 558 (1879).

Adult female. General colour above dark grass-green, the wing-
coverts like the back or edged with grass-green, the primaries ex-
ternally margined with olive-yellow ; upper tail-coverts dull orange ;
tail-feathers blackish, green at the ends, the centre ones green washed
with orange ; head green like the back ; the forehead blue, with a
black band along the bases of the biU ; lores, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body deep tawny rufous,
almost chestnut, becoming rather paler on the abdomen, thighs, and
under tail-coverts ; sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks grass-
green ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny rufous ; quills
dusky below, ashy along the inner web : " bill black ; feet and claws
dirty flesh-colour ; iris dark Vandyke brown " {A. G. Vorclerman).
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 2-2, tail 1"35, tarsus 0"65.

Hab. Java.

a. $ ad. sk. Java (Leyden Mus.). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

2. CMorura borneensis.

Chlorura hyperythra (wee Reichenb.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 453.
Chlorura borneensis, Sharpe, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) iii. p. 424
(1889) ; id. Ibis, 1889, p. 435.

Adult mcde. Similar to C. hyperythra, but paler tawny rufous
below, and distinguished at a glance by the absence of the orange
upper tail-coverts. Total length 4'2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-25,
tail 1'25, tarsus O'G.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with less blue on the
forehead. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-4, tail l-lo,
tarsus 0-65.

Young male. Similar to the adults, but less intense in colour and
much paler on the face and under surface of body ; no blue on the
forehead.

Hah. Kina Ealu, N.W. Borneo.

«, b. d 2 ad. ; c. Kina Balu, 8000 feet, John Whitehead, Esq. [C.].
d uv. sk. Feb.

40. NEOCHMIA. 389

40. NEOCHMIA.

Type.
Neochmia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 458 (1850) N. phaeton.

Bonge. Confined to Australia.

1. Neochmia phaeton.

FringilLa phaeton, Homhr. et Jacq. Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi. p. 314

(1841).
Neuchuiie phaeton, Homhr. et Jacq. Voij. Pole Sud, Atlas, pi. 22.

fig. 2 (1842-53) ; Gould, Handh.B. Austr. i. p. 415 (1865).
Estrikla phaeton, Gould, B. Austr. fol. iii. pi. 83 (1848) ; Grai/, Gen.

B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 53, no. 6740 (1870) ;

Digqles, Orn. Austr. pi. 49. {ig. 3 (1870) ; Bamsay, Free. Linn. Soc.

N.8. W. (2) i. p. 1091 (1887), ii. p. 169 (1888).
Neochmia phaeton, Bp. Consp. i. p. 458 (1858) ; Reichenh. Singr.

p. 19, Taf. V. tigs. 39, 40 (1862).
Astrilda phaeton, Beichenb. Viig. Keu/wll. p. 115 (1850).
Erythrura phaeton, Jacq. et PticJier. Voy. Pole Stcd, iii. p. 99 (1853);

ifartl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 462.
Estrelda (Neochmia) phaeton, Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.

p. 186 (1878); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. General colour above crimson ; rump brown ; upper
tail-coverts bright crimson ; ■wing-coverts and outer aspect of
secondaries deep crimson ; primaries brown, externally ochreous
brown ; tail-feathers crimson, all but the centre ones dusky on the
inner webs ; head and hind neck dull ashy brown, blacker on the
crown ; base of forehead, lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and under
surface of body' fiery crimson, with some white spots on the sides of
the breast; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts black ;
under wing-coverts fulvous ; edge of wing crimson ; quills dusky
below, fulvescent along the inner web : " bill rich carmine, bounded
at the base by a band of greyish white about one tenth of an inch
in breadth ; hinder part of tarsi and inside of the feet ochre-yellow,
front of tarsi and upper surface of the feet ochre-yellow, strongly
tinged with hyacinth-red " (J. Goidd). Total length 5 inches, cul-
men 0"4, wing 2, tail 2'35, tarsus 0-55.

This species probably has a seasonal change, when the crimson
back is obscured by ashy-grey edges to the feathers. The specimens
which have the back more or less mixed with ashy grey are also
paler ashy on the head and neck and lighter crimson on the face
and underparts.

Adult female. Paler in colour than the male and having the back
.ashy brown, with very little crimson ; the eyebrow, face, and throat
paler crimson ; the fore neck and chest ashy brown ; the flanks
lighter brown, tinged with crimson and with more frequent white
spots than the male ; breast and abdomen ochreous white. Total
length 5 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 2-15, tail 2'G, tarsus 0-6.

Young. Distinguished by its dusky bill and nearly uniform ochre-

390 PLOCEIDiE.

brown plumage ; the upper tail-coverts and tail dull crimson, a slight
tinge of the latter colour being apparent on the back and wing-
coverts, with a little stronger shade on the secondaries.

Hah. Northern Australia from the north-M'est to Capo York and
to "Rockingham 13ay and Port Denison {E. P. li.).

a-d. Ad. ; e,f. N.W. Australia. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

Juv. sk.

g. Imm. sk. Port Essington {J. B. Jukes). Voy. H.M.S. ' Fly.'

h-k. Ad. sk. Port Essington. Dr. Richardson [P.].

/. Ad. St. Port Essington. Capt. Chambers [P.].

m-o. <S $ ad. sk. Cape York.

p. Ad. st. Queensland. Mrs. Fitzgerald.

q. Ad. st. N. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

41. ESTRILDA*.

Type.

Estrilda, Swains. Zool. Joiirn. iii. p. .349 (1827) E. astrilda.

Habropyga, Cab. Arch. f. Natury. 1847, p. 3-31 {iiom.

emend. ) E. astrilda.

Urfeginthus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 171 (1850). ... E. phrenicotis.

Mariposa, Reichenb. Shif/v. p. 48 (18G1) E. angolensis.

Bruubilda, JReichenb. Singv. p. 48 (1861) E. erythrouota.

Haplopyga, lleugl. Oni. N. O.-Afr., App. p. cxxxvii

(1873) E. astrilda.

Range. Confined to Africa and Arabia. Introduced into Mada-
gascar and the neighbouring islands, St. Helena, &e.

* The following species are unknown to me : —

ESTKILDA CAPISTRATA.

Estrelda capistrata, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 259 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. .53,
no. 6736 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 330.

Supra olivaceo-viridis ; capite, collo eorporeque subtus cinereis ; gulacircum-
scripte nigra; rostro nigro. Long, circa 4". {Huiilaub.)

Hub. Bissao, Senegambia.

But for the absence of the white face and the yellow of the flanks, tliis might
have been leferrcd to Vytelia sharpei. It may be the young bird of tliat
species.

Estrilda vieidis.

Bengali vert, Viei'l. Ois. Chant, p. 22, pi. 4(1805).

Fi-ingilla viridis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 180 (1817).

Estrelda viridis, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 459 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 142 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6695 (1870) ; Shelley,

Ibis. 1886, p. 335.
Asti'ilda viridis, Eeiehenb. Singv. p. 11, pi. ii. iig. 16 (1861).

General colour olive-green; head ashy ; a red streak through the eye ; under-
neath white, shaded with pale reddish ; vent more distinctly red ; bill and feet
rerl. Total length 3| inches. (Hartlaiib.)

Hah. Senegambia.

41. ESTRILDA. 391

Keij to tlie Species.

a. With the upper tail-coverts brown, barred with

blaclv and whitish cross-lines like the rump and [pp. 391, 393.

back ; under tail-coverts black astrilda and allies,

b. Upper tail-coverts black ; upper surface more or

less barred ; under tail-coverts whitish
a' . Bill black ; vermiculations on back and flanks

coarse riifibarba, p. 394.

h' . Rill red ; vermiculations almost obsolete .... cinerea, p. 394.

c. Upper tail-coverts crimson,
c'. Crown not black.

a" . Chin and side of face whitish or ashy.
a'". Bill for the most part black ; a broad crim-
son streak through the eye ; wing-coverts

washed with crimson rhodopyga, p. 396.

//". Bill orange ; no red eye-streak ; no red
on wing-coverts ; " abdomen yellowish ;

vmder tail-coverts white paludicola, p. 397.

b" . Chin and sides of face black; upper surface
vinous ashy, with dusky cross-bars ; wings
plainly barred,
c'". Under tail-coverts black crylhronota, p. 397.

,„, TT J i -1 i 1 •» I charmosina, p. 399.

a . Under tail-coverts white < ■ ■ , '^ „„„

I nignmeidum, p. 399.

d'. Head black ; back narrowly barred.

c". Throat and breast dark grey ; under tail-
coverts black atricapilla, p. 399.

d". Throat and breast white like the sides of

the face ; under tail-coverts also white .... nonnida, p. 400.

d. Upper tail-coverts verditer-blue.

e'. Ear-coverts crimson phwnicotis, p. 400.

/'. Ear-coverts blue (nie/olensis, p. 402.

1. Estrilda astrilda*.

The Waxbill, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 179, pi. 179. fig. 2 (1 751) ;

id. Gleanings, iii. p. 289, pi. 354. fig. 2 (1764).
Le Senegali rave, Briss. Oin. iii. p. 210, pi. x. fig. 5 (1760) ; Daubenf.

n. Enl. iv. pi. 157. fig. 2 (bad) ; Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 101

(1778).
Fringilla undulata, Pall. Adtimbr. p. 143.
Loxia astrild, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 303 (1766) ; Budd. Tabl. PL En!.

p. 10 (1783); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 852 (1788); Vieill. N Diet.

cTHist. Nat. xii. p. 232 (1817).
Waxbill Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 152 (1783).
Astrild, Fieill. Ois. Chant, p. 35, pi. 12 (1805).
Fringilla astrild, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 974 (1823) ; Kittl. Kvpf.

Voy. Heft i. p. 7, Taf. 10. fig. 2 (1832).
Estrelda astrild, Stcains. Zool. Jonrn. iii. p. 349 (1827) ; Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Bp. Co77sp. i. p. 458 (1850); Striekl. S,- Scl.

Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150; Grill, Zool. Anteclm. pp. 10, 23 (1850) ;

Newtoti, Ibis, 1861, p. 272 ; Gurney, Ibis, 18()2, pp. 31, 156 ;

* Astrild seems to have been a misprint for astrilda, which might be restored
as lia\ing a more classical uppearance. Tbe generic name has been written
Estrilda, Estrelda, and Astrilda. I retain the name as written by Swainson.

392 PLOCEID^E.

Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 196 (1867) ; C/iapiii. Tnn: S. Afr. ii. p. 402
(1868); Schl.^' Poll. Famu Madaff.,Ois. p. 153(1868); Me/fo.s,
76es, 1870, p. 100 ; Graij, Hancl-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6685 (1870);
Shcvjje, Cat. Afr. B. p. 65 (1871) ; Garney in Anderss. B. IJctm.-
Ld. p. 178 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876,
p. 208; Ai/res, f. c. p! 43:'.; Hartl. Voi/. Mada(j. p. 402 (1877);
Sharpe in Oafes' Matahek-Ld., App. p. 320 (1881) ; Bocaqe, Grn.
Aiu/ola, p. 358 (1881) ; S/iellei/, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ; Butler,' Feilden,
4" iieid, Zool. 1882, p. 299 ; Hohib ^- Von Belz. Beitr. Dm. Sddafr.
p. 126, cum fig. (1882) ; S/iarpc, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 470,
849 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 322 ; Symonds, " Ibis, 1887,
p. 333 ; BUttik. Notes Leijden Mm. x. p. 240 (1888).

Hatropyga astrild, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 169 (1850).

^gintlia astrild, Buss, Stubenv. p. 43, Taf. i. fig. 2 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above earthy brown, with a slight
reddish tinge on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the whole upper
surface finely barred with dusky cross-lines ; lesser and median
coverts dusky brown, with less distinct fine barring ; greater coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform
brown, edged with paler brown, the innermost secondaries obsoletely
barred with dusky ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with paler
brown, the centre ones with obsolete cross-bars and washed with
reddish near the base ; the outer webs of all the feathers paler
underneath ; crown of head rather more ashy than the back, the
fore part more uniform and the fine barring also not so distinct on
the hinder crown and nape ; lores and feathers round the eye
crimson, forming a longitudinal streak ; ear-coverts pale ashy grey ;
cheeks and throat light ashy, washed with rosy pink ; sides of neck
like the hind neck ; fore neck and remainder of under surface light
ashy brown, barred with fine lines of darker brown ; breast uniform
rosy pink in the centre ; lower abdomen black like the under tail-
coverts ; sides of body and flanks like the rest of the under surface,
but rather more coarsely barred ; thighs uniform ashy brown ; under
wing-coverts ochreous buff ; axillaries light ashy brown ; quills
below dusky, ashy ochreous along the inner web : " bill bright red ;
legs and feet liver-brown ; iris brown " ( 0. J. Andersson). Total
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-35, wing l-So, tail 1-9, tarsus 0'55.

Adult female. Duller in colour than the male, with much less pink
oil the underparts and the lower abdomen ; under tail-coverts and
tail sooty black. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-4, wing IS,
tail 1"8, tarsus 0-55,

After the breeding-season the bars on the underparts become s)
obliterated that the chest is almost uniform in many specimens.

Hal). Southern Africa, ranging as far as the Matabele country on
the east and to Damara-Land on the west. Introduced into various
countries.

a. Ad. sk. S. Helena, Jan. (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. sk. R. Helena. Tweeddale Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Ceres, Cape Colony, Jan. Shelley Coll.

{G: E. *',).
e, f. rT 2 ad. .*k. Knysna, March (C. J. An- Sliarpe Coll.

uerssnni).

(J. c? ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i-n. ^ ad.; o-r.

2 ad. sk.
s, ^. c? ; «. 2

ad. sk.
V, 10. S ? ad. slv.

X, y. Ad. sk.
2, «'. d' ad. sk.
6". Ad. sk.
c', d'. c^ ad. sk.

f-',/',//. Ad. .sk.

^', «'. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.

41. ESTRILDA.

Natal, July {TJy. Giiein-

ZIKS).

Pretoria {Pratt).

Natal, March, Juue, July,

Oct. {T.L. Ayres). '
Newcastle, June, Jidy

{E. A. Butler).
Weenen, Natal, Dec. (T.

Arnuld).
Natal.

Trai]svaal {T. Ayres).
Lydenberg, E. Transvaal.
Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct.

{F. Outes).
Hykomkap,Damara-Land,

April (C. J. Andersson).
IMaiiritius (Betvxher).
Madaga.acar.

393

Gould Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Forbes Coll.

T. Ayres [C.].
Sharpe Coll.
F. A.Earratt.Esq.rp.l
W.E. & C. G. ditei,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Subsp. o. Estrilda rubriventris.

L'Astrild a ventre rouge, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 36, pi. ].3 QSOG)
Fnng-illa rubriventris, Vieill. Enc. Mefh. iii. p. 9oi a82.3)
Estrelda occidentalis J«r,/. S( Fraser, Co Jr. Orn. 1851 p L56 •
Ilartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 140 (1857). ' ^" '

/rliV"t"uWl«?;7' -t"!^; ''^ p. 369(1849); Hartl. Orn.

Estreda cmerea S, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857)
Estrelda undulata (riec Fall.), ReicJmi: J. f. O. 1877, p. 29.

_ Adnlt Similar to E. astrilda, but haviug all the colours much

IS espcc allj bnglit on the rump and upper tail-coverts; the sides
of the face and uuder surface of the body, including he flanks
strongly suffused with crimson. Total length 4-2 inches, cXen
0 3o, wing l-7o, tail 1-7, tarsus O05. '

ffab. Gaboon to Angola.

u, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. .sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.

Gaboon.

Laudana, Congo (Lncan ,$• Petit).

Quilonibo, Angola (A. lieath).

Snbsp. fl. Estrilda minor.

Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Estrelda ca^rulescens (««. V.\ EUpp. Nene Wirh., Voy. p. 101 (1835-

^Tf^cSSr'"'' ^"'' ^ ■^' ^'' ^"''^ "' ^^^''''''^ ^'"^- ^^^^^•

Estrelda asUild (/^.oZ.), Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95 ; Heual J f O
lbb8,p.7; ^e^. Orn. A^.O.-4/-ni.pt.2,p.663(1870) ^ •^- ^•
(ISOO); tinsch ^ Hartl. Voa. Ostafr n 430 ('isrrn k'i'- i^
/. O 1883, p. 201 ; id. J.f. 0^886, i: 4?-; sL^ ^''tl'ki
p. 422; EeicJien. J. f. O. 1887, p. .309. •'' ' ^^^'^'

394 rLOCEiDJE.

Habropyga minor, Cah. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 229.

Habropvga astrild, var. minor, Fkcher, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325

(1884).
Habropyga astrild minor, Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 135.

Adult. Similar to E. astrilda, but darker, with a dusky head, and
distinguished by its sharply defined white face and throat : " bill
coral-red ; feet bhxckisli ; iris umber-brown ; eyelid crimson " {Von
HeuijUn). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0"35, wing 1-65, tail l-o,
tarsus 0'55.

Hah. From Bcnguela in the west and the Zambesi in the east
throughout Eastern Africa, and from the Upper Congo and the Lake
country to Abyssinia and Southern Kubia.

a. S ad. sk. Shoa (Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

6, c. Ad. sk. Melinda {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Pangani (Sir J. Kirk). Shellev Coll.

/, g. Ad. sk. Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk). ShelleV Coll.

h, cT ad.sk. Kibiro, Upper Congo. F. Bohndoiff [C]

i. Ad. sk. Gaboon {I)u Chaillu). Sharpe Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteho Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Shue Valley, Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

2. Estrilda ruflbarba.

Fringilla rufibarba, Ehrenb. in Mus. Berol.

Fringilla buccalis, Ehrenb. in 3Ius. Berol.

Habropyga rufibarba, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 169, note (1850).

Estrelda rufibarba, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 48 (1854) ; Heiigl.

J. f. O. 1868, p. 7 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6693 (1870) ;

Yerburtj, Ibis, 1886, p. 18 ; Shelleij, t. c. p. 334.
Estrelda buccalis, Licht. Nomeiicl. p. 48 (1854).

Adult. General colour above ashy brown, crossed with wav}'
cross bars of dusky blackish ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts
black ; wing-coverts like the back; quills dusky brown, the secon-
daries externally barred ; centre tail-feathers black, the outer
feathers ashy white along the outer web, which is slightly barred
with ashy ; head like the back, but the barring almost obsolete ; a
line of pale crimson from the lores running through the eye ; sides
of face, ear-coverts, and throat distinctly white ; breast and sides of
body pale ashy brown, barred with dusky brown, the bars more
distinct on the sides of the body ; centre of breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts ochrenus buft' : " bill red, with the culmen and
gonys black " ( Von HewjUn). Total length 4 inches, culmen 0'3,
wing 1"8, tail 1'6, tarsus 0"55.

Hah. South Arabia and coast-land of Abyssinia.

a. Ad. sk. Ilyteleme, Aden, Mar. 14. C Chevaher, Esq. [P.].

6, c. x\d. sk. Lahej, Aden, Jan. Major Yerbury [P.].

3. Estrilda cinerea.

Le Bengali cendre, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. '2ii. pi. vi. (1805).
Friiii/illa cinerea, Vieill. A. Diet. eVIIist. Kaf. sii. p. 176 (1817);
KM. Kupf. Vog. Heft i. p. 7, Taf. x. fig. 1 (1832).

41. ESTRILDJ. 395

Fringilla troglodytes, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 26 (182.M) ; Antht. Cut.

descrr. Ucc. p. 71 (18134) ; Salvad. Atti R. Accad. I'oriiio, v. p. 741

(1870).
Estrelda cinerea, RUpp. Neue Wirh., Vor/. p. 101 (1835-40) ; id. Si/st.

Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ; Grat/, Gen. B. li. p. 309 (1849) ; Bp. Cunsp.

Av. i. p. 459 (1850) ; Ileia/I. Si/st. Uebers. p. 40 (1850) ; Hartl.

Oni. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857" ) ; Heugl. J. f. O. 1838, p. 0; Gmi/,

Huud-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6690 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 05

(1871); Hartl. AbhaiuU. nat. Vereiii. Bremen, Ba;id vii. p. 103

(1881); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, pp. 524, 530; Shelley, t. c. p. 555;

id. Ibis, 1880, p. 333; id. P. Z. S. 1838, p. 32.
Estrelda troglodytes, Bp. Con.sp. Av. i. p. 459 (1850).
Habropvga cinerea. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 109 (1850); Heuyl. Orn.

A. O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 600, iv. App. p. c.\xxvi (1871) ; Mutschie,

J.f. 0.' 1887, p. 154.
Astrilda cinerea, Rtichenh. Sim/v. p. 9, pi. ii. figs. 10, 11 (1801).
Astrikla nigricauda, Reiehenb. Siiu/v. p. 10, pi. vi. figs. 55, 56.
Estrelda melanopygia, Ileuf/l. J. f. O. 1804, p. 251.
^gintha cinerea, Russ, Stubenv. p. 33, Taf. i. tig. 1 (1S79).

Adult female. General colour above drab-brown, faintly barred
with dusky cross lines; wing-coverts nearly uniform ashy brosvn,
the margins slightly paler ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
light brown, margined with ashy brown ; upper tail-coverts and
tail feathers black, with whitish borders to the outer webs of the
two outermost feathers ; crown of head almost uniform, a little more
ashy than the back, the dusky cross lines almost obsolete ; lores,
eyelid, and a streak above the ear-coverts crimson ; ear-coverts pale
ashy, hoary below the eyes and on the fore part of the cheeks,
which are otherwise pale rosy lilac, the throat and under surface of
body with scarcely any cross lines ; abdomen isabelline, with a
rosj' patch in the middle : sides of body and flanks pale drab-brown,
with nearly obsolete dusky cross lines : thighs pale brown : under
tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts isabelline ; quills below
dusky, ashy isabelline on the inner edge. Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0-;35, wing 1-9, tail l-oo, tarsus O'o.

The riilult male is doubtless similar to the female, but probably
brighter in colour.

Young male. Browner than the adults and without wavy cross
lines ; bill blackish ; no crimson eye-streak ; under surface of body
isabelline brown, the throat slightly more ashy.

Hah. Seiiegambia to the Kiver Niger, across to North-eastern
Africa and Equatorial Africa, south to the Tanganyika district.

a~c. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Sharpe Coll.

d. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley Cull.

e. 2 ad. sk. Dakar, Senegal (Z. Laqlatze). Tweeddale Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Peukera, Fautee {II. f. Vssher). Shellev Coll.
'g-i. $ ad. sk. Shonga, River Niger(J7'".^.P.). Forbes Coll.
'k. Ad. sk. White Nile. Sharpe Coll,
/, m. $ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, May Shelley Coll.

(Bmin Puxha).
n. $ ad. sk. Redjaf, July (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

o, p. d $ imm. sk. "NVadelai, Aug. 3. Emin Pasha TP."'.

396

4. Estrelda rhodopyga.

Estrelda rhodopyga, Sundev. CEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. lorh. Stockh. 1850,

p. 126 ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. GUO^ (1870) ; Blanf. Geol.

^- Zool. Abyss, p. 408 (1870) ; Shelleij, Ibis, 1886, p. 333 ; Hartl.

Zool. Juhrb. ii. p. 322 (1887) ; Shelh^/, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 32.
Estrelda rliodoptera, '• Siuidev.,'' Bp. C'07isp. i. p. 459 (1850, nee

Sundev.).
Habropyf^a frenata, Cab. Mvs. Hem. Th. i. p. 169, note {ex Ehreiib.

MSS'.in Mus. BervL); Hevcjl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 605 (1870).^
Ilabropyga rliodoptera, Cab. 3Ins. Hein. Tb. i. p. 169, note (1850,

e.r Bp.).
Estrelda etft-enata, Licht. Nomend. Av. p. 48 (1854) ; Hew/l. J. f. O.

1868, p. 9.
Astrilda rhodoptera, Beichenb. Singv. p. 11 (1861, ex Bp.).
Astrilda frenata, Beichcnh. t. c. p. 11 (1861).
Estrelda leucotis, Heiiyl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 29.
Estrelda frenata, Heiiyl. J.f. O. 1868, p. 8.
Habropvga rhodopvga, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 266 (1870) ; id. ^

Hart'l. Voy. Osiafr. p. 441 (1870); Seuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv.

App. p. cxxxvii (1871).

Adult male. General colour above light brown, barred with
dusky ; the head more ashy and less distinctly barred ; upper tail-
coverts rosy .crimson ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, with ob-
solete dusky vermiculations ; median series ashy brown ; greater
coverts ashy brown, washed with crimson externally and forming a
broad crimson band, the inner secondaries also similarly washed
with crimson ; quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown ; tail-
feathers dusky blackish, edged with crimson, the outer ones mar-
gined with whity brown : a crimson streak from the lores through the
eye, with a supraloral streak of ashy whitish ; cheeks, sides of face,
and throat white : remainder of under surfiice of body light tawny
brown, with narrow bars of hoary whitish on the sides of the fore
neck, breast, and flanks ; centre of breast and abdomen paler tawny
buff; thighs tawny buft'; under tail-coverts deep crimson, freckled
with tawny and blackish bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
tawny buff ; quills dusky below, pale fulvescent along the inner
web : " bill blackish, the tomium and base of the mandible red ;
feet dusky ; iris umber-brown " {Ernin Pasha). Total length 4-1
inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-8, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4-5
inches, culmen 0"4, wing 1'9, tail 1'8, tarsus 0*55.

Young male. Similar to the adidts, but much duller as regards
the red on the wings and rump ; under tail-coverts tawny buff
washed with crimson : soft parts as in the adults : " iris reddish
umber '' (Emin).

IJab. N.E. Africa from Senaar and Bogos-Land to Equatorial
Africa.

a. .Tuv. sk. Nubia (Hedenbory). Sharpe Coll.

b 2 iuv. sk. Zoulla, Abvssinia, Feb. 10. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

41. ESTKILDA. 397

c. Ad. sk. Bejook, Bogos-Laad, July Tweeddale Cell.

'YI {W. Jesse).

d. Ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa Shelley Coll.

{Emin Pasha).
e,f,g. ^ ad. et juv.; Wadelai, Sept., Oct. Emiu Pasha [P.].

h, i. 5 ad. sk.

5. Estrilda paludicola.

Estrekla paludicola, Heiujl. J. f. 0. 18G3, p. Kjo, 1868, p. 9,
pi. i. %. 2 ( 2 ) ; Shelley, Ibis^, 1886, p. 331 ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb.
ii. p. 321 (1887) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 18S6, p. 33.

Ilabropyp^a pakistri?, Hvugl. in Petenn. Geoyr. Mitth. 1869, p. 415.

Estrekla rhodopsis, pt., Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. G70i (1870).

Ilabropyga paludicola, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 606 (1870) ;
id. op. cit. iv. App. p. cxxxvi (1871).

Adult male. General colour above brown, -with indications of
obsolete cross markings ; wing-coverts like the back, the greater
series and quills dusk}- brown, edged with the same brown as the
back ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts rosj- crimson ; tail-feathers
black, the outer feathers ashy whitish along the outer web; crown
of bead ashy grey, forming a tolerablj- distinct cap ; lores white
as well as the eyelid ; sides of face and ear-corerts lighter and more
pearl}' grey ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body ochreous
buff, shaded with ashy over the throat and fore neck, and clearer
ochreous on the abdomen ; sides of body and flanks ashy brown,
rather deeper on the latter ; thighs ashy grey ; under tail-coverts
white: "bill coral-red; feet blackish; iris red" (Einin). Total
length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-3, wing 1-8, tail 1"S5, tarsus 0'55.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4*1
inches, culmen 0-35, wing 1-85, tail 1'65, tarsus 0'6.

Hah. "White jS'ile districts to Ecpatorial xlfriea.

a. 2 ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Jan. 31 SheUey Coll.

{Emin Pasha).

b. 2 ad. sk. Tingasi, July 3. Emin Pasha [P.].

0. Estrilda erythronota.

Astrild a moustaches nuires, T'iei/l. Ois. Chant, p. 37, pi. 14 (1806).
Fringilla erythronotos, Fieill. A\ Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 182

(l^l")- ...
Estrelda lipiniana, Smith, Re}). Expl. C ^/r., App. p. 49 (1836);

Strickl. ^ Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150.

Estrelda erythronota. Gray ^- Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 368, pi. 90. fig. 1

(1849); 'Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 459 (1850); Beichenb. Sim/v. p. 1],

Taf. ii. fig. 13 (1861) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 198 (1867) ; Grai/,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 50, no. 6700 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 256 ;

Gurney in Anderss. B. Dan.-Ld. p. 178 (1872); Sharpe in Gates'

Matahele-Land, App. B, p. 320 (1881 ) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 355 ;

Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 473 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1886,

p. 329.

398 PLOCEID^.

Habropyga erytlironota, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 169, note (1850) ;
Fischer, Zeitschr. (jcs. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884) ; ul. J. f. O. 1885,
p. 135.

Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, ■with a vinous or
crimson tinge and crossed with delicate dusky bars, a little more
distinct on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
deep crimson ; wing-coverts like the back, the cross bars more
distinct on the median and greater coverts ; bastard-wing and pri-
marj'- coverts uniform dusky brown ; quills dusky brown, with
slightly indicated bars of ashy and black near the base, these bars
very distinct on the inner secondaries, which are like the greater
coverts ; tail-feathers entirely black, the outer ones ashy towards
the ends, with dusky bars ; crown of head ashy grey, the cross
vermiculations very delicate and indistiuct ; forehead slightly more
hoary ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks black,
with a silvei'y-grey shade on the hinder cheeks, extending behind
the ear-coverts ; chin black ; throat, sides of neck, and under
surface of body ashy grey, slightly vermiculated with dusky cross
bars and washed with crimson, becoming more uniform deep
crimson on the breast : abdomen blackish ; sides of body ashy
brown with dusky cross bars ; flanks crimson with dusky bars ;
thighs and under tail-coverts black ; imder wing-coverts and
axillaries ashy, barred with dusky ; quills below dusky, ashy along
the inner edge : " bill black, except near the head, where it is
whitish blue; feet and toes black; iris wine-coloured red" {C.J.
Andersson). Total length 4-3 inches, ciilmen 0"35, wing 2'1,
tail 2'35, tarsus O'oo.

Adult female. jN'ot to be distinguished from the male. Total
length 4-7 inches, culmen 0"35, wing 2'15, tail 2'2, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Browner than the adults, with less distinct crimson shade
above and below ; rump duller crimson.

Huh. Interior of South Africa to the Matabele country on the
east and to Damara-Land on the west. It is said to extend as far
as the Kilimanjaro district by Dr. Fischer.

a, ^- d 2 ''^^- ^^- Transvaal (T. Ai/res). Sbarpe Coll.

c, d. (S ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct. W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Ls74 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

e. d ad. sk. Eustenberg, Jaly IG ( W. Shelley Coll.

Lucas).

f, ff. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad- Shelley CoU.

sham),
h-m. Ad. et juv. Uamara-Land, June, July, Sbarpe Coll.

sk. Aug. (C. J. Andersson).

n. Ad. sk. Otjimbinque, June 9, 18G6 Forbes Coll.

(C. J. A.).
0. c? ad. sk. Omaruru, Damara-Land, Nov. Shelley Coll.

11 (A. Ericson).
}). (S ad. sk. Matalko, Damara-Land, July Shelley Coll.

\\[C.J.A.).
q. Ad. St. Scuth Africa. Sir A Smith [C.].

i

41. ESTEILDA. 399

7. Estrilda charmosyna.

Habropyga charmosyna, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1881, p. 333 ; Fischer,

Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 325 (18S4).
Estrelda charmosj'iia, Hhelley, Ibis, 18SG, p. 330.

Adult. Pale vinaceous, gre^'ish on the upper surface ; head, neck,
back, and throat obscurely barred ; forehead whitish ; sides of head
black, edged with white below ; rump and upper tail-coverts red ;
under tail-coverts white ; tail-feathers and inner secondaries barred
with black and white ; quills dusky ; tail graduated and black :
bill dusky lead-colour ; feet black. Total length -I'S inches, cul-
meu 0-3, wing 2, tail 2-25, {Rsicheaow.)

Hah. Eerdera, E. Africa.

8. Estrilda nigrimentum.

Estrelda nigriineutum, Salvad. Ann. Mas. Genov. (2) vi. p. 281 (1888).

Adult. Similar to E. cliannosyna, but larger and with the chin
black : the cheeks black behind and below, margined with white ;
the reddish vinous colour of the under surface brighter and the
under tail-coverts distinctly banded {Salvadori).

Hah. Shoa.

9. Estrilda atricapilla.

Estrelda atricapilla, J. ^- E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851,
p. 421; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 141 (1857); Cass. Proc. rhilad.
Acad. 1859, p. 138; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 258; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 50, no. 6697 (1870); Reichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 41;
Shelleg, Ibis, 1886, p. 330.

Adult. General colour above dark cindery grey, the back barred
with wavy cross lines of black ; the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts light scarlet ; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back,
and similarly barred ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
black, the inner secondaries barred externally with ashy grey and
black ; tail black ; crown black, separated from the barred back by
a collar of cindery grey ; sides of face and chin ashy white, shading
off into the cindery grey of the lower throat and breast ; the lower
abdomen blackish, as also the thighs and under tail-coverts ; sides of
breast and flanks bright scarlet ; under wiug-coverts and axillaries
ashy whitish ; quills blackish below, ashy along the inner web.
Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0'35, wing I'S, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-o5.

Young. Much more diugy than the adults, with the scarlet on the
back and rump much duller ; underneath dark cindery grey, with
scarcely any scarlet on the flanks.

Hah. W. Africa from Cameroons to Gaboon,

«, b, c. Ad. sk. Gaboon (Du Chaillu).

d. Ad. sk. Elver Danger, Gaboon (if. T. Atisell). Shelley Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M.^'erreaux.
/. Ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.
g. Ad. sk. Ciimeroous. Sharpe Coll.

400 I'LOCEIDJE.

10. Estrilda nonnula.

Astrilda nonniila, Hartl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 425.

Estrelda nouuula , Shellc)/, Ihis, 1886, p. .330; Hartl. Zool. Jahrh. ii.

p. 321, pi. xiii. tig. o (1887) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 31 ; Hartl.

J.f. 0. 1889, p. 46.
Habropyg-a tenerrima, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 307.

Adult male. Similar to E. atrkapilla, but white underneath and
on the sides of the face ; sides of body and under tail-coverts washed
with ashy, with a patch of rosy crimson of the sides : " bill crimson,
the base of culmen, sides and base of bill black ; feet black ; iris
dusky" (Eijun Pasha). Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing
1-9, tail 1-75, tarsus 00.

Youm/ female. More dusky and uniform in colour than the adult
male, the white of the face and underparts shaded with ashy, the
sides of the body with brown, and lacking the crimson patch on the
latter ; the crimson on the rump and upper tail-coverts duller.

Hab. Equatorial Africa to the Upper Congo.

a, b. c? ad. ; § Foda, Equatorial Africa, Oct. 27. Ernin Pasha [P.].
juv. sk.

c. S ad. sk. Bellima, Jime 20. Ernin Pasha [P.].

d. J imm. sk. Kubbi, July. Ernin Pasha [P.].

11. Estrilda phcenicotis.

Le Bengali, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 203, pi. x. tig. 1 (1760) ; Mu/itb. Hist.

Nat. Ok. iv. p. 92 (1778) ; Daubent. PL 'Enl. iv. pi. 115. fig. 1.
Frino-illa beno-alus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 323 (1760) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 920 (1788) ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 987 (1823) ; Kittl. Kupf.

Voq. p. 7, Taf. X. fig. 3 (1832).
Blue-belUed Finch, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 310 (1783) ; Shaw ^

Nodd. Nat. Misc. v. pi. 150 (1793).
Le Mariposa ou If Bengali bleu, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 25, pi. 5

(1805).
Estrelda bengalus. Less. Traite, p. 444 (1831) ; RiXpp. Neue Wirb.,

Vog. p. 101 (1835) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 77 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.

ii. p. 368 (1849) ; Heur/l. Syst. Uehers. p. 40 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 51, no. 6707 (1870).
Estrelda mariposa. Less. Trade, p. 444 (1831).
Estrelda phcenicotis. Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 192, pi. xiv. (1837);

Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 458 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 145

(1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 258; Heuyl. J. f. O. 1862, "p. 28 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1863, p. 106 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. llO ; Antin. Cat. descrr.

Ucc. p. 71 (1864) ; Heuyl. J.f. O. 1868, p. 18 ; Eeul. Onze Voqels,

ii. pi. 51 (1873); Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 29; Forbes, Ibis, 1883,

p. 509.
Ura^ginthus phcenicotis. Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 171 (1850) ; Ha)im.

J. f. O. 1863, p. 406; Fi^isch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 266 (1870) ; Heiiyl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 619, iv. App. p. cxxxviii (1871); Shellei/,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 588 ; id. 1882, p. 303 ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883,

p. 200; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 177 (1884);

Fischer, Zeitschr. qes. Orn. i. p. -324 (1884) : id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 71 ;

Bohm, J.f 0. 1885, p. 42 ; Harterf, J.f 0. 1886, p. 584 ; Matschie,

J. f. O. 1887, p. 154 ; Salvad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 278

(1888).

41. ESTRILDA. 401

Pvtelia phoeuicotis, Fiiisck ^- Hart/. Vog. Ostafr. p. 447 (1870):
'Blanf. Geol. l<f Zool. Abyss. -p. 409 (1870); 'Cah. J.f.O. 1878,

p. 265.
Estrelda cyanogastra («ec Dniid.), Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717 ;

Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 358.
^gintha phceuicotis, Russ, Stuheni: p. 93 (1879).
Mariposa phceuicotis, Gur?iey, Ibis, 1881, p. 128.
Astrilda phcenicotis, Hcirtl. Abhandl. not. Verein. Bremen, Bd. vii.

p. 103 (1881 ).
Estrelda angolensis (nee Linn.), Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 336 (pt.) ;

Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 308.

Adult male. Above light drab-browu, the wing-coveits like the
back ; quills duskj' browu, edged with the pale brown of the back ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale verditer-blue ; tail-
feathers dusky verditer-blue, rather lighter externally ; head like
the back, with the base of the forehead, eyebrow, lores, sides of face,
cheeks, throat, and breast bright verditer-blue, extending along the
sides of the body : ear-coverts bright crimson, forming a conspicuous
patch ; centre of breast, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, as
well as the under wing-coverts, light drab ; quills dusky below, pale
drab along the inner web : "bill reddish, the tip and cuttiug-edges
blackish; feet reddish; iris yellowish" {Heuglin). Total length
4-7 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2'1, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but wauting the red ear-patch.
Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 1-95, tarsus
0-65.

Young male. Similar to the adult female, but with the sides of
the face browner with very little blue.

The male from Kassongo is much more brilliantly coloured than
the rest of the series. The blue is more cobalt than verditer, the
back is darker and more ashj- brown, and the crimson of the ear-
coverts is darker.

Hah. Senegambia to Gaboon. X.E. Africa and Eastern Africa as
far south as the Zanzibar district ; Equatorial Africa and the Congo
River.

a, b. (5 ad. sk. Senegambia. Shelley Coll.

c,d. cJ 2 ad. sk. River Gambia. Shai-pe Coll.

e. (f ad. sk. Senafe, Abyssinia, March. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

f,g. d ? ad. sk. Senafe, May ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

h. Q ad. sk. Anseba Valley, Bogos- W. T. Blauford, Esq.

Land, Julv '2S, 1868. [C.].

i, k. $ ad. sk. Bejook, Julv. W. Jesse, Esq. [C.].

/. c? ad. sk. Keren {Esler). Sliarpe Coll.

m, n. S ? n-d. sk. Shoa, May, Aug. (O. An- Shelley Coll.

tinori).

o,p. J 5 ad.sk. ^'\i\ieKi\Q {Brim-Rollet). Sharpe Coll.

q. <S ad. ; r, s. 2 Lado, Equatorial Aft-ica, Shelley Coll.

ad. sk. Feb. (£min Pasha).

^ 2 ad. sk. Sobat,June(-Ew!wP(7.v//rt). Shelley Coll.

u. (J ad. sk. Lanui (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll,

VOL. XIII. 2 J)

402 rLocEiD^

V, u\ S i ■''• ? ^•^' sk. Mombasa.
y, z. 5 ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.

Rev. A. F. Buxton

[P.].
Shelley Coll.

Mombasa, July, Aug.

(Dr. Hildebrandt).
Dar-es-Salaam (-SV;- J. Shelley Coll.

Kirk).
Rovuma River {J. Thorn- Shelley Coll.

son).
Kassong-o, Upper Congo, F. Bohndorff [C.].

June.
Congo. Commander Sperling

[P.].

12. Estrilda angolensis.

The Blue-bellyed Finch, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 131 (1750).

Friugilla angolensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 328 (1766).

Loxia cyanogastra, Baud. Traite, ii. p. 436 (1800).

Estrelda angolensis, Bp. Consp. Ai\ i. p. 458 (1850) ; S/iellei/, Ibis,

1886, p. 336 (pt.).
Estrilda bengala (nee Linn.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 199, pt. (1867) :

Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 294.
Mariposa cyanogastra, Gurney iyi Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 179

(1872).
Estrilda cyanogastra, Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 382 ; Barratt, Ibis,

1876, p. 207 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107 ; Sharpe in Oates' Mata-

bek-Land, App. JB, p. 321 (1881).
Urseginthus phcenicotis {nee Linn.), Bocage, Orn. Am/ola, p. 354

(1881); Butler, Feilden, ^ Beid, Zoologist, 1882, p. 300 ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1882, p. 355.
Mariposa phoenicotis (wee Linn.), Holub (§• von Pelz. Beitr. Orn.

Siidafr. p. 129 (1882).
Uraeginthus cyanogaster, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 473,

850 (1884).

Adult male. Similar to E. lihoenicotis, but wanting the red ear-
patch, so that it resembles the female of that species more than the
male : " bill lilac, blackish at the tip ; tarsi and feet pale ; iris red-
dish hazel" {T. Ayres); "iris cherry-colour" {C. J. Anderssnn) ;
" iris orange-red " {T. E. Buclley). Total length 4-9 inches, culmen
0-4, wing 2-05, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-55.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 3-8 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-05, tail 1*8, tarsus 0-6.

If ah. South-eastern Africa to the Zambesi, and apparently to
Mozambique on the east, and to Damara-Land on the west.

a. Ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. d. Ad. sk.
e-g. (S 2 a.d. sk.
h. c? ad. sk.

t. $ ad. sk.

Natal.

Weenen, March 19, 1878

( T. Arnold).
Transvaal (7'. Ayres).
Rustenberg.
Swaziland, July 15, 1876

{T. E. Buckley).
Matabele-Land, Sept. 29,

1873 {T. E. Buckley).

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoU.

I

42. GEANATINA. 403

k, I. <S ; m- 2 ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Oct., W. E. & C. G. Gates,

March (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

«• Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

o, p. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Livingstone Exped.

q, >: d' 2 ad. sk. Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

s. 2 ad. sk. Elephant Vley, Damara- Sharpe Coll.

Laud, Aug. (C. J. An-

dersson).

t. 2 ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Sharpe Coll.

Nov. (C. J. A.).

42. GRANATINA*

Range. Confined to South Africa.

1. Granatina granatina.

The Red and Blue Brasilian Finch, EdicarJs, Nat. Hist. B. iv. pi.
191(1751).

Le Grenadin, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 216, pi. ix. fig. 3 (1760) ; Month.
Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 169, pi. vii. fig. 1 (1778) ; Vieill. Ois. Chant.
p. 40, pis. 17, 18 (1805).

Friugilla granatina, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 318 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st.
Nat. i. p. 906 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 180 (18i7).

Grenadin, de la cote d'Afrique, Daiibent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 109. fig. 3.

Brasilian Finch, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. i. p. 316 (1783).

Loxia granatina, IJaud. Traite, ii. p. 446 (1800).

Estrelda granatina, Grai^, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1849) ; B}}. Consp. Av.
i. p. 4.58 (1850) ; Strickl. 8,- Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150 ; Hartl.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 144 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 258; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 199 (1867) ; Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402
(1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 51, no. 6706 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis,
1871, p. 256 ; Buckley, iiw, 1874, p. 382 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 107 ;
Sharpe in Gates' Matabele-Land, App. B, p. 321 (1881) ; Shelley,
Ibis, IS8G, -p. 835.

Uraeginthus granatinus, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 171 (1850); Gurney
in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 180 (1872) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola,
p. 353 (1881) ; Holub &,- von Peh. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 129
(1882) ; Shelky, Ibis, 1882, p. 365 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' » B. S. Afr.
pp. 474, 850 (1884).

Mariposa granatina, Beichenb. Singv. p. 7, Taf. i. figs. 4, 5 (1861).

./Egintha granatina, Buss, Stubenv. p. 100 (1879).

Adult male. General colour above chestnut-brown, the lower back
ashy ; scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts and quills ashj- brown,
narrowly edged with reddish brown ; upper tail-coverts deep metallic
cobalt ; tail-feathers black, with a bluish shade on the margins ;
head chestnut like the back ; base of forehead cobalt, forming a
narrow line which reaches above the eye ; lores dusky ; eyebrow,
ear-coverts, and sides of face beautiful lilac; base of cheeks, chin,

* ' Granatinfe ' was the name proposed by Bonaparte for a section of the
genus Estrelda (Consp i. p. 458). It has been mentioned by several authors as
a genus Granatina, and for that reason I retain the name, but it has never been
described.

2d2

404 PLOCEID^.

and upper throat black, disappearing gradually on the lower throat ;
the whole of the under surface from the lower throat downwards
rich chestnut ; lower abdomen and vent blackish ; under tail-coverts
cobalt-blue like the upper tail-coverts ; quills ashy whitish, slightly
washed with tawny rufovis ; quills dusky brown, whitish along the
inner web : " bill purplish, but red at the extremity ; the legs pur-
plish grey ; iris red, and the naked ring round the eye usually red
also, but sometimes of a greyish drab" (C J. Andersson). Total
length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2'3, tail 2'75, tarsus 0"6.

The intensity of the lilac colour on the face and the extent of
black on the abdomen vary considerably in a series of male birds.

Adah female. Different from the male. Ashy brown with a little
chestnut shade on the head, the throat whitish ; the fore neck and
the rest of the under surface pale tawny buff; on the forehead a
little blue, and the lilac of the face paler than in the adult ; other-
wise like the male. Total length 5'3 inches, culmen 0"4, wing 2-2,
tail 2"55, tarsus 0*65.

Young. Similar to the old female but almost entirely brown,
rather tawny underneath.

Hab. South Africa, to the Zambesi on the east and to Angola on
the west. This last record seems somewhat doubtful.

a. 2 ^■'i- st. South Africa. Purchased.

b, c. cj ad. sk. Griqualand ( 7. C. Atmore).
d, e. (^ 2 fi'i- sk. Transvaal (Z". Ayres).

f. (S ad. sk. Tati, Matabele-Land, Sept. W. E. & C. G. Dates,

30 (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

g,h. cJ ? ad. sk. Matabele-Laud, Sept. {T. Shelley Coll.

E. Buckley).
i. d: ; k,l. o ad. sk. Matabele-Laud (Dr. Shelley Coll.

Brad.'ikatv).
m-t. d $ & juv. sk. Damara-Land, June &

July (C. J. Andeissmi) .

2. Granatina ianthinogastra.

? Urseginthus granatinus {nee Linn.), Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 229.
Urseginthus ianthinogaster, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114

Fischer ^- Reichen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 353, pi. 2. figs. 1, 2 ; Fischer,

Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 324 (1884); id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 135;

Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 408; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 71; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 279 (1888).
Estrelda ianthinogastra, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 335.

Adult male. Similar to G. granatina, but of a light cinnamon-
brown above and on the sides of the face and throat ; lores and
feathers round the eye bright cobalt ; under surface of body beau-
tiful deep cobalt from the fore neck to the under tail-coverts ; no
black on the throat or abdomen : " bill coral-red ; legs greyish black ;
iris red ; eyelid clear yellow " (Fischer). Total length 4'4 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 2-1, tail 2-1', tarsus 0-55. (Mas. E. Lort Phil-
lips.)

Hah. East Africa, from Massa to Somali-Land.

40u

Subfamily II. PLOCEINiE.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tail square and even slightly forked, the

middle feathers being the shortest ; nos-
trils completely hidden by feathers .... 43. Spoeopipes, p. 407.

b. Tail graduated, the outer feathers being

the shortest.
a'. Chin-angle triangular or gently rounded.
a" . Bill black or horn-coloured, more or
less pointed.
«'". Culmen rounded at base.

a*. Nostril oval and exposed, not
reached by the nasal plumes;
distinct hair-like plumes on the
nape and hind neck.
«'. Hind claw * very long, about
equal to the hind toe itself;
■wings not pointed, the dis-
tance between the tips of the
primaries and tips of second-
aries less than the length of

the tarsus 44. Icteropsis, p. 410.

6'. Hind claw curved, and by no

means as long as the hind

toe.

a^. Wing pointed, the distance

between tips of primaries

and tips of secondaries as

much as length of tarsus . 4o. Anaplectes, p. 411.
b^. Wing rounded, the distance
between the tips of pri-
maries and secondaries less

than tarsus 46. Heterhyphantes,

6^. Nostril oval and exposed, but [p. 414.

reached by the nasal plumes at
the base ; the nostril shut in by
a horny membrane ; no hairs on

nape or hind neck 47. Sycobhotus, p. 421.

c*. Nostril long, oval, or rounded,
with sometimes a sUght over-
hanging horny shelf ; the nasal
plumes just reaching to base of
nasal opening; distinct hairs
on nape or hind neck.
e*. Bill about equal in height and

depth at nosti-ils 48. Sitagra, p. 424.

* The claw is measured from its root to the tip, and the hind toe from the
root of the claw to the junction with tlie tarsus.

406

d''. Bill higher than it ia broad at

the nostrils Hyphantornis.

a. With scarlet back and under
surface ; hen Sparrow-
like 49. FouDiA* p. 432.

/3. "With grey belly aud rufous

under tail-coverts 50. Nelicurvitts*, p. 436.

y. With yellow as the predomi-
nating colour 51. Hyphantornis*,

S. With chestnut as the pre- [p. 437.

vailing colour 52. Cinnamopteryx*,

f. With yellow as the pre- [p. 471.

vailing colour ; bill very

obtuse 53. Ploceella *, p. 474.

f. Male entirely black ; female

olive 54. Melanopteryx *,

7). Plumage black and i-ed, or [p. 476.

black aud orange 55. Malimbus*, p. 477.

d*. Nostril rounded aud exposed,

the nasal plumes reaching to

the posterior edge; no nuchal

hairs.

e'. Hind claw curved, but not

particularly strong, not equal

to hind toe 56. Nesacanthis, p. 483.

/■\ Hind claw strongly curved
and very stout, equal to hind

toe 57. Pjloceus, p. 487.

b'". Culmen flattened at base, and
sometimes crested.
e^. Nostrils overhung by nasal
plumes at the base, these reach-
ing to the nasal aperture .... 60. Histurgops, p. 505.
f^. Nostrils not approached by the
nasal plumes, but ovate and
exposed,
jr'. Bill very distinctly curved,
the angle of the culmen more
curved than the ascending

angle of the genys 61. Dinemellia, p. 506.

A'. Bill more pointed, the curve
of the culmen about equal to
the ascending angle of the

genys 62. Textor, p. 508.

h'. Bill metallic blue, with an orange
tip ; culmen gently rounded ; bill

deep, like that of a Grosbeak 58. Spermospiza, p. 498.

. Chin-angle square ; bill very deep and
like that of a Grosbeak ; culmen ridged
and produced backwards beyond the
middle of the eye 59. Amblyospiza, p. 501.

* These subgenera might all be eousidered as belonging to Hi/phantor'nis,
the structure appearing to be identical. The style of plumage is, however,
rather peculiar in each case, and I have therefore recognized seven subgenera
for the sake of convemence.

43. SP0R0PIPE8.

407

43. SPOROPIPES.

Type.
S. squamifrons.

Sporopipes, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. viii. p. 332 (18i7).
Pholidocoma, Reichenb. Singv. p. 49, pi. xix. figs.

169-170 (1861) S. frontalis.

Tail of Sporopipes squamifrons.
Bauge. Confined to Africa.

Keg to the Sjjeeies.

a. Hind neck ashy brown like the hack ; -wiiig-

coverts black, conspicuously edged with white ;
lores, chin, and a broad line down the sides of
the throat black squamifrons, p. 407.

b. Hind neck rufous ; wing-coverts brown, edged

with whity brown ; lores and sides of face ashy
brown : a narrow malar streak of black, dotted
with white frontalis, p. 409.

1. Sporopipes squamifrons.

Estrelda squamifrons. Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr. p. 49 (1836) ;

Gray, Gen. B.'n. p. 368 (1869) ; Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 199 (1867) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 257, 1880, p. 263.
Fringilla lepidopterus, Licht. Verz. Vog. Kajfernl. p. 15 (1842).
Amadina squamifrons, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 95 (1844) ;

Chapin. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 402 (1868).
Euplectes lepidopterus, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Bremen, 1844, p. 69.
Sporopipes lepidopterus, Cab. Arch.f. Nattirq. 1847, p. 332; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 179 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 179 (1850) ;

Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 49 (1850); Reichenb. Singv. p. 49, pi. xix.

figs. 167, 168 (1861) ; Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 95; Heugl. J.f. O.

1867, p. 371 ; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 540 (1870), iv. p. cxxix

(1871).
rioceus lepidopterus, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 45, no. 6632 (1870).
Philffiterus squaniifroms, StricM. &)• Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 150.
Sporopipes squamifrons, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 61 (1871) ; Gurtiey

408 PLOCTEID^.

in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 177 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874,
p. 380; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 321 (1877-81) ; Sharpe in Oates'
Matahele-Land, App. B, p. 319 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 351 ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 4ol, 848 (1884) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1887, p. 3.

Adult male. General colour above ashy brown from the hinder
crown to tlie upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts as well as the bastard-wing black,
broadly edged with white ; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown,
externally edged with ashy brown, the secondaries broadly edged
with white like the greater coverts ; tail-feathers black, broadly
edged with white ; crown of head scaly, the feathers black with
ashy-brown edges, those of the forehead with hoary- white margins ;
lores and feathers round eye black ; sides of face and ear-coverts
pale ashy brown like the sides of the neck ; cheeks white, forming
a moustache ; throat white ; chin and a broad line on each side of
throat black ; fore neck and breast isabelline, the abdomen a little
whiter; sides of body and flanks isabelline ; thighs and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy ; quills
below dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge : " bill pink, darker
on the culmen and at the tip; feet pale brown; iris red" (T.
Ay res). Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-35, tail 1-55,
tarsus 0"6.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4
inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-2, tail 1'45, tarsus 0*6.

Young. Like the adults, but having the white edges to the quills
and tail-feathers isabelline ; the head like the back, streaked with
dusky brown ; the white cheeks and the black streaks on the sides
of the throat indistinctly indicated.

Hah. South Africa, from the Orange-River district to Beiiguela
on the west, and to Matabele-Land on the east.

a. Ad. sk. Latakoo. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type

of species. )
h. Ad. sk. Eland's Post, S.E. Africa Sharpe Coll.

{T. C. At more).
e. c? ad. sk. Transvaal ( W. Lucas). Shelley Coll.

d. J ad. sk. Transvaal ( T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.

e,f. c^ ad. sk. Rusteuberg, Jan. o (T. Shelley Coll.

Ayres) .
q. S ad. sk. Meathly River, Baman- Shelley Coll.

g-vvato, Oct. 24 ( T. E.

Buckley),
h. J ad. sk. Matahele-Land, Sept. 29 Shelley Coll.

(T. E. B.).
i. ? ad. sk. Semokwe River, Sept. 30 W. E & C. G. Oates,

(F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

k. .Juv.sk. Otjimbinque, Damava-Land, Sharpe Coll.

Jure 4 (C. J. Andcrsson).
I. .\d. sk. S. Beii"-nela. Monteir.) Coll.

\

43. spoHoPiPES. 409

2. Sporopipes frontalis.

Loxia frontalis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 445 (1800).

Le S(5n^gali a front pointelle, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 39, pi. 16 (1805).

Fringilla frontalis, Vieill. N. Diet. xii. p. 181 (1817) ; Heiujl. Syst.

Uebers. p. 40 (1850).
Amadina frontalis, ii(7/>7J. Neue Wirb. p. 101 (1835-40) ; zrf. Syd.

Uebers. p. 77 (1845).
Estrelda frontalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 368 (1840).
Sporopipes frontalis, Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 444 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein.

Th. i. p. 179 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 1.31 (1857) ; id.J.f. O.

1861, p. 176; Heiiyl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 27; Anti7i. Cat. deserr. Ucc.

p. 67 (1864); HeiujL Orn. N.O.-Afr. \. p. 539 (1870), iv. App.

p. cxxviii (1871); Antin. 4' SalcadI Viayy. Boqns, p. 118 (1873);

Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 102 (1881); Pelz. Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 151 (1881) ; Sc/ialojv, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 363 ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 3.
Ploceus frontalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 6631 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above light brown, scapulars and
■wing-coverts like the back, with whitj -brown edges ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with lighter brown,
the inner secondaries margined with whity brown ; tail-feathers
dark brown, edged with whity brown ; forehead black, with small
white tips to the feathers, producing a scaly appearance : eyebrow,
lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts pale ashy brown ; hinder crown
rufous like the hind neck and sides of neck ; on the fore part of the
cheeks a streak of black, dotted with white spots ; throat white ;
fore neck and breast light ashy brown ; abdomen white ; sides of
body and flanks isabelline ; thighs and under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts pale ashy with whitish edges ; quills below
dusky, isabelline along the inner edge : " bill and feet pale yellowish
horn-colour ; iris dusky brown " ( Von Heuglin). Total length 4-9
inches, culmcn O'o. wing 2-75, tail 1-75, tarsus 0'75.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 4' 7
inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2-5, tail 1-7, tarsus 0"7.

Young male. Similar to the adults, but duller in colour, the pale
edges on the wings and tail more rufescent ; the black of the fore-
head and cheek-stripe uniform, without any white dots: "bill
fleshy horn-colour ; feet greyish ; iris dusky " (Eniin Pasha).

Hah. Senegambia to N.E. Africa and south to Equatorial Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C,].

b. (S ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bogos-Land (Esler). Shelley Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Senaar (Dr. Kotschy). Sharpe Coll.

e. (S juv. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Feb. 4 Shelley Coll,

(Emin Pasha),
.f, 0- 6 2 ad. sk. Redjaf, .lune, .July {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

410 PLOCEID^.

44. ICTEROPSIS. Type.

Icterop.^is, Pelz. Vvrh. z.-b. Gcs. Wien, xxxi. p. 149

(1881) I. pelzelni.

Head of Icicropsis pelzelni, to show nostril.
Ranye. Equatorial Africa, extending to the Victoria Nyanza,

1. Icteropsis pelzelni.

Icteropsis crocata (wee Hart I.), Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, x.xxi.

p. 149 (1881).
Sitagra pelzelui, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 343, Taf. xiv. figs. D, 10

(1887).
Ploceus pelzelni, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 69; SJwllei/, P. Z. S. 1888,

p. 35.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow ; the hind neck
yellow, extending on to the occiput, and forming a broad collar,
separating the back from the black of the head ; scapulars like the
back, but slightly streaked with dusky ; lesser wing-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, with pale yellow-
ish-white margins and tips ; bastard-wing, pi'imary-coverts, and
quills dusky blackish, edged with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers pale
olive, with yellow margins : crown of head black to the centre, as
weU as the lores, eyebrow, feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat ; sides of neck, fore neck, and remainder
of under surface of body bright yellow, including tbe under tail-
coverts and under wing-coverts ; quills below dusky, yellowish
along the inner edge : " bill black ; feet lead-colour ; iris dusky
\>To\\u" (Emin Pasha). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'65, wing
2-4, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Like the male, but wanting the black on the head,
which is yellow on the forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, and entire
under surface ; the hinder crown and nape olive like the back :
"bill and feet as in the male; iris dusky umher" (Emin Pasha).
Total length 4"5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-2, tail 1'5, tarsus 0-6.

Young male. Like the old female, but having the head olive like
the back, leaving a bright yellow eyebrow : " bill horn-colour, the
mandible paler ; feet lead-colour ; iris dusky umber" {Emin Pasha).

Excepting that it has a prominent yellow collar on the hind neck,
this species is almost an exact reproduction of Sitagra lutcola. The

45. ANAPLECTES. 411

elongated bill and differently formed nostril, however, show that the
style of colouring is only a case of external resemblance.
Hah. Equatorial Africa to the Victoria Nyanza.

a-e. (S ad. et juv. ; f-h. Wadelai, August. Emin Pasha [P.].

$ ad. sk.

45. ANAPLECTES.

Type.

Anaplectes, Reivhenb. Sinc/v. p. 86 (ISlJl) A. melanotia.

Sharpia, Bocm/e, Joni. Lisb. 1878, p. 258 A. angolensis.

Bill of Anaplectes rubriceps, to show nostril.
Range. Confliled to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. With red on the head and throat.

«. With no black on the chin or sides of face ;

primaries externally yellow i-ubriceps cS , p. 411.

b. With black on the chin and sides of face.
a . A patch of black on the ear-coverts ;
cheeks red ; outer aspect of primaries

orange-yellow gunieyi (^ , p. 412.

b'. Cheeks and ear-coverts black ; outer

aspect of primaries red melanotis (S , p. 413.

b. With no red on the head and throat.

c . Back streaked with white ; median wing-
coverts tipped with white, forming a
baud ; upper tail-coverts yellowish ;
throat white anyolensis, p. 413.

d . Back ashy grey as also the upper tail-
coverts ; head yellow, as well as the
outer aspect of the primaries and the
ends of the median coverts ; throat also
yellow , rubricej}s J , p. 411.

1 . Anaplectes rubriceps.

Ploceus rubriceps, Simdev. (Efv. K. Vel.-Ahad. Flirh. Stockh. 1850,

p. 97 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 17.
Sycobius rubriceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 (1850).
Anaplectes rubriceps, Beiclienb. Sinyv. p. 87 (1861).
Maliiubus rubriceps, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 466, pi. xiii. tig. 2 ; Sharpe,

ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 444 (1884) ; W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 59.
Sharpia ayresi, Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 353, pi. vii. fig. 2.
Calvphantria rubriceps, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 373.

Adult male. General colour above dusky brown, washed with pale

412 ri.ocEro.E.

vermilion on the mantle, the feathers being of the latter colour,
M'ifch dusky-bi'own edges ; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ashy brown; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, margined with yellow, brighter on
the primaries, the inner secondaries edged with ashy ; tail-feathers
ashy brown, with olive-yellow margins ; head all round, the hind
neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, fore
neck, and chest scarlet vermilion ; breast, abdomen, sides of body,
and flanks, as ■well as the thighs and under tail-coverts, white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy, washed with yellow near
the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner
edge. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-35, tail 1-95,
tarsus 0'75.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being olive-yellow where
the male is red, but the yellow does not come so far over the chest
as the scarlet does in the male : " bill orange ; feet flesh-colour ;
iris reddish brown " (W. Ayres). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen
0'7, wing 3'1, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-75.

Young male (type of Sharpia ai/resi). Similar to the old female,
but rather brighter olive-yellow, blackish on the base of the fore-
head, the lores, and rotmd the eye : " bill bright dark gamboge-
yellow ; tarsi and feet light ash-colour ; iris dark brown " (J. S,
Jameson)

Bab. S.E. Africa.

a. (^ ad. sk. Limpopo Eiver (J. Wahlherr/). ' Sharpe Coll.

b. $ ad. sk. Umzeila's Countrv, N.E. of J. H. Gurney, Esq.

Transvaal ( W. Ayres). [P.].

c. c? juv. sk. Makara Kiver, Dec. 10 (J. S. Shelley Coll. (Type

Jameson). of S. ayresi.)

2. Anaplectes gurneyi.

Sycobius rubriceps (nee Su7idev.), Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1877, p. 275 ;

id. Orn. Anyola, p. 334 (1877-81).
Ploceus gumeyi, Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 17, pi. i. fig. 1.

Male, not quite adult (type of species). Similar to A. rubriceps,
but with yellow on the back, not red : the head deep scarlet, as also
the throat ; a spot on the chin black, as well as the base of the
cheeks ; the lores, the feathers round the eye, and the ear-coverts
black: "bill orange-yellow; feet reddish; iris brownish red"
(J. Anchieta). Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-35,
tail 2, tarsus 0-75.

Hab. S.W. Africa.

a. (5 ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (/. An- Shelley Coll. (Type

chieta). of species.)

45. ANAPLECXF.S. 413

3. Anaplectes melanotis.

Ploceus melanotis, Lafr. Rev. Zoul. 1839, p 20; id. Mag. de Zool.

1839, pi. 7 ; Shelley,' Ibis, 1887, p. 18 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 34.
Ploceus erythrocephaliis, JRiipp. Si/st. Uebers. pp. 71, 76 (1845);

Heuijl. 8i/sf. Uebers. p. 38 (1856).
Hvpliautornis melanotis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); id. Hand-l.

'B. ii. p. 42, no. 6589 (1870).
Hj'phautornis erythrocepbalus, Gray, t. c. p. 351 (1849).
Sycobius melanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 (1850) ; Horsf. c^* Moore,

Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 520 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 133 (1857) ; id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 257 ; Heiu^. J. f. O. 1862,

p. 25; Antin. Cat. descrr. Ucc. p. 66 (1864); Heugl.'Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 535 (1870); Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii.

p. 101 (1881); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Xr7e«, xxxi. p. 150 (1881),

xxxii. p. 506 (1882) ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 197.
Ploceus leuponotus, Midi. Naum. 1852, part iv. p. 28.
Euplectes pyrrliocephalus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856).
Ploceus pyrrliocephalus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 39 (1856).
Ploceus hffimatocephalus, fVilrtt. Naum. 1857, p. 433 ; Heugl. J. f.

O. 1867, p. 298.
Anaplectes melanotis, Beichenh. Singv. p. 86, pi. 44. fig. 323 (1861) ;

Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p. cxxxviii (1871); Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 194 (1884); Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. \\.

p. 337 (1887); Salvad. Ann.Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) vi. p. 296 (1888).
Malimbus melanotis, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ; Elliot, Ibis,

1876, p. 465.
Calyphantria melanotis, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 332 (1884) ;

Ri'ichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 68.
Calyphantria erythrogeuys, Fischer ^- Reichen. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 181 ;

Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 332 (1884).

Adult male. Similar to A. rubriceps, but with the edges to the
wing-coverts, quills, and tail rosy instead of yellow ; the head rosy
crimson, as well as the throat and chest ; the chin, cheeks, lores,
and ear-coverts black: "bill red, with the cutting-edges and the
angle of the mouth fiery yellow ; feet rosy red ; iris umber-brown "
{Von Heuglin). Total length 5'3 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 3"45,
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-7.

Bab. Seuegambia to North-eastern Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. Senegambia.

c. Ad. sk. Sboa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

(Type of P. erythrocephalus.)

d. (S ad. sk. Kolla of Ballanu, Oct. 24 {A.' An- Shelley Coll.

tinort).

e. c? ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, March 13 Shelley Coll.

{Emin Pasha).

f. (S ad. sk. Redjaf, Jan. 9. Emin Pasha [P.].

4. Anaplectes angoleusis.

Sbarpia angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1878, p. 258 ; id. Orn. Angola,

p. 558 (1881).
Ploceus angolensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18, pi. i. fig. 2.

Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, mottled with

414 PLOCKID^.

white ; the feathers of the mantle and back white or yellowish
white on the inner webs, brown on the outer ones ; scapulars
uniform chocolate-brown ; lower back chocolate-brown, the feathers
sulphur-yellow at the tips ; rump entirely sulphur-yellow ; upper
tail-coverts dusky brown, washed with sulphur-yellow ; wing-
coverts chocolate-brown, the mediau and greater coverts white at
the ends, forming a double wing-bar, of which the median one is
the broader ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills chocolate-
brown, with whity-browQ edges to the latter ; tail-feathers ashy
brown, fringed.with whity brown, yellowish on the centre feathers ;
crown of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark
chocolate-brown ; cheeks and under surface of body white, with a
wash of sulphur-yellow, a little more distinct on the sides of body ;
under wing-coverts white ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner
edge : " bill blackish ; feet brown ; iris brick-red " (J. AncMeta).
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-25, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-7.

Hah. Benguela.
a. Ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela (/. AncMeta). Shelley Coll.

46. HETERHYPHANTES.

Head of Heterhyphantes melanogantcr, to show nostril and nuchal hairs*.
Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

Ear-coverts orange or yellow.
a. Wing-coverts and inner secondaries
edged with yellow.
a" . EJreast and abdomen yellow.

a". Head orange-yellow, contrasting
with the back.
«*. Back, wings, and tail deep cho-
colate-brown nigricoUis J , p. 415.

¥. Back, wings, and tail black .... melanoxanthus S , P- 416.
b'". Head black, with a broad yellow
eyebrow ; throat and underparts
bright yellow.

* This species has been chosen for illustration, as it shows the nuchal hairs
developed in an extraordinary way. It is not often that they can be seen so
plainly.

J

46. HETERHYPHANTES. 415

c*. Back and wings chocolate-brown

or blackish chocolate niyricolUs 2 , p. 415

d . Back and wings black melanoxanthus 2 , p. 41 G.

0 . tJreast and abdomen black; throat

7 , oi'auge melanoaaster S , P. 417.

0 . VVing-coverts and inner secondaries
With large white spots at the end of

the outer web ,ancti thom<e, p. 418.

0. ±/ar-coverts black. ' ^

c". Foreliead yellow.

d". Lower back and rump yellow;

back uniform black, not streaked. . reichenowi S , P. 418
a . Lower back and rump ashy grey.
e\ Nape and hind neck olive-yellow
or ashy; back olive-vellow or
ashy, with dusky blackik streaks i««/a/ec;(<c5',p 419
/^. INape and hind neck black; back
black, with yellow margins to

,/" p /^'"Af K"v, • • ; "«"»■ c^ > P- 420.

d . i orehead black like the crown.

e'". Under surface entirely yellow ;
back black like the head; rump

.„ olive-yellow reicheno^ci ? , p. 418.

/ . ihroat and breast yellow; rest
of under surface isabelline ; rump
ashy grey ; back ashy grev,
streaked with black .". emini J, p. 420.

1. Heterhyphantes nigricollis.

Malimbus nigricollis, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 74, pi. 45 MSOol

(l«iy)* ; Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 307 (1837)

;"22;T^?S\S,p.34.^- ''' ^^'''^' '''"'^^ ''^'' '''''
Ploceus jonquillaceus, Vieill. t. c. p. 130.
Ploceus atrogularis, Voifft, Cuv. Thierr. p. 564 (1831)
bycobius nigricollis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849)
Syrnplectes nigricollis,^],. Consp. i. p. 439 (1860) ; !ffar,;/ Om TV
AJr.j. 153 (1857); Eeichen^ J. }. Q. 1875, p. fo 1877 n ^'
1885, p. 373, 1887, pp. 301, 307. ' ^ ' ' P' ^^'

Hyphantornis grayi, /. ^ ^. F«v. ie^z,. .< Mag. de Zool 1851
p. 514; ^%arpe ^ Bouvier, Bzdl. Soc. Zool France, i. p. 47 (1876) •
Socage, Om. Angola, p. 329 (1881) ^ l^o'o^

Symplectes chrysophrys, J. ^ E. Verr. J.f. O. 1855, p. lOG
Luplectes .lonquillaceus, Miill. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 116; Beicheu. J.f. O.

^yyvl^f^m^'^^^^^^^^ W.-Afr. p. 135 (1867); id.

Hyphantornis flavigula, Cass. P,-oc. Philad. Acad. 1859 n 134
Hyphantornis nigricollis, Beichenb. Singv. p. 87, pi. 44. tig. 325 ( i86n
Hyphantornis jonquillaceus, Beichenh. t. c. p. 87 (1861) '^^''^^A

Hyphantornis amauronotus, Beichen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 27.

4 IP) PI,OCEID.K.

A'ltilt mah'. General colour above dark chocolate -brown, with a
little olive-yellow on the scapulars ; rump and upper tail-coverts
olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts uniforna like the back ; remainder
of the" coverts, quills, and tail dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ;
crown of head, sides of face, and sides of neck deep yellow, inclining
to orange on the forehead and vertex as well as the ear-coverts ; lores
and region of the eye, as well as the base of the cheeks and throat,
black : remainder of cheeks and fore neck orange-yellow ; the breast
and abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; under
wing-coverts white, edged with yellow ; quills light ashy brown
below, pale ashy along the inner web : " bill black ; feet dusky
red : iris straw-colour''' (Emin Pasha). Total length 5-7 inches,
culmen O'T, wing 2-9, tail 2, tarsus O'Tii.

Adult female. Different from the male as regards the head, which
is black with a distinct streak of yellow running from the base of
the nostrils above the eye ; lores and a broad streak through the
eye black ; sides of face 'and under surface of body bright yellow,
orange on the ear-coverts and throat. Total length 5-4 inches,
culmen O'To, wing 2-85, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8.

One immature male is moulting from the black-headed stage, and
has the crown spangled with new yellow feathers.

Young (? female). Dull olive above, more or less dusky ; a little
brighter yellow over the eyebrow ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and
under surface of body brighter yellow.

Hah. West Africa', from the Cameroons to Gaboon and the Congo,
reaching to the Moubuttu country in Equatorial Africa.

a. c^ ad. St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

b c. 9 ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

d. S ad. sk. Gaboon (A. Marche). M. A. Bouvier.

e,f. d ad.; ff. Juv. Gaboon. P- B. Du Chaillu [C.].

sk.
h-l. d ad. et imm. ; Landana, Congo (i. Shelley Coll.

m. 2 i™™- ^^- Petit),

n, o. (S 2 ad. sk. R. Congo {Lucan Sf Shelley Coll.

Petit).
p. d ad. sk. Bellima, Equatorial Emin Pasha [P.].

Africa, .luue '2?>.

2. Heterhyphantes melanoxanthus.

Sycobrotus nigricollis (;»ec V.), Fimch ^- Hartl. Vbg. Ostafr. p. 405
(1870) ; Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. CO (1871) ; Shelley, P. A. S. 1881,
T) 5^5

Hyphanturgus melanoxanthus. Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 20q, 23-' ;
'Fische,;J.f.O. 1878,^.263.

Hvphanturgiis nigricollis («ec V.), Cab.J.f. O. 18, 8, p. 232; Fischer
'i-Reichen. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 263; iid. J.f. O. 1879, p. 350 ; Fischer,
J. f. O. 1879, p. 280 ; id. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 332 (1884) ; td.
J.'f. O. 1885, p. 133.

Sycobrotus melanoxanthus, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 58o.

Ploceus melanoxanthus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 22, 1888, p. 302.

Adult male. General colour above black, with a slight gloss ;

46. HETEKUTriiANTES. 417

upper tail-coverts like the back ; wing-coverts like the back, the
greater coverts and quills more sooty black ; tail-feathers black ;
crown of head orange-yellow, the occiput and nape black like the
back ; lores and a line througli the eye black ; sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks orange-yellow ; throat black, as also the sides of
neck ; fore neck orange-yellow, becoming golden yellow on the
chest and remainder of the under surface ; sides of body, flanks,
and thighs slightly mottled with black bases ; under tail-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and axillaries golden yellow ; the lower coverts
white ; quills below blackish, rather more ashy along the inner
edge : " bill black ; feet fawn- or horny brown ; iris red or reddish
brown " {G. A. Fischer) ; " feet pinkish flesh-colour ; iris crimson "
{F. J. Jackson). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-9,
tail 2, tarsus 0-S.

Adult female. Black above like the male, and entirely golden
yellow below, with no black on the throat, which has only a slight
tinge of yellow ; crown of head black lilve the back, with a distinct
yellow eyebrow, followed by a black line from the lores running
through the eye to the sides of tlie nape ; rest of sides of face
yellow, like the underparts. Total length o-ii inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 2-7, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8.

This species is similar to H. 7iigricolIis, bnt is blacker and wants the
olive-yellow shade on the wings, lower back, and tail, the latter
being entirely black. The black colour of the back extends upwards
in a square patch on the nape.

The female is similar to the female of U. nigricoUis, but differs,
like the male, in being blacker and having no olive-yellow on the
wings, back, or tail.

Bah. East Africa.

a-d. (5 5 ad. sk. Lauiu (Sir J. Kirk). Slielley Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

f, ff- d; /<■ 2 Mauda Island, Nov. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
ad. sk. [P.].

3. Heterhyphantes melanogaster.

PloceiLs melanogaster, Shelley, P. Z. S. 18^7, p. 126, pi. xiv. hg. 2.

Adult mede (type of species). General colour above black, with a
slight gloss j wings and tail black ; entire head, sides of face, and
throat yellow, inclining to orange on the latter and on the cheeks ;
lores and streak through the eye black ; occiput also mi.xed with
black ; entire under surface of body black from the fore neck dowJi-
wards, with a few yellow feathers on the thighs ; under wing-
coverts black ; quills blackish below. Total length 5 inches, culmen
0-75, wing 2-6, tail 1-8, tarsus U-75.

Hab. Cameroons, W. Africa.

ft. S ad. sk. Cameroons Mountains, 8000 feet, H. H. Johnston,
Sept. Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)
VOL. xiii. 2e

418

4. Heterhyphantes sancti thomSB.

Sycobius sancti tliom;\3, Harfl. Rev. Zoul. 1848, p. 109 ; id. AbhaniU.

luit. Ver. Hamh. pi. 9 (18-48).
Anaplectes saucti tbouiaj, Reichenh. Sinijv. p. 87, Taf. xliv. fig. 324

(1861).
Ploceus nigricollis, pt., Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 22.

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown washed with
olive-yellow, the rump ochreous ; upper tail-coverts brown, washed
with ochreous ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with
olive-yellow, the median and greater coverts as well as the inner
secondaries with a large white spot at the end of the outer web ;
tail-feathers brown, with olive-yellow margins ; crown of head,
nape, and hind neck black ; a broad eyebrow from the base of the
forehead to the side of the nape, entire sides of face and sides of
neck, throat, and breast orange-yellow ; abdomen isabelline ; sides
of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline brown, the
former with a slight wash of olive ; under wiug-coverts and asil-
laries pale ashy, edged with yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along
the inner web. Total length 5*G inches, culmen O'Vo, wing 3"1,
tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.

Ilab. Island of S. Thomas, West Africa.

a. cS ad. sk. S. Thomas, Sept. 18 {F. Neiuton). Lisbon Museum.

5. Heterhyphantes reichenowi.

Sycobrotus reichenowi, Fischer, J. f. O. 1884, p. 180 ; Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 229.
Ilypbanturgus reichenowi, Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 331

(1884) ; id. J.f. O. LSS5, p. 132.
Symplectes reichenowi, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 373.
Ploceus reichenowi, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 21.

Adult male. Similar to H. hacjlafecht and, like that species,
entirely golden yellow below ; the crown also golden yellow, but the
back and scapulars black instead of olive-yellow : " bill black ; feet
clear reddish brown; iris clear yellow" {G. A. Fischer). Total
length 5"4 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-15, tail 2, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having no yellow on the
crown, which is black like the back and sides of the face. Total
length 5"-4 inches, culmen 0"7, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0'9.

Hab. East Africa : Masai-Land and the Kilimanjaro district.

a, b. (S 2 ^^- sk. Kilimanjaro, 5000 feet. II. II. Johnston, Esq.

[CI.
r, d. S ?fid. ; e, KihmaujarOjoOOO-OOOOfeet Shelley Coll.
/. cJinnn- sk. (//. H. Johnstuti).

i

46. HETEEnTPHANTES. 419

0. Heterhyphantes baglafecht *.

rioceus baglafecht, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 127

(1819) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887,

p. 20.
rioceus melanotis {nee Lafr.), Giierin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 321 ; Des

Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 110 (1845) ; MiUl. Descr. Nouo.

Ois. d'Afr. part iv. pi. 2 (1854); Jleuyl. J.f. O. 1801, p. 195.
rioceus auriculaiis, Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Atlas, pi. iii.

fig. 1 (1845).
Ilyphantornis guerini, Lafr. in Ferr. ^ Gal, Voy. Abyss, iii. p. 229

(1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Miill. Naum. 1852,

partiv. p. 28; Ileuyl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 388; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

i. p. 562, pi. xviii. tig. e (1870) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. cxxxi (1871) ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 192 (1884).
Textor melanotis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 442 (1850) ; Ileuyl. J. f. 0. 1862,

p. 26.
Ploceus aurautius, Ileuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856).
Ploceus leucoplithaliuus, Ileuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856).
Hyphaiitoruis baglafecht, Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 246.
Ploceolus melanotis {nee Lafr.), Reiclienb. Sinyv. p. 78, pi. 37. iig.

286 (1861).
llypliantornis melanotis, Blanf. Geol. l^'- Zool. Abyss, p. 403 (1870) ;

Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 325 (1870); Antin. ^- Salcad, Viayy.

Boyos, p. 122 (1873).
Symplectes baglafecht, Reichen. J.f. O. 1885, p. 373; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) yi. p. 292 (1888).
Symplectes eremobius, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 320 (1887) t-

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, with scarcely
distinguishable black shaft-linos ; scapulars like the back, but with
more distinct black centres ; lower back and rump ashy brown ;
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow; wing-coverts blackish brown, the
lesser series edged with olive-yellow ; the median and greater series
edged with whity brown, tinged with yellow ; bastard wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, margined with olive-
yellow, whiter towards the ends of the secondaries ; tail-feathers
olive-brown, with yellow margins ; hinder crown and occiput like
the back ; forehead and vertex rich golden yellow ; lores, a narrow

* Heteehvpiiantes temporalis.

nyphantomis temporalis, Bocayc, Jam. Lisb. 1880, p. 244; id. Orn. Anyola,
p. 557 (1881).

" Similar to H. yuerini, but with the head and abdomen more yellow. Total
length Go inches, wing 3 4, tail 2-1, bill 065, tarsus 0'9." {Bocaye.)

Hah. Caconda, Benguela.

Captain Shelley has uuited this species to H. haglafechf, but I think it
probable that it will prove to be distinct, as the range of H. haglafecht is so
restricted to N.E. Africa that I cannot believe the Benguela bird can possibly
be the same.

+ This is described from Emin Pasha's MSS. by Dr. Hartlaub, and is com-
pared with H. emini, but I perceive no characters whereby it can be distin-
guished from H. hatjlaftcht. The original specimen is lost.

2e2

420 TLOCEIDj;.

eyebrow, feathers round the eye, sides of face, and ear-coverts black ;
cheeks and under surface of body golden yeUow, with a slight
tinge of olive-green on the sides of the breast, sides of body, and
flanks ; under tail-coverts rather paler yellow ; under wing-coverts
ashy whitish, yellow along the edge of the wing : quills below
dusky, ashy yellow along the inner edge : " bill black ; feet
reddish ; iris pale yellow " ( Von Heuc/Un). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0"65, wing 3"05, tail 1"6, tarsus 0'8o.

Winter plumage. Upper surface grey, often washed with fawn-
colour, the middle of the feathers darker or smoky blackish ; lores
and ear-coverts smoky grey ; under surface clear yellowish white,
the fore neck, breast, and flanks washed with reddish grey ; lower
back and upper tail-coverts olive-greenish ; wing-coverts and inner-
most secondaries edged with clear dusky yellow : " bill clear horn-
colour, with horny brown culmen ; iris greyish white " ( Von
Heuglhi).

Adult female. More ashy brown than the male, and rather
broadly streaked with blackish on the upper surface : rump creamy
white ; wings and tail as in the adults, but less strongly tinged with
yeUow ; head ashy brown like the back, with only a faint <inge of
yellow on the forehead ; lores blackish ; sides of face and ear-
coverts pale ashy brown, lighter on the cheeks, throat, and chest ;
remainder of under surface of body white. Total length 5*8 inches,
culmen 0-6o, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0"85.

Hah. N.E. Africa from Bogos-Land to Shoa, extending apparently
into Equatorial Africa.

a, 6. cT 2 ad. at Senafe, Tigru, March, Mav. W. T. Blauford, Esq.

juv.;c. 2ad.sk. " [C.].

d. d ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, May. W. T. Blanford, E^q.

[C.].

e. c? ad. sk. Ankoher, Shoa, July (6Vr Jf. India Museum.

C. Harris).
f,ff. c( ad. sk. Shoa, Jau., May (A.Anti- Shelley Coll.

nori).

7. Heterliyphantes emini.

Sycobrotus emini, Hart/. Orn. Centralhl. ISS:?, p. 02; id. J. f. 0.

1882, pi. i. fig. 1.
Hvphantornis emini, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. .322 ; id. Abhandl. 7iat.

^Ver. Sremen, viii. p. 199 (1882).
Symplectes emini, Reichen. J.f. O. 1885, p. 373.
Ploceus emini, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 21.

Adult male. Similar to H. harilafccld., but differing in its black
back, the feathers of the nape, hind neck, and sides of neck edged
with ashy, those of the back with yellow : lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts ashy, the latter shghtly washed with yellow ;
scapulars like the back, with ashy edges ; wing-coverts and quills
black edged M'ith yellow, paler on the median and greater coverts,
the inner secondaries edged with ashy ; tail-feathers dull olive-

47. srcoBROTUS. 421

yellow ; forehead and vertex golden yellow ; lores, eyebrow, ear-
coverts, and sides of face entirely black ; cheeks, throat, and breast
golden yellow, the rest, of the imdtr surface pale ashy isabelline ;
under wing-coverts ashy brown, the edge of the wing yellow ; quills
dusky below, pale yellow along the inner web : " bUl black ; feet
brownish ; iris pearly grey or straw-j'ellow " (Emin). Total length
6-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3"2, tail 2-1, tarsus 0*9.

In the full jilumage it is probable that the ashy edges to the
feathers of the hind neck are shed, and that these parts become
entirely black.

Aih (If female. Differs from the male in wanting the yellow on
the forehead, which is black like the rest of the crown and sides of
face : the back ashy grey, broadly streaked with black ; uuder
surface as in the male, but the yellow on the throat and breast
much paler. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-95, tail
1-9.'), tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Equatorial Africa.

a, b. (S; c. 2 ad. sk. Agaru, Equatorial Africa, April, Shelley Coll.
May {Einin Pasha).

47. SYCOBROTUS.

Type.
Svmplectes, S^mim. B. W. Afr. i. p. 170 (18-37, nee

■ Meit/en, 18.30) '. S. bicolor.

Eupodes, Jard. 4" Selby, III. Orn. new ser. pi. x. (18.37, nee

Latreille) S. bicolor.

Sycobrotus, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 182 (1850) S. bicolor.

Head of Sycobrotiiti hicolor, to show nostril.
Eaneje. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Forehead uniform like the rest of the head,

the feathers not tipped with hoary grey.
a'. Back chocolate-brown ; throat edged
with hoary grey or j'ellow margins to

the feathers bicolor, p. 422.

b'. Back greyish brown washed with olive . . amaiiruceji/uilun, p. 423.
c' . Back intense black like the throat kerstetn, p. 423.

b. Forehead and throat edged with hoary grey

margins trj the feathers stictifrons, p. 424,

422 PLOCEIDiE. 7

1. Sycobrotus bicolor.

Pyranga icteromelas, Vieill. N. Diet. cTIIist. Nat. xxviii. p. 291

(1818) ; Puchei: Arch. Mm. vii. p. 355 (1854).
Ploceus bicolor, VieiU. N. Diet, xxxiv. p. 127 (1819) ; Shelleij, Ibis,

1887, p. 19.
Fringilla gregalis, LicJit. Verz. Douhl. p. 2.3 (1823).
Ploceus clirysogaster, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92.
Syniplectes chrysoiuus, Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 170 (1837).
Eupodes xanthosomus, Jard. ^- Selhy, III. Orn. u. s. pi. 10 (1837).
Hyphantomis chrysogastra, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849).
Sycobius gregalis, Gray, t. c. p. 352 (1849) ; Licht. Nomend. Av. p. 50

(1854).
Sycobius bicolor, Gray, t. c. p. 352 (1849); Gurney, Ibw, 18G4,

p. 352; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 183 (18G7); Gurney, Ibis, 1868,

p. 51 ; Layard, Ibis, 18G9, p. 74 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard'^s B. S. Afr.

p. 432 (1881).
Symplectes bicolor, Bji. Consp. i. p. 439 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 135 (1857) ; Reichenb. Singv. p. 79, Taf. xxxviii. figs. 288, 289

(1861).
Sycobrotus bicolor, Cab. Mus. Ilcin. Th. i. p. 182 (18-50).
Ilj'phaiitornis bicolor, Finsch, J. f. O. 1867, p. 247 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6587 (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 78.
Symplectes chrysogaster, Reichen, J. f. O. 1885, p. 373.

Adult male. Blackish chocolate, more decidedly brown on tbc
lower back ; rump and upper tail-coverts washed with yellow ;
wings black, with an ashy shade on the outer edge of the greater
coverts, and especially on the primaries, which are edged with
hoary whitish; the secondaries narrowly fringed with yellow; tail-
feathers black, edged with ashy ; head a little blacker than the
back, the sides of the face and sides of neck also black ; throat
black, the feathers of the chin obscured by hoary margins, the throat
by yellow edges ; remainder of under surface of body from the fore
neck downwards bright yellow, slightly inclining to orange on the
chest ; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing black ; quills
blackish, edged "with ashy along the inner web: " bill very pale
hoary grey, shaded with black on the culmen towards the tip ; feet
lilac-pink ; iris dark brown "(6r. E. Shelley). Total length 5*7 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 3'45, tail 2, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. " Bill bluish
ash-colour ; iris dark hazel " (F. Ayres). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 3-35, tail 2'05, tarsus 0-9.

The specimens collected by Mr. T. L. Ayres in March and April
are moulting, and those shot in May have white or yellow throats.
The dark throats are apparently derived by the falling off of the
hoary margins of the throat-feathers.

Hah. S.E. Africa from Port Elizabeth to Natal. Its occurrence
in West Africa seems to us to be extremely doubtful.

a. Ad. st. South Africa. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. East London (T. C. liickard). Sharpe Coll.

r. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstown. Major II. II. Tre-

velyan [P.].

47. SYCOBROTUS. 423

d. Ad. sk. Grahamstown {T. C. Atmorc). Starpe Coll.

e. J ad. sk. Eland's Post ( T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.
/. 6 ad. sk. Eland's Post, May {T. C. Atmore). Shelley CoU.
{/. Juv. sk. Natal {T. C. At/res). Sliarpe Coll.
h. 2 ad. sk. Diu-ban {Gordge). Shelley Coll.
i. Ad. sk. Durban, April 4 ((?. £. S.). ShelleV Coll.
k. (5 ad. sk. Durban, Nov. 10 (T. L. Ayres). Shelley Coll.
;, m. c? ; w-y. Pinetowu, Natal, March to June Shelley Coll.

? ad. sk. {T. L. Ayres).

2. Sycobrotus amaurocephalus.

Sycobrotus amaurocephalus, Cab. J. f. O. 1880, p. 349, pi. .31. fig-. 1.
Symplectes amaurocephalus, Bocaije, Orn. Angola, p. ijSB (1881) ;

' Schah^v, J. f. O. 1887, p. 241.
Symplectes bicolor {nee V.), Reichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 373*, 1887,

p. 309.
Ploccus amaiiroceplialus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 20.

Adult. Differs from S. hicolor in the colouring of the upper sur-
face, the head being blackish brown, and the whole of the upper
surface clear greyish-brown olive (Cabanis).

Hah. Interior of Angola to the Upper Congo region.

3. Sycobrotus kersteni.

Sycobrotus kersteni, Finsch ^- Hurtl. Vijq. Ostafr. p. 404 (1S70);
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 715 ; Fischer $f Reichen. J. f. O. 1879,
p. 350, 1860, p. 143 ; Shellnj, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584 ; Schaloio,
J.f. O. 1883, p. 3G2 ; Fischer, Zeiischr. yes. Orn. i. p. 333 (1884) ;
id. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 132.

Symplectes kersteni, Finsch Sf Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. Taf. vi. (1870).

Ploceus kersteni, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 18.

Adult. Similar to S. hicolor, but more jet-black above and having
the throat also entirely black : "bill bluish grey, with light yellow
edges and tip; feet greyish flesh-colour; iris dark brown" [G. A.
Fischer). Total length G-7 inches, culmeu 0-75, wing 35, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0'9.

As with S. hicolor, the throat is sometimes washed with yelloM',
which doubtless indicates seasonal plumage.

JIab. East Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Mombasa (T. Wakefield). Sharpe Coll.

6. Ad. sk. 'Momh^iss, {T. Wah field). Shelley Cull.

c. Ad. sk. Lamo {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Usambara Mountains {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Lamu {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

* Dr. Eeichenow suggests that the West-African bird is the true P/occtis
hicolor of \"ieillot, the range of which he gives as from Senegambia to Angola.
My belief, however, is that Vieillot described the South-African bird, and that
the records of its occurrence in Senegambia and Sierra Leone are erroneous.

424

4. Sycotrotus stictifrons.

Sycobrotus bicolor {nee V.), Finsch lV Ilartl. Voff. Osfrifr. p. 403

(1870) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 1:!2.
Symplectes stictifrons, Fisc/ier i, lieiclien. J. f. O. 1885, p. 37?>.
Ploceus stictifrons, Shelleij, Ibis, 1887, p. 10.

Adult. Similar to P. bicolor, aud brown like that species, but
distinguished by greyish tips to the brown feathers of the crown
and throat. Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-5, tail 2,
tarsus 0"9.

Two of the Shire specimens have the throat yellow, and are
probably young birds or old birds in seasonal plumage.

Hah. East Africa from the Rovuraa lliver to the Shire.

a. Ad. sk. Rovuraa River (J. Thommri). Shelley Coll.

h. Ad.; c,d. Shire Cataract (-SYr /. A7;70. Livingstone Expedition.
Juv. sk.

48. SITAGRA.

Tvpe.
Sitagra, Eeickenb. St/.<<t. Nat. Taf. Ixxix. fig. 15 (1850J . . ? S.'luteola.
Sitagi-a, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 181 (1851) S. liiteola.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Keij to the Species.

a. Throat black.

a' . Forehead and sides of face black.

a" . Forehead only black ; remainder of
crown yellow.
a'". Wing-coverts and secondaries edged

with yellow hit cola c? , P- 425.

h'" . Wing-coverts and secondaries incon-
spicuously fringed with olive-yellow, mo'inicha S, p. 420.
b" . Forehead and vertex black ; the hinder

crown orange-yellow siihjiersoiutfa J , p. 427.

b'. Forehead orange like the crown ; sides of
face orange, with a black line through
the eye.

c" . Uill f-lender oeularia J , p. 427.

d". Bill stout hraehi/ptera (^ , p. 421;t.

h. Throat yellow or orange.

c'. Wing-coverts edged with white or yellow,
the wings not of the same colour as the
back ; no black stripe through the eye.
e". Larger; back uniform.

c'". Forehead orange-yellow like the , • , ,r,r,

sides of the face and throat I V -r d'\\'

d"'. Forehead brown like the head and -^ • n ion
, rtv)«Ms 5 , p. 430.

^^^^ ] eaffra $ , p. 431.

/". Smaller; back streaked ; bill black .. luteola 5 , p. 425,

(/". Smaller ; back uniform aud like the

head ; bill horn-brown manacha J , p. 420.

48. SITAGRA. 425

'. "Wings uniform and like the back.
A". Forehead orange ; sides of face and

throat bay and chestnut ocuJaria J , p. 427.

i" . Forehead orange; sides of face and

tliroat orange, with a very little shade

of cliestiiiit suhjier sonata J , p. 427.

k". Forehead and crown olive-yellow like

the back ; a broad eyebrow of yellow . hraclujptera J , p. 429.

1. Sitagra luteola.

Fringilla luteola, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 23 (1823).

Ploceus personatus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. pi. 84 (1825).

Ploceus melanotis, Swnhis. B. W. Afr. i. p. .307 (1837).

Ploceus luteolus, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 332 (1849) ; Reichen. Zool. Jalirh.

i. p. 153 (1886) ; Shelle.y, Ibis, 1887, p. 31 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 85.
Hyphantornis personatns, Bp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850) ; Antin. Cat.

(kscrr. Ucc. p. m (1864) ; Heiujl. J. f. 0. 1867, p. 390 ; id. Oni.

N.O.-Afr. iv. p. cxxxii (1871).
Sitagra luteola, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 131 (1850) ; Beh. Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 612 (1881).
Fringilla (Acanthus) chrysonielas, Hciigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 41 (1850).
Ploceus niinutus, Voti Miill. Naum. 1851, Heft 4, p. 28.
Fringilla muelleri, Bald. Naiim. 1851, Heft 4, p. 28.
Hyphantornis luteolus, Haiil. Orn. Westafr. p. 123 (1857); Finsch,

J. f. O. 1863, p. 170; Hem/l. Orn. N'.O.-Afr. i. p. 565 (1870);

Gray, Hand-l. B. il. p. 42,'no. 6577 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. i.- Zool.

Abyss, p. 404 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. 8. vii. p. 262 (1879) ; Antin.

^- Salvad. Viayy. Buyos, p. 122 (1873) ; Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1874,

p. 306 ; Ilartl'. AbharuU. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 100 (1881), viii.

p. 200 (1882) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 191 (1884),

vi. p. 290(1888).
Ploceolus luteolus, Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 77, pi. 35. fig. 273 (1861).
Hyphantornis chrysomelas, Hetiyl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 25.

Adah male. General colour above olive-yellow, with faint indica-
tions of dusky centres to the feathers ; the rump and u})per tail-
covcrfcs rather brighter yellow ; scapulars like the back, but more
distinctly streaked with blackish centres ; lesser wing-coverts
blackish, edged with olive-yellow ; median and greater coverts
V.Lickish, edged with yellow or white ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish, edged with olive-yellow, lighter and
broader on the inner secoudaries ; tail-feathers light olive-brown,
edged externally with olive-yellow and internally with pale yellow;
crown of head yellow, inclining to olive-yellow on tlie occiput, nape,
and hind neck ; a broad band of black across the forehead ; lores,
feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat
black, descending on to the fore neck ; sides of neck, sides of fore
neck, and remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, including
the under wing-coverts ; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner
edge: "bill black; feet lead- colour ; iris crimson" (Von Ileuglin).
Total length 4-7 inches, eulmen 0'55, wing 2-4, tail 1*7, tarsus O-Oo.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black of the
head and throat, the back being ashy, washed with olive-yellow
and streaked with dusky brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts

426 rLOCEiD.'E.

brighter olive-yellow ; head ashy, washed with yellow, with a
l)rig'htcr yellow eyebrow ; under surface of body pale yellow, whiter
ou the abdomen ; bill black. Total length 3*9 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-3, tail 1-45, tarsus 0'6.

Huh. Senegambia to JSTorth-eastern Africa, and Equatorial Africa.

a. ^ imm. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith.

b, c. S fid. sli. River Gambia. Dr. IJendall [C.].
d. cJ imm. sk. Senaar (Dr. Kotschi/). Sharpe Coll.

/'. cj' ad. sk. Kordofan (Pei/ierick). Eyton Coll.

f. S ad.sk. Wahko, Anseba Valley, J ulv. W. T. Elanford, E.sq.

LC.]-

0,J>-6 2ad.sk. Bogos-Laud, July, Aug. {W.

Jesse),

t, k. S ? ad. sk. Lado, March, July {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

I, m, n. (5 ad. sk. Kiri, May. Emin Pasha [P.].

o,p. cJ ? ad.; q. Redjaf, June, July {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.
Imm. sk.

c? ad. et Redjaf, May 8. Emin Pasha [P.].

imm. sk.

2. Sitagra monacha.*

Ploceus personatus {ncc V.), Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 35, pi. 7
(fig. mala) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, pp. 300, 307 ; f^ihelley, Ibis,
1887, p. 31.

Hyphantornis personata {nee V.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ;
3p. Cunsp. i. p. 440 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 123 (1857);
id. J. f. O. 1801, p. 175 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. 6578
(1870) ; 8harpe, ibis, 1870, p. 348 ; Shelley 8; Buckley, Ibis, 1872,
p. 289 ; TJssher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 504, 514,
552 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 550.

Hyphanturgus personatus {nee V.), Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859,
p. 134.

Ploceolus personatus {nee V.), Peiehenb. Singv. p. 77, pi. 36. figs. 274,
275 (1861).

Ilyphautornis luteola {nee Licht.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 56.

Adult male. Similar to S. luteola, but with more black on the
crown, the hinder crown and hinder neck brighter and more orange-
yellow, the back perfectly uniform, and the wing-coverts and inner
secondaries edged with olive-yellow and not with pale j'cUow or
white. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-.55, wing 2-3, tail 1-4,
tarsus 0'7.

Adult femcde (or young male). Wants the black on the head of
the male, and resembles the female of S. luteola, but is altogether
brighter yellow below ; the head is dark olive-yellow like back.
Total length 4*3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-25, tail 1-4, tarsus 1-2.

Congo birds appear to differ in having the black of the throat
more produced on to the fore neck. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-2, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-7.

Hub. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

* Emended na,ine(oe P. 2>crso7?.ata of Vicillot, wliicli is undoubtedly the same
as true S. luteola.

48. SITAGRA.

427

«, b, c. cS2'

id. ot

Ashantee.

Gould Coll.

juv. sk.

d,e. (S2 fid

. sk.

Fantee (H. T. Ussher).

Sharpe Coll.

f,!/,^-d;t

'-m.

Fautee, Feb. & March {G. E. S. Sr

Shelley Coll.

2 ad. sk.

T. E. Buckley).

n. (^ ad. sk.

Cape Coast {L. Eraser).

Forbes Coll.

0. 2 ad. sk.

Eiver Volta (If. T. Ussher).

Sharpe Coll.

p. 2 ad. sk.

River Niger.

Mrs.IIeywood.

g-. 2 ad. sk.

Eo-ga, R. Niger ( W. A. F.).

Forbes Coll.

?•. c? ad. sk.

Gaboou (VerreatLv).

Sharpe Coll.

s,t. d;u.2

ad. sk.

Landana, R. Congo, Feb. (L. Petit).

Shelley Coll.

3, Sitagra subpersonata.

Hyphantornis subpersonatus, Cub. J. f. O. 1870, p. 92 ; Sharpe c^-

Jiouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 47 (1870).
Hyphantornis ocularius (iiec Smith), Reichcn. J. f. O. 1877, p. 27 ;

? Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 328 (1881).
Hyphantorni.s bracbypterus [nee Sic), Sharpe ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, i. p. 309 (1870).
Ploceus subpersonatus, Reichenb. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 1.52, pi. 5. fig. 4

(1880) ; Shelleij, Ibis, 1887, p. 32.

Adult male. Similar to S. luteola, but very much larger and with
a longer bill, the general colour above being dull olive-green, olive-
yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; forehead and vertex
black ; the hinder crown, occiput, and nape deep orange like the hind
neck, sides of neck, and under surface of body ; the throat black,
extending on to the fore neck ; bill black. Total length 5'G inches,
culmen U-75, wing 2-6, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Different from the male, and scarcely to be distin-
guished from the hen of S. ocadaria. Olive-yellow above, brighter
yellow below, with a wash of orange on the throat and fore neck,
cheeks and car-coverts ; a black streak through the eye ; forehead
and eyebrow orange-yellow ; rest of the crown yellow, becoming
olive-yellow like the back on the occiput and nape. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-65, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Lower Congo.

«. c? ; 6, e. 2 ad. sk. Landana, R. Congo {L. Petit). Shelley Coll.

d. o ad. sk. Landana, L, Petit [C.].

4. Sitagra ocularia.

Ploceus ocularius, Smith, Proc. S. Afr. Inst. 1828 ; id. III. Zool. S.

Afr. pi. 30. fig. 2 (1839) ; 6urne.y,Ibis, 1802, p. 37; Shelley, Ibis,

1887, p. 23 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 34.
I'loceus gutturahs, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92.
Hyphantornis gutturalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3.51 (1849).
Hvpbantornis ocularius. Gray, Gen.B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Bp. Consjx

"i. p. 440 (1850); PeicJienb. Sinr/v. p. 80, Taf. xhii. fig. 321 (1861);

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 182 (1807) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1807, p. 431 ;

Lai/ard, Ibis, 1809, p. 74; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6597

(1870); Sharije, Cat. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871); id. P. Z. S. 1873,

p. 715; Ayres, Ibis, 1870, p. 431; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 328

423 PLOCEIBiR.

(1881); Sharpe in Oafrs' Mafabe!c-L(ind, App. p. 318 (1881);

IfaHL Ahliaiull. nut. Ver. Bremen, \\n. p. :l'00 (]88l'); Butler,

Feilden, ^- liekl, Zool. 1882, p. 297 ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 308.
Hyphautiirgus ocularius, Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. "i. p. 182 (1850) ;

Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 435 (1881) ; Fischer, Zeitselir.

ges. Orn. i. p. 331 (1884) ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 133 j W. Ayres,

Ibis, 1887, p. 58.
? Hj'pliaQtornis olivacea, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 565 (1870), iv.

p. fxxxi (1871).
Hypliaiitornis crocata, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Broken, vii. p. 100

(1881) ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 374.
llyphantoruis ocularius, var. crocata, Hartl. Zool. Jnhrh. ii. p. 341

(1887).

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, the scapulars like
the back : rump and upper tail-coverfcs rather brighter yellow ; wing-
coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with the same olive-yellow
as the back; tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, with brighter olive
edges ; crown of head bright orange-yellow, inclining to olive-yellow
on the nape and hind neck ; lores and a short broad streak through
the eye black ; eyelid black ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks
rich orange-yellow, the extreme base of the cheeks black, as well
as the throat, the black of the latter surrounded by a deep orange
shade ; sides of neck and under surface of the body brilliant yellow,
the fore neck inclining to orange ; sides of body and flanks olive-
yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow with ashy bases ;
quills below ashy, whitish along the inner edge : " bill light brown,
the base of the lower mandible flesh-coloured ; feet ash-coloured ;
iris light brown" (W. Ayres), "pale ashy yellow" (T. Ayres).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but Avanting the black on the
throat, this being deep orange like the sides of the face. Total
length 5-9 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-9, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-85.

Young male. Similar to the adult female but rather greener, with
a dusky mark from the lores through the eye ; the forehead rather
brighter yellow than the head, and the eyebrow, sides of face, and
underparts rather bright yellow.

S. crocata, Hartl., from Equatorial Africa is a race of S. ocidaria,
distinguished by its smaller size, thinner and smaller bill, and yellow
face without the orange of the latter bird. As with so many
African species, however, the southern birds are the largest, and a
gradual diminution in size takes place in the more northern indi-
vid'aals, the birds from the Zambesi, ^lozambique, and Xilimanjaro
being intermediate between the true S. ocidaria and >S'. crocata.
The western S. hrachyptera is a stout-billed form of S. octdaria,
with a differently coloured female.

Bab. South Africa from the Eastern Cape Colony to the Zambesi
and through East Africa to the Upper Congo and Equatorial Africa.

a. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. cJ ad.sk. Kingwilliamstown. Capt. Tievelyan [P.].

48. SITAGRA.

429

I

c, d. (S ad. et

imm. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.
f,(/. c? ad.etjuv.

•sk.
k-o. (^ad. etjiiv.;

p-w. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
.V. (S ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

~. $ ad. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.

I'', c'. c? 2 ad. sk.

d', c. (5 ad. sk.

/. 6 ad. sk.
<j'. 6 ad. sk.

/'■', i'. S ? ad. sk.

Eland's Post {T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

Natal {T. Ai/res).

Durban, Natal {T. L. Ayres).

Pinetown, Natal, Feb. to Dec
{T. L. Ayres).

Pietermaritzbui-o-, Api-il 30 (F
Oaf a). ^

Swazi-Laud, July -22 ( T. E.
Buckley).

Macamac, E. Transvaal, June
11) ( W. Ayres).

Zambesi Piver.

Mozambique.

Kilimanjaro, 2300 to 6000 feet.

Mombasa (T. Wakejield).
Agaru, E(|uatoriaI Africa, May

1 {Emin PasJui).
Tanjinioro, Oct. 5.

5. Sitagra brachyptera.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

W.C.&E.G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.J.
Shelley Coll.

J. II. Gurney, Esq.,

[P.]. ^

Sir J. Kirk [P.].
Dr. Gueinzius [C.].
II. II. Johnston, Esq.

Sharjje Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Emin Pasha [P.].

Plo^eus brachypterus, Sicains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 1G8, pi. 10 (1837) ■
fssfp 23^"^" P- '"' ^^'^- ^^^- «- ^-0s\l861)l SMl}y ids',

^'S"i5?;;!%(f «'S^^^^^ 184.5,p.406; mm. Deser. Nour.

uis. aAp. pi. 20. hg. 1 (18o4, teste iShellni).

firr«.?T8fo''' S^'^'"'- ^'i^- P-351 (1849); Cass. Proc.

1872' P.I2 ' ''■ ' ^''"'P''^- ^- ^- 1871, p. 012 ; id. Ibis,

Hyphantoruis brachyptera. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849^ • /?„

Consp. 1. p. 440 (I80OJ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Ifr I 1'>W Ssff-"

£.1.^/i"vii.^p.\S\fitf'''^'^' ^«^^' P- ^^2; ^««//.. A...
Textor flavigula, Bp. Comji. i. p. 44'^ (1850)
H^Thantoi-nis gTayi (nee Ve^r.) Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 122 (1857) ;

(186i{' ' P" ^^' ^'*'^^'"^- ^"'^'- P- 85, Taf. xliv. fig. 320

S5i8U8fo)^- ''•''''' P- ^^^^ ^-^' ^^«-^-^-^- ii- p. 43,

Symplectes brachypterus, Hartert, J.f. O. I860, p. 585.

Adult male. Similar to ^. omlaria, but smaller and with a much

stouter biU^-: "bill black ; feet livid or bluish grey ; irfs alstone-

colour or yellowish grey " ( ir. A. Forbes), " ins 'ydlo wish white "

430

Adult female. Similar to the foinalc of S. ocularla, but distin-
guished by its yellow throat, which eulircly lacks the oraugo colour
of the latter bird. Total length G-5 inches, culmeu Owu, wing 3-1,
tail 2-3, tarsus U-85,

Hah. West Africa, from Seuogambia to Gaboon.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b,c. c^ 5 ad. sk.
0, c. d 2 a*!- sk.
/. d ad. sk.
//. 2 ad. sk.
'/(. Juv.- sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

Senegambia. Governor Rendall

[C.].

Senegambia*. Sir A. Smith [C.].

Jli-verGamh'vA{Ca2)t. Moloney). Shelley Coll.

River Gambia.

Tiiver Gambia.

Ashantee.

Fantee (J/. T. Ussher).

k. J ; I, m. 5 ad. Connor's Hill, Fantee, March

(&'. E. S.).
Chama, Gold Coast, Sept. 28

{Sintenis).
Beulah Road, Nov. 25

(H. F. Blisseti).
Abouri, Aguapini, Feb. 24

{G.E.S.).
River Volta {II. T. Ussher).

sk.
II. S ad. sk.

(>. 2 ad. sk.

p. S ad. sk.

q. S ; r, s. 2 ad.

sk.
t, u. 2 ad. sk.

V, 10. s ; X, y, 2-

2 ad. sk.
a . 2 ad. sk.

//, e. S ; d', e'.

2 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

Abeokuta.

Shonga, R. Niger, Nov., Dec.

( W. A. F.).
Cameroons Mountains (A.

Crosslei/).
Fernando Po.

Kibiro, Equatorial Africa,
Oct. 8.

Purchased.
Forbes Coll.
Gould Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll,

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Forbes Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

L. Fraser [C.].

Emin Pasha [P.].

6. Sitagra capensis.

Le Carouge du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 128 (17G0) ;

Bauhent. PL Enl. iii. pi. 607. lig. 2.
Oriolus capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1G3 (17GG) ; Bodd. Tail. PL

Enl. p. 37 (1783) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 392 (1788).
Le Carouge olive de la Louisiane, Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 251

(1775).
Olive Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. ii. p. 444 (1782).
Ploceus aurifrons, Temm. H. Col. iii. pis. 175, 17G (1823).
Ploceus abyssinicus (nee Gin.), Less. Traite, p. 434 (1831).
Ploceus icterocephalus, Swains. Classif. B. i. p. 189 (1837).
Ploceus capensis. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. Ixvi. fig. 2 (1841) ;

Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. IIG (188G, pt.) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887,

p. 24 (pt.).
Ilvphantornis aurifrons. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Bp. Coiisp.

\. p. 440 (1850) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 22 (1859) ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p.' 179 (1867).

* These are marked " H. ocularius" by Mr. G. K. Gray, but they are evi-
dently the West-African specimens mentioned by Smith in his description of
the last-named species. Tlie type of S. ocidaria is also in the Museum.

)

48. SITAGRA. 431

Ilypliaiitomis capensis, Gnit/, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1819) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 410 (1850); Cab. Mus. Heiii. Th. i. p. 182 (1850); Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 179 (18G7).
Oi'ioliniis capensis, Eeichenb. Sinf/i>. p. 84, pi. 42. figs. 315, 316 (1861).
Oi'iolinus aurifrous, Reichenb. t.'e. p. 85, pi. 43. tigs. 317, 318 (1861).
Hypliautornis olivaceus. Gray, Jland-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6575 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above bright olive-yellow, scarcely
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers, which are a little more
distinct on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
a little brighter than the back and more uniform ; wing-coverts and
quills dusky blackish, edged with olive-yellow, bright yellow on the
edges of the secondaries and median and greater coverts ; tail-
feathers brown washed with olive, edged with yellow ; crown of
head bright orange-yellow, inclining gradually on the occiput and
nape to olive-yellow ; lores and feathers round eye dusky olive ;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of body brilliant
yellow ; chin, the sides of the face, throat, and fore neck rather
inclining to orange ; under wing-coverts and asillaries ashy brown,
edged with yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge :
" bill livid bi'own ; feet and claws flesh-colour ; iris light red "
{Sir A. Smith). Total length G"7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3"55,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0'9.5.

Adult female. Much duller in colour than the male, especially
below ; the yellow on the forehead aud sides of face also absent.
(Jeneral colour above olive, slightly washed with yellow, the feathers
mottled with dusky centres, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts more decidedly washed with yellow ; wings and tail as in
the male ; head like the back ; lores ashy ; sides of face ashy olive ;
cheeks and remainder of under surface of body olive-yellow, washed
here and there with brighter yellow ; abdomen whitish, slightly
washed with yellow ; under tail-coverts white with yellow edges.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3'65, tail 2%3, tarsus 1*05.

One male in the collection, obtained by Mr. Butler near Cape
Town, has a most curious dusky throat and ear-coverts, inclining
to blackish.

Hah. Western Cape Colony.

a-d. (S ad. et juv. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.].

sk.

e,f. cJad. et juv.; Cape Colony {E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll.

(J, h, i. 5 ad. sk.

k,'l. 6 2 ad. sk. Cape Colony {E. L. Layard). Forbes Coll.

m. c? ad. sk. Cape Colony. Hardwicke Coll.

w, 0. (5' 5 ad.sk. Caledon,CapeColony(SM<;er). Shelley Coll.

p. S ad.sk. C?i-^QC.o\oTiy{C.J.Andersson). Sharpe Coll.

q,r. (S imm.sk. Knysua, Dec. & Jan. (C. J. ^.). Sharpe Coll.

Subspecies a. Sitagra caffra.

Icterus cati'er, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 19 (1823).

Icterus olivaceus, Halin, Voy. aus Asien etc. Lief. vi. pi. 4 (1822).

? Ploceus aureus, Des Murs in Lefebore's Voy. Abyss, p. 180 (1845).

432

Ilyphantomis olivnccus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 2.j ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1868,
p. 161; (i )■(/>/, ll(tnd-l. B. ii. p. 41, uo. 6575 (1870); Sharjje in
Oates' MataMe-Land, App. B, p. 318 (1881) ; Ilulub Sf Von Felz.
Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 113 (1882).

Hyphaiitornis capensis (??ec L.), Bucklei/, Ibis, 1874, p. 380 ; BarraU,
Ibis, 1876, p. 206 ; Butler, Feilden, ^ lieid, Zool. 1882, p. 256.

Hypliantoruis aurifrons (mcc T.), Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 296, 1880,
p. 105.

Hyphanturgus olivaceus, SJiarpe, ed. LayartHs B. S. yifr. pp. 432, 846
(1882) ; Aijres, Ibis, 1885, p. 344, 188G, p. 2<)0.

Adult male. Similar to S. atpensis, but distinguished by its
brighter colour and the chestnut tinge on the head, sides of face,
throat, and fore neck : " bill black, greenisli yellow at base ; tarsi
and feet pale yellowish ; iris pale chrome or pale tawny yellow '' {T.
Aifres). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 095, wing 3'6, tail 2-2,
tarsus 1"05.

Adult female. Similar to the female of S. capensis : " upper
mandible light brown, the lower one straw-colour; feet light brown ;
iris buff" {T. L. Ayres). Total length 6'4 inches, culmen 0-9,
wing 3-45, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-95.

YoKHfj male. At first similar to the female, but showing more or
less chestnut on the throat as the moult progresses. The fact that
the male at once puts on the chestnut throat disposes of the notion
that this bright rufous colour is a sign of age.

Hah. Eastern Cape Colony to Natal and the Transvaal, as far as
the Zambesi.

I

«. S ad. sk.
b. (S ad. sk.
c-(j. r? ad.etJLiv. ;

//. 5 ad. sk.
i, h. S 2 imm. sk.

/, in,n. (S imm.; o,p.

5 ad.etimm.sk.
q, r. (S ad. sk.
s. (5 ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

u. S ad. sk.

'V, IV. S ? imm.
sk.

Port Elizabeth.
Kingwilliamstown.
Newcastle, June, Sept.,

Oct. {E. A. Butler).
Pinetown, Natal, June,

July {T. L. Arjres).
Pinetown, June, July, Oct.

(7'. L. Ayres).
Transvaal.
Transvaal, Dec. 16(7'. i^

Buckley).
Transvaal, Dec. 16 (F.

Gates).
Potchei'stroom.

Riisteuburg, Aug., Sept.
( W. Lucas).

Sharpe Coll.

Capt. Trevelyan[P.].

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Forbes Coll.
Shelley Coll.

W. E. & C.G. Gates,

Ebqrs. [P.].
F. A, Barratt, Esq.

[P.J.
Shelley Coll.

49. FOUDIA.

Type.

Foudia, Eeichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. Ixxix. fig. 20

(1850) F. madagascariensis

BaiK/e. Coufined to Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.

49. FODDiA. 433

Key to the Species.

a. Head and under surface of body scarlet madagascariensis, p. 433.

h. TJn-oat and breast yellow, the former orange ;

forehead orange flavicans, p. 434.

1. Foudia madagascariensis.

Foulimene, Flacourt, Hist. Madaff. p. 163 (IGGl).

Le Cardinal de Madagascar, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 11:2, pi. vi. fig. 2 (17G0) ;
Sffcmzin, Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasb. 1S40, p. 28.

Lo.\ia madagascariensis, Litm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 300 (17G6) ; Less.
Traite, p. 446 (1831) ; Viiis. Voi/. Madaff. Ann. B, p. 144 (1865).

Le Foudi Lehemene, Buff'. Hist. Nat. Ois. in. p. 49o (1775).

Moineau de Madagascar, Dauhent. PI. Eiil. iv. pi. 134. fig. 2.

Madagascar Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 119 (17"83).

Foudi, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 96, pi. 63 (1805).

Fringilla madagascariensis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 235
(1817). '

Ploceus madagascariensis, Hartl. Ann. ^ Mar/. N. H. (2) ii, p. 389
(1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849) ; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1850, p. 324, pi. V. ; Schl. S,- Poll. Faune Madaq., Ois. p. 109
(1868); Gray, Hnnd-l. B. ii. p 45, no. 6620 (1870); Milne-

Edicards and Grandid. Hist. Nat. Ois. p. 440, Atlas pi 177"
tig. 3, pis. 181, 182 (1885); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 15.

Ploceus ruber (nee Gm.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849).

Foudia madagascariensis, i/yj. Consp.x.^. 445(1850); ILirtl. Faun.
Madaff. p. 55 (18(il); Peichenb. Sinqv. p. G8, Taf xxxi. fig. 243
(1861) ; E. Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 272, 1863, p. 350; Roch Sf E.
Newton, Ibis, 1862, p. 275 ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 299 ; A. Newton,
P. Z. .S. 1865, p. 836 ; E. Nexvton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 346, 359 ; Gran-
did. Pev. et May. de Zool. 1867, p. 388 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 319 ; Hartl. Voy. Madaff. p. 212 (1877) ; Oud. Bidl. Soc. Philom.
1877, p. 101, 1878, p. 174 ; Sharpe, Rep. Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert:
p. 483 (1881). '

Calyphautria madagascariensis. Cab. in Von der Decken's Pels. iii.
p. 31 (1869) ; Finsch S,- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 407 (1870).

Ploceus (Foudia) madagascariensis, Milne-Edwards &• Oust. N. Arch.
Mus. (2) Ti. p. 267 (1884).

Adult male. General coloi;r above briglit crimson, the feathers of
the mantle, back, and scapulars with black centres : lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform crimson ; lesser and median
coverts black, with crimson edges ; greater coverts black, edged
with whitish, slightly tinged with olive, the inner ones with crim-
son ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and (juills blackish, with olive
margins ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, the centre ones
with rosy ; crown of head, occiput, and nape bright crimson ; hind
neck like the back, but less distinctly mottled with black ; lores and
feathers round eye black, extending in a patch above the ear-coverts ;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire under surface of body
bright crimson ; under wing-covcrts and axillarics whitish, tinged
■with olive, the latter with crimson ; quills below dusky, ashy along

TOL. XIII. 2 I-

434

the inner edge : " bill brownish, becoming black in the breeding-
season ; feet rosy ; iiis brown " (^4. Grandidier). Total length 5'3
inches, culmen O'o, wing 2'65, tail 1-65, tarsns 0*75.

Adult female. Dull olive, mottled with black centres to the
feathers of the back, the head and hind neck not so distinctlj'
streaked ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts uniform dull
olive ; wnng-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers blackish, edged witli
olive, inclining to greenish white on the median and grfeater coverts
and inner secondaries ; a distinct ej'ebrow and sides of face olive-
whitish, more or less inclining to green on the latter, with a dusky
line along the upper ear-coverts; under surface of body ashy grey,
yellowish on the throat, and greener on the sides of the body, flanks,
and under tail-coverts, as well as on the imder wing-coverts. AVing
2'S inches.

Young male. Like the old female, but with more ashy on the
back ; the underparts also ashy grey instead of olive ; on the bead
and throat some red feathers.

Hah. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.

et

a. (S ad. sk.

b, c. 2 ad.
juv. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cj juv. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.
ff. (S ad. sk.

h, i. S ? ad. sk.

A-. 2 ad- sk.

I. $ ad. sk.
m, c? juv. sk.
71. S ad. St.
o. (S ad. sk.

p. S ad. sk.

q, r, s. c? ad. et

juv. St.
t. 2 ad. sk.

Madagascar.
Madagascar.

Madagascar.

N. Madagascar.

Madagascar.

Saralalau, N. Madagascar

{A. Crosslei/).
Ankafana Forest, Betsileo,

Feb. ( IF. Deans Cowan).
Ankafana Forest, Betsileo,

Feb. ( W. D. Cotcan).
Mauritius (Barclai/).
Mauritius (Bejusher).
Mauritius.
Reunion, March 23 ( Van

Dam).
Isle des Roches, Amirante

group, March.
Mahe, beychelles.

Mnh€, Jan. 3.

Riocnur Coll.
Mr. Gerrard [C.].

Zoological Society.
Mr. A. Crossley [C.l.
Shelley Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Gould Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. Coppinger [C.].

J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.].

J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.].

2. Foudia flavicans.

Foudia flavicans, E. Keuion, P. Z. S. 18()5, p. 47, pi. i. figs. 1,2; id.

Ibis, 1865, p. 148; Harfl Voq. Madaq. p. 215 (1877); Sharpe,

Phil. Trans, extra vol. 168. p. 461 (1879).
Ploceus flavicans, Schl. P. Z. S. 18G6, p. 434 ; id. ^- Poll. Faun. Madaq.,

Ois. p. 110 (1808) ; Graq, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 6G24 (1870);

SlwJley,Ibis, 1887, p. 17.'
Foudia rodericana, £. Keuion, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 42.

Adult jjiole. Above brown, slightly washed with olivaceous, the

49. FouDiA, 435

back broadly streaked with dark brown ; lower back uniform, the
rump yellow, forming a band across it ; ujiper tail-coverfs light
olivaceous brown ; wing-coverts blackish brown, with greyish-olive
edgings to the lesser series, the greater and median coverts broadly
edged with whitish ; quiUs dark brown, tlio primaries narrowly
edged with yellowish, the secondaries more broadly margined with
whity brown, lighter on the innermost ; tail-feathers ashy brown,
all edged with olive-yellow ; head and neck all round bright yellow,
as also the breast ; the forehead, lores, sides of face, and cheeks
orange-scarlet, the throat also washed with the latter colour; feathers
in front of, and round the eye, black ; rest of under surface of body
light yellow, the flanks brownish ; under wing-coverts light ashy
brown. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 2-7, tail 2-1,
tarsus O'S.

The series of male specimens is very complete, showing gradual
transitional changes from the time when the back is like that of the
female without any trace of the yellow band on the rump, the orange
colouring on the head and neck being ajjparently gained by a moult.
The yellow band across the rump appears to be assumed after the
yellow head and neck are fully coloured. Of two males killed by
Mr. Gulliver in ]S^ovember, 1874, one has the band tolerably well
defined, the other only shows its approach by the presence of a single
yellow feather.

Adult female. General colour above brown, the head washed with
olive, all the feathers mesially centred with dark brown, more distinct
on the back and scapidars ; rump uniform brown ; wing-coverts
blackish brown, with greyish edgings to the least series, the median
and greater coverts rather broadly edged with white ; quills dark
brown, narrowlj' margined with olive-yellow, the secondaries with
lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, with narrow olive-yellow
margins; lores yellowish ; ear-coverts olivaceous brown, with paler
shaft-streaks ; cheeks and under surface of body light yellow, the
sides of the neck ashy, the sides of the body light brown ; under
wing-coverts light ashy brown ; bill brown. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 2-05, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85.

The size of the bill in this species varies very much in length and
also in stoutness. In some examples of the brown-plum aged birds
the beak is black, and these I take to be young males, as the black
bill is accompanied by a certain bright-yellow shade about the face
and throat, and the under surface is rather brighter yellow.

Hah. Island of Rodriguez.

a,h. (5; c,d. J Iiodriguez {J. Gulliver). Transit of Venus Exped.

ad. sk.
e-h. c? ; i-m. $ Rodriguez {H. H. Slater). Transit of Venus Exped.

ad. sk.

2f2

43(;

50. NELICURVIUS. „

Tvpe.

Nelicui-\iu8, y,)j, Cousp. i. p. 459 (1850) N. iielicourvi.

liinKje. Confiued to Madagascar.

1. Nelicurvius nelicourvi.

Le Nelicourvi de Madagascar, Sunn. Vol/. Ind. ii. p. I'CO, jil. cxii.

Pensile Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. ]). l;"!l (178.'!).

Parvus (evr.jn'o Parus) nelicourvi, 8evp. Del. Faun, et Flvr. InMihr.

p._96 (1786).
Loxia peusilis, Gm, Syst. Kaf. i. p. 8G0 (1788) ; Dand. Trai'ie, ii.

p. 390(1800).
Ploceus peusilis, Vteill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 128 (1819) ;

Less. Compl. Bnf. viii. p. 311 (1837) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 423 ;

id. ^' Poll. Faun. Mudar/., Ois. p. 108 (1868) ; Skarpe, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 395 ; Milne-Fdtcards ^~ Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois.

p. 446, Atlas, pi. 177^ fig-. 2, aud pis. 179, 180 (1885).
Ploceus nelicourvi, Haiti. Ann. l<f Ma;/. Nat. Hist. (2) ii. p. 389

(1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44,

uo. 6617(1870).
Nelicurvius peusilis, Bp. Cimsp. i. p. 439 (1850) ; FLartL Faun. Madag.

p. 54 (18G1) ; Reiehenh. Singv. p. 74, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 261 (1861);

E. Ketvton, Ibis, 1863, p. 349 ; Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

1867, p. 388.
Hypbantoruis peusilis, Ilartl. Viig. Madag. p. 210 (1877).
Nelicurvius uelicom-vi, Bartlett, P. Z. »S'. 1879, p. 771.

Adult male. General colour above olive-green, tbe wing-coverts
like the back; quiUs aud tail-fcatliers dusky blackish, externallj'
olive-green ; the centre tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, dusky blackish
at the ends ; head, ear-coverts, fore part of cheeks, and a spot on
the chin black ; hinder cheeks, sides of neck, and a collar round the
hind neck, as well as the throat and fore ucck, bright orange-yellow,
inclining to deep orange ou the hinder neck ; sides of tore neck
olive-yellow like the back : remainder of under surface frona the
chest downwards clear slaty grey, washed with olivc-grcen on the
lower flanks and thighs ; under tail-coverts chestnut; under wing-
coverts pale ashy, washed with olive-yellow, the edge of the wing
brighter yellow ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner webs :
" bill black ; feet maroon ; iris brown " {A. Grandidier). Total
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0"65, wing K'O, tail I'D, tarsus 0-85,

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the
head and sides of face ; the j'ellow neck-band and throat are the
same as in the male ; the forehead also is j-ellow, as well as the eye-
brow, the crown being olive-green and the ear-coverts dusky olive,
forming a patch ; the fore neck is olive-green between the yellow
throat and the grey breast, which are like the male. Total length
5-4 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2-95, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-75.

Young. Olive-green, the head being like the back ; ear-coverts
dusky olive; au eyebrow, feathers in front of eye, cheeks, throat,

51. IIYPnAXTOENIS.

437

and f(irc neck dull yellow ; reraninder of under surface pale ashy,
washed with olive ; under tail-coverts pale tawny rufous ; hill white
with a dusky tip.

Even after the hill is black, and the underparts rcsemhle those of
the adult, the young bird has the head olive-green like the back,
with a yellow eyebrow. Every observer has hitherto determined
the bird with the yellow forehead to be the old female, but no at-
tempt has yet been made to tind out what the seasonal plumage is
like, and yet it ought to be well marked in such a strikingly-coloured
bird. My own impression is that some of the specimens asserted to
be young birds are really the old ones in seasonal plumage.

Hah. E. and N.W. Madagascar.

(I. .Juv. sk.
/'. <S innu. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

f/,'',/[c??] ad.sk.
r/. [$]ad. sk.
A, /. [ d 2 ] ad. sk.
k. $ jiiv. sk.

/. Ji

Madagascar.

N.E. Madagascar {PoUen
i^- Van Dam).

Nossi Vola, N. Mada-
gascar.

Nossi Vola {A. Crosttlei/).

Nossi Vola (A. C).

Saralalau (A. C).

Auknfana Forest, Bet-
sileo, March 18 (W.
Deans Coican).

Betsileo.

Sir A. Smith [C.].
Sharpe Coll.

Mr. A. Orosslpy [C.].

Sharpe Coll.
Salviu-Codman Coll.
Shellev Coll.
ShelleV Coll.

Rev. A. Shaw [C.].

51. HYPHANTORNIS * ^^^^

Tlvphaiitoruis, Graji, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1840) II. cucullatus.

XaiUhophllus, lieiihenh. Sinr/v. p. 84 (1801) II. aureiHavus.

Oriolinus, Sekhenb. t. c. p. 84 (1861) II. suhaureus.

Head oi Hy phantom is cucullafus, to show nostrils and niielial bristles.
Range. Confined to Africa.

* Hypiiantornis anomalus.
Ploceus anomalus, I?vicJiciib. J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 214, 307.
Described from a male, not fully pUimaged, but said to differ in the very
short first primary and short tail from all other Weaver-birds.
Hub. Stanley Falls, Upper Congo.

438

Key to the Species.

a. Abdomen never uniform chestnut.
a". Throat not black.

a'". Abdomen yellow like the breast.
a*. Chin and throat chestnut-brown.
«', Base of forehead chestnut, as well
as the fore part of the cheeks.
«", Chin and ear-coverts chestnut-
brown, extending beyond the line
of the eye ; base of forehead

chestnut ; bill stout galbula S , P- 442.

//. Entire throat chestnut-brown,
descendino' to a point; ear-
coverts golden yellow, the chest-
nut not extending beyond the

line of the eye castanops cJ , p. 443.

6\ Forehead orange-yellow like the
head.
c^ Sides of face deep chestnut like
the throat; back and under-

parts golden yellow xanthopterus, p. 444,

rf". Sides of face orange like the head ;
back dark olive-yellow ; under

surface of body orange aurantius (S , p. 444,

6*. Throat orange or yellow,
c'. Bill black,
e". Outer tail-feathers for the most
part pale yellow on the inner
web.
cf. Larger ; olive golden above ;
rump similar, with scarcely

any yellow on it suhaureiis ^ , p. 445.

b''. Smaller; bright golden yellow ; [p. 440.

rump bright yellow aureiflavKs ^ ,

/"". Outer tail-feathers pale olive-
brown, fringed with yellow along
the inner webs,
e'. With orange on the chin and
throat.
a'. Forehead or crown yellow;
the nape olive-yellow like
the back; rump and upper
tail-coverts olive-yellow.
ii'. Ear-coverts bright yellow
hke the head and sides of

neck xanthops S j P- 447.

V. Forehead yellow ; rest of
crown, ear-coverts, and
sides of neck olive-gi'een,

not j'ellow jaincsoni J, p. 447.

h^. Crown brilliant orange like
the sides of the face and
throat ; back golden yellow ;

I

51. nrrHANTOENis, 439

rump .and upper tail-coverts

golden yellow bojeri S , p. 448.

' Throat yellow, but with no

orange,
c''. Head olive-greenish like the

back, with a yellow eye- , ,, „ , ,^
brow ^ xanthops J , p. 447.

\jamesoni § , p. 447.

d^. Head rufous-bay or chestnut.
e'. Size smaller ; hind neck
like the back; wing-
coverts edged with yellow [p. 448.

like the primaries castatieiceps (J,

<P. Size larger ; hind neck
chestnut like the crown ;
wing-coverts with pale
yellow ends, lighter than

the primaries .... jirinceps S > P- 449.

d\ Bill horn-brown suhaurem 5 , p. 445.

b'". Abdomen whitish,
c*. Head olive-greenish, in contrast to the
brown or grej'ish back.
e\ Larger; with white edges to the
greater coverts ; wing exceeding
3 inches ; bill massive ; throat
yellow, contrasting with the rest of
the under surface.
(7". Back ashy, contrasting with the
head.
e'. Breast and sides of the body
isabelline.

e'. Bill horn-brown spilonotiis 2 > P- 468.

f". Bill black niyriceps 5 , p. 456.

f. Breast and sides of body light

tawny but!'; bill horn-brown . cucullatus 5 , p. 451.
/i". Back brown, contrasting with the

head ; sides of body light tawny [p. 45.3.

buff ; bill horn-brown ahyssinicus 5 ,

f". Smaller ; wing not exceeding
3 inches ; with yellow edges to the
greater coverts ; bill smaller, black-
ish, with a horny base to the
lower mandible.
i^. Back very distinctly streaked with

black fischeri 5 , p. 453.

Zc". Back scarcely streaked with darker

brown capitcdis 5 > P- 458.

fZ*. Head not strikingly difterent from the
colour of the back.
g'. AViug-coverts and quills edged with
brown or whity brown ; back

brown, streaked with black; breast [p. 47.3.*

washed with tawny butf rubiginosus ^,

* Cf. subgenus Cinnamoptcryx, infra p. 471.

440

h\ Quills edg-ed witb olive-yellow. _
/". Throat bright yellow; a hnght
yellow eyebrow.
a\ Bill blackish; head greenish
yellow, contrasting with the

browner badi .• • • ^'ollans $ , p. 4oo.

/<•' Bill horny white ; head olive-
yellow, a little lighter than

the back .••••• FW'7^s2,p.44.».

«i^ Throat whitish or only slightly

tinged with yellow.

i'. Upper surface a-shy brown,

streaked with dusky; toes

ashy whitish; throat washed

with pale yellow '^e^«'«*^ ? ' P- ^t-"!-

V Upper surface yellowish green,

scarcely streaked with dusky ; , . . „ ^^ .o,

size small "'^«'"^'' ^'P-'^''^"

n\ Throat yellowish white ; size
large; wing 4 inches ; culmen
1-05 inch ; no pale eyebrow .... .'/''«»'''* S . P- *-'^-

h". Throat black.

f'" Head entirely or for the most part blacii,

«• e , more than a frontal band of black.

f' Back olive-yellow or greenish,

separated from the black head by a

broad chestnut collar, which also

separates the black throat from the

yellow breast ; culmen I'l inch .... !/randis 6 , P- 4oO.

/' Back golden yellow, uniform on the

mantle and bordered on each side by

a broad band of black.

{"■ Entire crown black ; sides of neck

deep chestnut, forming a coUar

which extends round the hmd

, cucullalus (5 , p. 4ol .

k'. Forehead and vertex black ; hinder
crown orange-che.stnut ; hind neck
and sides of neck golden yellow, . lP- '*^'^-

orange on the nape • • obyssmicus d ,

p. Similar to the foregoing, but the
hinder crown deep chestnut, the
black extending further on to the
crown and nearly reaching to the , .-

^f^pe bohmhrffi 6 , P- 4oo.

g\ Back goiden yellow, mottled with

black bases to the feathers.

m' Throat black, ending in a point on

the fore neck ; sides of the latter

and chest with a deep chestnut

patch eo//rtmc?,p.4oo. ^

n^ Throat black, ending in a point on ■

the fore neck, but the sides of i

the latter and the chest golden
yellow ni(/riceps 6 , V- 4ob.

I

51. HYPHANTOENIS. 441

/<'. Back uniform olive-yellow; head
blcack, forming; a cap witb a brighter
yellow collar roimd the hind neck .
0^. With uo chestnut shade below the

black throat ; head black ; fore [p. 457.

neck and under surface yellow. . . . melanocephalwi ^ ,
p' . With a distinct shade of chestnut
or orange-chestuut below the black
throat.
0®. Smaller ; chestnut colour not
extended over the sides of the
breast ; wing-coverts brighter

yellow with dusky bars capitalis S , p- 458.

if. Larger; chestnut colourexteuded
over the sides of the breast and
sides of body ; wing-coverts

black, tipped with yellow Jischen ^J , p. 458.

i\ Back bright yellow, the hind neck
being the same, so that there is no
yellow neck-collar below the black [p. 459.

head dimidiatus ^ ,

A:*. Back reddish or burnt-sienna brown ;

abdomen yellow hadius (S , p. 4G0.

/'. Back olive-yellow ; no black cap, but
the fore part of the crown black ;
hinder crown yellow or chestnut-
brown, but uo distinct collar of bright
yellow on the hind neck.
<f. Hinder crown chestnut; a deep

orange shade below the black [p. 4G0.

throat intermedius J ,

»•'. Hinder crowu bright yellow, only
separated from the black forehead

by a chestnut line cabunisi J , p. 461.

d'" . Head yellow, sometimes with a black
forehead,
wj*. Back uniform or only slightly streaked
with dusky.
s^. Base of forehead black as well as the
lores.
q'^. Black of throat restricted, not
reaching to a point on the fore

r. Black restricted to upper throat. < •, t ao»
7 T>i 1 • 'Ji i.- reichardi, p. 46-3.

wr. Black occupymg the entire ' ' ^

throat shelleyi cS , P- 4G4.

r°. Black of throat ending in a point

on the fore neck ; cheeks and

ear-coverts black.

n'. Ear-coverts entirely black .... velatus c? , p. 464.

o'. Ear-coverts chestnut like the

hinder cheeks and crown .... tmiiopterus, p. 467.

t^. Base of forehead yellow ; lores black ;

throat black, extending in a narrow

line on the fore neck .... heugUni S , P- 468.

442

ti*. Back mottled, being yellow with black

bases to the feathers; no black on the

forehead.

?«'. "With no chestnut shade round the

black on the fore neck ; back

strongly mottled with yellow and

black; the black not continued

above the eye spihnotus S , ?■ 468.

v^. A chestnut shade round the black
of the fore neck ; the black
continued above the eye ; back
feebly mottled with black and

yellow spehii J , p. 469.

e". Head blackish, with a broad yellow [p. 470.

eyebrow superciliosus <S ,

1. Hyphantornis galbula.

Ploceus galbula, mi2yp. Neue Wirb. p. 92, pi. 32. fig. 2 (1835-40) ;

id. Syst. Uebers. p. 76 (1845) ; Heuijl. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856) ;

Horsf. 8) Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 520 (1856) ; Eekhenb.

Sinqv. p. 81, Taf. xxxix. fig. 297 (1861); lieichm. Zool. Jahrb. i.

p. 119 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 26.
Ploceus aureus, Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 108 (1845).
Hyphantornis galbula, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Cab. Mus.

'llein. Th. i. p. 181 (1850) ; Brehm, Reis. Ilabeseh, p. 217 (1863) ;

Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6560 (1870) ; Hevyl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 557, tab. xviii. fig. d (1870), iv. p. cxxx (1871) ;

(1873); Salvad. Ami. Mm. Genov. (2) i. p. 191 (1884), vi.
p. 291 (1880) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18.
Textor galbula, B}). Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).

Adult male. General colour above oliTc-yellow slightly mottled
with dusky centres to the feathers, which are much more distinct
on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clearer
yellow ; lesser wing-coverts dusky brown, fringed with olive-yellow;
median and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primar\--coverts, and
quills dusky brown edged with yellow, brighter on the coverts and
inner secondaries, the outer greater coverts whitish at the ends ;
tail-feathers dull olive-brown, yellow on the outer webs and having
also a pale yellow margin along the inner web ; crown of head
golden yellow, as also the sides of the face, sides of neck, and under
surface of body ; lores and chin black ; base of forehead, feathers
round eye, fore part of ear-coverts and fore part of cheeks, as well
as the upper throat, chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy
whitish edged with yellow ; quills below ashy, pale yellow along the
inner edge : " bill black ; feet reddish ; iris rufous chestnut " {Von
Heuglin). Total length 5 inches, culmen Q-G, wing 2-S, tail 1-75,
tarsus U'8.

Adult female. Different from the male. Brown with a yellow
wash, the back with central blackish streaks, the lower back,

51. HTPHANTORNIS.

443

rump, and upper tail-coverts clearer yellow ; head almost uniform
olive-yellow ; wings brown, washed with yellow, the median
and greater coverts whitish at their ends, the quills brighter yellow
on their margins ; tail pale olive-brown, with yellow edges ; a faint
yellow eyebrow ; sides of face light isabelline with a yellow tinge,
slightly more pronounced on the cheeks ; throat whitish washed
with pale yellow ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body isabelline
brown, with a slight yellow tinge ; centre of breast and abdomen
whitish. Total length 5 inches, culraen 0'6, wing 2'G, tail 1'65,
tarsus 0'8.

Hah. North-eastern Africa from Shoa to Nubia, and also occurring
in Southern Arabia.

a. Pull. sk.

b. cJ ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. 2 juv. sk.

f. (J. S ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.

i-m. S inim.,
2 ad. sk.

n. c? ad. sk.

o. $ ad. ; p. S
juv. sk.

q, r. S 2 ad. sk

s. c? ad. sk.

t, u. S ad. sk.

V, w. c? ad. sk.

.V. (S ad. sk.

Nubia {Hedejiho !■[/).

HorTauiauib, Nubia {J. K. Lord).

Sennaar.

Anseba Valley, Bogos, July 23.

Ailat, June 29 (IT. Jesse).
Bejook, July 16 {W. Jesse),
Ain, feamhar, July 6.

Azoos, Samliar {Esler).

Abyssinia.
Zoulla, Feb. 4.

Koomavlee, March 28 ( W. Jesse).

Undul Wells, May 28 ( W. Jesse).

Shoa, March, April (O. Antinori).

Shoa, May {Sir W. C. Harris).

Southern Arabia {Ilemprich ^•

Ehrenhery).

y,z. (S 2 ad. sk. Aden,

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Sal vin-Godman Coll,
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

Sir A. Smith.
W.T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
India Mus.
Shelley Coll.

C

Esq.

«', b'. (S 2 ad. Lahej, Aden, Jan.

Chevallier,
Major Yerbury [P.].

2. Hyphantornis castanops. (Plate XTII. fig. 1.)
Ploceus castanops, Shellet/, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 35.

Adult male. Similar to H. xanthopterus but with the back green ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts as
■well as the secondaries blackish, rather broadly edged with yellow ;
the bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with
yellowish green ; crown, sides of neck, and under surface of body
yellow as in H. xanthopterus, the base of the forehead, lores, fore
part of cheeks and ear-coverts, and entire throat, chestnut : " bill
black ; feet reddish ; iris straw-yellow " (Emiu Pasha). Total
length 5-S inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-8, tail 1-75, tarsus 0"9.

Ilah. Equatorial Africa.

a-e. S ad. ; /. 2
juv. sk.

"Wadelai, x^ug.

Emin Pasha [P.].
(Types of species.)

444 PtOCEIDJE.

3. Hyphantoniis xanthopterus. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

IIvpliantovDis, sp., Kirk, Ihis, 1804, p. 322.

Ilyphaiitoriiis .xauthopterus, Finsch Sf Ilartl. Vor/. Osf.afr. p. 399

\1870) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, uo. G602 (1870); isharpe, cd.

Laym-d's B. S. Afr. p. 443 (1884).
Hyphantornis caslaneigula, Cub. J.f. O. 1884, p. 240, pi. 3. fig. 1.
Ploceus castaueigula, lieiclien. Zool. Jahrh. i. p. 118 (1886).
Ploceus xantlioptenis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 25.

Adult male (tj'pe of species). General colour above bright yellow,
almost uniforra, with a few dusky greenish centres to the feathers
of the back, more distinct on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, and
u|)per tail-coverts perfectly uniform yellow; wing-coverts yellow,
with dusky bases ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown,
edged with yellow ; quills yellow, blackish brown at the tips and
along the outer margin of the shaft, the edges of the quills bright
yellow ; tail-feathers light olive-brown, yellow along the shaft, the
remainder pale yellow, pale olive-brown along the outer web and at
the eJid, the margins yellow ; crown of head and nape golden yellow,
as also the sides of face and hinder ear-coverts ; lores blackish ;
feathers below the eye, fore part of ear-coverts, and cheeks, as well
as the throat, deep chestnut; sides of neck and under surface of
body bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining bright
yellow : bill black. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*05, wing 2"y5,
tail 2, tarsus O'Oo.

Ilah. Zambesi and Shire Elvers.

a. (5 ad. sk. Shire Valley (Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Exped.

(Type of species.)

4. Hyphantornis aurantius. (Plate XIII. fig. 3.)

Malimbus aurantius, Vieill. Ois. Chanf. p. 73, pi. 44 (1805).
Ploceus aurantius, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 130 (1819) ;

Swaitis. An. in Menag. p. 306 (1837) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 25 ;

Bilttik. Notes Leyden Mus. xi. p. 134 (1889).
Hvphantornis aurantius. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Bp. Consp,

1 p. 440 (1850) ; Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 121 (1857) ; Reichenb.

Sinyv. p. 85, Taf. xliii. fig. 319 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43,

no. 6599 (1870); Finsch^- Ilartl. Viiq. Ostafr. p. 868 (1870);

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 012; Oust. Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bidl.

p. 107 (1879); Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 55; Bilttik. Notes Leyden

Mus. vii'. p. 188 (1885).
Hyphantornis royrei, Hartl. J. f. O. 1865, p. 97 (ex Verr. MSS.) ;

Finsch, J.f. O. 1868, p. 169.
Hyphanturgus aurantius. Bonnier, Cat. Ois. Marche, p. 24 (1875).
Symplectes aurantius, Beichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 307.

Adult. General colour above olive-yellow, nearly uniform, the
scapulars and lower back like the mantle ; rump inclining to orange ;
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, with dusky centres ; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, broadly edged with olive-yellow; median and
greater coverts black, with broad tips and margins of bright yellow ;

51. HYPHANXOKNIS. 445

bastard-wing, priniary-coverls. and quills black, edged with bright
yellow ; tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, edged with brighter yellow
on the inner web ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck orange-yellow,
as also the sides of face and ear-coverts ; cheeks and tliroat deep
chestnut ; chin, remainder of under surface of body from the fore
neck downwards, orange-yellow, paler on the lower abdomen, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts ; the breast slightly washed with
orange ; under wing-coverts yellow ; quills below dusk)% yellow
along the inner edge: "bill black in adult; iris yellowish brown "
{J. Biittikofcr) : '' feet flesh-colour ; iris orange-brown " ( W. A.
Forbes). Total length 5"3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-8, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0 7.

Adult female. Hesembles the male in colour ; feet flesh-colour ;
iris red (/. Buttikofer).

Young. Uniform olive-green above, with darker centres to the
feathers ; edges of secondaries and wing-coverts olive-yellow, but
not so bright or so broad as in the adults ; chin, throat, a super-
ciliary stripe, edge of wing, and under wing-coverts yellow ; chest,
abdomen, vent, sides of body, and under tail-coverts pale grey,
whitish on the centre of the breast and abdomen and on the under
tail-coverts: ''bill and feet flesh-colour ; iris red " {J. BiUti/rofer).

Hah. West Afiica, from Liberia to the Niger and to the Congo.

a. Ad. sk. Bonny, Nov. 21 {A. Crossley). Sharpe Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Abutschi, Eiver Niger, Aug. ( TF. A. F.). Forbes Coll.

v-e. Ad. sk. Gaboon {Dii Chaillti).

fi<l- d ad. sk. Laudaoa (Z*;-. Lucan). Shelley Coll.

5. Hyphantornis siibaureus.

Ploceus subaureua, Smith, I'mv. S. Afr. List. 1832, ^Vpi-il, Jide ^l.

S^nith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. oO. fig. 1 (1839); Shellei/, Ibis,

1887, p. 1>5.
Hyphantovuis subauieus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p 350 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 41, no. 6573 (1870) ; Gurncy, Ibis, 1873, pp. 255, 282.
Oriolinus subaureus, lieichenb. Sinyv. p. 84, Taf. xlii. lig. 314 (1861).

Adult male. General colour above yellow, with somewhat of a
dusky olive shade in the middle and on the margin of the feathers;
lesser wii]g-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills dusky olive, edged with
bright yellow ; tail-feathers dusky olive- yellow, brighter yellow
along the inner web ; crown of head golden yellow, duller on the
hinder crown and nape, which are like the hind neck ; forehead
bright golden yellow, inclining to orange ; lores and eyelid dusky
blackish ; sides of face, ear-covcrts, cheeks, and under surface of
body yellow, inclining slightly to orange on the sides of the face,
throat, and chest ; sides of body and flanks slightly washed with
olive-gieenish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries, as well as the
quill-lining, bright yellow : " bill liver-brown, the under mandible
slightly mottled with reddish brown ; legs, toes, and claws deep

44(3 PLOCEIDiE.

flesh-colour, the hitter clouded with bro-wn ; iris red" (Sir A.
Smifh). Total length 6-1 inches, culraen 0-7, wing 2-2, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Not very different from the male, but a little duller
in colour, and the yellow of the undcrparts less brilliant. Total
length 5-8 inches, culmeu 0-7, wing ;3-15, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. S.E. Africa ; apparently confined to Natal ; ? Transvaal,

a, b. cf ad. ; c, d.: Algoa Bay. Sir A. Smith [C.].

5 ad. sk. (Types nf species.)

e. cj ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

/. [ 2 ] ad. sk. Natal. Forbes Coll.

ff. 2 ad. sk. Natal (T. Ayres). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. Lower Umgeni River, Jan. Shelley Coll.

{T. Ayres).

t. (J ad. sk. Durban {Gordr/e). Shelley Coll.

k, I. S ad. sk. Pinetowu, July, Oct. {T. L. . Shelley Coll.

Ayres).

m. 5 ad. sk. Ladysmith, Natal, Nov. 18 Shelley Coll.

(^Savile He id).

6. Hyphantornis aureiflavns. (Plate XIII, fig. 4.)

Ploceus nureoflavus, iSmifJi, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, text to pi. .50.

fig. 1 (1839) ; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. "121 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1887, p. 26.
Hyphantornis aureoflavus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 122 (1857) ; Gray, Ha7id-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6571

(1870) ; Finsch 8,- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 400 (1870) ; Cab. J. f. O.

1878, p. 231 ; Fischer df Eeichen. J. f. O. 1878, p. 264, 1880,

p. 142 ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584 ; Fischer, Zeitsehr. yes.

Orn. i. p. 330 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 133.
Textor aureoflavus, Bj). Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).
Hyphautoruis aurea, Hartl. J. f. O. 1860, p. 180 (ex Naft. MSS.) ;

Finsch, J. f. O. 1868, p. 109; Cab. in Von der Decken's i?e/.s. iii.

p. 32 (1869).
Xanthophilus sulfureus, Beichenb. Singv. p. 84, Taf. xlii. fig. 313

(1861).
Ploceus aurantius, var. (wee V.), Bianc. Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc,

xviii. p. 322 (1865).
Hyphautoruis concolor, Heuyl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 389.
Hyphantornis subaurea {tiec Smith), Hartl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 826.

Adult male. Similar to H. suhaiireus, but much smaller and
brighter, with the rump and upper tail-coverts bright yellow ; outer
edge of the quills very bright yellow as wcU as the greater part of
the tail-feathers, which are pale olive on the outer web : " bill black ;
feet clear flesh-colour ; iris orange " {G. A. Fischer). Total length
5'8 inches, culmen 0"65, wing 3, tail 1*85, tarsus 0-9.

In the female, according to Dr. Fischer, the iris is reddish brown,
the bill brown, with the base of the lower mandible buft'; feet
fawn-brown.

Hab, East Africa,

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. d, e. Ad. sk.
/". Juv, sk.

51. HYPHANTOENIS,

[E. Africa.]*

Zanzibar.

Pangaui River (Sir J. Kirk).

Malindi {Sir J. Kirk).

447

Sir A. Smith [_C.].
(Type of species.)
Sir J. Kirk [C.l.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

7. Hyphantornis xanthops.

Plyphantornis xanthops, Hartl. Ibis, 1862, p. 342 ; Mont. t. c.

p. 335 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6600 (1870) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717; id. ^- Bouvier, Bull. S. Z. France, i. p. 47

(1876), iii. p. 74 (1878); Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. vii. p. 244 (1880) ;

id. Orn. Ariffola, -p. 327 (1881) ; SJiarpe, ed. Layard's B. S.-Afr.

p. 438 (1881) ; Souza, Jorn. Lisb. 1886, p. 166, 1887, p. 09 ; 'id.

op. cit. (2) i. p. 48 (1889).
Hyphantornis aurantiigula. Cab. J. f. O. 1875, p. 238 ; Reichen.

'J. f. O. 1877, p. 27 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 231 ; Reichen. Mitth.

Afrik. Ges. i. p. 5 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, pp. 331, 557 (1881).
Ploceus xanthops, Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 123, pi. 5. fig. 1 (1886) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 25.

Adult male (type of species). Similar to H. subaureus, but having
a decidedly chestnut tinge on the throat and fore neck ; the wings
and tail are both darker than in the latter species, the wing-coverts
and quills being dark brown, with olive-yellow margins, the inner
webs wanting the broad edging of bright yellow ; the tail-feathers
dingy olive-brown with yellow edges, but wanting the broad yellow
edging to the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'8,
wing 3"6, tail 2-{), tal^sus 1"15.

Hab. S.W. Africa, from Loango to Angola and Benguela.

Loango.

Lower Congo (L. Petit).

a. 5 ad. sk.
b,c.d; d, e. 2

ad. sk.
f, g. Ad. sk. Kabinda, Congo, Aug.

h. Ad. sk. Angola.

i. c? ad. sk. Maconjo, Angola (/.^4?ic7iie^fl).

k. 5 ad. sk, jNlaconjo (J. Anchieta).

I. c? ad. sk. Quisaangue {J. Anchieta).

m. 2 ad.sk. Capangombe, J5enguela(j; ^4.).

n. cS ad. sk. Rio Chimba (J. A.).

Forbes Coll.
SheUey Coll.

Commander Sperling

[P.].
Monteiro Coll.

(Type of species.)
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Lisbon Miis. [P.].
Lisbon Miis. [P.].
Shellev Coll.

8. Hyphantornis jamesoni.

Hvphantornis xanthops (nee Hartl.), Shellei/, Ibis, 1882, p. 352 j

■? Mafschie, J.f. 0. 1887, pp. 154, 158, 159.
? Hyphantornis, sp., Bohm, J.f. O. 1885, p. 61.
? Hyphantornis aurautius (nee V.), Bohm, J.f. O. 1885, p. 70.
? Ploceus xanthops, Dubois, Bull. Mus. R. Belg. iv. p. 148 (1886).

* Said to have been procured at Sierra Leone, but the species probably never
visits West Africa.

448 TLOCETDiE.

Adult nude. Similar to H. xanthops but greener, aud having only
the forehead yello\y, the ear-coverts being also washed with olive-
green like the sides of the neck : " bill black ; legs and feet pale
brown: iris light tawny yellow" {J. S. Jameson). Total length
7 2 inches, ciilmen 0*8, wing 3'75, tail 2*7, tarsus 1"05,

Adult female, iluch greener than the male, the wings dark
brown with greenish-yellow edgings ; the whole tail dingy as in
the male and not showing any of the bright yellow edgings to the
inner web : " bill horn-colour, the lower mandible lighter ; feet
dark brown; iris light hazel" {T. E. Bucldeij). Total length
7 inches, ciilmeu 0-75, wing 3'35, tail 2'4, tarsns 1.

JIah. 8.E. Africa from 8wazi Land to the Makalaka Country and
Mashoona Land, and probably extending through Central Eastern
Africa to Lake Tanganyika.

a. 2 ad.sk. Swazi Land, June 22, 1876 {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley),
b-d. 5 ad. sk. Makalaka Country {Dr. Bradshaw). Shelley Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Umvuli Kiver, Sept. 11 {J. S. Jame- Shelley Coll.

aoii). (Type of species.)

9. Hyphantornis castaneiceps. (Plate XIII. fig. 5.)
Ploceus aureoflavus {nee Smith), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 367.

Adult. Similar to if. aureijlavvs but smaller, darker and more
olive-green, and having the crown light chestnut or bay, forming a
cap ; wings and tail-feathers dingy olive-brown, with a very narrow
fringe of yellow along either web. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen
0"6.5, wing '3, tail 2-15, tarsus 0*85.

Nab. Teita district, E. Africa.

«. (S ad. sk. Taveta. II. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.].

19, Hyphantornis bojeri. (Plate XIII. fig. 6.)

Xanthophilus aureoHavus {ncc Suiith), Beichenh. Sh/f/v. p. 84, Taf. .xlii.

tig. 312 (1861)._
Hyphantornis bojeri, Finsch S,- Hartl. in Cab. Von der Decken's

^Beis. iii. p. 32 (1869) ; iid. ToV/. 0.stafr. p. 402 (1870) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, r.o. 6572 (1870) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 231 ;

Fischer ^- Beiehen. J. f. O. 1879, p. 350; Gvrney, Ibis, 1881,

p. 127; Fischer, Zeitsehr. yes. Orn. i. p. 331 (1884); id. J. f. O.

1885, p. 1.33.
Ploceus bojeri, Beiehen. Zool. Jahrh. i. p. 120 (1869) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1887, p. 26.

Adult male. General colour above yellow, brighter on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, the median aud
greater series with brighter yellow edges ; quills aud tail-feathers
olive-brown, externally edged with yellow, and having a margin of
clear yellow to the inner web; entire head rich orange all round,
this colour extending on to the throat aud fore neck ; remainder of

51, HYPHANTOENIS. 449

under surface of body bright 3ellow, including the under wing-
coverts and quill-lining : " bill black ; feet dark fiesh-colour ; iris
yellowisb red " {G. A. Fischer). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 2-85, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-85.

A young male, according to Dr. Fischer, had the upper mandible
horn-brown, the lower one clear yellowish ; feet buff ; iris
brown.

Hah. East Africa.

a, b. cJ ad. sk. Mombasa {Wakefield). Rev. A. F. Buxton

[P.].

c. S fid. sk. Mombasa Island, July {Dr. Shelley Coll.

Hildehrandt).

11. Hyphantornis princeps.

Symplectes princeps, Bj). Consp. i. p. 439 (1850) ; Cas^. Proc. Philad.

Acad. 1855, p. 439 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 134 (1857) ; Dohrn,

P. Z. S. 1866, p. 328 ; ShariJe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ; Dubois,

Bull. Mas. Rmj. Belg. iv. p. 148 (1886).
Hvphantornis princeps, Reichenb. Si7igv. p. 87 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 43, no. 6592 (1869).
Ploceus princeps, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 24.

Adult male. General colour above bright yellow, very faintly
mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the back and scapulars ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform : wing-
coverts and quills blackish, edged with yellow, except on the pri-
maries, which are margined with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers ashy
brown edged with yellow ; crown of head and hind neck as well as
the sides of the neck light bay or chestnut ; eyebrow, feathers
round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surface of
body brilliant yellow ; chin, sides of the face, and the fore neck and
chest slightly washed with chestnut ; sides of body and flanks
slightly washed with tawny ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
yellowish white with brighter yellow margins ; quills below dusky,
yellowish or tawny along the inner edge. Total length 6-8 inches,
culmen 0-9, wing 3-4, tail 2, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Duller yellow than the male and having the head
like the back, with a yellow eyebrow, followed by a dusky streak
from the lores through the eye ; no orange or chestnut on the sides
of the face or throat, these parts being yellow, which colour extends
to the sides of the breast, and becomes isabelline-brown on the lower
flanks ; thighs pale yellow ; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow ; quills
dusky below, yellow along the inner webs. Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0-9, wing 3-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 1.

Hah. West Africa from Lagos to Gaboon and the interior of the
Congo State ; Prince's Island.

a. S ad. sk. Prince's Island. Purchased.

6, c. c? 2 ad. sk. Prince's Island {A. Dohrn). Sharpe Coll

d, e.S 2 ad. ; /. S Prince's Island {A. Dohrn). Shelley Coll.
juv. sk.

VOL. XIII. 2 G

450 PLOCEID^.

12. Hyphantornis grandis.

Ploceus collaris («ec V.), Fraser, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 142 ; id. Zool. Typ.

pi. 45 (1800) ; Alien S,- Thomps. Erp. Nu/er, ii. p. 409 (1848).
Ilyphantornis giaiidis, Grin/, den. B. ii. p. .-'.SI (1849) ; Hartl. Orn.

'Wc'stafr. pp. 125, 273 (185(5); id J.f. O. 18G1, p. 175; Sharpe,

P. Z. 'S. 1869, p. 5G4 ; Grm/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6562 (1870) ;

Suiiza, Jom. Lisb. 1888, p. 157. .-.onN

Ploceus prandis, Reichmh. Singv. p. 8.3, Taf. xl. fig. 307 (1801) ;

Reiclmi. Zuol. Jahrb. i. p. 141 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 35.

Achilt male. Geueral colour above olive-yellow, the scapulars like
tlie back, but the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brighter
and more golden yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the
median and greater coverts blackish, edged with bright yellow, the
median series v/ith a broad tip of the latter colour ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow,
the innermost secondaries with brighter yellow ; tail-feathers dusky
brown, washed with olive-yellow on the edges ; crown of head black,
as well as the sides of face and throat ; the nape, hind neck, and
sides of neck chestnut, forming a collar, which extends across the
fore neck ; remainder of under surface of body golden yellow, with
a slight wash of chestnut on the sides of the body ; under wing-
coverts golden yellow : quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner
edge. Total length 8 inches, culmen I'l, wing 4*5, tail 2-6,
tarsus 1'15.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, ^vashed with olive-yellow ; the feathers of the mantle and
upper back dusky brown in the centres, with olive-yellow margins ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform ashy brown,
slightly washed with olive ; lesser wing-coverts ashy brown, washed
with olive ; median and greater coverts blackish, edged with yellow
and white at the ends ; remainder of wings and tail-feathers as in
the male ; crown of head brown, with slightly indicated darker
centres ; hind neck rather lighter brown, tinged with rufous ; sides
of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks olive-brown, the latter a little
lighter ; throat and chest whitish, washed with yellow, inclining to
reddish brown on the sides of the neck ; breast and abdomen white,
as well as the thighs and under tail-covcrts ; sides of body and
flanks clear brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with
yellow edges ; quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner edge.
Total length 7-2 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-05, tail 2-35, tarsus
1-05.

Jlab. Island of S. Thomas, West Africa.

a. cJ ad. sk. [S. Thomas.] Sir E. Sabine [P.].

b,c.(^2 f"i- sk. S. Thomas. L. Fraser [C.]. (Types

of P. collaris, Fras., and of //. grandis, Gray.)
d-f/. d 2 ad. sk. S. Thomas. Lisbon Museum [P.j.

51, HTPHANTOENIS. 451

13. Hyphantomis cucuUatus.

Le Pinion de Seni^gal, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 173, pi. 15. fig. 2 (176U).
Le Cap-more, Month. Hist. Nat. Ots. iii. p. '226 (1775).
Tioiipiale du Senegal, iJaubent. PL Etil. iii. pis. 375, 376.
Oriolus cucLillatus, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 87 (177(3) ;

Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p.*242.
Weever Oriole, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 435 (1782).
Oriolus textor, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. SSJO (1788).
Ploeeus textor, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 128(1819);

Stcains. B. IF. Afr. i. p. 167 (1837); Gordon, Contr. Orn. 184'J,

p. 9 ; Beichenb. Singv. p. 79, Taf. xxxviii. figs. 292, 294 (1861),
Fringilla velata, pt. {nee T.), Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 23 (1823).
Fringilla longirostris, Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 591 (1823).
Ploeeus seuegalensis, Shaiv, Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 34 (1826) ; Swains.

Zool. III. n. a. pi. 37.
Ploeeus modestus, Hartl. Eev. Zool. 1845, p. 406.
Hypliantornis textor, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. Th. i. p. 181 (1850); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 124 (1856);

Cass. Proc. Philad. Aead. 1859, p. 133 ; Hkrtl. J. f. O. 1861,

p. 175; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 191 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 612 ; id.

Cut. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871) ; SheUey Sr Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ;

Beiehen. ^- Lithder, J.f. O. 1873, p. 214 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68 ;

Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 130; Oust. Nour. Arch. Mus. (2) ii.

Bull. p. 108 (1879) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, pp. 506-518; Shelley, t. c.

p. 550 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 190 (1885), viii. p. 259

(1886).
Hyphantomis modesta, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849).
Textor inelauocephalus {iicc Gjti.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850).
H^'phantoinis maguirostris, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 127 {e.i Verr,

MSS.).
Ploeeus maguirostris, Beichenb. Si7iyv. p. 82 (1861).
Ploeeus solitarius, Pr. Wiirtt. ; Heuyl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 297.
Ilyphantoriiis gambiensis, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 652 (1870),

iv. p. cxxx (1871).
Hypbantoniis cucullata. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 0557 (1870).
Hyphantomis cincta {nee Cass.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72.
Ploeeus eueullatus, Beichen. Zool. JaJirb. i. p. 133 (1886) ; Biittik.

Notes Leyden Mus. viii. p. 259 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 36;

Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 88 (1888), xi'. p. 134 (1889).

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow on the mantle,
with a broad black band down each side of the latter, which unites
across the lower back ; scapulars yellow, with black bases ; rump
and ujjper tail-coverts golden yellow, the long ones blackish with
olive-yellow ends : lesser wing-coverts black; median coverts golden
yellow, with black bases ; greater coverts black, edged with yellow,
more broadly at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-eovert.s, and quills
black, margined with yellow, more broadly on the inner secondaries;
tail-featliers brown, washed with olive, margined with olive-yellow
externally and with pale yellow on the inner web ; crown of head
black ; hind neck and sides of neck deep chestnut, forming a collar;
sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black, which descends
to a point on the lower throat, and is surrounded by deep chestnut
on the latter and on the fore neck ; remainder of under surface of

2g2

452 TLOCEIDiE.

body bright orange-yellow, with a slight chestnut wash on the sides
of the body ; abdomen, lower flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, and
under wing-coverts bright yellow, mottled with blackish bases near
the outside of the wing ; quills below dusky, broadly edged with
yellow along the inner edge : " bill blackish horn-colour ; feet flesh-
colour ; iris orange " ( W. A. Forbes). Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0'85, wing 3-35, tail 1'8, tarsus 1 .

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
ashy brown, with darker brown centres to the feathers of the mantle ;
scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump more uniform ashy
brown; under tail-coverts olive-yellow ; wing-coverts brown, edged
with olive-yellow ; the median and greater coverts margined and
tipped with pale yellow or yellowish white ; remainder of wings
and tail as in the male, but not so brightly edged with yellow ;
crown of head, nape, and hind neck olive-yellow, with a sulphur-
yellow streak from the base of the nostrils above the eye ; feathers
round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat sulphur-
yellow ; throat, breast, and abdomen white, with here and there a
tinge of yellow ; sides of body and flanks earthy brown, slightly
washed with olive ; thighs yellow ; under tail-coverts white, the
longer ones isabelline brown, with a yellow tinge ; under wing-
coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining bright yellow. Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-1, tail 1'6, tarsus O'O.

The adult male seems to adopt a winter plumage exactly like the
breeding-plumage of the old female, excepting that the thighs are
not so yellow, and the full breeding-dress is gained by a direct
moult. Exact information as to the changes of plumage under-
gone by the present species is wanting. I have described a pair of
birds procured by Mr. T. E. Buckley at Abouri on the 26th of
February, and several birds in moult are in the collection. Mr.
Forbes obtained two specimens on the Niger, one of which he has
himself marked "juv.," and I describe them as the young of the
present species.

Young. Like the old female, but washed with yellow on the
whole of the upper surface, so that the brown of the back loses its
contrast with the olive-yellow of the head ; the sides of the face are
as in the adult female, Wt the cheeks and throat are bright yellow,
this colour spreading over the whole of the breast, sides of body,
and abdomen, leaving only a little tinge of isabelline on the lower
flanks and the abdomen, the under tail-coverts also being yellow :
"bill livid fleshy ; feet light red ; iris scarlet" {W. A. F.). The
second bird is said by Mr. Forbes to have had the iris brownish
black.

Hah. West Africa from Senegambia to Gaboon. A re-examina-
tion of the specimens from Fantee, referred by me to //. chictus in 1872,
shows that they are only the young of the present species. Von
Heuglin gives some instances of its occurrence in N.E. Africa, but
they seem to me to require confirmation.

51. nrPHANTOENIS.

453

a. c? ad. ; h. Imui.

sk.
c. ^ ad. sk.
d,e,f,(i. S 2 ad.sk.
h, i. cJ imm. sk.
k, I. 2 ad. sk.
??i, 11. (J ad. sk.
0, p. J ad. et imm.
q. 2 ad. sk.

r. cJ ad. sk.

s, t. (S ad. et imm.

sk.
u, V. S 2 iuiH^' sk.

w, X. cj ad. et imm.

sk.
y. Juv. sk.

z. s ; «', 6'. 2 ^^- ^^■

c'-e' . cj ad. sk.
/'. S ad. sk.

(/' ,h' . c? ad. st.&sk.
i' . S ad. sk.
^'-o'. cJ ad. et imm.

sk.
p', q'. d" 2 ad. sk.
?•'. 2 ad. sk.

West Africa.

R. Gambia.

R. Gambia.

R. Gambia.

Rufisque (Z. Laglake).

Sierra Leone.

Ashantee.

Wasa Province, Gold Coast.

Elmina (Nafftr/las).
Cape Coast.

Fantee (H. T. Ussher).

Cape Coast.

Accra (T. Haynes).
Aguapim (7". E. Buckley).
River Volta {H. T. Ussher).
Abeokuta.

R. Niger.
R. Niger.
R. Niger ( W. A. F.).

Gaboon.

R. Ogowt5 {Marche).

Sir A. Smith.

Sir A. Moloney [P.].
Sliarpe Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Sir R. Bm-ton & Capt.

Cameron [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
L. Fraser [C.]-

Sbarpe Coll.

[ZT. cmrfrt, 1. c.l
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Mrs. Heywood [P.].
Dr. Baikie [C.].
Forbes Coll.

M. Verreaux.
M. Boiivier.

14. Hyphantornis abyssinicus.

Grosbec d'Abyssinie, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 470 (1775).
Abyssinian Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 131 (17S3).
Loxia abyssinica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 360 (178S).
Ploceiis melanocephalus (pt.), Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv.

p. 131 (1819).
Ploceus larvatus, liilpj}. Nene Wirb., Vog. p. 91, pi. 32. fig. 1 (1835-

40) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 76 (1845) ; Ileuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 138

(1855); Reichenb. Sinye. p. 81, Taf. xxxix. figs. 298, 299 (1861).
Ploceus flavoviridis, BUpp. Syst. Uebers. pp. 09, 76, pi. 29 (1845=pt.

hiem.); Heur/l. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856).
Hyphantornis larvata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Blanf. Oeoh

ii- Zool. Abyss, p. 403 (1870).
Hyphantornis ilavoviridis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Brehm,

Bets. Habesch, p. 217 (18G3).
Textor larvatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 440 (1850).
Textor flavoviridis, IleuyL J.f. O. 1862, p. 26.
Ploceus solitarius, Pr. Wurtt. ; Hevyl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 297.
Hyphantornis abyssinicus, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 26l (1870) ; Gray.,

'Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 6576 (1870) ; Finsch i^- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr.

p. 388 (1870) ; Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 99

(1881) ; Beh. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxi. p. 612 (1881), xxxii.

p. 505 (1882) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genoi: (2) i. p. 187 (1884), vi.

p. 289 (1888;.
Hyphantornis habessinica, Hevyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 547 (1870),

iv. p. cxxix (1871).

454

Ploceus abyssinicus, lieichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 131 (188G) ; Dubois,
Bull. .ytix. li. L'elff. iv. p. 148 (1880) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 37 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 36.

Adult male. Similar to H. ciuidlatus, and, like that species, having
a yellow mantle with a broad black band on each side of it, but this
band does not meet across the lower back as in H. cucidlatus, the
yellow being continuous from the neck to the rump ; the greater
coverts edged with white instead of yellow ; the under surface
resembles that of //. cucidlatus, but the head is different. The
black docs not extend much fui'ther than the level of the eye, the
hinder crown, occiput, and nape being chestnut, the hind neck and
sides of neck being bright yellow like the back : " bill black ; legs
greyish black ; iris scarlet " ( W. T. Blanford) : " iris rufous
chestnut; feet reddish" {Von HeugVm). Total length 6"6 inches,
culmen 0-9, wing 36, tail 2, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the female of -£r. cMCiJZaiMS, but browner
on the back and clearer isabelline on the sides of the body ; the
olive-yellow on the head not so strongly pronounced, and the yellow
on the throat and face not so strongly developed.

The skin above described is from a specimen obtained in Senaar
in January, and is presumed to be the old female. I have no speci-
mens accurately determined, for those marked " 5 " by Messrs.
Blanford and Jesse are undoubtedly males, and are moulting into
the black-throated adult stage.

The adult male in winter (Emin Pasha) closely resembles the
adult female described, but has a little more yellow on the breast
and abdomen : " bill dusky horn-colour, the mandible paler " ( Von
Heuyliti).

A young bird is washed with bright yellow both above and below,
and is especially bright on the throat and breast. It closely
resembles the young birds of H. cvcidlatus obtained by Mr. Porbes
on the Niger.

Uab. N.E. Africa to Equatorial Africa.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.
e. (5 ad sk.

d. 5 ad. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
ff. 5 ad. sk.

h, i. (S ad. at imm.

h. 2 ad. sk.
I, m. (S ad. et

imm. sk.
n. S <id. sk.

2}. (S ad. sk.

q. (5 ad. sk.
»•. c? hiem. sk.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia (J. W. von Midler).

Senegal.

Soudan.

Tigre, March, May.

Goongoona, May (W. Jesse).

Daimbi, Slioa, May (O.

Antinori).
Lado, Equatorial Africa, June,

July {Emin Pasha).
Kiri, May 22.
Tingasi, Sept. 12.

Sharpe Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Dr. Eiippell [C.].
M. Verreaux.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Emin Pasha.
Emin Pasha.

51, nrpniNTORNis, 455

15. Hyphantornis bohndorffi.

Ploceus cucullatus (nee MiilL), Dubois, Bull. Mm. R. Belcj. iv. p. 14d

(18S6J.
Ploceus bohndorffi, Seichen. J.f. O. 1887, pp. 214, 307.

Adult male. Similar to H. ahyssincius, but with the black on the
head a little more extended and reaching nearly to the nape : " bill
black; feet light brown; iris red" (F. Bolindorff). Total length
7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3" 45, tail 2, tarsus 1*1.

Huh. Upper Congo.

16. Hyphantornis coUaris.

Ploceus collaris, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 129 (1819) ; id.

Enc. Meth. 'in. p. 699 (1823).
Hyphantornis collaris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Ilartl. Orn.

W.-Afr. p. 120 (1856).
Ilj^hautornis ciucta, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 133 ; id.

Journ. Philad. Acad. i. p. 184, pi. 23. fig. 2 (1862) ; Munt. P. Z. 8.

1865, p. 93 ; Gray, Uandr-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. G506 (1870) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. !S. 1870, p. 114, 1873, p. 717 ; id. 8f Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zuol,

France, i. p. 47 (1876) ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 26 ; Bocaye, Orn.

Anyola, p. 323 (1881).
Ploceus ductus, Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 80 (1861) ; Reichen. Zuol. Jahrb,

i. p. 136 (1886); id. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 305; Shelley, Ibis, 1887,

p. 35.
Hyphantornis gamblensis, Reichen. Corr. Afrik. Ges. 1874, p. 181.

Adult male. General colour above yellow, the whole of the mantle
and scapulars mottled with black bases to the feathers ; the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform, the long coverts
being ashy brown, yellow at the ends ; lesser wing-coverts greenish
yellow; median and greater coverts as well as the inner secondaries
black, rather broadly edged with bright yellow ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged narrowly with yellow ;
tail-feathers olive-brown, margined with olive-yellow ; crown of
head, nape, and hind neck black ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat
black, descending to a point on the fore neck ; sides of fore
neck deep chestnut, spreading on to the chest and sides of neck ;
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, becoming a little
paler on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-
coverts pale yellow ; quills below dusky, yellowish along the inner
edge: "bill black; feet flesh-coloured; iris red" {J. Anchieta).
Total length 0-5 inches, culmen 0-S, wing 3-35, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Very similar to the female of H. cucullatus, greyish
brown on the back, strongly mottled with blackish-brown centres to
the feathers ; the head yellowish green ; throat and chest lemon-
yellow ; breast and abdomen white, with a few yellow feathers ;
sides of body ashy brown. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-75
wing 3*2, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9.

Hub. West Africa, from Gaboon to Bcnguela.

450 PLOCEID^.

a. S fifl- sic. Gaboon (/. Skertchley). Sharpe Coll.

h. S 'id. sk. II. Congo. Commander Sperling

[P.].

c, (1, e,f. c? ad. Lower Cong-o (Z. Petit). Shelley Coll.

et juv. sk.

g. S ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Katteubella, Oct. 30 (Sala). Sharpe Coll.

17. Hyphantornis nigriceps.

Hj-pliantornis larvatus (?iec R'dpp.), Sd. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 110 ; Kirk,

Ibfs, 1864, p. ?,22.
Hyphantornis nigriceps, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 180 (1867) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii.p. 42, no. 6585 (1870/; Fimch ^ Hartl. Vog.

Ostafr. p. 392 (1870) ; ? Giirney, Ibis, 1873, p. 255 ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1873, p. 715 ; Nickolsun, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 358 ; Cab.

J. f. 0. 1878, p. 231 ; Fisc/ier ^- Reichen. J. f. O. 1878, p. 262,

1880, p. 143 ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1879, pp. 281, 302 ; Bocage, Jorn.
Lisb. 1880, p. 143 ; id. Orn. Anqola, p. 324 (1881) ; Gurney, Ibis,

1881, p. 127; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 584; Sharpe, ed. Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. 436 (1884) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 330
(1884) {id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 133; Souza, Jorn. Lisb. 1886, p. 16;
Matschie, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 154.

Hyphantornis cucuUatus {iiec P. L. S. Miiller), Bocage, Jorn. Lisb.

"1867, p. 334.
Hyphantornis spinolotus {oxec Vig.), Fimch 4" Hartl. Vog. Ostafr.

p. 393, pt. (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 59 (1871) ; Gurney

in Anderss. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 169 (1872).
Ploceus nigriceps, Reichen. ZjoI. Jahrb. i. p. 137 (1886) ; Dubois,

Bull. Mil's. R. Bclq. iv. p. 148 (1886); Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 35,

1888, p. 302.

Adult male. Similar to //. collaris and with the same yellow
back, mottled with black bases to the feathers ; the black of the
head not extending to the hind neck, which is orange-yellow like
the sides of the neck and underparts ; the black of the throat
descends in a point on to the fore neck, but there is no chestnut
as in H. collaris, the whole of the sides of the fore neck being
orange-yellow like the underparts : " bill black ; feet and claws
horny brown; iris orange" {G. A. Fischer). Total length 6-5
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Scarcely distinguishable from the female of
H. collaris, but with rather a shorter and stoiiter bill : "upper man-
dible brown, the lower one fulvous brown ; feet horn-brown ; iris
brownish yellow" (6r. A. Fischer). Total length 6 inches, culmen
0'75, wing .S, tail 1"8, tarsus O'So.

Hah. Eastern Africa from the Lake Regions to Mombasa and
south to the Zambesi, Natal, and Kuruman, occurring also at Lake
Ngami and in Benguela.

a,b.(S2 ^d. sk. Mombasa ( Wakefield). Sharpe CoU.

c,d.(S9. ad. sk, Mombasa. Rev. A. F. Buxton

[P.].

e, S ad. sk. Mombasa (G. A. Fischer). Shelley Coll.

f. 2 ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

51. nvraAXTOENis. 457

g. <S ad. sk. Tangani, Aug. 21. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

/*, I, A;. cJ 5 ad. sk. Lamo {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

I, m. d 2 ad, sk. Melioda {Sir J. Kirk). ShelleV Coll.

n,o. d ad.sk. Usambara Hills (.SV/- J. 7v7rA). Shelley Coll.

p. c?; q, r. J ad. Dar-es-Salaam {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

sk.

s, t. c? 5 ad. sk. Mozambique. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

u. c? ad. sk. Zauibesi {Chapman). Sharpe Coll.

V. 5 ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi [^Sir J. Kirk). Livingstoue Exped.

18. Hyphantornis melanocephalus.

The Gamboa Grosbeak, AJbin, Xat. II. B. iii. p. q^, pi. 62 (1740,

fig. pess.).
Le Grosbec de Gamble, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 230 (1760).
Loxia melanocephala, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (17G6) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 859 (1788).
Gambia Grosbeak, Lath. Gsn. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 149 (1783).
Coccothraustes melauocepbala, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xiii. p. 529

(1817).
Ploceus cucullatus, {nee MiUl), Swaitis. B. W. Afr. p. 261 (1837) ;

id. An. in. Menag. p. .S07 (1837).
Hyphantornis cucullntu , Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Hartl.

'Urn. W.-Afr. p. 125 (1857).
Textor cucullatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).
Hyphantornis sp., Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 41, no 6559 (1870).
Ploceus duboisi, Hartl. Bull. Mas. R. Bely. iv. p. 144, pi. iv. fig. 1

(1886) ; Dubois, t. c. p. 148; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 33.
Ploceus melanoceplialus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 33.

Adult male. General colour above uniform olive-yoUow, a little
brighter on the rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median
coverts blackish, broadly tipped with bright yellow : greater coverts
dusky brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow, brighter
yellow on the primaries and inner secondaries ; tail-feathers
olive-brown, edged with olive-yellow ; crown of head and nape
black ; sides of neck and hind ueck orange-yellow forming a collar ;
eye or eyelid, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat as well as
the centre of the fore neck black : sides of fore neck, chest, and
remainder of under surface bright orange-yeUow, a little paler towards
the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellow, as also
the quill-lining. Total length 0-2 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3,
tail 1-9, tarsus Q-S.

Hah. West Africa from Seneganibia to the Niger, and extending
into the Upper Congo Ilegiou. P. duboisi seems to me to be this
species, as suspected also by Capt. Shelley.

a. c? ad. sk. West Africa. Sir A. Smith.

b. (S ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

e. c? ad.sk. HWerGamhia {Capt. Moloney). Shelley Coll.

d. cJ ad. sk. River Gambia. Dr. Eendall [C.].

e. (S imm. sk. Shonga, K. Niger ( W. A. F.) Forbes Coll.

458

19. Hyphantornis capitalis.

Capital Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syii. Suppl. p. 102, pi. 112 (1787).

Tauagra capitalis, Luth. Ind. Orn. i. p. 432 (1700).

Friugilla capitalis, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 23 (1823).

Ploceus capitali.-i, Less. Compl. Buff. viii. p. 308 (1810); Shelley,

Ibis, 1887, p. 34, pi. ii. fig. 1.
Ilypliantoruis capitalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; llartl. Orn.

'JF.-Afr. p. 124 (1857); Gray, llaml-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. 0579

(1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 550 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 8. Afr.

p. 442 (1884) *.
Textor capitalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).
Ploceus cucullatiis {nee M'dll.), Reiclienb. Sinyv. p. 79, pi. xxxviii.

fig. 291 (1801).

Adult male. Similar to H. melanoceplialus, but distinguished by
the ■warm orange-chestnut shade which pervades the sides of the
fore neck, chest, and breast, contrasting with the golden yellow on
the sides of the neck and hind neck, whereas in //. cucullatus the
breast is of the same colour as the above-mentioned parts : " bill
black ; feet fleshy ; iris brown " ( W. A. Forbes). Total length
5 inches, culmen 0"6, wing 2-7, tail 1"6, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, -with darker brown centres to the feathers ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brown, the latter slightly
rut'escent ; wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-
yellow, the median coverts and inner secondaries broadly margined
with dull whitish, slightly tinged with yellow ; tail-feathers brown
with olive-yellow margins ; crown of head olive-green, as also the
sides of the face and sides of neck ; a faint eyebrow of pale sulphur-
yellow ; cheeks also a little brighter sulphur-yellow ; throat whitish,
washed with yellow, inclinins: to saffron-yellow on the fore neck ;
breast, sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale isabel-
lioe brown ; lower breast and abdomen white : under wing-coverts and
axillaries safPron-yeUow ; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner
edge : " bill blackish, the base of the mandible horny ; feet greyish
fleshy; iris pearly" {W. A. Forbes). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen 0"55, wing 2*65, tail 1*55, tarsiis O'S.

JIab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger.

a, h. S ad. et imm.; W. Africa. Sir A. Smith.

c. 2 ad. sk.
d,e. cjfid. et juv. sk. E,. Niger, Aug. (7F. A. F.). Forbes Coll.

20. Hyphantornis fischeri.

Hyphantornis diniidiata (nee Sahrid.), Feb. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
XXX. p. 148 (1881 ) ; Ilartl. Abhamll. imt. Yer. Bremen, viii.
p. 199 (1882) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30.

Ploceus fischeri, Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 69.

* When I included this species among the birds of South Africa, I thought
that Sir Andrew Smith's specimens were from this region.

51. HYl'HANTORNIS. 459

Adult male. Similar to //. eapitalis, but rather darker olive-
yellow above, causiug the yellow collar on the hind neck to stand
out iu stronger relief; under surface of body also similar to //,
capltalis, but the black descending much more over the fore neck,
and the chestnut colour much more developed, pervading the whole
of the breast and sides of the body : " bill black ; feet dusky reddish ;
iris umber-brown " [Emin Pasha). Total length 0 inches, culmen
U-7, -wiug 2'y, tail IS, tarsus 0 U.

Adidt female. Similar to the female of //. capitalis, but rather
larger and moi'c distinctly streaked with black centres to the dorsal
plumage : " bill dusky horn-colour, the mandible paler ; feet reddish ;
iris pale brown" [Eiiiin Pasha). Total length bb inches, culmen
0-G5, wing 2-U, tail 1-(J, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. Equatorial Africa, from ^Yadelai to the Victoria jS^yanza.

a-h. c? ; i-p. $ Wadelai, July, Aug. Emin Pasha [P.].

ad. sk,
q. (S ad. sk. Magungo, Dec. 1 (^Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

21. Hyphantornis diinidiatus.

Ploceus affinis, Heu(/l. Si/^t. Uehers. p. 37 (185(3, descr. nulla).
Textor rubiginosus (nee liujip.), Ileiii/L J. f. O. 1802, p. '27.
llypbautoriiis dimidiata, Antin. lij- iialvad. Viat/r/. Bogos, p. 120,

pi. Ill (i87.'j) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Oni.i. p. 3-'il (1884); id.

J.f. O. 1885, p. l;i.3.
Ploceus dimidiatiis, lieichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. L30, pi. v. fig. 3 (1886) ;

id. J.f. O. 1887, p. G8 ; tSheUey, Ibis, 1887, p. 33.
Ploceus jacksoni, !Shelle.i/, Ibis, 1888, p. 293, pi. vii.

Adidt male. General colour above uniform bright golden yellow
from the hind neck to the tail ; lesser wiiig-coverts olive-greenish ;
median and greater coverts blackish, the former broadly tipped, the
latter narrowly edged -with yellow ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, edged with bright yellow, the inner secondaries
more broadly ; tail-featliers ohve-brown, narrowly edged with olive-
yeUow externally, broadly margined with pale yellow on the inner
web ; entire head and hind neck, sides of face and throat black,
descending to a point on the fore neck ; all the sides of the neck
and fore neck, breast, and sides of body deep chestnut ; abdomen,
lower hanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts bright yellow, the latter
washed with chestnut ; axillaries and under wing-coverts bright
yellow ; quills dusky below, yellow along the inner webs : " bill
black; feet reddish brown; iris light orange "(6r. A. Fischer).
Total length 5-4 inches, culmen U'oo, wing 3"85, tail 1*7, tarsus 0"5.

I/al). From Kassala in N.E. Africa to the Victoria Nyanza, and
Kilimanjaro district to Mauda Island.

a. cJ ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of P. jacksoni.)

4G0 PLOCEIDiE.

22. Hyphantornis Tjadius.

Ilvpliantornis badius, Cass. Proc. riiilad. Acad. 1850, p. 57 ; Fmsch,
'J. f. O. 1868, p. 108; Heur/l. Om. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 553 (1870); J

Gi-ai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 4:}, no. G601 (1870). ■

Ploceiis rufocitrinus, M'uU. Naum. 1851, Ileft iv. p. 28. M

Ploceus moi-doreus, Less. MSS. ; Bp. Beu. et Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 76. ■

Ploceus badius, lieichmb. Shu/v. p. 83, Taf. xli. fig8. 309, 310 (1801) ; ■

Seichm. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 129 (1880) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 34.

Textor castaneoauratus, ^?i<m. Cat.descrr. Ucc. p. 62 (1864); Salvad.
Atti R. Accad. Torino, v. p. 740 (1870).

Hyphantornis axillaris, Ilcuf/l. J.f. O. 1867, p. 381.

Ploceus melanocephalus {nee L.), Pr. Wiirtt., Hemjl. J. f. O. 1867,
p. 298.

Ploceus, sp., Ileuffl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 98.

Adult male. Head, nape, face, and sides of fore neck shining black ;
hinder neck, scapulars, back, rump, sides of neck, breast, upper
abdomen, and flanks chestnut on an orange ground ; remainder of
abdomen and under wing-coverts orange-yellow, the former some-
what washed v\ith chestnut : lesser wing-coverts olive-brown, broadly
and conspicuously margined with greenish yellow ; greater wing-
coverts and inner secondaries yellow, tinged with chestnut, black
in the centre ; wing-coverts of the second order more chestnut,
yellow at the base, with an obsolete blackish spot on the inner web ;
quills dusky brown, internally broadly, externally narrowly edged
with yeUow ; tail-feathers pale olivaceous brown, edged with bright
yellow, pale yellowish below ; bill black ; feet reddish. Total
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-7-0-75, wing 2-95-3-05, tail 1-8,
tarsus 0-85-0-9. {Von Heuglin).

Hah. N.E. Africa.

23. Hyphantornis intermedins.*

Ploceus intermedius, Piip]>. Si/st. Uehers. pp. 71, 76 (1845) ; Heuql.

Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (lSb6) { Eeichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 145 (1886,

pt.) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 32 (pt.) ; ? Peichen. J. f. O. 1887,

p. 69.
r* Ploceus erythrophthalmus, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 38 (1856).
Hyphantornis intermedia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 6.50, tab. xviii. %. a (1869); Gray, liand-l.

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6584 (1870) ; Salvad. Aim. Mus. Genov. (2) vi.

p. 290 (1888).
? Hyphantornis erythrophthalmus, Heugl. J.f. O. 1867, p. 386.

Adult 7nale (type of species). General colour above dull olive-
yellow ; scapulars like the back but with blackish centres ; rump a
little brighter than the back ; upper tail-coverts like the back ;
lesser wing-coverts dull olive-yellow, with blackish bases ; median
and greater coverts blackish, broadly edged with pale yellow or
yellowish white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,

* Wliat the Hyphantornis 'intermedins from S. Thomas (Souz.a, Jorn. Lisb.
1888. p. 157) can be, I do not know, but 1 strongly suspect that it is a differeut
species.

I

51. HTPHANTOEMS. 461

edged with olive-yellow, paler on the inner secondaries, which are
like the greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers olive-brown, dusky
towards the ends, edged with olive-yellow; remainder brown, edged
with olive-yellow, paler on the inner web ; forehead and vertex
black, the line being drawn a little behind the eyes, the black occu-
pying the whole of the ear-covcrts, cheeks, and throat, and coming
to a point on the lower throat ; the hinder crown chestnut, ending off
with deep orange on the nape and hind neck ; sides of neck bright
yellow ; sides of lower throat, fore neck, and chest distinctly orange ;
remainder of under surface of body bright yellow, with a slight wash
of orange along the sides of body ; iiauks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts yellow ; quills below dusky,
whitish along the inner edge. Total length S'-i inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 2-8, tail 1-8, tarsus 0*85.

Hub. Shoa, perhaps extending to the Victoria Nyanza.

a. c? ad. sk. Shoa (<SV;- W. C. Harris). India Museum.

(Type of species.)

24. Hyphantornis cabanisi.

Hyphantornis capitalis {)iec Lath.), Licht. Nomencl. Ac. p. 50

(1854).
Hyphantornis mariquensis (nee Smith), Licht. t. c. p. 50 (1854).
Ploceus capitaUs (nee Lath.), Reichenb. Singv. p. 77, Taf. xxxvii.

fig. 276 (1861, pt).
Hypbantoriiis cabanisi, Peters, J. f. O. 1868, p. 133; Gray, Hand-l.

'U. ii. p. 42, no. 6584 (1870) ; Fi^isch Sf- Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 3!)0

(1873): Ftscher, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 331 (1884); id. J. f. O.

1885, p. 133.
Ilypbautornis uigrifrons (nee Cab.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 380;

~8harpe in Oates' Matabvle-Land, p. 319 (1881) ; Shellei/, P. Z. 8.

1881, p. 584; ? Holuh iy Von Peh. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 116

(1882) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 326 (1884)."

Adult male. Similar to H. intcrmedius, but with the back of the
head orange-yellow, not chestnut, with a line of chestnut separa-
ting the black frontal patch from the hinder crown : " bill black ;
feet brown ; iris yellowish white" (J'. E. Buckley). Total length
5-9 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-8o,

Adult female. Different from the male. Olive-yellow, with dusky
centres to the feathers of the back ; lower back, rump, and u])per
tail-coverts clearer and uniform olive-yellow ; wings and tail as in
the male ; head olive-greenish, with a bright yellow eyebrow ; lores
and sides of face bright yellow ; throat white with a yellow tinge ;
fore neck washed with safiron-yellow : lower breast and abdomen
white ; thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts white with a yellow tinge ;
under wing-coverts isabelline with a yellow tinge. Total length
4-0 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-75.

The adidt male in winter plumafje probably resembles the adult
female, to judge from specimens in full moult in the Museum.

462

YowKj males, as I determine them, arc like the old females, but
brighter yellow above, especially on the head, and underneath they
are briglit yellow inclining to orange on the chest.

Uah. Eastern Africa from the Zanzibar region to Matabcle-Laud
and JN^atal, extending to Damara-Land.

(/. 5 ^d. sk.

b. S imm. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

d-h. (S ad. etimm.;

i. 5 ad. sk.
k. S imm. sk.

2 ad. sk.
!. cS ad. sk.

I 0. 2 ad. et
juy. sk.

Lamu.

Lamo {Sir J. Kirk).
PaBgani Iliver {Sir J. Kirk).
Matabele-Land, Sept. 2U,

■1878 {T. E. Buckley).
Tati, Oct. 21 {F. Oates).

F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[r.].

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Ooll.
Shelley Coll.

W. E. &JC. G. Oates,

Esqs. [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shellev Coll.

Durban, Natal {T. L. Aijres)
Omaruru, Damara-Land,

Feb. 11 {A. Erikson).
Swakop River, June, Dec. Sharpe Coll

{C. J. Anderssoji).

25. Hjrphantornis vitellinus.

Friugilla vitellina, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 23 (1823).

Ploceus ruhceps, Su-ains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 262 (1837) ; id. An. in

Menaf/. p. 308 (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849).
Hyphan'tornis vitellina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Ilartl. Orn.

W.-Afr. p. 124 (1857); Fiiwck, J. f. O. 1868, p. 168; Ilciigl.

t. c. p. 1(58; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Taf. xviii. fiij. C (1870), iv.

p. cxxx (1871); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 42, no. 6582 (1870);

Finsch Sf Ilartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 395 (1870, pt.) ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1872, p. 71 ; Shelley 'S,- Backlei/, t. c. p. 289; Ilartl. Abhayidl. nat.

Ver. Bremen, viii. p. 200 (1882).
Textor vitelhoa, Bj). Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).
Ploceus sublarvatus, Miill. Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 28; id. Descr,

Ois. d'Afr. pi. 12 (1854).
Textor galbula {nee Biipp.), Vierth. Naum. 1853, p. 21 ; Ajitin. Cat.

descrr. Ucc. p. 63 (1864); Salmid. Atti R. Accad. Turin, v. p. 740

(1870).
Ploceolus sublarvatus, Eeichenh. Singv. p. 77, Taf. xxxvi. figs. 279,

280 (1861).
Ploceolus vitellinus, Eeichenh. t. c. p. 78, Taf. xxxvii. figs. 284, 285

(1861).
Xantho])hilus sulphureus, Eeichenh. t. c. p. 84, Taf. xlii. fig. 313

(1801).
Textor chrysopygus, Hevgl. J. f. O. 1864, p. 246.
Ploceus flavomarginatus, Pr. Witrtt.; teste Hevgl. J. f. O. 1807,

p. 299.
Ploceus viteUinus, Eeichenh. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 148 (1886) ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1887, p. 27 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 35.

Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, nearly uniform,
with only very faint indications of dusky centres to the feathers of
the back, the scapulars more distinctly centred with black ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-covcrts bright golden yellow ; wing-
coverts black, edged -with olivc-ycUow, the median and greater

51, HTPHANTOENIS. 463

coverts with brighter yellow margins, inclining to whitish on tlio
edges; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish,
edged with yellow, the innermost secondaries rather whiter on their
margins ; tail-feathers pale olive-brown, edged with yellow extern-
ally and with pale yellow along the inner web ; crown of head
chestnut as far as the middle, gradually fading off into golden
yellow on the hinder crown and nape ; feathers above the lores, the
lores themselves, feathers round eye, as well as a patch formed by
the sides of face, fore part of ear-coverts, and fore part of cheeks
black ; remainder of ear-coverts and cheeks as well as the sides of
the neck and \mder surface of body golden yellow ; chin and u])per
throat black, this colour not extending to the end of the rami of
the jaws ; the lower throat and fore neck tinged with rich orange ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow ; quills below dusky,
yellowish along the inner edge : " bill black ; feet reddish ; iris
pale brown " ( Von Heuglin). Total length 5"2 inches, culmeu 0*6,
wing 2"9, tail 1"75, tarsus 0"8.

Adult female. Pale brown washed with yellow, and rather broadly
streaked with pale brown centres to the feathers ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back;
median and greater coverts dusky brown, with broad yellowish-
white edges, like the innermost secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with yellow ; tail-feathers
olive-brown, with yellowish margins to both the inner and outer
webs; crown of head uniform ashy brown washed with olive-
yellow ; a faint eyebrow and the feathers below the eye pale
yellowish ; ear-coverts light brown, washed with yellow ; throat
and chest light yellowish or yellowish butf ; remainder of breast
and abdomen isabelline white. Total length 4"6 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 2"6, tail 1'6, tarsus 0'7.

Ilab. Senegambia and Korth-east Africa to the Equatorial region.

a. c? fid. sk. West Africa. Shelley Coll.

b. cJ ad. sk. Senegambia. Sharpe Coll.

c. J ad. sk. [Senegambia.] Sir A. Smith.

d. c? ad. sk. Accra (//. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.
e,f. S 2 ad. sk. Accra, Feb., April (J. Smith). Shellev Coll.
ff, h. d 2 ad. sk. Accra, Feb. ( T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll.
i. (5 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll.
k. c? ad. sk. Senaar {Hedenborij). Shelley Coll.

I. cjimm.sk. Upper Nile. F. Galtou, Esq. [P.].

m. tS ad. sk, "NVadelai, Oct. 7. Emin Pasha [P.j.

Subsp. a. Hyphantornis reichardi,

Ploceus reichardi, Beichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 148 (1886).
Ilvphautoruis vitelliuus {nee Licht.), Fischer, Zeitschr. r/es. Orn. i.

*p. 331 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 133 : Bokm, t. c. p. 70.
Ploceus vitellinus {nee Licht.), Dubois, Bull. Mus. H. Behj. iv.

p. 148 (1846).
Hyphantornis reichardi, Mntschie, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 159.

Closely allied to //. vitdlinus, but differing chiefly in the reddish-

464 PLOCEIDiE.

brown chest, and in the strong tinge of reddish brown on the under
suriaco (licicJienow) : " bill black ; feet brownish flesh-colour ; iris
orange" (G. B. Fischer).

Hah. Tanganyika district to the Kilimanjaro district.

26. Hyphantornis shelleyi.

Hvphantornis vitellina (?iec Licht^, Sharpe, ed. Lmjard's B. S. Afr.
■p. 439 (1884).

Adult male. Similar to //. intelUmts, but with rather distinct
blackish shafts on the back ; forehead orange, not chestnut ; the
black on the throat more extended, and reaching quite to the end of
the rami of the jaw ; chest scarcely tinged with orange. Total
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-6.5, wing 3, tail 1-8, tarsus 0'85.

Adxdt female. Similar to the female of H. vitellvius, but with
the back more distinctly streaked with dusky black. Total length
4"7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-6, tail V7, tarsus 0'85.

Young males or, it may be, males in winter plumage have the
entire under surface yellow like the throat, instead of the abdomen
white.

JIah. Zambesi region south to Swaziland, and westwards to
Damara-Land.

a, I. c? , c. 2 acl. ; d, Tete, Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [C. ].

e,f. (J juv. sk.
f/, h. cJ , 2. $ ad. sk. Swaziland, July {T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll.

%).
k, I. cJ 2 ad. sk. Damara-Land, Jan., Feb. (C J. Sharpe Coll.

Andersson) .
7n. S ad. sk. South Africa {Mus. Hulm.). Sharpe Coll.

27. Hyphantornis velatus.

Ploceus Telatus, Vieill. K. Diet. crHist. Nat. xsxiv. p. 132 (1819) ;

Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 7U1 (1823) ; Eeichenb. Zoo!.

Jahrb. i. p. 142 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 38 ; Biittik. Notes

Ley den Mns. xi. p. 74 (1888).
Ploceus tahatali, Smith, Eep. E.iped. Centr. Afr. p. 50 (1836).
? Ploceus personatus {nee V.), Sicains. An. in Menay. p. 306 (1837).
Ploceus auricapillus, Sicains. t. c. p. 346 (1837) ; Reichen. Zool. Jalirb.

i. p. 144 (1886).
Ploceus mariqiiensis. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 103 (1845).
Hyphantornis velata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 42, no. 6580 (1870) ; Finseh cS- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 391,

note (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 254 ; Gurm-y in Anderss. B.

Bam.-Ld. p. 169 (1872) ; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 325 (1886) ;

Butler, Feilden, <^- Eeid, Zool. 1882, p. 257 ; Sharj/e, ed. Bayard's

B. S. Afr. pp. 439, 847 (1884) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 228, 1885,

p. 345.
Hyphantornis mariquensis, Gi-ay, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849); Gnrney,

i/«'.s, 1868, p. 4C6, pi. X. : Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1870, p. 346 ; Ayres,

Ibis, 1871; p. 254, 1873, p. 284, 1877, p. 3-15, 1880, p. 105 ; Shcupe,

51. HYPHANTORNIS. 465

in Oates' Mat ahele- Land, p. 319 (1881) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, t . 353 ;

At/res, Ibis, 1881, p. 229 ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 332.
Textor mariquensis, Bp. Consp. Ai\ i. p. 441 (1850).
Ilvphantornis nigrifrons, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tli. i. p. 182 (1850) •

'tirill, Zool. Anteclm. p. 22 (1859). v ^ '

rioceolus nigrifrons, Seichenh. Singv. p. 78, pi. xxxvii. %. 287 (1861).
Ploceus cliloronotus, Reichenb. t. c. p. 82, pi. xl. fio-s. 304, 305

(1861).
Hypliaiitornis capitalis (nee Lath.), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 180 (1867) ;

id. Ibis, 1869, p. 369 ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 58 (1871) ; Buckley,

Ibis, 1874, p. 379.
Hypliantornis auricapillua, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. ] 83 (1867).
? Hyphantornis jetbiops, Ileiujl. J. f. O'. 1867, p. 380 ; id. Orn.

iViO.-.d/;-. i. p. 451 (1870).
Hyphantornis tahatali, Layard, Ibis, 18G8, p. 267.
Hypliantornis cabanisi (nee Peters), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. d 58

(1871). ^

Hyphantornis vitellinus {nee Licht.), Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 106.
Hyphantornis melanops. Cab. J.f. O. 1884, p. 240, pi. iii. %. 2.

Adult male. General colour above greenish olive-yellow, narrowly
streaked with dusky centres to the feathers of the back and
scapulars, more distinct on the latter ; lower back rather more
ashy washed with olive ; rump yellow : upjjer tail-coverts greenish
yellow ; wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with olive-yeUow ;
tail-feathers olive-brown, edged with yellow, and narrowly fringed
with yellow along the inner web ; crown of head yellow, be-
coming orange or chestnut towards the forehead, which is black,
as well as the lores ; feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts,
cheeks, and throat black, narrowing to a point on the fore neck ;
sides of neck and remainder of under surface of body briglit yellow;
under wing-coverts ashy whitish, ^\ashed with yellow ; quills below
dusky, pale yellow along the inner edge : " bUl black ; tarsi and feet
pale dusky ; iris bright crimson " {T. Ayres). Total length
6-2 inches, culmen O-J, wing 2-3, tail 2"], tarsus 0-25.

In winter Mr. Ayres says that the iris is light brown, the bill,
tarsi, and feet are pale dusky.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
brown, somewhat ashy on the back, the whole mantle and back
rather thickly and broadly streaked with blackish-brown centres ;
scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
more uniform ashy brown, the latter washed with olive-yellow ;
lesser wing-coverts ashy brown, with an olive tinge; median and
greater coverts blackish brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-
wing, primai-y-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-
yellow, the inner secondaries broadly margined with white : centre
tail-feathers olive-brown, the remainder dark brown with olive-
yellow margins externally, the inner webs narrowly margined with
yellowish white ; crown of head like the back, but less distinctly
mottled with dusky brown centres to the feathers, the head slightly
washed with olive; lores dusky; a faint eyebrow of ashy whitish,
olive on the hinder part ; sides of face and ear-coverts olive-brown ;
cheeks and throat sulphur-yellow, inclining to saffron on the fore

VOL. XIII. 2 H

40G PLOCElDJi.

neck ; breast and abdomen isabelline, with a tinge of j cllow here
and there ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs liglit ashy ; under tail-
coverts white like the abdomen, with a yellow tinge ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries pale safFron-yellow, m ith a dusky patch near the
edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner edge :
" bill, tarsi, and feet pale du^ky ; iris light brown "' {T. Ay res).
Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3"1, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85.

Adult male in winter plumage. Very similar to the adult female,
but distinguished by its olive-yellow lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; the wing-coverts edged with yellow, as well as the
inner secondaries, which are yellow like the primaries ; there is more
yellow on the throat, and the axillaries and under wing-coverts
bright yellow. Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3, tail 2,
tarsus 0-8.

In the more northern parts of South Africa a small bright-
coloured race {H. luariquensis. Smith, H. onelanojys, Cab.) occurs,
which is at first sight quite different in aspect and size from the
specimens from the Cape Colony and Natal. There is also much less
black on the forehead. When a large series, however, is examined,
it is found that many of the Transvaal birds hold an absolutely
intermediate position as regards colouring and the extent of black
on the forehead, and it is impossible to define these northern and
southern races. It is another case of the phenomenon so often met
with in South Africa, that the individuals become smaller in size
and brighter in plumage as they approach nearer towards the
Equator.

JIab. South Africa, as far as Benguela on the west and Matabele-
Land on the east. The northern specimens are smaller and brighter.

a. H, velatus.

a,b. S;c. 2 ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.].

d. (5juv.sk. Between the Orauge River Sir A. Smith [C.J.

aud the Tropic. (Type of P. tahatali.)

e,f.(S ; (7- $ ad.sk. Cape Colony {E. L. L.S,- Sharpe Coll.

C. J. A.).

h. (5 ad. sk. Cape Colony. Shelley Coll.

i. (S ; A-, /. 2 ad. sk. Natal. Sharpe Coll.

m. cJ ad. sk. AVeenen, April {T. Shelley Coll.

Arnold).

n. 2 ad. sk. Durban, Aug. 25 {Sank Shelley Coll.

EeuT).

o,P- d ; ?■ 2 ^^- sk- Newcastle, Oct. {E. A. Shelley Coll.

Uutler).

r-u. (S ad.et hieui, ; Transvaal ( T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.

V. 2 <id. hiem sk.

ic. S ad.sk. Transvaal {T. Ayres). Shelley Coll.

X. S ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Oct. 3 (T. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

Aj/res).

y. S hiem. sk. Rustenhurg, July 4 (7f. Shelley Coll.

Lucas).

z, a'. (S ad. sk. Macamac. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

51. nrpHANTOExis. 467

fj. If. mariquensis.

a g. c? ad. liiem. Bejoud Kurrichaiue. Sir A. Smith [C.].

et § ad. slv. (TyiDes of Ploceus mariquensis.)

h. (S ad. sk. Interior of Cape Shelley Coll.

Colony {Butler).

». [Jad.Jsk. Cole.sbergC.-l.i-^. 0/-</e;;^))- Sharpe Coll.

k, I. (S 2 Ijiem. sk. Eusteuburg-, Aug. ( W. Shelley Coll.

Lucas),

m, 7t. (S 2 ad. sk. Matahele-Land, Oct. W. E. & C, G. Gates,

{F. Oates). Esqs. [P.].

0, 2). d ad. sk. Limpopo River, Nov 22 Shelley Coll.

{T.E.Buckley).

q,r. J imm. ;s-ia Damara-l^and (C. /. Sharpe Coll.

S 2 liieni. sk. Andersson).

.^'. (S ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Shelley Cull.

Jan. 22 (C. J. A.),

y. (S ad. sk. Humbe, Cimene Eiver Shelley Coll.

{J. Anchiefa).

z. c? ad. sk. Humbe (/. A.). Lisbon Museum [P.].

28. Hypljantornis taBniopterus.

Ploceus intermedins {nee Bilpp.), Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. .38 (18o6) ;

Heuyl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 26, 18G7, p. 383.
Ploceus tteniopterus, lieichenb. Sinyv. p. 78, pi. xxxtI. figs. 281, 282

(1861) ; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 151 (1880) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887,

p. 28.
Hyphantornis tsenioptera, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 42, no. 6583 (1870) ;

Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 554, Taf. xviii. fig. h (1870), iv. p. cxxx

(1871) ; Hartl. Abliandl. nat. Ver. Bre^nen, \ii. p. 99 (1881) ; Feh.

Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. p. 506 (1882).
Hyphantornis atrogularis {nee Voiyt), Finsch Sj- Ilartl. Vog. Osiafr.

pp. 394, 395 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to H. vitellinus, and with chestnut on the head,
but with a narrow band of black across the forehead : the sides of
the face and cheeks only black as far as the line of the eye ; ear-
coverts chestnut where they adjoin the black, becoming afterwards
golden yellow like the sides of the neck; the black on the throat
produced on the lower throat to the beginning of the fore neck,
and everywhere surrounded by chestnut : " bill black ; feet reddish ;
iris reddish dusky " ( Von JJevglin). Total length 5 inches, culmeu
0'05, wing 2-7, tail 1'6, tarsus 0-8.

YouiKj male. Scarcely difi'erent from the female of //. vitellinus,
but more distinctly streaked above. Total length o'S inches,
culmen O'Go, wing 2-8, tail 1-7, tarsus O'So.

Hah. White K^ile from 10° N. lat. to the Lado district.

a. <5 ad. sk. White Nile (refJicrick). Tweeddale Coll.

b,c. cJ iid. et juv. sk. Lado, March, May {Emin Shelley Coll.

Vdsha).
d. (S ad. sk. J3or, July 10 {Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

2n2

468

rLOCKID."E.

29. Hyphantornis heuglini.

Texfor atrogularis (ncc Voif/t), mm/I. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 24-5.
Hyphantornis atrooularis (nvc J'ou/t), Ilevgl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 387 !

id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 559, pi. six. (1870) ; Shelley, Ibis,

188.3, p. 550 ; S'harpe, Journ. Linn. Sue. xvii. p. 426 (1884)'.
Ilvphnntornis tajiiioptera (pt.), Grai/, Ilond-l. li. ii. p. 42, no. 6583

"(1870).
rioceus lieiiglini, lieichen. Zool. Jahrh. i. p. 147 (1886) ; Hartl. op.

cit. ii. p. 3:^0 (1887) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 30.

Adult male. Similar to H. tmiioptenis and having the black of
the throat brought down to the base of the tore neck, as in that
species. The ear-covcrts, however, are black, and not chestnut, the
hinder ear-coverts beiug yellow like the sides of the neck. The
head is like that of true //. vltellinus but has no chestnut, nor is the
base of the forehead black : " bill black ; feet fleshy ; iris buffy
■white " (7r. A. Forbes). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing
2-75, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. AVest Africa from the Gambia to the Niger, across to the
Niam Niam Country and Equatorial Africa.

a. cJ ad. sk. Kiver Gambia. Forbes Coll.

b. Jad.sk. Lokoja, River Niger (Jr. ^. i-^.). Forbes Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. Sassa, Niam Niam Country, Sept. F. BohndorfE [C] .

30. Hyphantornis spilonotus.

Ploceus spilonotus, Vie/ors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92; Sinith, III. Zool. S.

Afr., Birds, pi. 66. 'tig. 1 (1841); Gurjiey, Ibis, 1860, p. 312;

lieichen. Zool. Jahrh. i. p. 139 (1886) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 29.
Ploceus stictouotus, Smith, S. Afr. Q. Journ. 1831, p. 11.
Ploceus flaviceps («ec Vuv.), Swains. B. W. Afr. li. p. 259, pi. 32

(1837).
Hvphantornis spilonota. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Hartl.

'Orn. W.-Afr. p. 125 (1857) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23 ; Lnyard, B.

S. Afr. p. 181 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6558 (1870) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 79 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. pp. 437,

847 (1884) ; Butler, Feilden, |- Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 297.
Ploceus chrysostictos, Licht. MSS. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 441 (1850).
Textor spilonotus, Bp. Omsp. i. p. 441 (1860).
Hyphantornis spiuonota, Licht. Nomencl. p. 50 (1854).
Ploceus cyclospilos, Beiehenb. Sinyv. p. 80, pi. xxxviii. figs. 295, 296

(1851).
Ploceus braudti, Beiehenb. t. c. p. 82, pi. xl. fig. 306 (1861).
Hyphantornis braudti. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 41, no. 0570 (1870).

Adult male. General colour above black, spotted all over with
yellow ends to the feathers, the rump more iiuiform ashy brown ;
the scapulars more distinctly tipped M'ith yellow ; upper tail-coverts
olive-yellow tipped with brighter yellow ; wing-coverts black, broadly
edged with yellow, whitish at the ends of the median and greater
coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged
with olive-yellow, the inner secondaries whitish on the margins and
the ends ; tail-feathers light olive-lu-own, edged with olive-yellow,
the inner web also margined with yellow ; crown of head and nape
brilliant yellow ; lores and a narrow line above the eye, feathers

51. HTPHANTORNIS,

469

round eye, sides of face, tlie ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat black,
narrowing down into a pointed lino on the fore neck and chest ;'
sides of neck, sides of lower throat, and under surface of body brilliant
yellow, pale on the under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts ; quills
below i)ale brown, yellow along the inner edge: "bill brownish
black ; feet flesh-coloured, tinted with brown ; claws a pale brown-
colour ; iris deep vermilion red " (Sir A. Smith). Total length 6-2
inches, eulmen OS, wing 3-45, tail 2, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Different from the male. Ashy brown above,
streaked with dusky-brown centres to the feathers of the back and
scapulars ; lower back and rump uniform ashy brown ; upper tail-
coverts and tail pale brown washed with olive-yellow, especially the
former ; wings as in the male, but with the yellow less bright ;
head and neck olive-yellow, with dusky centres to the feathers ; a
distinct eyebrow of pale yellow; sides efface light yellow, olive 'on
the ear-coverts ; cheeks and under surface of body pale yellow,
whiter on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; lower flanks and'
thighs light brown tinged with yellow ; under wing-coverts pale
yellow, with a patch of brown near the edge of the wing ; quills
dusky brown, yellow along the inner edge. Total length S-z'inches,
eulmen 0-8, wing 3-25, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.

YoHiir/ birds are light ashy brown on the under surface, with only
the throat and sides of the face yellow ; upper surface as in the
adult female.

Hab. S.E. Africa.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. (1. c? 9 ad. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.
(f. d" ad. sk.
h, i. J imni. at 2

ad. sk.
k, I, m. cJ; n, o,p.

$ ad. et imm. sk.
q. S ad. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.
s. $ ad. sk.

S.E. Afiica.
Kingwilliamstown.

Elands' Post {T. C. At more).

Natal.

Natal (J. WaMberg).

Natal.

Durban, April.

Pinetown, Feb., March, July,

Oct. (T. L. A>/re.^).
Weenen, Dec. 19 (T. Arnold).
Buffalo River.

Swazi-Laud, Jidy 25 (T". £.
Suckle I/).

SirA. Smith [C.].
Major H. Trevelvan

[P.].
Sliarpe Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Dr. Gueinzius [0.1.
SheUey Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoU.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.

31. Hyphantornis spekii.

Ilyphantornis baglafecht (iico V.), Bli/f/i, J. A. S. Beng. xsiv p 301
(18o6); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p.' 270 (1857); Scl. Ibis, 1860,
p. 246; Grag, Hand-l. B.n.i^. Al, no. mQo(lS70).

Plyphar.tornis spekii, Heiigl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 24 ; id. Orn
N.O.-Afr. i. p. 559 (1870); Finsch 6r Hartl. Vin;. Odafr. p. 394
(1870) ; Sahad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 188 (1884).

Hyphantornis somaleusis, Heugl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 379.

Ilyphantoruis somalicus, Finsch, J.f. O. 1808, p. 169.

Hyphantornis meloxit, Antin. MSS., teste Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov
(2) i. p. 188 (1884).

Ploceus spekii, Reiclien. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 146 (1886) ; SMley, Ibis
1887, p. 29. X ./»./, ,

470 . PtOCEID.'E.

Adult male. General colour above mottled, the back olive-j'cllow,
with spear-shaped ceutral markings of black ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, with rather brighter yellow tips
to the feathers ; wing-coverts dusky blackish, edged with yellowish
green ; median wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with yellow,
forming a broad wing-band ; greater coverts black, edged with dull
yellow ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, edged with
greenish yellow ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged narrowly with
olivc-yollow ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck deep golden
yellow, almost orange ; a narrow line commencing at the base of the
nostrils, passing just over the eye, lores, ear-coverts, sides of face,
cheeks, and throat black, descending to a point on the centre of the
lower throat ; remainder of under surface of bod}^ briglit yellow,
gradually deepening to orange-chestnut on the fore neck and sides
of the loAver throat ; Hank-feathers with some blackish subterminal
spots, not very distinctly indicated ; sides of upper breast like the
back, olive-yellow with black centres ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts pale tawny butf, with ashy bases and washed with yellow
near the edge of the wing, which is bright yellow ; quills dusky
below, olive-buff along the inner web : "bill black; feet carmine;
iris orange-red " {Antinori). Total length 5'5 inches, culmeu 0-75,
wing 3 25, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.

Young male. Similar to the female of //. spilonotus, but much
darker, the dusky markings of the grey back more pronounced ;
throat and breast yellow {Cvll. F..J. Jackson).

The adult female will doubtless be very similar to the young
male descril)ed.

Ilah. From Shoa to the Somali Country, and south to Ukambani.

a, h. (S ad. sk. Dembe and Dainibe, Shoa, April, Shelley Coll.

May (O. Antinori).

32. Hyphantornis superciliosus. (Plate XIV.)

Hyphautornis supei-ciUojus, Shelley, Ibis, 1873, p. 140 ; Reichen.

J. f. O. 1877, p. 27 ; Bocaeje, Orn. Angola, p. 330 (1881) ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1883, p. 551.
Ploceus superciliosus, lieiehen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 155 (1886) ; id.

J.f. O. 1887, p. 300; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. '27.

Adult [female']. General colour above dull olive-yellow, the feathers
with dusky centres ; rump and upper tail-coverts browner, the
latter streaked with dusky ; wings entirely brown, the feathers with
whity brown edges, more distinct on the median and greater coverts ;
the primaries slightly tinged with olive on their edges : tail-feathers
dark brown ; crown of head blackish, washed with orange-yellow ;
the occiput and nape more olive like the back; a broad eyebrow of
golden yellow, deepening to orange on the fore part ; lores, feathers
round eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore part of cheeks black ;
hinder cheeks and sides of neck golden yellow, as also the hinder
part of the ear-coverts ; throat black ; remainder of under surface
of body golden yellow, inclining to orange on the fore neck and
lower throat ; abdomen whitish ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-

52. CINNAMOPTERTX.

471

coverts pale isabellinc-buff ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
isabellinc brown ; quills below dusky, wbitish along tbe inner edge.
Total length 5 inches, culnicn 0*7, wing 2-5, tail 1-G, tarsus 0-75.

Adult male. Differs from the female in having the crown yellow,
no yellow eyebrow, and the sides of the face and upper throat
black : " upper mandible blackish horny, lower one pale blue-grey ;
legs dirty flesh-colour ; iris brown " ( IF. A. Forbes). Total length
4-5 inches, culmen 065, wing 2-45, tail 1'45, tarsus 0-75.

Young birds are browner than the old female and have the head
blackish, followed by a broad eyebrow of tawny buff like the sides
of the face and underparts ; lores and a broad streak through the
eye black. Wing 2-5 inches. " Maxilla horn-colour ; mandible
pale fleshy ; feet dirty flesh-colour ; iris olive-brown " ( W. A.
Forbes).

Eah. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Loango Coast,
extending to the Upper Congo.

a. [ $ ad.] sk.

b, c. I mm. sk.

d. Imm. sk.

e. c? ad. ; f-h,
cS 5 imm. sk.

i. 6 ad. ; k, I. 2
ad. et juv. sk.

West Africa.

Fantee (Aiibinn).
Accra {J. Smith).
Shonga, R. Niger, Nov., Dec.

{W.A.F.).
Landana, K. Congo (Z. Petit).

Sharpe Coll.

(Type of species.)
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Forbes Coll.

Shelley CoD.

52. CINNAMOPTERYX. ^^ ^

Cinnamopteryx, Eeichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 126 (1886). C. castaneofusca.
llange. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Abdomen chestnut ; head and throat black.
a'. No light edgings to the wing-coverts and
quills, which are entirely black.
a". Mantle yellow; remainder of back black;

throat only black tricolor S , P- 471.

h". Mantle chestnut like the remainder of [j). 472,

the back ; throat and breast black castaneofusca (^,

V . AVing-coverts and quills edged with whitish ;
back entirely chestnut, as wull as the under
tail-coverts rubiginosa J , p. 473.

1. Cinnamopteryx tricolor.

Ploceus collaris {nee 7'.), /. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. i. p. 6 (1831).
Hyphantornis tricolor, Hart/. J. f. 6. 18-14, p. 110; id. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 126 (1857) ; Grail, Iland-l. i/.ii.p.41, no. 6567 (1870) ; Shelley

^- BucJdey, Ibis, 1872, p. 292; B'littik. Notes Lei/den 3Iiis. vii.

p. 193 (1885).
Ploceus tricolor, lieiihenb. Sinf/i: p. 81 (1861) ; Heichen. Zool. Jahrb.

i. p. 128(1^861; Shclleii, Ibis, 1887, p. 38 ; Biittik. Notes Ley den

Mus. X. p. 88 (1886), xi. p. 134 (1889).
? Hyphantornis fuscocastanea, Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1880, no. 29; id.

Urn. Anyola, p. 558 (1881).

472 PLOCETDiE.

Adult male. General colour above Llack with a slight gloss ; quills
and tail black ; mantle golden yellow ; entire head and throat black ;
remainder of under surface iiom the lower throat downwards rich
chestnut ; sides of body, tlanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts black,
the latter edged with chestnut ; axillaries and under wing cc verts
black ; quills blackish below, ashy whitish along the inner web :
" bill black ; feet greyish brown; iris brown" '{J. Biittikofcr).
Total length G-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-5, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-85.

Adult fhnale. Similar to the male in colour (/. Buttikofer).

A young bird has the head dusky brown mixed with black ; the
throat dusky reddish brown with a tinge of chestnut ; the breast
not so bright a chestnut as in the adult.

Ilah. A\'est Africa from Sierra Leone to the Loango Coast.

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. Sir E. Sabine [P.].

(Type of P. colhiris.)
h. c? ad. sk. Fantee. Sharps Coll,

c. S jnv. sk. Fantee. S. D. Aubinn [C.].

d. (S ad. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzv, Esq. [P.].
(,'. Ad. sk. Fantee. Shelley Coll.

f~h. Ad. et juv. sk. Aguapim, Feb. ( T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buekh'ij).

2. Cinnamopteryx castaneofusca.

Ploceus castaneofuscus, Less. liev. Zool. 1840, p. 99 ; Beichenb.

Sitigv. p. 83 (18G1) ; lieichen. Zool. Juhrh. i. p. 12t) (1886) ; Bilttik.

Notes Leyclen Mus. viii. p. 258 (1886), x. p. 88 (1888), xi. p. 134

(1889) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 38.
? Ploceus isabellina, Zess. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 226 ; Eeichenb. Singv.

p. 83 (1861).
Ily phantom is castaneofusca. Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Hartl,

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 126 (1857); id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 175; S/iaiye,

Ibis, 1869, p. 191; Meugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 561 (1870), iv.

p. cxxxi (1871) ; Shariw, Cat. Afr. 'B. p. 59 (1871) ; Shel/a/ ^

Buclley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289; Beichen. >^'- Liihder, J. f. 0. 1873,

p. 215 ; TJs^lier, Ibis, 1874, p. 67 ; Beichen. J. f. O. 1875, p. 39 ;

SJiarpe ^- Bouiier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 74 (lb78) ; Oust.

Nouv. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 139 (1879) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola,

p. 557 ; .Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 506 ; Shelley, t. c. p. 552 ; Biittik.

Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 192 (1885).
Hyphantornis isabellina, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849).
Textor castaneofuscus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 442 (1850).
Cinnamopteryx castaneofusca, Hartert, J.f. O. 1886, p. 585.

Adult male. General colour above chestnut, slightly mottled with
Mack bases to the feathers, especially on the scapulars, which are
black, tipped with chestnut : upper tail-coverts black ; wing-coverts,
quills, and tail black ; head, nape, and hind neck, as well as the
sides of the head, entire throat, and breast black, leaving only the
abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts chestnut; axillaries
and under wing-coverts black : quills below black : " bill black "
(J. Buttil-ofir) ; " legs dark livid ticsh-cobur " ( W. A. Forbes) ;
■'iris yellow" {Shelley ^- BucMei/). Total length G-2 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 3-25, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Different from the male. Brown, streaked with

52. CIXXAMOPTERYX. 473

black on the mantle, the head slightly more olive ; lower back and
rump reddish brown, deepening on the tail-coverts ; wings blackish
the median and greater coverts margined with whity brown, a little
more olive on the greater series and primaries ; tail-feathers brown ;
lores and sides of face brown with an ochreous wash ; under surface'
of body ohve-yellow, the middle of the breast and abdomen sulphur-
yellow, the chest, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts tawny
buff: "iris brown" (&. E. Shelley). Total length 5-5 incheb^
culmen (>75, wing 2-95, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8.

Hub. West Africa from Senegambia to the Congo.

a. S ad. sk. Efuenta, Wasa, Gold Coast. Sir R. Burton &Capt.
A » J X AT. Cameron fP.l.

b.^a.d.;c--f. Ashantee. Gould CoD.

Juv. or 5

ad. sk.

ff, h. Juv. sk. Fantee. Sharpe Coll.

i,k. (fad. sk. Abroboiiko, Cape Coast, Jan. 30 Shellev Coll

(G. E. S.). •'

/, wj, n. cJad. Abouri, Aguapim, Feb. (G. ^. ^. Shellev Coll

sk. 4- T. E. Biukleij). ^

o. <S ad sk. Accra (Capt. Hmjnes). Sharpe Coll.

p. 6 ad. sk. Eiver Volta {H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll

q. (S ad. sk. Onitscha, R. Niger, Aug. ' ( W. Forbes Coll.'

A. F.).

r, s. Ad. St. R. Niger. Mrs. Heywood.

3. Cinnamopteryx rubiginosa.

Ploceus rubigiuosus, Riipp. Xeiie Wirb. p. 03, pi. 33 fio- 1 (183.5-40') •
id. Syst Uebers. p. 76 (1845) ; Heiiyl. 8,/st. Uebers^'r,. 38 (1856)'
Rewhenb. -^'^f ; P,- 83, Taf. xli. fig. 311 (1861); Iteichen. ZooL
Jahrb. 1. p. 128 (1886) ; SheHey, Ibis, 1887, p. 38.

Hypl.antornis rubigiuo.-a, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 351 (1849) • Ilartl
Orn W.-Afr. p. 127, note (1857) ; Heuyl. J. / 0. 1867,'p. 383 ;'

Q-Q ^o?-'i^W- P- ?''*^ ^^^"°)' ^^'- P- c-^^i (1871) ; Cab. J. f. O.

18/8, p. 231 ; Fisc^wr, J.f. O. 1885, p. 1.33. -^

Textor rubigiuosus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 442 (1850).
Hyphantornis castaneosoma, Reidien. Orn. Centralbl 1881 n 70-

id. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 334. ' P '

Adtdt male. General colour above uniform light bay or chestnut
from the nape to the upper tail-coverts, the latter somewhat paler •
scapulars chestnut, with black centres; lesser wing-coverts ashv
brown, slightly mottled with black centres : median and greater
coverts black, edged and tipped with white or reddish white • bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged \^ ith whitv brown
the secondaries with broader white margins ; tail-feathers brown'
with pale olive-brown edges ; crown of head black ; occiput and
nape like the back ; lores, feathers round eye, sides of face ear-
coverts, cheeks, and throat black, having a sharplv-defined line alono-
the sides of neck, which are rich chestnut like 'the fore neck and
remainder of the under surface of body, becoming paler on
the abdomen, sides of body, Hanks, and under tail-coverts the
latter with whitish ends; uader wing-coverts and axillaries

474

isabelline white ; quills below dusk}', ashy along the inner edge :
" bill black ; feet reddish ; iris reddish dusky " (Heuf/lin). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3"25, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9.

Ad alt female. Different h-om the male. Ochreous brown, with
broad black centres to the feathers of the back ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts uniform ; wing-coverts and quills dusky
brown, edged with pale brown or whity brown, the margins very
broad on the median coverts, the primaries edged with olive ; tail-
feathers brown with olive margins ; crown of head brown but less
distinctly streaked with dark brown ; a narrow eyebrow and feathers
round the eye yellowish buff; ear-coverts uniform pale brown;
throat, lower breast, abdomen, and thighs white; cheeks, fore neck,
and breast pale tawny brown ; sides of upper breast ashy brown
with blackish centres ; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish ;
quills ashy brown below, whitish along the inner web. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3'15, tail 1"9, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. Abyssinia to the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro in East
Africa *.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. cj ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

Abyssinia.
Abyssinia.
Mombasa ( Wakefield).

Useri River.

Dr. Riippell.
Sharpe Coll.
Rev. A. F. Buxton

[Po-
ll. 0. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.].

53. PLOCEELLA.

Type.

Ploceella, Oates in Hume's Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B.
p. 443 (1873) P. javanensis.

Head of Ploceella javanensis.
Ranrje. Java ; Burmese countries to Siam.

1. Ploceella javanensis.

Fiiugilla philippina, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 160 (1820).
Loxia philippina, Jiajl. trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 313 (1820).
Loxia javanensis, Less. Traite, p. 446 (1831).

* Three specimens from Damara-Land are apparently females or young
males of a Weaver-bird akin to this species, but in all probability not ideulieal
with C. mhiginosa.

53. PLOCEELT.A. 475

Ploceiis philippinus {nee L.), Blijth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 94o (1844) ;

id. Ihis, 16(J7, p. 40.
Ploceus hvpoxanthus, JBli/th, Cut. B. Miis. As. Soc. p. 114 (1849) ;

Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 443 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 180

(1850) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat B. Mas. E. I. Co. ii. p. 513 (1856);

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. GG13 (1870); Hume, Xests ^- Eyys

Ind. B. p. 442 (l,s73) ; id. Str. F. iii. p. 154(1875); Vorderm.

Nat. Tijdsckr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 85 (1883) ; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb.

i. p. 161 (1886).
Ploceoliis hypoxanthus, Reichenh. Sinffv. p. 77, Taf. sxxv. figs. 277,

278 (1861).
Ploceella javauensis, Oafes in Hume's Nests Sj- Eggs Ind. B. p. 443

(1873); id. Str. F. v. p. 160(1877); id. ibid. x. p. 231 (1887);

Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 (1879) ; Gates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm.i.

p. 362 (1883).
Ploceus javaneusis, Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 210 note (1875); Blyth ^

Wald. B. Burm. p. 91 (1875).
Ploceus chrysseus, Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 399, note (1878).

Adult male. General colour above golden yellow, the mantle and
upper back mottled with black centres to the feathers ; the lower
back uniform brown ; scapulars like the back ; rump and upper
tail-coverts uniform golden yellow ; wing-coverts brown, the median
and greater series edged with whity brown or yellowish : bastard-
wing, primar3--coverts, and quills dusky brown with olive-yellow
margins ; tail-feathers dusky brown washed with yellow on the
outer web ; crown of head golden yellow ; hind neck slightly mottled
with dusky : lores, feathers round eye, and ear-coverts blackish ;
fore part of cheeks, chin, and throat black ; hinder cheeks, sides of
neck, fore neck, and under surface of body golden yellow, including
the thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
isabelline, the outer greater coverts dusky ; quills below dusky, ashy
along the inner edge. Total length 5*4 inches, culmen 0'6,
wing 2-65, tail 1"9, tarsus 0-8.

AduU female. General colour above brown, the mantle and upper
back with blackish centres and whity-brown edges ; scapulars like
the back ; lower back, rump, and iipper tail-coverts uniform reddish
brown ; lesser wing-coverts brown, slightl}' washed with olive ;
median and greater coverts as well as quills brown with whity-
brown edges, the light margins to the greater coverts and inner
secondaries tinged with olive, ; tail-feathers brown, edged with
whity brown tinged with olive ; crown of head like the back but
less distinctly streaked, the hind neck with a reddish tinge ; a broad
eyebrow of orange-yellow ; lores, feathers round eye, sides of face,
ear-coverts, and cheeks pale tawny buff, which overspreads the chin
and throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast ; abdomen whiter ;
sides of body, flanks, and thighs light brown washed with tawny ;
under tail-coverts whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries isa-
belline with a slight yellow tinge ; quills below dusky, ashy isabelline
along the inner edge. Total length o'o inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2*7,
tail 2" 15, tarsus 0'75.

In winter plumage the male resembles the full plumage of the

476 PLOCEID^.

adult female. The young birds are quite rufescent below, and are
also tinged with rufous on the upper surface.
Ilah. Java, Burmese countries, and Siam,

r/, 6. (5' ad. sk. Java, (Horsjield). India Museum.

c. cS ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

d. cJ ad. sk. Bekassi, Java, Feb. 28 (If. O. Forbes Coll,

Forbes).
cJad.sk. Thatone, Tenasserim, Oct. (i?. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Beavan).

f. 2 juv. sk. Tavoy, April 2G ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

g. (S ad. sk. Lower Pegu. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
/j_^. ^. q-t,, 2 Pegu, April to July {E. W. 0.). Gates Coll.

ad.etjuv.sk.
%0-x. <S\y,«, «'. Pegu, April to Sept. {E. W. O.). Hume Coll.

O g^(J_ g]j

b'-d' S ; e'-i'. 2 Pegu, July to Sept. (E. W. 0.). Forbes Coll.

ad. et juv. sk.

k'. Juv. sk. Burmah. Pinwill Coll.

l'-q\ ^ ad. ; Ptangoon district, June, July Tweeddale Coll.

r',s'. 2 jiiv.sk. {R. G. W. R.).

t'. cj ad. sk. Rangoon. Hume Coll.

u'-x'.S ; y'-a". Tonghoo, June, July {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

2 ad. sk. W. R.).

b" . (S ad. sk. Siam (Sir R. Schomhirgk). Gould Coll.

54. MELANOPTERYX. „

Type.

Melanopteryx, Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 125 (1886). ... M. nigerrima.
Range. Confined to West Africa.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Entirely black above nigerrima, p. 476.

b. With a white patch on the hind neck albinucha, p. 477.

1. Melanopteryx nigerrima.

Ploceus nigerrimus, VieiU. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 130

(1819); Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 125 (1886); Hartl. op. cit. ii.

p. 320 (1887) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 38 ; Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887,p. 305,
Ploceus niger, Sicai)is. An. in Menag. p. 306 (1837).
Sycobius nigerrimus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 439 (18.50) ; Hartl. 'Orn. W.-Afr. p. 133 (1857) ; Cass. Proc.

Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 136 ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 257.
Malimbus nigerrimus. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. <5607 (1870);

Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 612; id. Sr iJmivier, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, i. p. 47 (1876) ; Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 464 ; Oust. N. Arch.

Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 108 (1879).
Hvphantornis nigerrimus, Reichen. Corr. Afrih. Ges. no. x. p. 181

*(1874) ; id. J.f. O. 1877, p. 26.

Adult male. Entirely black above and below : " bill black ; feet
brownish flesh-colour ; iris golden-yellow " (A. Eeichenow). Total
length 0-5 inches, eulmen 0-8, wing 3-3, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9,

I

55, MALIMT5US. 477

Adult female. Different from the male. Genera] colour above
ochreous-olive, with broad black centres to the feathers of the back
and mantle ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-covcrts uniform
ochreous-olive, the latter with dusky centres ; wings black, with
light ochreous edges to the wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; tail-
feathers black, edged with olive ; liead olive-greenish, slightly varied
with dusky centres to the feathers of the nape ; eyebrow lighter
olive ; sides of face dull olive ; checks and under surface of body
olive-yellow, brightest on the throat and abdomen ; fore neck, breast,
and sides of body olive-brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts with
a ruddy tinge ; under wing-coverts olive ; quills dusky below, olive
on the inner web. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-45,
tail 2-1, tarsus 0-9.

Mab. West Africa from the Cameroons to the Congo.

a, b. (S ; c. 2 ad. Cameroons Mountains, Jan., Sharpe Coll.

sk. Feb. (A. Crossle?/).

d. c? ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

e- 6 ■,f,9- 2 ad. sk. Gaboon. P. B. Da Chaillu[C.].

h. J ad. sk. R. Ogowe (//. T. Ansell). Shelley Coll.

i. S ad. sk. II, Congo {Dr. A. Liican). Shelley Coll. j

2, Melanopteryx albinucha,

Malimbus nigerrimus (jiec V.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 72; Ussher,

Ibis, 1874, p. 68.
Ploceus nigerrimus (vec T.), Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. x. p. 88

(1888), xi. p. 1.34 (lfc89).
Sycobius albinucha, Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. 1876, p. 247.

Adult. Black all over like M. nigerrima, but with a much smaller
bill, and distinguished by having the hind neck and upper mantle
mixed with white, so as to form a patch. Total length 5-4 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3-1, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-7.

Young. Sooty black above with scarcely any white on the neck ;
bill horn-brown ; under surface dark ashy grey, hoary whitish on
the throat and cheeks.

Hab. "West Africa from Liberia to the Niger,

a. Juv. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Forbes Coll.

c. d, e. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Shelley Coll.
/, y. Ad. ; /(. Juv. Denkera {I£. T. UssJwr). Sharpe Coll,

sk,
*. Ad, sk, R. Niger, Dr. Baikie [C.].

55. MALIMBUS.

Tvpe.

Mahmbus, Viei/l. Ois. Chant, p. 71, pi. 42 (1805) M. cristatus.

Sycobius, Tieil/. Analyse, p. 33 (1816) ;M. cristatus.

Ficophagus, J'ieili. {tibi ?), teste Gray, 1849.

Atalochrous, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 4o8 M. rachelise.

Baiuje. Confined to West Africa.

478 PLOCEIDiE.

Key to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts black.

a'. Forehead crimson like the rest of the crown.
a". No crimson on the throat or fore neck ;
the whole under surface black.

a'". Head and neck crimson ruhricollis S > V- ^'^^^

h'" . Head and neck scarlet or Termilion . . hartletti J , p. 479.

b". Entire tJiroat and chest crimson malimhicus cj', p. 480.

c". Throat black; fore neck and chest crimson cassini cj'jp. 482.
b'. Forehead with a broad black band ; hind i ruhricollis 5 , p. 479.

head and neck crimson j hartletti 5 , p. 479.

c'. Forehead black like the rest of the upper

surface ; bill with more or less shining white nitem, p. 481 .

b. Under tail-coverts scarlet scutat.us, p. 482.

c. Under tail-coverts yellow ; head scarlet ; hind

neck yellow ; fore neck scarlet; chest yellow rachvlue, p. 483.

1. Malimbus rubricollis *.

Tanagra malimbica 2, Dmid. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 151, pi. 10. fig. 2

(1802).
Malimbus cristatus 2 , Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 71, pi. 43 (1805).
Ploceus cristatus J , Vieill. N. Diet, xxxiv. p. 129 (1819).
Fringilla textrix, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 24, note (1823).
Ploceus rubricoUis, Srvains. An. in Menag. p. 306 (1837).
Euplectes rufovelatus, Fraser, P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 142; Alkn ^j- Thomps,

Ed-ped. Niffer, ii. p. 500 (1848) ; Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 4(3 ( 1849).
Sycobius ruhricollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii, p. 352 (1849); lleiehenb.

Sint/v. p. 90, pi. 61. figs. 332-334 (1861) ; Bocae/e, Orti. Atujola,

p. 332 (1881).
Ploceus rufovelatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 353 (1849).
Ploceus textrix. Gray, t. c. p. 352 (1849).
Malimbus rubricoUis, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 133 ; Elliot, Ibis,

1876, p. 461.
Sycobius malimbus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 438 ; Terr. Her. et Maq. de

Zool. 1851, p. 419 ; Lieht. Nonmiel. p. 50 (1854) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-

Afr. p. 133 (1857); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1850, p. 135;

Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 257.
Textor rufovittatus (!), Ei/ton, Cat. Coll. p. 245 (1856).
Sycobius nuchalis, Elliot ,^ Ibis, 1859, p. 393.

Malimbiis textrix (pt.), Gray, Hund-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6604 (1870).
Malimbus occipitalis (!), Gray, t. c. p. 43, no. 6609 (1870) t-
Sycobius rufovelatus, Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, iii.

p. 75 (1878).
Malimbus malimhicus (pt.), Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40 ; Bartl. Monog.

Weaver-B. pt. iv. p. 1 (1889, pt.).

* This species has not the smallest title to the name of M. malimbiciis.
Daudin gave that name to the bird afterwards called M. eristatuf, and if it is
to be revived, the latter spet^ies must bear it. He wrongly identified the present
species as the female. Swainson was the fii-st naturalist who recognized that
the supposed female belonged really to a different species.

i' Mr. Elliot apparently presented the type of bis S. nuchalis to the British
Museum with the MSS. uame of *S'. occipitalis, which he never published.

55. MALIMBUS. 479

Adult male. Black, with the head, hind neck, and sides of neck
rich scarlet. Total length 7-3 inches, eulmcn 0-95, wing 4, tail 2-3,
tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male but having a broad frontal band
of black : "bill and feet black; iris reddish hazel" (L. Fraser).
Total length 7 inches, eulmcn 0-9, wing 4, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-95.

Mr. Edward Bartlett has drawn attention to the difference in the
colour of the head between specimens from the Gold Coast and
Fernando Po. I find the difference quite constant, and I have
named the Gold Coast species after him, as the first discoverer of
the characters of these two forms.

Young. Eesembles the adult male, but is duller black, and has
the red crown dingy vermilion ; the black on the sides of the face
and chin washed with dull red.

Hah. West Africa from Fernando Po and Gaboon to the Congo.
Mr. Bartlett says it ranges to Angola, in spite of Bocage's positive
statement that it has never becu found south of the Zaire.

a. 5 ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. (Type

of S. michalis.)

b. S fid. sk. Fernando Po. Lady Isabella Burton

[P.l.

c. Ad. st. Fernando Po. Capt. Thomson [P.].

d. e. $ ad. et Clarence, Fernando Po. L. Fraser [C.].

juv. sk. (Types of jE. rufovelatus.)

2. Malimbus bartletti.

Sycobius nuclialis (nee Elliot), Shai-jw, Ibis, 1860, p. 191.
Malimbus textrix (pt.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6604 (1870).
Mahmbus rufovelatus {jiec Fras.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ;

Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 08.
Sycobius malimbus (nee Bp.), HeieTien. J.f. O. 1875, p. 38.
Sj'cobius rubricoUis (nee Sic.'), Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 105

(1885), viii. p. 259 (1886).
Malimbus malimbicus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40 (pt.) ; Biittik. Notes

Leyden Mus. x. p. 90 (1888), xi. p. 133 (1889) ; Bartlett, Monogr.

Weaver-B. part iv. pi. i. (1889, pt.).

Adult mcde. Glossy black above and below, the feathers being
black with greenish-black margins ; the entire crown, nape, hind
neck, and sides of neck crimson, the feathers close-set and bristly :
" bill very dark blue : feet dark lead-colour ; iris dark brown " (J,
BiittiJcoftr). Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 085, wing 4-15, tail
2-6, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the forehead black,
leaving the hinder crown and sides of neck crimson. Total length
7 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 4, tail 2'4, tarsus 1.

Young. Much duller black than the adults, and the crimson on
the head much duller and the black forehead indicated by a dusky
baud slightly washed with crimson.

Hab. West Africa from Liberia to the Gold Coast.

4i

10

TLOCEID^.

a.

(S ad. sk.

Wasa Province, Gold Coast,
March (//, F. Blissett).

Sharpe Coll.

b,

c. S'i ad. et
iiiv. sk.

Fautee {IT. T. Ussher).

Sharpe Coll.

<h

ad. 8k.

Fantee {Kirhy).

Shelley Coll.

h.

Ad. sk.

Ashantee.

Gould Coll.

i.

Ad. sk.

Abouri, Feb. {G. E. S.).

Shelley Coll.

3. Malimbus malimbicus.

Tanagra malimbica S (^"'C $), Daiid. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 151,
pi. 10. fig. 1 (1802) S/wiv cjNodd. Nat. Misc. pi. 581.

Malimbus cristatus, Vieill. Ois. Chant, p. 71, pL 42 (1805); Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6603 (1870) ; 8havpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 60
(1871) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 612 ; SMlnj ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1872,
p. 289 ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68 ; Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 459; Sharpe
Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii. p. 74 (1878) ; Oust. Nouv.
Arch. Mvs. (2) ii. Bull. p. 140 (1879) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 40 ;
Biittik. Notes Leydcn Mus. xi. pp. 124, 133 (1889) ; Bartlett,
Monoyr. Weaver- B. part iv. pi. 11 (1889).

Ploceiis cristatus, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 129 (1819) ;
Sivains. An. in Menay. p. 305 (1837).

Sycobius cristatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 438 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 133 (1857) ; Cass. Proc.
Philad.Acad. 1857, p. 369, 1859, p. 135; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 267 ; jReichenb. Sinyv.-p. 90 (1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 18C9, p. 191 ;
Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 26 ; Bocaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 331 (1881) ;
Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 195 (1885).

Ficophagus cristatus, Vieill. {ubi?), teste Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352
(1849).
■ Sycobius nigrifrons, Hartl. J.f. O. 1865, p. 356.

? Sycobius, sp., Bocaye, Jorn. Lkh. 1866, p. 140*.

Adult male. Black above and below, with a certain steel-black
gloss on the margins of the feathers : head (strongly crested), sides
of face, throat, and chest bright crimson ; a narrow band across the
base of the forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, base of cheeks,
and chin black : " bill and feet black ; iris brown " {J. BiUlikofer).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-35, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-85.

In the males from the Cameroons there is far less black on the
forehead and one of them has none at all ; the crest-feathers are
also longer.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the throat black,
with a few red feathers generally intermixed ; the head is not
crested, and the red colour is continued on to the hind neck. Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-25, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-75.

Nestliiifj. Sooty black all over, rather greyer below, with a tinge
of dull crimson on the throat and chest.

Hab. West Africa from Liberia to the Congo.

* The specimen here described by Professor Barboza du Bocoge, and furtlier
commented on in his ' Ornithologie d' Angola,' seems to me to be different from
any stage of plumage of M. cristatus, and may turu out to be the young of
M. rachdice or some kindred species.

55. MALIMBUS.

481

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. St.

c-h. Ad. et juv. sk.

i. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

I. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n, 0. Ad. sk.

Wasa Province, (loid Coast

(i/. /^. Blissett).
Fantee.
Fantee.

Fantee (H. T. Usi~her).
Fantee.
Asbantee.

Abouri, Aguapim, Feb.
Cameroon Mountains, Feb.

{Crossky).

Shelley Coll. .

Sir A. Moloney [P.].
Sharpe Coll. '
Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

4. Malimbus niteus.

Ploceus niteus, Gray, Zoo!. Misc. p. 7 (1831) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet -

Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1849, p. 158.
Sycobius nitens, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 352, pi. 87. fig. 1 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 439 (1850) ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr.^. 133 (1857); Cass.

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 136; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 257;

Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 90 (1861) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 192; Eeichen.

J. f. 0. 1877, p. 26 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 558 (1881) ; BMik.

Notes Leyden Mus. vii. p. 196 (1885).
Malimbus nitens. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6606 (1870) ; Sharpe,

Cat. Afr. B. p. 60 (1871) ; Shelle\i S^ Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 289 ;

Ui^sher, Ibis, 1874, p. 68 ; Elliot, 'ibis, 1876, p. 463 ; Oust. Nonv.

Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 154 (1879); Sharpe, Juurn. Linn. Soc. xvii.

p. 426 (1884) : Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 41 ; Biittik. Notes Leyden

Mus. X. p. 90 (1888),' xi. pp. 124, 133 (1889).

Adult. Black above and below, with a steel-black gloss ; lower
throat, fore neck, and chest brilliant crimson, forming a large chest-
patch : " bill clear bluish grey ; feet dark grey ; iris carmine " (A.
Beichenow) : " bill and feet bluish horn-colour ; iris cherry-brown"
(J. Biittikofer). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*85, wing 3 7,
tail 2, tarsus 0'85.

There is considerable difference in the amount of black on the
chin and throat in the Museum series ; but I do not see that there
can be more than one species, and I think that the differences are
due to the immaturity of the specimens.

Young. Dusky black all over, with a reddish tinge on the throat
and breast.

Hab. West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Loaugo Coast, and
extending to Equatorial Africa.

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk.
c. Ad. sk.

West Africa.
Sierra Leone.

d, e. Ad.
Juv. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
i, k. Ad. sk.

I, m, n. Ad.
0. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

vol. Xlll.

/, g. Fantee (H. T. Ussher).

Accra (Ilaynes).
Cameroons, Jan., Feb.
{A. Crossky).
sk, Gaboon.

Gaboon.
Niam-Niam Country, Nov.

Purchased.

Sir E. Sabine [C.].

(Type of species.)
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe CoU.
Sharpe Coll.

P. B.DuChaillu[C.].

Sharpe Coll.

F. Bohndorlf [C.].

2i

482 PLOCEIDJJ.

5, Malimbus cassini.

Sycobius cassini, Elliot, Ibis, 18o9, p. y92 ; Cass. Juurn. Philad. Acad.

' (•2)\. p. 180(18(3:2).
Maliinbus cassini, arai/, llmul-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. G(50S (1870) ;
Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 401, pi. 1;5. fig. 1 ; Shelk-y, Ibis, 1887, p. 41.

Adult male. Black all over, including the under tail-eoverts ; but
"with the head, nape, hind neck, fore neck, aud chest scarlet ver-
milion. Total length 6 inches, culmcn 0*8, wing 3-55, tail 2,
tarsus O'S.

Voutif/. Similar to the adult, but dusky and more ashy black ;
below dark ashy grey, the crimson colour of the head dull and ex-
tending over the sides of the face, throat, and chest.

Jlab. West Africa from Gaboon to Angola.

a. Ad. sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Gaboon. Sliarpe Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Fernaud Vaz {Marche et M. Bouvier.

De Compi(-(ine).

d. Juv. sk. Loauda (/. Thompson). Shelley Coll.

6. Malimbus scutatus.

Sycobius scutatus, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1840, p. 157 ; id. Joum.

Philad. Arad. i. p. 297, pi. 41. figs. 1, 2 (1850); i>>. Coiisp.l

p. 439 (1850); llavtl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 132 (1857); Enchenb.

Sim/v. p. 90 (18G1); Sharpe, Ibis, 18G9, p. 191, 1870, p. 472;

Btittik. Notes Leyden 3Ins. vii. p. 196 (1885), viii. p. 259 (1886),

X. p. 90 (1888), ki. pp. 124, 133 (1889).
MnWmhus scutatm, Gray, Hmid-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6605 (1870);

Shaipe, Cat. Afr. i?.'p. GO (1871); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 08;

Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 460.
Malimbus rubropersonatus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 41, pi. ii. fig. 2.

Adult male. Glossy black above and below ; the entire crown,
hind neck, and sides of neck scarlet, extending in a broad band
across the fore neck and chest ; the vent and under tail-coverts also
scarlet: "bill black; feet greyish brown; iris dark brown " (J'.
Bilttilofi'r). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-(5, tail 2,
tarsus O'So.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet on the
head and neck, these parts being black like the rest of the head.
Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3"4, tail 1'95, tarsus 0"85.

Yoang (M. rabrojiersonatus, Shelley). Differs from the adult in
having the forehead scarlet, the sides of the face washed with scarlet,
and tlie whole of the throat, fore neck, and chest pale scarlet.

1 have no doubt that this is the young plumage of M. scutatus, as
it has the scarlet under tail-coverts from the nestling stage. An
otherwise fully adult bird still has a few red leathers in the throat
and a few black feathers in the crown, and there are other inter-
mediate specimens in the Museum. One bird from Cameroons has
a broad black lino across the scarlet chest, joining the black throat

56. NESACANinis. 483

and black breast, and may belong to a different species. It has a
little tinge of scarlet on the black throat, and otherwise does not
seem quite adult, so that the black on the chest may be remains of
immaturity ; but the nestling from the Gold Coast does not show
any trace of black on the chest.

Hah. West Africa from Liberia to Gaboon.

a, b. Ad. sk.

[Sierra Leone.]

Tweeddale Coll.

c. c? ad. sk.

Wasa Province, March (H.
F. niisseH).

Shelley CoU.

d, e. c? ad. sk.

Gold Coast.

Shellev Coll.

y. Juv. sk.

Gold Coast.

Forbes Coll.

g, h, i. r^ ad. ; k. $

Fantee {H. T. Ussher).

Sharpe CoU.

ad. sk.

I, m. Juv. sk.

Fautee {H. T. Ussher).

Sharpe Coll. (Types
jf M. rnbropersonntus.)

«, 0. cJ 2 ad. sk.

Ashantee.

Godfrey Lagden,
E8q.*[P.].

p. S ad. 8k.

Onitscha, R. Niger ( W. A. F.)

Forbes Coll.

q, r. c^ $ ad. sk.

Cameroons, Feb. 9 {A.
Crossley).

Sharpe Coll.

s. 5 ad. sk.

Gaboon.

M. Verreaux.

7. Malimbus rachelise.

Sycobius rachelise, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1857, p. 36 ; Havtl.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 260 (1857) ; Cass. Journ. Philad. Acad. (2) v.
p. 185, pi. 23. fig. 3 (1862) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 43, no. 6610
(1870); Bharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 68 (1871); Elliot, Ibis, 1876,
p. 464.

Adult. Glossy black above and below, the vent and under tail-
coverts being lemon-yellow ; head fine scarlet, as well as the lower
throat and fore neck ; the chest lemon-yellow as well as the sides of
the fore neck, the sides of the neck, and a collar round the hind
neck. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3 1, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Gaboon.

a. (S ad. sk. Gaboon (Walker). Shari3e Coll.

56. NESACANTHIS *.

Foudia, pt., auct. recent.

Range. Confined to the Mascarene Islands.

Key to the Species.

I a. With red on the head.

a'. Head scarlet-vermilion ; no black round the

eye eminentissima , p. 484.

Type N. eminentissima.

2i 2

4S4 PLOCEID^.

b' . Head crimson ; feathers round the eye black,

extending above the ear-coverts rubra * , p. 485.

6. With yellow on the head.

c\ Forehead and vertex only yellow ; nape and

occiput like the back ; sides of face and

throat ashy brown, washed with yellow . . seychellarum *, p. 486.
d' . Head entirely yellow, as well as the sides of

the face, throat, and chest sakalava, p. 487.

1. Nesacanthis eminentissima.

Foudia eminentissima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 446 (1850) ; ReieJienh. Siiigw.

p. (9 (1801): J. Vcrr. Konr. Arch. Mus. iii. p. 7, pi. 2. fig. 2

(1867); Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. 8. Afr. p. 467 (1881).
Foudia madagascariensis (nee L.), Scl. Ibis, 1804, p. 299.
Ploceus algondte, Schl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 423 (ex Pollen, MSS.) ; id.

^ Poll. Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 109, pi. 34 (1808) ; Grai/, Hand-l

-B. ii. p. 45, no. 6027 (1870).

t'phf

Hartl. Vofj. Ostufr. p. 400'(1870).
Calyphantria algondis, Finsch Sf Hartl. t. c. p. 406, note (1870).
Ploceus eminentissimus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 45, no. 0022 (1870) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 18s7, p. 15.
Ploceus comorensis, Gray, t. c. p. 45, no. 6028 (1870).
Foudia algondfe, Hartl Voy. Maday. p. 216 (1877); E. Newt.

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 300 ; Shellq/, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 677.
Foudia comorensis, Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. 217 (1877).
Foudia consobrina, Milne-Fdw. Sf Oust. C. R. Acad. Sci. vol. ci.

p. 222 (1885).
Ploceus (Foudia) algondse, iid. N. Arch. Mus. (2) vi. Bull. p. 268

(1888).
Ploceus (Foudia) anjuanensis, iid. t. c. p. 271.
Ploceus ( Foudia) consobrinus, iid. t. e. p. 271, pi. 9.

Adult male. General colour above dull olive, uniform on the
rump and lower back, the rest of the back having blackish centres
to the feathers ; wings and tail blackish, all the feathers edged with
olive ; lower rump with a scarlet patch ; head all round crimson,

* These species have much more slender bills than N. eminentismma and
N. sakalavct, but may be considered thin-billed representatives of the genus.

Nesacanthis fusco-fulvus.

Bniant de I'isle de Bourbon, Batdjent. PI. Enl. t. pi. 321. fig. 2.
Fringilla bruante, P. L. S. Midi. Syst. Nat. Anbaug, p. 164 (1776) ; Cass.

I'roc. r&ildd. Acad. 18G4, p. 254.
Emberiza fusco-fiilva, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 20 (1783).
Emberiza borboniea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 886 (1788).
Foudia borboniea, Reichenb. Sinyv. i. p. 69 (1861).
Foudia bruante, E. Ncwton, Trans. Norf. ^- Narw. Nat. Soc. 1889, p. 548.

This species seems to be extinct. Cf. Sir E. Newlon (Trans. Norfolk and
Norwich Nat. Soc. 1889, p. .543). It has generally been considered identical
with Foudia madayascariensis.

56. NESACANTHIS.

485

this colour extending on to the breast, the lower part of which is
ashy whitish with a slight wash of crimson ; sides of the body dark
ashy with an oHve tinge, the under tail-coverts being similar ; "thighs
ashy fulvous washed with rosy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
ashy isabelline with an olive tinge, the latter slightly washed with
rosy ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length
5*5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-7, tail 2, tarsus O'So.

Tounr/ males are much more ochreous below, and do not have the
red on the head so rich or deep in colour, being more scarlet ; there
is also no red on the upper tail-coverts, which are like the rest of
the back.

Adult female. Olive-brown, with rather broad blackish stripes to
the dorsal feathers, and having distinct white tips to the median
and greater wing-coverts. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 3, tail 1*8, tarsus 0 9.

Hah. Islands of Mayotte, Anjuan, Grand Comoro, and Mohilla.

a, h. cJ imm. sk. Anjuan *. Sir J, Kirk [C.].

c, d. c? ; e. 5 ad- Anjuan (Sir J. Kirk). Shellev Coll.

sk.

f. cJ ad. sk. An] uan ( C. E. Bewsher).

g,h. cS; i. 5 Auj uan.

ad. sk.

k, I, m. cJad. ; n. Great Comoro Island.

5 ad. sk.

o. cJ ad. sk. Great Comoro Island (C E. Forbes Coll.

Bewsher).

p, q. J; r. J ad. Great Comoro Island {Hum- Shelley Coll.

sk. blot).

s,t. S ad. et juv. Great Comoro Island (Sir J. Sliellej ColL

sk. EJ'rk).

Forbes Coll.

M. Humblot [C.].

M. Humblot [C.].

2. Nesacanthis ru"bra.

Red-headed Finch, Brown, III. pi. 28. fig. 2 (1776) ; Lath. Gen. Si/n.

ii. pt. i. p. 287 (1783).
Le Moineau de I'isle de France, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 665.

figs. 1, 2.
Crimson Bunting, Lath. Gen. Syn. iL pt. i. p. 194 (^1783).
Emberiza rubra, Gm. Syd. Nat. i. p. 877 (1788),
Fringilla erythrocephala, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 903 (1788).

* One of these specimens is registered as from the Zambesi, but it doubtless
came from Anjuan. as it was received on the same day as the other birds from
that island. Mr. Gray apparently registered it with other birds collected by
Sir John Kirk on the Zambesi, which arrived Hmultaneously, under tbe belief
that tlie original specimen of 3". eiaintntissuna really came from Zanzibar, and
thus the species might be looked for on the Zambesi. I do not believe that any
of the sjjecimens labelled in collections as coming from Zanzibar really inhabited
that island ; they may have been cage-birds from the Comoros, or else soma
mistake as to their habitat has taken place. The species finds no place in any
of the lists of Kirk, Fischer, Hildebrandt, or Bohm, some of whom must have
found the bird if it existed at Zanzibar in a wild stale. It will be seen that
I am unable to recognize more than one species in the Mascarene Islands, and
in this i-espect I adopt Capt. Shelley's conclusions.

486 PLOCEIDiE.

FringiUe cardeline, VieUl. Ois. Chant, p. 52, pi. 28 (1805). ^

Ploceus erythrocepbalus, Swains. An. in Menmj. p. 308 (1837) ; Gray,
Gen. B/\\. p. 353 (1849) ; Lafr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1850, p. 3l^6,
pi. 6 ; Schl. S) Poll. Fau7i. Madag., Ois. p. 213 (18G8) ; Gratj,
Hand-1. B. ii. p. 45 (1870).

Foudia ervtlirocepliala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 445 (1850); Eeichenb.
Singv. p." GO, Taf. xxxi. fiffs. 24G, 247 (1861) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag.
p. 65 (18G1) ; E. Nexi-t. Ihis, 18G1, p. 272; Hartl. Tog.Madag. p. 213
(1877); E Keivt. Trans. Korf. ^ None. Nat. Soc. 1889, p. 648.

"Foudia martineti, Gray" {udi'?), Midi. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 114.

Foudia rubra, Eeichenb. Singv. p. 68, Taf. xxxi. figs. 244, 245.

Ploceus ruber, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. IG.

Adult male. Similar to N. eminentissima, but with a much
more slender bill, and further distinguished by the uniform light
olive breast and abdomen ; lores and region of the eye black,
extending in a streak above the ear-coverts. Total length 5'5
inches, culmen 0'G5, wing 2'7o, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the female of Foudia madag ascariensis,
but more uniform above and more olive-green below, with broader
and whiter edges to the median and greater wing-coverts. Total
length 5 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 2-75, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. Island of Mauritius.

«. (S ad. sk. Mauritius. Old Coll.

b. S ad. sk. Mauritius. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Mauritius. Sbarpe Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Mauritius (Beivsher). Shelley Coll.

3. Nesacanthis seychellarum.

Foudia seychellarum, E. Ne^cton, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 346; id. Ihis,
1867, pp. 353, 359; Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) i. p. 101 (1877);
mirtl. Vog. Madaq. p. 218 (1877) ; Oust. Btdl. Soc. Philom. 1878,
p. 175; E. Neict. Trans. Norf. Sf Korio. Nat. Soc. 1889, p. 548.

Ploceus seychellarum, Gray, Hancl-l. B. ii. p. 46, no. C626 (1870).

Ploceus seychellensis, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 17.

Adult mcde. General colour above nearly uniform olive, with
dusky centres to the feathers of the back and mantle, the lower
back and rump iiniform olive ; wing and tail dusky brown, edged
with olive ; forehead and vertex dull yellow, the hinder crown
dusky olive-brown ; lores and sides of face brown, with a blackish
Hue along the ear-coverts, and a dusky mark under the eye ; throat
and fore part of cheeks dull golden yellow ; remainder of under
surface of body duU olive, rather more ashy on the sides of the body ;
under wing-coverts like the breast, with the edge of the wing yel-
low. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 2-95, tail 1-85,
tarsus 0'85.

AduU female. Similar to the male, but without the yellow on the
forehead or throat, the former being like the crown, and the latter
whitish : a faint eyebrow of olive-whitish ; median wing-coverts edged
with whitish at the ends. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 065,
wing 2-9, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-8.

Huh. Seychelles.

57. PLOcEtrs. 487

a. (S ad. sk. Marianne Islaud, Seychelles Paris Museum [P.].

{Lantz).

b, c. cS\ f/, e. 2 Marianne Island (Lantz). Shelley Coll.
ad. sk.

/. Juv. sk. Seychelles, June. Tweeddale CoU.

4. NesacantWs sakalava.

Ploceus sakalava, Hartl. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 54 (18G1) ; Schl.

P. Z. S. 1806, p. 423 ; Grand. Bev. et Maq. de Zool. 18 J?, p. 388 ;

Hartl. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 823 ; Schl. ^- Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois.

p. XV (1868) ; Graq, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 4-5, no. 6629 (1870) ;' Hartl.

Vfiff. Madag. p. 201) (1877) ; Milne-Edw. ^- Oust. X<mv. Arch.

Mus. (2) Bull. pis. 177«, 178 (188-5) ; S/ielleg, ll>ls, 1887, p. 15.
Ploceus sacalavus, Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 162, pi. 5. tig. 2 (1886).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above ashy brown
with a slight tinge of olive ; wings and tail brown, the feathers
edged with ashy brown ; head all round, throat and fore neck and
chest lemon-yellow ; remainder of under surface pale ashy brown,
■with a little yellow on the thighs ; centre of abdomen and under
wing-coverts ashy isabelline : " bill pearly grey ; feet rosj' ; iris
brown ; bare skin round eye rosy " {A. GrandUUer). Total length
5'6 inches, culmen 07, wing 3-25, tail 2-05, tarsus 0"85.

Adult female. A little smaller and has a paler plumage; the head
has the same coloration as the back, and on each side there are
two stripes of a chestnut-red, the one above, the other below tlie eye ;
their inferior surface is whitish. Bare skin round the eye greenish.
(^Grandidier.)

Hub. S.W. Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type of species.)

57. PLOCEUS. ^^p^

Ploceus, Cue. BhjM An. i. p. 363 (1817) ^ • baya.

Foot of Ploceus bengadensis.

' Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, Indo-Chinese countries and
Malayan Peninsula to Java and Sumatra.

488 PLOCEID.H.

Key to the Species.

a. Head orange-yellow; hind ueck uniform black-
ish, as also the sides of the neck ; a black [p. 493.

band across the breast hemjalensis J sestiv.,

h. Head lemon-yellow ; hind neck streaked.

a'. Throat dusky blackish, the fore neck and [p. 496.

breast streaked with black mamjar J sestiv.,

v. No streaks on fore neck and chest.

a". Fore neck and breast yellow, contrasting

with blackish throat baya c? sestiv., p. 488.

b". Fore neck and breast tawny buff, with- [p. 491.

out yellow atiigula S sestiv.,

c. Head streaked like the back ( 2 et c? biem.) :
a yellow eyebrow,
c'. Fore neck mottled with black bases ; sides
of fore neck with a black patch ; sides of

neck yellow hemjalensis^ p. 493.

d'. Fore neck, breast, and flanks streaked with

black manyar, p. 496.

e'. Under surface uniform buff or tawny buff, ( baya, p. 488.
whiter on the throat and abdomen | atriyida, p. 491.

1. Ploceus baya*.

Le Grosbec des Philippines, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, p. 232, pi. xii.
fig. 1 (cJ )) pi. xviii. tigs. 1, 2 (nests) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 135.

^- 2- .
Loxia philippina, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 305 (17G6).

Le Toucnam-courvi, Bitf. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 405 (1775).

Philippine Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 129 (1783).

Ploceus philippinus, Ckd. R'egne An. i. p. 363 (1817) ; Si/kes, P. Z. S.
1832, p. 94; Gray, Gen. ^. ii. p. 252(1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. p. 115
(1849) ; Layard, Ann. c^ May. N. H. (2) xlii. p. 250 (1854) ; Reid,
Str. F. V. p. 54; Davidson, i.e. p. 312; Davison, t . c. p. 402;
Tat/lor, t. 0. p. 402 ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 22 ; Leqye, B. Ceylon,
p. 041 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 106; Butler, Cat. B. Sind
^e. p. 45 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 00 (1880) ; Vidal,
Str. F. ix. p. 71 (1880) ; Davidson 8f Wendeti, t. c. p. 415 ; Swinh.
(§■ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128 ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 71 (1880); Beid,
Str. F. X. p. 54 (1881); Davidson ^- Wenden, t. c. p. 312
(1882) ; Davison, t. c. p. 402 ; Taylor, t. c. p. 462.

Euplectes philippinus, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 25 (1840) ; Blyth,
J. A. S. Bern,, xi. pp. 871, 889 (1842).

Ploceus baya, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 945 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 442 (1850) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. 1. Co. ii. p. 515
(1856) ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 343 (1863) : Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng.
xli. p. 246 (1872); King, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 215 (1868);

* Ploceus haya is in every way a suitable name for the common Weaver-
bird of India, for as no Weaver-bird has ever come from the Philippines, the
name of philippi7ius, though older, is quite misleading. Blyth 's name of baya
has recently been restricted to the more eastern bird which I call P. atriytda.
Blyth says that his P. baya " extends its range throughout India," which cannot
be said to apply to the eastern bird. He did not apparently distinguish the
two races clear!}-, as he places specimens I'rom Agra and Calcutta under the
same heading in his 'Catalogue.'

57. PL0CETJ8. 489

Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 463 ; Hume, JVests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 436
(1873) ; Adam, Sir. F. 1873, p. 387 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 481 ;
Hall, t. c. p. 420 ; Butler ^- Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 49-5 ; Butler,
Str. F. 1876, p. 39; Fairb. t. e. p. 260; Hume, Str. F. 1877,
p. 323 ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 209 (1875) ; Scully, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 331.

Ploceus bengalensis (nee L.), Smidev. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii.
p. 260 (184(>).

Euplectes baya, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 134 (1844).

Nelicurvius fuscicoUis, Reiclienb. Singe, p. 76, Taf. xxxiii. figs. 263-
205 (1861).

Ploceus fuscicollis, BeicJien. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 156 (1886).

Adult male in hrecdinri-plumarie. General colour above streaked,
the feathers being brown with blackish centres, the mantle-feathers
yellow, centred with black ; scapulars brown with paler edges ;
lower back and rump uniform brown ; upper tail-coverts yeEow ;
lesser wing-coverts dark brown, with paler brown edges ; median
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with white or huffy white
like the secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primary-
quills dark brown, edged with olive-yellow ; tail-feathers light brown,
with olive-yellow margins ; crown of head uniform golden yellow ;
a line along the base of the forehead, lores, feathers round eye, sides
of face, and ear-covcrts blackish brown, the cheeks rather paler, and
the throat paler still, being often ashy brown ; sides of neck golden
yellow, streaked with dusky ; fore neck and breast uniform golden
yeUow ; abdomen isabelline white with a yellow tinge ; sides of
body and flanks very pale brown ; thighs tawny buff ; under tail-
coverts isabelline with a yellow tinge ; under wing-coverts and
axiUaries pale tawny buff; quills below dusky, ashy isabelliue along
the inner edge ; bill horny brown above, yeUow at base of lower
mandible ; feet flesh-colour : " iris dark-brown " {E. A. Butler).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-85, tail 1-75, tarsus
0-75.

Adult female. Different from the male, and wanting the yellow
on the head and breast. The head brown, streaked with black like
the hack, though without the pale whity-brown edges which are
visible on the mantle-feathers ; wings and tail as in the male ; lores
dusky, surmounted by a broad eyebrow of huffy white, which
widens above the ear-coverts ; feathers below the eye whitish ; ear-
coverts ashy brown ; sides of neck pale tawny buff ; cheeks, throat,
and under surface of body huffy white, purer white on the abdomen
and under tail-coverts ; the fore neck, breast, and sides of the
body ochreous buff, inclining to tawny buff on the flanks, which
show slight signs of dark brown shaft-streaks ; on the sides of the
upper breast there are also a few small streaks of black ; under
wing-coverts light tawny buff ; quiUs dusky below, isabelline along
the inner web : " bill horny brown above, yellow at the base of the
lower mandible ; legs and feet flesh-colour; iris dark brown " (^.
A. Butler). Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2*85, tail
Iw, tarsus 0"75,

490

Some adult females have a wash of yellow on the breast, throat,
checks, and eyebrow.

Adults in wintn- plumar/e. Both sexes are alike at this season of
the year, and are in general appearance like the adult female in
summer, but are much more tawny everywhere, with broad margins
of olive-yellow to the quills and tail-feathers ; the eyebrow, the
cheeks, the breast, and flanks have a strong tawny-buff tinge, and
there is a little yellow on the throat.

Vouui/ male. Like the old female, but much more strongly tinged
with golden yellow, especially on the head and breast ; eyebrow
strongly marked and tinted with saffron.

IJab. The greater part of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon.

a. cJ ad. sk. Hambantota, S. Ceylon, Dec.

1877 ( IF. Hart).
Ceylon.

b, c, d. ^ ad. ;

e. Juv. sk.
/. 2 ad.; ff. d N.E. Ceylon, July, Aug.

juv. sk.
/i. (S ad. sk.
i. d" ad. sk.

Mysore {li. G. W. R.).
Muddur, Mysore, Aug. 7.

? ad.

k. (S;l, in.

sk.
n,o. S; p- 2 ad.

sk.
q, r, s. (S ad. et

imm.; t. 2 ad. sk.
M, V. cJ ad. et Madras,

imm. sk.
w, X. (5' 2 ad. i
I/. S ad. sk.
z. 5 ad. sk.
a', b'. c? ad. et

juv. sk.
c', d'. 2 ad. sk

Wyuaad, April, May ( W. D.).
Belgaum, July (E. A. Butler).
Madras.

Madras, June {R. G. TV. R.).

Malabar.

Malabar.

Wadale, N.W. of Abmednuggur,

Sept., Nov. {S. B. Fairhank).
Mababaleshwar Hills (Eastern
slope), May {S. B. F.).
e'-i'. Ad. etj uv.sk. Deccan {Col. Sijkes).
k',l'. (S 2 ad.sk. Deccan {Lieut. Burgess).

Khandeisli, July, Dec. {J. David-
son).
Seoni district, Central Provinces.

m'-o', 2 ad. ; 7/,
y'. c?et juv. sk.

r'. 6; s'y't'. 2
ad. sk.

u', v'. (S 2 ad. sk.

U-' yv' ,y' .ln\m.s]5..

z'. (S imm. sk.

a, /3. cJ $ ad. sk.

y,b. 6 2 ad. sk.

€. (S ad. sk.

C[$] ad.sk.

r). 2 ad. sk.
6, I. cJ ad. sk.
K,\. S 2 ad. sk.
^|■,v• 6 2 ad. sk.

Raipur, C. P., Sept. 19.

Saugor, C. P.

Sumbulpur, Dec. 19.

Jubbulpur, July {R. Tho7?ij>son).

Mhow, June, Dec.

Rajkote, Kattiawar, June 10.

Karachi, Sind, Sept. {F. A. But-
ler).
Sind.

Deesa, July 23 {K A. Butler).
Mount Aboo, July (Dr. G. Kiiuj).
Sambhur, May {R. M. Adam)'

Ilume Cull.
Tweeddale Coll.

Col. W. V. Legge

LP-]-
Tweeddale Coll.
W. Davison, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

T. C. Jerdon,

Esq. [C.].
Gould Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Forbes Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col.Swinhoe[P.].
Col. Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

57. PLOCEUS.

491

^, o. 5 ad. sk.

57-r. t^ ad.; v-yj/'.

2 fid. sk.
CO. cJ ad. sk.
«', /3', 7'. $ ad. ;

8', Juv. sk.
e'> r,';'- c? ad. et

juv. sk.
^'. c5' ad. sk.
t'. c? juv. sk.

k', X' , fj.'. (J ad.

et imm.; v'. 5

ad. sk.
f . d ad. sk.

o'. 2 ad. sk.

tt', p', o-'. c? ad. ;
t'. c? juv.; v,
<f)', X- ? f'cl. sk.

»/'', (b'. c? $ ad.
sk.

a. (S juv- sk.

b, c. 2 ad. sk.
d-l. (S ad. et

imin. ; ?h. 2
ad. sk.

Gurpaon District, Feb. 17 {F. E. Ilumo Coll.

Punjab, Aug. & Sept. Hume Coll.

N.W. Provinces. Pinwill Coll.

N. W. Provinces, Feb. (A. Ander- Seeboliur Coll.

son).

Debra Doon, Feb. {Dr. G. Kinrj). Hume Coll.

Debra Doon. Tweeddale Coll.

Kumaon Bhabur, Marcb 18 {Dr. Hume Coll.

G. King).
Etawab, Aug. {A. O. H. ^- W. Hume Coll.

E. B.).

E. Jumna Canal, July 2, 1873 Hume Coll.

{A. Anderson).
Saruu district, Marcb 12 {R. M. Hume Coll.

Adam).
Futtebgurb district, July, Sept. Seebobm Coll.

{A. Anderson).

Mogulserai, Oudh, Jan., Sept. (TF. Hume Coll.

E. Brooks).
Lalgunj, Oudb, April 21 {R. M. Hume CoU.

Adam).
Bebar. Hodgson Coll.

Nepal Valley, April to July {J. Hume Coll.

IScidly).

2. Ploceus atrigula *.

Ploceus atrigula, Ilodys. Icon. incd. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 278.
figs. 1, 2 (no. 743) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

Ploceus passerinus, Ilodqs. Icon. ined. in Bill. Zool. Soc, Passeres,
pi. 277. fig. 3 (no. 70)'; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 156 (1880).

Ploceus baya {nee Blt/fh), Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co.
ii. p. 515 (1856, pt.) ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 110
(1870) ; Blanf. op. cit. xli. p. 167 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875,
p. 153 ; Blyth Sf Wald. B. Biunn. p. 92 (1875) ; Anders. Rep. Zool
Exped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 697 (1878) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 106;
id. Str. F. ix. p. 257 (1880) ; Oates, Handb. B. Br. B. i. p. 358
(1883) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 84 (1883),

Euplectes flaviceps {nee Cuv.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. i^-c, Nepal pres.
Ilodys. p. 105 (1846).

Nelicurvius baya, Reichenb. Sinyv. p. 76, Taf. xxxiv. figs. 266-268
(1861).

Ploceus pbilippinus {nee Linn.), Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 399
(1878).

Ploceus megarbyncbus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 406, 1878, p. 400,
1879, p. 106.

Adult male. Similar to P. baya, but with very little yellow on

* Dr. Eeicbenow resuscitates Hodgson's name of passerinus for this species.
The title is founded on a bird in winter plumage, and atrigida on an adult bird.
Dr. Reiebenow would have us reject the latter name on account of the name of
airiyularis, of Voigt ; but this is an African species, the name is only a synonym,
and there is not the slightest risk cif confusion in adopting the name of atrignla.

492 plooeidjE.

tha back, and never showing the yellow band across the breast :
" bill black ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; eyelid grey ; legs flesh-
colour ; claws pinkish horn-colour ; iris dark brown" (£/. W. Oates).
Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 2'8, tail 1-7, tarsus 0*8.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. bai/a, but generally
more tawny both above and below. Total length 5 inches, culmeu
0'7, wing 2*0, tail I'o, tarsus U"8.

Young birds and old hirds in winter plumage are very similar to
the correspanding stages in P. baija, but the general aspect of the
species at all ages is more tawny.

In the southern portions of its range, P. haj/a is remarkable for
its deep tawny-rufous appearance, not only on the upper surface,
but also on the breast and sides of the body, the tliroat being at the
same time decidedly blackish. In Tenasserim, however, the color-
ation of specimens is paler, and in Pegu paler still, till in the Bootan
Dooars the throat is extremely pale, but the size of the bird
gradually increases, especially as regards the bill, till in the Terai
it reaches the maximum in this respect, and has been separated by
Mr. Hume as P. mer/arJiynchus.

Hab. From the I) boon through the Lower Himalayas to Assam,
and from the neighbourhood of Calcutta throughout the Burmese
countries and the Mala)'an Peninsula to Sumatra and Java.

a, b. Imm. sk. Kaladoongi, Dhoon, Dec. Hume Coll. (Types of

P. meffarhi/ncJiiis.)
c,d,e. c? ad. ; /-«. Nepal Terai. Hodgson Coll. (Types

2 ad. et j uv. sk. oiP.atrigida and F.passerinus.)

k, I. c? ad. ; 7)i-p. Nepal Terai (B. H. Hodg- India Museum.

5 ad. et juv. sk. son),
q-u. (S ad. sk. Sikhim Terai, July (Otto Hume Coll.

Midler).
V, 10. (S $ ad. sk. Sikhim Terai, May, June. Seebohm Coll.
X. Imm. sk. Sikhim Terai, April {L. Hume Coll.

MandelU).
y. c?; z-b'. 5 ad. Darji ling Terai. Hume Coll.

et juv. sk.
c'. Imm. sk. Buxa Dooars, Jan. (i. Hume Coll.

MandelU).
d'-t/. (S 2 ad. et Bootan Dooars, Jan., May Hume Coll.

juv. sk. {L. MandelU).

z' . Ad. sk. Bootan {Pemberton). India Museum.

a"~e". (S ad. et Sadhyia district, Assam, Hume Coll.

juv. sk. April {J. Cockburn).

f"-p" . d ? ad. sk. Dibrughur, Assam, May, Hume Coll.

June {J. R. Cripps).
q", r". J 2 hiem. N. Khasia Hills, Feb. {A. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. W. C7mmell).

s". d ad. sk. Mymensing. Tweeddale Coll.

t". S ; u"-io". 2 Cachar, Jau. {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

ad. sk.
x", y". 2 ad. sk. Cachar, March, April (/. Forbes Coll.

Inylis).
z", «', b\ d 2 ad. Dacca. Hume Coll.

sk.

>/. PLOCETTS.

493

c^, d\ c? $ ad. sk.
e^/^. (S 5 hiem.

sk.
^^ h^. Ad. sk.

i', ^^ c? ad. sk.

/^. Imm. sk.

ad. etjuv. sk.
v^, ?p-'. (^ ad. sk.

ad. sk.
C, f/*. J ad. sk.

e»-«^. c? ? ad. et
juv. sk.

imm. sk.
'>'^-y^- cJad. etjuv. ;

z^-d\ 5 ad. sk.
c'. (5 juv. sk.
f%y\ c?ad. etjuv. ;

hl'-hP. 2 ad. sk.
r, ??i'. c? juv. sk.

w'. 2 juv. sk.

o', ;/. cJ ad. et

imm.; 9'. 2ad.sk.
r'-M'. (5' 2 ad. sk.

V'. S ad. sk.

w'-'/^- c3" ad. et juv.

sk.
z-', a". (^ ad. sk.
¥-m^. cJ 2 ad. sk.

n^-s^. c? 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
t^, ^<^ c? ad. sk.
v". c? ad. sk.
vf^'^. Imm. sk.

z^ Ad. sk.

a' , V. Imm. sk.

c\ Ad. St.

Barrackpur {Col. Tytler).
Calcutta, Feb. (J. £id-

dul2)h).
Maunbhoom, March, April

(E. C. Beavan).
Muddapur, Sept. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Bbamo, Upper Burmah,

Feb. 3.
Tonghoo and Rangoon, May-
July {R. G. W. R.).
Rangoon.
Akyab district, March,

April {J. Ai-mstfong).
Thavetniyo, Aug., Sept.

{is. W. Gates).
Lower Pegu, June, July

{E. W. 0.).
Pahpoon, Tenasserim,

Jan. ( TV. Eavison).
Tavoy, March to May

(W.E.).
Amherst, JTune ( W. E.).
Mergui, Jime, Sept.

{W.E.).
Kossoum, April {J, Ear-
line/) .
Wellesley Province, Nov.

25 ( W. Eavisan).
Peuang {Er. Cantor).

Dingding Islands, Feb.,

March ( W. E.).
Klang, Salangore, Jan. 21

( W. E.\
Malacca {S. Pimvill).

Malacca (7?. G. W. R.).
Malacca, July to Sept. ( W.

Eavison).
Malacca {Er. Cantor).

Siugapore.

Sumatra.

Lampong, Simiatra {E. C.

Buxton).
Java.
Java.
Java.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Purchased.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Zoological Society.
Tweeddale Coll.
Pm"chased.

3. Ploceus bengalensis.

Cock and Hen Sparrows from Bengal, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 48,

pi. 52 (1738).
The Yellow-headed Indian Sparrow, Edicards, Nat. Hist. B. iv.

p. 1S9, pi. 180. tig. 1 (1751).
Le Moiueau de Beugale, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 95 (1760).

494 PLOCEID^.

Loxia bengalensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 305 (176G).

Grosbec des Indes, Danhent. PL Enl. iv. pi. 308. fig-. 2.

L'Orchef, Biiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. ]>. 466 (1775).

Loxia aurata, P. L. S. Miill. Syst. Nat, Stippl. p. 152 (1776) ; Cass.

Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p." 2-52.
Bengal Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. i. p. 133 (1783).
Loxia regina, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 24 (1783).
Coccothriiustes cbrysomelas, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist, Nat. xiii. p. 536

(1817).
rioceus aureus, Less. Traite, p. 435 (1831).
Euplectes albirostris, Swains. A71. in Menay. p. 309 (1837).
Ploceus flavigiila, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 276.

fig. 4 (no. 451) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Euplectes mauvar (nee Hursf.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 25 (1840) ;

Blyth, J. A.'S. Bene/, xi. p. 872 (1842).
Ploceus bengaleusis, B/i/th, J. A. S. Bentf. xiii. p. 945 (1844) ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; Blyth. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 115

(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 443 (18.j0) ; ^/«?i/. 7/«s, 1870, p. 469 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. 6615 (1870) ; Godiuin-Austen, J.

A. S. Beny. xxiix. p. 271 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 209;

Blyth ^- Wald. B. Bwm. p. 92 (1875); Butler, Str. F. 1877,

p. 210; Ball, t. c. p. 418; id. Str. F. vii. p. 222 (1878) ; Cripps,

t. c. p. 293 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind cSr. p. 45 (1879) ; Hume, Sir. F.

Tiii. p. 107 (1879), ix. p. 257 (1880); Murray, Vertehr. Faun.

Sind, p. 181 (1881) ; Oafes, Handb. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 361 (1883) ;

Smnh. iy Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128; Beichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 160

(1886) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 270 (1888).
Euplectes manyar (nee Horsf.), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 134

(1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. SfC. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 105 (1846).
Nelicurvius beugalensis, Eeichenb. Sinyv. p. 75, Taf. xxxiii. fig. 262

(1861).

Adult male. Similar to P. haya, but differing in the total
absence of yellow on the breast, and by the black band across the
chest ; the throat sooty blackish : " bill pearly white ; legs flesh-
colour ; iris light brown " (E. TF. Oates). Total length 4*5 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing 2-75, tail 1"45, tarsus 0-8.

Great variation takes place in the colour of the sides of face and
throat, which are sometimes quite white, and at others so black as
scarcely to be distinguished from the black neck, collar, or hind
neck.

Adult female. Not very different from the winter-plumaged male,
when adult, but having the black band across the chest less strongly
developed, and the yellow of the eyebrow and sides of neck not
quite so bright : " upper mandible light brown, the lower one
whitish horny with a pinky-bluish tinge ; feet fleshy pink ; iris
brown" (A. 0. Hume). Total length 5-3 inches, culmeu 0-55,
wing 2-7, tail 1-G, tarsus GOo.

Young. Like the adult female, but much browner, especially on
the head, which is washed with yellow ; ear-coverts and sides of
face ashy grey, with a broad black streak along the upper part of
the former, and a less distinct line along the inner margin ; cheeks
and throat yellow, but without a sign of the black malar stripe ;

57. PLocEUS. 495

under surface of body tawnj- buff, the chest sUghtlj' mottled with
black bases to the feathers.

Winter plumage of adults. Very little different from the summer
plumage, but having a more tawny-buff tinge below, the black
breast-band entirely obscured by sandy-buff edges to the feathers ;
down the centre of the crown a sliglit indication of a pale streak:
" upper mandible dusky brown in the male, the lower one pale
lavender ; feet brownish fleshy pink ; iris brown" (A. 0. H.). " In
the females the upper mandible was light brown, the lower one
whitish horny, with a pinky bluish tinge" (A. 0. II.).

Young male after Jirst moidt. Like the female. General coloi^r
above light tawny brown, broadly streaked with black, the feathers
fading off to whitish buff on their margins ; scapulars like the back ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, with darker
brown centres, the tail-coverts brown with ashy margins ; lesser
wing-coverts brown, shaded with olive, with blackish bases ; median
and greater coverts blackish, edged with tawny or sandy buff;
bastard-wing blackish ; primary-coverts and quills blackish brown,
externally fringed with olive-yellow, the secondaries broadly edged
with sandy buff, becoming whitish towards the end of the inner
secondaries, which resemble the scapulars ; tail-feathers dark brown,
narrowly edged with sandy buff, and washed with olive-yellow near
the base ; crown of head dark brown, shaded with ashy, especially
towards the occiput, the feathers having indistinct dusky centres ;
nape and hind neck ashy grey, with dusky centres ; lores dull ashy,
surmounted by a streak of yellow, forming a distinct eyebrow ;
feathers round eye, sides efface, and ear-coverts blackish brown, with
a small streak of yellow below the eye ; the ear-coverts hoary near
their lower margin, and showing a black line along their upper edge ;
cheeks yellow, separated from the throat by a malar line of black ;
throat yellow or whitish with a M'ash of yellow ; a patch of yellow also
on the sides of neck behind the ear-coverts ; fore neck and chest black,
forming a broad prepectoral band ; breast light isabelline brown, as
also the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts,
the latter paler ; the breast and sides of the body faintly streaked
with dusky brown stripes ; the abdomen isabelline whitish ; UTider
wing-coverts isabelline bufif; edge of wing yellow; quills below
dusky, ashy isabelline along the inner edge. Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0-(j, wing 2-9, tail 1'8, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. The greater part of the Indian Peninsula, extending into
the Burmese countries.

a. Ad. sk. India. Purchased.

b. Imin. st. India. Zoological Society.

c. Innu.sk. Shah Hoosein, Sindh, Jan. 2-5. Ilmne Coll.
d-g. cJ hiem. sk. Upper Sindh, Jan. {A, O. II.). Hume Coll.
A. c? ad. sk. Deesa, July (E. A. Butter). Hume Coll.
i. (S ad. sk. Bhandoop," 15 miles from Hume Coll.

Bombay, Aug.
A;-»i. Ad. etjuv.sk. N.W. Provinces. Pinwill Coll.

n. tS ad. sk. Mongbvr, July. Hume Coll.

496

0. 5 fid. sk.

;', ?• c? ; r, s, t.

$ ad. sk.
u, V. (5 ; w-j/. 5 ad.

et imtn. sk.
s, rt'. Ad. et imm.

sk.
b'. 2 imm. sk.
c'. d' ad. sk.
(f'-f- d; (/, h'.

5 ad. sk.

1 . Ad. sk.

k', r. S j "ni' , n' . 2

ad. sk.
o'. Ad. kiem. sk.
/» ?'• c? $ ad. sk.
r'-^v'. S ; .I'l ?/'• ?

ad. et juv. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.

a". Juv. sk.
b", c". c? 2 ad. sk.
d". 2 ad. sk.
e",f". Ad. sk.
^", A", c? juv. ; i".

2 ad. sk.
k"-u". cJ: v"-z".

2 ad. sk.

Dellii, March 25 (C. T. i?%-

hain).
Etawah, Feb., Sept., Dec. {A.

O. H. Sf W. E. B.).
Jheenjiick, Etawah, Sept., Oct.

{A. O. H. ^- W. E. B.).
Pilibheet, Oct.

AHahabad, Maj (/. Cockhirn).

Oudh.

Mogiilserai, Aug. ( W. E.

Brookes).
Oudh Terai {S. Pimvill).
Futtehgiivh District, Feb.,

Oct. {A. Anderson).
Nepal Terai.
Dinapur {S. Pimuill).
Calcutta, Feb.

Buxa Dooars, Jan. (Z. Man-

delli).
Bootan {Pemhertoii).
Faridpur, June (J. R. Crijips).
Dibrughur, Assam {F. Dai/).
Cachar (J. higlis).
Cachar, April (J. higlis).

Manipur, Feb., March (A.
O. H.).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Forbes Coll.

Hume Coll.

4. Ploceus manyar.

Fringilla manyar, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 163 (1820).

Ploceus flaviceps, Le.ts. Traite, p. 485 (1831, e.v Ciiv. MSS.); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 443 (IBoO) ; Reichen. Zool. Jahrb. i. p. 159 (1886).

Ploceus manyar, Horsf. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 163 ; B/gth, J. A. S. Beng.
xiii. p. 945 (1844) ; Jerd. Madr. Joiim. xiii. p. 134 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 352 (1849) ; Bbjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. li5
(1849); Layard, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) xiii. p. 266 (1854);
Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. ii. p. 514 (1856); Jerd. B.
Ind.'ix. p. 348 (18G3) ; Cj^ray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 44, no. 6614 (1870) :
Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 208 ; ul. Nests 8f Eggs hid. B. p. 440
(1873); id. i!( Gates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 154 ; Butler ^- Hume, t. c.
p. 495; Blyth Sr Wald. B. Burm. p. 92 (1875); Butler, Str. F.
1876, p. 39 ; Ball, t. c. p. 235 ; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 221 ; Andei--
son, Rep. Zool. E.rped. Yun-tian, p. 598 (1878) ; Hume Sf Davison,
Str. F. vi. p. 401 (1878) ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 222 (1878); Cripps,
t. c. p. 292; Legge, B. Ceijlon, p. 646 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 106 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind 4r. p. 60 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb.
Pres. p. 60 (1880) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 55 (1881) ; Gates, Handb.
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 360 (1883) ; Swinh. ^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 128 ;
Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 186.

Euplectes striatus, BhjtJi, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 873 (1842).

? Ploceus striatus, Holdsiu. P. Z. S. 1^72, p. 463.

Nelicurvius emberizinus, Reichenh. Singv. p. 76, Taf. xxxiv. figs. 269-
272 (1861).

Nelicurvius flaviceps, Reichenb. t. c. p. 76 (1861).

57. PLocEus. 497

Adult male. Similar to P. bdf/a, but without the yellow on the
breast ; the fore neck and breast, as well as the sides of the body,
tawny rufous or yellowish buff, these parts all forcibly streaked
■with broad black centres to the feathers ; the throat sooty blackish
like the sides of face and ear-coverts ; nape and hind neck tawny
brown streaked with black like the back. Total leng-th 5-5 inches,
eulmen 0-7, wing 2'7o, tail l-G, tarsus O'S.

Allah feinah. General colour above ashy brown, broadly streaked
with black, the feathers of the mantle and scapulars margined with
tawny buff; wing-coverts blackish, edged with whity brown or
tawny buff; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, quiUs and tail-feathers
blackish, margined with olive-yellow ; crown of head like the
back, but less distinctly streaked ; lores dusky ; eyebrow white
tinged with yellow, extending in a streak behind the ear-coverts ;
sides of face and ear-coverts sooty blackish ; cheeks and under
surface of body white, with a yellow tinge on the breast ; the fore
neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks distinctly streaked with
black, more broadly on the latter ; thighs white, also streaked with
black ; under tail-coverts buffy white ; imder wing-coverts tawny
buff; quills below dusky, ashj' rufous along the inner edge : "bill
brown above, darkening on the eulmen towards the tip, pale yel-
lowish flesh-colour below ; feet flesh-colour ; iris dark brown "
(E. A. Butler). Total length 5"2 inches, eulmen 0'7, wing 2"65,
tail 1"6, tarsus 0'85.

Adult in winter plumage. Resembles the plumage of the adult
female, but are always much more tawny, especially on the foie
neck and breast, which are both strongly streaked with black centres
to the feathers, the throat ashy or blackish, the yellow eyebrow
and streak behind the ear-coverts and the cheek-stripe all well pro-
nounced.

You)u/. Much more tawny buft' than the adults, broadly streaked
with black ; the greater coverts, quills, and tail-feathers edged with
olive-yellow ; under surface of body deep tawny buff. After the first
moult the young birds resemble the old female, but are much more
tawny rufous, -with the throat washed with yellow.

Hah. Ceylon and the greater part of the Indian Peninsula from
Sind to Assam, and south to Tenasserim ; Java.

fl, b.' Ad. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.

c. S iiA-', d. Juv. Vellarney Lake, Travancore, Hume Coll.

sk. Jinie i!l {F. Buardilion).

e,f- d ; !/■ ^ ad. Belgaum, Sept., Oct. {E. A. Hume Coll.

"sk. Butler).

h. 2 ad. sk. Siud, Feb. 28. Hume Coll.

j_„. ^; r^s. 2 ad. Sind, Dec. to April {A. Hume Cull.

sk. O.H.).

t. c? ad. sk. Hvderabad, May 27 {E. A. Hume Coll.

"Butler),

u. S ; ''i ''^'- ? ''id. Futtehpur, Sind (Dr. If. India Museum.

sk. Gould).

.r. d ad. sk. Etawah, May (,\V. E. Hume Cull.
Brooks).

VOL. XIII. 2 s.

498 PLOCEID^.

y, z. (S ad. sk, E. Bengal. Hume Coll.

a'-e . Ad. sk. E. Bengal. India JMuseiim.

/'. 2 ad. sk. Sookpur, Feb. 2. Iluiiie Coll.

'(/'. $ <ad. sk. As,sam (McClelland). India Mu.seum.

h', i' . 2 ad. sk. Dibruglmr, Assam, June, Hume Coll.

July {J. li. Cripps).

k' . (S hiem. sk. Bliamo, Feb. Dr. J. Anderson [C.].

I'-u'. cJ ad. ; v'-.v'. Lower Pegu, March to May, Gates Coll.

2 ad. et juv. sk. Aug., Sept. (^B. W. 0.).

y', s', cJ ; ». 2 ^^- Lower Pegu, March, April, Forbes Coll.

sk. Sept. {E. W. 0.).

i3. 2 ad. sk. Thatone, Tenasserim, Nov. 2 Hume Coll.

( TV. Davison).

y. S ad. sk. Khykehto, Feb. 10 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

a. 2 ad. sk. Beeling, Feb. 11 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

e. cJ ad. sk. Java. Purchased.

^-6, (S ad. sk. Java {Hor^eld), India Museum.

(Types of species.)

I. 2 ad. St. Java. . Purchased.

58. SPERMOSPIZA.

Type.
Spermophaga, Swains. B. W. Afr, i. p. 164 (wee Schdnh.

1833) S. hsematina.

Spermospiza, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 43 S. hsematiua.

Jiange. West Africa, but reoccurring in the forest-region border-
ing the Albert Nyanza.

Key to the Species,

a. Abdomen black like the back. (Males.)

a. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts black like
the back ; tip of under mandible only yellow

or reddish hcematina, p. 498.

6'. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts bright
crimson ; lower part of upper mandible and
greater part of lower mandible towards the

end reddish guttata, p. 500.

h. Abdomen dark ashy, spotted with white. {Females.)
c'. Head dark ashy ; lores and eyebrow crimson.
a". Upper tail-coverts dull crim.son ; bill as in

the male hcematina, p. 498.

h". Upper tail-coverts bright crimson ; bill as in

the male guttata, p. 500.

d'. Head entirely crimson rubricajnlla, p. 500.

1. Spermospiza haematina.

Loxia haematina, rieill. Ois. Chant, p. 102, pi. 67 (1805).
Coccothraustes haematina, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 534

(1817).
Spermophaga cyanorhynchus, Sivains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 165 (1837) ;

Gordon, Contr. Orn. 1849, p. 9.
Spermospiza haematina. Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 43; id. Gen. B.

ii. p. 356 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 450 (1850) ; Verr. Rev. et Mag.

58. SPEEMOSPIZA. 499

de Zool. 1852, p. 5U; Haiti. Oni. W.-Afr. p. ]3S (1857); Cass,
I'roc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 137; Reichenb. Swyv. p. 52, Taf. xxi.
tigs. 182, 183 (1861) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 01570 (1870) ;
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 08 (1871) ; Biittik. Notes Ley den Mus. vi.
p. 198 (1885); Shelley, Ibis, 1880, p. 310; Biittik. Notes Leyderi
Mas. vii. p. 198, viii. p. 200 (1880), x. p. Ul (1888).
Spermospiza guttata, SAarjje, ibis, 1809, p. 384 ( $ ).

A(hd male. General colour above blue-black, with a slight gloss ;
on the upper tail-coverts a scarcelj' distinguishable wash of dull
crimson ; wings and tail black ; sides of face, ear-coverts, and fore
part of cheeks black, as also a narrow line along the base of the
chin ; throat, breast, and sides of body bright crimson ; lower
breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries black : " bill metallic cyanean blue, the tip
and edges vermilion ; feet sooty brown ; iris red ; eyelid milky
white" (J. Biittihifer). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0 65,
wing 2'7, tail 2'1, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
dark slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts conspicuously dull crimson ;
wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and
quills blackish brown, edged with slaty grey ; tail-feathers black ;
crown of head dull crimson, the occiput and nape slaty grey like the
hind neck ; lores, eyebrow, feathers round eye, sides of face, ear-
coverts, and cheeks dull crimson ; throat, fore neck, and breast
bright crimson ; lower breast and abdomen blackish, with twin spots
of white near the end of the feathers ; sides of body blight crimson ;
flanks dark slaty grey, also spotted with white ; thighs and under
tail-coverts dark slaty grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty
grey, spotted with white ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner
edge : " bill metallic blue, the tips and edges vermilion ; feet sooty
brown ; eyelid milky white ; iris red " (BiittiAofer). Total length
4-8 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-6, tail 1'95, tarsus 0-75.

Young male. Dull slaty grey like the female, but more dusky ;
the dark crimson iipper tail-coverts very distinct ; head blackish
slate-colour, with verj^ little a^ipearance of crimson ; under surface
of body dusky slate-colour, the feathers of the throat, breast, and
sides of body edged with dull red.

Ilab. West Africa from Senegambia to Abeokuta.

a. (5 ad. sk. West Africa. Tweeddale CoU.

b, c, d. cJ 5 ad. et West Africa. Shelley Coll.
juv. sk.

e. 9 ad. sk. Abeokuta. F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P-]-

.fjff- S 2 ad. sk. A.shantee. Gould Coll.

h. iS ad. sk. Accra {Capt. Haynes). Sharpe Coll.

i. Ad. St. Fantee. Capt. Moloney [P.].

h, I. d' ; ni, 71. 2 Fantee (H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

ad. sk.

0. cJ juv. sk. Fantee. A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.].

p,q- c? $ad.; r. 5 Deukeia {Auhinn). Shafpe Coll.

juv. sk.

2k2

500 I'LocEiD^;.

s.t. <S ; u. 9 ad. Cape tloast, Jilaicli {G. E. S. Shelley Coll.

sk. cV H. T. U.).

V, u\ c? 2 ad. sk. Gold Coast. Forbes Coll.

a: $ ad.sk. Wasa, JNIaicli 1872 (II. F. Shelley Coll.

Blisselt).

2. Spermospiza guttata.

Loxia guttata, Vieill. Ois. CJia7it. p. lO^, pi. 68 (1805,= $).
Coccothraustes guttata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. b'.il\

(1817).
Fringilla pustulata, Voigt {iiec Illiff-), Cm. Thierr. ii. p. 581 (1831).
Spermospiza guttata, Terr. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1852, p. 312;

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 138 (1857, pt.) ; Cass. Proc. Phi/ad. Acad.

Fr

Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 316.
Spermospiza liffimatina, pt., Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 68 (1871) ;

Oust. N. Arch. Mas. (2) ii. p. 113 (1^79). _^
Spermospiza immaculusa, Reichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 29.

Adult male. Similar to 8. hematina, but distinguished by the
red markings on the bill and face, and especially by Ihc brilliant
crimson of the lower rump and upper tail-coverts : " bill dark blue
with red edges ; feet black ; soles yellow ; iris carmine-red ; eye-
lid white " {Eeichenow). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 2-7, tail 2, tarsus 0-8.

In a young bird, according to Dr. Keiehenow, the bill was " dark
blue, with yellowish-brown margins, the feet black or greenish
Elate-colour, and the iris dark."

AduU female. Similar to the female of 8. hcematina, but also
distinguished by the bright crimson of the lower rump and upper
tail-coverts, total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 2-65,
tail 1-8, tarsus 0-85.

JIab. West Africa from Camcroons to the Congo.

a, b. (S ; c, d- 5 Gaboon. Sharpe Coll.

ad. sk.

e,f. d 2 ad. sk. Gaboon (Dti Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

ff, h. (i ; i. $ad. Gaboon. Shelley Coll.

sk.

k. 5 ad. sk. Landana, Congo (i. PeiiiJ. Shellev Coll.

3. Spermospiza rubricapilla. (Plate XV.)
Spermospiza rubricajiilla, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 30.

Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of S. hcema-
tina, but differing in the whole of the head being rich crimson, as
well as the sides of the face : " bill bluish black, the cutting-edges
and tip vermilion ; feet dusky brown; iris dusky umber" (Emin

59. AMBLTOSPIZ.A.

501

PasJta). Total len2;th 6-3 inches, ciilmon 0-7, wing 2-85, tail 2-3,
tarsus on.

//(lb. Equatorial Africa.

a. 2 ad. sk, Bellima, .lulv 15. Emiu Taslia [P.].

(Type of species.)

59. AMBLYOSPIZA. Type.

Pyrenestes, pt., and.
Aniblyospiza, Sundeo. CEfo. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh.

] Sol), p. !)S A. albifrong,

Corypbeo-natluis, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Taf. Ixxx. fig'. C

(1850) ■ , A. albifrons.

1. 2.

1. Head of Amhlijospiza alhifrons, to show culminal ridge.

2. Bill of Amhlyospiza albifrons from beneatli, to show cliin-ang;le.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

. Ear-coverts and sides of face dark brown like the

bead and mantle, and throat albifrons, p. 501.

Ear-coverts and sides of neck black like the throat ;
head and mantle black -with a shade of chocolate-
brown unicolor, p. 50;1.

Head and mantle chestnnt ; sides of face and throat

also cliestiuit.
a'. Underparts from the fore neck downward [p. 504.

blackish mehmonota,

V . Undeiparts from the fore neck pale slaty grey . . capitalba, p. 504.

1 , Amblyospiza albifrons.

Pyrrhula albifrons, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 92.

Pyrrbnla frontalis, Strains. An. in Menaq. p. 319 (1837).

IVrcnestes frontalis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pis. 61, 02 (1840) ;
'Layanl, B. S. Afr. p. 191 (1867).

Pyrentsles albifrons, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 360 (1844); Gurney, Ibis,
I860, p. 213 : Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 0681 (1870) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1875, p. 79 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, ]ip. 207, 433.

502 PLOCEID.E.

Amblyosplza albi Irons, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. Sfockh.

ISrJO, p. 98 ; Butler, Fei/den, ^- Reid, Zool. 1682, p. 2o(i; Skarpe,

ed. Larjfird^s B. 8. Afr. pp. 449, 848 (1884) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 45.
Corvphegnathus albifroas, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 450 (1850) ; Cab. Mus.

Hein. i. p. 179 (1850) ; Reichvnb. Singv. p. 51, Taf. xx. tigs. 174-

177 (1801).
? Corypliegnatlms scliiffi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 450 (1850).
? Pyrenestes schiffi, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 49, no. 008o (1870).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, the feathers narrowly
ecl<^ed with sandy buff; wing-coverts and quills blackish, with faint
sandy-buff edges to some of the coverts and secondary quills, the
primaries white at the base, forming a large speculum ; tail-feathers
black ; crown of head chocolate-brown like the upper back, slightly
rufescent towards the nape ; forehead white ; lores and feathers
below the eye blackish ; ear-coverts, cheeks and sides of face, throat,
sides of neck, fore neck, and chest chocolate-brown, a little blacker
on the throat ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, Hanks, thighs, and
under tail-coverts dark ashy grey, with dusky shaft-stripes and pale
sandy-buff margins ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish ;
quills below black, with a large white patch at the base of the
pr-imaries : " base of the upper mandible and the under surface
of the lower one livid blackish brown, the other portions dull
yellowish grey, clouded with cream-yellow ; tarsus, legs, and toes
brownish red" {A. Smith); iris dark brown. Total length 7'3
inches, culmcn 0-i), wing 3-95, tail 2-85, tarsus 0"95.

An adult male in sensonal plumar/e (July 31) is much browner,
and has all the feathers of the upper surface, as well as the coverts
and quills, distinctly edged with sandy buff. The lower parts are
also very distinctly margined in the same manner. The white on
the forehead is much restricted.

Males in full plumage appear to lose entirely the pale margins to
the feathers.

Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above
rufous brown, mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers,
which have paler and more ochreous- brown margins ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts black with
rufous-brown margins ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
blackish brown, edged with rufous brown, the primaries with ashy
brown ; upper tail-coverts dark brown, fringed with sandy buff ;
tail-feathers blacldsh brown, edged with rufous brown, and tipped
with whitish on the outer feathers ; crown of head like the back
and similarly mottled ; lores and feathers below the eye blackish ;
ear-coverts uniform reddish brown ; checks and sides of neck dark
brown, streaked with white ; throat and under surface of body
white, streaked with dusky brown centres to the feathers, very
distinct on the fore neck and chest, more longitudinal on the breast,
and smaller on the abdomen, which is purer white ; sides of body
and flanks washed with reddish brown, and broadly streaked with
dark brown ; thighs brown, broadly edged with white ; under tail-

59. AMBLTOSl'IZA. 503

coverts white, with dark brown centres to the feathers ; under wing-
coverts and axiliaries uniform pale tawnj' butf, whiter near the edge
of the wing ; quills below dusky brown, ashy isabelline along the
inner web : " bill greenish yellow, the upper mandible dusky at
tip; tarsi and feet dusky; iris dusky" (W. Ayres), Total length
7 inches, culmen 0-6, wing o'4, tail 2"4, tarsus U*9.

Young male. At first resembles the old female, but is rather
more rufous bi'own. The strijies on the under surface are much
paler brown. The bill is generally stronger than in any female
bird, and the yellow colour is more or less mixed with black, the
dark bill being essentially a distinct characteristic of the adult male.
The speculum is absent at first, or only feebly indicated by a shade
of pale tawny buff at the base of the primaries : " bill Dutch-orange
colour, the tip of the upper mandible and the base of both man-
dibles livid liver-brown " (Sir A. Smith).

Baft. tSouth-easteru Africa.

a, b, c. J ad. South-east Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

sk.

d. 2 sid. sk. Maclean Town, British Caf- MajorTrevelyan[P.].

i'raria.

e. cJ ad. sk. Natal. T. Ayres [C.].

f. t/. (^2 'id. Piuetown, Natal, Oct., Dec. Seebohm Coll.

( T. L. Aijres).
h-o. (^ ad. et Durban and Piuetown, July, Oct. Shelley Coll.
juv. ; ;>, 3. ?
ad. .sk.
r. (S juv. sk. Port Natal, July 24, 1839 (J. Sharpe Coll.

Wa/ilbert/).
s,t. (S 2 ficl- sk. Transvaal. Forbes Coll.

u, V. (S 2 ^d. sk. Macamac, Eastern Transvaal, F. A. Barratt, Esq.
July 30, 1874. [P.].

2. Amblyospiza unicolor.

Pyrenestes albifrons (nee Viy.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 713.
Pyrenestes unicolor, Fisch. H,- Seichen. Orn. Centr. 1878, p. 88 ; iid.

J. f. O. 1878, pp. 264, 354, 1879, p. 353; Fischer, J. f. O. 1880,

p. 195.
Amblvospiza unicolor, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 589 ; id. Ibis, 1887,

p. 45 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 294.
Coryphegnathus unicolor, Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Or?2. i. p. 328 (1884) ;

id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 134.

Adult male. Similar to A. alhifrons, but smaller and blacker, the
head and mantle being black with only a slight wash of chocolate-
brown ; the throat and breast also black, not brown as in A. albi-
frons : " bill and feet black ; iris dark brown " (G. A. Fischer).
Total length 6*5 inches, culmen O'So, wing 3-6, tail 2'4, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the female of A. alhifrons, but slightly
smaller and darker : " upper mandible horn-brown, lower mandible
horny yellow; feet dark brown; iris brown"' (&. A. Fischer).
Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing3'7, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-85.

Nab. East Africa; Zanzibar district from Mombasa to Kilimanjaro.

504 rLocEin-T).

a. 2 ad. sk. Mombasa, E. Africa (l^ev. T. E. B. Shni-pe, Esq.

IVakeJie/d). [P.]-

b,c. c? $ ad. Ilabari river, Kilimanjaro district, F. J. Jackson, Esq.

sk. Jau. [P-]- ,

d. J ad. sk. Pangaiii River. (Sir J. Kill). Shelley Coll.

e-f-6;(J-2 hamu {Sir J. KirJi). Shelley Coll.

ad. sk.

3. Amblyospiza melanonota.

CoiTphegnatluis melaiiotus, mti>)l. J. f. O. 18C3, pp. 21, 16,3 ; Pelz.

terh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx. pp. 152, C73 (1881), xxxii. p. 508

(1882).
Pyrenestes frontalis (nee Swains.), Hevffl. J.f. 0. 1867, p. 36o.
Corvphegnathus alhifrons (nee Vif/.), Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i.

p! m\ (1870), iv. p. exxxv (1871).
Pyrenestes nielanotis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 0G84 (1870).
Amljlyospiza albifrous (wee Vig.), Hartl. AbhancU. nat. Ver. Bremen,

Tii. p. 101 (1881).
Amblyospiza melanotis, Hartl. AbhamU. nat. Ver. Bremen, via.

p. 221 (1882) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 4(3.

Adult male. Similar to A. albifrons, but easily distinguished by its
rafous head, with a shade of chestnut oversijrcadiug the mantle ;
sides of face, sides of neck, and entire throat and fore neck rufous ;
hreast and abdomen blacker than in A. albifrons : " iris brown "
(Emin). Total length 7 inches, culmen O-li, wing 3-8, tail 2-6,
tarsus 0"85.

Hab. "White Nile districts to Equatorial Africa.

a b. (S ad. sk. Magimgo, Equatorial Africa, March, Shelley Coll.
Nov. {Emin Pasha).

4. Amblyospiza capitalba.

Coryphegnathus capitalbus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 451 (1850) ; lieichenb.
Singv. p. 51 (1861).

Pyrenestes capitalbus, mail. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 361 ; id. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 141 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 0682 (1870) ; Sharpe,
His, 1872, p. 72 ; Ussher, His, 1874, p. 70 ; Beiche?i. J.f. 0. 1877,
p. 22 ; Sharpe ^' Bouviei; Bull. Soc. ZooL France, i. p. 40 (1876) ;
Bocaeje, Orn. Angola, pp. 350, 5.09 (1881).

Amblyospiza capitalbus, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 46.

Adult male. General colour above black, with a slight shade of
ashy ; wings and tail black, with a conspicuous white base to the
primaries, forming a large speculum ; head and hind neck, sides of
face, sides of neck, throat and fore neck bright chestnut, with a
broad white band across the forehead and lores ; remainder of the
under surface of body pale slaty grey M'ith sandy-buff margins to
the feathers, especially distinct on the thighs and under tail-coverts :
"bill blackish; feet leaden grey" {A. Beichenoiv). Total length
5'8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-8, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-75.

60. HISTTTRGOPS.

505

The changes of plumage are apparently similar to those of the
allied species, but 1 have not yet seen a properly ideiitifietl female
of A. capifnlba.

In the younr/ bird, according to Dr. A. Reichenow, the iris is
brown, feet greyish brown; upper mandible horn-colour, the lower
mandible dusky yellow.

Hah. West Africa from the Gold Coast to the Congo.

a. c? ad. sk.
h. S ficl. sk.
c, d. S 2 i^d. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.

/, ri. S ad. sk.
/*. $ ad. sk.

Gold Coast.
Fantee (U-s.^her).
Denkera (//. T. Ussher).
Coinniendah, Elniiua, June

1872 {H. F. Blissett).
Accra.
Abeokuta.

Purchased.
Shelley Coll.
Sharps Coll.
Shai-pe CoU.

Sharpe Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].

GO. HISTURGOPS.

Ilisturgops, Eeichen. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 67 . .

Type.
II. ruficauda.

Head of Histurffops ruficavda.
Range. Interior of East Africa.

1. Histurgops ruficauda.
Histurgops ruficauda, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 67.

Adult male. General colour above brown, with dull wliity-brown
edges to the feathers, producing a somewhat sealed appearance ;
rump washed with cinnamon-rufous ; lesser wiug-coverts like the
back ; median and greater coverts darker brown, with whity-brown
margins, slightly tinged with rufous ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dark brown, with pale cinnamon-rufous edges, whiter ou
the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers cinna-
mon-rufous with black shafts, the centre feathers dark brown with
rufous edges ; crown of head like the back, the edg'es to the feathers
a little more ashy ; lores and feathers below the eye dusk}- blackish ;
ear-covcrts and cheeks ashy brown, streaked with dusky centres to
the feathers ; throat white, the sides ashy, with broad black centres ;
remainder of under surface of body ashy whitish, mottled with dark
brown centres to the feathers : abdomen isabelliue ; sides of body
and flanks like the breast ; thighs isabelline ; under tail-coverts pale
isabelline, with chestnut centres to the feathers ; under wing-coverts

506 TLOCEIDiE.

and axillarics clear isabcUine ; quills below dusky, light rufous at
the base of the inner web : " bill brown, under mandible j-ellowish ;
feet brown; iris greyish blue" {Dr. Fischer). Total length 8-5
inches, culmen O'S, wing 5-1, tail 3'7, tarsus 1-05.
Hab. Interior of Eastern Africa.

a. J ad. sk. Euwana River, Jan. 22. Dr. Fischer [C.J.

61. DINEMELLIA.

Type.

Dinemellia, Heicheyib. Sint/r. p. 88 (1861) I), dinemelli.

Limoneres, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1885, p. '672 U. dinemelli.

Head of Dinemellia dinemelli, to show shape of eulmen.
Range. K.E. and E, Africa.

Key to tJie Species.

a. Rack black, with white edgings to the feathers .... dinemelli, p. 506.

b. Back black, without white edgings bmhmi, p. 507.

1 . Dinemellia dinemelli.

Textor dinemellii, Riipp. Sijst. Uebers. pp. 72, 76, pi. 30 (1845, ex
Horsf. MSS.) ; Des Murs inLefebvre's Voy. Abyss. ^. 108 (1845) ;
Gray Sf Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 350, pi. 87. tig. 2 (1849) ; Rorsf. Sf
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 521 (1854); Heuyl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 37 (1856) ; id. J.f. O. 1867, p. 367 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 40, no. 6556 (1870) ; He^l.yl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 534 (1870),
iv. p. cxxviii (1871) ; Fiiisch ^ Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 386 (1870) ;
Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 299, 351 ; Fischer l<,- Beiclwn. J. f. O.
1879, pp. 299, .351 ; Hartl. Abharull. nat. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 101
(1881); Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wie?i, xxx. p. 148 (1881); Shelley,
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 307 ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 333 (1884) ;
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 194 (1884) ; Fischer, J. f. O.
1885, p. 132 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 409 ; id. Ibis, 1887, p. 44 ; Bartl.
Monoyr. Weaver-B. pt. i. pi. i. tig. 1 (1888).

Textor leucocephalus, Riijip. Syst. Uebers. p. 72 (1845).

Alecto dinemellii, Heuyl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 25 ; Antiu. Cat. deserr.
Ucc. p. 63 (1864).

Dinemellia leucocephala, Beichenb. Sin(i/i\ p. 88, Taf. xlv. figs. 327,
328 (1861) ; Scdvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 296 (1888).

Limoneres dinemelli, Reichen. J.f. O. 1885, p. 372.

Gl. DINEMELLIA. 507

Adult male. General colour above brown, with lighter brown edges
to the feathers of the back and mantle ; rump ami upper tail-coverts
scarlet ; some of the scapulars edged with white ; lesser wing-
coverts blackish, with a patch of scarlet near the edge of the wing;
median coverts brown ; greater coverts brown, edged narrowly with
white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and ([uills blackish brown,
the secondaries edged with white, the primaries white at the base,
forming a conspicuous patch ; tail-feathers blackish brown ; crown
of head, hind neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck,
and entire under surface of body white ; thighs black ; under tail-
coverts scarlet ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish brown ;
quills below brown, the basal half of the wing white. Total length
7'7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing 4-9, tail 3, tarsus 1'2.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 7'8 inches,
culmen 0*85, wing 4'5, tail 3, tarsus 1*25.

Hub. Upper Nile districts to Equatorial Africa and Shoa and
south to the Zanzibar district.

a. Ad. sk. Soudan (Enoblecker). Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Shoa {Sir W. E. Harris). India Museum.

(Type of species.)

c. <S ad. sk. [Abyssinia.] Sharpe Coll.

d. $ ad. sk. Shoa, Feb. 1842 {Sir W. C. India Museum,

Harris).

e. c? ad. sk. Shoa, Aug. 14 (O. Antinori). Shelley Coll.
/,.</. Ad. sk. iiom?iY\-L&r\A(E.Lort Phillips). Shelley Coll.

/*. (S iid. sk. Liido, March 22 (Emin Pasha). Shelley Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Masai-Land {J. Thomjjson). Shelley Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Ukambani, Feb. 25, 1877. Dr. J. M. Ilildehrandt

[C.].
I. S ad. sk. Useri River, July. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].
m. Ad. sk. Mamhoio {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

2. Dinemellia boehmi.

Alecto dinemellii {nee Riipp.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 109.

Textor dinemelli {nee Riipp.), Bohm, J.f. O. 1883, p. 196 ; Schaloio,

t. c. p. .301.
Textor boehmi, Reichen. J. f. O. 1885, p. 372, 1887, p. 07 ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1887, p. 44 ; Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 154.
Textor (Limoueres) boehmi, Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 67.

Adult female. Similar to D.dienemelU, but altogether darker and
of a more uniform chocolate-brown, and easily distinguished by the
absence of white edgings to the scapulars, greater wing-coverts, and
inner secondaries : " bill brownish grey ; feet brownish black ; iris
brown ; bare space round the eye black "' {R. Bohm). Total length
7'8 inches, culmen 0"95, wing 4'9, tail 3, tarsus 1-2.

Hah. Lake districts between the Victoria Nyanza and Western
Masai-Land.

a. 5 ad. sk. Gouda, Oct. 23 {R. Bohm). Shelley Coll.

508 PLnCT;TD.15.

62. TEXTOR.

Type.

Textur, rcmm. I'l. Cul iii. text to pi. 446 (1828) T. albirostris.

Alecto, Less. Traite, \^. 4o3 (1831) T. albirostiis.

Bubaloriiis, Smith, Hep. Expl. Exped. Centr. Afr. p. 50

(I806) ' T. nijrpr.

Dertroides, Swtmis. B. W. Aft: p. 161 (1837) T. albirostris.

Alectrornis, Beichenb. t. c. p. 89 (1861) T. albirostris.

Head of Tiwtor nigcr.
lianr/e. Coufinod to Africa.

Kei/ to the Species.
Bill vvbite in living bird, wliite Avith black tip
genei'ally in skin ; no white whatever on the

base of the inner webs of the quills alhirostris, p. 508.

Bill coral-red in the living bird, red or yellowish

in skin.
«'. With a large white base to the inner lining of
the quills ; bill swollen at base of culmen in

adults niyer, p. 509.

b'. With a very small white base to the inner
lining of the primaries ; base of culmen not

swollen intennedius, p. 51 1 .

c'. With a scarcely perceplible shade of pale ashy
at the base of the inner lining of the primaries ;
base of culmen swollen scioanus, p. 511.

1. Textor albirostris.

C'occothraustes albirostris, Tieill. N. Bid. d'llist. Nat. xiii. p. 535

(1817).
Textor alecto, Tmim. PI. Col. iii. pi. 446 (1846) ; Hes Miirs in

Lefebme's Toy. Abyss, p. Ill (1845) ; Biqjp. Syst. Uehers. p. 76

(1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350, pi. 87. fig. 1 (1849) ; Cab. Mm.

Hein. Th. i. p. 183 (1850) ; Hevql. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856) ;

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1857) ; id. J. f. O. 1801, p. 176 ;
■ Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6552 (1870) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. p. 632 (1870), iv. p. cxxviii (1871) ; Blunf. Geul. Sf Zool.

Abyss, p. 402 (1870) ; Finseh, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 261 (1870); Antin.

8f Salvad. Viagf/. Bo(/os, p. 123 (1873) ; Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, vii. p. 101 (1881); Felz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxx.

p. 148 (1881).
Alecto alecto, Less. Traite, p. 434 (1831).
rioceus alecto, Bi'ijyp. Neve Wirb., T'dff. p. 100 (1836).
Dertroides albirostris, Stcnitts. Classif. B. ii. p. 279 (1837) ; id. B.

W. Afr. i. p. 163 (1837),

62. TEXTOR. 509

Alecto albirostris, Bji. Consp. i. p. 438 (ISoO ) ; Havtl. J. f. O. 1854,

p. 105; Antin. Cat. desert: Ucc. p. G2 (18G4).
Alectrornis albirostris, Reiehenh. Sinyv. p. 89, pi. xlv. fig. 330 (1861).

Adult riidc. Black, but with the bill whitish (iu skiu), black at
the ends, the basal portion of the culmen swollen into a prominent
knob ; also distinguished by the absence of white on the lower
surface of the quills : •' bill black, the basal portion covered with a
pale yellow fleshy cere ; legs dusky horn-colour " ( IF. T. Blaaford).
Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-95, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-15.

Adult female. Similar to the male (Von Heuglln).

Young. Similar to the male, but everywhere brown instead of
black ; the feathers showing the same white bases as in the adnlt
male ; the wing-coverts with reddish-brown margins, the primaries
edged with buffy whitish. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9,
wing 4"6, tail 3"6, tarsus 1"2.

The two Senegambian specimens have the bill jet-black, the base
of the culmen perfectly smooth and not swollen. Total length 8-3
inches, culmen 0-9, wing 5-1, tail 3-85, tarsus 1'15. I cannot
determine whether this black bill is a permanent characteristic
of Grambian birds or whether it is only a sign of immaturity.

Hah. Senegambia and K^.E. Africa.

o, b. Ad. sk. River Gambia. Pm-chased.

c. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Kiippell [C.].

d. $ ad. sk. Abyssinia (Dr. E. Eotsch/). Shelley Coll.

e. [ 2 ] ad.;/. J Maiti, Eogos-Land (Eslcr). Sharpe Coll.
juv. sk.

</. Juv. sk. Anseba Valley (Esler). Shelley Coll.

h, i. <S ad. sk. Anseba Valley, July. W. T. Blanl'ord, Esq.

[C.].
k, I, m. J$ Waliko,July21, lSG8(Tr. JesseJ.

ad. sk.
71. (S ad. sk. Nubia. Sharpe Coll.

2. Textor niger,

? Le B'luvreuil noir d'Afrique, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 317 (1760).

P Loxia panicivora, Linn. Si/d. Nat. i. p. 302 (1766) *.

Bubaloruis niger, Smith, Bep. Evped. Vviitr. Afr. App. p. 52 (1836).

Textor erythrorhynchus, Smith, III. Zoal. S. Afr. pi. 64 (1841)-
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 350 (1849); Jfartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 176 •
Eeichenb. Sinyv. p. US, Taf. xlv. fig. 329 (1861) : Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 178 (1867); id. Ibis, 1869, p. 78; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40,
no. 6554 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 2o5 ; Bm-kley, Ibis, 1874*,
p. 379; Bucaye, Orn. Anyola, p. 317 (1881); Sharpe in Ontes'
Matabele-Land, App. p. 318 (1881) ; Uolub S, Von Pelz. Beitr
Orn. Siidafr. p. 113 (1882); Shelley, Ibis, \m2,^.^b2; Sharpe, ed

* LinnsEus quotes the Black Bullfinch of Albin (X. H. B. iii. p. 65, pi. 69)
which is certainly not a Te.vtor. Brisson's bird may be the present species ■
but Linna;us can hardly be said lo ha\e founded his Loxia panicivora on
Bi-isson's description, as he writes ' rostro inearnato,' which looks as if he was
thinking of Albin's plates. The name had better be dropped.

510 PLOCEID^.

Lm/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 445 (1884) ; Biittik. Notes Letjden Mus. xi.

p. 74 (1889).
Alecto erythrorhynchus, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 438 (1850).
Textor niger, Strickl. ^ Scl. Cuntr. Orn. 1852, p. 150 ; Saluin, Cat.

Stricld. Cull. p. 240 (1882).
Alecto panicivorus, Miill. J. f. O. 1855, p. 460.
Textor panicivorus, HartL Orn. W.-Afr. p. 131 (1857) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 40, no. 6553 (1870) ; SheUeij, Ibis, 1887, p. 43 ;

Bartl. Mvnof/r. Weaver-B. pt. ii. pi. 2 (1888).
Alectrornis panicivora, Reichenb. Siiif/v. p. 89 (1861).
Textor alecto {)iec Temm.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1809, p. 566.
Bubalornis erytlirorhynchus, Gurncy in Anderss, B. Dam.-Ld. p. 165

(1872).

Adult male. Entirely black, the feathers more or less mottled
■with snowy-white bases ; the primary quills externally edged with
white, which extends nearly to the end of the outer web on the
inner primaries : " quills black below, with more than the inner
half white ; bill coral-red ; legs salmon-colour ; iris hazel " (Frank
Oiites). Total length 9-5 inches, culmeu 0-9, wing 4-6, tail 3'9,
tarsus 1"2.

Adult female. Duller and more brownish black than the male,
■with less pronounced white bases to the feathers ; sides of face
decidedly washed with ashy grey ; throat hoary whitish, especially
towards the chin ; a few of the breast-feathers with remains of
whitish margins. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-45,
tail 3-9, tarsus I'l.

Narrow fringes of white are seen on the primary-coverts in the
specimen described. These are more distinct in a female from
Angola, which is, however, decidedly blacker, so that it is probable
that in fully adult birds there is very little difference between the
sexes.

Tounq birds resemble the old female on the upper surface of
the body, but are whiter below, the feathers of the under surface
being all margined with white. Some specimens have the centre of
the breast white with mesial streaks of black, and a few blackish
margins. The bill likewise appears to be more horn-brown.

Hah. South Africa from the interior of the Cape Colony and the
Transvaal to the Bamangwato country, the district of Lake Ngami,
Damara-Land, and Benguela.

«. Imm. sk. Kiurichaine. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of species.)

b. 6 ad. sk. Transvaal, July 16 ( T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll.

ley).

c. $ ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.
<7. cj imm. sk. Bamangwato, Aug. 21 (T.^.i?.). Shelley Coll.

e /, ff. 6 ad. ; Tati, Matabele-Land, March, W. E. & C. G. Dates,

2 iuv. 8k. Sept., Oct (F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

;,. $ 'imm. sk. Makalaka Kraal, beyond Tati W. E. &C. G. Oates,

River, June 17 {F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

i, (5 sd. sk. Makalaka country {Dr. Brad- Shelley Coll.
shaw).

62. TEXTOE. 511

k, I J ad. sk. Damara-Land, July (C J. An- Sharpe Coll.

dersson),
VI, n. (S ad. sk. Otjimbiuque, Oct.,Nov. (C/.^.).

0. (S juv. sk. Kiver Quanza, May 1869 {J. J. Sliarpe Coll.

Monteiro).
p, q. cJ ad. et Galungo, Angola, Sept. {G. A. Sharpe Coll.

imin. .sk. Siila).

r, s. (5 $ ad. sk. Iviulo and ITumbe, Oct. {J. An- Shelley Coll.

chieta).

Subsp. a. Textor intermedius.

Textor intermedius, Cah. in Von der Decken's Heis. iii. p. 33, pi. ii.

(1869) ; Finsch ^- Hartl Viig. Ostafr. p. 385 (1870) ; Gray,

Handel, B, ii. p. 40, no. 6555 (1870) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn.

1884, p. 333 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 196 (1884);

Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 410 ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 67.
Textor albirostris (pt.), Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 44.

Adult male. Similar to T. niger, but with only a little white at
the base of the inner web of the primaries : " bill red, the edges
and tip brownish ; feet yellowish grey-brown; iris brown " (&. A.
Fischer). Total length 8-8 inches, culmen 0'95, wing 4-75, tail 3-6,
tarsus 1"3.

Hah. Zanzibar district of Eastern Africa, north to Somali-Land.

a,b. fS ad.etjuv.sk. Somali-Land (£. Zw< P/uY/t/Js). Shelley Coll.

Subsp. /3. Textor scioanus.

Textor erythrorhynchus {nee Sm.), Sorsf. (§• Moore, Cat. B. Mus.

E. I. Co. ii. p. 521 (1856).
Textor scioanus, Salvad. Ann. Miis. Civic. Genov. (2) i. p. 195(1884),

vi. p. 296 (1888).
Textor albirostris, pt., Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 44.

Adult male. Similar to T. niger, but without the white base to
the inner lining of the quills, which are ashy towards the base of
the inner web ; bill red and having a swelling at the base of the
culmen : " bill blood-red, inclining to brown at the tip ; feet horn-
brown ; iris dull chestnut ' {Bagazzi). Total length 8'7 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing -Iw, tail 3'7, tarsus 1*2.

Hah. Shoa.

a. 5 imm. sk. Harbodi, Shoa, July {Sir W. C. India Museum.

Phillips).
I. 6 ad. sk. Daimbi, Shoa, Nov. 9 (0. Anti- Shelley Coll.

nori).

J12 ALAUDlDJi.

Family ALAUDID^E.

The arrangement followed in the present volume is practically the
same as that proposed by me in my Synopsis of African Larks in
1874. The characters for separating some of the genera may be
somewhat slight : but as they are perfectly capable of illustration and
easy of comprehension, I see no reason for modifying the arrangement
then set forward, excepting in one or two instances where an exa-
mination of increased material has enabled me to detect some errors.

Key to the Genera.

a. Bill elongated, the culmen longer than

the middle toe and claw, or equal to it.
a'. First primary abcjiit equal to or a
little longer than the tarsus.
a". Hind claw long and perfectly

straight 1. Cebthilauda, p. 514.

b". Hind claw curved.

a'". Hind claw slightly curved, about

equal to hind toe 2. ALiEMON, p. 517.

//". Hind claw very much curved,

and shorter than the hind toe. 3. Heterocorys, p. 524.
b' . First primary very much diminished in
size and not equal to half the tarsus.
c". Bill long and slender, abnut as

high as'itis broad at nostrils. ... 4. Ciiersophilus, p. 525.
d". Bill very stout, much higher than

broad at no.?trils 5. Rhamphooorys, p. 527.

b. Bill stouter and shorter, the culmen

shorter than the middle toe aud claw,
c'. With lateral elongated hornlets on

the side of the head 6. Otocorys, p. 528.

d'. No elongated hornlets on the side of

the head.

e". First primary rudimentary, shorter

than the inner toe and claw, or not

exceeding these in length.

c'". Distance between tips of pri-

nuu'ies aud tips of secondaries

equal to or greater than the

length of tarsus 7. Melanocorypha,p.550.

d'". Distance between tips of pri-
maries and tips of secondaries
less than length of tarsus.
a*. Distance between tips of pri-
maries and tips of secondaries
much less than hind claw.
a\ Bill equal in height and

breadth at nostrils ...... 8. Tephrocorvs, p. 561.

b'. Bill higher than it is broad

at nostrils 9. Spizocorys, p. 564.

i*. Distance between tips of pri-
maries and tips of secondaries
much greater than the length
of the bind claw.

ALAUDIDJ.. 513

c". Bill short and slender ; wing

shorter, falling short of tail

by more than the length of

the tarsus ; hind claw very

long and straight 10. Alauda, p. 566.

a . Bill short and conical ; wing

long, falling short of tail

by less than the length of

the tarsus ; hind claw short

and curved.
a'. Secondaries as long as the

.« oP'"^'"^"''^ ^1- Calandhella, p. 579.

0 . Secondaries much shorter

,„ T,. t'^a° t^i'^ primaries 12. Alaudula, p. 586.

/ . -birst primary well developed, equal
to or exceeding the inner toe and
claw in length.

c'". Nostrils exposed, with a supe- no ur

nor membrane ' ^^- Mirafha, p. 593.

/".Nostrils covered with" stiff ' ^■*- ^"^o^obydon*,

bristly plumelets. [P- 620.

c*. Bill slender, about as broad as
it is high at nostrils.
c'. Head with a very distinct
median crest ; exposed cul-
meu longer than hind claw.
c^ Culmen much less than
the crown ; bill short
and stout.
a'. First primary not longer
than the hind claw ;
crest very fully deve-

.. ^PPed 15. Spizalauda, p, 621.

b . First primary rather
long, exceeding the
length of the hind
claw ; crest feebly

developed IG. Heliocobys, p. 623

d". Culmen about equal to
the crown ; bill long and

slender 17. Galehita, p. 625.

/'. Crest rounded and full;
hind claw longer than ex-

posed culmen 18. Lullula, p. 636.

dr. Bill stout, higher than broad

at nostrils.

g'\ Hind claw long' and pointed,

longer than hind toe ; back

mottled with black centres

to the feathers 19. Calendula, p. 639.

A'. Hind claw curved, shorter
than hind toe ; plumage

uniform above 20. Ammomanes, p. 641.

^■*. Hind claw curved and short,

about equal to the hind toe 21. Pybbhulauda, p. 650.

* I l^a^e not seen a specimen of this genus, but I believe that its position is

near Mirafra

VOL. XIII. 9

•^h

514 ALAXJDID^.

1. CERTHILAUDA. ^^^^

CertLilauda, Swains. Zool. Jom-n. iii. p. 344 (1827) .... C. capensis.

Thinotretis, Glo(/er, Handh. Natury. p. 2G6 (1842) .... C. capensis.

Chersomanes, Cah. Miis. Iliiv. Tb. i. p. 126 (1850) .... C. rufula.
To.\ocorys {710m. emend.), Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 155

(1872) C. capensis.

Foot of Certhilauda capensis, to show straight hind claw.
Range. Confined to South Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Tso -white spots at the end of the tail-featheis ;

flanks a9 broadly streaked and spotted as the

breast capensis, p. 514.

b. Large white spots at the end of the tail-feathers ;

spots confined to the throat and chest rufxda, p. 515.

1. Certhilauda capensis.

Le Sirli du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Dauhent. PI. Enl. x. pi. 712 ;

Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 65 (1778).
Alauda capensis, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 45 (178.3).
African Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 389 (1783).
Alauda africana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 798 (1788) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii.

pi. clix. (1825).
L'Alouette Sirli, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 192 (1805); Sundev.

Crit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda duponti (nee V.), Roiix, Orn. Prov. pi. 186; Werner, Atlas,

Granivores, pi. 2 (1827).
Certhilauda longirostris, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 293 (1837).
Certhilauda africana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ; Smith, III.

Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xc. fig-. 1 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246

(1850); Gurtietj, Ibis, 1800, p. 208; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 217

(1867) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871).
Chersomanes africana, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850).
Ala3mon africana, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).
Certhilauda capensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7788 (1870) ;

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 615 ; id. ed. Lnyard's B. S. Afr. p. 494

(1884).

1. CERTHILAUDA. 615

Adult. Above brown, slightly washed with sandy colour and
streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, many of which
are tipped with whitish ; hind neck greyish ; wing-coverts darker
brown, washed with sandy colour on the outer web and tipped with
whitish, the primary-coverts narrowly tipped with the latter colour
also ; quills ashy brown, narrowly margined with sandy buff, the
innermost secondaries with a broad whitish margin ; rump and
upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, with dark brown central streaks to
the feathers ; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, darker brown in the
centre of the feathers ; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly mar-
gined with ashy fulvous, the two middle ones washed with greyish,
the outermost margined and tipped with pale sandy buff ; a very
distinct eyebrow creamj- white ; feathers under the eye dusky
white, those in front of the latter blackish ; ear-coverts dull sandy
colour ; cheeks whitish, minutely spotted with black; chin white ;
rest of under surface buffy white, the breast slightly washed with
sandy colour, the lower throat, fore neck, and breast plentifully
marked with triangular spots of black, larger and more longitudinal
on the lower breast and sides of the body ; sides of the upper breast
shaded with ashy ; under wing-coverts sandy buff, the outermost
minutely spotted with dark brown, the lower series ashy brown,
like the inner lining of the wing, the inner webs being pale rufous
near the base ; under tail-coverts white, broadl}' streaked down the
centre with black : " bill yellowish brown, shaded with umber-
brown ; legs and toes clear buff-orange, tinted with flesh-red; claws
yellowish brown, shaded with umber-brown ; iris dark brown " (Sir
A. S7nith). Total length 7"4 inches, culmen lO-o, wing 3-9, tail 3,
tarsus I'lo.

Hab. Cape Colony.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Tweeddale Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. South Africa [E. L. Layard).
d-f. Ad. sk. George, Knysna {H. Atmore),

2. Certhilauda rufula.

Anthus rufulus, Vieill. JV. Diet, dllist. Nat. xxvi. p. 494 (1818) ;

id. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. clxi. (1825) ; £p. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854).
Certhilauda albof asciata , Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, Ois. p. 58 ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844).
Certhilauda garrula, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 106. fig. 1 ;

£p. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 216 (1867) ;

Ayres, Ihis, 18(39, p. 295, 1871, p. 268 ; Gray, Hand-l.B. ii. p. 121,

no. 7791 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 618 ; id. ed. Layard »

B. S. 4/r. p. 498 (1884).
Chersomanes garrula, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850).
AJaemon albofasciata, Licht. Nomeiwl. p. 39 (1854).
Certhilauda rufula, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) ; Gurney, in

Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 201 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 618 ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 264 : Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 490

(1884).
Alauda garrula, Gieb. Thes. Orn.'i. p. 296 (1872).

2l2

516

ALAUDID^.

Adult male. Above bright sandy rufous, with narrow and indis-
tinct brown centres to the feathers, many of which are also mar-
gined with buif}' white in a more or less conspicuous manner; the
head of the same rufous as the back, with slight fulvous margins
and small dark brown centres to the feathers ; lores and a very
indistinct eyebrow huffy white : ear-coverts uniform bright sandy
rufous ; cheeks buffy wliite, with a few tiny spots of brown ; quills
sandy brown, with white margins to the feathers, which are all dark
brown in the centre, the greater coverts externally inclining to
greyish ; quills ashy brown, the primaries tipped with whitish, the
secondaries darker, externally margined with sandy rufous, inclining
to huffy white towards the tips of the feathers ; rump and upper
tail-coverts nearly uniform rufous, the long plumes of the latter
dark brown in the centre and narrowly tipped with whitish ; tail
blackish, with a large spot of white at the tip of all the feathers
except the two centre ones, which are rufous, more or less marked
down the centre with greyish brown, all the feathers more or less
rufous towards the base, this colour sometimes extending for half
the feather ; the external rectrix narrowly margined on the outer
web with buffy white ; throat entirely white ; rest of under surface
of body bright sandy rufous, with a few more or less distinct white
margins to some of the feathers, on the breast minutely spotted \\ith
dark brown ; under wing-coverts pale sandy rufous, those on the
edge of the wing slightly mottled with brown : " bill dusky brown,
paler on the lower mandible and on the edges of the upper ; tarsi
and feet pale ; iris dark hazel " (T. At/res). Total length 6"1
inches, culmen 0"85, wing 3-7, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-15.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller and
having a much shorter bill : " iris and bill somewhat lighter than in
the male" {T. Aijres). Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0'75, wing
3'5, tail 2-1, tarsus l-Oo.

Young. Principall}' distinguished by its spotted plumage, the
white margins to the feathers of the upper surface being rather
spots than terminal margins, and being further discriminated bj'
small subterminal black spots. Around the hind neck is a distinct
shade of fulvous, almost forming a collar and much plainer than in
the adult biids ; the margins to the wing-coverts very broadly and
distinctly white ; throat, lores, and a scarcely perceptible super-
ciliary line white ; rest of under surface pale sandy rufous, becoming
gradually more fulvous on the abdomen ; the breast slightly spotted
with pale brown, the feathers margined with whitish.

1)1 winter the young bird is very different, having very broad
circular margins of white to all the feathers of the upper surface,
with obscure brown central streaks, the under surface very pale and
with scarcely any perceptible brown spots on the breast.

In 1871 I united C. garrula and C. rufuJa together ; but on
revising the facts in 187-1 I came to the conclusion that they might
be separated on the colour of their secondaries. I regret to find
that the receipt of further specimens does not confirm this conclu-
sion, and between the rufous birds of the Transvaal and the dark-

2. A.LMyioy.

517

coloure: birds of the Eastern Cape Colony there is a perfect <^rada-
tion m the amount of rufous in the plumage, the very Lhleo Wd
bu-ds from Great Xamaqua-Land and Damara-Laad\eing Tnlv the
extreme rufous forms. The difference in depth of color^tW pro!
bably depends upon the habitat of the birds themselves and the
nature of the country they frequent

Ifab. The northern districts of the Cape Colony to .\atal and the
Transvaal on tlie east, and Great Xamaqua-Land on the west

Ad. sk.
b, c. Ad. ; d. Juv

sk.
«)/• 6 ad.sk.
ff-i. Ad. sk.
k, I. d' ad. sk.

t». 2 ad. sk.

n. (S ad. sk.

0- d ; P, q. $

ad. sk.
r. Ad.; s. (j' juv.

sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.

v-.r. S\y,z, a', b'.
? ad. sk.

South Africa.
. Northern Cape Colony.

Hope Town (T. C. Atmore).

Colesberg {Ortlepp).

Port Elizabeth, June, Auo-

{Ortlepp).
Drakensburg .Uts., Natal

{Wahlberg).
Ingagane River, Natal, June

23 {Savile Reid).
Newcastle, May, June (E. A

Butler).
Transvaal {T. E. Buckley).

Rustenburg, E. Transvaal

( W. Lucas).
Great Namaqua-Land, May
June (C. J. Andersson).' '

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.
Sir A. Smith fC]
(Types of C. garriila.)
Shelley Cull.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

2. AL^MON.

A\sem.Qn,Kem.u. Blan Wirb F,n- n vvv,WiH(m a T^'^®/-

CalpTirlnlnnH'.. «/„/7 V < o n P' ? " ' ^^"^^^ •• A. alaudipes.

Calendulauda, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiy. p. 258 (18o5) A. nivosa

A. Foot of A!(emon alaudipes, to show bind toe.

B. Wing of Alcemon alaudipes, to show first pri'marj'.

518 ALAUDlDiE.

Eange. Desert districts of Southern Spain and the countries to the
south of the Mediterranean basin, extending through North-eastern
Africa to Arabia and thence to North-west India ; Southern Africa.

Key to the Sjiecies.

a. Size larger ; bill longer ; outer secondaries

broadly tipped with white.

a . Upper surl'ace sandy buff, the inner secon-
daries sandy buff, like the back alaudipes, p. 518.

b'. Upper surface ashy buff, greyer on the head,
the inner secondaries ashy, with sandy
buff edges desertorum, p. 519.

b. Size smaller; bill shorter; no white tips to the

secondaries.
c'. Lai'ger; culmen 0"75-0"95 inches; wing

ci'7-4'4 inches : spots on breast small and

thinly dispersed ; under wing-coverts isa-

belline, as well as the inner web of the

quills below semitorquata , p. 521.

d'. Smaller ; culmen 0-65-0"7o inches ; wing

3"25-3'6 inches : spots larger and more

pronounced nivosa, p. 522.

1. Alaemon alaudipes.

Upupa alaudipes, Desf. iVem. Acad. 1787, p. 504.

Alauda bifasciata, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 27 (1823) ; Temm. PL Col.

iii. pi. 893 (1826) ; Cretzschm. in Eiipp. Atlas, p. 8, Taf. 5 (1826) ;

Temm. Man. iii. p. 199 (1835) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 3;

Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 107 (1843) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Iviii

(1844).
Certhilauda bifasciata, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 293 (1837).
Certhilauda desertorum {iiec Stanley), Riipp. Neue Wirh., Vog. p. 104

(1835-40) ; Grau, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ; Ri'ipp. Si/.st. Uebers.

p. 78 (1845) ; Heuql. St/st. Uebers. p. 43 (1866) ; id. Ibis, 1859,

p. 343; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 427; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 24;

Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 289 ; Derjl. f Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 355

(1867) ; Loche, Kvpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 43 (1867) ; Heugl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. i. p. 692 (1870, pt.); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121,

no. 7794 (1870); Tacz. J. f. O. 1870,' p. 44; Fritsch, Vog. Fur.

tab. 16. fig. 12 (1870); W'yatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 15; Gurney, Ibis,

1871, p. 291; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 135; Dresser, B. Eur. iv.

p. 275, pi. 226 (1874,"pt.).
Certhilauda bifasciata, Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 108 (1837).
Alsemon alaudipes, Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 159 (1886).

Adult male. General colour above uniform sandy buff, the head
like the back, but the hind neck slightly more ashy, a shade of this
colour also extending over the mantle ; upper tail-coverts whitish
or pale sandy buff, with dusky brown centres ; lesser wing-coverts
like the back ; median coverts ashy browu, edged with whitish and
having blackish shaft-stripes ; greater coverts dusky brown, broadly
tipped with wliite ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown,
fringed with white ; quills dusky brown, the primaries white at the

2. AL^MON. 619

base, the two outer ones only on the inner web ; the secondaries
white at the base and at the ends, leaving a broad band of dusky
brown in the middle ; the inner secondaries sandy buff, with ashy
centres, resembling the inner greater coverts ; centre tail-feathers
sandy buff, with ashj^-brown centres, the remainder blackish brown,
edged with whity brown, the outer feather white along the outer
web ; all the tail-feathers with a concealed white base ; crown of
head like the back, but rather more ashy and with slight traces of
reddish-brown centres to the feathers ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of
face and ear-coverts white, with a blackish streak behind the eye
and another below the latter ; cheeks, throat, and remainder of
under surface of body white ; sides of neck and sides of fore neck
and chest light ashy grey ; throat and chest spotted with black, the
former minutely, the latter more largely marked ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white. Total length 8"1 inches, culmeu 1*15,
wing 5-05, tail 3-3, tarsus 1"35.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but scarcely so dis-
tinctly spotted on the breast. Total length S*3 inches, cuimen 1-25,
wing 5'1, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-2.

In summer phunage the feathers become very much worn and
abraded, and the spots on the chest very much more distinct, these
spots being very much overshaded in the winter dress. The spots
are probably more developed with age, as a young male after the
first moult has the spots very small and much concealed.

The Cape- Verde Island bird seems rather small and deeply
coloured — wing 4-2 inches.

Young. Similar to the adults, but mottled with duskj' bars and
light edgings to the feathers ; the broad edgings to the greater
coverts and inner secondaries yellowish buff; under surface of body
white, with a slight mottling of dusky spots on the fore neck.

Hah. Cape- Verde Islands to the Algerian Sahara and Tripoli,
thence to Egypt and Nubia and perhaps the peninsula of Sinai.

a. Ad. sk.

Cape- Verde Islands.

M. A. Bouvier [C],

b, c. cS 2 ^^- ^^■

Algeria {Gregory).

Gould Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk.

Algeria {Tristram).

Salviu-Gudman Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Algerian Sahara.

Sharpe Coll.

(/. S ad. ; /*, ?.

Algerian Sahara {Loche).

Shelley Coll.

Juv. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

Desert between Cairo and
Suez ( Von Heiigiin).

Sharpe Cull.

l. $ ad. sk.

Benisouef.

Dr. A. Leith Adams

[P.].

Subsp. a. Alsemon desertorum.

Alauda desertorum, Stanky, in Salt's Erped. Abyss. App. p. Ix

(1814).
Saxicola ? pallida {nee Rapp-), Bh/th, J. A. S. Beng. xvi. p. 130

(1847).
Certhilauda desertorum, BIyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 133 (1849) ;

Bj>. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E.I.

520 ALATJDID^.

Co. ii. p. 464 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind.W. p. 438 (1863) ; Blanf. Geol

Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 385 (1870); JImne, Sfr. F. 1873, p. L'16 ;

Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. :275 (1874, pt.) ; Blanf. Eastern Persia,

ii. p. 240 (1876) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^-c. p. 50 (1879) ; Hume,

Sfr. F. 1879, p. 109 ; JJoiff, Sfr. F. ix. p. 281 (1880) ; C. Stvinh.

Ibis, 1882, p. 117; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 199 (1884);

Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, Zool. v. p. 82 (1889) ; St. John, Ibis,

1889, p. 173.
Certhilauda dorije, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, iii. p. 292 (1867).
Certhilauda salvini (nee Tristr. 1859), Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 435.
Alaemon desertorum (nee Stanl.), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2,

p. 692 (1870, pt.) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18.
Alaemon jessei, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p 273 (1870) ; id. 8f Ilartl.

Toy. dsta/r. p. 465 (1870).
CertliilauJa jessei. Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7795 (1870).
Alapiiidii di'sevtorum {nee Stanhn/), Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxvi

(1840); Muhle, Orn. Griech'enl. p. 34 (1844); Cab. Mus. Ilein.

Til. i. p. 126 (1850); Linderm. Voy. Griechenl.^. 47 (1800).
Ceitliilauda ineridioualis, A. E. Brehm, J. f. 0. 1864, p. 77, note.
Certhilauda salvini, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 57.
Certhilauda alaudipes, Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 273 (1881) ; Hornby,

Ibis, 1883, p. 124.

Adult male. Much more ashj- isabelline than the Algerian birds
and not nearly so sandj', the inner secondaries being brownish, with
sandy margins : " bill variable, sometimes pale plumbeous, some-
times pale slaty grey, darker at base and tip, and sometimes horny
grey or greenish grey, in all cases whitish at base of lower man-
dible ; legs and feet pure china white, greyish on claws ; iris
brown " (A. 0. Hume). Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1*2, wing
5*1, tail 3'6, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 8'3
inches, culmen 1, wing 4'75, tail 3, tarsus 1-2.

Hah. Abyssinian coast to Somali-Land ; Arabia, Persia, and the
coast-lands of the Indian Ocean, as far as Afghanistan, Cutch, and
Sind.

a, h. Ad. sk. Zoidla, Abyssinia, June ( W. Tweeddale Coll.

Jesse). (Types of u4. /essej,)

c, r/. cJ $ ad. sk. Zoulla, June ( TF. /.). Sharpe Coll.

e, f. Ad. sk. Zoulla, Jan. "VV. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

g. Ad. sk. Jeddah, Arabia (Zohrab). Shelley Coll.

'A. Ad. sk. Sheik Othnian, Aden, May 8. Major Yerbury [P.].

i. Ad. sk. Bushire, Jan. Sir 0. St. John [CJ.

k. 2 ad. sk. Mekran Coast, Baluchistan, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Dec. [P.].

/. c7 ; m-o. 5 ad. Mekran Coast, May (-C. A. Huuie Coll.

sk. Butler).

p. d ad. sk. Zagin, N. Afghanistan. Dr. Aitchison [CI.

g. Ad. sk. Tluill Chotiah, Dec. Col. Swinhoe [P.J,

r. 5 ad. sk. Kandahar, Sejit. (<SV/' O. Hurae Coll.

St. John),

s. Ad. sk. Karachi (Dr. H. Gould). India Museum.

t. $ ad. sk. Karachi, Jan. (E.A. Butler). Hume Coll.

H. 5 ad, sk. Meerpore (6V;^f//). India Museum.

2. AL^MON. 521

V, w. Ad. sk. Upper Sind, Jan. {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

x-i'. d ; k'-m'. 5 yiud, Dec, Jan., Feb. {A. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. O. H.).

n'-p'. Ad. sk. West of Kotri, Nov., Dec. Himie Coll.

q . Ad. sk. Culch. Hume Coll.

2. Alaemon semitorquata.

Certbilauda semitorquata, Smith, Hep. Exped. Ccntr. Afr. p. 47

(1886) ; Gruij, Gen. £. ii. p. 383 (18-44) ; Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr.

pi. 106. fig. -2 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Mont. P. Z. S.

1865, p. 94 ; Lnijard, B. S. Afr. p. 216 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 120, no. 7790 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) ;

Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 201 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis,

1874, p. 383 ; Sharpe, in Gates' Matabele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881).
Certbilauda rufopalliata, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, Ois. pi. 59;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844).
Certbilauda subcoronata, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 90. fig. 2

(1843); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 23;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 217 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B.ii. p. 121,

no. 7793 (1870).
Chersomanes subcoronata, Cab. Mtts. Hein. Tb. i. p. 126 (1850).
Alsemon rufopalliata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).
Certbilauda coronata, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 371.
Alauda semitorquata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 300 (1872).
Alauda subcoronata, Giebel, t. c. p. .301 (1872).
Alaemon semitorquata, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 620 ; id. ed. Layard' s

B. S. Afr. p. 499 (1884).

Adult female in simmier plitmar/e. General colour above clear
vinous brown, Tvith distinct black stripes, tbe hind neck indistinctly
ashy grey ; lower back and rump the same as the rest of the upper
surface, and streaked in the same manner ; irpper tail-coverts dark
brown with rufescent margins ; upper wing-coverts and quills dark
brown, with broad rufous margins; ear-coverts deep rufous, with
slight rufous shaft-streaks ; cheeks and throat white, with a few
black spots ; under surface of body isabelline, with a tinge of
vinous on the flanks ; the breast broadly streaked with black ;
under wing-coverts deep isabelline vinous. Total length 6'9-7"3
inches, culmen 0-75-0-8, wing 3-7-3-75, tail 3-0o-3-2, tarsus I'O-
1-1.

The adidt female in winter 2'>lumacje differs from the summer
plumage in being sandy isabelline, with fulvous margins to most of
the dorsal feathers ; tbe head and interscapulary region with small
black shaft-stripes ; hind neck decidedly ashy grey, contrasting with
the head ; lower back and rump entirely uniform isabelline, with no
shaft-streaks; upper tail-coverts light ash-colour, paler than the
tail, and margined with whitish ; upper wing-coverts and quills
brown, broadly margined with pale sandy, shading off into white
on the margins; ear-coverts very pale sandy; cheeks and throat
pure white, unspotted : under surface of body white, with a few
triangular spots of dusky black on the throat ; under wing-coverts
very pale isabelline sand-colour.

The male is like the female in plumage, but is larger, and has

522 ALAUDlDiE.

a very much larger bill. Total length 7'2-8-0 inches, culmen 0-9-
0-95, wing 3-95-4-4, tail 3-25-3-6, tarsus 1-05-1-15.

Hah. South Africa, from the interior of the Cape Colony to
Eenguela on the west, and the Transvaal on the east.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. South Africa (-E. L. Sbarpe Coll.

Laya)-d).

d,e.S'i f- ? fid. sk. Upington, Orange River, Dr. Bradshaw [P.].

April, June.

g, h. 5 ad. sk. Hope Town ( T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

i. c? ad. sk. Colesberg (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

I. (S ad. sk. Stormherg (T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

m. 2 ad. sk. Griqualand (T. C Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

«, 0. cJ ad.sk. Ingagani River, Natal, June Shelley Coll.

16SI {>'iai'ille Reid).

p, q. S; r.2 ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, June, July Shelley Coll.

{E. A. Butler),

s, t. cJ ad. sk. Transvaal, June 1873 (T. E Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

u. 6 ad. sk. Transvaal, Dec. 18, 1873 \V. E. & C. G. Gates,

(F. Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

V. S ad. sk. Great Namaqua-Land. C. J. Andersson [C.].

w, X. (S ? ad. sk. Damara Land, May (C. /. Sharpe Coll.

Andersson).

u. Ad. sk. Beuo-uella. Monteiro Coll.

3. Alaemon nivosa.

Certhilauda nivosa. Swains. B. W. Afr. i. p. 213 (1837) ; id. Classif.

B. ii. p. 293 (1837).
Alauda albescens, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 2.59.
Alauda guttata, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 259.
Alauda codea. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Ares, pi. 87. fig. 1 (1843,

ptil. Mem.) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 209 (18(37); Sharpe, Cat. Afr.

B.^. 72 (1871).
Alauda lagepa, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Ares, pi. 87. fig. 2 (1843,

ptil. (estic).
Megalophonus guttatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Laj/ard, B. S.

Afr. p. 215 (1867); Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 123, no. 7829 (1870).
Megalophonus lagepa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1830) ; Laxjard, B. S.

Afr. p. 214 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7822 (1870) ;

Gurney, in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld. p. 200 (1872).
Galerita pvrrhonota, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850).
Calendulaiida albescens, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxiv.p. 258 (1855).
Megalophonus albescens. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p 123, no. 7828

(1870).
Alaemon nivosa, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 623 ; id. ed. Bayard's B. S.

Afr. p. 501 (1884).

Adult in summer plumage. Above brownish cinnamon, streaked
with black down the shafts of the feathers, these shaft-streaks dis-
appearing on the rump ; hind neck with a scarcely perceptible
shade of grcvish, slightly distinguishable on the sides: wing-coverts

2. ALyKMON. 523

and quills dark brown, margined with cinnamon-rufous, shading off
into a fulvous edging on the extreme margin of the greater coverts
and some of the secondaries, the innermost of which are more
broadl}' edged ; upper tail-coverts rufous, with distinct f)lackish
shaft-streaks ; tail dark brown, with pale edgings of fulvous brown,
the two centre feathers broadly and the two outermost narrowly
margined with cinnamon-rufous ; lores and a distinct eyebrow
creamy buff ; feathers in front of the eye blackish ; under the eye
another line of creamy-buff feathers ; ear-coverts cinnamon ; cheeks
and throat dull white, varied with a few blackish spots ; rest of
under surface buffy white, slightly rufescent on the sides of the
body, the fore neck and breast thicklj- spotted with dark brown,
the spots becoming narrower and more longitudinal on the sides of
the breast and flanks ; thighs rufous ; under tail-coverts white, the
shafts rufous, the longest plumes rufous, with black shafts and a
whitish tip; under wing-coverts ashy brown, like the inner lining of
the wing : " bill light reddish brown, the lower mandible pale buff-
orange towards the base ; legs and toes intermediate between
broccoli and yellowish brown, and tinted with flesh-red ; claws
light reddish brown ; iris bright brown ; eyebrow rusty white "
(Sir A. Smith). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 3"65,
tail 3'8, tarsus 1*05.

Winter plumage. Entirely different from the summer dress.
Above ashy grey, with a slight sandy-coloured tinge, the black
central stripes broad but obscure, rather plainer on the middle of
the back and scapularies, which are rather broadly margined with
creamy white ; wing - coverts dark greyish brown, with ashy
margins to least series, the greater and median series broadly edged
with whitisli ; quills dark brown, margined with ashy, the secon-
daries broadly edged with whitish ; rump and upper tail-coverts
rather more distinctly washed with sandy colour than the back, the
latter with dark brown shaft-stripes ; tail-feathers dark brown, the
centre feathers shaded with greyish, and plainly margined with
ashy white, the outermost feathers having also a slight edging of
the same ; eyebrow and streak below the eye white ; feathers in
front of the latter blackish ; ear-coverts uniform ashy grey like the
back, but without dark shaft-streaks ; hinder part of the cheeks
washed with ashy grey ; fore part of cheeks and throat white, with
an indistinct moustachial line of blackish spots ; sides of neck and
under surface of body white, with triangular blackish spots from
the lower throat to the breast, changing into longitudinal streaks
on the sides of the breast and flanks and under tail-coverts ; sides
of the body in(-lining to greyish, as also the thighs ; under wing-
coverts and wing-lining entirely ashy brown : " bill, legs, toes, and
claws deep orange-coloured brown, shaded with brownish red, the
lower mandible towards the base sienna-yellow " {Sir A. Smith).

Younr/. Similar to the winter plumage of the adult, but more
sandy brown, most of the featliers of the upper surface with white
edges or tips, producing a spotted appearance ; underneath dingy
white, thickly mottled with brown spots, fringed with whitish

524 ALAUDID^.

edgings, the sides of the body more sparsely mottled on the flanks,
where, however, tlie spots are still rounded.

Hah. Interior of the Cape Colony to Namaqua-Laud.

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony {E. L. Layard). Sbarpe Coll.

b, c. Ad. et inim. " Karoo Plains between the Sir A. Smith [C.].
sk. Oliphant and Orange (Types of A. codea.)

Rivers."

d,e. Ad.sk. "Between the Berg and Sir A. Smith [C.].

Orange Rivers." (Types of A. layepa *.)

f-h. Ad. sk. Berg River {E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll.

i-l. Ad.etjuv.sk. 'Karoo {E. L. Layni-d). Sal vin-Godmau Coll.

?«,. Ad; sk. Svvellendam (E. L. Layard). Salvin-Godman CoU.

n. Ad. sk. Cape Town (Butler). Sharpe Coll.

0, p. S 2 fid. sk. Grootberg, Little Namaqua- Sharpe Coll.

Land, July 29 (C. J.

Andersson).

3. HETEROCORYS.

Type.
Heterocorys, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. (525 H. breviunguis.

Foot of Heterocorys breviimgius, to show hind claw.
Range. Confined to South Africa.

1. Heterocorys breviunguis.

Alauda breviunguis, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. 99.
Certhilauda breviunguis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 121, no. 7792 (1870).
Megalophonus pyrrhonotus (nee Bp.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123,

no. 7827 (1870).
Heterocorys breviunguis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 628, pi. Ixxvi.

fig. 1 ; id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 503 (1884).

* When I wrote about the South-African Larks in 1874, I believed that the
Museum did not possess the types of some of Sir A. Smith's species, as the
figures in the plates were so unlike the specimens. Subsequent experience has
taught me that the figures of this work are generally such feeble representations
of the species that very few of the specimens can actually be recognized from
their portraits, but it may reasonably be supposed that every actual type from
Smith's collection was transferred to the British Museum.

4. CHERS0PHILTT9. 525

Adult male. Above rufous fawn-colour, the margins of the dorsal
plumes paler and more fulvescent, with broad centres of blackish
browu ; the head sliglitly crested and coloured like the back, the
hind neck more greyish and somewhat separating the head from
the back by an indistinct collar ; wing-coverts coloured like the
back, dark brown, with broad fulvescent margins, causing a some-
what mealy appearance ; quills browu margined with fulvous fawn-
colour, very broad on the secondaries and paler in the outer edges ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright rufous fawn-colour
with narrow blacldsh shaft-lines, broader on the last-named ; tail-
feathers brown, bordered with fulvous, a little broader on tho
outermost feather and more rufous on centre ones, which are shaded
with ashy ; lores and a distinct eyebrow fulvous white, tinged with
fawn ; ear-coverts rufous fawn, inclining to dark brown on their
upper margin ; cheeks fulvous white, with a few spots of dark
brown ; under surface of body isabelline buff, the throat unspotted ;
the flanks and chest washed with fawn-colour, the latter marked
with a good many triangular spots of dark brown ; under wing-
coverts light fawn-colour, the outermost spotted with brown, the
greater series ashy brown like the inner lining of the wing, which
is almost entirely of the latter colour, with a tinge of isabelline on
the inner web : bill horn-brown, inclining to yellowish horn-colour
at base. 'J'otal length 6-8 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 4, tail 3-1,
tarsus 1-1.

Ifab. Interior of the Cape Colony to the Transvaal.

a, b. Ad. sk. Interior of Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. Transvaal, April 16 (/. Wahl- Sharpe Cull.

berg).

4. CHERSOPHILUS.

Certliilauda, pt., auct. recent.

Wing of Chersophilus duponti, to show short first primary.
Range. Algeria, Southern Spain, and Portugal.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. Larger ; wing 4'0 inclie? : general colour sandy
brown, the upper tai -coverts like the rump ;
throat and chest sparsely streaked with brown ;
scarcely any streaks on the flanks duponti, p. 526.

526 ALATTDIDJ?.

b. Smaller; wing 3-8o inches: general colour grey
with broad white margins to the wing-coverts
and iuterscapulary region ; throat, breast, and
Hanks strongly streaked with blackish brown . . lusitanicus, p. 527.

1. Chersophilus duponti.

Alaiida duponti, Vieill. Faun. Franc;, p. 173, pi. 76. fig. 2 (1820);

Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Ear. p. xxxvi (1840) ; Bree, B. Eur. ii. p. 184

(1867).
Certhilauda duponti, Temm. Man. d'Orn. pt. lii. p. 198 (1835) ; Bp.

Cat. Met. Ucc. Eior. p. 31 (18431 : Gratj, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 427 ; Deyl. 8f

Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 350 (1867) ; Loc/ie, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii.

p. 42 (1867) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7789 (1870) ; Dresser,

B. Eur. iv. p. 279, pi. 227 (1873) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, ii. p. 91 (1877) ; Salmd. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 159 (1886).
Galerita duponti, Jaub. i^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 289 (1859).
Alaemon margaritse, Kwnig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 228, pi. ii.

Adult. General colour above sandy brown, with dark brown or
blackish centres to the feathers of the mantle and back, some of
them with whitish edges ; wing-coverts and quills light sandy
brown, edged with isabelline ; primaries dusky brown, with ashy
isabelline margins ; inner secondaries dark brown, with lighter
brown or whitish edges and with a white shaft-lino, very distinct ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy isabelline, with
dusky brown centres ; centre tail-feathers sandy brown, with blackish-
brown centres and conspicuous white shafts ; remainder of the
feathers dark brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate
one with white ; the outer tail-feather for the most part white,
with an oblique mark of brown on the inner web, the shaft brown
towards the ends ; crown of head like the back, and similarly
mottled, the centre feathers edged with white, forming a streak ;
hind neck more hoary, greyish white, mottled with black centres to
the feathers ; the sides of the neck white, with scarcely any blackish
spots ; lores and a narrow eyebrow, as well as the feathers below
the eye, sandy white ; ear-coverts dark brown, with a sandy wash ;
cheeks white, spotted and streaked with black ; a line along the
lower cheeks aud the throat white, separated by a dusky streak ;
the lower throat minutely spotted with dark brown, increasing in
size on the fore neck and chest, and still more on the sides of the
breast ; the latter slightly washed with rufous ; entire abdomen,
thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline white ; sides of body and
flanks strongly washed with isabelline brown, and slightly streaked
■with darker brown ; under wing-coverts isabelline white, the axil-
laries ashy with hoary margins ; quills dull ashy below, isabelline
along the inner webs : " bill black ; feet reddish ; iris brown "
(Loche). Total length 6-6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0-95.

The Spanish bird, which has always been identified with the
Algerian C. duponti, seems to be different, but I have only been able

5. RHAMPHOCORYS. 527

to examine three specimens from Malaga, all in winter plumage.
These Malaga specimens are smaller than the Algerian, and are not
so uniform in colour, having a reddish hind neck and mantle, and
also reddish upper tail-coverts ; the back and -wing-coverts are
very conspicuously edged with whitish, imparting a peculiar scaly
appearance, which is not seen in the Algerian bird as a rule ; the
throat and chest are very distinctly streaked with black, these black
streaks having a lateral tinge of reddish on the chest. Total length
6*5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3"6, tail 2'1, tarsus 0'85.

I should have decided to keep the Spanish bird distinct as a sub-
species on account of its scaled appearance, had not Canon Tristram
lent me an Algerian specimen, which had slightly developed white
margins to the dorsal feathers, so that these edgings may, after all,
only be signs of winter plumage

Hah. Algerian and Southern Spain.

a. 5 ad. sk. Malaga, Spain, Oct. 31 {H. Tweeddale Coll.

Saunders).

b. Ad. sk. Algeria (Loche). Salvin-Codman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Algeria. Capt. Loche [C.].

Subsp. o. Chersophilus lusitanicus.

Certhilauda duponti, var. lusitanica, Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1887, p. 214.

Adult female (type of species). Smaller than G. duponti, but
greyish instead of sandy colour, the feathers of the back and wings
rather broadly edged with white, imparting a scaly appearance ;
the throat, breast, and sides of body very broadly streaked with
blackish brown. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0'85, wing 3-85,
tail 2-4, tarsus 1-05. {Mas. Lisb.)

Hub. Portugal.

5. RHAMPHOCORYS. „

Type.

Rhamphocorys, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 423 (1850) R. clot-bey.

lerapterhina, Des Murs ^ Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

1851, p. 24 R. clot-bey.

Range. Deserts of Lybia and Algeria.

1. Rhamphocorys clot-bey.

Melanocorvpha clot-bey, Bp. Consp. i. p. 242 (1850, ex Temm. MSS.

in Mus.'Lugd.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, do. 7787 (1870).
Ramphocorys clot-bey, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 423 (1850), xxxviii. p. 66

(1854) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 424 : Homei/er, J. f. O. 1863, p. 268 ;

Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 32 (1867) ; Taczan. J. f. O.

1870, p. 41 ; Shelleg, B. Egypt, p. 144 (1872); Dresser, B. Bur.

iv. p. 38.3, pi. 24 6(1873).
lerapterhina cavaignacii, Des Murs et Lucas, Rev. et 31ag. de Zool.

1851, p. 24, pi. 1.
Alauda clot-bey, Malh. Faun. Orn. <f Alger, p. 21 (1855).
Iliprapterhina 'clot-bekii, Heuglin, J. f. O. 1868, p. 220 ; id. Om.

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 673 (1870), iv. p. cxlviii (1871) ; Homeyer, J.f.

O. 1873, p. 187.

528 ALAirDID.'E.

Adult. General colour above uniform isabelline brown, with a
few duskj' shaft-lines on the feathers of the crown, faint traces of
similar lines being visible on the scapulars and feathers of the
lower back ; wings a little more sandy than the back, the median
and greater coverts dark brown, edged with sandy buif, whitish
on the extreme margins ; bastard-wing blackish brown ; primary-
coverts and quills blackish brown, externally ashy brown, the long
primaries edged with white, all the quills tipped with sandy buff,
the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with this colour ;
outer secondaries very broadly banded with white at the ends ;
upper tail-coverts white, with a tinge of sandy buff; centre tail-
feathers dark brown, edged with sandy buff; the remainder for the
most part white, blackish towards their ends, forming a broad
band, which diminishes in extent towards the outer feathers ; lores
isabelline ; feathers above the eye blackish, as well as the sides of
the face ; the feathers immediately above the eye white, with a
larger mark below the latter ; the black overspreads the ear-coverts,
which are sandy buff behind ; fore part of cheeks white, as well as
a mark on the hinder cheeks, separated by a band of black which
traverses the cheeks and joins the black on the sides of the throat,
which is white ; remainder of under surface of body white, thickly
mottled with large ovate centres of black on the feathers, which
render the abdomen almost entirely black, except for a few fringes
of isabelline to the feathers ; the flanks and thighs vinous isabelline
with dusky centres to the feathers ; lower abdomen, thighs, and
under tail-coverts white, tinged with isabelline ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries ashy black, narrowly fringed with whitish, more
distinctly on the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, ashy along
the inner edge of the wing. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"7,
wing 5*1, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. The same as that of the genus.

a, b. Ad. sk. Algerian Sahara. Purchased.

6. OTOCORYS.

Type.

Eremophila, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322 (7iec Humb. 180o) . . O. alpestris.
Phileremos, Brehm, Voff. Deutschl. p. 321 (1831, nee

Latr. 1809) 0. alpestris.

Otocoris, Bp. Nuovi Ann. Set. Nat. Bologtia, ii. p. 407

(1838) 0. alpestris.

Philamnus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 47 O. alpestris.

Otocoryx, LieM. Komencl. p. 38 (1854) 0. alpestris.

Cf. Seebohn, Ibis, 1884, p. 184 ; Henshaw, Aitk, i. p. 254.

Range. The northern portions of the old and new worlds, ex-
tending to Mongolia, the Himalayas, and throughout the Mediter-
raneo-Persic subregiou. In America it extends to Mexico and
reoccurs in the neighbourhood of Bogota.

6. OTOCOETS. 529

Mr. W. H. Henshaw has given in the ' Auk ' for 1884 an elaborate
review of the Horned Larks of the Xew World, and has divided them
into eight races (vol. i. pp. 254-268). Mr. Eidgway in his
' Manual ' (pp. 348, 349) has also tabulated these same races and
adopted Mr. Henshaw's conclusions. Thanks to the liberality of
Mr. Godman, the whole of Mr. Henshaw's series of these birds has
been acquired for the Salvin-Godman collection and now forms part
of the British-Museum collection, so that I have had the inestimable
advantage of studying the very specimens on which Mr. Henshaw
and Mr. Kidgway founded the bulk of their conclusions. Anything
more puzzling than these races of Horned Larks it has never been
my lot to describe. The differences between 0. alpestris and
0. ruhea are as well marked as could be wished, but between
these two extreme fonns are interposed a number of races which
seem absolutely to connect them, and both the above-named
American authors admit that these connecting-links actually exist.

To unite all the races under the heading of 0. alpestris would be
to obscure the existence of several highly interesting geographical
forms, and I have therefore thought it best to recognize the races
determined by Mr. Henshaw and confirmed by Mr. Ridgway, with
certain notes of my own upon the series now lying before me.

I have drawn my characters from specimens in autumn and winter
plumage, as the Horned Larks are birds which gain their breeding-
plumage by the shedding of the light tips to the feathers, and
therefore the autumn plumage is the most perfect before the
feathers become abraded.

In summer plumage the races are still more difficult to distinguish,
and size is the best test of identification. The yellow on the fore-
head and eyebrow becomes oblitei'ated in nearly every species, even
in 0. alpestris. Two groups can be recognized when a series of all
the species is available for comparison. The large 0. alpestris
is the type of one section, with pale primrose-yellow throat, 0. leu-
colama being a western white-throated representative, and 0. pra-
ticola and 0. arenicola being more southern resident forms. In the
''■ruhca " group the size is constantly smaller, the colours in stronger
contrast, the vinous colour more richly indicated and even inclining
to chestnut, while the yellow of the throat is richer in colour. AU
the southern races, however, are very difficult to define, and they
seem to run one into the other.

Key to the Species.

a. No yellow on the chest.

«'. Eyebrow white ; forehead also white.

a". Cheeks white ; throat white or with a faint
tinge of yellow.
a'" . Back perfectly uniform or with slender
streaks of black.
u^. Black threat-band united to the black [jie/iicillata, p. 530.

ear-coverts • < bicvrnis, p. 532,

[ pallida, p. 533.
VOL, XIII. 2 If

530 ALAUDlDJi.

b\ Black throat-baud distinctly separated
fi'din the black ear-coverts by a broad

■white interspace

«'. Head and neck more vinous than the
back, which is lighter ochraceous or

ashy ebcesi and allies,

b'\ Head and neck exactly like the back, [pp. 533-536.

all the upper surface being tif a

bright sandy colour hilopha, p. 537.

6''. Back coiirsely streaked with broad black
centres to the feathers.
c*. Cheeks white ; throat white with a
faint tinge of yellow sometimes,
c'. Larger ; wing 4'0-4"65 inches .... leucolcetna, p. 538.

iV. Smaller ; wing 3'7-4'o inches praticola, p. 5.39.

h". Cheeks pale primrose-yellow, like the throat arenicola, 'p. 540.
b'. Eyebrow yellow ; forehead yellow, like the
cheeks and throat.
c". Size larger ; wing 4'4 inches : chest slightly
mottled with dusky tips to the feathers in

winter aljfestris, jj. 542.

d". Size smaller ; wing 3'9 inches : chest with
scarcely any sign of dusky tips to the

feathers in winter chrysokcma, p. 546.

e". Size smaller ; wing 3-7 inches : chest ob-
scured by blackish edges to the feathers,
head and back broadly streaked with

black pereyrina, p. 548.

b. With yellow on the chest.

c'. Yellow colour confined to the chest.
/". With scarcelj' any dusky edges to the

feathers of the che.st rubea *, p. 548.

y". Chest thickly mottled with blackish edges

to the feathers yiraudi, p. 549.

d' Yellow colour tinging the breast and abdomen, striyata, p. 549.

1. Otocorys penicillata.

Alauda alpestris {nee L.), Menetr. Cat. rais. Catic. p. 38 (1832) ;
Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 73 (1879).

Alauda penicillata, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1837. p. 126 ; SeeboJim, Hist. Br.
B. ii. p. 285 (1884).

Otocorvs penicillata, Bp. Compi. Lid B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 37
(18.38) ; Gray S,- Mitch. Gen. B. ii. p. 382, pi. 92 (1844) ; Filippi,
Viayy. Pers. p. 349 (1865) ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 109; Dresser,
B. Eur. iv. p. 395, pi. 244 (1874) ; Schaloio, J. f. O. 1876, p. 183 ;
Blanf. East. Pers.W. p. 241 (1876) ; Danf. Ibis,'lS77, p. 270, 1878, ,
T^. 21; Biddidph, Ibis, ISSIf'p. 8{); Sculhj, i.e. p. 581; C. Sicinh.

* I am not quite certain about the winter plumage of 0. rubea, as the speci-
mens in the Heushaw collection are marked as " intermediate between 0. rubea
and 0. striyata." I think, however, that 0. rubea is sure to have yellow on the
chest in winter.

n. OTOCOKYS. 631

/6w, 1882, p. 116; Scehohm, t. c. p. -Ill ; Biddulph, t. c. p. 285;

Svebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 11 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1889, p. 91 ; St. John,

t. c. p. 173.
Phileremos scriba, Bp. Comp. List, p. 37 (1838).
Otocoris scriba, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 117, no. 7736 (1870).
Otocoris albigiila, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Detjl. ^- Gerbe, Orn.

Eur. i. p. 348 (1867).
Otocorvs bilopha {nee Temm.), Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Ilein. i. p. 122

(1850).
Otocoris larvata, Filippi, Arch. ZuoL Anat. etc. ii. p. 382 (1863) ;

id. Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865) ; S(dvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, iii.

p. 295 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7743 (1869);

Schalow, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 183.

Adidt male in winter plumage. General colour above ashy with a
slight ochreous tinge, and with slight indications of dusky blackish
streaks on the lower back ; the upper tail-coverts marked with
vinaceous and centred with dusky ; lesser wing-coverts vinous ashy ;
the median and greater series as well as the primary-coverts dusky,
edged externally with ashy, whitish on the margins, the inner
greater coverts and inner secondaries externally sandy brown, the
outer primary white along its outer web ; centre tail-feathers
ashy with more or less of a sandy tinge near the base, the centres
dark brown ; remainder of the tail-feathers black, the penultimate
one edged with white, the outermost white along the outer web ;
crown of head like the back and slightly tinged with vinous like the
hind neck ; the forehead yellowish ashy, the black frontal band and
the feathered horns obscured by dusky ashy mai'gins ; eyebrow pale
sulphur-yellow ; nasal plumes, lores, and extreme base of forehead,
as well as the sides of the face, black, more or less obscured with
yellowish tips to the feathers ; cheeks and throat pale sulphur-yel-
low ; lower throat and a broad band on the fore neck black, obscured
with yellowish margins to the feathers and joined to the black on
the ear-coverts ; remainder of under surface of body dull white,
with ashy tips to the feathers of the chest ; sides of body and thighs
washed with -^hIq vinous : under wing-coverts and axillaries white ;
quills ashy below, white along the inner webs : " bill blackish above,
bluish grey below ; tarsi and upper surface of toes black, claws
black, soles of feet whitish ; iris deep reddish brown " ( W. T.
Blanford). Total length 7"4 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 4-75, tail 3,
tarsus 0"9.

The summer plumacje is gained by the shedding of the pale tips to
the plumage, and as this process progresses the black band on the
crown and the feathered horns, as well as the white forehead and
eyebrows, become visible, and the black of the face and throat is at
once strongly developed ; the hinder crown and hind neck become
entirely vinaceous, in contrast to the grey back, in which the blackish
centres to the feathers are well pronounced.

Adult female. Wants the black band across the crown, the head
and back being very distinctly streaked with blackish brown ;
the whole general appearance of the bird more dusky than in the

2m2

532

ALAuniDj:.

male. Total length 6 inches, culmeii 0-6, wing 4-2, tail 2-6,
tarsus 0-85.

Hah. From Asia Minor to the Caucasus and through Persia to
Ferghana and Afghanistan, and thence to the Gilgit district.

a. (S ad. sk. Taurus, Asia Minor, April 30 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. G. Danford).
6. c? ad. sk. Taurus, April .30 (C. r?. D.). Seebohm Coll.

c, d. (S ad. sk. Erzeroum {K. E. Abbott). Zoological Society.

e-g. S ad. sk. Erzeroum. Gould Coll.

(Types of species.)
h. r7 ad. hiem. sk. Kislovodsk, Cis-Causasia. St. Petersburg Mus.

_[E.].
i. Ad. hiem. sk. Near Isfahan, Persia, Sept. Sir 0. St. John [C.].
k, I. (5 5 ad. sk. Kanaka, S.S.E. of Karman, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

S.E. Persia, May '2. [C.].

m, n. S 2 ad. sk. Candahar, Jan. 25. Colonel Swinhoe

[P.].
o, p. S ? ad. sk. Gilgit, 5000 feet, March. Colonel Biddulph

[C.].
q, r, s. cJ ; ?;. ? Gilgit, Feb. March (J. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. iiidduliih).

n. fS juv. sk. Chashi, Yassin, 10,500 feet, Colonel Biddulph

Aug. [C.].

V. Imm. sk. Wakhan, April 29 ( /. Bid- Hume Coll.

du/i)h).
w, .r. c? 2 ad. sk. Ferghana, April, Nov. Dr. Severtzo\y [C.].

Subsp. a. Otocorys bicornis *.

Otocor)'x bilopha (wee 7".), Licht. Nomeucl. Av. p. 38 (1854).
Otocorys penicillata, Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 288 ; id. Faun. 8f Flor.
Paled, p. 81 (1884).

Adult male. Similar to 0. 2ienicillata,'bvii much paler and more
vinaccous, the vinous shade extending over the hack, which is almost
uniform. Total length 7-7"2 inches, culmen 0"6o-0*7, wing 4*4-
4-5, tail 2-7-2-9, tarsus O-S-O-G.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the black band
on the crown, which is streaked with blackish brown like the back.
Total length 6-5-7 inches, culmen 0'65-0-7, wing 4-4"l, tail 2*5-
2-65, tarsus 0-8-0-So.

Hah. Palestine and Syria.

a. 2 ad. sk.
6, c. (5 2 ad. sk.
d, e. c? 2 ad. sk.

f,ff. d 2 ad.sk.

Syria {Henijmch Sf Ehrenherg).

Top of Mt. Elermon.

Top of Mt. Hermon, June

{H. JJ. T.).
Top of Mt. Ilermon, June

{H. B. T.).

Shelley Coll.

Canon Tristram [C.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Salviu-Gcdman Coll.

* I adopt Hempricb's name for tbis race, although it lias never been piib-
lisbed, as far as I can find. It bas generally been added as a synonym to 0.
bilopha; but a specimen of Hempricb's own collecting, now in tbe Sbelley
collection, sbows tbat bis 0. bicor7iis belongs to tbe group of 0. penicillata.

6. OTOCORYS. 533

Subsp. j3 Otocorys pallida.

Otocorys penicillata {nee Gould), Severtz. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 191 ; Scully,
Str. F. 1876, p. 174 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 181 : Severtz. Ibis,
1883, p. 61.

Adult male. Similar to 0. penicillata, but very much paler, the
vinous tints being of a delicate lilac, the back washed with sandy
ochraceous and very narrowly streaked with blackish : " bill bluish
horny, blackish towards the tip, the lower mandible paler; feet
horny black ; iris brown" {F. StoUczka). Total length 6-S-7-3 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 4'5-l-8, tail 2-95-3-25, tarsus 0 9.

ffab. Central Asia.

a. Ad. sk. Yarkand {Col. CJiapmaii). E. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. larkand {J. Biddnlph). Hume Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Karghalik, Oct. 21. Rev. Dr. Lansdell

[P.].

/. c? ad. sk. Karghalik, Nov. 5 ( J". ^/(Z^m;/)/)). Hume Coll.

g-m. Ad. sk. Kashgar {Dr. Bellew). India Museum [P.I.

n,o.<S2 ^'^- sk. Kashgar, Dec. {J. Biddulph). Seebohra Coll.

p,q-6 9- ^'^- sk. Kashgar, Oct. 23 {J. Smlly). Hume Coll.

r. S ad. ; s, t. Turkestan, Sept. Oct. Dr. Severtzoff [C.].

S $ juv. sk.

u. cS; V, w. 5 Ferghana, Oct., Nov. Dr. Severtzoff [C.].

ad. sk.

Otocorys elwesi and its allies.

Elwes's Horned Lark is easily distinguished from 0. penicillata
by the white space which separates the black of the fore neck from
the black of the ear-coverts. Care must be taken in searching for
this character, as in many badly-preserved skins the white inter-
space is not distinctly traceable, if the feathers of the neck should
happen to be forced up on the throat.

0. elwesi was described by Mr. Blanford from Sikhim, and I have
examined a large series from this country in the Hume collection.
Unfortunately they are prepared by Mr. Mandelli's collectors, and
though good skins, they are none of them provided with particulars
of sex. This is a very important matter in Larks, where the males
are so much bigger, as a rule, than the females. Fortunately, iu
the Horned Larks the absence of black across the forehead enables
us to tell the females from the males.

Mr. Seebohm iu the ' Ibis ' for 1884 (I. c.) has shown that the
three races 0. longirosfris, 0. elwesi, and 0. hrandti, run one into
each other, and that it is difficult to draw the line between them.
This is quite true ; but arguing from an examination of a large
series, I think that three races can be recognized with a tolerably
well-defined range to each; though I admit that the connecting-
links between them may be found.

534 alatjdid.t:.

2. Otocorys elwesi.

Otocorys penicillata (nee Gould), Ilodys. lean. ined. in Bihl. Soc. Zool.

V. pi. 763 (no. 0G8) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii.

p. 4{)9 (1856, pt.)* ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 318 ; Jerdon, B. hid.

ii. p. 431 (1863).
Otocorys alpustris [nee L.), Sd-inh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 272.
Otocorys sibirica, Eversm. (nbi?); Swinh. P.Z.8. 1871, p. 390;

Band <§• 0«,sf. Oix. Chine, p. 316 (1877).
Otocorys elwesi, W. Blmiford, J. A. S. Bmq. 1872, p. 02 ; id. Ibis,

1873, p. 213; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 213; Severtz. Ibis, 188.3,

p. 61.
Otocorys longirostris [nee Moore), Hume 4" Senders. Lahore to Yar-

kand, p. 267 (1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 181.
Otocorys nigrifrons, Prjev. Mong. S) Thibet, ii. p. 103 (1876).
Otocorys teleschowi, Prjev. Ibis, 1887, p. 416.

Aduh male in ivinter plumage. Similar to 0. penicillata, but dis-
lingiiished by the white on the sides of the neck, which forms a
band separating the black of the fore neck from the black eai--
coverts. The bill is very long and slender, and has a yellowish
base to the lower mandible. On some few specimens a tinge of
yellow is visible on the forehead. The chest has some dusky spots
or edges.

In hreeding-phrniage^ the whole of the pale edgings to the feathers
wear off and the black line on the base of the forehead, which never
seems to be entirely absent even in winter, becomes strongly pro-
nounced and is followed by a broad white frontal band which joins
the eyebrow, and is itself followed by another broad black band,
extending backwards into the elongated hornlets above the white
supercilinm. The feathers at the base of the bill and the nasal
plumes become so much abraded that the bill looks longer and more
slender in breeding-plumage than it does in winter.

In a series of male birds from Sikhim and Thibet, collected by
Mandelli, the length of the culmen is 0"5-0-6 inch, and the wing
4"5-4*75 inches. In the females from the same localities tlie culmen
measures 0"45-0'6 inch, and the wing 4-4-4 inches.

The female differs from the male in wanting the black on the
crown and base of forehead, the nasal plumes being dusky brown,
and the crown streaked with black ; but the white frontal band is
very distinct and broad. The black band on the fore neck is very
small.

The young birds are mottled after the manner of Hoi'ned Larks,
and I believe that after the first moult into winter plumage there
is no trace of a white forehead or black gorget, the latter being
replaced by a few streaks of black.

The series of skins from the Prjewalski collection presented to
the Museum by Mr. Seebohm is of the highest interest, comprising
specimens determined by Colonel Prjewalski as 0. alhlgula and as
0. nigrifrons, Prj. The latter have certainly a little more black at

* The Nepalese epecimens recorded in this Catalogue were no longer in the
India Museum when the collection was banded over to the British Museum in
1881.

6. OTOCORTS.

535

the base of the forehead than is usual in Sikhim or Thibetan speci-
mens ; but I cannot see how they are to be separated from 0. elwesi,
which they resemble in form and size of bill. The whole series of
specimens appears to me to belong to 0. ehvesi. Prom Mongolia
there is a single specimen of a small race (wing 4-2 inches), and
a Gobi specimen has the wing 4-2 inches and the culmen 0"-J5:
they seem to indicate the existence of a race with smaller dimen-
sions than the average examples of 0. eJwesi.

Huh. Sikhim and Eastern Himalayas into Thibet and westwards
to Kumaon and Knlu ; Turkestan to the mountains of Mongolia and
Northern China.

a. cJ ad. sk. Kangra Lama Pass, Sikhim,

Oct. 6.

h. 5 ad. sk. Kaugra Lama Pass, Oct. 4 (//.

/. Elwes).
c, d, e. cJ ad. ; Sikhim (L. Mandelli).

f-i. Pull. -sk.
k-n. J ad. ; o-s. Sikhim, Oct. (Z. Mandelli).

Juv. sk.
t-a. S ? hiem. ; Sikhim ( W. E. Brooks).

h',c',d'.V\A\. sk.
e'. S festiv. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug. {L. Man-
delli).
f. i^; y',h',i' . Native Sikhim, Feb., April, Sept.

5 sestiv. ; k' , (Z. Mandelli).
v. c? hiem. sk.

m'-z'. S ; a", Thibet, Aug. to Oct. (Z. Man-

b" . 5 hiem. ; delli).

c"-i" . Juv. sk.

k". $ ajstiv. sk. Thibet (Z. Mandelli).

I", ni". cJ ad. ; Kumaon (Stfachei/).

n". 5 sk.

o". 2 ^^- ^^- Kulu {Major Hay),

p". 5 ad.sk. Tangsee, Oct. 9 {Dr. He7idersn}i).

q"-s". (S ad. sk. Panjong Lake, Oct. 8 {Dr. Hen-
derson ) .

t" . 5; ^i"-z". YaxksiuA YovLie {J. Biddidph).

6 sk.
a^. cJ ad. sk. Aktagh, Karakoram Mts.,

June 13 (J. Biddulph).
b^,c^.S $ ad.sk. Aktagh, June 14 {J. Biddulph).
cP. S fid. sk. Ladakh {Dr. Henderson),
e^. 2 '"id. sk. Karakasli Valley, Aug. 3 (Dr.

Henderson),
f, (f'. S 2 ad. Maiterek and Arkad Mountains,

sk. _ Turkestan, ]NLav {Dr. O. Finsch)

h\ i\ 2 ad. ; ^ ■ '" " "

cJ pull. sk.
k^ S ad. sk.
P. 5 ad. sk.

m^. c? ad. sk.
n^. (S ad. sk.

Karakul, Turkestan, Aug., Oct.

Semicetchje, June 6.
Turkestan, Sept. 23 {Dr. Severtz-

Tian-shan, May {Prjewalsky).
Baganor, N.W. Mougolia, April 7
(wing 4"2 in.).

W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].

(Type of O. elires-t.)
Plume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Oates Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Oates Coll.
India Mus.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Geogr. Soe. Bremen.

"SevertzoffCoU.

Severtzoff Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Br. Severtzoff [C.].

536 ALAUDID^.

o^$ad. sk. N.W. Monfjolia, Nov. 2. Dr. Severtzoff[C.].

p^, y^ d" ad. sk. N. Thibet, 'Jan., Nov. {Prjewal- Seebohin Coll.

ski).

?-3. c? ad. sk. R. Dy-tschn, June {Prjeioakhi). Seebobm Coll.

s^ f". S ad. sk. Gobi Desert, Nov. [PrjewaUki). Seebohm Coll.

u^-v^. S ad. sk. Zaidaiu, Auw., Dec. (Prjewalski). Seebohin Coll.

x^. (S ad. sk. Njan-shan, Jiiue {Prjewalski). Seebohm Coll.

y^. S ad. sk. Kaiisu, Aug. [Prjewalski), Seebohm Coll.

2', a*. S ad. sk. Kukunoor, Feb., April [Prjewal- Seebohm Coll.

ski).

b\ Ad. sk. Tientsin {Fleming). Seebohm Coll.

Subsp. a. Otocorys longirostris.

Otocorys longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 215, pi. 3 (e.v Govld,
MSS'.) ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. I. Co. ii. p. 470 (1856) ;
Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 4.31 (18(53) ; Blijth, Ibis, 1867, p. 47 ; Gratj,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7737 (1870) ; Hume, S. F. 1873, p. 259,
1879, p. 109 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881 , pp. 50, 581 ; Bidd. Ibis, 1882, p. 285 ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1884, p. 116 ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 184.

Alauda longirostris, Seebohm, Br. B. ii. pp. 285, 286, notes (1884).

Adult male. Similar to 0. eliuesi, but much larger and with a very
much longer bill. The general colour is also more ashy in winter,
with much less vinous colour about the plumage.

The males have the culmen from 0-55-0'7 inch and the wing
5-5'2. One male from Kulu approaches 0. elwesi and has the wing
only 4'8, but this dimension, though less than that of the other males,
exceeds the wing-measurement of the longest-winged male of 0. elwesi.

The only female examined has the wing 4-8 inches and the
culmen 0"65, exceeding in length any of the males of 0. elwesi.

Hah. Ladakh and Caslimere, extending into the valley of the
Sutlej and as far as Kumaon.

a. S ad. sk. Hills north of Kumaon. Tweeddale Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Sutlej Valley (Major Tweedie). Gould Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Sutlej Valley, June. Hume Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Sutlej Valley {Dr. Jerdori). Tweeddale CoU.
e,f,g. S; h,i, \\\A\x {Major Kay). Gould ColL

k. 5 ad. sk. (Types of O. longirostris).

I. J ad. sk. Cashmere. Hume Coll.

m. $ ad. sk. Burzil Pass, May 20. Col. Biddulph [C.l.

n. (S ad. sk. Baltistan, May 26. Col. Biddulph [C.J.

o. (S ad. sk. Ladakh. Purchased.

p. J ad. sk. Pangong Lake, Ladakh, Sept. 21 Seebohm Coll.

(J. Biddidjjh).

q. (S hiem. sk. Tanksee, Oct. 9 {G. Henderson). Hume Coll.

r. S ad. sk. Ladakh {Dr. Bellew). India Museum.

s. <S ad. sk. Thibet. Earl of GiflFord [P.].

Subsp. /3. Otocorys brandti.
Otocorys albigula, auct. {nee Bp. Consp. I. e. *).

* The type of 0. alhigida, Bp., is in the Leiden Museum ; Dr. Biittikofer
has kindly examined it for me and says that it is undoubtedly 0. penicillata.

n. OTOCORTS. 537

Otocorys albigula, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 214; Dyboioski, J.f. 0. 1808,
p. 334 ; Menzhier, Ibis, 1885, p. 3o4.

Otocorys brandti, Dresser, B. Eur. vol. iv. p. 402 (1874) ; id. Ibis,
1876, p. 181; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 424; Dresser, Ibis, 1884,
p. 117, 1S89, p. id. > > ,

Alauda penicillata {nee Gould), Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 114 (1879).

Otocorys parvexi, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 161 (1876).

Otocorys petrophila, Severtz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 379.

Adult male. Similar to 0. elwesi and having the bhick of the ear-
coverts separated from the black of the fore neck by a white inter-
space, but differing in the shorter and stouter bill.

The males have the culmen from 0-4o-0"o5 inch and the wing
4-0-4-G inches. In the females the culmen is 0-45-0-5 and the
wing 3-9o-4-l inches. The difference in size between the sexes is,
therefore, not so marked as in some of the allied species, and the
female seems to me to have more black on the crown than in 0. elwesi.

Hah. From Astrachan and Samarkand to Turkestan, the Altai
Mountains, and eastwards to the Kiachia district.

Astrachan, Jan. Purchased.

Samarkand. Seebohm CoU.

Khoosh Maidau, Yarkand, Sept. Hume Coll.

26 [Dr. G. Henderson).

Ferghana, Oct. 2o. Severtzoff Coll.

Turkestan, Sept., Oct. {Dr. Severt- Seebohm Coll.
^ -off).

Fort Perowsk, Syr-Darya, Jan. 20. Purchased.

Turkestau {Dr. Severtzoff). Tweeddale CoU.

E. Oxus, Dec. 3 {Dr. Severtzoff). Seebohm Coll.

Lake Aral. St. Petersburg Mus.

[P.].

Sergiopol, Aug. 31. Severtzoff Coll.

Kataliuska {Russoff). Seebohm Coll.

Altai iMountains. Mr. Brandt.

Altai Mouutains. Gould Coll.

Altai Mountains. St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.].

t, u. cj ad. sk. Kiachta, Transbaikalia, Oct., Nov. Purchased.

3. Otocorys bilopha.

Alauda bilopha, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 244. fig. 1 (1823) ; JRiqip.
Keue Wirb. p. 104 (1835-40) ; Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 285
(1884).

Otocornis bilopha, Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845) ; Heugl. Si/st.
Uebers. p. 43 (1856).

Otocorys bilopha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i.
p. 122 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 421 ; Deyl. !^- Gerbe, i. p. .349
(1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 20 (1807) ; id. Ibis,
1809, p. 153; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7741 (1870) ; Heuql.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 699 (1870) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1871,
p. 290 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 399, pi. 245 (1874) ; Irby, B. Gibr.
p. 115 (1875).

Phileremos bicornis, Brekm, Viiyelf. p. 123 (1855).

a

b. 6

ad. sk.

c.

S ad

sk.

d.

$ ad

sk.

e.

S ad.

sk.

f. d ad.

hiem.;

g, h. 5 ad. sk.

i.

S ad.

sk.

k.

1.6 2

ad. sk.

m

. S ad. sk.

n.

$ ad

sk.

0.

2 ad.

sk.

P-

6 ad

sk.

i-

6 ad.

sk.

r.

c? ad.

sk.

s.

? ad.

sk.

538 ALAUDIDiE.

Adult male. Entirely bright sandy rufous above, with a vinous
shade, and with darker rufous shaft-lines to some of the dorsal
feathers ; wing-coverts entirely sandy rufous like the back ; quills
dusky bi'own, externally sandy rufous and edged with white at the
ends, the inner secondaries entirely sandj^ rufous, the tirst primary
externally edged with white ; centre tail-feathers sandy rufous with
black shaft-stripes, the remainder black, the penultimate feather
edged with white near the end of the outer web, the outermost one
white for nearly the whole extent of the outer web ; crown of head
sandy rufous like the back, with a vinous tinge ; forehead and eye-
brow white, succeeded by a broad band of black across the fore part
of the crown, continued into two long ear-tufts above the ear-coverts
and reaching to the sides of the nape ; nasal plumes, lores, feathers
below the eye, fore part of ear-coverts black, this black patch extend-
ing down the centre of the cheeks ; hinder ear-coverts and adjacent
sides of neck, as well as the remainder of the- cheeks and throat,
white ; a very broad cresccntic band of black on the lower throat
and fore neck ; remainder of under surface from the chest downwards
white, the sides of the breast vinous-sandy, and the sides of the
body and thighs washed with vinous ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries white, the edge of the wing sandy : quills dusky below,
ashy isabelline along the inner web : " bill dusky horn-colour, paler
on the mandible; feet pale dusky horn-colour" (Foji Heuglin).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3'85, tail 2-4, tarsus OS.

In breeding-plumage the vinaceous colour of the upper parts
becomes obliterated and the back is of a rufous-sandy colour ; the
head sometimes shows a white band behind the black frontal one.

ifab. Algeria and Arabia. Said to occur in Southern Spain.

a. cJ ad. sk. Algerian Sahara (Locke). Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Algeria. Sharpe Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. Desert north of El Baadj, Jan. 17 Salvin-Qodman Coll.

(H. B. Tristram),

4. Otocorys leucolaBma *.

Otocoris occidentalis [nee M'C'all), Baird, in Stansbury's Rep. p. 318

(1852).
Otocorys alpestris {nee L.), Neivb. P. JR. li. Hep. vi. p. 88 (1857).
Eremophila cornuta {nee IJ'ils.), Baird, P. R. R. Rep. x., Birds, p. 13,

pi. 32 (1859) ; Brown, Ibis, 1808, p. 421 : Dall lV Bann. Tr. Chicago

Acad. i. p. 281 (1869).
Eremophila alpestris («ec X.), Allen, Bidl. Mus. C. Z. Cambr. iii.

p. 176 (1872).
Eremophila alpestris, var. occidentalis, Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Hist.

N. Amer. B. ii. p. 140 (1874).
Eremophila alpestris, ^. leucolsema. Coves, B. N.- West, p. 38 (1874) ;

Hensh. Rep. IQQth Merid. p. 309 (1875).

* The synonymy of this species is chiefly derived from the ^vritings of
Dr. Elliott ijoues andMr. Henshaw, who have examined the specimens mentioned
iu the books quoted.

0. OTOCORTS. 539

Eremopliila alpestris leucolrema, Coues, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Sun iv
p. Hob (18/8); id. Check-l. N. Atner. B. p. 82 (1882) • iV^A-m,
0.«.. 'C„,-.»,' p 74 (1883); Coues, Ke^ N. Ji'':^A p s'^

nSfi ' ?T ■ t'^' 'x.P-/'^^ (\?^^) > ^- O- ^^- <^^"^'^'-f- P- 238
(188b) ; ^<c((7?o. x¥^««. ]V. Amer. B. p. 348 (1887).

_ ^cZifZ^ 7««7e. Similar to 0. alpestris and of about the same large
size, but havmg a white throat auci generally very pale coloration
everywhere. " Length about T'o-S-U inches, wing 4-3-4-65 (4-43)
tail 2-85-3-2 (3-11) "(ii'%i,«,y). " * oo ^^ 4^;,

Adult female. Wing 4-4-2 (4-12), tail 2-6-2-8 (2-73) (liidawai,)
Sometimes a tinge of yellow is seen on the throat, and it is very
dithcult to determine a large 0. arenicola from a small 0. leucdpma
M i \ ll America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of
the^Kocky Mountains, nearly to U. S. boundary, extending in winter
to Jintish Columbia, west of the Rocky Mountains, and over the
more northern Great Plains and Great Basin of United States, as
tar as Kansas, Utah, and Nevada {Gf. llidgw. Man. p. 348).

a. 5 ad. sk. Frenchman's River, July 7 [Dr.]

E. Coues). ' I

b. d' ad. sk. Sun River, Daliota {Dr. Ilitz •

Sm. uo. 52021).)

c. 2 ad. sk. Black Hills, Dakota. Nov 8 'Henshaw Coll.

(V. Bailey). ' ' [S.-G.J.

d. Imm. .sk. Three Buttes, Montana, Auo-. 30

{J. H. Bath/).
e,f. Imm. sk. Thvee Buttes V^. Coues).

^ ad^sL'""^" ^ ^nZhmoT^''' ^°^' ^^' ^' '^'^^^'i^-^o^"^''^'^ Coll.

r. .Iuv.hiem.sk. WdkWalia, W. T., Oct. 25 Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(U. n . Henshaw).

s, t, u. Ad. sk. British Columbia. j. k. Lord, Esq. [C.].

Subsp. a. Otocorys praticola.

Alaudacomuta («ecr&.), Swains. ^ Bick. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds

p. ZiO (lool). ' '

Eremq^hila coruuta (nee Wils.), Blakist. Ibis, 18G2, p. 5, 1863

p. d8 (pt.). ' f- ") i<-uo,

^'n"l''8^-^fl878r'?^/'"' ^•''- ^'^^"'- ^''"- ^'"'^- Orn. Club, iii.
op. cit. V. p. Li (IhbO) ; Park, op. cit. vi. p. 177 (1881)

Otocorys alpesti-is praticola, Hensh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884); A O U
?t^^lxil^T ' f'^'Jf''-'- P- -^^^ am ; Ms, Auk,
t'r\ U 1 f ^ l?'^ir' ^^f' ^'- PP- ^^' ^"' 112 (1^89) Park,
im ^T '■ T^^ '^' ^t"^''^ *■ '■ P- 1*8 ; Butcher, t. c. pp. 180
200 ; Loomis, t. c. p. 207 ; Harris, t. c. p. 320. ^ '

Similar to 0. alpestris, and with the same vinous character about
the neck and wmg-coverts ; but it is a smaller bird and generally
paler, though many specimens are difficult to separate from 0
aipestns, into which species the race appears to grade.

540

ALAUDID^.

According to !M"r. Eidgwaj- the dimensions are as follows : —

Adult male. Length 7-7'5 inches, wing 4-4'3 (average 4*13),
tail 2-9-3-1 (2-99).

Adult female. Length 6'75-6'S5 inches, wing 3'7-4 (3-84), tail
2-6-2-9 (2-73).

The nestlings of tliis species and the young after their first
moult are unusually dark.

Hab. Upper Mississippi Yalley and region of the Great Lakes
(especially within United States), east, locally, to New York ; south,
in winter, to Virginia and north-eastern Texas {cf. Ridgw. Man.
p. 348).

a,b. Ad.; c. Pull. N.AV. America.

d. (S ad. sk.

e,f. d2 ad. sk.

9, h, i. (S ad. sk.
'k. Pull. sk.

/, m, n. d" ; 0. 5
ad. ; 2>- I'^^l- ^^•

q. Pull. sk.

r, s, t. c7 ad. sk.

u, V, w. $ ad. sk.

.T-a'. 6 ; b'-f. 2;

g', h'. PuU. sk.
i' . Juv. sk.

A-', /', ni. (S ad. ;

u'. Pull. sk.
()', f'. S ? ad. sk.

?', r', s'. d ; <'• 2

ad. sk
u'. d ad, sk.

v'. (5 ad. sk.

Fort Simpson, May 23.
Fort Duft'erin, Manitoba

{G. Dawson).
British Columbia.
Grant Co., Minnesota, June

12, 1881 (H. IF. H.).
Locust Grove, New York,

Feb., June, July (G H.

Ahrriam).
Lewis County, N.Y., June S

( W. Brewster).
Lowville, N.Y., March 24

{E. L. Day cm).
Washington, D.C., .Tan.,

IMarch (H. W. H.).
Illinois, Feb. to June (^E".

W. Nelson).
Halfday, Illinois, Aug. 25

{H. K. Coale).
St. Louis, Missouri, March,

May, Dec. [H. W. H.).
Manhattan, Kansas, March

11 {D. E. Lcintz).
Dallas, Texas, Nov. to Jan.

(C. /. Maynard).
Cook Co., Texas, Dec. 5

{G. H. Bai/sdale).
[Cuba (Zoological Gardens.)]

Capt. Collinson [P.].

B.K.Ross, Esq. [P.].
N. Amer. Boundary

Comm.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.
G.].

[S..

Henshaw Coll. [S.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. [S.-

G.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll. [S.-

G.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

G.].
Henshaw Coll.

G.].
Henshaw Coll.

G.].
Sclater Coll.

[S.-
[S-
[S.-

Subsp. /3. Otocorys arenicola.

Eremophila cornuta, var. occidentalis {nee M'Call), Dresser, Ibis,

1865, p. 486.
Eremophila cornuta (nee IVils.), Cones, Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1880,

p. 79.
Eremophila alpestris, Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 92 (1879).
Otocorvs alpestris arenicola, He7ish. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884) ; A. 0. U.

Check-l. p. 239 (1886) ; Eidytv. Man. p. 349 (1887) ; Lloijd, Auk,

V. p. 193 (1888).
Similar to 0. praticola, of which it is a small and sandy-coloured
race, with paler-coloured young.

6. OTOCORYS.

541

Mr. Eidgway's measurements are as follows : —

Adult male. Length 7-7'5 iuches, wing 4-05-4-3 (4-16), tail
2-70-3-15 (2-99).

Adult female. Length about 6-5-6"75 inches, wing 3*7-4 (3'84),
tail 2-0-2-S (2-68).

This race seems to run into 0. praticola on the one hand, and
into 0. strigata on the other. Occasionally a little yellow appears
on the chest, showing an approach to 0. strigata. The Arizona
specimens are darker than those from Colorado, and show a decided
approach to 0. chrgsolcema in the deep yellow of the throat.

Ilab. Great Plains and Rocky Mountain district (including Great
Basin) of United States, south to New Mexico and Northern
Arizona, and Texas (cf. Eidgw. Man. p. 349).

a. c? ad. sk.

b-n. d;o-t. ?;
u-b'. Pull. sk.

c'-p'-d; q

sk.
t', i/. 6 2
Juv. sk.

-s'. Ad.

tc', x', y'. (S ad. sk.
z', a". (S ad. sk.

b". (5 ad. sk.

c", d". c? 2 ad. sk.
[W. 4-15.]

h

')./", 9"- 6 ad.

sk. [W. 4-05-

4-25.]

". S ad. sk. [W.

4-2.]

-m". (£ ad. [W.

4-0O-4-2] ; 7i",

o" . 2 ad. sk.

[W. 3-9-4-1.]
". i ad. sk. [W.

4-L]
'. 2 ad. sk. \y\.

3-8.]
', s". S ad. \\\\

4-05-4-2] ; t" .

2 ad. sk. [W.

3-8.]

Fort Buford, Dakota, Sept.

'oiV.Bailey)
Colorado Springs, Colorado,

May to July, Nov. {H. W.

Henshaic).
Springsville, Arizona. Dec.

{H. W. H.).
Fort "SVingate, New Mexico,

June, July {R. W. Shu-

fvldf).
Utah, Dec, Jan. (if. W. S.).
Dallas, Texas, Nov., Dec.

(C. J. Maijnard).
Gainesville, Texas, Nov. 15

{G. H. Ragsdale).
Laredo, Texas, Dec. {Br. H.

B. Butcher : Sm. nos.

46946, 46234).
Presidio County, Texas,

Jan. ( W. Lloyd).

Howard's Ranche, Bexar,
Texas, Feb. 20 (H. E.
Dresser).

La Mula, Chihuahua, Jan.
27 ( W. Lloyd).

Fresno, Chihuahua, Jau. 14

( W. Lloyd).
El Kosario, Chihuahua, Jan.

8 ( W. Lloyd).
Guerrero, Chihuahua ( If'.

Lloyd) .

Henshaw Coll. [S.-

G.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw CoU. fS.-
G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Henshaw Coll. fS.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. fS.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. TS.-

G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Otocorys alpestris.

The Lark, Catesly, Kaf. Hist. Carol, i. p. 32, pi. 32 (1731).
LAlouette de Virgiuie, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 367 (1760, e.v Catesby).

542 ALAUDID^.

Alauda alpostris, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 289 (ex Cateshy) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 800 (178b) ; ' Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 85, pi. 5. fig. 4

(1808); Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 279 (1820); Audub. B. Avier.

pi. cc. ; Naum. Voij. Deiitsc/il. iv. p. 149, Tat'. 99 (1824) ; Werner,

Atlas, Granivo7-es, pi. 4 (1827) ; Audub. Orn. Bioyr. ii. p. 570

(1834) ; Gould, B. Bur. iii. pi. 1G4 (1837) ; Macy. Br. B. ii.p. 159

(1839) ; Nord>n. in Diniid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 161 (1840) ;

Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 44, pi. 151 (1841) ; Selys-L(in(/eh.

Faune Belye, p. 83 (1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Ix (1844) ; Midd.

Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 133 (1851) ; Xyerb. Vanm. Fu(/le, pi. xviii.

fig. 7 (1852) ; Schl. Voy. Kederl. p. 295, pi. 150 (1S54) ; Hewits.

Eyys Br. B. p. 178*. pi. xlv* (1856) ; Sundev. Svensk. Foyl.

pi. viii. fig. 3 (1856) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voy. pi. 17. fig. 13 (1861) ;

Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 13 (1870); E. Gray, B. West

Sc6tl. p. 118 (1871); Hartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. 25 (1872);

Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 75 (1875); Finsch, Reis. West-Sibir. p. 113

(1879) ; Seeboh'm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 284 (1884).
Alouette de Sibirie, Daubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 650. fig. 2.
Le Ilausse-col noir ou L' Alouette de Virginie, Mo7itb. Hist. Nat.

Ois.v. p. 55 (1778).
La ceinture de Pretre ou L' Alouette de Sibirie, Month, t. c. p. 61

(1778).
Shore Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 385 (1783) ; Perm. Arctic

Zool. ii. p. 392 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 402 (1843).
Alauda tiava, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 800 (1788).
Alauda cornuta, Wilson, Amer. Orn. i. p. 87 (1808).
Alauda nivalis, Pall. Zooyr. Russo-Asiat. i. p. 519 (1811).
Eremophila alpestris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322 ; Cooper, B. Calif.

p. 251 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1872) ; id. B. N.-

West, p. 37 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridyw. Hist. N. Amer. B.

ii. p. 141 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Kqjlor. WOth Par. p. 309

(1875); Loomis, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iy. p. 211 (1879); Scott,

i.e. p. 223; Parker, op. cit. vi. p. 177 (1881); Merriam, t. c.

p. 231 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 281 (1884).
Eremophila cornuta, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322 ; Baird, B. N. Amer.

p. 403 (1858) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 289.
Phileremos alpestris, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 313 (1831); Bj).

Cotnp. List B. Fur. Si- N. Amer'. p. 37 (1838) ; Keys. ^ Bias. Wirh.

Eur. p. 150 (1840) ; Boryyr. Voyelf. Deutschl. p. 70 (1869).
Phileremos cornutus, Bp. Cump. List, p. 37 (1838).
Otocoris alpestris, Bp. Nuovi Ann. Sci. Nat. Boloyna, ii. p. 407

(1838); id. Iconoyr. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 5 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B.

ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Jaub. et Barth.-

Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 292 (1859) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 108

(1863) ; Deyl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 340 (1867) ; Droste, Voyelf.

Bork. p. 107 (1869) ; Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Brenxen, 1870,

p. 342; Gray, Havd-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7734 (1870); Gould, B.

Gt. Br. iii. pi. 18 (1870) ; Hotcey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 40

(1878) : A. O. U. Check-l. p. 238 (1886).
Philamnus alpestris, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 47 (1840) ; Salvad.

Flench. Ucc. Itcd. p. 157 (1886).
Otocoris cornuta, i>jM. Co7iS2). i. p. 246 (1850) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii.

p. 117, no. 7728 (1870).
Phileremos striatus, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 122 (1855).
Phileremos rufescens, Brehm, t. c. p. 122 (1855).
Otocorys alpestris, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 121 (1850); Reiuh,

6. OTOCORYS. 543

Ibis, 1861, p. 8; Stevc7is. Ibis, 1862, p. 308; Ciiyl. Ibis, 1860,
p. 58; Elices Sf Bucldey, Ibis, 1870, p. 195; Salvad. Faun. Ital.
Ucc. p. 134 (1871) ; Hwinh. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 390 ; Heugl. Ibis,
1872, p. 61 ; Severtz. Tiirkest. Jevutn. p. 67 (1873) ; Alston ^- Harvie
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 62 ; Keicton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 604
(1874) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 387, pi. 243 (1874) ; id. Ibis, 1876,
p. 180 ; Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182 : Danf. Sf Harvie Brown,
i. c. p. 310; Seeb. 4' Harvie Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 119; Collett,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 47 ; David S,- Oust. Ois. C/mie, p. 315 (1877);
Seeb. Ibis, 1878, p. 34, 1882, pp. 217, 379 ; B. 0. U. List Br. B.
p. 73 (1883) ; Hensh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1885,
p. 174 ; Dubois, Bull. Mus. R. Belg. iii. p. 223 (1884) ; Brooks,
Ibis, 1885, p. 380 ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 59 (1886) ; A. O. U. Cheek-l.
N. Avier. B. p. 238 (1886) ; Eidyiu. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 348
(1887) ; Irby, Key-list Br. B. p. 21 (1888) ; Samiders, Man. Br.
B. p. 249 (1888) ;" Gi(/l. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 119 (1889).

Otocorys corniita, Cab.'Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 122 (1850).

Otocoryx alpestris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 38 (1854).

Alauda (Phileremos) alpestris, Schrenk, Reis. Amurl. p. 271 (1859) ;
Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 152, pi. iii. fig. 2 (1863).

Otocorys penicillata {nee Gould), Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 94 ; Tristr.
Ibis, 1866, p. 289.

Otocoris nivalis, Gray, Hund-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7735 (1870).

Adult male iti breeding - phimage. General colour above ashy
brown with a vinous shade, the back and rump with black centres
to the feathers; the scapulars less distinctly marked; lesser and
median coverts pale vinous, the latter with ashy margins ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dusky brown with hoary
whitish edges and a slight vinous tinge ; quills dusky brown, edged
with ashy grey, the first primary externally white, the inner secon-
daries browner and more like the greater coverts ; upper tail-
coverts pale vinous ; centre tail-feathers ashy with black centres,
the rest black, the outer feather white along the outer web ; hinder
crown, uape, hind neck, and sides of neck pale vinous ; forehead
and a broad eyebrow white, followed by a broad band of black
across the crown, which is produced backward into two black horn-
lets ; feathers rouud eye or eyelid, nasal plumes, lores, feathers
below the eyes, and fore part of ear-coverts black, extending along
the cheeks ; ear-coverts yellowish white, dusky behind ; malar line
and throat white, the latter tinged with yellow, extending on each
side to the sides of the neck, and skiiting the black ear-coverts till
it reaches to behind the eye and joins the white eyebrow ; a large
patch of black on the fore neck, extending on to the lower throat ;
chest and remainder of under surface of body white ; sides of breast
clear vinous, paler on the sides of body, which are slightly streaked
with blackish ; thighs vinous ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, the inner edge
white : " bill greyish black, the base of the lower mandible bluish
white ; feet and claws brownish black, tinged with grey " ( W. Mac-
qillivray). Total length G-8 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 4-25, tail
2-9, tarsus 0-9.

544 ALATJDIDJE.

Ad alt female in breeding-jjlumai/e. Browner than the male and
not so strongly washed with Tinous ; the black band on the crown not
so strongly defined, and the hinder crown and nape brown, strongly
mottled with blackish brown, the back also much more distinctly
marked than in the male ; the black on the throat and sides of face
not so strongly developed as in the male, and the white forehead
and throat strongly washed with yellow. Total length 6 inches,
culmen 0"6, wing 4"1, tail 2'5, tarsus 0'85.

Adidts imvinter plumage. Much browner than in summer, the
black on the head, face, and throat entirely obscured by ashy or
vinous-broAvn tips to the feathers ; the throat and cheeks, forehead,
and eyebrow sulphur-yellow, and the white of the chest and upper
breast sullied with dusky tips to the feathers ; flanks much more
reddish brown, and not so vinous as in summer. There is a strong
shade of yellow not only over the white parts of the face and throat,
but even over the adjacent brown portions of the feathers. This
yellow shade gradually disappears from the eyebrow and facial
markings as the summer progresses and the breeding-phimage
becomes worn. The black bands on the crown and on the fore
neck are developed by the shedding of the tips to the feathers.

Nestling (newly hatched). Covered with tufts of down of a lax
and feathery nature, of a pale yellow colour.

Nestling (fully grown and able to fly). Everywhere spotted like
a young Game-bird on the upper surface ; the general aspect being
blackish, thickly covered with spots of sandy buff, mostly triangular
in shape ; the quills and tail-feathers distinctly edged with sandy
buff'; throat yellow, extending behind the ear-coverts, and showing
the black markings of the face of the adult ; remainder of under
surface of body white, tinged with yellow on the breast, the whole
of the fore neck, chest, and sides of body washed with sandy buff'
and mottled with subterminal spots of black.

I quite agree with Mr. Henshaw that the large Horned Lark of
Europe cannot be separated from that of North America. He
thinks that there may be more than one race of the species in
Europe, as a specimen from Southern llussia " difl'ers markedly
from the 0. alpestris of Northern Eui'ope, and evidently represents
a large and extremely pale race." This idea is not borne out by
the specimens in the British Museum, an example from the Crimea
being absolutely similar in colour to another from Norway ; both
are males, and have the wing 4*2 inches in length.

The American specimens of 0. alpestris in winter are always
more spotted with dull ashy on the chest, but otherwise the Euro-
pean and North-American examples appear to be precisely identical,
and, like the Shore-Lark in its breeding-haunts in Europe, the
specimens from Hudson's Bay and Labrador appear to gradually
lose the yellow on the forehead and eyebrow. As a rule the larger
size of the male is very apparent, and the black patch on the fore
neck is larger and is more distinct than in the female, it being

6. OTOCORYS.

545

evident that the light edges are shed by the male sooner than in the
female ; the black on the face is therefore much more apijarent.

According to Mr. llidgway the limits of the measurements of
0. ulpestris slioidd be as follows : —

Adult male. Length about 7'5-8 inches, wing -1-2-4-6 (average
441), tail 2-7-3-1 (2-98).

Adult female. Wing 3-95-4-o5 (4-19), tail 2-5-3-1 (2-7S).

Hah. The northern ijortious of the Old and New Worlds, breeding
within the Arctic Circle, and going south in winter.

u. S ad. hiem. st.

b, c, d. (S; e. 2 ad.;

/. Pull. sk.
ff-k. d< 1-2 ad.

sk.
in, n. 2 ad. sk.

o, p. S 2 ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. ajstiv. sk.
'", *"• 6 $ ad. ; t.

PuU. sk.
u-y. Ad. sk.

s, a'. S ? ad. sk.

b'-h'. S ; i', k'. 2

ad. sk.
v. Ad. sk.
m', n'. cj 2 ad. sk.
o', jw'. Ad. et juv.

sk.
y'. 2 ad sk.

r'-u'. c?; «', w', .I''.

2 ad. sk.
y' . 2 ad. sk.

z'. <S ad. sk.
a", rf ad. sk.
//'. 2 ad.sk.
c". Ad. sk.
d". 2 ad. sk.
e". cS ad. sk.
f". Ad. sk.
y". (S ad. sk.

h". (S ad. sk.

i". cS ad. sk.

k". J ad. sk.

I". 2 ad. sk.

Near Brighton, iSusse.\, Dec.

1882.
Norway, May, Aug. to Sept.

Vadso, Norway, June {H.

S.).
Wermland, Sweden, Oct.

( jr. Meves).
Wermland, Oct. (TF. M.).
Lapland (F. I). G.).
Quickiock Fell, Lapland,

July (Zf. Wkedwriyht).
Heligoland, March, Oct.,

Nov.
Heligoland, May (i. Giitke).

Lower Petchora River, Maj^,
June [H. S. .Jj- J. A. II. B.).
N. Russia, April 2.3.
Lisistrov, May 19.
Crimea.

Kaos-chat, Ob River, Sept.

21 {Dr. 0. Fiusch).
Yeu-e-say Valley, June,

July {H. S.).
Torgaschino, Krasnoyarsk,

Dec. 29 (Kibort).
Tobol River, Oct. 2.
Omsk, Sept. 28.
Treudyk, W. Siberia, Oct. 8.
Altai Mountains.
Siberia.

Siberia {Swinhoe C'ulL).
Repulse Bay.
Labrador (Dr. E. Coue»).

Montreal, Canada, April 8

[Dr. C. H. Merriam).
Ortouagon, Michigan, Aug.

10 [A. J. Bayan).
Chicago, Illinois, March 26

(H. K. Coale).
Waukegau, 111., April 24

[E. W. Nelson).

R. ly Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Prof. R. Collett [P.].

Seebolmi Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

c, tP-]-

Seebohui Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Goidd Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Seebohm Coll.

Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.

Geogr. Soc. Bremen

Seebohui Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Severtzoff Coll.
Severtzoff Coll.
Severtzotf Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. Rae [P.].
Henshaw Coll. fS.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. [S.-

G.].
Henshaw CoU. fS.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. fS.-

G.].
Henshaw Coll. TS.-

G.].

2n

546 ALAUDIB^.

m"-t". S;u"-w". Ipswich, Mass., Oct., Nov. Heusliaw Coll. [S.-

$ad. sk. (W. Brewster). G.].

.r". (S ad. sk. Belmont, Mass., Oct. 28 Henshaw Coll. 'S.-

( 71'. Brewster). G.J.

y", z". c? 5 ad. sk. Leyden, New York, Feb. Henshaw Coll. [8.-

(C. H. Merriam). G.].

a', ¥. 5 ad. sk. Long Island, New York, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Feb. 22 (H. W. Henshaw).

c^, d^. (S ad. sk. New Haven, Connecticut, Henshaw Coll. [S.-

Dee. 27 {A. J. Dayan). G.].

e\ f.d2 ad. sk. Washington, D.C., Jan., Feb. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(H.W.H.).

y^. Ad. sk. Washington, Aug. 11 (C Henshaw Coll. [S.-

E. Schmidt). G.].

/«', «■'. c5 ? ad. sk. Washington, Dec, Feb. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(S. F. Baird ^- E. Cones :

Sm. uos. 25247, 28960J.

k?. Skeleton. Europe. Zoological Society.

Subsp. a. Otocorys chrysolsema.

Alauda cornuta {nee Wils.), Swains. Zool. Joum. i. p. 434 (1827).
Alauda chrysolaema, Waglei-, Isis, 1831, p. 300 ; Bp. P. Z. S. 1837,

p. 111.
Otocorys rufa, Heerm. P. B. B. Bep. x. p. 4o, pi. vi. (1859).
Otocoris chrvsola'ma, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l.B.

ii. p. 117, no. 7739 (1870).
Otocorys chrysolfema. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 122 (1850) ; Finsch,

Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 341 (1871).
Otocoryx cornuta {nee Wils.), Licltt. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).
Eremophila cornuta, var. chrvsolpema, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 403

(1858)._
Eremophila chrvsolsema, Sol. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 372 : id. Cat. Amer.

J?, p. 126(18(33).
Eremophila alpestris. var. chrvsolfema. Coves, Key N. Amer. B.

p. 89 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 38 (1874); Baird, Breioer, S^

Ridgw. Hist. N. Amm: B. ii. p. 140 (1S74); Hensh. Bep. lOOth

Merid. p. 310 (1875).
Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema, Coues, Check-l. p. 32 (1882) ; id.

Key X. Amer. B. i. p. 282 (1884) ; Hensh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. p. 239 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 349

(1887).

Similar to 0. (dpestris, but much smaller, and with a rich yellow
throat ; the prevailing colour much more ruddy, and not so vinous.
The yellow colour of the throat is sometimes so pale that it ap-
proaches that of 0. arenicola, but as a rule it is very strongly
marked ; but this is more the case with the Mexican than with the
Californian examples, which tend towards 0. strigata.

Mr. Eidgway's measurements are as follows : — Adult male.
Length about 6-75-7-25 inches, wing 3-8-4-15 (3-99), tail 2-8-3-0
(2-91). Adult female. Length about 6'5-7"0 inches, wing 3'75-
3-8 (3-78), tail 2-7-2-8 (2-75).

6. OXOCORYS.

54/

The series in the Salvin-Godmaii Collection give the following
dimensious : — Males, from the Vallc^y of Mexico, wing 3'7o-J--l
inches ; females, from the Valley of Mexico, wing 3-6-4'U5 : males,
from Jalapa, wing 4-0— i'lo ; female, from Jalapa, wing 3'8 : males,
from Puebla, wing 3'S-4"2 ; female, from Puebla, wing 3"6o.

Hah. Tablelands of Mexico, extending north to southern New
Mexico and Arizona, and westward across iSouthern California to
the coast (Ridgway, Man. p. 349).

a. Ad. sk.
h. Ad.sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. (S imm. .sk.

I, m. 5 ad. sk.
n, o. Ad. sk.
2}-tv. J; -i-b'. 2

ad. sk.

c',d'. 6; e'. 2
ad. sk.

f-k'.d; I'. $ad.

sk.
m', n, o'. (S ad. et

juv. sk.
p'-w'. S; y'-z'. 2

ad. sk.

a". S P'd. sk.

b" ,c" . Ad. sk.

d", e" . (S $ ad. sk.

f'-h". (S ad. sk.

i"-k" . ^ ad. sk.

l"-n". cf ad. sk.

o"-q". J; )•", s".

2 ad. sk.
t". cS ad. sk.

u". Ad. sk.

Mexico.

San Luis Potosi, July

( W. B. Richardson).
Vera Cruz (A. Salle).
Las Vigas, Aug. {Ferrari-
Perez).
Jalapa, 6000 feet, July ( fr.

B. Bichardsoii i.
City of Mexico.
Valley of Mexico, Jan.,
April, Aug. (Ferrari-
Perez).
S. Miguel Moliuo, Hue-
jotzingo, Feb. {Ferrari-
Perez).
Puebla, Jan.-April (F. D.

G.).
Santa Barbara, Cal., Sept.

{H. W. H.).
San Diego, Cal., Dec, Jan.,
March, July (i. Beld-
imj i^- F. Stephens).
Coyote Well, Cal., Dec. 1

{F. Stephens).
Mojave Desert, Cal., Oct.

28 (H. W. Henshaw).
San Gorgonio, Cal., Feb.

23 [H. W. H.).
Riverside, Southern Cah-

fornia, Feb. 17.
Colton, Cal., March {R.

B. Her ran).
Marin Co., Cal., April (C.

A. Allen).
San Francisco, Sept., Oct.

[H. W.H.).
Tucson, Arizona, Dec. 21

{Herbert Brown).
Sumass Prairie, British
Columbia.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Henshaw CoU.

[S.-G.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Wilson Crewdson,

Esq. [P.l.
Salviu-Grodmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Heushaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

Subsp. /3. Otocorys peregrina.

Otocoris chrysolaimus, Bp. Atti So. Ital. 1845, p. 405 {nee Wayl.).
Otocoris peregi-ina, Sol. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 110, pi. 102 Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 117, no. 7742 (1870).
Eremophila peregrina, Set. Cat. Amer. B. p. 127 (1862).

2jr2

548 AIAUDIBJJ.

Adult. Similar to 0. clmjsolcema, with the throat as deep yellow
and the rufous colour as brightly con wasted, but distinguished by
the coarse black stripes on the sides of the body and flanks. The
winter plumage is very dark, hlac'^er than in any of the other races
of Horned Lark. Total length 5-5-G-O inches, culmen 0-5-0-o5,
wing 3-65-3-8, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. U.S. Colombia.

«, 6, c. o' ad. ; d, e. $ Bogota. Salviu-Godman CVill.

ad. ; f. Juv. sk.

«, ^. cT ad. : I. Juv. sk. Bogota. SclaterColl. (types

^ of species.)

k. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

Subsp. y. Otocorys rubea.

Alauda rufa (nee Gm.), Audub. B. Am. viii. p. 353, pi. 497 (1843).
Otocoris alpestris rubea, Hemh. Auk, i. p. 263 (1884) ; A. O. U.
Cheek-l. p. 240 (1886) ; Ridriw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 349 (1887) ;
Jeffries, Auk, vi. p. 222 (1889).

Similar to 0. clirysolcema, from which it is scarcely distinguishable,
but it is more ruddy in colour, and the back becomes uniform vinous-
red without any streaks. The following are Ridgway's measure-
ments : —

Adult male. Length about G-5-7-0 inches, wing 3-7-4-1 (3-88),
tail 2-G-2-9 (274).

Adult female. Length about 6-5 inches, wing 3-0-3-7 (3-Gl),
tail 2-35-2-G5 (2-49)."

The Oasaca male has the wing 3-9 iuches, and the females 3-55-
3-75. The two Zacatecas females measure 3-G-3-7 inches in the
wing.

The specimens from San Francisco are considered by Mr. Henshaw
and Mr. llidgway to be intermediate between 0. stric/ata and 0.
rubea.

Hah. Interior valleys of California (cf. Itidgw. Mon. p. 349), and
ranging into Central Mexico.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. California. Lord Walsingham [P.].

d. Ad. sk. California. Tweeddale Coll.

e f. (S 2 ad. sk. Marysville and Stockton, Henshaw Coll. [S.-G.].

Cal, Feb. (L. Belding). (Types of O. rubea.)

(; 9 ad. sk. Banning, Cal., April 23 G. Frean Morcom, Esq.

{F. Stephens). [P.].

/(. cf ad. sk. Bear Valley, Cal., Aug. G. Frean Morcom, Esq.

6 (F. Stephens). [P.].

2\ k. 6 ^ ad. sk. Gridley, Cal., Oct. 22 (i. Henshaw Coll. [S.-G.].

Beldiiirf).

I 9 {,d. sk. Salt Springs, Cal., spring Sahin-Godman Coll.

[H. W. Henshaiv).

«', n, 0. c? ; p, q. ? Bed Bluff, N. Cal., April, Henshaw Coll. [S.-G.].
al. sk. May (C. H. Townsend).

6. OTocoRrs. 549

r-x. c? ; y-c'. 2 ^^^ Francisco, Cal., Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad.sk. _ 18 (H. W. H.).

d',e'. 2 ad. ;/', ^'. Zacatecas, Mexico, Feb., Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Pull. sk. Aug. ( W. B. Richard-
son).

K . S ad. ; i', k', I'. Oaxaca, March (M. Tru- Salviu-Godiuan Coll

5 ad.etjuv.sk. jiUo).

Siibsp. I. Otocorys giraudi.

Alauda minor {nee Gm.), Giraud, B. Texas (1841); Scl. F.Z.S.

1855, p. 66.
Otocoris minor {nee Gm.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7740

(1870)._
Eremophila alpestris chrysoltema, Sennett, Bidl. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 9

(1878).
Otocorys alpestris giraudi, Hensh. Auk. i. p. 263 (1884) ; A. O. V.

Check-l. p. 239 (1886) ; liidgw. Man.' N. Amer. B. p. 349 (1887).

Similar to 0. chrysolcvma., but yellow on the chest, this yellow
colour very well marked, and in winter strongly mottled with
blackish ends to the feathers. As a rule the yellow on the chest is
well-developed, only two specimens lacking the yellow tinge alto-
gether. The winter plumage is very grey compared with that of
the allied races.

Adult male. Length about 6-50-6-75 inches, wing 3'80-3-85
(3'83), tail 2-6 (Ridgivay).

Adidt female. Length about 5'8-6'0 inches, wing about 3*5, tail
2-35 (Bidgivay).

Hah. Eastern and South-eastern Texas (Ridgway, Man. p. 349).

a, b. S 2 ad. sk. Texas {G. B. Sennett). Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
c-t. (S [W. 3-6-3-9] ; Corpus Christi, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

u. 5 ad. sk. [W. Oct., Nov., Feb., March,

3-85]. {F. B. Armstrony).

Subsp. e. Otocorys strigata.

Eremophila minor, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 126 (1862).

? Eremophila alpestris (wee L.), Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i.

p. 423 (1879).
Otocoris alpestris strigata, Hensh. Aid:, i. p. 264 (1884) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. p. 240 (1886) ; Bidgu: Man. N. Amer. B. p. 349 (1887) ;

Merrell, Auk, yi. p. 257 (1889).

Similar to 0. cJirysolcema, but with the yellow colour distributed
over the entire breast and abdomen. The dark coloration of the
back, from which circumstance the bird was named striyata by
Mr. Henshaw, does not seem to me at all a strongly pronounced
character, and the race altogether is not very well distinguished.
Several specimens are marked by Messrs. Henshaw and Ridgway

550

ALAFDID.^.

as intermediate between 0. strigata and 0. arenicoh, and many of
tliem seem to me to be intermediate between 0. strigata and 0.
giraudi.

Adult male. Lciigtli about 6-7o-7'25 inches, wing 3-70-4'l
(3-94), tail 2-7-3-05 (2-88) {Ridgway).

Adidt female. Length about 6-25-6-5 inches, wing 3'6-3"S5
(3-61), tail 2-5-2-8 (2-62) (liidgwag).

Hah. Coast-district of Oregon, Washington Territorj-, and British
Columbia ; south, in winter, to portions of California and Western
Nevada (Eidgw, Man. p. 349).

a. Ad. sk. California.

6, c. c? 2 ad. sk. Gridley, Cal., Oct. 25 (i.
B elding) .

d. (S ad. sk. San Luis Obispo, Cal., Oct.

26 {S. W. H.).

e. $ ad. sk. Marin Co., Cal., April [A.

A. Allen).

f. 5 ad. sk. Santa Barbara, Cal., Sept.

14 {H. W. H.).

g. h. (S 5 ad. sk. Albany, Oregon, Jan. 22

{H.'W. H.).
i, k, I. cj' ; m, n. Umatilla Agency, Oregon,

?; 0. Juv.sk. Aug. {H. W. H.).
T>~9' ■ 6\ h'-m'. Carson, Nevada, Nov. {H.

$ ad. sk. W. H.).

Sclater Coll.
Hensbaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

7. MELANOCORYPHA.

Type.

Melanocorypba, Boie, Isix, 1828, p. 322 M. calandra.

Calandra, 'Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 120 (1837) M. calandra.

Loudra, Sykes, P. Z. <S'. 1838, p. 114 M. calaudra.

Corvdon, Gloejer, Handb. p. 264 (1842, nvc Lesnoji

(1828) M. calandra.

Calandrina, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bang. xxiv. p. 265

(1859) M. bimaculata.

Nigrilauda, Bogdanoff, Trans. N. H. Soc. Kasan, viii.

p. 76 (1879) M. yeltoniensis.

Pallasia, E. von Homeyer, J.f. O. 1873, p. 190 M. niongolica.

Wing of ISIelanocoriiplia calandra, to show first primary.

Range. Southern Europe and the countries bordering tlie Medi-
terranean eastwards, Central Asia, and N.W. India.

7. JrEXANOCORYPHA. 55J

Key to the Species.

a. Outer secondaries merely tipped with white.

a'. Outer tail-feather nearly entirely white, ex-
cepting an oblong- brown mark at the base of
the inner web ; penultimate tail-feather white
^^at_tip and along the whole of the outer web.
a". Smaller: cuhueu 0-6.5 inch, wing o-l inches;

„ chest washed with buff calandra, p. .551

b . Mucli larger : culmen 0-9o inch, wing 5-7

inches ; chest washed with ashy grey''. . . . ma.vhna, p. 5.54
b . Outer tail-feather tipped with a spot of white
at the end of the inner web, resembling the
rest of the tail-feathers in markings himamlata, p. 5.55.

b. Outer secondaries almost entirely white with a

blackish base; crown and wing-coyerts brio-ht
rufous. "

c'. Smaller: primary-coy erts rufous; no black

patch on the sides of the fore neck . sibirica p. 557

d'. Larger : primary-coyerts brown ; a large black '

patch on the sides of the fore neck mongoUca, p 558

c. Outer secondaries not tipped with white ; entu-e

plumage black ; 2 streaked with black on the

'^^'^^ yeltoniensis, p. 559.

1. Melanocorypha calandra.

The Calandra, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 122, pi. 268 (1760).

La Grosse Alouette ou la Calandre, Briss. Om. iii p 352 nl tt
%. 2 (1760). ^ ' P ^•

Alauda calandra, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 (1766) : Gm. Susf Nat
1. p. ^99 (1788) ; Meyer .f Wolf, Tasc/ienb. p. 261 (1810) •' Pall
Zoogr.Eosso-Asiat. i. p. 617 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i p ^76
(1820) ; ^aum. Vog. Ueutschl. iy. pi. 98. fig. 1 (1824) ; MouiOrn
Provenge, pi. 185 (1825) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 2 (1827) •
^i^^- ^A'*- ^i'- ^'''"^- P- -^^ (l^-'2) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 1(32
(18.3/ ) ; Cresp. Om. Gard, p. 198 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid Voi,
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 168 (1840) ; 8cM. Rev. Crit. p Ix (1844) •
f^'T' ^^^'.1860, p. 2^0 ■ Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 61 ; Lilford^lbil

?^ \lol \^''%^- f '"■•."• l'-^^'^' '^■"•^^ fi?- (1^67): Smith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 44.3; Saunders, Ibis, 18G9, p. 185 ; Fritsch, Voo Eur
tab. xyi. tig. 17 (1870); Elices ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p 195 ^
Hartmg, Handb. Br. B. p. Ill (1872) ; Wright, Ibis, 1874, p 9,34'
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 79 (1875); Cordeau.r, Ibis, 1875 p 181-
Finsch, Beis. West-Sibir. -p. Ill (1879); Banf. Ibis, 1880, p 95 •'
Someyer £ Tancre, MT. om. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90; Seebohm,
Hist. Br. B. n. p. ■282 (1884).
La Calandre, Dauhent. PL Enl. v. pi. 363. fig. 2.
La Calandre ou Grosse Alouette, Montb. Hid. Nat. Ois. p 49 (1788)
Alauda coUaris, P. L. S. Miill. St/st. Nat., Anhang, p. 137 (1776)
Calandre Lark, Lat/i. Gen. Syn. ii. pt.2, p. 382 (178.3).
Melanocorypha calandra, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322;" Brehm Voo
Deutschl.jx 309 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. .f N. Ame,'

Horsf. 4- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co. ii. p. 470'(1856) ; Jaub.

552 ALAUDIDiE.

et Earth. -Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 295 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859,
pp. 34, 425; Salvin, t. c. p. 315; Linderm. Viiff. Griechenl. p. 50
(1860) ; Giffl. Ibis, 18G5, p. 58 ; Tristr. Ibis, 18(56, p. 286 ; Lilford,
t. c. p. 380 ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427 ; Deffl. Sr Gerhe, Orn. Eur.
i. p. 350 (1867) ; Loche, Eipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 37 (1807);

Trisfr. Ibis, 1868, p. 208; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 70
(1809); Doderl. Arif. Sicil. p. 91 (1869); Gray, Hand- 1. B. ii.
p. 120, uo. 7780 (18/"0) ; 8alvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 131 (1871) ;

Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 217 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 365, pi. 238.
iio- 1 pi 239 (1871) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 19 (1872) ; Shelley,

B. Egypt, p. 143 (1872); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 245; Severtz.

Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 06, 143 (1873) ; Newt. ed. Yarrell, Brit. B. i.

p. 646 (1874); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 114 (1875); Danf. c^- Harvte

Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 311; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 183; Blanf. B.

East. Pers. ii. p. 243 (1876) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii.

p 90 (1877) ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 21 ; Bogd. B. Caiic. p. 76 (1879) ;

Dixon, Ibis, 1882,' p. 572 : Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 216, 1883, p. 12;

B O. U. list Br. B. p. 72 (1883); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 377 ;

Tristr. Faun. &,• Flor. Palest, p. 81 (1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cane. p. 199

(1884) • Gigl.Avif. Ital. p. 57 (1860); Salcad. Elench. Ucc. Ital.

p 156 (1886) ; Baekh. Ibis, 1887, p. 72 ; Tail, t. c. p. 198 ; Gidllem.

Ibis, 1888, p. 113 ; Giql. Avif. Ital. IstPesoc. p. 116 (1889); Lilford,

Ibis, 1889, p. 324 ; Clarke, t. c. p. 546.
Melanocorypha calandra subcalandra, Brehni, Tog. Deutschl. p. 310

(1831) ; id. Naum. 1856, p. 374.
Melanocorypha calandra albigularis, Brehm, Naum. 1856, p. 374.
Melanocorypha calandra megarhynchos, Brehm, t. c. p. 374.
Melanocorypha calandra semitorqiiata, Brehm, t. c. p. 374.
Londra calandra, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1838, p. 114.
Melanocorypha bimacukta {nee Menetr.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 497

(lapsu) {id. Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. part 3, p. 82 (1889).

Adult male. General colour above brown, with fulvesceut edges
to the feathers of the mantle and blackish centres to all the feathers,
except those of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which
are uniform brown washed with ashy, the latter with tawny fulvous ;
crown of head like the back and similarly streaked, the hind neck
and sides of neck a little more ashy ; lesser wing-coverts uniform
ashy brown ; remainder of wing- coverts and quills dark brown, with
tawny rufous margins not very conspicuous and washed with ashy ;
the inner primaries and all but the innermost secondaries tipped
with white, the outer primary white along the outer web ; tail-
feathers dark brown with rufesceut brown margins, all but the centre
feathers with a slight edgi.ig of white at the ends, this white gradually
increasing on the lateral tail-feathers, until on the penultimate
feather there is not only a broad white tip, but the whole outer
web is white with a slight rufous shade near the end ; outer tail-
feather entirely white, excepting for an oblique mark of brown on
the base of the inner web and a rufous shade near the end of the
outer web ; lores and a broad eyebrow sandy white ; below the
eye several tiny blackish dots, which extend on to the base of
the ear-coverts, which are brown with sandy-buff shaft-streaks ;
cheeks buffy white, spotted with dusky blackish spots ; a large patch
of creamy white on the sides of the neck behind the ear-coverts ;
entire throat white, with a large triangular black patch on each

MELANOCORYPni.

553

side of the lower throat, extending downwards on to the side of
the fore neck ; remainder of under surface of body white, wit'i a
kvrge brown patch on the sides of the upjjer breast, slightly mottled
with darker brown spots and tinged with tawny rufous ; the fore
neck spotted with small triangulur markings of black ; sides of body,
flanks, and thighs ashy brown with a rufous tinge ; under wing-
coverts and axillarics ashy grey ; quills blackish below, with the
same white tips as the upper surface : " bill horn-colour ; feet brown ;
iris hazel" {H. J. Elwes). Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-G5,
wing 5"1, tail 2--4, tarsus 0"95.

The length of wing in a series of male birds is from 5-0 to o-7o
inches, and the females have the wing •4-45-4-85 ; so that there
is a considerable interval in the dimensions between the wing of the
largest female and that of the smallest male.

In addition to the smaller size, the female is generally more rufous
than the male, and has the throat more plentifully spotted with
black, and the black patch on the sides of the neck is smaller.

Very little variation in colour takes place in a series of the
common Calandra Lark, but the spots on the chest become dimin-
ished in size as the breeding-season progresses and those on the
face are obliterated. Specimens from Turkestan and other eastern
countries are slightly paler and greyer than western birds.

Huh. Southern and Central Europe and the countries of the
Mediterranean eastwards through Persia to Central Asia and the
Altai district and south to Northern Afghanistan.

a. Ad. sk.

^. [ cJ ] ad. sk.

c. (S iid. sk.

(1. 5 ad. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk.
/, (/. ? ad. sk.

/^. [ $ ] ad. sk.

/. S 'id. sk.

k. cS ad. sk.

/, H(. [ $ ] ad. sk.
n. S ad. sk.
o. [(5] ad.sk.
p. S ad. sk.

,1. ;^^d]ad. sk.
r. [ c5jad.sk.

[With deformed bill.]
Marseilles.

Lambesc, near Marseilles,
Jan. 5.

Ahilaga, Nov. 15 {H. Saun-
ders).

Seville, March 1 (H. S.).

liuins of Carthage, Tunis,
Feb. 19(0.6'.).

Italy.

Italy.

Rome, Jan. (P. L. Sclctter).
Macedonia {H. J. Ehves).
Turkey, July 20 {r.Eobson).

Kart liana, Turkev, leb. 8

(W. Pearce).
\\. Alma, Crimea, March 23

(H. J. Elwes).
Crimea.

^loscow.

Zoological Society.
Gould Coll. [AVing

4-9.]
Seebohm Coll.

[Wing 5-25.]
Hume Coll. [Wing

4-6.]
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
[Wings 4-45-4-6.]
Purchased. [Wing

4-65.]
Seebohm Coll.

[Wing 5-1.]

India Museum [P.],

[Wing 5-35.]

Salvin-Godman Coll.

[Wrings 4'5.5-4-G.j.]

Shelley Coll.

[Wing 5-ir,.]
E. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.]. [Wing5'4.]
Seebohm Coll.

[Wing 5-5.]
Gould Coll. IWiug

5-2.]
Purchased. FWino-
.5-1.]

554

ALATJDID^.

s. c? ad. sk.

t, u. S 'id. sk.

i), jy. [ d ? ] ad. sk.

X. [ cJ ] ad. sk.

?/. 2 ad. .sk.

z. cT ad. sk.

a. S ad. sk.

//. [cJ]ad. sk.

c'. Ad. sk.
(?'. S ad. sk.
e'. 5 ad. sk.
/'. c? ad. sk.

(/', h'. S ad. sk.

)■'. J ad. sk.

k', I'. J; »«'. 5 ad.

sk.
«'. [ 2 ] ad. sk.

o', p'. 2 ad. sk.
q , )•', s'. Skeletons.

Domalitea, Anatolia, Feb.

(C. G. Dan ford).
Limasol, Cyprus, May 7.

Alexandria {S. S. Allen).

Palestine (H. B. Tristram).

Rudeir, Wilderness of Juda>a,

Feb. 1 (H. B. T).
Plain of Sharon.

JNIeroni.

Erzerouiu.

Persia.
Sliiraz, May.
Bnsliire, Feb.
Busbire, Jan. 27.

Petro-Alexandrovsk, Dec,

Jan.
Ala Kul, Turkestan, March

19 {Dr. 0. Finsch).
Ferghana, April, May.

Sang-bar, N. Afghani.^tan,

Nov. 8.
Bala Morghab, Jan. 17.

Seebohm Coll.

[Wing 4-8.]
Lord Liltord [P.].

[Wing 5-0.]
Hume Coll. [Wings

4-3-5 -15.]
SheUey Coll.

[Wing 5-1.]
Tweeddale Coll.

[Wing 4-9.]

Canon Tristram [C.l

[Wing 4-95. J

Canon Tristram [C.].

[Wing 5-25.]

Zoological Society.

[Wing 5-4o.]
Purchased.
Sir 0. St. John [CI.
Sir 0. St. John [C.].
A. J. Y. Palmer, Esq.

[P.]. _
Severtzoti Coll.

[Wings 5-1-5-2.5.]
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Severtzoff Coll. [cJ
5-15-5-30, 2 4-65.]
Dr. Aitchisou [C.].

Dr. Aitchison [C.].
Purchased.

2. Melanocorypha maxima.

Melanocorypha maxima, Gould, B. As/'ci, iv. pi. 72 (1867) ; Bli/tJi,
Ihis, 18(57, p. 40, note ; Gra)/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7785 (1870) ;
Hume. Sir. F. i. p. 492 (1873) ; Prjew. in Bowleifs Orn. Misc. ii.
p. 317 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879," p. 109 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 242.

Alanda maxima, Sethohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 282 (1884).

Aihdt male in winter plumage. Similar to M. mlandra, but very
much larger, with a longer and thinner bill, the back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts much more tawny rufous, the hind neck and sides
of the neck decidedly more ashy, the black mark on the sides of the
neck much reduced in size, and the fore neck and chest ashy grey
with only a few triangular spots on the lower throat, these being
nearly obsolete. Total length 9 inches, ciilmen 1, wing 5-1), tail
3"15, tarsus 1-15.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller and with a smaller
bill. Total length 8 inches, culm en 0-95, wing 'y2b, tail 2-7,
tarsus 1"1.

In the breeding-season the plumage becomes extremely dark,
owing to the abrasion of the liglit edges to the feathers, and the
upper surface is almost uniform blackish brown.

<. MELANOCORTPHA. 555

The wiug in the males from the Prjewalski Collection, presented
by _Mr. Seebohm, measures 5-75-5-U inches, and in the female
5-25 inches. Unfortunately the large series from the Hume Collection
has scarcely any determination of the sexes. Supposed males vary
in length of wing from 5-7 to 6-05 inches, and supposed females
from 5-1 to 5'4 inches.

Young birds have the usual mottled plumage of immature Larks
at first, but with a great deal of sulphur-yellow on the under surface,
the breast being largely spotted with black. The feathers of the
upper surface quickly lose their pale margins, and the head and back
become almost uniform black.

Hah. Higher regions of Sikhim and the adjoining portions of
Thibet to Kansu and Kokonoor.

a, b. Ad. et pull. Sikhim. Seebohm Coll.

sk.

c-f. Ad. .sk. Sikhim, Mav, Sept. (Z. Mandelli). Hume Coll.

(j-s. Ad. ; t-ic. Thibet frontier, Oct. (Z. Mandelli). Hume Coll.

Pull.sk.

.r. Ad. sk. Thibet frontier, Sept. (H. J. Ehves). Tweeddale Coll.

y-o'. AA.-. p'-v. Thibet, March, May to Oct. (Z. Hume ColL

Juv. sk. Mandelli).

w\ c? ad. sk. Zaidam, Nov. (N. Prjacalski). Seebohm Coll.

.r'. d" ad. sk. ^an&n, Oct. (X. PrJeioalsM). Seebohm Coll.

y'-a". (S ad.,: b". Kokonoor, Feb., 3Iarch {N. Prje- Seebohm Coll.

$ ad. sk. tvalshi).

c". tS ad. sk. Kokonoor, March {N. P.). St. Petersbm-g

Museum [C.].

3. Melanocorypha bimaculata.

Alauda bimaculata, Meneir. Cat. Mais. Cauc. p. 37 (1832) ; E. von
Homeyer, J. f. O. 1809, p. 61 ; Danf. Ibis, 1880, p. 95 ; Seebolun,
Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 282 (l884j.

Melanocoryi)ha bimaculata, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 37
(1838): Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Sharpe, Ann. ^- Maq.
Nat. Hist. (4) riii. p. 180 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 361,
pi. 238. figs. 2, 3 (1871): Serertz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. (37, 143
(1873) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 244 (1876) ; Bresser, Ibis, 1876,
p. 183 : Danf. His, 1878, p. 21 : Boi/d. B. Cauc. p. 76 (1879) ;
Hume, Sfr. F. 1879, p. 109: Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 89; Scully,
t. c. p. 580; a Swi)th. His, 1882, p. 115 ; Seeb. His, 1883, p. 12 ;
Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 81 (1884); Badde, Orn. Caw.
p. 201 (1884) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 173.

Melanoeorypha calandra (nee L.), Rilpp. Syst. Uebers. p. 78 (1845,
pt.).

Melanoeorypha torquata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xvi. p. 476 (1847);
id. Ibis, 1867, pp. 46, 47 ; Beamn, Ibis, 1868, p. 180 ; Hume,
Ibis, 1868, p. 239 ; Blyth, t. c. p. 355 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 120,
no. 7782 (1870) ; Hume .$■ Senders. Lahore to Yarh. b. 265, pi. 27
(1873) ; Adarn, Str. F. 1873, p. 389 ; Scully, Sfr. F. 1876, p. 173.
Melanoeorypha alboterminata. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124 (1856);
Heuyl. J. f. O. 1868, p. 221 ; id. Orn. K O.-Afr. i. pi. 2, p. 675
(1870) : Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7784 (1870).
Alauda calandra {)iec L.), Midd. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 132 (1851).

556

ALAUDID^.

Melanocoryplia rufescens, Brehm, Yorjelf. p. 120 (185o).
Melanoconplia bimaculata, /3. minor, >^cvertz. Turkesf. Jevotn. p. 07
(1873); Dresser, Ibis, 187(3, p. 183.

AcluJf male. Similar to M. calandra, but of a more tawny ap-
pearance, and with generally a distinctly indicated pale mantle.
It is easily separated by the colour of the tail, all the feathers
having a large white spot at the tip of the inner web, the outer
tail-feather not being entirely white, but resembling the other ones
excepting that it is white along the outer web. The outer tail-
feather of M. himacidata resembles the penultimate feather of M.
cahindra. " Bill horny brown or blackish horny on upper mandible,
the lower one greenish horny, changing to yellow at base and gape ;
legs and feet tleshy, or yellowish fleshy, more or less dusky at
joints; claws dusky; iris brown, in some light brown" (A. 0.
Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmcn 0-75, wing 4-85, tail 2-2,
tarsus 1.

The males have the wing 4-6 to 4-9 inches, and the females vary
from 4-2 to 4-5 inches in length of wing. There is no difference in
the colour of the sexes.

In the winter plumage the general tone of the colour is some-
what greyer, and the light edgings to the wing-coverts are broader,
but there is very little seasonal change in the species.

Hah. From North-eastern Africa to Syria and Asia Minor, thence
to the Caucasus and Persia to Central Asia as far as Irkutsk and
Krasnoyarsk, and south to Afghanistan and North-western India.

a. Ad. sk.

b,c. c? $ ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk.
/*. 5 ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.
k, I. d 2 ad. sk.

?H, H, 0. Ad. sk.

p, q- d ; »•• S

ad. sk.
s. [d] ad. sk.

f.[c?] ad.sk.
u, V. (5; H'. 5 ad.

sk.
.v-z. J: «'• 5 ad.

sk.
b'. S ad. sk.

c'. tS ad. sk.

Abj'ssinia.

Anascha, Taurus, March,
April (C. G. Danford).
Auascha, April 6 ( C. G. D.) .
S.W. of Karman, S. Persia,

May 22.
Kokand, C. Asia {Dr.

Severtzojf).
Ferghana, May 22.
Turkestan, May 30.
Yarkand, Feb. {J. Scully).
Gulran, N. Afghanistan,

March 9.
Pushut, Afghanistan {Dr.

Griffith).
Kandahar, Feb., March.

Kelat-i-Ghilzai, Oct. I-j

{Sir 0. St. John).
Kelat (O. T.Duke).
Near Sebwan, Sind, Jan.

( W. T. Blanford).
Saaibbur Lake, Dec, Jan.

{R. M. Adam).
Beaur, 30 miles from

Ajmere, Jau- 4 (A.O.H.)
West of Jodhpur, Feb. 1

{A. O. H).

Sharpe Coll.
Seebohra Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

SevertzofE Coll.
Severtzoff Coll.
Hume Coll.
l)r. Aitchison [C.].

India Museum.

Col, C.Swinhoe[P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

d':

,e'. cJ $ ad. sk.

Gurpaon district, Jan.
( W. N. anil).

f

. Ad. sk.

Bliawulpur, Jan. 15 (C.
H. T. M.).

il'

-a", d; h"-li'.

Sirza district, Punjab,

2 ad. sk.

Not., Dec , Jan. {A.
0. H.).

i"

. Ad. sk.

Peshawur.

k''

'. 2 ad. sk.

Gilgit, Nov. 10, 5000 ft.

V-

-w". c? ad. sk.

Uinbala,Feb. (i)r..S'co<0-

o"

-)•". Ad. sk.

Etawah, Dec, Jan. {A.

0. H. .y jr. E. B.).

s"-

-m". S ad. sk.

Dhurous, Dec. (A. An-
derson).

v"

. cf ad. sk.

Hurdui, Jan. 16 {A. A.).

w'

', x". e 2 ac^- sk.

Kishmi, Oudh, Dec. 20 (A.

A.).

7. MELANOCORTPHA. .551

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Col. War.
Col. Biddulph [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Seebohm CoU.

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

4. Melanocorypha sibirica.

Alauda calandra {nee L.), Fall. Eeis. Bms. Eeichs, ii. p. 708 (1773),

iii. p. 697, note (1776).
White- winged Lark, Lath. Gen. 8ijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1783).
Alauda sibirica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 7'J9 (1788) ; Sehl. liev. C'rit.
p. Ix (1844) ; Hadde, lieis. Slbh:, Vuy. p. 146, note (1863) ; Bree, B.

Eur. ii. pi. to p. 200 (1866) ; Elwes ic Buekley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195;

Hartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. Ill (1872); Fnise/i, Bels. W.-Siblr.

p. Ill (1879); 6'eeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. pp. 279, 282 (1884);

Saunders, Illustr. Man. Brit. B. p. 247 (1889).
Alauda leucoptera. Pall. Zooyr. Bosso-Asiat. i. p. 518, tab. xxxiii.

fig. 2 (1811); Nordm. in Dimid. Voy. Btiss. Merid. iii. p. 170

(1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur.

tab. xvi. fig. 14 (1870) ; Homeiier Sc Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien

1883, p. 90.
Pbileremos sibirica. Keys. (§• Bias. Wirb. Exir. p. 153 (1840) ; Borqar.

Voyelf. Norddcutschl. p. 70 (1869).
Melanocorypha leucoptera, Bp. Consp. p. 243 (1850) ; Grai/, Iland-l.

B. ii. p. 120, no. 7783 (1870) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67

(1873) ; Gouhl, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. 20 (1873) ; 8eeb. Ibis, 188"^

p. 217 ; Irby, Key List Brit. B. p. 21 (1888).
Calandra leucoptera, Dubois, Ois. Bely. pi. 102 ^. (1858).
Melanocorvpba sibirica, Eeyl et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 352 (1867) •

Rowley,' P. Z. S. 1870, p. b2 ; id. Zool. 1870, p. 2066; Bond, t. c.

p. 2022 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 373, pi. 240 (1873) ; Neicton, ed.

Yarrell, i. p. 642 (1874) ; Danford 8,- Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875

p. 311 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 183 ; Giyl. Ibis, 1881, p. 200; B.

O. U. List Brit. B. p. 73 (1883) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 12 ; Badde

Orn Cauc. p. 204 (18S4) ; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Itul. p. 156 (1886) •

Giyl. Av. Ital. p. 57 (1886), and '[st Eesoc. p. 119 (1889;.
Pallasia leucoptera, E. von Ilomeyer, J. f. O. 1 873, p. 190.
Calandrella leucoptera, Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 76 (1879).

Adult male. Above brown, streaked -with median blackish centres
to the feathers of the back and rump ; upper tail-coverts ferrugi-
nous brown towards the edges, which arc margined with white •
lesser wing-coverts bright ferruginous, forming a large shoulder-
patch ; median and greater series blackish brown, with ferruginous

558 . ALATJDID^.

edges ; primary-coverts uniform ferruginous ; quills dark brown,
the primaries edged with pale rufous at the cuds, the inner ones
"white at the tips of the inner web, the secondaries wliito with a
blackish base, tlie innermost secondaries brown with ferruginous
edgings; tail-feuthers dark brown, with ferruginous margins, very
broad on the centre feathers, the rest edged with white along both
webs, increasing in extent towards the outer feathers, the outer-
most feather being entirely white ; crown of head ferruginous, the
hinder crown streaked witli blackish like the hind neck, which is
ashy like the sides of the neck ; lores, feathers around and below
the eye, as well as a distinct eyebrow, creamy white ; below the
eye a slight tinge of rufous, followed by a patch of Avhite on the
anterior ear-coverts, the hinder ear-coverts ferniginous, with dusky
streaks ; cheeks and throat white, with a row of dusky triangular
spots along the malar line, and some more tiny spots on the upper
margin of the cheeks ; the dusky spots on the fore neck rather
larger ; remainder of under surface of body white, with a tawny
tinge on the thighs and sides of the breast, the latter mottled with
blackish centres to the feathers, and the sides of the body dis-
tinctly streaked with dark brown ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts white, with a reddish tinge along the end of the wing.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 4-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but differing in the colour of
the head and ear-coverts, which are ashy brown streaked with
black like the back, and only slightly tinged with rufous : the spots
on the side of the face and on the throat are more plentiful and
more strongly developed than in the male. Total length 6'8 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 4-8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0'85.

The males have the wing from 4-55-4-9 inches, and the females
from 4-0 to 4-4.

Hah. South-eastern Russia, west in winter to Turkey and even
to Italy, having also occurred once in England. Eastwards through
Central Asia to the Jenesei.

a, b. (S 2 ^^- s^^- Haskeuy, Turkey, Jan. Gould Coll.

{T. liobson).

c, (I. S ? ad. sk. Southern Russia, April. Hume Toll.

e. S ad. sk. Crimea. Capt. Blakiston [P.].

/. 2 ad. sk. Sarepta. Mr. Brandt.

f/. d ad. sk. Orenburg. Mr. Brandt.

h. 5 ad. sk. Russia, April 3 (Br. Tweeddale Coll.

Severtzoff).

i. cS ad. sk. Guriev, Nov. 18 {Br. Tweeddale Coll.

Severtzoff).

h,l. <3 2 ad. sk. Chimljent, Syr Daria, Severtzoff Coll.

Jan. 3.

5. Melanocorypha mongolica.

Alauda mongolica, Pall. Meis. Suss. Reichs, iii. p. 697 (1776) ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 799 (1788) ; Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-Asiat. i. p. 516,
Taf. xxxiii. fig. 1 (1811) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 282 (1884).

Mongolian Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 384 (1783).

Alauda sinensis, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1839, p. CO.

MELANOCORTPHA, 559

p. -10 (lb/ /) ; Baiid ^- Oust. Oi.s. Chine, p. 319, pi. 88 (1877).

P ?46/S m° %-f fiSr' "' ''"''''' "^'^ ^'''''' W. ii.

PaUa|a^mongolicaU; i'on Homeycr, J.f. O. 1873, p. 100: S/mrpe,

Adult male. Similar to .17. slblrica, but larger, with more white
ou the outer secondaries, which have only a small base of black •
pnmary-coverts brown, with pale margins like the primaries: on
the sides of the fore neck a large patch of black which meets across
the lore neck and forms a distinct collar, very narrow in the centre •
croAvn of head and hmd neck rufous or chestnut, with a li-ht natch
in the centre of the crown ; a broad white eyebrow produced back-
wards till it joins a creamy-buff hand round the nape: " biU cleir
flesh-colour; legs and feet reddish brown; toes reddish yellow-
claws brown ; iris ashy brown " (A. David). Total length 8-^
inches, culmen 0-8, wing 5'8, tail 3-2, tarsus 1

The wings_of the series of Mongolian Larks in the Museum rau<^e
from 4-9 to o-O inches, and from 5-25 to 5-4 inches. The former
are probably female birds, but unfortunately none are marked The
larger birds are marked as males.

In ^^inter plumage the light patch on the head is much more ex-
tensive and the whole of the upper surface is much more fulves-
cent ; the black on the fore neck is interrupted in the middle
ihere is a decided ashy shade on the margins of the feathers of the
upper surface, which disappears as these edges become abraded in
summer.

ffab. Eastern Siberia to Northern China and Kokonoor.

"■-'^^■'^^- Chma. J. E. Reeves, Esq. [P]

'>. 6 ad. sk. Pekin, Dec. (P. -SV.W..). sShm Cou"'"""-^

c, d e-. Juv. sk. Pekm, July (P. Swin/>oc}. Seebohm Coll

/. AO. sJv. lientsm, Dec. (P. Swin/we). Seebohm CoU

</. d ad. sk. Ai-gnu River, Dauria, March A^•al•saw Mas ' FE 1

29 (Dyboxcski). ^ ■^■

h, I. 6 ad. sk. Gobi desert (X PrjewaMa). Seebohm Coll

h, I, m. S ad. sk. Ivokouoor, March, April, Seebohm Coll

July {N. Prjeivahki).

6. Melanocorypha yeltoniensis.

Alauda yeltoniensis, Forst. Phil. Tran.s. Ivii. p. 3o0 (1767) ; Fimch
Verhandl. zool.-hot. Gesellsch. Wien, xxix p -J'^i (hn^ '

560 ALATJDID^.

Bev. Crit. p. Ix (1844) ; Mkldeml Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 133 (1851) ;

Brce, B. Ear. iii. p. 192 (18U~) ; Fritsch, Voij. Eur. tab. xvi.

tig-. 15 (1870) ; C'ordeaiu; Ibis, 1875, p. 181 ; Jloinei/er iS'- Tancre,

MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 90 ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 282

(1884).
Black Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 380 (1783).
Mutable Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 381 (1783).
Tauagra sibirica {nee Gm.), Sparrm. AIus. Carls, i. pi. I'J (178(5).
Alaucla mutabilis, Gni. Syst. Nat. i. p. 79(5 (1788).
Le Tracal, Levaill. Ois. iVAfr. iv. p. 119, pi. 191 (1805).
Alauda nigra, Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 25 (18215).
Melauocorypha tartarica, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322 ; Bp. Comp. List U.

Eur. Si- JV. Amer. p. 38 (1838) ; Keys. 8f Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 153

(1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844) ; Der/l. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.

i. p. 353 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 120, no. 7786 (1870) ;

Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 217,

1883, p. 12; Badde, Orn. Cane. p. 203 (1884).
Saxilauda tartarica, Lesson, Conipl. Buff". Ois. ii. p. 125 (1837).
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 242 (1850) ; Dresser, B.

Eur. iv. p. 377, pi. 241 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 187(5, p. 183; Giyl. Ibis,

1881, p. 183; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 157 (1886) ; Giyl. Amf.

Ital. p. 57 (1886) ; id. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 118 (1889).
Nigrilauda nigra, Bogdanoff, B. Cauc. p. 76 (1879).

Adult male in summur plumage. Almost entirely black every-
where, witli obsolete sandy-buff fringes to a fe\Y feathers of the
back. But for those, scarcely perceptible, markings, and the some-
what paler brown tips to the quills, the plumage would be abso-
lutely black. Total length 7".5 inches, culmeu 0-75, wing 5-15, tail
2'85, tarsus 0*9.

In winter plumage the male is blaclv, but the whole of the feathers
are obscured by broad edgings of sandy colour. By the wearing off
of these margins the full black plumage is attained.

Adult female. Different from the male, and more resembling an
ordinary Calandra Lark. Ochreous brown, with dark centres to
the feathers, the crown mottled with black ; quills blackish, with
whity-brown edges, whiter on the primaries ; under surface of body
white, with a sandy-buff tinge on the throat ; the fore neck, breast,
and sides of body spotted with black, some of the markings rather
longitudinal, and even spear-shaped, the flanks especially streaked.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

The males measure from 5-1 to 5-35 inches in the wing, the
females 4*7 inches.

Young. Mottled like all young Larks, and especially resembling
a Shoi-e-Lark, but blackish on the head and back.

JTah. Central Asia, ranging into Southern Kussia, and sometimes
even further westward.

«. 5 ad. sk. Orenburg, Dec. Purchased.

b. cJ ad. sk. Volga River, March 4. Tweeddale Coll.

c. $ ad. slv. Volga River. Gould Coll.

d. 9 ad. sk. River Or, "Western Siberia, Severtzoff Coll.

Feb. 6.

e. (S ad. sk. Salsa near Guiiev, Dec. 16. Severtzoff Coll.

8. TEPHROCOETS. 501

f,<J.S2 ad- sk. Guriev, Nov., Dec. (Dr. Tweeddale Coll.

Severtzoff).
h. J ad. .^k. Ur, Caspian Sea (Karelin). Seebohm Coll.

z. d ad. sk. Kara-Kiim, Jan. 20 {Dr Seebohm ColL

Seoertzoff^).
k,l. S 2 fii-l- sk. Kiro-liiz Steppes. Seebohm Coll.

m. S ad. sk. Kirnliiz Steppes. Hume Coll.

n,a,p. S ad.sk. Kasalinsk (Itussow). Seebohm Coll.

q. Pull. sk. Arkad Mountains, near Semi- Geogt. See. Bremen;

palatiusk, ^Nlay 4 (Dr. 0.

Finsch).
r. S ad. ; s. § Turkestan, Jan., Feb. SeVertzoff Coll.

juv. sk.
t, u. Skeletons. Volga. Mv. Brandt.

8. TEPHROCORYS.

Type.
Tephrucorys, S/iarjje, P. Z. S. 1874, p. G;j3 T. cinerea,

Range. North-oastetu and Southern AfficHa

Ki-y to the Species^

Crown of head Uniform rufous, not streaked ; A
large patch of ferruginous, but no black patch on
the sides of the chest : light pattern of Outer tail- , . i.,^i

feather pure white ■ . . ; i _ . ,

Crown of head rufous, with black stripes, especially ' ^P''''""f"> P- '■•''■'•
distinct on the occiput ; entire fore neck and chest
tawny rufous, with a black patch on each side of
the fore neck : light pattern of outer tail-feather , ,. ~,,o

fulvescent

( (indert-soni, p. 5C4i

1. Tephrocorys cinei'ea.

La Cendrille, Month. Ilisf. Nat. v. p. G4 (1778).

Cinereous Lark, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 388 (1783).

Alauda ciuerea, Gin. Si/st. Kht. p. 798 (1788) ; Bp. Consp. p. 244

(1850) ; Set. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 23 ; Sharpe, Cat Afr. B. p. 71

(1871) ; Buckle)/, Ihis, 1874, p. 383; Aijves, Ibis, 1880, p. 264.
La petite Alouette a tete rousse, Leraill. Ois. cVAfr. iv. p. 137^

pi. 199 (1805) ; Sunder. Krit. r>m Levaill. p. 46 (18o7).
Megalophonus cinei-eus, Grni/, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Lai/iird, B^

S. Afr. p. 212 (1867) ; AJp-es, Il)is, 1869, p. 29o; Gray,' Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7825 (1870) ; Giirney^ in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld,

p. 197 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 410 ; Holub c^ ron Velz. Beitr.

Orn. Siidafr. p. 136 (1882).
Calandrella cinerea, Licht. Nomcnel. Av. p. 39 (1854) ; Gurney, Ibis,

1864, p. 353.
Tephrocorys cinerea, Sharpe, F. Z. S. 1874, p. 633 : id. in Outes's

Malaheie-Land, App. B, p. 318 (1882) ; Bntler, Feilden, ^ Eeid,

Zool. 1882, p. 302 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 51], 851

(1884).
Calandrella ciuerea, Salrin, Cat. Stricll. Coll. p. 2.J6 (1882, pt.).

VOL. XIII. 2 o

562

AtAUDID.E.

Adult male in lu'mter plumage. Above ashy, mottled with dark
brown centres to the feathers, some of the dorsal plumes washed
with sandy colour ; crown of head bri^jht chestnut, forming a cap,
some of the feathers slightly margined with fulvous ; hind neck
decidedly ashy, paler than the back, and forming a kind of collar ;
wing-coverts ashy brown, with broad fawn-coloured margins, form-
ing a conspicuous shoulder-patch ; the greater and primary-coverts
ashy brown, with ashy-fulvous edgings ; quills dark brown, mar-
gined with ashy fulvous, inclining to rufous near the base of the
feathers ; the outer primary with a broad external margin of creamy
white ; upper tail-coverts rufous fawn-colour, the longest shaded
with brown down the middle ; tail-feathers dark brown, the penul-
timate and outer feather edged with white, occupying the whole
external web of the latter ; the two central tail-feathers mar-
gined with ashy brown ; small frontal plumes whitish ; lores and
a distinct eyebrow white, as also the feathers under the eye and
cheeks, the latter slightly spotted with brown ; ear-coverts pale
rufous ; sides of neck clear ashy grey ; throat white ; rest of under
surface also white : the middle of the breast ashy fulvous ; the sides
of the ujjper breast bright chestnut, forming a patch on both sides ;
sides of body inclining to ashy fulvous ; under wing-coverts pale
ashy grey ; the edge of the wing fulvous white ; inner lining of
wing ashy brown, the inner webs of the quills slightly rufescent
towards the base : " bill black, the base brown ; legs dark brown ;
iris dark hazel " ( T. E. BucHci/). Total length 6-2 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 3-9, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-S5.

Adult female. Coloured like the male. Total length 6-2 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 3-05, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85.

Bab. South Africa.

«. Ad. sk. Cape Colony (Butler). Shelley Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A.' Smith [C.].

c, d. Ad. sk. Cape Town, July. C. J. Andersson [C.].
e,f. Ad. sk. Colesberg. A. F. Ortlepp [C.].
g. 2 ad. sk. Eland's Post (T. C. Atmore). Shelley Coll.

h. Juv. sk. Giahamstown (U. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll.

i, k. $ ad. ; /, British Katfraria, Sept., Oct. Shelley Coll.

m. Juv. sk. {F. A. Barratt).

n. Ad. sk. Kingwilliamstowu. MajorTrevelyan[P.].

0,;). c5' $ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, June, Jidy Shelley Coll.

{E. A. Butler).
q. d ad. sk. Pietermaritzburg, May 2 {F. W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Oates). Esqrs. [P.].

r,s. (S; *,■>(■ Natal, May, June (T. E. Shelley Coll.

5 ad. sk. Biicklei/)'.

V, u\ Ad. sk. Grange Free State, May 30 Sharpe Coll.

( JF. Lucas).
■X, y. i 2 ad. sk. Transvaal ( T. Ay res). Shai-pe Coll.

s. cJ ad. sk. Elephant River, Little Nama- Sharpe Coll.

qua-Land, Aug. 8 (C /■

Andersson).

8. TEPHROCORTS. oG3

Subsp. o. Tephrocorys spleniata.

Alauda spleniata, Stn'cld. C'o/ifr. Or//. iNo:?, p. 152 ; Chapm. Trai\,

App. p. 400 (18G8).
Megalophonus cinereus {nee Gm.), Giirneij in Andevss. B. Dam-Ld.

p. 197 (1872, pt.).
Tephrocorys spleniata, Sharpe, ed. LnyarWsB. S. Afr. p. 511 (1883).
Calaudritis cinerea {nee Gm.), Bocatje, Orn. Angola, p. 373 (1881).
Calandrella ciuerea {iiec Gm.), Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. i). 25(5

(1882, pt.). _
Tephrocorvs cinerea {nee Gm.), Biitttk. i\of6< Lei/d. Miis. x. p. 241

(1888).'

Adult {ti/pe of species). Similar to the winter plumage of T.
cinerea, but very much paler everj'wbere, the rufous of the crown,
the rump, wing-coverts, and sides of chest being of light cinnamon
instead of deep ferruginous or chestnut : " bill yellowish brown ;
legs and toes brown" (C. /. Andersson). Total length 5-8 inches,
culmen 0-55, wing 3-6 (moulting), tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8. {^Mm.
Cantabr.)

Hah. Northern Damara-Land to Benguela.

2. Tephrocorys ruliceps.

Alauda ruficeps, Riipp. Keue Wirh., Vdg. p. 102, Taf. 38. fig. 1 (1835) ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844).
Mbgalophouus ruficeps, Riipp. Si/sf. Uebers. p. 79 (1845) ; Bp. Conyj.

i. p. 243 (1850) ; Heur/l. Si/st. Uebers. p. 44 (1856) ; Grai/, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7826 (1870).
Calmdritis ruficeps, Cah. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 307; Hem/l. Orn. N.O.-

Afi: i. pt. 2, p. 698 (1870)'j Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 170

(1884).
Calandrella anderssoni {nee Tristr.), Blanf. Geol. i^- Zool. Abyss.

p. 389 (1870).
Alauda anderssoni {nee Tridr.), Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 327

(1870).
Calaudritis anderssoni, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 699

(1870).
Calandrella ruficeps, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) vi. p. 268 (1888).

Adult male. Similar to T. cinerea, but distinguished by the ful-
vescent outer web of the external tail-feather, and the black streaks
on the crown, which are very distinct on the nape and hind neck,
and by the rufous of the chest being continued down on to the
flanks ; on the sides of the neck a very distinct mark of black :
"bill dusky, the mandible yellowish Heshy ; feet reddish "( Fo'/i
Heuglin). Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-7, tail 2-\,
tarsus 0'85.

Bah. N.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Abyssinia {J. W. von Midler). Shelley Coll.

c. 6 ad. sk. Senate, Tigi-e, Feb. 24. W. T. ■Blauford, Esq. [C]

d. c? ad. sk. AngoUala, Shoa, May {Sir India Museum.

JC. C. Harris).

e. /".d" ad.sk. Shoa, June, Oct.(0.^«/tH');-i). Shelley Coll.

2o2

564

alaubid.t;.

Subsp. fi. Tephrocorys anderssoni.

Mep^alophonus anderssoni, Tristr. Ih/'x, 1869, p. 434, 1870, p. 444 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7824 (1870) ; Gurneij in Anderss.
B. Bam.-Ld. p. 198 (1872).

Adult. Similar to T. cincrea, "out having the rufous of tho sides
of the breast continued down the sides of the body and over the
thighs and vinder tail-coverts ; the outer tail-feather is buffy whitish
along the outer web, like T. mficeps. Total length 5-6 inches,
culmen 0'55, wing 3*o, tail 2'1, tarsus 0'8.

Hah. Damara-Land.

a. Ad. sk.

Otjiinl)inque, March 10 (C. /.
Andersson) .

Tweeddale Coll.

9. SPIZOCORYS.

Spizocorjs, Simdev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 55 (187.'3)

Type.

S. conirostris.

Head of Spizocorys conirostris.

Range. South Africa from the Transvaal to Great Namaqua-Land
and Ondonga.

1. Spizocorys conirostris.

Alauda coniro.stris, Sundev. CEfv. K. Yet.-Ahad. Fiirh. Stockh. 1850,
p. 99; Bj). Consp. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Graij, Handel. B. ii. p. 118,
no. 7757 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ; Gurney in
Anderss. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 192 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103,
pi. 3. fig. 1, 1877, p. 345, 1878, p. 410, 1880, p. 104.

Coraphites conirostris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).

Calandi-clla sp., Socage, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 152 (1867).

Caliindiitis minor {nee Cab.), Boca<je, Jorn. Lish. ii. p. 351 (1869).

Spizocorys conirostris, Sundev. Te?it. p. 55 (18/2) ; Sharps, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 631 ; id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 508 (1883).

Adult female {typical specimen). Above fulvous brown, the
feathers of the head and back blackish down their centres, which
are very broad, the margins being sandy, more or less inclined to
deeper rufous ; all the plumes of the hind neck, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, as well as a few of the dorsal feathers, broadly mar-
gined with greyish, producing a distinct ashy appearance ; wing-

0. srizocoRYs. 505

coverts brown, broadly margined with sandy buff, the lesser and
median scries so broadly as nearly to obscure the dark brown
centres to the feathers, the greater coverts with a slight greyish
shade on their outer margins ; quills lighter brown, with a slight
ashy shade, the feathers margined with sandy buff, paling on the
extreme edge of the feather, the outer edge of the first primary
sandy white for nearly the entire length of the quill ; tail blackish,
tipped with dull white, with ashy-fulvous margins, broader on the
centre feathers, which are paler and nearly uniform brown, the two
outer feathers margined with sandy buff, occupying part of the
inner web and the tip of the outermost ; a distinct line of white
over and under the eye, with a small patch of blackish feathers in
front of the latter ; ear-coverts browai, blackish on upper margin ;
cheeks white, washed with pale brown on hinder margin, and
spotted with black, a narrow line of which I'uns from the gape to
the ear-coverts ; throat pure white, with a few black S|)ots on lower
portion ; rest of under surface of body sandy rufous, paler and more
fulvous on the lower abdomen, the fore neck and chest rather
largely spotted with triangular spots of blackish brown ; under
wing- coverts sandy buff, the lower series inclining to ashy and re-
sembling the inner lining of the wing : " bill pale ashy, with the
ridge very light brown ; tarsi and feet pale flesh-colour ; iris hazel "
{T. Ai/res). Total length -i'T inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3, tail
1"7''', tarsus 0'75.

For remarks on the lumter plumage and changes undergone by
this species I must refer to my paper on African Larks (P. Z. S.
1874-, p. 631), as no new material has come to hand since that

Tounf/. Above dark brown, the feathers washed with saudy colour
and tipped with Avhite, the hind neck inclining to ashy grey, the
white tips almost imperceptible ; wing-coverts dull brown, margined
with sand-colour, and ending in a white tip ; quills and tail much
as in adult, but incliuing to whitish at the tip of the feathers ; lores
dusky blackish ; sides of face nearly uniform brown, with a blackish
sti'eak running along the upper margin of the ear-coverts and down
the checks ; under surface pale isabelline, the throat spotted with
dusky, and having on each side a moustachial streak of the same,
the breast inclining to sandy brown on the sides and obscurely
spotted with dusky.

Mr. Andersson observes that the "iris is brown ; the legs and bill
flesh-coloured, but the lower mandible paler and more livid than
the upper."

Hab. The same as that of the genus.

a. 2ad.sk. Potchefstroom, June 14 (T. ^^/r-s'). Shnrpe Coll.

b. 5 ad. sk. Meg-aliesberg, Oct. 28 (J. Tra/ilbfn/). Sharpe Coll
c,d,e. c? 2 ad. et Great Namaqua-Land, Maj, June Sharpe Coll.

juv. ;/. 2 ad. sk. (C J. Andcrssuii) .

(/. 2 ad. sk. Onduuga, Ovampo-Land, Nov. (C. Sliarpe Coll

J. A.).

566 ALAUDIDJ3.

10. ALAUDA. „

Tjpe.

Aliuida, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 287 (17G0) A. arveiisis.

llauije. Tlie greater part of Europe and Asia, not penetrating to
the south of the Burmese covintries.

Alauda arvensis and its allies.

Tlie number of species of Sky- Lark has alwaj's been difficult to
determine. Any one comparing a specimen of the ordinary Euro-
pean species with a Sky-Lark from Japan or the plains of North-
western India, would say that the differences in size and colour
at once separate them ; but on carefully examining a series such as
the Museum now possesses, it would be found that every possible
intermediate link between these races is represented, and that no
exact line can be drawn between any of the "so-called species of
Sky-Lark.

It may be convenient to divide them into two sections, repre-
sented by Aluuda arvemis and A. ijidrjvhi. In the latter section
the bill is thinner and the rpfous on the wing is more emphasized.
Were there no such form as A. I'lopns, these two Sky-Larks would
appear to be quite distinct, for the shape of the bill in A. arvensis
is different from that of A. guJgula*, while in form of bill A. canta-
rella resembles A. arvensis, but in plumage it differs in being
greyer. There are many specimens, however, of which it is im-
possible to say whether they should be referred to A. arvensis or
A. cantarella. In the mountains of Cashmere occurs another small
race of Sky-Lark, A. c/vttata of Brooks, which is evidently A. lio2nis
of Hodgson, and to this must be added A. japonica of Temminck
and Schlegel, for there are specimens from the Eastern Himalayas
which exactly resemble Japanese specimens. A. hialisioni is merely
a large race n^ A. jrqjonica.

Of the slender-billed section of Sky-Larks, A.cjulpula may bo
taken as the type, and A. ccelivox must be united to it. In India
the southern birds are much darker {A. austrulis of Brooks), but
there is also a tendency to form a dark race of A. f/vlf/ula in speci-
mens from the Burmese provinces, and some individuals are difficult
to distinguish from those of Southern India. Again, in Southern
Formosa the Sky-Larks arc still darker (A. wattersi of Swinhoe); and
there is also a somewhat longer-billed race (A. sain of Swinhoe) in
the northern part of that island. The differences in intensity of
plumage of Sky-Larks must be studied by the light of their habitats
and conditions of hfe, and probably the inci-ease of rainfall may have
something to do with moditication of colour.

* It is understood, of course, that ouly specimens in identical stages of
plumage are compared. It is of no use to compare a Lai-k in winter plumage
with anotlier form ia summer plumage and vice ecrsa.

10. ALiTJDA. 567

1. Alauda arvensis.

The Sky-Lark, AVnu, N. H. Birds, i. p. 39, pi. 41 (1738) ; Lath.
Gen. Si/,/, ii. pt, -J, p. 368 ( 1783) ; Varr. Br. B. i. p. 40U (1843).

The Black Lark, Albin, N. H. Birds, iii. pi. 51 (1740).

L'Alouette, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 335 (17liO); Bnuhmt. Tl. Enl. v.
pi. 363. fig-. 1 ; Month. H. N. Ois. v. p. 1 (1778).

L'Alouette dTtalie, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 355 (1760).

Alauda arvensi.?, Li7in. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 287 (1766); Gm.S.N.'i.
p. 791 ( 1788) ; Ti-mm. Ma?i. i. p. 281 (1820) ; Nau7n. Voff. Deutschl.
iv. pi. 100. tig. 1 (18i'4); Bou.r, Orn. Prov. pis. 180, 181 (1825) ;
Werner, Atlas, Granii-ores, pi. 5 (1827) ; Bre/un, Voy. Deutschl.
p. 320 (1831) ; Menetr. Vat. rais. Cauc. p. 39 (1832) ; Gould, B.
Eur. iii. pi. 166 (1837); ^;j>. t'o7np. List, p. 37 (1838): MacgiU.
Br.B. ii. p. 163 (1839); Crespcm, Orn. Gard, p. 191 (1840);
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 151 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 164 (1840) ; Sidi/s-Lont/ch. Faun. Behj. p 84
(1842) ; Schl. Rev. Grit. p. li.x (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380
(1844) ; Heicits. Eygs Br. B. i. p. 137, pi. 37. figs. 1, 2 (1846) ;
Thiwips. B. Irel. i. p. 231 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850) ;
Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 134 (1851) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle,
pi. 18 (1852); 8cM. Voq. Nederl. pi. 148 (1854); Sunder. Sr.
Fogl. pi. viii. fig. 1 (1856) ; Kittl. Denkw. ii. p. 198 (1858) ;
Jauh. et Burth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 290 (1859) ; Schrenck,
Reis. Amiirl. i. p. 273 (1859) ; Salrin, Ibis, 1859, p. 314 ; Tristr.
t.c.^. 424; Puwys, Ibis, 1860, p. 229; Linderm. Viig. Griechenl.
p. 49 (1860) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 17. fig. 10 (1861) ; F. Sf
P. Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 83 ; Simpson, t. c. \). 'iQi); Gray, List
Br. B. IX IOC) (1863); Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. i^ 154 (1863);
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 60 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280 ; Gif/l. Ibis, 1865,
p. 58; More, t.c. p. 124; Filippi, Tiagg. Pers. p." 348 (1865);
Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. pi. 60 (1865-70) ; Degl. &i Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. i. p. 339 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 28
(1867) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 287 ; Drake, t. c. p. 427 ; S)nith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 443; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 70 (1869);
Saunders, Ibis, \^Q'd,-^. \7l ; Hume, t.c. p. 355; Keulem. Onze
Vog. i. pi. 28 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 93 (1869) ; Droste,
Vof/elu: Bork. p. 106 (1869); Fr'itsch, FoV/. Eur. tab. xvi. fig. 11
(1870) ; Ehres ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194 ; Hutton, t. c. p. 397 ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7744 (1870); Salvad. Faun.
Itai., Ucc. ]). 129 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 307, pi. 231

■ (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389 ; Hume, Ibis, 1871,
p. 38; Saunders, t. c. p. 216; Gnrney, t. c. p. 291 ; R. Graii, B.
West Scotl. p. 120 (1871); Shelley, B. Egi/pt, p. 139 (1-^72);
Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 24 (1872) ; Goxdd, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 15
(1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1<S73) ; Alst. i^- Harvie-
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 62 ; Brooke, t. c. p. 245 ; Norton, ed. Yar-
rell, Br. B. i. p. 614 (1874); Baird, Brewer ^- Ridgw. Hist. N.
Amer. B. ii. p. 136 (1874) ; Danf. Ibis. 1874, p. 396; Di/bowski,
J. f. O. 1874, p. 335 ; Irbi/, B. Gihr. p. 112 (1875); Rmvley, Orn.
Miscel.h. pi. 14. fig. 4 (1875); Fallon, Ois. Belq. p. 70 (1875);
Danf. 8,- Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 311 : Severfz. J. f. O. 1875,
p. 193; Blanf.East. Persia, ii. p. 239 (1876); Tncz. J.f. 0. 1876,
p. 19(i: id. Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. i. p. lUO (1876); Wharton, Ibis,
]87(>, p. 26; Seeb. ^- Hariic-Broirn, t.c. p. 119; Dresser, t. c.
]). 1«1; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misrell. ii. ]). 314 (1877) ; David
if- Oa-f. Ois. Chine, ]). 312 (1877) ; Saunders, Bull. Sov. Zool. Fr. ii.

5(38 ALATTDIP^.

p. 00 (1877) ; Tacz. t. c. p. 144 ; Ban/. 7i/,s, 1878, p. 20 ; Sceb.
t. c. p. ;51 ; L'o(/d. B. Cuuc. p. 74 (l87i») ; Fi/i.sc/i, Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xxix. p. 221 (1879); Danf. Ibis, 1880, p. 95 ; Seeb.t.c.
p. 188; niiM. Ihi's,1881, p. 8i); GVr/ /. r. p. 200 ; Siulnh. Ibis,
\8S2, p. 110 ; Sveb. t. c. pp. 210, 270 ; 'jJixon, t. c. p. o71 ; B. O. U.
List Br. B. -p. 71 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1888, p. 12; Severtz. t. c.
]). 80; Irby, t. c. p. 184; Homeyer ^ Tancre, MT. orn. Ver.
Wien, 1883, p. 00; Dyboioslii, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, \m. ]i. ?>61
(188.3) ; Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 206 (1884) ; Tristr. Fnim. ^- Flor.
Palest, p. 78 (1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 212 (1884) ; Seeb. Ibis,
1884, p. 41 ; Saunders, t.c. p. 377 ; Booth, Rough Notes Br. B.
i. pt. ix. (188o); Whitehead, Ibis, 188."), p. 40; Di.ron, t. c. p. 83;
Beid, t. c. p. 240 ; Giffl. Avif- BuL p. 07 (1886) ; Salvad. Flench.
Ucc. p. ].^>3 (1886); Sharpe, Ibis, 1880, p. 497; Backhouse, Ibis,
1887. p. 72 ; Tait, t. c. p. 107 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 603, 1888,
p. 404; Oif/l. Avif. Ital. Ut Besoc. p. 125 (1880); St. John, Ibis,
1880, p. 173; Li/ford, t.c. p. 323; Meade-Wuldo, i!. c. p. 515 ;
Ciarke, t.c. p. oJ5.
La Girule, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 47 (1778).
Alouette noire, Daubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 050. fij,'. 1.
Itiliau Lni'k, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. .37.'i (1783).
Alauda italica, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 703 (1788).

Alauda arvensis ruticeps, Bechst. Natury. Deutschl. iv. p. 121 (1705).
Alauda coelipeta. Pall. Zooyr. Rosso,- Asiat. i. p. 524 (l8ll).
Alauda vulgaris. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. p. 21 (1810).
Alaudi agrestis, Brehin, Voy. Feutschl. p. 318 (1831).
Alauda segetuin, Brehin, t. c. p. 310.
Alauda uiDUtana, Brehm, t.c.]). 319; Orespon, Faun. Merid, p. 310

(1844) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7758 (1870).
Alauda cantarella,B/>. Icoyioyr. Faun. Itul., Ucc. p. 5 (1841) ; id. Comp.
List B. Ear. ^ N. Amer. p. 37 (1838) ; id. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850);
Grai/, Hand-l. B.ii. p. 118, no. 77-52 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 389; id. Ibis, 187o, p. 122; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 100
(1870) ; David Sf- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 313 (1877) ; Tristr. Faun. Sr
Flor. Palest, p. 70 (1884) ; Blakist, * Pryer, B. Japan, p. 168
(1882).
Alauda leiopus vel orientalis, Hodys, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Pas-
seie.% pi. 203 (no. 728) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844) ;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 40 (1873), viii. p. 109 (1879) ; Gray, Cat.
Mamm. Sfc. Nepal pr-es. Hodys. p. 108 (1846).
Alauda duleivox, Hodys.. Icon, ined., Passeres, pi. 294 (no. 867 *) ;
id. in Gray's Zml. Misc. p. 84 (1843); Hume, Str. i-'. i. p. 39
(1873) ; Brooks, t. c. p. 484 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 109 ; Scully,
t. c. p. 338; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p 89; Scully, t. c. p. 582.
Alauda japonica, Temm. ^ Schl. Faun. Jap., Ares, p. 87, pi. 47 (18.50) ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850) ; Siuinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 333 ; Blakist. Ibis,
1802, p. 327; Sioinh. Ibis, 18(33, p. 443; Whifely, Ibis, 1867,
p. 203; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7747 (1870); Swinh. Ibis,
1874. p. 102'; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 242 ; iid. B. Japan,
p. 167 (1882) ; Bla¥M. Amended List, p. .59 ( 1884).
Alauda crassiro-stris, A. bugiensis, A. albigulai'is, A. tenuirostris,

Brehm, Voyelf. p. 125 (1855).
Alauda pekineasis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 89.

* The type of this species is not in tlie Museum, but judging from the
figure there is little doubt thiit it belongs to the eantardla form of A. arecnms.
[(/. Gray, Cat. Mauuu. &o. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 109 (184(i).]

10. ALAUDA. 569

? Alanda incou^picua, Severfz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 142 (1873) *.
Alauda triboilivncha {nee Hod(js.), Hume ^- Henderson., Lahore to

Yark. p. -im, pi. 28 (1873) ; kevertz. J.f. O. J875, p. 193 ; id. Sir.

F. 1875, p. 424; Hume, 8tr. F. 1879, p. 109.
Alauda guttata, Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. pt. 2, p. 73 (1873); id.

Str. F. 1873, p. 485 ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 90 ; Scdh/, t. c. p. 583 ;

Brooks, Ibis, 1885, p. 389 ; Scull!/, J- ^- 'S- Bern/. Ivi'. p. 84 (1887).
Alauda gulgula {nee Frankl.), Harsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. F.I.

Co. ii. p. 467 (1856, pt.) ; Anders. Zool. Fxped. Yun-nan, Birds,

p. 605 (1878) ; Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 421.
Alauda sp., Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 69 (1884).
? Alauda nana, Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. QR, note (1886).
Alauda blakistooi, Stejii. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 98 (1884); id.

Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 234 (1885).

AdnU male in ivinter j^ihwiaf/e. BrOwn, streaked with black centres
to the feathers, the scapulars and lower mantle with grey edges
to the plumes ; the mantle contrasting somewhat with the rest of
the back by reason of broad rufescent margins to the inner webs ;
a few feathcr.s marked with terminal edges of ashy fulvous, espe-
cially on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts and quills
dark brown, margined with tawny buff, ashy on tlie edges, and
inclining to whity brown on the greater coverts; the first long
primary white along the outer web ; the secondaries externally
rufous, the inner primaries fringed with white at the ends, all
but the innermost secondaries tipped with white ; inner secon-
daries and centre tail- feathers blackish brown, edged with sandy
or tawny buff ; the penultimate tail-feather' white along the
outer web, the external feather white excepting for an oblique
blackish mark extending up the inner web ; head crested, like the
back, the hind neck slightly paler and the mesial black streaks
to the feathers shorter and broader ; lores whitish ; eyebrow isabeU
line, as also the feathers below the eye ; ear-coverts rufous-browa
with broad black streaks : cheeks and sides of face isabelliiie bull",
with numerous tiny triangular spots of black ; throat white, the
adjoining sides of the neck also whitish, the throat dotted with
minute triangular spots of blackish ; the lower throat more dis-
tinctly lin(^d with black streaks, which are developed into broader
spot-like markings on the fore neck and chest, becoming more
longitudinal on the sides of the breast and flanks ; the fore neck,
chest, and sides of body washed with tawny buff and a little rufous ;
remainder of under si;rface of body pure white, including the under
tail-coverts; thighs pale sandy buff; under wing-coverts and axil^
laries dark ashy isabelline { quills dark ashy below, lighter ashy
along the inner web : " bill dark greyish brown above and at the
point of lower mandible, yellowish brown at the edge of upper
mandible ; the lower flesh-coloured tinged with blue ; feet yel-
lowish brown ; iris hazel" (J. Maet/iUivrai/). Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0"55, wing 4-5, tail 2-8, tarsus 1.

* Severtzoif afterwards identified this S]3ecies witli A. guhjula, which it is
hardly likelj to have been, though it was very possibly A. Uopus. [(V. Str. P.
1875, p. 424.] Cf. also Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 181.

570 ALAUDIB.E.

The wing in a series of males measures from 4-3.5 to -t-oS inches.

In suininer j)hii)ia(/e the colouring is more uniform by reason of
the shedding of the ])ale edges to the feathers. In many specimens
killed in autumn there is a strong tinge of yellow on the under-
parts. Such specimens are probably young birds after their first
moult, and the majority of these individuals have a scaly appearance
on the upper surface from the breadth of the pale edges to the
feathers.

Adult female. Similar to the male but smaller. Total length 6-5
inches, culmen 3-45, wing 4-1, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-95.

A dark race appears to be found in Portugal (c/. Tait, ' Ibis,'
1887, p. 197). Dr. Vieira has kindly sent some specimens of this
form to the Museum, and the male in breeding plumage is certainly
a strongly marked bird, very dark above and coarsely spotted below.
The mantle also contrasts somewhat vividly against the back, which
gives it the appearance of a large A. gidgida. Total length 6-6
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 4-25, tail 2-55, tarsus U-9. Another
male has the wing 4'1 inches.

In the south of England the Larks which come during the
autumn migration are often called ' Northern ' Laiks, and are
certainly darker and browner as opposed to the resident Lark, which
is a more rufous bird.

The males of this dark form have a wing from 4-45 to 4-G inches,
and the females have the wing from 3-9 to 4-25 inches.

The resident form in the south of England is decidedly a more
rufous bird than the one which comes from the north during the
winter season, though some specimens are difficult to distinguish
from the darker race. The rufous race is decidedly a western bird
in Europe, as will be seen by the list of localities of specimens in
the Museum. It issomcM'hat interesting also to see that, according
to the S])ecimens sent by Dr. E. Yieira from Coimbra, the rufous
Lark migrates to Portugal at least a month earlier than the brown
Lark.

There is very little diflference in size between the two races, the
males of the rufous form measuring from 4-3 to 4-.55 inches in the
wing, and the females measuring from 3'9 to 4'2 inches.

Mr. Maiisel-Pleydell has forwarded me recently (Eeb. 27) three
pairs of Sky-Larks from Dorsetshire. In each case the birds had
paired and the male was of the rufous form and the female of the
darker form.

The race known as A. canfareUa is similar to A. cn-vensii^, but is
a decidedly greyer bird, more mealy in appearance everywhere, with
a purer white belly and with much paler axillaries and under wing-
coverts purer isabelline grey, not so dusky as in A. arvensis. Total
length 6-7 inches, culmen 0"5.5, wing 4-5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-9.
The adult female is similar to the male in plumage, but smaller.
Total length G-1 inches, culmen 0"5, wing 3'9, tail 2-2.5, tarsus 0\).

A. ca»tarella is, therefore, a mealy form of Sky-Lark which ex-
tends from the Mediterranean through Persia and Centra] x\sia to
Central Siberia and Northern Chinii, and also extends toN.AV. India.
It must not, however, be supposed that it is constant througljout

10. ALAUDA. 571

its range as regards the characters which I have mentioned. Mr.
Erooks considers it to be a larger bird than our Sky-Lark, and
certainly the average length of the wing in the male is from 4(3 to
4"S inches, and of the females from 3'9 to 4'2o inches. The males
therefore do exceed the average of the dimensions of ordinary
A. arvrnsis, but there is a great deal of variation in a series of A.
cantarella, both in size and colour. Some specimens are so brown
that it is difficult to separate them from A. arvensis. Again, the
Krasnoyarsk and Chinese specimens have very thin bills, and so
have some of the Turkestan birds ; but the specimens with slender
bills are found in other localities, and a gradation is found with
A. arvensls on the one hand and A. ipih/ahi on the other, bj' way
of A. liojnis. The thin-billed A. cantarella are slightly smaller
( cS , wing 4-1-4-5 inches ; Sowing 4'05-4-l), but, as with true
A. arvensis, size does not go for much.

The adult male of the form known as A. liopus ( = A. r/nttata of
Brooks) is similar to A. arveusis, but distinguished by its much
more rufous wing and rufous ear-coverts ; the eyebrow is very bi'oad
and distinct posteriorly, so as to give the appearance of the head of
a Wood-Lark.

Writing in 1871 in the 'Birds of Europe ' I considered that the
Skj-Lark of Cashmere was a small race of A. arvensis, and some
specimens in the Museum still bear my determination of that
date. Mr. Brooks afterwards named the Cashmere Lark Alauda
(/uitata, but subsequently he came to the conclusion that it was the
same as A. leiopus of Hodgson. With this identiiication I thoroughly
agree, after comparing the types of the two species together : though
Nepalcse sptecimens are large. Between A. guttata and A. liopus a
certain difference is observable in a series ; thus in Cashmere and
Gilgit the coloration is much more dingy brown, never so rufous,
and the abdomen is not so pure white. Gradually tliroughout the
Himalayas the species becomes more and more rufous on the upper
parts and whiter on the belly, and especially rufous on the wing.
The most rufous of all the birds are the specimens from Japan.

The wings in the Cashmere and Sikhim specimens vary from 3'7
to 4'25 inches in the males, and from 3"35 to 3'75 inches in the
females, so that there would appear to be not much difference in
size between the sexes, as is also the case with A. gulgvla.

In the Japanese specimens the wing in the male varies from 3'75
to 4-15 inches. The large form from E. Siberia and Kamtschatka
{A. blal-intoni) is in colour similar to A. JiojJus, but is larger and
the black markings on the back and scapulars exhibit a tendency to
coalesce. Wing 4'6— 1"8 inches. The wing in the female varies
from 4*3 to 4'5 inches.

JIah. The whole of Europe and Xorthern Asia, the Himalayas
and X.W. India, and extending through Northern and Central
China.

n. \nv. alb. sk. England. Montagu Coll.

b. \a\: alb. sk. England. Dr. Day [P.].

c. Vav. alb. sk. England. W. J. tlughes, Esq. [P.].
,/,r. Var.mol.sk. England. Old Coll. '

572

ALAUDID.E.

Alaudd arvensis. Dark form.

Northern Lark.''

/, r/. 2 ad. sk.
/i, I. Ad. sk.

A--H. 2 ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.

^j. J ad.; y, r

5 ad. sk.
s-r. 2 ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.
.(■. c? ad. sk.

»/, s. d ? ad. sk.
a'. 2 iid. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
c'. j ad. sk.
(^', e'. c5' ad. sk.
_/'. c? ad. sk.
y'. 2 ^^- sk.
A', i'. Ad. sk.
W. (S ad. sk.
r. [dlad.sk.
?»'. [ 2 J ad. sk.
w'. [ c? ] ad. sk.

o'. J ad. sk.

;/. 2 ad. sk.
y'. Ad. St.

/. 2 ad. sk.
/. j ad. sk.
r'. [ 2 ] ad, sk.

c. Ad, var. st.
(/. Var. alb, sk.

Island of Tiree, March. Colonel Irbv [P.].

Whitehill, Midlothian ( JVard- Tweeddale Coll.

luw-Banisay).

St. Bride's, Pembrokeshire, Hon. W. Edwardes,

Dec. [P.].

Wiltshire. Monta<;u Coll.

Avinj'ton, Hants, Nov., Feb. Capt. G. E. Shelley

[C.].

Cookhara, Berks, Feb. {li. B. R. B. Shaqie, Esq.

S.). [P.].

Surrey, Feb. {F. D. G.) Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hove, Sussex, Oct. 8 {H. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Sxoaysland). [P-]*

Norfolk, Nov., Jan. Seebohm Coll.

Bordeaux, France. Gould Coll.

Coinibra, Portugal, Nov. Dr. L. Vieira [P.].

Seville, Spain, Feb. Seebohm Coll.

Oudena, Tunis, Feb. (O. <S'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Malta, Feb. {A. L. Adams). Gould ColL

Alexandria, March 3 {G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

Turkey. Gould Coll.

Asia Minor, March [T.liohson). Gould Coll.

Erzeroum. Gould Coll.

Erzeroum. Zoological Society.

Kislovodsk, Cis-Caucasia. St. Petersburg Mas.

[P.].

\ishki, Lower Petchora, June Seebohm Coll.
(H.S.^-J.A.H.B.).

Norway, March 17.
Heligoland.
Hiddensee, Aug.
Oldenburg, March 7.
Dresden, April.

/3. Alauda arvensis.
Leicestershire.

Hereford, July.

Merton, Norfolk, June.

Prof. R. Collett [P.].
L. Gatke, Esq. [P.].
Seebuhm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. A. B.Meyer [P.].

Ilufous form.

e,f.6 2 ad. ; <l, h, Merton, Norfolk, June.

/. Juv. ("group].
A-, /. 2 ad, sk. Great Yarmouth, Oct., Nov.

Cambridgeshire (/. Baker).

Cambridgeshire.

in, n. 2 ad. sk.
o, p. Ad. ; q-u.

Juv. St.
r. Pull. sk.
20,.v,y. S ad.sk.

Taplow, Berks, .hme.
Cookham, Berks, July, Aug

S 2 ad. sk. Avington, Hants, Feb., Oct.

//. S ad. sk.
c. d* ad. sk.

Farnham, Suriey, May.
Godiilming, Jaii. (F. 'l). G.).

Theodore Walker,

Esq. [P.l.
R. P. Pail-er, Esq.

[P.].
Loi-d Walsingham

[P.].
Lord Walsingham

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mr. J. Baker [C.].

Gould Coll.

K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Capt. G. E. Shelley

[p.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salviu-Godujau Cull,

10. ATA CD A.

.573

d. S ad.; e,f.

2 nd. .-k.
//. Ad. var. st.

N . Juv. St.
a . (S imni. .sk.

^^/'. S 2 ad. sk.
Ill , n , 0 . cJ ad. ;

p' . 5 ad. sk.
q' . Ad. sk.
/•'. (5" var. sk.
s, f. J ad. sk.

}('. Var. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
?r'. Ad. sk.
x,y,z. Sterna;

«". Skull.
V-f". Skele-

tous; ^". SkuU.
W . Sternum;

,/"'•„ ^^'!!'^- „

Skulls,
o". Var. St.

Near Brigliton, April, Oct.,

Nov.
Brighton.

Brightdn.

Iloniuey Marsh, Sept. 11.

Leiden, Holland, Oct.
Heligoland, Oct., Nov. (Z.

Gittke).
Coimbra, Portugal, Oct.
Seville, Spain, Feb.
Valencia, Oct., April.

Cxibraltar.

Tangiers.

" Tagora," xV. Africa.

England.

England.

England.

Silesia.

New Zealand.

B. B. Sharpe, E.sq.

[P.]. _
B. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
II. Swaysland [C.l
B. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.]. _
Iliiine Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Dr. I>. Vieira rp.].
Colonel Irb.y [P.].
Howard Saunders,

Esq. [P.].
Colonel Irby [P.J.
Colonel Irby [P.].
Gould Coll.
J. IngaU, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

J. Rae, Esq. [P.].

Br. A. C4iiuther [C.].

Sir \S. Buller [P.].

n. $ ad. sk.

A, c. 2 ad. sk.

xl. S ad. sk.

e. <S ad. sk.

/. Var. sk.

r/, h, i, k. S ad. ;

2 ad. sk.
/, »«. 2 ad. sk.
n-q. 2 ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.

M. c? ad. sk.
v-a. <S ad. ; h'.

2 ad. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.

d',e', S 2 ad. sk.

/■-?'. S ad.; k'.

2 ad. sk.

y. Alduda cantareUa.

Bordighera, N. Italy, March 29

{A. B. Brooke). '
Turkey, March 15 (C. Pearce).

Smyrna, Dec. 20 {Dr.

Kruper).
Zebil Taurus, Asia Minor, Jan. 3

(C. G. Banfurd).
Adalia, Asia Minor, Dec. 19

(C. G.B.).
Palestine.

Beersbebtt, Palestine, Feb.
Favoom, Egypt, Feb., March

[G. E. 8.).
Persia.

Near Shiraz, July.
Bushire, Jan. 27.

Bushire, Feb.

Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, April to

June, Sept. (Kibort).
Valley of the Yen-e-say, 66i° N.

lat.', April 11 {H. S.).
Ural Biver, S.E. Bussia.
Turkeitan, July to Noyember.

B. B. Sharpe, E^q.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
B. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Canon Tristram [C.],

Canon Tristram [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Purchased.

Sir 0. St. John [C.].

A. J. V. Palmer, Esq.

Sir 0. St, John [P.],
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Severtzoff Coll.
Severtzoli Coll.

574

ALAUDID.E.

I. (S ad. sk.

m' . Ad. sk.

n' . <S ad. sk.
o'. S ad- sk.
p'-t'. Ad. sk.
u, v'. cJ; «'', 'I''.

$ ad. sk.
?/', s'. S ad. sk.
a", 6", e". cJ; i^".

$ ad. sk.
e",f". d;ff".2

ad. sk.
h". Ad. sk.
i". (J ad. sk.

k",l".d ? ad.sk.
m". Ad. sk.
}i". 2 ad. sk.

o", jo". Ad. sk.
g". Ad. sk.

r", s". Ad. sk.
t". cS ad. sk.

u". 2 ad. sk.
v"-z". d; d\ 2

ad. sk.
S^-c^ 2 ad. sk.
d\ 6 ad. sk.

e3,/\ S ad. sk.

«, 6, c. Ad. sk.
<Z, e. S ad. sk.
/. Juv. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.

/;, i, k, I. c? ; m,

n, o. 2 ad. sk.

p, (J, r. S ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.

t. S ad. sk.

u, V, ID. s ; •■^■' 2

ad. sk.
y, z. S ad. sk.
a'-<?'. d ad. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.

Basitv, Turkestan, May 21 {Dr.

b.'Finsch).
Kashgar {J. Bid/lulph).
Aftao, N. Afghanistan, Dec. 12.
Candahar, Feb. 2.
Piishut {Griffith).
Pishin Valley, Dec. {Sir 0. St.

John).
Gilgit, Nov.
Gilgit, Feb., March, Oct., Dec.

{J. Biddidph).
Gilgit, Dec, May.

Cashmere, May ( W. E. Brooks).
Rawiil Pindi,'Jau. 23 {R. O.

W. R.).
Mardau, Mai'cli, Dec.
Murree.
Mooltau, Feb. 23 (C. H. T.

Marshall).
Umritsur.
Naoshera, Punjab, March ( W.

E. B.).
Salt Range, Nov. {Dr. Jerdon).
Gurgaon District, Jan. ( W. N.

Chill).
Gurgaon, Feb. ( W. N. C).
Umballa, Feb., Nov. {R. C.

Beara/i).
Oudh, Nov. (^4. A>uIcr.fon).
Pekin, Nov. {R. Swinhoe).

Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

Hume Coll.
Dr. Aitchi.son [C.l.
Col. 0. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

Dr. J. Scully [P.].
Hume Coll.

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Dr. Jerdon [C.].
Hume Coll.

Seebolim Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
(Type of A. pekinensis.')
Shanghai, March {R. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll.

(Types of A. intermedia.)

0. Alauda liopus.

Cashmere.
Cashmere, May.
Cashmere (Dr. Belle w).
Eembeara River, Kashmir, May

15 ( IV. E. Brooks).
Srinuggur, Cashmere, May,

June ( W. E. Brooks).
Cashmere Valley, Aug. (J.

Blackett).
Astor Valley.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
(Types of A. guttata.)
Hume Coll.

Nobra Valley,

Biddulph). "
Gilgit, May-July

June 25 (J.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Tweeddale Coll.
Col. Biddulph [C.].

Gilgit, April, June (J. Biddulph). Hume Coll.

Ladakh, Sept., Oct. (Dr. G. Hume Coll.

Heitderson).

Sutlej Valley, June {T. C. Hume Coll.

Jerdon).

Baja, Khunaitee, Jan. 1. Hume Coll.

10. AI.AUDA.

575

(J. 2 ad. sk.

A', [c?] ad.sk.
i',k'.S $ ad. sk.
/', tn. Ad. sk.

n', o'. cJ; ;/. $

ad. sk.
q', r . Ad. sk.

s . Ad. sk.
t'-z. Ad. sk.

«". Ad. sk.

b"-h". Ad. sk.

i", k" . Ad. sk.
/". Ad. sk.
m" . c? ad. sk.

n",o".S; p",i'-

$ ad. sk.
»•". Ad. sk.
a", t" . Ad. sk.
m". 2 ad. sk.
v"-x" . S ad. sk.

y", z". S ad. sk.
a3._ $ ad. ; b\ S

juv. sk.
c^ «?3. Ad. sk.

«. c? ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e,f. S ad. sk.

a, h. S ad. sk.

Cliumba Town, March (C //.

r. Marshall).
Bhawuljiur.

Dehra, Dec. {Dr. Khiff).
Nepal.

Nepal Valley, Feb., March (./.

>Sculli/).
Native Sikhim, Dec. (i. Man-

delli).
Native Sikhim, Jan. (i. M.).
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., June, Oct.,

Dec. {L. Mandelli).
Interior of Sikhim, Oct. (L. 31.).
Thibet, May, Sept. {L. Man-

delli).
Bootan {Pemberfon').
Momein, Yun-nan, May 30.
Canton, China ( Tuvkctt).
Shanghai, Nov. {B. Swinhoe).

Japan.
Japan.
Japan.
Ilakodadi, Yezo, April, May,

Oct. {H. Whltely).
Ilakodadi, May, Oct.
Ilakodadi, May, June {J.

Blaki.^ton).
South Y'ezo, Sept.

e. Alauda hlahistoni.
Kamtschatka (Dyboicskif).
Island of Askold,Nov. {JDorries).
Kurile Is. (Snoir).
Eturup, Kiu'ile Is. ( W. Blakis-
ton).

'(. DarTc Iberian race.
Coimbra, Portugal, May.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of ^-1. liojnis.)
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Prof, mine [C.\
Tweeddale Coll.

H. AVhitely [C.].
li. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Dr. L. Vieira [P.].

2. Alauda gulgula.

Alauda gulgula, Fra7ikl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119; Jerd. Madr. Jutirn.
xi. p. 30 (1840) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 962 (1844) ; id. Vat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. i32 (1849, pt.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 434 (1863) ; StoHczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 64 (1868) ;
King, t. c. p. 2\Q; Beav. Ibis, 1868, p. 181 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869,
p. 59; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7746 (1870); Holdsw.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 465 ; Hume ^ Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 2(i9,
pi. 29 (1873) ; Hnme, Kest ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 486 (1873) ; id.
Str. F. i. pp. 39, 420 (1873); Adam, t. c. p. 389; Brooks, t. c.
p. 485 ; Blyth ^- Wahl. B. Burm. p. 95 (1875) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1876,
p. 499 ; Butler, Str. F. iv. pp. 2, 39 (1876) ; Armst. t. c. p. 337;

Godwin-.iast. J. A. S. Benq. xlv. p. 83 (1876) ; Butler, Str. F. v.
]). 185 (1877) ; Ball, t. c. p. 223 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 409

(1878) ; Davids. ^- Weiiden, Str. F. vii. p. 86 (1878) ; Legge, B.

576 AT.AUDID.E.

Ceylon, p. 030 (1879) ; Hume, 8tr. F. viii. p. 108 (1879) ; ScuNi/,

t. c. p. 3;)8 ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 73 (1880) ; Wnrdlaw Ituimai/,

Ihk, 1880, p. G7; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p." 116; Eeid, Str. F. x.

p. 58 (I8b3); Davison, t. c. p. 406; Vidal, t. c. p. 424; Oafes,

Hnndb. B. Br. Biinn. i. p. 373 (1883) ; Mitrrai/, Vertehr. Faun.

Sind, p. 197 (1884) : Swinh. Sr Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 130 ; Ternj,

Sfr. F. X. p. 478 (1887) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 289 (1888).
Alaiida tiiburhj-ncha, Hod(/s. Icon. iued. in Brit. Mas., Passeres,

pi. 293. fig. 2 (no. 739);'(rf. in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844);

Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal jwes. Ilodffs. p. 109 (1846) ; Horsf.

Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 407 (1856, pt.) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7745 (1870).
Alauda gracilis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 201 (1842).
Alauda gangetica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xii. p. 181 (1843).
Alauda cristata (pt.),' Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844).
Alauda malabarica (nee Sykes), Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mu<. E. I.

Co. ii. p. 467 (1856).
Alauda coelivox, Swinh. Zool. 1859, p. 6723 ; id. Ibis, 1860, pp. 52,

132, 1861 , p. 46, 1863, p. 377 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 89, 272 ; id.

Ibis, 1870, p. 83; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7753 (1870);

Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 389; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 314

(1877).
Ahuda sala, S^oinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 355 ; id. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 389 ;

David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 314 (1877).
Alauda wattersi, .SVotmA. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 389; David ^%- Oust. Oi.s.

Chine, p. 314 (1877); Tiveedd. P.Z.S. 1878, p. 710; Wardluiv

Ramsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 160.
Alauda australis, Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 484; Hume, Str. F. 1879,

p. 108; Brooks, t. c. p. 489 ; Terry, Str. F. x. p. 479 (1887).
Alauda pegueusis, Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 343.

Adult male. Similar to A. arvensis, or rather to tho grey fornj of
A. arvensis kuowii as A. cantareUa, but distinguished from it by its
touch smaller size, paler under wing-coverts, and almost entire
absence of flank-stripes. " Bill, legs, feet, and claws fleshy yellow ;
the upper mandible brown; iris brown " (C T. Binr/havi). Total
length 5"8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-65, tail 2'1, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male. " Bill brownish, under man-
dible fleshy ; legs and feet fleshy yellow, claws dusky ; ii'is dark
brown" {C. T. Bingham). Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-55,
wing 3-.5, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-95.

The Chinese A. coelivox seems to mc now, as it seemed to me in
1871, to be inseparable from A. galgula, of which it is only a pale
race.

A darker race, A. tuattersi of Formosa, may possibly be found in
parts of Southern China, for it occurs in Cochin China. None of the
Swinhoe specimens are in fresh moulted plumage, and the abrasion
of the plumage gives them, of course, a very black appearance.

In the north of Formosa and in Hainan a slightly larger and
longer-billed race {A. sala) occurs, but some of the specimens are
scarcely to be distinguished from A. tuattersi. The wing is very little
larger than in the latter race.

The following is a summary of the length of wing in Alauda
gulgula and its component races ; —

10. ALATTDA.

577

Males. Females.

Alauda gulcpila : typical 3-4 -3-9 3-3-3-7.

Alaudayulgula: Eastern race of Burmese provinces 3-45-3'75 3"2-3'4.
Alauda riulfiida : very dark form— Cocliin China

to Formosa and the Philippines {A. zuatfersi). 3"3 -3'6*
Alauda f/uli/vla: lightrace of China (^. ca;/i!;o.r)t. 3'45-3'8 3'4.
Alauda gulgula : dark Formosan race {A . sala) . . 3'55-3-7
Alauda gulgula : dark race of Southern India (^A.

ausfralis) 3-2o-3-9 3-2-3-7.

Hab. In its various light and dark forms the present species is
found over the whole of the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, the Burmese
countries, and Southern China, with Formosa, Hainan, and the
Philippine Islands (see anted, p. 566).

a. Alauda gulgula.

Candahar, April, May {Sir O. Hume Coll.

St. John).
Candahar, March 20-31 . Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].

a, 6. d 5 ^^- sk.

e, d. (S ad. ; e. $
ad. sk.

f. 5 ad. sk.
ff. d ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
J. [ 2 ] ad. sk.
k. c? ad. sk.

/, 9)1. c? 2 ^d. sk.

n. c? ad.; o, p. 2
ad. sk.

q, r. S $ ad. sk.

s, t. <$ ad. sk.
u. 5 ad. sk.
v-e' . S S ad. sk.

/'. $ ad. sk.

g , h' . 5 ad. sk.
i'-s'.cJad. ; t'. 5

ad. sk.
m', v. cS ad. sk.

iv'-a". 2 ad. sk.
b". (S ad. sk.
c"-g". Ad. sk.

h!'. Ad. sk.
i" . Ad. sk.
k". 5 ad. sk.

Duhrai, April 21.

Bvan Khevl, Afghanistan, May

"20 {R. G. W. M.).
Murdan, March.
Hyderabad, Oct. 6 {E. A. Butler).
Sambhur Lake, Dec. 10 {A. O.

H.).
Delhi, Feb. 16-20 (C. T. Bing-
ham).
Sultanpur, Gurgaon dist., Feb.

{W.N. Chill).
Rohtuk Dist., Feb., Dec. {A. O.

J£.).
Jhansie, Oct.

Almorah, May ( W. E. Brooks).
Etawah Dist., Oct., Nov., Dec,

Jan., Feb., April {W. E.

Brooks).
Cawnpore, April 29 (W. E.

Brooks).
Allahabad, Oct. (J. Cockburn).
Futtehgurh distr., Feb.-May

and Nov. {A. Anderson).
Futtehgurh dist., April {A.

Anderso7i).
Mogul Serai, March ( W. E. B.).
Mogul Serai, Feb. (IF. E. B.).
Nepal.

(Types of
Nepal (H. B. Hodgson).
Behar.
Chunar, Dec. 17 ( W. E. Brooks).

Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Alauda trihurhyncha.)
India Museum.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.

* Not a single bird has the sex determined.

+ The bulk of the specimeus in the Swinhoe coliectiou are without indication
of sex, but the maximum and minimum measurements of the wing are 3'25 and
3'7 inches.

VOL. XIII. 2p

578

ALAUDIDiE.

l",7>i",n".Sad.;

o",«".$ad. sk.
q",7'' .d ad-; s",

t". 2 ad. sk.
u", v" . (S ad. sk.
to",x" ,y" . 6 ad.

sk.-
z". Ad. sk.
a^, J', e"*. S ad. ;

(^3. 2 ad. sk.
e^-o'. (3" ad. ; /j'-
s'. Jad.etjuv.sk
<^ S ad. sk.

«<', v^, w^. <S ad. ;

.r', y^. 5 ad. sk.

^^ ci ad. ; «", &■».

2 ad. sk.
f'-A^ (5 ad. ; i\

$ ad. sk.
k\ 2 ad. sk.

a-d. Ad. sk.

c,/. Ad. sk.
(/, h. S $ ad. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
k,l.^2 ad. sk.
?n,-y. cj'ad.etjiiv.;

?-r<. 2 ad. sk.
I'. Ad. sk.
w-s. c? ad. ; a'.

2 ad. sk.
6', c'. c? ad. sk.
c',/'. S ad.; ^r',

A'. 2 ad. sk.
i' , k' . Ad. ; /'.

Juv. sk.
m'-r'. tS ad. et

imm.; s'-iv' . 2

ad. sk.
x'-h".S $ ad.sk.

c" ,d" ,e" . Ad.sk.
f",g". 6 ad. et

juY. sk.
h" . 2 ad. sk.

a, b. S ad. ; c.

2 ad. sk.
d-p. Ad. et juv,

sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s, <. Ad. sk.
M. Ad. sk.

Asseusole, Sept. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Diuapur, Feb. ( W. E. Brooks).

Shoga,Feh.{W.E.B.).
Calcutta.

Dacca (Col. Tytler).
Manipur, March {A. O. H.).

Lower Pegu, Oct., Uec.-May.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.
(T_ypes of A. peyuensis.')
Elephant Point, Dec. 1 {J. Hume Coll.

Armstrony)
Khykehto, Tenasserim, Jan. Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Peeling, Jan., Feb. ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

Thatone, March, Dec. ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

Sittang River, Feb. ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

ft. Alauda australis,

Raipur, J une. Hume Coll.

Madras. Dr. T. C. Jerdon [P.].

Madras. Hume Coll.

Madras (T. C. Jerdon). Gould Coll.

Bangalore, Sept. (R. G. W. R.). Tvveeddale Coll.

Belgaum, April, June, Sept. {E. Hume Coll.

A. Butler).

Malabar. Tweeddale Coll.

Neddivuttum, Nilghiris, March Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

Slope of Nilghiris, March. Hume Coll.

Coonoor, Feb., April ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son).

Coonoor, July (R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.

Gotacamund, March to Julv Hume Coll.
( W. D.).

Kotagherry, July, Aug., Sept. Hume Coll.

(Miss Cockburn).

Anjango, Travancore, Dec. Hume Coll.

Ceylon, Jan., June ( W. V.Leyye). Hume Coll.

Colombo, Ceylon, Get. ( W. V. Gates Coll.
Ley ye).

y. Alauda coelivox,
Aiuoy (R. Swinhoe).

Anioy, May, July (R. S.).

Amoy, May, Nov. (R. S.).
Amov, May, June.
Hainan, March 1806 [R. S.).

Seebohm Coll

(Types of species.)
Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Consul Swinhoe [C.].

Seebohm Coll.

11. CALANDEELLA. 579

^. AJauda wattersi.
a, b. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan., March (i?. Seebohm Coll.

, ., , Sioinlwe). (Types of ^.jw/^^-ersi'.)

c-h. Ad. sk. Formosa, Jan., March (i?. Seebohm Coll.

Sxcuihoe).

\ ^^'^}' . ?r°''^-l" P]'^°''- ^^ons. E, Pierre [P.].

/t-«. Ad et ^l&Tix\2.{MaitlandHeriot). Tweeddale Coll.

imm. sk.

0. 6 ad. sk. N. Bohol, Oct. {A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

e. AJauda sala.

a. Ad. sk. North Formosa, March {R. Seebohm Coll.

, . . , Swinhoe). (Type of ^. safe.)

b-fM.-ff. N. Formosa, March, May Seebohm Coll.

Pull.sk. {U.S.).

h, i, k Ad. sk N. Formosa, March. Consul Swinhoe [0.1.

1, VI. S ? ad. sk. Haman, March {R. S.). Seebohm Coll.

3. Alauda prsetermissa.

Alauda prtetermissa, Blanf. Geol. S,- Zoul. Ahyss. p. 38S, pi. vi.

(1870) ; Grmj, Band-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7750 (1870).
Galenta prajtermissa, Antin. Sf Salvad. Viagrj. Boaos, p. 474 (1873) •

Salcad. Ann. Mjis. Genov. (2) 1, p. 168 (1884), vi. p. 266 (1888) '
Alauda (Galeiita) arenicola, rar. fusca, Bkmf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss.
p. 38/ (1870). ■^

Adult male (type of si^ecies). Similar to A. qulqida, and having
the same marked pattern of mantle, but differing in the colour of
the tail, the pattern of the outer feather not being white but
smoky buff, more or less fulvescent. Total length 6-2 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 3-8, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-9.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total
length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-7, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-9.

Hub. N.E. Africa.

«, h. ^ 2 ad. sk. Senafe, Tigre, March. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].

, I 1 „ (Types of species.)

c. cTad.sk. Seuaf(l,April ( ^F.Jme). Tweeddale Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Lake Ashaughi, April. W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.].
_ , , (Type of G. fusca.)

e. ? ad. sk. Angollala, Shoa, May India Museum.

(Sir W. C. Harris).

f. Ad. sk, Ticor-IIamesh, Shoa, Shelley Coll.

Aug. (Antinori).

11. CALANDRELLA *,

Calandrella, Knup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 39 (1829) .... C. braclSdactvla.
Coraplndea, Blyth, J. A. S. Bevy. xiii. p. 960 (1844). C. brach'ydactVla.
Calaudritis, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 122 (1850) . . C. brachydactVla.
* The following species has not been identified bj me : —
Calandrella kollyi.
Alauda koliji, Tnnm. Tl. Col. iii. pi. 305. fig. 1 (1824); id. Man d:Oni

pt ill. p. 203 (1835) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. 75 (1844).
Philei-emos kollyi, Burggr. Vogelf. Norddeutsckl. p. 70 (1869).
This supposed species is probably only a variety of the Common Short-toed Lark

2p2

580 ALAUDID^.

Range. The greater part of Central and Southern Europe and
Northern Asia, extending south to Abyssinia* and east into N.W.
India.

Key to the Species.

a. Outer tail-feathers with a sandy-buff edging to , j,,„,j, j^^.ti sgQ.

the end of the outer web J dickhunemis, p. 584.

h. Outer tail-feathers entirely white along the { fji{f,gf„„„ p ,58,5

outer web j a„^,{,.ostris^ -p. 585.

1. Calandrella brachydactyla.

? Testaceous Lark, Lath. Oeii. Syn. ii. pt. L^ p. 393 (1783).

? Alauda testacea, Gm. S. N. i. p. 797 (1788).

Alauda brachydactyla, Leisler, Wetterau Oesellsch. Ann. iii. pp. 357-

359 (1814); Temm. Man. Orn. i. p. 285 (1820); Naum. Vog.

DeutscJil. iv. pi. 98. fig. 2 (1824) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores,

pi. 7 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 39 (1832) ; Isid. Geoffr.

St.-Hilaire, Exp. Moree, Zoo/, p. 52, pi. 4. fig. 1 (1883) ; Gould, B.

Eur. iii. pi. 103 (1837); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 196 (1840);

Nordm. in Demid. Voij. Muss. Mirid.m. p. 165(1840) ; Schl. Rev.

Crit. p. lix (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844); Hewits.

Eggs Br. B. i. p. 181, pi. 45. fig. 4 (1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-

. P- -

Br. B. p. 110 (1872) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. GeselUch. Wien, xxix.

p. 222 (1879); Homeyer 8f Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1883,

p. 90 ; Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 274 (1884) ; Irbg, Keg List Br.

B. p. 21 (1888).
Alauda arenaria, rieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. i. p. 343 (1816) ; id.

Faime Franq., Ois. p. 169, " pi. 74. figs. 1, 2 " (1820).
Alauda calandrella, Savi, Orn. Tosc. ii. p. 67 (1829) ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 244 (1850); Grat/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7775 (1870);

Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 16. fig. 9 (1870) ; Giitke, Ibis, 1879, pp.

104, 379.
Calandrella brachydactyla, Kanp, Nat. Syst. p. 39 (1829); Tristr.

Ibis, 1859, pp. 34, 422 ; Salvin, t. c. p. 315 ; Koiehy, t. c. p. 330;

Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 434 ; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 348 (1865) ;

Gicjl. Ibis, 1865, p. 58 ; Cha7nb. Ibis, 1867, p. 103 ; Loc/ie, Expl.

iSc'i. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 21 (1867); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 443;

Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 181 ; .E'fo;es Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 194 ;

Sundev. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 134 (1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871,

p. 217; Gtiniey, t. c. p. 289; Godm. t. c. p. 209; Shelley, B.

Egypt, p. 141 (1872); GouU, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 21 (1873);

Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 67, 141 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv.

p. 341, pi. 235 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 245 ; mime, Str. F. i.

p. 213 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 423 (1874) ; Ada7n, t. c. p. 389 ;

Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 182; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 114 (1875);

Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 182 ; Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 500 (1875) ;

Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 242 (1876) ; Bogd. J./. O. 1877, p. 91 ;

Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 91 (1877); Danf. Ibis,

1878, p. 21 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 66 (1878) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 75

(1879) ; Doig, Str. F. viii. p. 371 (1879) ; Hume, t. c. p. 109 (pt.) ;

Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 49 (1879) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 88 ;

* Calandrella bucMeyi, Shelley, from the Gold Coast, is a Mirafra.

11. CALANDRELLA. 581

Scully, f. c. p. 579; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 72 (1883); Sivinh.

Ihis, 18S2, p. 115; Bidd. t. c. p. 285; Seel>. Ibis, 1883, p. 12;

Severtz. t. c. p. 61 ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor. Palest, p. 80 (1884) ;

Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 285 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,

p. 195 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 40 ; Reid, t. c. p. 246 ;

Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 63 (1886) ; Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 155

(1886) ; 'Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 195 ; Scully, J. A. S. Beny. Ivi. p. 84

(1887); St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 172; Lilford, t. c. p. 324; Clark,

t. c. p. 546 ; Giyl. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 120 (1889) ; Sharpe,

Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 81 (1889).
Melauocorypha itala, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 311 (1831); id.

Voyelf. p. 121 (1855).
Melanocorypha brachydactvla, Brehm, VHy. Deutschl. p. 311 (1831);

Seebolun, Ibis, 1882, p. 217.
Melanocorypha arenaria, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 38

(1838).
Phileremos brachydactyla. Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 152 (1840) ;

Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 37 (1844) ; Linderm. Voq. Griechenl,

p. 49 (1860) ; Borggr. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 70 (18(39) ; Droste,

Voyeho. Borkum, p. 70 (1869).
Short-toed Lark, Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 420 (1843).
Phileremos moreatica, Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 37 (1844).
Alauda longipennis, Eversm. Bull. Mosc. xxi. p. 219 (1848) ; id.

J. f. 0. 1853, p. 283 ; Bogd. J. f. O. 1877, p. 95.
Calaiidritis brachydactyla, Cub. Mus. Ilein. Th. i. p. 122 (1850) ;

E. von Homeyer, J. f. 0. 1873, p. 193.
? Calandritis kollyi. Cub. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 123 (1850).
Melanocorypha macroptera, A. E. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 77 ; C.

L. Brehm, Voyelf. p. 121 (1855).
Melanocorypha obsoleta, etc., Brehm, Voyelf. p. 121 (1855).
Calandrella hernionensis, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 434 ; id. Ibis,

1866, p. 28o ; id. Ibis, 1882, p. 407 ; id. Faun. ^' Flor. Palest.

p. 80 (1884).
Alauda hermoneusis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 117, no. 7749 (1870).
Alauda macroptera. Gray, Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7777 (1870).
Calandriti.s imniaculata, E. von Homeyer, J.f. O. 1873, p. 194.
Calandritis macroptera, E. von Homeyer, t. c. p. 195.

Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, everyyphere
mottled with blackish centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts
uniform sandy buff: median coverts dark brown, rather broadly
edged with sandy buff; greater coverts brown, edged with ashy,
and with sandy buff at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dark brown, edged with sandy buff, rather more
rufescent at the base of the secondaries ; first long primary
isabelline along the outer web ; upper tail-coverts sandy isabel-
line as well as the adjacent portion of the rump, which has a
uniform appearance, the longer coverts centred ■with blackish
brown ; centre tail-feathers sandy buff, dark brown along the
middle ; remainder of tail-feathers blackish with sandy-buff' edges,
the penultimate feathers broadly margined with isabelline, inclining
to sandy buff towards the end of the outer weo and round the tip;
the outer feathers for the most part white, with an isabelline tinge
towards the end of the outer web, the inner web with an oblique
mark of blackish brown ; head like the back, and distinctly sti'eaked

582 ALAUDIDJ5.

with blackish brown ; the hind neck a little more uniform and
sand)' brown like the sides of the neck ; lores white, as also the
feathers below the eyes ; a distinct eyebrow of sandy isabelline ;
ear-coverts brown, washed with sandy buff; a small mark of
blackish spots at the base, extending below the eye ; cheeks sandy
isabelline, with a malar line of dusky-brown dots ; throat and
abdomen white, with a slight wash of sandy isabelline, which is
more distinct on the fore neck and chest, sides of body, and thighs ;
under tail-coverts isabelline white ; on the fore neck and chest a
few small blackish streaks, increasing in strength towards the sides
of the fore neck, where they form a blackish patch ; under wing-
coverts sandy isabelline, the axillaries ashy isabelline ; quills ashy
brown below, isabelline along the inner web : " bill pale whitish
brown, darkest on the culmen ; legs pale yellowish brown ; iris
brown" (6r. E. Shelley). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 045,
wing 3-45, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-75.

Adult femcile. Similar in colour to the male, but with scarcely
anv streaks on the fore neck, the lateral patch on which is also
smaller. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-6, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0"85.

Calandrella hermonensis of Tristram cannot be uphold as a
species, inasmuch as it decidedly grades into C. hrachi/dacti/la as
regards every character in which it is supposed to differ from
that species. In the Palestine specimens the males measure from
3-55 to 3-9 inches. It should be noticed that this rufous form is
by no means confined to Palestine, but is indeed found throughout
the countries of the Mediterranean, and the same form extends to
Abyssinia and Persia. The Museum possesses specimens with
rufous heads from Spain, Italy, Algeria, Greece, and Egypt, which
can in nowise be distinguished from so-called C. hermonensis, but
individuals from Turkey are both brown and rufous on the head.

Hab. Southern Europe, extending to N.E. Africa and through
Persia to Turkestan, and thence into JN'.W. India.

a. Jliv. sk. [Europe.] Gould Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Gibraltar. Colonel Irby [P.].
e. S ad. sk. Southern Spain, March 10 Seebohm Coll.

{Huiz).

d. 2 ad. sk. Ain Beida, Algeria, May 1 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(O. S.).

e. 2 ad. sk. Mourzouk, March. Gould Coll.
/, (/. Ad. sk. Italv. Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. Naples. Prof. Bonelh [P.].

{. Ad. sk. Liguria (G. Doria). Seebohm Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Austria. Seebohm Coll.

/. c? ad. sk. Mt. Parnassus, May 15 {H. S.). Seebohm Coll.

m-p. S ad. sk. Turkey, April (T.'Jiobson). Tweeddale Coll.

q,r.S2 ad. sk. Turke'y, April {T. H.). Gould Coll.

s, <. J 5 ad. sk. Pet-na-hore, Turkey, April (C. Seebohm Coll.

G. Danford).

u, V. (^ 2 ^^- sk. Smyrna, July {Dr. Kritper). Tweeddale Coll.

w. d ad. sk. Smyrna, April (Dr. Kritper). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

11. CALANDRELLA.

583

x. Ad. sk.

y-c'. c? ftd. ; d'.

2 ad. ; e'. Juv.

sk.
f-k: 2 ad. sk.
/'. [J] ad. sk.

m', "'.[cJ $]ad.

sk.
o'. c? ad. sk.

jj'. J ad. sk.

j'. c5' ad. sk.

?•'. c? ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
<'. c? ad. sk.

11. c? ad. sk.
v'. c? ad. sk.
w'-y' . Ad. sk.
z'. c? ad. sk.
a", 6''. Ad. sk.
c", (Z". Ad. sk.
e",/'. c? ad. ; (/",

A". 2 ad. sk.
i", A;". (5 $ ad.

sk.
f ', w". Ad. sk.
n", o". cJ ad. sk.
p". Ad. sk.

g'", »•". S ad. ; s",
^". 2 ad. ; Ji"-
2/". Ad. sk.

s". 2 ad. sk.

a?. 2 ad. sk.
b\ 2 ad. sk,
t3, d\ S 2 ad.

sk.
e'-g\ 6 ad. ; A'-

i\ 2 ad. sk.
m^, ti^. (S 2 ad.

sk.
o^-c^. Ad. sk.

e?^. c? ad. sk.

e*. cJ ad. sk.
/». Ad. sk.
^*-/^. c?2 ad.;
771^, n^. Ad. sk.
0'', J!)'*. Ad. sk.
gr*, r*. Ad. sk.

Erzeroum, Aug. 3 (Dickson i^ India Museum.

Hoss).
Palestine, May, June. Canon Tristram [C.].

Egypt, March, April (G. E. S.).
Gore, Egj-pt, March 7.

Zoulla, Abyssinia, Jan., Dec.

Near Bam, S.E. Persia, April

26.
Near Shiraz.

Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept. 25.

Lo-wer Ural Kiver, Aug. 11.

Samarcand.

Sergiopol, Turkestan, May 7

(Dr. O. Finsch).
PetrovalexandroTsk, Sept. 27.
Aris River, Turkestan, Aug. 7.
Gulran, N. Afghanistan, March.
Tirphul, April.
Afghanistan (Griffith).
Bolan Pass {Griffith).
Kandahar, March.

Kandahar, March (Sir O. St.

John).
Siud, March (Dr. H. Gould).
Deesa, Feb., Oct. (E. A. Butler).

Deesa.

Sambhur Lake, Dec, Jan.,
Feb. (R. M. Adam).

Palla, Maswar, Sept. 16 (G.

Ki?u/) .
Jodhpur, Jan. 24 (A. O. H.).
Ajmir, Jan. 5 (A. O. H).
Delhi district, Feb. 10.

Gurgaon district, Delhi, Dec,

Jan., Feb. ( W. N. Chill).
Umritzur, March (C. H. T.

3Iarshall).
Sirza district, Punjab, Nov.,

Dec, Jan.
Ghurry Hursroo, Feb. (Capt.

Uinciii).
Gilgit, March (J. Biddulph).
Masuri.
Etawah, Oct. -Dec, Feb. (A.

O. H. Sf- W. E. Brooks).
N.W. Provinces.
Ahmedabad (A. Anderson).

Shelley Coll,

J. H. Guruev, Esq.

[P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
W.T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.I.
Severtzon Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen.

SevertzofE Coll.
Severtzoff Coll.
Dr. Aitchison [C.
Dr. Aitchison [C.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Col. Swinhoe [P.]

Hume Coll.

India ^luseum.

Hume Coll.

Col. E. A. Butler

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Co' 1,

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

584 A.LKVD1DM.

s\ d ad. sk. Oudh (A. Anderson). Seebohni Coll.

t\ u\ 2 ad. sk. Mhow, Jan. Colonel Swinhoe

[P.].

Subsp. a. Calandrella diikhimensis.

Emberiza bagheira, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 (nomen nudum).
Alauda dukliunensis, St/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 93.
? Emberiza olivacea, Tickell, J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 578 (18-33).
Coryplia ba"-liera, Hody>f. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 29G.

figs. 1, 2 (nos. 434, 815) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 200 (1842) ;

Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Corophidea baglieira, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 961 (1844).
Calandrella bracludactyla {nee Leisl), Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv.

Fa. ^-

Seully, Str. F. viii. p. 337 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres.

p 64 (1880) ; Davids. Str. F. x. p. 314 (1882) ; Swinh. Sf Barnes,

ms, 1885, p. 130.
Alauda bracln-dactvla {?iec Leisl), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres.

Hodgs. p. 109 (1846).
Corvpbidea calandrella {nee Savi), Hursf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I.

Co. ii. p. 473 (18.56).

C. dukhunensis seems to be a large resident rac-e of Short-toed
Larks, almost confined to India. It is always much more rufous
tban C. hraelujdactyla, aud in the autumn plumage this rufous
colour is particularly emphasized on the breast aud flanks. The
throat and fore neck are always more fulvescent than in C. hrachy-
dactyla, and the upper plumage is always more coarsely mottled
with black. " Bill dark horny brown above, pale fleshy below ; feet
and leo-8 brownish flesh-colour, dusky at the joints ; iris brown "
(E. A. Butler). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-85,
tail 2-25, tarsus 0-75.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total
length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-65, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-8.

The wing in the males varies from 3-7 to 4-05 inches, and in the
females from 3-4 to 3-6.5.

Hab. Indian Peninsula, west to Sind and eastwards into the
Burmese countries.

a cJ ad. sk. Karachi, Oct. (F. Day). Hume Coll.

I c d. Ad. sk. Etawah, Aug., Nov. (A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

e Ad. sk. Behar. Hodgson Coll.

/-;. A-d. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

m'n 0. Ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

w-r.' dad. ; s. Nepal Valley, Oct. (J. Scully). Hume Coll.
9 ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk. Darjiling. Tweeddale Coll.

M V w. Ad. sk. Thibet, Aug. {L. Mandelli). Hume Coll.

X. d ad. sk. Mhow, March. Col. Swinhoe [C.].

y z. S ad. sk. Khandeish, Oct. (/. Davidson). Hume Coll.

a'. Ad. sk. Deccan {Sykes). India Museum.

(Type of A. dukhunensis.)

11. CAIANDEELLA.

585

b'. Ad. sk. Deccau (Burc/ess). Gould Coll.

e', d'. J $ ad. North of Ahmednugpur, Nov., Tweeddale Coll.

sk. Jan. (S. B. Fairbcaik).

e',f. J'ad. ; g' . Belgaum, Feb. [E. A. Butler). Hume Coll.

■ 2 ad. sk.

h' , i'. 2 ad. sk. Maunbhoom, March (i?. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Beavan).

k',l',m'. cJ ad. Shillong, Assam, Sept. (J. Cock- Hume Coll.

sk. burn).

»'. c? ad. sk. Dibrughur, April (J. R. Cripps). Hume Coll.

()'. (S ad. sk. Pegu, Sept. 25 {E. W. Oates). Seebohm Coll.

2. Calandrella thibetana.

? Calandrella brachydactvla {nee Leisl.), David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine,

p. 318 (1877) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 390.
Calandrella tibetana, Brooks, Str. F. viii. p. 488 (1880).

Adult. Similar to C bracJii/dacti/la, but greyer, like C. acuti-
rost7^is, and having a long thin bill like that species. It has, how-
ever, the tail of Alaudula pispoletta, the outer tail-feather being
almost entirely white, excepting an oblique blackish mark on the
inner web ; the white pattern is characterized by an absence of
bufF. Total length (3 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 3-65, tail 2"3,
tarsus 0'75.

So few of the specimens have the sex marked that it is impossible
to make an exact comparison of the length of wings with that of the
allied species. In the series of C. thibetana in the Museum the
wing varies from 3-95 to 3'3 inches.

Hah. Throughout the Himalayas from Cashmere to Sikhim and
Thibet, becoming more plentiful in its eastern range.

a-

-IP-

Ad. et

?■

Td

. sk.
.. sk.

r,

s,t.

Ad. sk.

u.

V, w. Ad. sk.

'•*■)

y-

Ad. sk.

z.

Ad

.. sk.

a'

. Ad. sk.

b'

. d

ad. sk.

c\

,d\
sk.

6 2 ad.

e'

. $

ad. sk.

f
9

. 6
. 6

ad. sk.
ad. sk.

Thibet, March, May-Sept. (Z.

Mandelli).
Thibet, Sept. (i. Mandelli).

Thibet (Z. Mandelli).

Sikhim (Z. Mandelli),

Sikhim, Oct. (Z. Mandelli).

Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).

Cawnpore ( W. E. Brooks).

Rohtuk District, Feb.

Cashmere {G. Henderson).
Chashi Yassin, Aug.
Indus Valley, June.

Himae Coll.

Hume Coll. (Type

of species.)
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Col Biddulph [C.l.

Col. Biddulph [C.].

Subsp. a. Calandrella acutirostris.

? Alaudula pispoletta, Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beng. xxxvii. p. 64 (1868).
? Calandrella raytal {nee Frankl.), Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 319.
Calandrella acutirostris, Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 265 (1873).
? Calandrella brachydactyla, /3. tenuirostris, Sevei'tz. Turkest. Jewtn.
p. 67 (1873).

586 AtAUDIDJE.

Calandrella brachj^dactyla, Scully, Sir. F. iv. p. 172 (1870, nee
Leisl.) ; Wardlcno-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 67.

Adult 7nale. Similar to C. hrachydactyla, but as a rule greyer,
especially on the chest. It is distinguished from that species by
the markings on the tail, the outer feather being bufly white along
the outer web with frequently a sooty-brown marking near the
end, the inner web being nearly entirely black, with a slight white
pattern near the shaft : " bill dusky on culmen ; yellowish horny
at the sides and below ; legs and feet brownish fleshy ; claws
dusky brown : iris brown " [J. Scully). Total length 5'5 inches,
culmen 0-45, wing 3-75, tail 2'3, tarsus 0-8,

In this race the length of wing varies from 3"55 to 3-7 inches,
aud in the female it is 3'4 inches.

Hdh. Piom Turkestan aud Kashgar to Afghanistan and Khelat,
extending to Cashmere and sparingly into the plains of India.

a. Ad.sk. li.^&hga.v {W. Belleto). India Museum.

b. (S art. sk. Balakcbi, Yarkand, Aug. 5 Hume Coll. (Type

{Dr. G. Henderson). of species.)

c,d,e. Ad.sk. Balakchi, Aug. 2-3 {Dr. J. Hume Coll.

Scully).

f. S ad.sk. Karakurgan, Ferghana, June 1. iSeverteoff Coll.

//, h. Ad. sk. Afghanistan {Griffith). India Museum.

i. Ad. sk. Bvan Khej'l, Afghanistan, May Tweeddale Coll.

4(i2. G. W.R.).

k. 5ad.sk. Quetta, July 13 (0. r. D«<A;e). Hume Coll.

/, m. J 2 ad. Near Zohrab, Khelat, May 29 Hume Coll.

(0. T. Duke),

n. Ad. sk. Boonji, N. Cashmere, May 27. Col. Biddulph [C.].

0. d ad. sk. Ueosai Plain, July, 12,000 feet. Col. Biddulph [C.].

p. Ad. sk. Gurgaon District, March {A. Hume Coll.

O. I!.),

q. Ad. sk. Etawah, Nov. 5 {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

r, s, t. S ad; Mogul Serai, Nov., Feb. ( W. E. Hume Coll.
sk. Brooks).

12. ALAUDULA*.

Type.
Alaudula, Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. 3Ius. E. I. Co. ii. p. 471

(1856, ex Blyth, MS.) A. raytal.

* Alaudula kukunoorensis.

Alaudula kukunoorensis, Prjev. in Bowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 316 (1876).
Calandrella kukunoorensis, Boyd. J. f. 0. 1877, f). 93, note; Giyl. Avif.
Ital. p. 61 (1886).

Described as similar to A. chceJccnsis, but much larger, of a paler isabelline
colour, and with the dusky streaks and spots less distinct ; the inner web of
the penultimate feathers white, with a dusky edge ; the outer web of the third
tail-feather quite white.

Hah. Kukunor, Zaidam, and Kansu.

The late Prof. EogdanofF, who examined the type in 1877, says that it is a
rufous- coloured example of the true C. ■pispohtta. The amount of white on
the tail seems to be peculiar.

12. ALATJDULA, 587

Range. Countries of the Mediterranean, eastwards through Asia
Minor and S.E. Russia to Persia and Central Asia, extending to
Mongolia and Northern China, as well as to Northern India and
the Eurmese countries.

The races of IShort-toed Larks, of which A. pispoJetta is the tj-pe,
are very closel)^ allied, but do not seem to grade one into the other,
the geographical ranges of the various races being apparently well
marked.

T\iQ pispoletta group of the genus AJaudula divides itself into two
sections, with a brown and sandy plumage, or a grey one. The grey
uK'mbers of the group are three in number, the best-kuown species
being A. rai/tal, which has a very long bill. The allied form,
A. udamsi, only differs from A. raytal in its shorter bill, and is a
typical Alandula as regards the latter, so that it would be absurd
to consider A. raijtal as anything more than a long-billed race of
A. adamsi, or vice versa. Tbe late Dr. Severtzoff was inclined to
consider his A. leiicophcea as identical with A. adamsi, but I find
that it constitutes a larger race with much more white on the tail.

As to the other group, consisting of A. pispoletta, all the races
appear to be well-defined, and each of them has its own habitat,
with the exception of A. pispohtta itself, of which there is a paler
form in Turkestan. All the other races are recognizable by their
characters giveu below, which, although slight, appear to be
constant.

1. Alaudula pispoletta.

Alauda pispoletta, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 526 (1811) ; Bp.

Comp. List, p. 87 (laSS) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 341

(1867) ; Grmj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7778 (1870) ; Bogd. B.

Cauc. p. 75 (1879) ; Gdtke, Ibis, 1879, p. 379 ; Seeb. Ibis, 1880,

p. 188; Homeyer Sf Tancre, MT. orn. Ver. If7e«, 1883, p. 90;

Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 275 (1884).
Calandritis pispoletta. Cab. Mns. Hein. Th. i. p. 122, note (1850).
Alauda (Philemeros) brachydactyla [nee LeisL), Radde, Reis. Sibir.,

Viiy. p. 150 (1863) ; cf. Bogd. J.f. O. 1877, p. 93.
Calandrella pispoletta, Filipjn, Viagg. Persia, p. 348 (1865) ; Severtz.

Tiirkest. Jevotn. p. 67 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 355, pi. 237

(1873) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 182 ; Bogd. J. f. O. 1877, p. 91 ; Seeb.

Ibis, 1883, p. 12 ; Radde. Orn. Cauc. p. 206 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif.

Ital. p. 59 (1886) ; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 155 (1886) ; Gigl.

Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 120 (1889).
Calandritis heinii, E. von Homeyer, J.f. O. 1873, p. 197.
Calandi-ella minor {nee Cab.), Banf. Ibis, 1878, p. 21.
Melanocorypha pispoletta, Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 217.

Adult male in summer plumage. Similar to C. hracliydactyla, but
altogether greyer and browner, and distinguished by the black stripes
on the fore neck and chest and flanks, and by the shape of the wing,
the secondaries being very much shorter than the primaries. Total
length 5-7 inches, cnlmen 0-4, wing 3-8, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*8.

Adtdt female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-6 inches,
culmon 0-45, wing 3-5, tail 2-25, tarsus 0'75.

588

Hah. From
Central Asia.

a. cJ" ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

c. d. cJ 2 ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

(J. (S ad. sk.

a. S ad. sk.

b, c. 2 ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.

ALAUDID.^.

Asia Minor to Southern Russia, and eastwards to

Ismid, Asia Minor, Nov. 15 (C. G.

Danford).
Anascha, Taurus, March 18 (C

G. I).).
R. Volga.
R. Volga.
Alakul, Turkestan, May 9 (Dr. O.

Finsch).
Lower Syr-Daria River, Juue 24.

/3. Pale race.

Oxus River, Dec. 28.
Nukuss River, Aug.
Irgiz River, S.W. iSiberia, Aug. 17.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Geogr. Soc.

Bremen.
Severtzoff Coll.

Severtzoff Coll.
Severtzoff Coll.
Severtzoff Coll.

Subsp. a. Alaudula baetica.

Calandrella reboudia (wee Locke), Lilford, Ibis, 1873, p. 98.
Calandrella baetica. Dresser, B. Ear. iv. p. 351, pi. 23(5. fig. 2 (1873) ;

Irby, B. Gihr. p. 114 (1875); Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

ii. p. 91 (1877) : Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 85 ; Giffl. Avif. Ital. p. 61

(1886)._
Alauda pispoletta, var. btetica, SeeboJim, Hist. Br, B. ii. p. 275, note

(1884).

Adult male. Similar to A. pispoletta, and brown like that bird,
but a little more ashy, and having the throat and breast as well as
the flanks very broadlj' and coarsely marked with black streaks.
Total length .5-5 inches, culmen 0*45, wing 8-45, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5'3 inches,
culmen 0-4, wing 3-4.5, tail 1*9, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Southern Spain.

a. 5 ad. sk.

h. (5 ad. sk.
c,d,e. cS; f,g,
h. 2 ad. sk.

Malaga, Spain, Feb. 8 (7/.

Saunders).
Seville, June {H. Sauyiders).
Seville, Feb. to May {B. Ruiz).

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Lord Lilford [P.].

Subsp. ft. Alaadula minor.

Calandritis minor. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 123 (1850) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 697 (1871); E. von Homeyer, J.f. 0. 1873,

p. 196.
Calandrella reboudia, Loche, Cat. des Mamm. et Ois. Alger, p. 83

(1858) (descr. nulla) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 58, 422 {ex Loche

3ISS.); Loche, Bev. Zool. I860, p. 148, pi. xi. fig. 1 ; id. Expl.

Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 23 (1867) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 64 ;

Tristr. t.c. p. 93; Gurneij, Ibis, 1871, p. 289; Shelley, B. Egypt,

p. 142 (1872) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 61 (1886).

12. ALAUDDLA. 589

Calandrella deserti, Tristr. Ibis, 1806, p. 286 (nomen nudum):
Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16. ^ '

Alauda reboudia, Grmj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no 7751 (1870)
Calandntis reboudia, Hew,l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 696 (1871)
Calandrella minov, Shelley, B. Egypt, p.' 142 (1872); Dresser, B.

Gtffl. Ibis, 1881, p. 183; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. P«/es<. p. 81 (1884)'
ffWl.Amf Ital p. 61 (1886) ; Salmd. Blench. Ucc. Ital\. 155

{.245(1889)' ^''' ^^^^' P- ^^^' ^''''''■- (^"i Coll.

^ ^il^i!?'"^^'^ pispoletta (nee Pall), Blanf. East. Fers. ii. p. 242
(1876). ^

Alauda pispoletta, var. minor, Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 275 note

(1884). '

Alauda brachydactyla (nee LeisL), Tristr. Ibis, 1889, p. 23.

Adult. Similar to A. 2ns2}oletta, but is a rufous form of that
species, especially rufescent on the upper tail-coverfcs ; sides of body
vinous buff, the streaks on the fore neck and chest rather broadly
and distinctly streaked with blackish : " feet reddish • iris dark
brown " (Locke). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-4,' wing 3-4
tail 1-95, tarsus 0-75. '

_ This species so closely approaches A. pispoletta that sometimes it
IS almost impossible to distinguish examples. As a rule, however
the rufous colour of the species renders it easily recognizable

Hah. N.E. Africa and the Canary Islands, east to Egypt, Palestine
and the countries bordering the Persian Gulf.

a. 6 ad. sk. Algeria. M. Verreaux

b. 2 ad. sk. Beersheba, Palestine. Canon Tristrkm rCl

c. d. 5 ad. sk. Fao, Persian GuK. W. D. Cumming,Esq.[P.].

Subsp. y^ Alaudula cheeleensis.

? Alauda brachydactyla, Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. Voo n 1.34
(1851) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 255, 333. ^ ^

Calandrella pispoletta, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 271 (nee Pall.)
/I cfiot (P^ile^'euK's) brachydactyla, Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 150

Alaudula cheeleensis, Sivitih. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 390; Prjev. in Roiv-

ley's Orn. Misc. n. p. 315 (1877).
? Calandrella brachydactyla, Tacz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 86; id. Bull. Sue

Zool. Irance, i. p. 160 (1876), iii. p. 137 (1878).
Alauda cheeleensis, David 4- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 317 (1877)
Alauda pispoletta, var. cheeleensis, Seebohm, Hist. Br B \i -n '>7«;

(1884), note. • n. p. -/o

Calandrella cheeleensis, Gigl. Ai-if. Hal. p. 61 (1886).

Adult female. Similar to A. pispoletta, but much more rufous
especially on the upper tail-coverts, therein resembling A minor
It IS, however, larger than the latter species, and has so few streaks
on the throat and fore neck, that in this respect it approaches
A. brachi/dacfgla ; it can, however, be easily recognized by the
white outer tail-feather, which is like that of A. pispoletta " Bin

590 AL\UDIDiE.

yellowish, brown at the tip ; feet rufous ; iris brown " (A. David).
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-4, tail 2-3, tarsus Owo.
Hub. Eastern Siberia to Northern China.

a, b. 6 "d- sli. Talienwan, China, June {R. Seebolnu Coll. (Types
Sivinhoe). of species.)

c. 2 ad. .sk. Talienwan, June 26 {R. Hume Coll.

Swmhoe).

d. $ ad. ; e. Chefoo, May (-R. Sxcinhoe). Seeholim Coll.
Juv. sk.

Subsp. I. Alaudula persica.

Calaudivlla pis])oletta (nee Pall.), Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 331 ; id. Sir.

F. 1874, p. 4-58 ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 242 (1870).
Alaudula pispoletta {n'ec Pall.), Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 528, 1879,

p. 109.

Adult. Similar to A. cTieeleensis, but larger and much more dis-
tinctly streaked on the chest, and further distinguished by the black
of the" inner web of the outer tail-feather extending nearly to the
end of the inner web in the form of a broad band. Total length
5-7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 4, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. From Persia to Afghanistan and N.W. India.

fj A ad sk. Near Niriz, east of Shiraz, Persia, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

■ ' May. [C.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum.

d-h. Ad. sk. Sirza district, Punjab, Dec, Jan. Hume Coll.

Subsp. €. Alaudula seebohmi.

Alauda pispoletta (nee Pall.), Scull;/, Sir. F. 1876, p. 173.
? Alaudula pispoletta (nee Pall.), Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 89.

Adult. Of a sandy -buff colour, resembling.^, minor, A.cheeleeiisis,
and A. jiersim, but much paler than any of them and with the outer
tail-feather almost entirely white, excepting an oblique mark of
dusky blackish towards the base of the inner web. Total length
6-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-95, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. Central Asia from Yarkand and Kashgar to Mongolia.

rt.Jad.sk. Mongolia, April (i);-.<S'ece?'/2o/f). Seebohm Coll.

b Ad. sk. Aksu. Rev. Dr. Lansdell

[C.].

c. Ad. sk. Kashgar (Dr. Belleio). India Museum.

d. S ad. f-k. Kashgar, Oct. 30 (Dr. Sculhj). Hume Coll.
e 9 ad sk fciugbuchak, Yarkand, June 10 Hume Coll.

(Dr. Scully).
f, g- 6 ad. et Bisharik, Aug. (Dr. Sadly). Hume Coll.

juv. sk.
A. d juv. sk. Karakash Kiver, Jan. 31 (Dr. Hume Coll.

G. Henderson).

12. ALATJDtJLA. 591

2. Alaudula raytal.

Alauda mytnl, B!i/th, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 962 (1844, ex Buch.

Hamilton MSS.) ; id. op. cit. xv. p. 40 (1S4C); Grat/, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 119, no. 7779 (1870) ; Swinh. Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 130.
Calandrella raytal, Blijth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. ]>. 1:32 (1849).
Mirafra raytal, Grag, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 18 (1849).
Alaudula raytal, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 471

(18o6) ; Jerd. B. Ltd. ii. p. 428 (1833) ; Hcdijs. Icon. ined. in

Bibl. Soc. Zool., Passeres, pi. 762. tigs. 1, 2 (no. 911) ; Gray,

Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal, p. 58 (1863) ; Hume, Nests S,- Eyys hid.

B. p. 481 (1873) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xliii.p. 171 (1874) ;

Blytji Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 95 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 1-59

(1876) ; Ayiders. Rep. Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. 606 (1878) ;

Cripjis, Str. F. vii. p. 295 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 ;

Scully, t. c. p. 338 ; Oates, Handb. B. Burm. i. p. 374 (1883) ;

Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 288 (1888).

Adult male. General colour ashy grey, the feathers narrowly
streaked with blackish shaft-lines, slightly less marked on the rump ;
wing- coverts ashy grey, with similar blackish shaft-streaks to the
median and lesser series, all of them margined with ashy whitish ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky, edged and friuged
at the tip with ashy whitish, the first primary white along the outer
web ; centre tail-feathers brown, darker in the middle, and pale
ashy on the edges, the remainder of the feathers blackish, edged
with ashy brown, the penultimate feather white along the outer
web, the outer feather almost entirely white, with a dusky-brown
edge to the inner web ; head like the back, but more distinctly
streaked with blackish mesial spots ; lores and a broad eyebrow
white, tinged posteriorly with isabelline ; ear-coverts brown, streaked
with hoary whitish ; feathers around and below the eye white, as
also the fore part of the cheeks ; hinder cheeks brown, like the ear-
coverts ; throat and under surface of body white, the fore neck and
chest streaked with central triangular spots of dusky brown ; sides
of upper breast ashy ; the flanks isabelline and faintly streaked with
dusky ; thighs isabelline ; under tail-coverts and under wing-coverts
white ; quiUs dusky below, ashy whitish along the inner web :
"bill horn-colour with a greenish tinge, the tij) dusky, the gape
yellowish ; legs fleshy yellow, claws horn-brown ; iris brown ; eye-
lids plumbeous ; mouth flesh-colour " {E. W. Oates). Total length
4-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*2, tail 1'7, tarsus 0"7o.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 4'6
inches, culmen 0"5, wing 3*1, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-7.

In the breeding-season the plumage becomes abraded, and the
wearing away of the pale tips leaves the upper surface more spotted ;
otherwise there is scarcely any difference between winter and
summer plumage. As a rule, but not invariably, the males seem
to me to be rather more plentifully spotted on the chest than the
females.

Hah. Sandbanks of the Ganges, Kerbudda, Brahmaputra, and
Irawady llivers and their afiluents.

592

ALAUDID^.

a. (S ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

c, d, e. c? ad. ;

f, g, h. Ad. sk.
i-u. (S ; y-»«'.

2 ad. sk.
n'. Ad. sk.
o',})'. S ? ad.sk.

«^'. 2 ad. sk.
r' , s. Ad. sk.
t', u'. cS 2 ad. sk.
v'-y'. Ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
«", b" . Ad. sk.
c",rf". cJ; e",f'.

2 ad. sk.
5r"-i". (S ; ^"•

2 ad. sk.
I", in", c? ad. sk.

n",o". J ad.sk.

/>". 2 ad. sk.

Allahabad, Dec. 8. Hume Coll.

Etawah, April 28 ( W. E. Brooks). Tweeddale Coll.

Etawah, Feb., June, Sept. ( W. E. Hurae Coll.

B. S,- A. O. H.).

Cawnpore, Feb. ( W. E. B.). Hume Coll.

Pillbheet ( W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.

Futtehgurh, Sept. 27 {A. Ander- Hume Coll.

son).

Futtehgurb, April (A. Anderso7i). Seebobm Coll.

Oudh. Pinwill Coll.

Mogul Serai, March 10 ( W. E. B.). Hume Coll.

Nepal. Hodgsou Coll.

Nepal (Hodgson). India Museum.

Behar. Hodgson Coll.

Patna, Feb. 1874 ( W. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.

Dinapore, Nov. 1875 ( W. E. Hume Coll.

Brooks) .
Faridpur, March 24, 1878 (J. JR. Hume Coll.

C'ripps).
Boidav, Thayetmyo, March 21, Gates Coll.

1873.
Yaylaymau Mudbanks, Jan. 7, Dr. J. Anderson

1875. [C.].

Subsp. a. Alaudula adamsi.

? Alaudula raytal, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. Beng. xxxvii. p. 64 (1868).

Alauda adamsi, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 405.

Alaudula adamsi, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 482 (187.3) ; id.

8tr. F. i. p. 213 (1873) ; Butler, Sir. F. v. p. 327, note (1877) ;

^roofo, f . c. p. 488 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1879); Butler,

Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 50 (1879) ; Murray, Vertebr. Zool. Sind,

p. 196 (1884).
Ammomanes adamsi, Trist. Cat. Coll. p. 244 (1889).

Adult male. Very similar to A. raytal, but with a very much
smaller bill, like that of a typical Calandrella : " bill pale greyish
or slaty grey, brownish on culmen and at tip, slightly yellowish
white at base of lower mandible ; legs and feet fleshy brown, or in
some brownish, dusky on joints ; iris pale brown " {A. 0. Hume).
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3'35, tail 1-95,
tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen
0'5, wing 3-15, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-75.

Eab. Extreme north-west of India and Sind, straggling east t«
Delhi and Etawah.

Hurae Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

a-g. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i, k. (^ ad. ; l-t.

2 ad. sk.
u,v. (^ 2 ^'^- ■''^^•
IV, X. (S ad. sk.
y. d; ~, a'. 2

ad. sk.

Murdan, Dec. {Capt. Unioin).

Lahore.

Banks of Chenab, near ^looltau,

Dec. (A. O. H.).
Sukkur, Dec. {A. O. H).
Banks of Jhelum, Nov.
Shahpur, Nov. (A. O. H).

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

l.'J. MIRAFEA.

593

y, c'. c? ; d', e . Sehwan, Dec, Jan. (W. T. Bhtn- Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. furd 4'- A. O. H.).

f. $ ad. sk. Munchur Lake, Jau 22 (W. T. India Mus.

Blanford) .
(/, h'. 2 ad. sk. Sind, Jan. (Mr. F. Dm/). Hume Coll.

i', k'. 2 ad. sk. Guzerat, May (JT. T. Blanford). Hume Coll.
v. c5"; in-o. 2 Karachi, April (^. ^. Butler). Hume Coll.

ad. sk.
p'. S ad. sk. Delhi, Dec. 29 {C. T. Bingham). Hume Coll.

q. S ad. sk. R. Jumna, June 26 ( JT. ^. Hume Coll.

Brooks).

Subsp. /3. Alaudula leucophaea.

Calandrella leucophasa, Severfz. Tiirkest. Jevotn. p. 142 (1873) ; Giyl.

Av^f.Ital. p. 61 (1886).
Calandrella pispoletta, Cab. {nee Pall.), Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 182.
Alauda pispoletta, var. leucophsea, Seeh. Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 275,

note (1884).

Adult male. Similar to A. adamsi, but larger, and distinguished
by the much greater extent of white on the outer tail-feather, which
has only an oblique dusky mark on the inner web. Total length
6 inches, culmen O'o, wing 3-9, tail 2-35, tarsus O'To.

Hah. Turkestan.

a, b. Ad.

Turkestan (Dr. Severtzoff).

Seebohm Coll.

13. MIRAFRA*.

Mirafra, Horsf. Tram. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 159 (1820). . . . M. javanica.
Brachonyx, Swains. Zuol. Journ. iii. p. 344 (1827, nee

Schmih. 1826) M. apiata.

Corypha, Grai/, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 48 M. apiata.

Megalophonus, Grat/, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 62 M. apiata.

Plocealauda, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zoot. Misc. p. 84 (1844). . M. assamica.

Geocoraphus, Cab. Arch.f. Nat. xiii. p. 328 (1847) .... M. javanica.

* The following species are unknown to me : —

1. Mirafra plebeia.

Alauda (Megalophonus) plebeia, Cab. J.f. O. 1875, p. 237 ; Eeichen. J.f. 0.

1877, p. 29.
Alauda plebeia, Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 660 (1881).

Hah. Angola.

As the description does not contain any iuforiuation about the colour of the
imder wing-coverts, I have not been able to place this species in tlie ' Key.'
Cabanis refers to it as an allj of A. grayi, but the latter is a true Ammomaiies.

2. Mirafra angolexsis.

Mirafra angolensis, Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. 1880, p. 60 ; id. Orn. Angola,
p. 560(1881).

Hah. Caconda, Benguela.

Probably near M. fringillaris, Sunder.

VOL, XIII. 2 Q

594 ALAPDIDJi.

Range. Throughout Africa, excepting some portions of the west
coast ; Madagascar. The whole of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon,
locallj- in the Burmese countries ; re-occurring in Java, Borneo,
Flores, and the Philippines.

Head oi Mirafrajavanica, to show exposed nostrils.

Key to the Species.

a. Light pattern of outer tail-feather tawny rufous.

a. Light pattern of outer tail-feather confined to
the outer web, the inner web sometimes mot-
tled with black (in young birds).
a" . Quills almost entirely rufous, this colour ex-
tending over both webs, leaving the tips
dusky blackish ; centre tail-feathers rufous
with irregular black cross markings ; head

rufous with a few black spots or bars rujipika, p. 597.

h" . Quills dusky brown with rufous or ashy
margins only, but with no rufous extending
over the base of the primaries ; centre tail-
feathers blackish slightly mottled with rufous ;
head for the most part ashy grey with very

little rufous ajnata, p. 598.

h' , Light pattern of outer feather much extended,

occupying the whole feather excepting an

oblique mark of dusky brown or blackish on the

inner web.

c". Above brown, streaked with blackish ; the

hinder crown and mantle vinous streaked

with blackish brown ; upper surface of body

not transversely barred with black buckleiji, p. 599.

d". Above brown with transverse black marks;
no marked vinous mantle and hinder crown ;
outer aspect of quills more rufous than in the

preceding species fischeri, p. 000.

e". Entire colour above vinous red, with longitu-
dinal dusky streaks ; no lighter mantle : outer [p. 600
aspect of quills chestnut rufocinnamomea,

b. Light pattern of outer tail-feather sandy buff on the

inner web, with an oblique dark brown mark to-
wards the base ; the outer web white hova, p. 601.

c. Light pattern of outer tail-feather white or pale

fulvous.
c. Outer tall-feather almost entirely white, with a
dusky mark on the inner web only.

13. MIRAFRA. 595

/". Under winjr-coverts and a broad inner lining'

to the quills deep cliestnut-red.

a'". With distinct rufous on the head and

upper surface, the feathers being rufous

or rufous-brown with black centres, the

general appearance being rufescent, not

grey or blackish.

rt"*. First small primary 0-6 inch in length and

very broad javaiiica, p. 602.

6'. First small primary not 0'5 inch in length.

a\ Eyebrow isabelline or tawny buff ;

sjioulder of wing almost entirely

rufous, the median and greater coverts

showing scarcely any black bases to

the feathers seciinda, p. 603.

6'. Eyebrow broader and whiter and ex-
tended posteriorly ; wings rufous ex-
ternally, but the median and greater
wing-coverta with distinct blackish

bases cheniana, p. 603.

b'". Grey or blackish brown above, the head
like the back,
c'. Head gi-ey like the back with blackish
centres to the feathers : size larger ;

wing 2"9 inches horsfielii, p. 604.

d*. Head dusky or blackish brown, with
scarcely perceptible dusky centres to the
feathers : size smaller ; wing 2-7 inches.

e\ Flanks uniform parva, p. 604.

d^. Flanks streaked with blackish philippensis,

y" . Under wing-coverts paler, isabelline or light [p. 605.

isabelline rufous, but not chestnut.
c" . Rufous of primaries not continued across
the base, but the quills blackish, edged
with rufous on both webs,
e*. Smaller : more fulvescent ; upper surface
narrowly streaked with blackish centres

to the feathers cantillans* ,

/*. Larger : much darker brown in plumage ; [p. 605.

the centres to the feathers of the upper

surface very broad and distinct fritit/illaris, p. 606.

d'". liufous of primaries extending over both
webs, with dusky brown ends ; entire
upper surface foxy rufous with pale
margins ; underneath white, with a few [p. 606.

dusky spots on the chest cordofmiica,

* Here will probably come —

MlRAPRA SIMPLEX.

Geocorapbus (Mirafra) simplex, Heiigl. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 226 {ex Cab. MSS.

in Mus. Berol.).
Mirafra simplex, Gray, Haiid-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 780G (1870).
Geocorapbus simplex, Hetigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 687 (1871).

Hab. Coast of Arabia.

596 ALAUDID.!!.

d'. Light pattern of outer tail-feather confined to
the outer web only.
h". Inner lining of quills entirely rufous, this
rufous colour extending over both the inner
and outer webs of the primaries near the
base; the shaft dusky.
e'". Larger: cuhnenO'7o-0'8inch; hinder crown
rufous -u-ith black tips to the feathers, the
rufous occiput contrasting with the back. . africana, p. 607.
_/"'". Smaller : culmen not exceeding 0'0-5 inch.
//*. Upper surface of body ashy grey in tone,
t*. Colour of back dark grey ; spots on
chest very distinct ; primary-coverts
and quills blackish brown with rufous

margins assamica, p. 609.

f^. Colour of back pale pearly grey ; spots
on chest very minute ; primary-coverts
almost entirely rufous ; the quills
rufous at base except for a line of

black down the shaft damarensis,

h^. Upper surface of body rufesceut or ferru- [p. 612.

ginous in tone, not ashy.
g^. Spots on breast large and distinct.
a''. Smaller: primaries entirely rufous,
with dusky ends ; only a shaft-line
of brown reaching to the base ;
primary-coverts rufous like the

quills ei-ythroptera,

Ifi. Larger : primaries rufous, the brown [p. 612.

in the middle of the feather dis-
tinctly reaching to the base of the
quills ; primary-coverts dark brown , ^ ., ^.-j,

edged with rufous ^ -i':'^'*' P" •

h^. Spots on the breast small and nearly ' / >?•

obsolete. [p. 616.

(•". Much larger : back sandy rufous .... africanoides,

d^. Much smaller : back foxy red alopex, p. 617.

i" . Inner lining of quills not rufous; the prima-
ries leaden grey with isabelline on the inner
web.
.(/'". Above tawny or sandy buff, broadly
streaked with blackish centres to the
feathers.
i^. Larger : with very short bill ; breast

sparsely spotted with dusky black ncevia, p. 617.

A-.*. Smaller : bill much smaller ; breast

thickly spotted with black sahota, p. 618.

h'". Above uniform black or black with ru-
fescent margins ; throat and breast thickly
spotted with black ; ear-coverts black .... nigrican.', p. 619.
d. Basal half of tail rufous like the upper tail-coverts ;

breast with large black spots erythropygki,

[p. 619.

13. MIEAFRA. 597

1. Mirafra rufipilea.

L'Alouette a calotte roiisse, Levaill. Ois. cFAfr. \v. pi. 198 (180o) ;

Stindev, Krit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda rufipilea, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. i. p. 345 (1816) ;

Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871).
Megalophonus rutipileus, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp. Co?isp.

i. p. 243 (1850) ; Layard, JB. 8. Afr. p. 211 (1867) ; Graij, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7823 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 268, 1873,

p. 285, 1880, p. 265.
Brachouyx pvrrhouota. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. ex. fig. 2

{I8i7',tiec'' Vieill.).
Alauda fasciolata, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

p. 99.
Megalophonus fasciolatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 39 (1854) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7820 (1870).
Megalophonus apiatus (iiec V.), Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 295 ; Buckley,

Ibis, 1876, p. 1.33.
Mirafra rufipilea. Sharps, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 641 ; id. ed. LayarWs B.

S. Afr. p. 517 (1884) ; Bocaye, Orn. Anffola, p. 376 (1881).

Adult male. Above entirely cinnamon -rufous, the feathers of the
cro^wn faintly tipped with whitish, these being much broader and
more distinct on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, these light
tips relieved by a subterminal line of black, most of the feathers
being blackish at base and having one or two other concealed bars
of blackish ; hind neck and interseapulary region brighter cinnamon,
with central streaks of deeper crimson ; wing-coverts cinnamon like
the back, but the margins to the feathers broader and the black
subterminal margins more pronounced ; quills rufous for two thirds
of their length, brown for the terminal third, the secondaries
browner, the outer one mottled with the same externally, the inner-
most deep cinnamon, like the back, with the same distinct margins ;
tail brown, slightly tipped with rufous, the two outer feathers ex-
ternally margined with creamy bufl', the outermost more broadly,
the two centre tail-feathers cinnamon, dark brown in the centre,
from which radiate several imperfectly formed bars and mottlings
of blackish ; lores and a fairly distinct eyebrow bufFy white ; ear-
coverts rufous, deeper on the hinder margin ; cheeks and sides of
neck bufly white, minutely speckled with dark brown ; throat bulFy
white, unspotted ; rest of under surface pale fawn-colour, rather
obscured in some places by fulvous margins to the feathers, the fore
neck and chest numerously marked with little round spots of black ;
under wing-coverts deep cinnamon, like the inner lining of the
wing : " bill pale, with the tip dusky ; tarsi and feet palo dusky ;
iris light tawny " (Ayres). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-6,
wing 3-35, tail 2"6, tarsus 105.

Young. Similar to the adult, but far deeper cinnamon, and everj--
where barred with black wavy lines on the upper surface, the head
included ; tail with a broad centre of ashy brown, followed by
another subterminal line along the apical portion of the feathers, this
line evidently breaking up into the radiations from the shaft which

598 alaxjdid-t:.

are seen in the tail-feathers of the adult; ear-coverts cinnamon,
thickly spotted with black ; under surface of body isabelline, the
throat with a few concealed brown bars ; the Hanks and thighs deeper
rufous, slightly mottled with brown barrings ; the chest much deeper
cinnamon, especially on the sides, the latter being slightly varied
with blackish wavy lines, the centre of the chest sparsely spotted
with blackish. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 3, tail 2-35,
tarsus 1.

Hah. South-eastern Africa, from the Orange Free State to the
Transvaal, and extending to the Zambesi.

a. Ad. sk. Bloemfontein {H. Exton). Shelley Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Orange Free State, June 5 (T. E. Shelley Coll.

Bnckley).

c, d. cJ ad. sk. Rustenburg, E. Transvaal, Feb., Shelley Coll.

June ( TF. Lucas).

e. Ad. sk. Transvaal {T. At/res). Sharpe Coll.

2. Mirafra apiata.

L'Alouette bateleuse, Levaill. Ois. (VAfr. iv.pl. 194 (1805) ; Sundev.

Krit. om Leraill. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda apiata, Vieill. N. Diet. (JCHist. Nat. i. p. ^'2 (1816); Grill,

Zool. A?itecJm. p. 40 (1858).
Alauda clamosa, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 23 (1826).
Brachonyx apiata, Smith, III. Zool. S. Aft: pi. 110. fig. 1 (1847).
Megalophoous . apiatus, L'p. Consp. i. p. 244 (I860) ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p. 215 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7815

(1870) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 81.
Mirafra apiata, Sharpe, P. Z. S, 1874, p. 638 ; id. ed. Layard's B.

S. Afr. p. 515 (1884).

Adult male in summer plumage. Upper surface dark brown, the
rufous obscure and the grey shade strongly marked only on the
lower back and secondaries ; head dark brown, with scarcely any
grey shade or rufous markings ; hind neck scarcely lighter than the
head or back ; wing-coverts ending in a rufous tint, with no per-
ceptible grey margin ; inner secondaries with a narrow blackish
shaft- line, from which radiate about six narrow blackish cross lines ;
tail nearly uniform brown, with an obsolete shade of greyish on the
centre tail-feathers, the external feathers being light fawn-colour on
the outer web ; eyebrow pale fawn ; under surface of body bright
fawn, the throat and chest speckled with black : " bill dark horn-
colour, with the basal two thirds of the lower mandible and the
edges of the upper one towards the gape bufRsh flesh-colour ; legs
white with a faint pink shade"' (&. E. Shelley). Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1.

Adult in winter plumage. Upper surface grey, the rufous colour
in broad and half-concealed bands : head entirely grey, mottled
with blackish centres to the feathers, and slightly washed here and
there with rufous ; hind neck very clear grey, paler than head or
back ; wing-coverts with a broad whitish-grey margin ; inner

13. MIKAFEA. 599

secondaries dark brown in the centre and at entire base of the
feathers, with only a few impei feet radiations of black near the tip ;
tail dark brown, tipped witli white, the centre feathers clearly washed
with grey as well as slightly tinged with rufous, and plainly marked
with blackish radiations and spots near the shafts ; eyebrow ashy
fulvous ; under surface ashy fulvous, concealing fawn-coloured
bases to the feathers, the chest-spots much obscured.
Hab. Cape Colony.

a, b. Ad. sk. Cape Colony {E. L. Lai/ard). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Eytou Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Cape Town. C. J. Andersson [C.].

e. fS imm. sk. Stellendorf, Cape Colony, Shelley Coll.

Jan. 22 {6. K S ).

3. Mirafra buckleyi.

Calandrella bucklevi, Shel/ei/, Ibis, 1873, p. 142.
Megalophonus buckleyi, Hartert, J. f. O. 1886, p. 582.

^(?M?< (type of species). General colour above brown, with ashy
margins to the feathers; the mantle vinous, with dusky brown
centres to the feathers ; the head like the back, and the hinder
crown and nape vinous, also streaked with dusky brown ; wing-
coverts and quills brown, edged with ashy, tlie greater coverts with
pale vinous buff and having a faint subterminal shade of black ;
primaries narrowly edged with vinous buff; centre tail-feathers
light rufous, with longitudinal blackish centres, rather broad ; the
remainder of the feathers dark brown, with ashy fulvous margins,
the penultimate feather broadly edged with tawny buff, the outer-
most one entirely tawny buff excepting for an oblique mark of
dusky brown on the inner web ; upper tail-coverts sandy vinous,
with dusky brown centres ; lores and a distinct eyebrow sandy
vinous ; feathers below the eye whitish ; ear-coverts sandy rufous,
washed with dusky brown at the ends of the feathers ; cheeks,
throat, and underparts sandy buff, paler on the former, the fore
neck and chest washed with vinous, and sparsely marked with
triangular spots of brown ; the flanks inclining to tawny buff ; the
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts isabelline ; on each side of
the fore neck a patch of dusky brown, as in a CulandrJla ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff; quills dusky brown, rufes-
cent along the inner web : " bill brownish flesh-colour, shading into
dark brown towards the culmcu and the end of the lower mandible ;
tarsi, feet, and claws tlesh-colour ; iris brown" {G. E. Shelley).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-85, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-S5.

Hah. W. Africa : plains of Accra to the Kiger district.

a. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. {T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll. (Type

of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb. {G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.
f/. Ad. sk. Accra (C/sA'/(er). Shelley Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Accra (/. Smith). Sharpe Coll.

GOO ALATJDIDJ3.

4. Mirafra fischeri.

Calaudrella buckleyi {nee Shelley), Iteichen. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 29;

Bocaye, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 560 (1881).
Megalophonus buckleyi (??fc Shellei/), Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 228.
Mirafra apiata (nee V.), Sharpt ^- Bonvi'er, Bull. Soe. Zool. France,

iii. p. 77 (1878); Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 357 (1881); Shelley,

Ibis, 1882, p. 850; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 851 (1884);

Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 327 (1886) ; Shelley, P'.Z.S. 1888, p. 28.
Megalophonus fischeri, Reichen. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 266 ; Bohm, J.f 0.

1883, p. 202 ; Sckalo2v, t. c. p. 364; Fischer, J.f. 0. 1885, p. 137 ;

Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, pp. 74, 309.

Adult male. Yerj' similar to M. hucMeyi, but larger and with more
rufous on the lining of the quills, and no appearance of vinous on
the head and mantle. The chief difference, however, between this
spec es and AI. hmhleiji lies in the cross-barring of the feathers of
the back and scapulars in M. fischeri, and the very distinct subter-
minal black line on the inner secondaries before the pale edging to
these quills ; outer tail-feather tawny, with an oblique blackish mark
on the inner web : " upper mandible dusky brown, paler on the
lower mandible and the cutting-edges of the upper ; feet pale red-
dish ; iris umber-brown " {Emin Paslm). Total length 5-7 inches,
culmen 0'65, wing 3'15, tail 2-1, tarsus 1.

Adult femcde. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0-5.5, wing 3'05, tail 2*1, tarsus 1.

Hah. From Swazi-Land to the Zambesi and Benguela, and thence
to the Congo Eegion and throughout Eastern Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Swazi-Laud, July (T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

b. Ad. sk. Zambesi Region. Dr. Bradsbaw [C.J.
Cf d. c? 2 ad. ; e. Landana, Congo (i. Petit). Sharpe CoU.

Juv. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk. Landana (L. Petit). Shelley Coll.

g, h. (S 2 ad. sk. Conde, Congo (i. Petit). Shelley Coll.

i. cJ ad. sk. Kassongo, Upper Congo, F. Bohudorff [C.J.

June.

A-. 2 ad. sk. Wadelai, Aug. 11. Emin Pasha [P.J.

5. Mirafra rufocinnamomea.

Megalophonus rufocinnamomeus, Salrad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat'

viii. p. 378 (1865).
Alauda rufocinnamomeus. Gray, Hayid-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7774

(1870).
Geocoraphus rufocinnamomeus, Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 688

(1871).
Mirafra torrida, SheUey, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 308, pi. 10.

Adidt (type of M. torrida). Entirely vinous chestnut, with longi-
tudinal dusky centres to the feathers ; the scapulars and wing-
coverts and quills with creamy-buff margins, the greater coverts
with irregular dusky bars of black across the feather ; quills dusky

13. MIRAFKA. 601

brown, externally rufous, giving them a conspicuous rufous aspect ;
the secondaries duskj' brown, externally rufous, with a zig-zag
subterraiual line of blackish and some further lines of black on
the centre of the feathers ; centre tail-feather rufous, with some
dusky shading near the shaft ; the remainder of the feathers blackish
brown, rather rufescent towards the ends, the penultimate feather
blackish on the inner web, tawny on the outer one, the outermost
feather tawny buff, with a dusky inner margin of blackish ; head
like the back, with blackish median streaks to the feathers ; eyebrow
and sides of face pale tawny rufous ; the ear-coverts spotted with
dusky brown, and inclining to chestnut on the hinder margin ;
throat and under surface of body tawny buff, with spots of vinous
chestnut on the lower throat ; the fore neck more distinctly spotted
with chestnut, with black central spots on the feathers. Total length
56 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-15, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-95.
Hab. East Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Ugogo (.S'(V J. Kirk). Shelley Cull.

(Type of M. torrida.)

6. Mirafra hova.

Hotahota, Flacourt, Hist. Maclag. p. 166 (1661).

Mirafra hova, Hartl. J.f. O. 1860, p. 106 ; id. Beitr. Faun. Madag.
1861, p. 57 ; Eoch S, E. Newt. Ibis, 1862, p. 275; E. Netvt. Ibis,
1863, p. 350 ; Scl. F. Z. S. 1863, p. 164; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 836 ; Grand. Rev. Zool. 1867, p. 389 : Gray, Mand-l. B. ii
p. 121, no, 7803 (1870).

Alauda hova, ScJil. F. Z. S. 1866, p. 424 ; id. 8f Foil. Faun. Madag ,
Ois. p. 107 (1868) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 221 (1877) ; Milne-
Edwards Sf Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 456, pi. 183 fio- 3
pl8.184, 187fl. fig.5(1882).

Adult male. Sandy brown, with black centres and pale edges to
the feathers ; wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with sandy-buff
edges, the primaries edged with tawny rufous, the outer ones and
the primary-coverts with ashy fulvous ; tail-feathers blackish, the
penultimate one with the outer web white, the outer feather smoky
fulvous or sandy buff on the inner web, whiter on the outer, the
inner web with an oblique mark of blackish brown from the base ;
head like the back ; lores and a broad eyebrow whitish, as well as
the feathers below the eye ; cheeks sandy buff, spotted with brown
on the hinder part; ear-coverts sandy white, brown along the uj^per
margin and largely spotted with black on the hinder margin ; throat
white ; remainder of under surface creamy buff or isabelline, washed
with tawny buff on the flanks ; the lower throat spotted with dusky,
and the fore neck and breast very thickly spotted with triangular
black markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny rufous or
pale chestnut ; the quills dusky below, rufous along the inner web.
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-2, tail 1-S, tarsus
0-85.

G02 ALATDIDJE,

Adult feuicde. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5"5
inches, culmen U'55, wing 2-9, tail 1'75, tarsus 0-85,

Young. Very tawny in colour, especially below, the feathers
having light edgings to the dorsal plumes, producing a scaly ap-
pearance.

Hub. Madagascar.

a. 2 ad. ; b. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Sharpe Coll.

c, d, e, f. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll.

f/. cJ; /i, i. $ ad.; A-. Ankafana Forest, Rev. Deans Cowan [C.].

Juv. sk. Betsileo.

/, ?H. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Mr. Gerrard [C]

7. Mirafra javanica.

Mirafia javanica, Ilorsf. Trans. Liiui. Soc. xiii. p. 1.59 (1820) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844) ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Blijih,
J. A. S. Bene/, xxiv. p. 255 (1855) ; Ilorsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mm.
E. I. Co. ii. p. 474 (1856) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7796

(1870) ; Sulvad. Ucc. Born. p. 262 (1874) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1881,
p. 154 ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Kederl. Ind. .\liii. p. 107 (1884),
xlvi. p. 234 (1887).

Alauda mirafia, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 305. fig. 2 (1824).
Geoc(jraphus javauicus, Cab. Arch.f. Naturg. 1847, p. 328; id. Mus.

Ilein. i. p. 126 (1850).
Mirafra htrneensis, Sicinh. Ann. S)- May. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 257

(1871) ; Sulvad. Ucc. Born. p. 263 (1874) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 234 (1887).

Adidt male. General colour ahove dark brown, with blackish
centres to the feathers, the dorsal feathers margined with rufous,
less distinct on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; a slightly paler
mantle of more vinous brown, the feathers mesially streaked with
blackish ; wings rufous, the median and greater coverts with black
bases, the rufous margins very broad ; bastard-wing blackish, with
tawny-buff edges ; primary-coverts rufous, dusky blackish on the
inner webs ; quills blackish, externally rufous, the secondaries
blackish, with narrow rufous margins, which extend round both
webs of the innermost ones ; tail-feathers dark brown, with lighter
brown edges, the penultimate feather huffy white for the whole of
the outer web, the external feather almost entirely white, excepting
the oblique dusky mark on the inner web towards the base ; crown
of head dark brown, broadly streaked with black hke the back ;
lores and a narrow eyebrow tawny rufous ; feathers round eye, sides
of face, and ear-coverts tawny rufous, slightly spotted with brown ;
cheeks and throat huffy white, as also the sides of the neck ; fore
neck and rest of under surface of body isabelline buff, washed with
tawny rufous, the fore neck and chest with triangular spots of dark
brown, forming larger and more longitudinal streaks on the sides of
the latter ; flanks with a few longitudinal streaks of dusky brown ;
under wing-coverts rufous : quills below dusky brown, with broad
rufous margins along the inner edge. Total length 5-2 inches,
culmen Q-G, wing 2-85, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-9.

13 SIIRAFRA.

603

Adult female. Similar to the male in plumage. Total length
0-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-9.5, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-9.
Hab. Java ; S. Borneo.

(I. Ad. sk.

f'- (S ad. sk.
c, d. (S 2 ad. sk.
e-k. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
/.-. Ad. sk.

Java {Horsfield).

Java (Biard).
Java {Diard).
Java.
Java.

Banjennassing, S. Borneo
{J. Motley).

India Museum. (Type

of sjiecies.)
Seebobm Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Wallace Coll. (Type of

M. borneensis.)

8. Mirafra secnnda.

Mirafra horsfieldi, Gould, Handb. B. Amtr. i. p. 404 (I8G.5).

Adult. Very similar to M. javanica, but smaller, and not so
streaked on the chest ; the wing more rufous on the shoulder, the
coverts being almost all uniform rufous, and not so mottled 'with
black bases as in the Java species. Total length 5 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-S, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. South Australia,

ft. Ad. sk. South Australia.

b, c. Ad. sk. South Australia (J. T. Cock-

erell).
d. Ad. sk. Austraha.

Gould Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

9. Mirafra cheniana.

Mirafra cheniana, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 89. fig. 2 (184.3 err
pro fig. 1) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 644; id ed. lai/ard's B S
Afr. pp. 528, 852 (1867). "^

Megalophonus cheniauus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp
Cunsp. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1867) : 'Gray
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7817 (1870) ; Ai/rts, Ibis, 1871, p. 259-
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 644; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 286, 188o'
p. 264. '

Alauda cheniana, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 293 (1872).

Adidt (type of species). Above dark brown, almost blackish, the
feathers margined with sandy rufous, especially broad on the hind
neck, some few of the scapular feathers with narrow fulvous tips •
wings rufous, the coverts having blackish bases, the greater series
dark brown, margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous on the
extreme edge ; quills dark brown, with very broad rufous maro-ins
the edges of the secondaries more fulvous ; upper tail-coverts dark
brown, with ashy-fulvous margins ; tail dark brown, the two centre
feathers margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous towards the
tips ; the two outermost feathers pure white, with a touch of brown
near tlie base of the outer one, but occupying the half of the inner
web of the penultimate feather for aU its length, as well as a short

n04 ALAtJDID.12.

distance towards the end of the shaft ; feathers above and below
the eye, forming a distinct eyebrow, creamy buff; ear-coverts
rufous, slightly mottled with dark brown, as also are the cheeks and
sides of the neck, which are white ; throat white, unspotted ; rest
of under surface creamy buff, strongly inclining to rufous on the
chest, which is mottled with triangular spots of dark brown, inclin-
ing to streaks on the side of the breast ; flanks and thighs washed
with rufous : under tail-coverts buffy white ; under wing-coverts
deep rufous, the inner lining of wing ashy brown, rufous along the
inner web: "bill pale, with a decided yellow tinge and yellow at the
gape, but dusky brown on the upper mandible, except on the edges ;
tarsi and feet pale pinkish; iris light reddish umber'' {T. Ayres).
Total length 5'3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-85, tail 2-y, tarsus

0-y.

Hah. South Africa, from British Caffraria to the Transvaal.

a, h. Ad. ; c. Juv. sk. Latakoo. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)
d. S ad. sk. Whittlesea Flats (T. Sbarpe Coll.

C. Atmore).

10. Mirafra horsfieldi.

Mirafra horsfieldi, Guidd, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 1 ; ul. B. Ausfr. fol. iii.
pi. 77 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Beichenb. Vog. Neu-
holl. p.' 88 (1850) ; Gould, Handb. B. Ausfr. i. p. 404 (1865) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7798 (1870) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S.
1875, p. 590; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 168 (1887) ;
id. Tub. List Austr. B. p. 10 (1888).

Adult male. Similar to J/. Javanica, but grey instead of rufous,
the whole aspect of the bird being blacker : '• bill fleshy brown at
the base and dark brown at the tip : feet fleshy brown " (J. Gould).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-9, tail 1-85, tarsus
0-85.

The sexes, according to Mr. Gould, are alike in plumage.

Hab. N.W. Australia, Southern (Queensland south to Xew South
Wales.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. New South Wales. (>ould Coll.

d-g. Ad. sk. Richmond River, Aug., R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Sept. (A. P. Goodwin),

h-k. Ad. sk. Ricbmoud River, Sept. A. P. Goodwin [C.].

/. Imm. sk. Port Essiiigton. Gould Coll.

?H. Juv. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower

Boivyer Bower). [P-]-

Subsp. a. Mirafra parva.

Mirafra parva, Stvinh. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 257(1871).
Adult (type of species). Is a small blackish race of M. horsfieldi.

J

13. MIRAFRA.

605

There s no rufous on the head and back, and very little grey, the
general aspect of the bird being blackish. Total length 5-1 inches
culmen 0-5o, wing 2-7, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-8. '

Bab. Plores.

6'Ad'st fr'-ri,rn ^ Wallace Coll.

c Ad sk Fl /K^''"^^• Tweeddale Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Floras ( Wallace). Seebohm CoU.

(Type of species.)

►Subsp. /3. Mirafra phUippinensis.

Mirafi-a philippinensis, Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 160.

froW i? H,'lfT''^- f ™^-'' ^° ^- ^'^''^«' ^°d only differing
flanl Tof 1 ^^K% coloration and the blackish streaks on the

Lrsns'o-8 ""^ "' ' '^°^'" ^■^^' ^^"^^ 27, tail 1-7,

Hah. Island of Luzon, Philippines.
a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Manila {Maitland-Heriot). Tweeddale Coll

0, d, e. Ad. ;/. Juv. sk. Manila (M.-H.). ^"^Sdatcdi^

11. Mirafra cantillans.

Mirafra cantillans, Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xii. p. 181 Ur Jerd MSS ■

Fisiw^ . ?^* ' /T-^; '^:.-^^'^'''-^' ^<'t- B. Mm. E. I. Co. if p. 477
p. 1-1, no // 99 (18/ 0) ; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388: id Kesfs &
p. 208; Butler, t.c. p 499- ^ga// Sh- V i>i-7 '.?oo "Vr '

p"iS-(i8f6™' ' ''"'' p- '''' ^"''' ^^^- ^-'-- ^-:

^cZ«Z<_,«a7,. Similar to M.javanira, but distinguished by its pale
wing-Iming, ^h,ch, instead of being chestnut, is only sabelline
'^rZl-O-I ' '"°"'^ '■' '°^'"' ^"^■^'^^ ^•^' ---" 3:2, tan 22!
jlfjK7^</,,„«7,. Similar to the male in colour but smaller. Total
length 0-2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3-15, tail 1-95, tarsus 0-85

Hah Central and Southern India, north from Madras, extending
to Cashmere. ^^'"o

a, b. Ad. sk. Ueesa Jan, July {E. A. Hame Coll.

Jsatler).

c. 2 ad.sk. Rohtuk-^ district, Dec. 24 Hume Coll

(.-1. O. H.).

d. ^ ad. sk. Sambhur, June (/.". M. Seebohui Coll

Adam).

606 xhAvmDJE.

e-k. c?; /• 2 ad. .•<k. Hansi, Hissar, Dec. (A. Hume Coll.

0. H.).

m. S ad. sk. Naosliern, Cashmere, May 6 Ilume Coll.

( W. E. Brooks),

n, 0, p. Ad. sk. Etawah, July (A. O. H. Sf Hume Coll.

W. E. B.).

q. S ad. sk. Etawah, July 19 ( W. E. Seebohm Coll.

Brooks) .

r. Ad. .sk. Raipur district. Hume Coll.

s, t. Ad. sk. Madras. Dr. Jerdon [P.].

(Types of .species.)

u. Ad. sk. Madras {Jerdon). Gould Coll.

12. Mirafra fringillaris.

Mirafra fringillaris, Sundev. GEfv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 99 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874. p. 649, pi. Ixxv, fig. 1 ; id. ed.
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 528 (1884).

Mirafra occipitalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7804 (1870,
err.).

Adult. Above dusky brown, the feathers margined with ashy
buff, but the general colour of the upper surface more dingy than in
M. cantillans, to which it is nearly allied ; some of the dorsal
feathers washed with fulvous ; wing-coverts dull brown, narrowly
margined with fulvous, the greater series with rufescent margins,
especiall}' at the tip ; quills dark brown, the primaries with broad
rufous margins, narrowing towards the tip, the secondaries with
ashy fulvous edgings; lower back, wings, and upper tail- coverts
dull brown, slightly varied with ashy fulvous margins ; tail dark
brown, the central feathers paler and plainly margined with fulvous,
the other feathers less plainly edged, the penultimate one broadly
margined with white on the outer web, the outermost feather white
at base, but obliquely white for more than the terminal half; lores
and a distinct eyebrow sandy buff ; ear-coverts rufous, spotted with
dark brown, especially on the hinder margin ; cheeks, throat, and
sides of neck huffy white ; rest of under surface creamy buff, washed
with isabelliue on the chest, which is thickly spotted with dark
brown, a few spots of which colour extend on to the throat ; under
wing-coverts isabelline, resembling the inner lining of the quills,
with a few spots of brown on the carpal edge of the wing : " bill
horn-coloured ; legs sienna ; iris hazel " ( T. E. BucMey). Total
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-1, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. From the Transvaal to Damara-Land.

a, b. Ad. sk. Damara-Land (C. J. Andersson). Sharpe Coll.

c Ad.sk. Damara-Land (C. ./■. ^.). Shelley Coll.

(i. cJ ad. sk. Transvaal, Nov. 29 ( T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll.

13. Mirafra cordofanica.

Mirafra cordofanica, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 218, pi. 23 ; Gray,

Uand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7802 (1870).
Galerita rutila, VonMiill.Descr. Nouv. Ois. d'Afrique, Taf. 13 (1854).

13. MIRAFRA. 607

Alauda praestig-iatrix, Heupl. Syst. Uehers. p. 43 (1856); ? Ant in.

Cat. desert: Ucc. p. 41 (1864).
Melanocorypha ferruoinea, Brehm, J f. O. 18.57, p. 82.
Calandrella ferruginea, Brehm, Nauni. 1856, p. 375.
Amiuomanes cinnamomea, Bp. Notes Delattre, p. 61.
Geocoraplms cordofauicus, Heugl. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 227 ; id. Or/i.

N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 687 (1872).

Adult (type of species). Light ciuQamon-nifous, with s:iii ly-white
margins to manj- of the dorsal feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills cinuamon-rufous, the inner secondaries broadlj' edgel with
sandy white all round, with a suliterminal line of black ; the pri-
maries with pale dusky brown tips ; centre tail-feathers cinnamon
like the back, dusky along the shaft ; the rest of the feathers
dark brown with sandy-buff edges and tips ; the outer feather
almost entirely white, with an oblique dusky mark along the inner
web, the penultimate feather dusky brown, white on the outer web
and across the tip of the inner one ; head like the back ; lores and
eyebrow whitish ; ear-coverts cinnamon-rufous, the lower portion
whitish, as also the feathers below the eye ; cheeks and under
surface of body white, with a few tiny spots of dusky cinnamon on
the chest ; the sides of the latter pale cinnamon ; sides of body and
danks also washed with pale cinnamon ; under wing-coverts Isabel-
line buff; quills rufous below with dusky tips. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 0'55, wing3'2, tail 2, tarsus 0"9.

Ifab. Kordofan and Senaar,

a. Ad. sk. Kordofan. H. E. Strickland, Esq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

14. Mirafra africana.

Mirafra africana. Smith, Rep. Exped. C. Afr., App. p. 47 (1836) ; id.

III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 88. fig. 1 (184.3) ; Sha7-pe, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 642 ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1876, p. 432 ; Bocaye, Orn. Amjola, p. 374

(1881) ; Sharpe i?i Oates' Matahele-Land, App. p. 317 (1881) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 350 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr.

pp. 519, 851 (1884).
Alauda planicola, Licht. Verz. Viiy. Kaffernl. p. 14 (1842, descr.

nulla).
Megalophonus africanus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 213 (1867).
Megalophonus occidentalis, Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 153 (1857);

Bocaye, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 48 (IStiS).
Megalophonus rostratus, Ilartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 326, pi. ix. ; layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1867).
Megalophonus planicola, Finsch Sf Ilartl. Viiy. Ostafr. p. 463

(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7810 (1870); Ayres,

Ibis, 1871, p. 259, 1880, p. 104; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 137;

Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 74.
Alauda africana, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Buckley, Ibis,

1874, p. 384.
Megalophonus africanoides [lapsu), Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 81.

608 ALAUDIDJi.

Adult male in summer j^lumaf/e. Above light fawn-brown, all the
feathers with a distinct blackish shaft-streak down the centre and
margined with ashy fulvous ; the rump slightly more ashy than the
back, narrowly streaked with brown ; the upper tail-coverts shading
off into light fulvous and having dark brown shaft-stripes ; wiug-
covcrts fawn-colour, dai'ker brown in the centre of the feather,
margined with fulvous and streaked with dark brown along the
shaft, the greater coverts light rufous towards their tips ; primary-
coverts rufous fawn, with narrow whitish margins ; quills rufous
fawn, gradually shading off into dark brown, which occupies about
the terminal third of the quills, which are margined with ashy
white or fawn-colour ; the secondaries brown, washed with fawn-
colour externally, and broadly margined and tipped with ashy buff,
especially the two centre ones, which are rufous fawn at base, ex-
tending some way up the margins of the feathers, a shade of the
same colour extending over the other feathers near their base, the
outer feather creamy buff on the outer web, the penultimate one
narrowly margined externally with the same colour ; crown of head
bright fawn-colour, with a few narrow shaft-lines of dark brown ;
the forehead minutely streaked, giving it a certain obscurely mottled
appearance ; lores and a rather broad eyebrow huffy white, as also
the sides of the face ; the cheeks and ear-coverts minutely spotted
with dark brown; the ear-coverts washed with rufous, and inclining
to dark brown on their upper margins ; throat white ; the rest of
the under surface isabelline buff, washed with bright fawn-colour,
minutely spotted with dark brown on the lower throat and chest,
and streaked with the same on the sides of the breast ; under wing-
coverts entirely rich fawn-colour, a little brighter on the inner
lining, which is rufous and very conspicuous : " upper mandible
dusky, lower mandible pale ; tarsi and feet pale ; iris light hazel "
(T. Ayres). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"8, wing 4, tail 2*7,
tarsus 1'3.

Adult female. Smaller than male, and with a much thinner bill.
Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3'5, tail 2-7, tarsus
1-2.

Adult in vniiter plumage. Much darker than in summer, and not
nearly so rufous on the upper surface, the rufous of the crown
entirely obscured by the broad dark-brown shaft-stripes, and the
forehead entirely brown, shaded with ashy and slightly tinged with
rufous ; the hinder back and rump decidedly shaded with ashy ;
below rather more richly coloured than in summer, the bi'east
largely marked with triangular spots of dark brown ; hind neck
decidedly more ashy, separating the head from the back.

The specimens from the Eastern Transvaal are more entirely
rufous than specimens from other parts of South Africa ; but this
rufous appearance has probably something to do with the nature of
the ground frequented by the birds, added to the abrasion of the
plumage during the breeding-season, when the head becomes almost
entirely rufous, except for the remains of a few black streaks and
spots.

13. MIRAFRA,

609

Hah. South Africa, from the Eastern Cape Colony to the Zambesi
and thence to the Zanzibar district of Eastern Africa, and on the
west to Benguela, and even to Gaboon.

a, b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d-g. S ; h, i. 2

ad. ; k. Jiiv. sk.

h '»• S 2 ^d. sk.

n. 5 ad. sk.
0. S ad. sk.
p. cf juv. sk.

q. $ ad. sk.

r, s. J 5 ad. sk.

t-.v. Ad. sk,

y. (S ad. sk.
z, «'. S ad. sk.

V, c'. (S ? ad. sk.

d'-ff'. d ; k'. 2

ad. sk.
i'. S ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.

/', in'. (J ad. sk.

S.E. Africa.

Kingwilliamstown.

Elands Post, March, July

(T. a Atmore).
Natal {T.Ayres).

Natal.

Natal ( T. Ai/res).

Weenen, Natal, April 10

( T. Arnold).
Durban, Natal, Api-il (C

K S.).
Pinetown, May {T. L.

Ayres).
Pinetown, Feb., Oct. {T.

L. A.).
Transvaal {T. Ayres).
Potchefstroom, Jan. (T.

Ayres).
Rustenburg, Feb., Aug.

( W. Lucas).
Rustenburg, June-Sept.

( W. Lucas).
Tibakai's Vley {F. Oates).

Makalaka country {Dr.

Bradshaic).
Elephant Vley, Nov. 20

{C. J, Andersson).

Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)
Major H. Trevelvau

[P.].
Sharpe Coll.

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
T. Ayres, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Dr. Bradshaw.

Shelley Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
W.E. &C.G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

15. Mirafra assamica.

Mirafra assamica, McClell. R Z. S. 1839, p. 162 ; Blyth, J. A. S.
Beng. xi. p. 199 (1842), xiii. p. 958 (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii.
p. 383 (1844) ; Biy. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat.

Nests ^ Eggs Lnd. B. p. 473 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 421,
1877, p. 223 ; Crijips, t. c. p. 294 ; Blyth l^- Wald. B. Burin, p. 95
(1875) ; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yun-nan, p. €06 (1878) ; Himie,
Str. F. 1879, p. 108, 1880, p. 257 ; Oates, Handb. B. Br. Burnt.
i. p. 375 (1883).

Plocealauda tvpica, Ilodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,
pl. 297. tigs! 1, 2 (no. 724) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

Mirafra assamensis, Blyth, Ann. ^ Maq. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 166
(1843); id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 134 (1849).

Mirafra javanica {nee Horsf.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres,
Hodgs. p. 109 (1846).
VOL. xiir. 2 B

610 ALAUDIDJK.

Mirafra immaculata, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 12 ; id. Str. F. 1879,

p. 257.
Mirafra erytlirocephala, Sahad. S,- Gigl. Atti R. Accad. Torino, xx.

p. 42U (lS85 = pt. hiem.).

Adult male. General colour above dark ashy with broad black
centres to the feathers ; the lower back and rump more uniform,
the upper tail-coverts blackish with ashy edges to the feathers,
wiug-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts dark brown, edged
with ashy whitish, tinged with rufous ; quills dark brown, conspicu-
ously rufous along the outer margin ; the secondaries dark brown,
more narrowly margined with ashy whitish tinged with rufoiis,
especially near the base of the outer web ; the inner secondaries
with rather broad ashy margins ; tail-feathers dark brown, with
ashy-whitish margins and tinged with rufous near the base of the
outer web, the outer feathers margined with white ; head and neck
like the back, and similarly centred with black, the hind neck
slightly lighter grey ; lores and eyebrow, as well as the sides of the
face, ear-coverts, and cheeks, sandy buff, with a blackish shade on
the hinder margin of the ear-coverts ; sides of neck ashy, striated
with blackish like the hinder neck, and separated by a line of
sandy buff from the black mark on the hinder ear-coverts ; throat
white ; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff, the sides of
the body washed with ashy brown ; the fore neck and chest
distinctly spotted with small triangular spots of dark brown ; a few
tiny dots on the malar line also ; long under tail-coverts with dusky
centres ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ferruginous ; quills dusky
below, deep ferruginous or chestnut on both webs, the shaft, how-
ever, remaining brown to the base : " upper mandible dusky, the
lower one pale horny ; legs pinkish brown, darkest on the toes ;
iris pale brown " (E. W. Cleveland). Total length 5-5 inches,
culmen 0'6, wing 3'3, tail 1"8, tarsus 1.

In the winter plumage the whole tone of the upper surface is
more distinctly ashy grey, which also pervades the sides of the upper
breast ; the eyebrow and sides of face are more distinctly fulvescent,
and the ear-coverts are spotted with black ; the spots along the
malar line are also much more distinct, and those on the chest also
well pronounced; the wing- coverts and inner secondaries are
rather broadly edged with sandy buff, and the margins of the tail-
feathers are also distinctly sandy buff.

Adult female. Browner than the male both in winter and
summer, and having the lower back and rump slightly streaked
with blackish. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-1,
tail l"7o, tarsus 0-95.

Full-grown young birds are brown like the adult female, but
have remains of pale fringes to the feathers of the upper surface,
especially on the wing-coverts ; the bastard-wing and primary-
coverts with a good deal of rufous ; the quills and tail-feathers
externally rufous, the primaries being deep chestnut with dusky
brown centres widening towards the ends ; eyebrow, sides of face,

13. MIRAFRA.

611

cheeks, and throat with the same dark marking on the ear-coverts
as the adult ; remainder of under surface of body sandy buff
with dusky brown, triangular spots on the fore neck and chest.

Hah. From the neighbourhood of Masuri in the North-western
Himalayas, along the Himalayas to Assam and Arakan, and through-
out Eastern Bengal to Maunbhoom ; Cochin China,

a. Ad. sk.

b. ^ ad. sk.

c. $ ad. sk.

dr-h. Ad. sk.

i-o. Ad. sk.
p, q. Ad. sk.
r, s. Ad. sk.
t-v. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z-i' , Ad. sk.

k' . Ad. sk.

I', in', n' . Ad. sk.

d . 5 ad. sk.

p'-i . <S ad. sk.

«'. <S ad. sk.

v' , to' x . S ad. ;

y' . 5 ad. sk.
«'. c? ad. sk.
a",b" . <S ad. sk.

c"-f'. Ad. sk.

g". Ad. sk.

h" , i". S 2 ad.

sk.
k''-p". Ad. sk.
q". 2 ad. ; ?•".

PuU. sk.
s". Ad. sk.
t". S ad. sk.
u", v", to" . S

ad.; .r", y" .

$ ad. sk.
z" . (S ad. sk.

a'. cJ ad. sk.

6^ Ad. sk.

Deoban, Masuri. Hume Coll.

(Type oi M. mitnaculata.)
Kumaon, March 19 (G. King). Hume CoU.
Mozuffemugger Dist., June 19 Hume CoU.

{G. F. L. Marshall).
Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

(Types of Plocealauda typica.)

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

Sikhim.

Sikhim.

Darjeeling.

Buxa Doars, Jan. (X. MandeUi).

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April

(L. MandeUi).
Assam {McCklland).

Assam {A. W. Chennell).

Dibrughar, Jan. 13 {J. It.
Cripps).

Sadhya, Assam, Jan., April-
June {J. Cockburn).

N. Khasia Hills, Dec. {A. W.
Chennell).

Sylhet, Jan. {A. O. H).

Dilkoosha, Cachar (J. Inglis).
Lakhipur, Cachar, Jan. 31 {A.

O. H.).
Tipperah.
Tipperah,
Akyab, April (J. Armstrong).

Dacca.

Faridpur, March 21 {J. E.

Cripps).
BaiTackpur {Tytler).
Shoga,Feb. 23 ( W. E. Brooks).
Assensole, April, Oct. ( W. E.

Brooks) .

Eeurwal, Basti Dist., Dec. 27

(E. W. Cleveland).
Chota Nagpur, April 9 (F.

Ball).
Maunbhoon, March (R, C.

Beavan).

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

(Type of species.)
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

2r2

612 ALAUDID^.

16. Mirafra damarensis *.
Mirafra damarensis, S/iarpe, F, Z. S. 1874, p. 650, pi. Ixxv. fig. 2.

Adult male in winter- ithmvtge (type of species). Similar to
M. assamica, but very much paler aud more pearly grey, and having
the spots on the chest very minute and indistinct ; primary-coverts
almost entirely rufous, -with concealed dusky brown on the inner
webs ; pinmaries entirely rufous at base, this colour extending
across both webs, and only shaded with dusky brown along the
shaft. Total length 5*5 inches, culmeu 0'65, wing 3'45, tail 2-4,
tarsus 1-1.

Hah. Ovampo-Land, S.W. Africa.

a, h. (S ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Oct., Nov. Sharpe Coll.

(C. J. Andcrsson). (Types of species.)

17. Mirafra erythroptera.

Mirafra javanica (nee Hursf.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 33 (1840).
Mirafra erythroptera, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 136 (1844) ; id. III.

Ind. Or?i. pi. 38 (1849) ; J^li/fh, J. A. S. Bene/, xiii. p. 958 (1844) ;

Gra!/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 18 (1849) ; Bbjth, 'Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc.

p. 133 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Hor.<<f. S^- Moore, Cat.

B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 474 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 418 (1863) ;

Bhjth, Ibis, 1867, p. 45 ; Beamn, Ibis, 1868, p. 179 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 121, no. 7800 (1870) ; Haxjes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414;

Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 421 ; Bidler,

Sir. F. 1875, p. 499 ; Daiidson Sf Wendell, Str. F. 1877, p. 85 ;

Ball, t. c. p. 223 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 48 (1879) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 63 (1880) ;

Reid, Str. F. x. p. 57 (l881) ; Davids, t. c. p. 314 ; Swinh. ^- Barnes,

Ibis, 1885, p. 129 ; Beid, Cat. Lucknow Mus. p. 138 (1886) ;

Macgr. Str. F. p. 440 (1887).

Adult male. Light sandy brown, plentifully mottled with dark
brown centres to the feathers ; the lower back and rump more
uniform brown, the upper tail-coverts with dusky centres ; head a
little more rufous on the crown, but mottled like the back with
blackish centres ; round the hind neck a slight indication of a pale
ashy collar like the sides of the neck ; wing-coverts like the back
with dusky centres and pale edges of sandy white, all distinctly
washed with sandy rufous near the ends ; primary-coverts deep
cinnamon-rufous with blackish shafts ; quills also entirely cinnamon-
rufous, with dusky shafts and a dusky brown mark near the end of

* The following species is probably allied to M. damarensis.
Mirafra pcecilosterna.
Alauda pcecilosterna, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 155 ; id. J. f. 0.

1879, p. 353.
Megalophonus massaicus, Fischer if- Eeichen. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 55.
Megalophonas poecilosterna, Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 318 (1884) ;
id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 137.
Hah. Eastern Africa.

13. MIKAFEA.

613

the primaries ; this brown mark increasing in extent towards the
outer feathers, which are margined with white externally ; the
innermost secondaries brown like the greater wing-coverts ; tail-
feathers blackish brown with scarcely any pale margin, except
to the centre feathers and the outermost, which is white along the
outer web ; a buffy-white eyebrow ; lores also bufFy white ; feathers
below the eye white ; ear-coverts whitish, tinged with sandy buff,
and with distinct spots of black ; throat, cheeks, and sides of neck
wliite ; remainder of under surface of body white with a tinge of
sandy buff on the sides of the body and thighs ; the lower throat,
fore neck, and chest with distinct tx-iaugular black spots ; sides of
upper breast strongly washed with sandy buff; under wing-coverts
cinnamon-buff ; quill-lining deeper ferruginous : " bill horny brown
above, fleshy below ; legs llesh-colour ; iris hazel " {E. A. Butler).
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 2, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length
5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-05, tail 2, tarsus 0-85.

Founr/ birds are profusely mottled with black, after the manner
of young Larks, and the rufous on the wing is even more pronounced
than in the adults, with very little dusky brown at the ends of the
feathers.

The adults in winter plumage seem to differ from the summer
plumage only in having the light edges to the feathers rather
broader, imparting a more mealy appearance.

Hah. North-western India as far east as the Assensole district,
and south to Central India, the Deccan, and the Carnatic.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c, d. (S ad. sk.

e,f. 6 ad. ; g. $

ad. sk.
h. (^ ad. sk.
i, k. (S ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. 2 ^'d. sk.
71. cJ ad. sk.

o, p. <S 2 ^^- sk.
q, r. Ad. sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.
V. cJ ad. sk.

w. (S ad. sk.
.v-e' . (S $ ad.sk.

/. Ad. sk.
t/,' h: Ad. i^k.
i'. Ad. bk.

Moolu, Kattiawar, Feb. 25.

Deesa, April, July, Dec. {E. A.

Butler).
Sambhur, March, May, July (-E.

A. Adam).
Oodeypore, Feb. 12 [G.King).
Ajmere, Dec. (^-1. O. H.).
Delhi.

Rohtuk Dist., Feb.
Sona, Gurgaon Dist., Jan. [A.

0. 11.) .
Umbala, Jan. [Br. Scott).
Shahpur, March, Oct.
Saliarunpur, Nov. (G. F. L.

Marshall).
Saharunpur ( T. C. Jerdon).
Ferozopur, Jan. 24 {C. II. T.

Marshall).
Lahore, Jan. 4 (C. II. T. M.).
Etawah Dist., March, Julv,

Sept., Nov., Dec. (A. O. H.

^- W. E. Brooks).
Jhansi, Sept.
Snugor, July.
Luckuow, April 10.

Col. Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Twefddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Way [P.].

61-1

k' . Ad. fik.

V, m', n . i 2

ad. sk.
o . (S ad. sk.

p, q- i 2 ad.

sk.
»•', s'. c? 2 ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.

u'-a" . (S ad. sk.
6", c". Ad. et

juv. sk.
d". Ad. sk.

e". Ad. sk.
/". cJ ad. ; g"~

k". 2 ad. sk.
I" . cJ ad. sk.

m", n". cS ad.

et juv. sk.
o" . 2 ad. sk.
p" . Ad. sk.
y", r". Ad. sk.

s" , Ad. sk.

ALAUDID.T'.

Futteligurli Dist., Oct. {A.

Anderso7i).
Mogulserai, Feb., Sept., Oct.

(W.E. Brooks).
Mirzapur Dist., March (R.

Thompson).
Muddapur, April, Sept. ( W.

E. B.).
Assensole, Feb., April ( W. E.

B.).
Manbhum, April (-R. C.

Beavan).
Eaipur, Jan. to March.
Nagpar, July.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

S.E. Berar, Jan. 21 ( W. T. Tweeddale Coll.

Blanford).
Chanda, Jan. ( W. T. Blanford) . Hume Coll.
Khandeish, Feb., May, July, Himie Coll,

Nov. {J. Davidson).
MahabaleshvFur Hills, June (<S'. Hume Coll.

B. Fab-bank).
Ahmednuggar,' July, Oct. {S. Tweeddale CoU.

B. F.).
Uarwa, Deccan, March 29.
'DecciwT^Btirgess) .
Carnatic.

Carnatic {Jerdon).

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.].
(Tvpes of species.)
Gould CoU.

IS. Mirafra aflanis*.

Mirafra affiuis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 136 (1844) ; id. III. Ind.
Orn. text to pi. 38 (1849) ; Blijth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 959
(1844) ; id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 133 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 243 (1850) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 475
(1856) ; Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 417 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121,
no. 7801 (1870) ; Holdsiu. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 465 ; Hume, Nests 8f
Eggs Ind. B. p. 474 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 422, 1877,
p. 223 ; Fairb. t. c. p. 408 ; Legge, B. Ceglon, p. 634 (1879) ; Hmne,
Str. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Damson, Str. F. x. p. 404 (1883) ; Reid, Cat.
Lucknow Mus. p. 136 (1886).

Adult male. Similar to 31. eriit]iro2')tera, but much larger ; the
primaries dark brown, externally and internally rufous, but the
latter colour not occupying the basal portion of these quills ; the
primary-coverts also dark brown, edged with rufous : " upper man-
dible dark brown, the margin and the lower mandible, with the
exception of the dusky tip, fleshy ; gape fleshy ; legs and feet fleshy,
edges of scales brownish ; eyelid brownish fleshy ; iris varying from

* In the Seebobm Collection are two skins labelled "Valley of G-urias,
Kashmir." Although these two skins apparently stiU bear the collector's
original labels, the locality seems to me to be more than doubtful. They were
purchased of Mr. Whitely, of Woolwich.

13. MIRAFKA. (515

reddish to yeUowish brown" (W. V. Le,/ge). Total length 5-6
inches, cnlmen 0-55, wing 3-3, tail 1-9, tarsus 1-09.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length
&-3mches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-1, tail 1-65, tarsus 1-05

Bab. Ceylon and Southern India as high as Maunbhoom.
a. d ad. sk. Trincomalie, Ceylon, Oct. 9. Colonel W. V. Legge

r ah" t' S'^"!"°- GoiddColl.

c Ad. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll

^, e. c? ? ad. sk. Cohimbo, Ceylon, Nov. (fi-a,-<). Hume Coll.

/, ff, h. Ad. sk. Aujango, Travancore. Hume Coll

I. <S ad. sk. Eastern base of Palaui Hills, Hume CoU'

June 7 (6'. B. Fairbank).

Z \ri^ < n°'''"^- X ^ Tweeddale Coll.

m. S ad. sk. Coonoor, Jan. {Br. Day). Hume Coll.

n-q S\ r-u. $ Mysore, March, May ( W. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. Daviso7i).

V, 20. 2 ad. sk. Muddur, Mysore, July ( JF. R. B. Sharpe, Esq

Uavison). rp i ^

Z' o ^3" "f- Sf,°^^^°J^^' ^®Pt- (^- ^- W- ^•)- Tweeddale Coll.

y. $ ad sk ElIore,Feb. Hume Coll.

z-e^ ad. ; f'W. Madras, March. Hume Coll.

Ad. sk.

k', I'. Ad. sk. Madras. T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P,].

m'. d ad. sk. St. Thomas' Mount, Madras, ^'Oa't's CoU.' '^''""^

March.
«', o', p'. Ad. sk. Maunbhoom, Feb., April (R. C. Tweeddale Coll.
Beavun).

Subsp. a. Mirafra microptera.

Mirafra microptera, Ilmne, Str. F. i. p. 483 (1873), viii. p. 108 (1879).
Mirafra aihms (jiec Jerd.), Bhjth ^ Wald. B. Bunn. p. 95 (1875) •
Uates, Handb, B. Br. Bunn. i. p. 376 (1883).

Adult maU. Similar to Mirafra affinis, but smaller and rather
purer white below: "bill, lower mandible and margins of the upper
very light pinkish flesh-colour, remainder of upper mandible dark
horn-colour; legs light flesh-colour; claws pinkish; iris hazel"
(A. W. Oates). Total length 5 inches, culmen Q-G, wing 2-0-2-8
tail 1-75, tarsus 0-9. '

The Cochin China specimens are in worn and dark plumage, and
1 am not quite certain that they are identical with M. microptera
ihe wing measures 2-8-2-9 inches.
Bab. Thayetmyo district, Burmah, extending to Cochin China.

a. 2 ad. sk. Palow, Thayetmyo, May 26 Hume Coll.

A A.:i 1 {E.W. Oates). [T^yVBoi M.viicroptera.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Thayetmyo, July, Oct. (^. W. Hume Coll. '

Oates).

d, e cS 2 ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Sept. riE.<?.TF.i?.). Tweeddale Coll.

/. Ad. sk. baigon, Cochin China, May. M. E. Pierro

ff, h. Ad. sk. Baria, Cochin China, July. M E Pierre

filO ALAUDID.E.

19. Mirafra africanoides.

Mirafra africanoides, SmifJi, Jiep. E.iped. C. Afr. p. 47 (183C)) ; id.
Ill Zool. S. Afr., Aves,^\. 88. tig. 2 (1843) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 648 ; id. ed. Layard's B. 8. Afr. p. 523 ( 1884).

Megalophonus africanoides. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp.
Vonsp. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-1. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7816 (1870); Gurney, in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 198 (1872).

Alauda africanoides, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871).

Adult (type of species). Above sandy rufous, with narrow black
shaft-stripes to the whole of the upper surface, the neck very
slightly inclining to greyish ; wing-coverts dark brown, with narrow
blackish shaft-stripes, margined with sandy rufous, inclining to
fulvous on the extreme edge of the feathers ; primary-coverts dark
brown, with broad margins of sandy rufous ; quills ashy brown,
rufous on the outer web and very conspicuoiis, the inner web also
jufous, but separated for the entire length of the quill by the dark
brown of the shaft ; the secondaries ashy bi'own, especiallj' the inner-
most, which are distinctly shaded with grey, all margined with
sandy buff ; upper tail-coverts pale ashy brown, broadly washed
with whity brown ; tail dark brown, the centre feathers washed
with clear grey and broadly margined with sandy rufous, the others
narrowly and almost imperceptibly edged with pale sandy, the
outermost narrowly bordered with whitish for the whole length of
the outer web ; lores and feathers round the eye whitish, as well as
a distinct eyebrow ; feathers in front of the eye dusky ; ear-coverts
bright sandy rufous ; cheeks, throat, and underparts generally
whitish, washed with sandy isabelline on the chest, the cheeks with
a few indistinct spots, the chest sparsely marked with triangular
spots of dusky black ; iinder wing-coverts entirely rufous, as also
the greater part of the inner web of the quills : " bill yellowish
brown, shaded on the culmcn with brownish red ; tarsi and toes
sienna-yellow, brightened with flesh-red ; iris light chestnut " {Sir
A. Smith). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-G5, tail 2-7,
tarsus I'l.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 5*7
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3'45, tail 2-5, tarsus 0'9.

Hub. Soath Africa, from the Orange River to the Zambesi on the
east, and to Damara-Land on the west.

«, b, c. Ad. sk. Orange Eiver district. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)

Orange Eiver (A. Smith). Purchased.

Orange Eiver, July 30. Dr. Bradsbaw [P.].

Griqualand (7'. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

Hope Town ( T. C. A.). Sharpe Coll.

i, k, I, m. S ad. sk. Damara Land, June to Sept. Sharpe CoU.

( C. J. Anderssoii).

n. Ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovanipo-Land, June Sharpe Coll.

{C.J. A.).

0. Ad.sk. IMakalaka country (/)'r«f/.s7(«(r). Shellev Cidl.

d,

e. Ad

sk.

f. 6 ad.

sk.

9-

S ad.

sk.

h.

2 ad.

sk.

13. MIEAFRA. 617

Subsp. H. Mirafra alopex.
Mirafra cordofanica (wee Strickl.), Shelleij, Ibis, 1885, p. 407.

Adult. Very similar to M. africanoides, but much smaller and of
a deep foxy-red colour above : " bill horn-colour, passing into flesh-
colour on the greater portion of the lower mandible ; legs flesh-
colour " (E. Lort FhilHps). Total length 5-6 inches, culmen 3-55,
wing 3-05, tail 1*85, tarsus 0-85.

Bab. Somali-Land.

(I. Ad. sk. Somali-Land {E. Lort PJdllips). Shelley Coll.

20. Mirafra naevia.

Alauda ntevia, Strickl. Coidr. Orn. 1852, p. 152 ; Grai/, Hcmd-l. B.

ii. p. 118, no. 7750 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871).
Megalophonus sabota (//ee Smith), Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam Ld.

p. 195 (1872).
Megalophonus naevius, Gurney, t.c. p. 199 (1872).
Mirafra ntevia, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 187-4, p. 646 ; id. ed. LauarcFs B. S.

Afr. p. 542 (1884j.

Adult male in sumv^er plumage. Above sandy rufous, with dark
brown centres to the feathers, the head with rather paler sandy
margins ; the hind neck distinctly inclining to ashy, and separating
the head from the back ; scapulars blackish in the centre, with
very broad margins of sandy iiifous on both sides ; wing-coverts
like the back, with concealed blackish centres to the feathers, which
are margined with sandy, shading otf into fulvous on the extreme
edge, the greater series more broadly margined, the primary-coverts
more narrowly ; quills blackish, the primaries narrowly tipped with
greyish white and margined externally with sandy rufous, the
secondaries much more broadly, and bordered with fulvous on their
extreme edge ; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, inclining to brown
in the centre of the feathers, and narrowly tipped with greyish
buff; tail black, very narrowly margined and tipped with sandy
buff, the centre feathers broadly margined with sandy rufous, the
outermost externally margined with a narrow edging of light
sandy colour, changing to white at the extreme tip ; lores and a
tolerably plain eyebrow isabelline ; feathers in front of the eye
dusky, those under it isabelline, marked with blackish ; ear-coverts
dark brown, very plainly and regularly streaked with sandy buff;
throat and cheeks white, the latter washed with isabelline on the
chest and sides of the body, the lower throat and chest plainly
spotted with triangular markings of light brown ; under wing-
coverts ashy brown, the innermost washed with sandy, the inner
lining of the wing entirely ashy brown or lead-coloured, excepting
the base of the inner web, which inclines to sandy: "iris hazel"
{T. C. Atmore). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-5,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-95.

618 ALAUDIDiE.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little smaller.
Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3'4, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9,

Adult in tvinter plumage. Paler and more mealy in colour than
the summer plumage, the grey collar round the hind neck being
very distinct, as well as the white eyebrow and the margins to the
wing-coverts and quills ; under surface of body white, tinged with
isabelline on the chest, flanks, and thighs, the chest with a few
narrow streaks of pale brown, the entire lining of the wing ashy,
as also the under wing-coverts, some of the latter margined with
sandy buff.

Hah. From Damara-Land south to the Orange Eiver and
Griqualand.

a. c? ad. sk. Orange River, June. Dr. Bradshaw [P.].

b, c, d. (S ad. Griqualand {T. C. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.
sk.

e,f. c? ? ad. sk. Great Namaqua-Land, June (C Sharpe Coll.

J. Andersson).
ff,h,i. (J; k,l. Damara-Laod, July, Aug. (C. Sharpe Coll.
? ad. sk. .;; A.).

21. Mirafra sabota.

Mirafra sabota, Smith, Rep. Exped. C. Afr., App. p. 47 (1836) ; id. III.

Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 89. fig. 2 (1843, err. pro fig. 1) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 18U, p. 645 ; id. ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 626 (1884) ;

id. in Gates' s Matahele-Land, App. p. 318 (1881) ; Reichenh. J.f.

O. 1687, p. 74.
Megalophouus sabota, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Bp. Consp.

i. p. 244 (1850) : Layard, 'B. S. Afr. p. 213 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 122, no. 7821 (1870).
Megalophonus nsevius (nee Strickl.), Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 259, 1873,

p. 286, 1880, p. 104. _
Alauda nasvia (nee Strickl.), Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 283.
Mirafra naevia (nee Strickl.), Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 350 ; Ayres, Ibis,

1886, p. 290.

Adult male. Similar to M. ncevia, but smaller, and with a very
much smaller bill, and having the breast more thickly spotted with
black : " upper mandible and tip of lower one light reddish brown,
the rest of the lower one sienna-yellow ; legs, toes, and claws sienna-
yellow, tinted witli fleshy red, the claws faintly shaded with light
reddish brown " (*S'/r A. Smith). Total length 5-8 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 3-3, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5*5 inches,
culmen 0-6, wing 3-25, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-9.

Nab. South-eastern Africa, from the Orange Free State to the
Mashoona country, and extending into Masai-Land in Eastern
Africa.

a, b, c, d. Ad. sk. North of Latakoo. Sir A. Smith [C.].

e. $ juv. sk. Orange Free State (T. C. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

13. MIRAFEA. 619

/. 2 ad. sk. Weenen, Natal, March 26 (T. Shelley Coll.

Arnold).

ff,k.(S2 ad. Swaziland, July {T. E. Buck- Shelley Coll.

sk. ley). •'

i, h^^. d ad. Transvaal, July (T. E. B.). Shelley Coll.

m. S ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Ai/res). Sharpe Coll

n. 2 ad. sk. Limpopo River, Aug. 18 ( W. Sharpe Coll!

I^ucas).

0, p, q r. Ad. ; Eustenburg, Feb., May, June, Shelley CoU.

s. Juv. sk. ( W. Lucas).

t, u. Ad. sk. Tati, Matabele Country, Oct. W. E. & C G Gates

25 (F. Oates). Esqs. [P.j. " '

22. Mirafra nigricans.

Alauda nigricans, Sxindev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. Stockh. 1850.

p. 99. '

Mirafra nigricans, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7805 (1870) •

Sharpe P Z. S. 1874, p. 651 ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 376, pi. viii!

fig. 1 (1881; ; Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 231, 1886, p. 290.

Adult male. General colour above ashy black, the feathers
broadly edged with sandy rufous ; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-
feathers black, with broad rufous margins ; the inner primaries and
secondaries with rather broad white tips ; head like the back ; a
broad white eyebrow ; lores and feathers round the eye sandy
white, with a supraloral line of black ; a streak of black from the
base of the bill to the ear-coverts, which are also black with a central
patch of white ; cheeks and throat sandy white, separated by a
broad malar line of black ; remainder of under surface of body
sandy white, the lower throat, fore neck, and breast thickly spotted
with large triangular black markings, taking the form of linear
streaks on the lower breast ; flanks also mottled with black bases,
many of the feathers being black on the inner web ; under wing-
coverts black, with broad whitish edges ; quills dusky blackish below,
pale rufous near the base of the inner webs : " bill dusky, the lower
mandible pale at the base ; feet yellowish white ; iris hazel " {T.
Ayres). Total length 7-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4-65, tail 2-7o'
tarsus 1-15. '

AduU in breeding-plumage. Blacker than in winter plumage, all
the pale edgings becoming worn off, the black markings on the face
and breast being very distinct.

Hah. Eastern Transvaal to Benguela.

a. S ad. sk. Eustenburg, E. Transvaal, Jan. 10 Shelley Coll,

{T. Ayres).

b. Ad. sk. Makalaka Country. Dr. Eradsbaw [C.].

23. Mirafra erythropygia.

Alauda erythropygia, .SyWcA/. B.Z.S. 1850, p. 219, pi. 24; Gray
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7754 (1870) ; Eeunl. Orn. N.O.-Afr i
pt. 2, p. 676 (1871). •

620

ALAUDID^.

Melanocorvpha iiifuscaia, Heuyl. J.f. O. 1804, p. 273.
Melaaocorypha erythropyga, Heucjl. J.f. O. ltiU8, p. 222.
Alauda iufuscata,'lfe«^/' Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 077 (1871).
Ammomanes erythropygia, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 258 (1882).

Adult. Blackish brown, with distinct rufous margins to the
feathers of the upper surface, the wing-coverts similarly edged ;
quills black, with whitish tips to the inner primaries and secondaries ;
rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of tail rufous, the end of the
tail dark brown, the rufous extending towards the outer feather ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow yellowish white, as well as the feathers
below the eye ; cheeks and under surface of body creamy white ;
lores with a black line ; ear-coverts black, with a white patch ; a
broad black malar stripe ; lower throat and breast thickly spotted
with black, which forms a patch in the centre of the chest ; flanks
also mottled with black. Total length 7'^ inches, culmen 0-65,
wing -±-25, tail 2'9, tarsus 1.

Mr. Salvin has placed this species in the genus Ammomanes,
doubtless on account of the uniform plumage and the rutous base to
the tail. In stnicture, however, it is a Mirafra, and of the same
form as M, nigrieans.

Hah. N.E. Africa.

a. <S ad. sk. Kordofan. Old Coll.

14. SPILOCORYDON.

Spilocorvdon, Heichenoiv, Orn. Centvalbl. 1879, p. 15.5 . S. hypermetius.
Range. Eastern Africa, northwards to Shoa.

1. Spilocorydon hypermetrus.

Spilocorydon hypermetrus, Reichen. Orn. Centralhl. 1879, p. 155;
Fischer ^ Reichen. J.f. O. 1879, p. 354; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges.
Orn. i. p. 318 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 137; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Genov. (2) vi. p. 266 (1888;.

Adult. Upper surface ashy brown, streaked with dusky, the neck
paler and tinged with isabelline ; throat white ; breast varied with
white and rufous isabelline, streaked in the centre with dusky
brown ; a spot of dusky blackish on each side of the neck ; abdo-
men huffy whitish ; flanks and under wing-coverts rufous isabelline ;
quills rufous at the base, brown at the tips : " upper mandible
dusky, the lower one paler; feet pale; iris pale brown" (G. A.
Fischer). Total length 8 inches, wing 4-4, tail 3-2.

A young bird in the Museum seems to belong to this species,
which Count Salvadori states to be very similar to M. africana. It
is impossible to judge from an immature specimen in poor condition,
but I cannot see that the genus differs much from Mirafra.

Bah. From Shoa to Masai-Land, and the adjacent parts of
Eastern Africa.

a. Juv. sk. Shoa {Sir W. C. Harris). India Museum.

15. SPIZ.VLAUDA. G21

15. SPIZALAUDA.

Spizalauda, Blyth, J. A. S. Benrj. xxiv. p. 258 (1855) . . S. leva.

1. Head of Spizalauda deva, to show form of crest.

2. Wing of ditto, to show first priiuarj.

Range. Confined to the Indian Peninsula.

1. Spizalauda deva.

Alauda deva, SyTces, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92; Gray, Eand-l. B. ii.

p. 188, no. 77(31 (1870).
Mirafra hayi, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 136 (1844) ■ Blyth

J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 959 (1844) ; Blyth, Vat. B. Mm. As. Soc.

p. 133 (1849).
Spizalauda hayi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 2o8 (1885).
Spizalauda deva, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p 477

(I856j ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 432 (1863) ; Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 261

(1876); Brooks, t. c. p. 278; Davidson Sf TJ'efulen, Str. F. vii.

p. 86 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B.

S. Bomb. Pres. p. 64 (1880) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 314 (1882).
Alauda simillima, Eione, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 121 (1870).
Spizalauda simillima, Hume, Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 484 (1873) •

id. Str. F. i. p. 389 (1873) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 1 (1878).
Spizalauda malabarica {nee Scop.), Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873 p 414 •

Hume, Str. F. i. p. 486, note (1873); Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 5(j

(1879) ; Beid, Cat. Lucknoic Mus. p. 138 (1886).
Alauda (Spizalauda) deva, Stuliczka, J. A. S. Benq. xli. n. 248 (\%1'>\ ■

Blanf. Str. F. 1(576, p. 240. ^ V -; ,

Adult male. Mottled above like ordinary Larks, the general
colour being sandy rufous, with black centres to the feathers ; the
lower rump and basal upper tail-coverts vinous isabelline, in strong
contrast to the back ; longer tail-coverts like the tail ; wing-
coverts and quills blackish, edged with sandy rufous or isabelline ;

622

tail-feathers dark brown, with rufous markings, the outer tail-
feather vinous isabellino, with an oblique blackish mark on the
inner web, the penultimate feathers blackish, vinous isabelliue on
the outer web and round the tip ; crown of head with an extra-
ordiuarilj- long crest, the feathers black with sandy-rufous margins ;
the hind neck and upper mantle sandy rufous, with blackish centres
to the feathers ; lores, and a broad eyebrow, sides of face, ear-
coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck vinous isabelline, the latter
mottled with tiny blackish centres to the feathers ; the ear-coverts
washed with brown, especially along the upper margin ; entire
under surface of body vinous isabelline, paler on the throat ; the
fore neck and chest with a few mesial spots of dusky brown ; on
each side of the fore neck a patch of black ; across the cheeks a row
of dusky brown spots from the fore part of the eye ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries like the breast: "bill horny brown above,
pale flesh-colour below ; legs and feet yellowish brown ; iris dark
brown " {E. A. Butler). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-5, wing
3-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : " bill dark brown,
the lower mandible and lower edge of the upper one pale flesh-
colour ; feet pale flesh-colour" {E. A.Butler). Total length 5-3
inches, culmen 0*6, wing 3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. From Cutch, eastwards to the Etawah district, and south
to Mysore and Madras.

a-c. Ad. et j uv. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. S fid. sk.
/, g. Ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.

i, k. c? ad. .sk.

/. c? ad. ; 7n, n, o. 5

ad. sk.
p. $ ad. sk.

q. 2 ad. sk.

r, s. cJ ? ad. sk.

t. (S ad. sk.

ti-v. Ad. sk.
y-h'. Ad. sk.
i', k'. S ad. sk.
I'. Ad. sk.

m', n'. Ad. sk.
o', p'. Ad. sk.
q'-s. Ad. sk.
t'. S ad. ; u , v' . $

ad. sk.
w' , x' . Ad. sk.

Cutch, Jan.

Rajkote, Kattiawar, June

21, 1871.
Deesa, July {E. A. Butler).
Ahniedabad, Feb., April.
Oodeypur, Feb. 14, 1878.
Sambhur, June, July {R. M.

Adam).
Sholapur, April, June, July.

Banda, Bundelkund, Dec.

(G. F. L. Marshall).
N.W. Himalayas.
Rahun, Etawah, Dec. {W.

E. Brooks).
Rahun, Etawah, Feb. ( W.

E. B.).
Jhansie, Aug., Sept.
Saugor, Aug.
Bhundara, July.
Balaghat distr., May {R.

Thompson).
Seoni distr., Aug.
Nagpur, July.
Khandeish.
Khandeish, March, July,

Sept. {J. Davidson).
Deccan (Sykes).

Hume Coll.

Major Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
Plume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.
Hume CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU,
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
(Types of species.)

16. HELIOCORYS.

623

y'. Ad. sk. Kondapur, June {S. B. Fair-

bank).
a', c? ; a", b". 2 Ahmednup-fjur, Jidy (S. B.

ad. sk. Fail-bank).

c''-f''. cJ; !/"• $ad. Belgaum, April, June, July

sk. Sept. {F. A. Butler).

h"-k". c? ad. ; /", Mysore, May, Aug. ( W.

m''. 5 ad. sk. Davison),

n'', o". c? 5 ad. sk. Bauo-alore, Aug. (R. G. W.

R).
p",q". Ad.sk. Madras.

r". Ad. sk.

Madras (Jerdon).

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

[P.]. ^
(Types of M. hayi.)
Gould Coll.

16. HELIOCORYS.

1. Head of Heliocorys modest a, to show form of crest.

2. Wing of ditto, to show first primary.

Range. Confined to Equatorial Africa,

1. Heliocorys modesta.

Galerita modesta, Heugl. J.f. O. 1864, p. 274; Shelley, P. Z. S.

1888, p. 28.
Geocoraphus modestus, Heugl. J.f. O. 18G8, p. 229 ; id. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 691, tab. xxiii. (1871).
Alauda modesta, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7772 (1870).
Mirafra bucolica, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 327 (1886) ; Shelley,

P. Z. S. 1888, p. 28.
Mirafra modesta, Hartl. t. c. p. 328.

Adult male. Mottled above like an ordinary Lark, the feathers
being sandy buff with black centres ; the mantle rather lighter
than the rest of the back ; the upper tail-coverts rufescent ;
wing-coverts dusky brown with sand^'-buff margins, inclining
to ashy whitish on the edges of the median and greater coverts ;

624 ALAUDID^.

primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, -with clearer rufous
margins, the primaries and inner secondaries more ashj' on the
edges ; tail-feathers blackish brown with ashy-fulvous edges, the
outer tail-feather rufesccut along its outer margin, except at the
tip, a shade of rufous also pervading the inner web ; head with
a median crest, the feathers like the back, black with edgings of
sandy buff: a broad whitish eyebrow extending to the sides of the
nape and becoming tinged with vinous buif ; lores and feathers
below the eye whitish ; ear-coverts pale brown, dark brown along
the upper edge ; cheeks white, with a blackish line across them
below the eye ; throat ashy white, with a malar line of black ;
fore neck and chest ashy, thickly mottled with black spots and
central streaks, some of which have a lateral tawny shade ; sides of
body and flanks washed with tawny buff, and narrowly streaked
with dark brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries tawny buff,
with dusky brown bases to the feathers ; quills dusky brown below,
rufescent along the inner web : " bill flesh-colour, paler at the base
of the lower mandible ; feet reddish ; iris dusky " {Emin Fasha).
Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-3, tail 1-85, tarsus 0"8.
Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : "bill blackish horn-
colour, the base of the mandible paler ; feet fleshy ; iris dusky "
(Emin Pasha). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3*],
tail I'S, tarsus 0-8.

After examining the series of HeJiocorys modesta sent by Emin
Pasha, and comparing with it an authenticated specimen of Mirafra
hucolica of Hartlaub in the Shelley collection from Kuderma (spec. 6
of Hartlaub's' Dritter Beitrag'), I have no hesitation in stating that
M. hucolica is specifically identical with H. modesta. The supposed
differences in size are, in my opinion, merely due to sex, the male
being, as in most Larks, larger than the female ; and the differences
in plumage are merely due to season. Thus the specimens obtained
in November are still in tolerably fresh plumage, in December they
are much worn, in February the feathers are very much the worse
for wear, and in May they are fresh moulted, and become M. hucolica
of Hartlaub : they are then much more tawny by reason of the greater
breadth of the pale edgings to the feathers. Similarly the black
spots on the chest are more concealed in the winter plumage by
reason of the pale edges, and are much plainer in the nesting-plumage,
when these pale edges get worn off. The species, moreover, is not a
true Mirafra, having neither the bill, the nostrils, nor the hind claw
of that genus, nor do I consider it a true Galerita, but it is nearer
to the latter genus than to Mircfra,
Hah. Equatorial Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Kuderma, Nov. 14 (EmiJi Pasha). Shelley Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. Tamaja, Nov. 3 (Emin). Shelley Coll.

c, d,e.cS;f- $ Kedjaf, Nov. to Feb. Emiu Pasha [P.].

ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk. Tobbo, May 16. Emin Pasha [P.].

17. GALERITA. 625

17. GALESITA.

T)ije.

Galerida, Boie, Isis, 1823, p. .321 CI. cristata.

Heterops, llod'js. in Graijs Znl. Misc. p. 84 (1841) . . G. cristata.

Manje. Central aaJ .Soiitherii Earopa, exteadin^ to Abyssinia,
and to Senega oibia and the Xiger in \Yest Africa; eastwards to
Central Asia, India, and Northern China.

Galerita cristata and its allies.

There are four forms of Crested Lark ^yhich are clearly distin-
guishable by characters : one is the typical G. cristata, the desert
form 6r. isaheUiiia, and the Western Indian bird, always called
Spizalauda malaharlca by authors, but which I consider to be a
true Galerita. G. thecMce of Erehm also appears to stand distinct,
but all the races of G. cristata run more or loss one into the other.
These four forms may be distinguished as follows : —

Key to the Sjjecies.

a. Centre tail-feathers ashy brown, the, light pattern

of the outer feather brown or rufescent ; flanks
streaked witli brown or rufous-browu ; under
wiug-coverts rcifous isabelline cristata, p. 62j.

b. Similar to the foregoing, but with the uuderparts

tinged with yellow ; the crest very short ; the
culmen O'-VO-B inch ; the breast thickly spotted
and the flauks coarsely streaked with black .... thecklcc, p. 633.

c. Centre tail-feathers blackish, as also the crest-

feathers ; light pattern of outer tail-feather deep
rufous ; flanks coarsely streaked with black like
the breast; under wiug-coverts chestnut-rufous. malabarica,^.GSS.

d. Centre tail-feathers sandy rufous like the light

pattern of the outer feather ; flauks not streaked ;

under wing-coverts isabelline isabellina, p. G3o.

Of G. cristata there are several races, at tirst sight somewhat
distinct in appearance, but it is impossible to draw an exact line of
demarcation between them. First there is the dark form from
Northern Europe, the true G. cristata of Linnajus, with a dusky
outer tail-feather and rather distinctly striped flanks. Then in
Southern Europe and the Mediterranean countries generally is a
race of G. cristata, very similar to the typical bird, but differing in
its rufescent outer tail-feather. It has also the striped flanks of
the northern bird. The latter, however, must migrate to the south,
as I have seen specimens from Egypt and Morocco which are abso-
lutely identical with the northern specimens.

The measurements of the true G. cristata are as follows : —
Sweden: d" , wing 4-0-4-1 ; 2, 3-8-3-9. Heligoland: <S , wing
■I-l. Giirlitz : c? , wing -l-lo, Egypt : d , wing 4-0-4-2 ; 5 , 3-9.
Total c? , wing 4-0-4-2 ; $ , :3-S-3-9. Of the rufous-tailed race the

VOL. XIII. 2 s

626

ALAUDIDJi.

dimensions are as follows : — Seville : c? , 'wing 4'1 ; 2 , 3-8. Tunis :
wing ;}-7-4-l.

Specimens from Senegambia (G. sener/alensis) are absolutelj' iden-
tical with S[)anish ones, and as nestlings are in the collection it is
evident that the rufous-tailed Crested Lark breeds in this part of
West Africa. The wing ranges in Senegambian specimens from 3'7
inches to 4-0, but as no sexes are marked on the labels, they are not
available for strict comparison. Male birds from Abyssinia measure
4-1 inches in the wing, and the females from 3-9-3-95. Tliese are
also identical with the rufous-tailed form, which is also in the Museum
from Hhodes ( S , wing 4-1), Asia Minor ( (5 , 4-15-4-25 ; $ , 3-95),
the Eiver Volga (wing 4 '2), and the Caucasus (wing 4-1-4-4). A
female of the same race from Palestine has the wing 3-75 inclics,
and a male from Cyprus has the wing 4-05, the female 3'8 inches.
In Algeria a large-billed form occurs, G. tnacrorhipicJia of Tristram,
which at first sight appears distinct enough, with a culmen measur-
ing 0-85-0-95 inch in the males, and having the wing 4'4-4"5o
inches. Many specimens in the collection, however, approach these
large-billed Algerian birds, notably the ones from Palestine (re-
feiTed to G. macrorliyncha by Tristram). The wing is 4'05-4'2
inches in these specimens, and in another specimen from Kaizarieh
in Asia Minor the bill is 0-75 inch and the wing 4-4, so that in
size this bird nearly approaches G. macrorhijncha.

There is in fact a sandy-coloured race of G. cristata which extends
from Palestine and Asia Minor through Persia to the Indian Penin-
sula, and in Central Asia it becomes extremely pale and rather
larger in size (G. mar/na of Hume). This large race has the wing
from about 4-25 to 4-G5 inches in the male, and in the female from
4"1 to 4-25 inches ; these measurements are approached by many
specimens from other eastern localities.

Specimens from Fao measure 3-95 to 4"2o inches in the wing ; from
Baluchistan males have the wing 4-lo-4"5 inches, and the culmen
0'75. Two specimens from Muscat measure 4-2 inches in the wing,
and have the culmen 0-S, thus nearly approacliing G. mncrorJn/ncJia.

A series of specimens from Sind and North-western India, all
belonging to the sandy-coloured race, yield the following dimen-
sions : —

Males. Wing 3-6-4 2 inches.

Females. Wing 3 5-39 inches.

Some of the Indian birds are very small, and there is probably a
small race of Crested Lark resident in North-western India,

1. Galerita cristata.

The Crested Lark, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 48, pi. 52 (1740) ;

Lnth. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. .389 (1783) ; Yarr. Br. B. i. p. 455

(1845).
L'Alouette hupee du Senegal, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 362, pi. xix. fig. 2

(1760).
Alauda cristata, Lim>. Si/.<:t. A^at. i. p. 288 (1706) ; Gm. Sy.sf. Nat. i.

17. GALERITA. 627

p. 796 (1788); Pall. Zoof/r. Basso- Asinf. i. p. 523 (1811); Temm.
Man. (VOrn. i. p. ^77 (1820) ; Xaum. Vor/. Deutschl. iv. tab. 99.
%. 1 (1824); Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 184 '(1825); Werner, Atlas,
Grnnmn-es, pi. 3 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cam. p. 38 (1832) ;
Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 16-5 (1837) : Cre^pon, Orn. Gard, p. 194
(1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Toy. Rnss. Merid. iii. p. 163 (1840) ;
SeU/s-Lon(/ch. Faun. Belg. p. 84 (1842); Miihle, Beitr. Orn.
Griechenl. p. 35 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. lis (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. S,-c. Nepal pres.
Hodys. p. 108 (1846) ; Thomps. B. Irel. i. p. 23-5 (1849) ; Kjcerb.
Danm. Fuyle, Afb. sviii. fig. 6 (1852) ; ^chl. Toy. Nederl. p. 151
(1854); Hewits. Eyys Brit. B. i. p. 178, pi. xlv. fig. 2 (18.56)^
Stindev. Sv. Fogl. pi. Ixix. fig. 4 (1856-72) ; Linderm. Toy.
Griechenl. p. 47 (1860) ; Schl. Dier. Xederl. Voqels, pi. 17. fif.
(1861) ; Gray, List Brit. B. p. 107 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1804,
p. 60 ; DaiDson Rowley, t. c. p. 224 ; Sperling, t. c. p. 280 ; Filippi,
Viayy. Pers. p. .348 (1865); TF/v>/i;, 7/yw, 1865, p. 464 ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1866, p. 185; Boryyr. Vogel'f. Nurddmtschl. p. 69 (1869);
Elwes ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 16.
fig. 16 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7762(1870);
Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 139 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 2-30 ; Hurting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 110 (1872) ; Xealem. Onze Voy. ii. pi. 35
(1873); Severtz. Turhest. Jevofn. p. 67 (1873); Neioton, ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. i. p. 632 (1874) ; Danf. ^- Harme Brown, Ibis, 1875,
p. 311 ; Fallon, Ois. Bely. p. 78 (1875); Danford, Ibis, 1878,
p. 21, 1880, p. 95; Elwes, t. c. p. 393: Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 217;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 71 (1883) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 11 ; id.
Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 261 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor. Palest, p. 78
(1884) ; Eayle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 144 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 377 ;
Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 246 ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 18 ; Backhouse,
Ibis, 1887, p. 72 ; Tait, t. c. p. 197 ; Scully, J. A. S. Beny. Ivi.
p. 84 (1887) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 324 ; Eayle Clarke, t. c.
p. 546.

La Coquillarde, Duubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 662 ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois.
V. p. 77 (1778).

Le Cochevis, Dauhent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 503. fig. 1 ; Month. Hist. Nat.
Ois. V. p. m, pi. 5 (1778).

Le Cochevis de Senegal, Daubent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 504.

La Grisette, Montb. t. c. p. 79 (1778).

Alauda senegalensis, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Suppl. p. 137 ; Bodd.
Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 29 (1783) ; Gni. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 797 (1788) ;
Hartl. B. West-Afr. p. 153 (1857) ; 'Cas-.s. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864,
p. 249; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7766 (1870).

Alauda coclievis, P. L. S. Miill. S. N. Suppl. p. 136 (1776) ; Cass.
Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 248.

Alauda matutiua, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 40 (1783).

Undated Lark, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 391 (1783).

Senegal Lark, Lath. t. c. p. 392 (1783).

Alauda undata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 797 (1788).

Galerita * cristata, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. -321; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245
(18.50) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 293 (18.59) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 314 ; Tristr. t. c. p. 425 ; Powys, Ibis, 1860,
p. 320; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 436 (1863) ;
Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427 ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 357

* Often wi-ilten Galerlda by mistake.

2s2

628 ALAUBID,13.

(1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Ah/er., Ois. n. p. 38 (1867) ; Beavan,

Ibis, 1868, p. 181 : SmUh, t. c. p. 444 ; Doderl. Avif. SicU. p. i»L>

(1869) ; JDrosfe, Voyelic. Sork. p. 107 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.

Ucc. p. 132 (1871) ; Smuuler.^, Ibis, 1871, p. 217 ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

187], p. 390 ; Skellei/, B. Eqijpt, p. 138 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br.

iii. pi. 17 (1873); 'Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 285, pi. 229 (1873) ;

Hume, Nesis ^ E(jqs Ind. B. p. 488 (1873) ; id. Sfr. F. 1873,

p. 214 ; Adam, t. c. p. 389 ; Swinh. Ibis, 187o, p. 123 ; Irby, B.

Gihr. p. 112 (ls75) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 182 ; Bugler, Str. F.

1876, p. 2; Blanf. East. Pers. n. p. 240 (1876); Darid S,- Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 3l"7 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 145

(1877) ; Butler, Sfr. F. v. p. 185 (1877) ; Ball, t. c. p. 223 ; Hume,

Str. F. vii. p. 6l> (1878) ; id. Str. F. yiii. p. 109 (1879) ; Scnlh/,

t. c. p. 338 ; Doiff, t. c. p. 371 ; Boqd. B. Cauc. p. 73 (1879) ;

Butler, Cat. B. Sind S^-c. p. 50 (1870); Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881,

p. 959 ; Giql. Iconoe/r. Avif. Ital. pi. 181 ; liarlde, Orn. Cauc.

p. 209 (1884); Miirray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 198 (1884);

Salvad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital. p. 154 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 68

(1886) ; Reid, Cat. B. Luchioiv Mns. p. 139 (1886) ; Hartert,

J. f. 0. 1886, p. 582: Lilford, I/ns, 1886, p. 380; Ska)-pe, t. c.

pp. 165, 487 ; Kaniq, J.f. 'O. 1888, p. 218 ; Irbif, Keif List Brit.

B. p. 20 (1888) ; GuiL Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 127 (1889).
Alauda galerita, Pall. Zooqr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 524 (1811).
Alauda chendoola, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 119 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 118, no. 7763 (1870).
Galerida viarum, Brehm, Voq. Deutschl. p. 315 (1831).
Oalerida midata, Brehm, t. c. p. 316 (1831).
Alauda g-ulp-ula (nee Frankl), Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92.
Certhilauda chendoola, Bli/th, J. A. S. Bemj. xiii. p. 962 (1844), xv.

p. 41 (1846) ; Huiton, op. cit. xvi. p. 780 (1847).
Certhilauda boysii, Bhith, J. A. S. Ben;,, xv. p. 41 (1846).
Heterops cristatus, Hodr/s. Icon. incd. in Brit. Mus., Passercs, pi. 295.

fio-s. 1, 2 (no. 729) ; 'id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).
Galerida chendoola, Bh/th, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 133 (1849) ;

Bj). Consp. i. p. 245 (1850).
Galerida boysii, Bhfth, t. c. p. 133 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850) ;

Blyth, Has, 1867, p. 48.
Galerita senep:alensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850).
Galerida nigricans etc., Brehm, Voyelf. pp. 123-125 (1855).
Galerita cristata nigrricans etc., Brehm, Nauin. 1858, pp. 206-209.
Galerita randonii, Loche. Cat. Mamm. etc. Alger, p. 85 (1858); id.

Rev. et May. de Zool. 1860, p. 150, pi. xi. fig. 2.
Galerita macrorhyncha, Tristram, Ibis, 1859, pp. 57, 426; Drake,

Ibis, 1869, p. 153 ; Gurnei/, Ibis, 1871, p. 200 ; Dresser, B. Eur.

iv. p. 301, pi. 230. fig. 2 (1873); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 112 (1875);

Kcenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 217.
Alauda leautungensis, Sunnh. Ibis, 1861, p. 2.56, 18G3, p. 87 ; Gray,

Hand-l B. ii. p. 119, no. 7769 (1870).
Galerita leautungensis, Simih. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 272, 1870, p. 433 ;

Prjev. in Rowley s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 314 (1877).
Galerita brachyura, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 435.
INIegalophonus randonii, Loche, E.rpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 41

(1867).
Spizalauda deva (nee Si/kes), Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 181.
Alauda brachvura, Graq, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7771 (1870).
Alauda boysii, Graq, t.'c. p. 118, no. 7764 (1870).
Alauda macrorhvncha. Gray, t. c. p. 119, no. 7768 (1870).

17. olvlerita. 629

Alauda (Galerita) cristata, ^foy;/. Geul.S,- Zool. Alyss. p. 387 (1870).
Mirafra areiiijola, Graif, Iland-I. B. ii. p. Vl'l, no. 7814 (1870).
Galerida magna, Hunie, Ibis, 1871, p. 407 ; Hume i^'- Hemlers.

Lahore to Yark. p. i'70, pi. oO (187a ) ; Severtz. Sir. F. iii. p. 4i'4

(1875) ; Scul/i/, Str. F. iv. p. 175 (1876) ; Menzbiev, Ibis, 1885,

p. 3-54.
Galerita microcristata, Homeyer, J. f. O. 1873, p. 202.
Galerita parvicristata (yiom. emend.), SJiarpe, Zool. liec. 1873, p. 64.
Alauda magna (nee Hume), Di.von, Ibis, 1882, p. 571.
Alauda cristata, var. macroihyncba, <SVeio/»H, if »s^. i?/7<. i? n p ^Q2

(1884). _
Alauda cristata, var. magna, Seebohvi, t. c. p. 262 (1884).
Alauda isabeUina (nee Bp.), Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest p 78

(1884). _
Alauda cristata, var. leautungensis, Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p ■''02

(1884).
Galerita cristata caucasica, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 00-3, 1888, p. 404.
Galerita cristata coreensis, Taez. Bull. 8oc. Zool. France, 1887,

p. 620.

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above brown, with
blackish centres to the feathers, the back not so strongly mottled as
in the gencralitj- of Larks : lower back and rump rather more
nnifoim and more ashy than the back ; the lower rump and upper
tail-coverts rather more vinaccons ; wing-coverts like the back, the
median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with ashy brown ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills brown, externally washed
with pale rufous, the innermost secondaries with ashy ; tail-feathers
brown with ashy margins, the penultimate feather sandy buif along
the outer web ; the outer feather pale brown, externally sandy buft',
and obliquely darker brown on the inner web ; crown of head like
the back, slightly tinged with vinaceous, and streaked with darker
brown ; a long median crest of narrow plumes ; lores, an indistinct
eyebrow, and feathers round the eye bufiy white ; sides efface and
ear-coverts brown, the latter shaded with darker brown, with a
whitish patch just below the eye ; cheeks and throat whitish, with
some blackish spots on the former ; sides of neck pale brown ; re-
mainder of under surface of body isabelline whitish, browner on the
fore neck and breast, the chest thickly spotted with black, taking
more the form of streaks on the sides of the breast, as well as on
the sides of the body and flanks ; thighs and under tail-coverts
isabelline, the latter with dusky centres ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries clear vinous isabelline ; quills below dusky, rufescent
along the inner edge : " bill greyish brown, the lower mandible
lighter and more dusky; feet dusky yellowish flesh- coloiu' ; iris
light brown " [J. 0. Xainivinn). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 4-25, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller. Total length 6'5
inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3'8, tail 2-4, tarsus 0"9o.

Hah. The same as that of the genus.

030

ALAl'DinjS.

a,b. (^5 ad. sk.
c, <^. c? ; e. $ ad.

sk.
/. dad. sk.
.9. c? ad. isk.
^, '• c? $ ad. sk.
A-. Ad. sk.

l-o. S ad. ; jy.

$ ad. sk. _
5, ;•. Ad. et juv.

sk.

a. G. crisiata,

Maluib, S. Sweden, Jan., Oct. o.
Malmii, Dec, March (If.

Aleves).
Heligoland, May.
Giirlitz, Saxony, March 13.
Westphalia.
Belgium, Dec. 12.

Egypt, March, May {G. E. S.).

Egypt.

a,b. (J 2 ad. sk

c. Ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. c? ad. sk.
/(. Ad. sk.

i, k. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m, n, 0. Ad. ; />,

q. Juv. sk.
1; s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
ti. Juv. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.r. 2 ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.
z. j ad. sk.

a', b' . Ad. sk.
c, d'. cJ $ ad.

sk.
e'. (S ad. sk.

/', //'. (5 ad. ; h

5 ad. sk.
i'. 2 ad. sk.
A', /'. Ad. sk.

a. (S ad. sk.

/). S ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

W. Meves [C.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Brussels Museum

[P.].
Shelley Coll.

, PI. Gurnev, Esq.

[P.].

ft. Hufous-tailed race (G. seuegalcnsis).

Seville, Spain, April 17 {liuiz).

Granada {H. Samiders).

Malaga, Jan. 2 {H. *S'.).

Gibraltar.

Coimbra, Portugal, Dec.

Tangiers, March 23 {G. E. S.).

Tangiers {Faviev).

Algeria (O. ^."^.

Sicilj' (E. W. Gates).

River Gambia.

Senegal.

Eiver Gambia (Sir A. Moloney).

Sierra Leone.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia.

Massovca, Aug. 25.

Massowa ( W, Jesse).
Zoulla, Dec. 26.

Amba, Bogos Land ( W. Jesse).
Larnaca, Cyprus, April 17.

Rhodes, Dec. 3 (C. G. Ban-
ford).
Asia Minor, Jan., Oct. (7'. Hub-
son).
Volga.

Kutais, Caucasus, Oct., Nov.
(Michalovshij).

Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Col. Irbv [P.].
Dr. L. Vieira [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

L. Laglaize [C.].

Shelley Coll.

Sir E."^Sabine [P.].

M. Verreaux.

Sharpe Coll.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Sharpe Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].

Lord Lilford [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

St. Petersburc

seum [E.].

Mu-

y. Large-billed race (G. mucrorliyncliu).

Algeria.

Algerian Sahara (Loche).
Algeria {H. B. Tristra?)i).
Aiu Oussera, March.

Oiidena, Tunis, Feb. (H.B. T.

Captain Loche [C.].
Shelley CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. H. Gurnev, Esq.,

jun. [P.]. '
Shellev Cull.

J 7. GALERITA. 631

S. Sandj'-coloured ra^e.

«. cJ ad. sk. Kaizarieh, Asia Minor, May 6 Seebobm Coll.

(C G. Danford).

b,c. (S 2 ad. sk. Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].

d', e'. Ad. sk. Aden. P. L. Sclater, Esq.

[P.].

f. Ad. sk. Sheik Othman, near Aden, ColonelYerbiiry [P.].

March 28.

(I. 9 ad. sk. Mashish, S. Persia, Mav 21. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

e. c? ad. sk. Bam, S.E. Persia, April 22. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

/, ^. c5'$ad. ; Fao, Turkish Arabia, Aug., Nov. W. D. Cumming,

/*-/. Ad. sk. Esq. [P.].

7n,n.Ad.sk. Muscat. Colonel Miles [P.].

o. c? ad. sk. Cjwadar, Mekran Coast, Feb. 18 Hume Coll.

(A. O. H. ).

p. cj ad. sk. G\\ adar, Dec. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

a. (S ad. sk. Dizak, Baluchistan, March 21. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

r,s. cJad.sk. Giilran,N. Afghanistan, March. Dr. Aitchison [P.].

t. $ ad. sk. Tirphul, April 6. Dr. Aitchison [P.].

^^ S ad. ; v-x. Kandahar, Dec, Feb. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

2 ad. sk.

?/, ;:. <S ad. sk. Melkarez, April, May. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

u'-e. Ad. sk. Pushut (Dr. Griffitli). India Mus.

/',//. (5 ad. et Chamau, Aug. (>SV/- 0.<S'^. Jo^m). Hume Coll.

juv. sk.

h',i',h'. S a.A.; Nal, Khelat, May 7 (0. T. Hume Coll.
I'. $ ad. ; m'. Duke).
Juv. sk.

n'. Ad. sk. Zehree, Khelat, June (O.T.D.). Hume Coll.

o'. 2 ad. sk. Quetta, Dec. 3 {Sir O. .SY. Hume Coll.

John),

p. Ad. sk. Pishin Valley, Dec. 18 [Sir 0. Hume Coll.

St. John). "

q'. Ad. sk. Khelat-i-Ghilzai, Oct. {Sir O. Hume Coll.

St. John),

r'. r? ad. sk. Samarcand {Russow). St. Petersburg Mus.

[E.].

s',t'. c? 2 ad. sk. Karachi, Sind, Oct. (F. Day). Hume Coll.

u'. c? ad. ; v', Karachi, March, May {£. A. Hume Coll.
to'j.v'. 2 ad. Butler).
sk.

y'. Pull. sk. Eastern Narra, March 28 (>S'. Hume Coll.

Doi(/).

a". 6 ad. sk. Mooltan, Jan. 20. Seebohm CoU.

b", c". d 2 ad. Sukkur, Dec. 28 {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

sk.

d". 6 ; e",f". Banks of Chenab, Dec. 7 {A. Hume Coll.

5 ad. sk. O.H.).

tj", h". 2 ad. sk. Mithenkote, Dec. 10 (A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

'i",k". J; /". 2 Hussin-ki-gushi, N. Sind, Dec. Hume Coll.
ad. sk. IS {A. O. JT.^

032

ALAUDIDiE.

')n",n". <S $ ad.

sk.
o",p". S ad.sk.
q"-.v". S\ y",

z". 2 •id. ; «'.

Juv. sk.
b\ Ad. sk.
c^ Ad. sk.

(P, e^. Ad. sk.
J\ Ad. sk.
(/•■'-r^. Ad. sk.
>. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
u^. Ad. sk.
v^, iv^. 2 ad. sk.

2 ad. sk.
c*-c^. (5' ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.
V/'. 2 ad. sk.

A'. 2 ad. sk.

i\ kK Ad. sk.
l\ 2 ad. sk.
m*-o^. 6 ad. ;

J9''. 2 ad. sk.
q*, r\ d ad. sk.
s*, i!^ Ad. sk.
u*. 2 ad. sk.

2 ; (fi-n^. Ad. sk.

o5, ^j\ c? ad. sk.

y\ Ad. sk.
r'-t'. Ad. sk.

?<\ Ad. sk.
v'. 2 ad. sk.
%v'. Ad. sk.
.r', 2/', 3°. Ad. sk.

«% 6". c? 2 ad. ;

c^. Juv. sk.
(C S ad. sk.
c^j/s. Imni. sk.

Sehwau, Jan. (A. O. H.). lliiiue Coll.

Jodhpur, Fet. {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

Sanibhur, Jan., Feb., April, Hume Coll.

Juno, July, Dec. {R. M.

Adam).
Loodiana, April (.4. 0. II.).
Lahore.

Lahore.

Lahore.

Sirsa District, Dec, Jan.

Murdan, Dec.

Peshawur, May 1 .

Peshawur, Jan. 20.

Gilgit, March.

Umbala, Nov. (-R. C. Beavan).

Saharunpur, Nov., March {G.
F. L. MarsMll).

Saharunpur, Jan. 3L

Muttra, Dec. 8 (G. F. L. Mar-
shall).

Alighur, Nov. 30 {S. Ander-
son).

Masuri.

Dehra, Dec. 27 {G. Kiny).^

Gurgaou District, Feb., Sept.
( W. N. Chill).

Delhi, Feb. (C. T. Bimjham).

N.W. Provinces.

Futtehgurh, April 6 (A. Ander-
son).

Etawah, Jan., March to Mav,
July, Nov., Dec. {A. O. H.
cS- TT'. E. B.).

Ca^vnpore, Mav, Nov. (IF. E.
Broohs).

I^iicknow, May.

Oudh, Jan., Dec. {A. Ander-
son).

Nepal.

llaipiu-.

Saugor.

Near Pekiu, July, Sept. {R.
Sir in hoe).

Talienwau, June {R. S.)

Hume Coll.

C. Bygi'aveAVharton

Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Wav [P.].
Col. Biddulph [C.].
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Major Bingham [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume ColL
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Pinwill CoU.
Seebohm CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Colonel Way [P.J.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Seebohm CoU.

Chefoo, May (R. S.).
Chefoo, Aug.

Seebohm Coll.
(Types of G. leautungejisis.)
Seebohm Coll.
F. W. Stvan, Esq.

[P.]. •

a,h. S 9- ad. .sk.
c, d. S ad. sk.

e. G. magna.

Petroalexaudrovsk, Sept. Severtzoff Coll.

Petroalexandrovsk, .Sept. 8 {N. Seebohm CoU.
Severtzoff).

17. GALERITA.

633

e. 2 ad. sk.

/. 6 ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
/^ Ad. sk.
/, k. d ad. sk.

/, in, n. Ad. ; u.

Jiiv. sk.
p, q. Ad. sk.

>; s. 2 ad. sk.
t, II, V. J ad. sk.

ju. Ad. sk.

X. 2 ad. sk.

?/,-. cJ2 atl.sk.
"V. Ad. sk.
.'/', h'. d 2 ad.
sk.

i'. d ad. sk.

Tashkend, Nov. 21.

Nija, E. Tui-kestau (Prje-

u-ahL-i).
C'liarwagh, Aut;-.
Alashaii, Jan. (Prjiwalski).
Lobnoor, Feb., Dec. {Pi'je-

zcahJii).
C'hadir-kul, Aug'.

Guma, Sept.

Yarkaod,Feb.,Marcli(/.'S'(:M('i'y).

Yarkaud, Aug-. {Dr. Hender-
son).

Karghalik, Aug. 20 (G. Hender-
son).

Sanju, Yarkaud, Oct. 28 (/.
liiddidph).

Kasligar. Oct. 23 (J. S. ^- J. B.).

KashgarVz*;-. Believe).

Hyderabad, Oct. {E. A. Butler).

Severtzoft' Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Rev. Dr. Lausdell.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

" Eev. Dr. Lansdell

[0.].
Eev. Dr. Lansdell

[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
(Types of G. maijna.)
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
ludia Mus.
Hume Coll.

Jacobabad, Dec. (A. 0. H). Hume Coll.

2. Galerita thecMse.

Galerita theeklfe, Brehm, Kmim. 1858, p. 210; Hoiiiei/er, Erinn.

Vers. deutscM. Orn. 1870, p. 47.
Galerida miramarai, Humei/cr, J.f, O. 1882, p. -"jI-j.

Adult. Similar to G. cristata, but much smaller, aud having the
appearance of a Wood-Lark, with a yellow tinge pervading the
under surface of the body. The breast-spots and flank-stripes are
very numerous, the outer tail-feather has the h'ght jiattern very
rufous, and the race is easily distinguished by its very short bill.
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0"55, wiug 3-9, tail 2-15, tarsus
0-95.

Hab. Southern Spain and North-eastern Africa.

u. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.
(/. c? ad. sk.

Tangiers.
Tangfiers (Olcese).
Tangiers (Oh-ese).
Tunis, Feb. 21 (O. S.).

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
1!.R. Sharpe,Esq. [P.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.

3. Galerita malafcarica.

Alouette huppee de la Cote de Malabar, Son?). Toy. hides, ii. p. 20-3,

pi. 11.3. fig. 1 (1782).
Alauda malabarica. Scop. Del. Flor. et Fuim. Insidjr. ii. p. 94

(1780) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 795 (1788).
Malabar Lark, Lcdh. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 379 (1783).
Alauda deva (wee Si/h's), Jerd. Madr. Jvurn. xi. p. 31 (1840).

034

ALAUDIDJ3.

Alauda malabarica {ncc ScopI), Jevcl. B. Ind. ii. p. 436 (18G3) ; Blanf.

J. A. S. Ben;/, xxxviii. pt. 2, p. 183 (18(J9) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 117, uo. 7/'48 (1870j ; Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 48G.
Spizalauda deva (nee Sykes), Hume, J. A. S. Beny. xxxix. pt. 2,

p. 119 (1870).
Spizalauda malabarica {nee Scop.), Hume, Str. F. i. p. 480, note

(1873) ; Fiiirh. Sfr. F. iii. p. 201 (1875) ; Butler, Cat. B. S.Bomb.

Fres. p. 04 (1880) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109 (1879) ; Vidal, Str.

F. ix. p. 73 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 404 (1883).
Alauda (Spizalauda) malabarica, Blanford, Str. F. iv. p. 241 (1876).
Galerita cristata {nee L.), Davidson ^- Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 86

(1878).

Adult male. Similar to G. cristata, but Tcry much darker and
more rufesccnt, especially rufous below ; the breast very strongly
spotted with black ; the flanks without blackish streaks ; light
pattern of outer tail-feather very rufous ; under wing-coverts and
quill-lining ashy rufous : " bill hoiTiy brown above, whitish flesh-
colour below ; legs and feet whitish flesh-colour ; iris dark brown "
{E. A. Butler). Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-8,
tail 2-3, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Soft parts as in
the male. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-7, tail 2-1,
tarsus 0-9.

In a series of specimens the males have the wing from 3-7 to
3-95 inches, and the females from 3-55 to 3-7.

Hah. Southern India from Travancore and the Xilghiris, as far
north as the neighbourhood of Ahmedabad.

a.b. (S\ c. 2 ^d. Ahmedabad, March.

d,e. 6 2 ad. sk.

f,y, h. 6\ i-m.

2 ad. sk.
71. (S ad. sk.
o,jo. d; 9-. 2 ad.

sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.

t,u.s2 ^^- s^-
r, w, X. 6; y- 2

ad. sk.
z. 2 Ad. sk.

a, b', c'. Ad. sk.

d', e'. (S ad. sk.

/', ,/, h'. Ad. sk.

i-m'. 6 ? ad. sk.

n'-r'. S\ s'-c' . 2
ad. sk.

Mahabaleshwar, Feb.,
^l&ivh{S.B.Fairhank).

Mahabaleshwar, March-
May {S. B. Fairbank).

Khau'dala, Oct.

Khandala Top, April, May
{S. B. Fairbank).

Goa Hills, April (.S.i?. P.).

Deccan (Sykes).

Eatuaghiri, Oct. ( G. Vidal).

Belgaum, Aug. Sept. {F.
A. Butler).

Mangalore, April {Br. F.
Day).

Mysore, May, July ( IT .
Davison).

Wynaad, April ( Tr. Davi-
son).

Kotagherrv, July, Aug.
{Miss Cockburn).

Ootacamund, Feb., March
(W. Davison).

Coonoor, Jan., Feb., March
( Jr. Davison).

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Cull.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H-ume Coll.

17. GALEEITA. 635

.Jiiv.sk. Cooaoor, Dec. 1880. A. Macu-regor,Esq. [P.].

y'. Ad. sk. Malabar. Tweeddale Coll.

a" , b". Ad. sk. Aujango, Travancore, Dec. Hume Coll.

4. Galerita isabellina*.

Cxalerida abvssinica. Bji. Cotiy). i. p. 245 (1850) ; Brehm, Xaniii.

1858, p. 209; Trisfr. Ibis, 1859, p. 425; Guniey, Ibis, 1871,

p. 290.
Galerida isabellina, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 18.59,

p. 425 ; Adams, Ibis, 1861, p. 24 ; Loche, Kvpl. Sci. Alyer., Ois.

ii. p. 40 (1867); Tacz.J.f. 0. 1870, p. 43; Ileuyl. Orn. ^'.0.-

Afr. iv. App. p. cxlix (1871) ; Dresser, B.Eur, iv. p. .30-3, pi. 230.

fio;. 1 (1873) ; Kaniy, J. f. O. 1888, p. 219.
Galerita Hava, Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 77 ; id. Xaiim. 1858, p. 209 ;

HeKffl. Orn. X.O.-Afr. '[. pt. 2, p. (382 (1870), iv. App. p. cl (1871) ;

Homeyer, J.f. O. I;s73, p. 204.
Galerita lutea, Brehm, Naum. 1853, p. 210.
Galerita areuicola, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, pp. 58, 42(J ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870,

p. 15.
Alauda abyssinica, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7765 (1870).
Alauda isabellina. Gray, t. c. p. 119, no. 7767 (1^70).
Alauda cristata, var. isabellina, Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 262

(1884).

Adult. Similar to G. cristata, but entirely rufous isabelline above
■with faintly indicated darker centres to the feathers, the crest-
feathers darker ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers sandy
rufous, as also the outer webs of the others, the outermost feather
rufous, with an oblique dusky mark on the inner web ; under sur-
face of body white, purer on the breast and abdomen, with numerous
streaks and spots of dusky brown on the fore neck and chest : '■ bill
brownish above and yellowish below ; feet yellowish ; iris reddish''
{Loche). Total length 7"S inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4, tail 2-5o,
tarsus 1.

Hah. The desert portions of Korth-east Africa, ranging across to
Abyssinia.

a. Ad. sk. Biskra, Algeria. Sharpe Coll.

b. cS fid. sk. Taui, Soudau, April. Capt. W. Verner [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Abyssinia. Purchased.
d,e,f.Ad.sk. Abyssinia. Sharpe Coll.

y. Var. sk. Zoiilla, Annesley Bay, Feb. 9. AY. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.l.

h. Ad. sk. Fazogloa. Edward AVilson, Esq. [P.].

* I believe G. abyssinica and G. isahclLna of Bonaparte's 'Couspectus'
(p. 245) to be the same bird. Of the two names published on the same page I
prefer that oi isabellina, &s abyssinica might inter that it is strictly Abyssinian,
which is not the case.

G36

18. LULLULA.

Type.

I.iilhilii, Kmtp, NatUrl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) L. arborca.

t'orys, Eeichenb. Sijst. Av. Taf. 74. fig. 8 (1850) L. arborea.

Foot of Lalhda arborea, to sLow Ijind claw.

Bange. Europe generally, uot extending very far north, and ran^
ing eastwards into Persia.

1. Lullula arborea.

La Tetite Alouette bup^e, Briss. Oni. iii. p. 3G1 (1760).

Alauda arborea, Lhin. Syst. Xat. i. p. 287 (1760) ; Temm. Man.
d'Oni. i. p. 282 (1820) ; Kaum. Voy. Deutschl. iv. Taf. 100. tig. 2
(1824) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 6 (1827) ; Metiefr. Cat.
liais. Cauc. p. 39(1832); Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 167 (1837);
3Iacylll. Br. B. ii. p. 174 (1839); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 193
(1840) ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Ems. Merid. iii. p. 104 (1840);
Seli/s-Lonych. Faun. Bely. p. 84 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 417
(1843) ; M'Me, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 35 (1844) ; Schl. Rev.
Crit. p. lix (1844) : Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844); Thomps.
B. Irel. i. p. 236 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 24o (1850); Kfeerb.
Orn. Dan. Afh. xviii. fig. 4 (1852); Sold. Voy. Nederl. pi. 149
(1854); Heioits. Fqys Br. B. i. p. 179, pi. xl. tig. 3 (1856);
Sundev. Svensk. Fuy'l. pi. \-iii. fig. 2 (1850-72) ; Jaub. Sf BartL-
Lapo7nm. Rich. Orti. p. 291 (1859) ; Linderm. Voy. Griechenl.
p. 48 (I860) ; Poiotis, Ibis, 1860, p. 229 ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Voy.
pi. 17. tig. 11 (1861); Gray, List. Br. B. p. 100 (1863); Wriyht,
Ibis, 1804, p. 60; Bettoni, Ucc.nidif. Lomb. pi. 61 ( 1 865-70 j ;
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 124; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 287; Beyl. et
Gerbe, Orn. Fur. i. p. 340 (1807) ; Loche, Fxpl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii.
p. 31 (1867) ; Smith, Ibis, 186S, p. 443 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1869,
p. 171 ; Boryyr. Voyelf. Nordde.utschl. p. 70 (1809) : Doderl. Avif.
Sicil. p. 94 (1809) ; Froste, Voyehv. Borkum's, p. 107 (1809) ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7760 (1870) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 10 ;
Fritsch, Voy. Fur. tab. 16. fig. 3 (1870) ; Flwes Sf Buckley, Ibis,
1870, p. 194 ; Saunders, Ibis. 1871, p. 210 ; Salvad. Faun. ltal.,Ucc.
p. 131 (1871) : Gray, B. TV. 'Scotl. p. ]23 (1871) ; Hartiny, llandb.
Br. B.-p. 25 (1872) ; Shelley, B.Fr/ypt, p. 139 (1872); F)resser,B.
Fur. iv. p. 321, pi. 232 (1873) ; Keul. Onze Voy. ii. pi. 34 (1873) ;
Brookes, Ibis, 1873, p. 245 ; Ne.ict. ed. Yarr. Br B. i. p. 625 (1874) ;
Danf. lV Ilarrie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 311 ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876,
p. 26 ; Fallon, Oi.s. Bely. p. 77 (1875) ; Blanf. Fast. Pers. ii. p. 240
(1870); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 144 (1877) : Dan/. Ibis,

IS. LFLLULA. 637

1878, p. 21 ; Seehihm, Ibis, 1881. p. 21? ; Di.roii, Ibis, 1882, p. 571 ;

Seebo/im, Ibis, 188S, 1^. 11; Irbi/, I.e. p. 18o; B. O. U. List Br.

B. p. 71 (188-3) ; Saun'Jers, Ibis, 1884, p. 377 ; Seebuhm, Hist. Br.

B. ii. p. 2o6 (1884^ ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 79 (1884) ;

Whitehead, Ibis, 188o, p. 40; Gigl. Ai-if. Ital. p. 1G5 (1836);

Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 72 ; Tait, t. c. p. IM'^ ; Lilfovd, t. c. p. 282;

id. Col. Fig. Br. B. part iv. (18?7); Irh/, Ki/ List Br. B. p. 21

(1888) ; Giffl. Avif. Ital. 1st Besoc. p. 122 (1889) ; Lilfurd, Ibis,

1889, p. 323.
Le Lulu OLi La Petite Alouette Imppee, Dauhent. PI. Enl. v. pi. 503.

fig. 2 ; Month. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. p. 74 (1778).
Wood-Lark, irt//*. Gen. .Si/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1783); Tarr. Br. B.

i. p. 417(1843).
Lesser Crested Lark, Lath. t. c. p. .391 (1783)
Alauda nemorosa, Gm. Si/st. Xat. i. p. 797 (1788) ; Bmu; Orn.

Proven^, pi. 183 (1825).
Lulliila arbovea, Kanp. Katiirl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.

1874, p. G.;5; Irbi/, B. Gibr. p. 113 (1875); Badde, Orn. Cauc.

p. 211 (1884) ; lieid, Ibis, 1885, p. 246; Salcad. Elenc. Ucc. Ital.

p. 154 (188(;).
Galerita ueuiorosa, Brehm, Vot/. Deutschl. p. 316 (1831).
Galerita arborea, Brehm, t. c. p. 317 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 37

(1838); Cab. 3Ius. Hein. Tli. i. p. 125 (1850) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. i. pt. 2, p. 683 (1871).
Corvs arborea, Bof/d. B. Cauc. p. 74 (1879).
Galerita musica et G. anthirostris, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 124 (1855).

Adult. General colour above deep .saudj- rufous, ^vith broad black
centres to the feathers, the mantle rather paler and less broadly
centred with black ; lower back aad rump ashy brown ; upper tail-
coverts long, ashy brown with a reddish tinge ; lesser wing-coverts
ashy brown marked with sandy rufous ; median and greater coverts
dark brown with broad rufous margins ; a conspicuous white spot
on the edge of the wing; bastard-wing and primary- coverts black,
with broad whitish ends, the black forming a patch on the latter ;
quills daik brown, the ])rimaries edged with sandy buff, and
narrowly fringed with white at the ends ; the secondaries dark
brown, with a median patch of rufous at the end of the feathers ;
centre tail-feathers reddish brown, with dusky brown in the centre,
the remainder black, with a triangular white spot at the end;s in-
creasing in extent towards the outer feather, which is smoky brown,
with a broad oblique mark of black on the inner web ; the outer
web dusky towards the tip ; crown of head sandy buff, the feathers
broadly centred with black ; hind neck and sides of neck lighter
than the crown ; lores and a broad eyebrow whitish, nearly meeting
on the nape ; eyelid whitish ; car-coverts rufous, dark brown along
the upper margin ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body whitish,
tino-ed with yellow on the breast and abdomen ; the throat and chest
washed with yellowish buff, the throat narrowly and the fore neck
and chest broadly streaked with black ; sides of body and flanks
brown, streaked with black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts
leaden grey ; quills dusky below, ashy grey on the inner web.
Total length -rb inches, culmcn 0-5, wing 3"65, tail 1-9, tarsus OS.

(33S ALAUDTDJE.

Tho males, as determined in the collection, have the wing from
3-6 to 3-95 inches, the females from 3-G to 3-8. There is no dit-
fereuce in the colour of the sexes, but in the winter plumage the
general coloration is more rufous. The sexes, if the determn.ations
are correct, seem to differ less in size than is usual in the family.

Jfab. The same as that of the genus.

n. Ad. sk.
I). Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. st.

e. Ad. ; f, (J-
Juv. sk.

/,, )■, /,-. Ad. sk.

I. S ai. st.
m. Ad. sk.

n, o. J ? ad. sk.

p, q. c? ad. sk.

)•, s. Ad. sk.

t. (S; u,v. 2 ad.

sk.
w. c? ad. sk.

.r. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
s, «'. Ad. sk.

b'. (S ad. sk.

c\ (V. 6 ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/'. 5 ad. sk.
g'^ h' . (5 ad. sk.
i . (5 ad. sk.
k',l'.6 ? ad.sk.

tn'. Ad. sk.

«;. $ ad. sk.
(,'. ? ad. sk.
p\ Skull.

England, Oct.
Bristol, Oct. 25.
Axmouth, Devon, Dec.

Wiltshire.
Hampshire.

Colgate, Sussex, Dec, .'Vpril.

Briu-hton, Feb.

II inipstead Heath, Oct. 27

(R. B.S.).
S. Norway, April, July (-/.

Baker).
SkSne, Sweden, Feb., March

( W. Meres).
Heligoland, Sept., Nov.

Heligoland, Apiil, Oct.,

Dec. (L. Gdtke).
Valkenswaavd, Holland, May

26 (if. S.).
Belgium, Dec. 1.
France.
Arcachon and Paris,

{E. V. Seebohm).
Seville, Spain, Feb.

(Ruis).
Gibraltar, April 21.
Coimbra, Portugal.
Tangier (Olcexe).
Asia Minor, Jan., Nov.
Smyrna, Nov. 27 (C. G. D.).
Taurus Mountain, Asia Minor,
Jan., April (C. G.Dan ford).
Alamut, Anatolia, Feb. { C. G

D.).
Rhodes, Dec. 3 (C. G. D.).
Erzeroum (Dkksou S( Ross).
P)erlin.

Jan.

Gould Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

R. B. Sbarpe, Esq.

[P.].
Montagu Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.J.
H. Swaysland [C.].
Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

BrusselsMuseum[P.].
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

20 Seebohm Coll.

Colonel Irby [P.].
Dr. L. Vieira [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
T. Robson [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Gould Coll.

Dr. Giiuther [C.].

19. CALENDCJLA. 639

19. CALENDULA.

Type.

Calendula, Sioains. Classif. B. ii. p. 292 (1837) C. crassirostris.

Eraua, Grai/, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 48 C. crassirostris.

Foot of CahiuJuhi crassirostris:.
Range. Coiifiucd to South Africa.

1. Calendula crassirostris.

Alouette a gros bee, Leuaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 193 (1805) ; Sundev.

Krit. om Leoaill. p. 4i3 (1857).
Alauda crassirostris, lleill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nut. i. p. 373 (1816) ;

Oral/, Gen. B. ii. p. 380 (1844) ; Layard, D. S. Afr. p. 208 (1807) ;

Grat/, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 119, no. 7773 (1870); Shelley, Ibis, 1875,

p. 81.
Alauda magnirostris, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 27 (1826).
Melauocorypha crassirostris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322.
Caleudala magnirostris, Stvai?is. Classif. B. ii. p. 292 (1837).
Erana crassirostris. Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p 48.
Megaloplionus crassirostris, Bp. Consp.i.p. 243 (1850).
Galerita crassirostris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).
Calendula crassirostris, Gurney in Andevsson\^ B. Dam.-Ld. p. I'.t5

(1872) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 636 ; id. ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr.

p. 513 (1884).
Ammomaues crassirostris, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 72 (1872).

Adult. Above dark brown, the feathers tolerably broadly margined
with sandy fulvous, getting lighter on the extreme edge of the
feather, the lower back and rump ashy brown, more uniform, or
having only a few central streaks of dark brown, on the lower back ;
head rather lighter brown than the rest of the upi>er surface, the
dark brown central streaks rather narrower ; hind neck inclining
to ashy fulvous and minutel)' streaked with dark brown ; wing-
coverts dark brown, somewhat shaded with ashy and rather broadly
margined with sandy fulvous on the median and lesser coverts, the
greater series margined with ashy, but without such distinct edges
of sandy buff as the other series ; (]uills brown, narrowly tipped and
margined on the outer web with sandy white, the secondaries
distinctly shaded with grey ; upper tail-coverts ash)- brown shaded
with sandv and streaked with dark brown down the centres of the

G40 AL.\TTDIB,E.

longest feathers ; tail-feathers dark brown margined with ashy grey,
the penultimate feather narrowly and tlie outermost a little more
broadly margined and tipped with sandy white or fulvous ; lores,
feathers above and below the eye, as well as a streak running along
the sides of the crown, fulvous white, but not forming a distinct
eyebrow : cheeks fulvous white, minutely spotted with blackish
brown ; ear-coverts dark brown streaked with sandy buff ; under
surface of body dull yellowish white, the throat very slightly spotted
with blackish brown, gradually narrowing on the lower breast and
sides of abdomen to hair-like lines ; bully, vent, and under tail-
coverts unspotted ; flanks ashy brown streaked with dark brown ;
under wing-coverts pale ashy brown narrowly margined with sandy
white, the outer feathers near the bend of the wing sandy white
spotted with brown, the centres of the feathers being of this colour :
" upper mandible horn-colour, the lower one buff shading into dark
horn-colour towards the tip ; legs pale brown; iris brown " (&. E.
SheJh'i/). Total length G-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4-, tail 2-75,
tarsus 1.

The sexes are alike in colour, but the female has rather a smaller
bill. The wing appears to be from 3-9o-4:"l in the males, and
from 3-75-3-9 in the females.

Toum/. Duller and more uniform brown than the adult, with
-whitish edgings to the feathers of the crown, ear-cover ts, and the
wing-coverts, the greater series of the latter with sandy-rufous
margins ; quills brown, paler towards the tips, and margined with
sandy rufous paling into whitish buff towards the tips of the second-
aries ; under surface of body white, the breast streaked with blackish
brown, each feather narrowly margined with whitish.

Winter plunuuie. Duller and more ashy brown than in summer,
all the feathers obscured with greyish margins ; underneath more
yellowish, the spots on the breast duller and paler brown, and not
nearly so largely developed.

Hah. South Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b, c, d. Ad. ; e. Juv. Cape Colony [E. L. Laijard). Sharpe Coll.
sk.

f. Ad. sk. Cape Colony {Butler). Shelley Coll.

V/ /( Ad. sk. Ceres and Stellendorp, Jan. Shelley Coll.

{G.E. S.).

i. Ad. sk. Colesberg (A. F. Ortkpp). S ilvin-Godman Coll.

k, I. cj 2 ad. sk. Hope Town (T. C. Atmore). Sharps Coll.

jH 9 ad. .sk. Crau'je Fre.? State, May 23 Shavpe Coll.

( W. Lucas).

ti. S 3.d. sk. Ijittle Naniaqua-Land, July Sharpe Coll.

20 {(_'. J. Andersso7i).

20. AMMOMANES. 641

20. AMMOMANES.
AnuBomaues, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 125 (1850) A. Serti.

Foot of Ammomancs algcrieiisis.
mye. Desert countries of l^.W. Africa to North-easteru Africa,
ralestine, and through Persia and Arabia to N.W. India.

Kei/ to the >Sj)ecics.
a. With a blackish baud at the end of the tail,
the feathers being reddish or white for
^ more than their basal half.
«'. Primaries brown, edged externally with
rufous or sandy buff, which does not
^^extend across the base of the feather.
a . Under surface rufesceut, with broad
dusky streaks on the breast; under

wiug-coverts chestnut phcenicura, p. 642.

b . Under surface white, iucludiiig the under
wmg-coverts ; no dusky streaks on the

breast , . . . /->•»' fii^

b-. Primaries rufous with 'dusky ' tips";" under ^"

b. lail-featl ers dusky brown or blackish, rufous
along the outer webs, sometimes rufescent
towards the base,
c'. Under wiug-coverts and quUl-lining nifous
or chestnut.
c". Quills externally rufous for more than
tlie basal half of the outer web of the
primaries.
«'". Sandy vinous above ahjeriensis, p. 645.

.7" n Ml -/^T fW/,p.646.

a . yuills dusky brown narrowly edged with

rV TTnf ^ ^^-on^ ; above mouse-brown .... phamicuroides, p. 647.

d. Under wing-coverts and qmll-Iining ashv or

leaden grey.

e". Larger : Wing 4-1 inches ; chestnut above ;
Hanks ashy; chest strongly streaked

/ . Smaller: wmg 3-6 inches; light rufous ^' > ^

above; flanks washed with light rufous;
only a few dusky spots on the chest. . . .' cn/throch/cmwi v, ads

e. Larger: breast thickly spotted with black- "^"''^"""'''y'^V- hiQ.
sides of body ashy ; under wing-coverts
and linnig of quills leaden grey ferruyinea, p. 649.

VOL. XIII.

2 X

642 ALATJDID^.

1. Atnmomanes phcenicura.

Mirafra phoenicura, IVrmW. F. Z. S. 1831, p. 119; Sykes, P. Z. S.

1832, p. 03 ; Jevd. Madr. Jouni. xi. p. 32 (1840) ; Blyth, J. A. S.

Beng. xiii. pt. 2, p. 960 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. il. p. 383 (1844);

Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no.

7810 (1870).
Auimomanes phcenicura, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 134 (1849) ;

id. J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 258 (1855) ; Horsf. l^- Moore, Cat. B.

Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 477 (1856) ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 421 (1863) ;

Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 179; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 414 ; Iliane,

Nest c5- Bf/f/s Ind.B. ]>. 477 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 422 (1874) ;

Butler, Str. F. iii. p. 499 (1875) ; Fairbank, Str.F. iv. p. 261 (1876) ;

Ball, Str. F. v. p. 223 (1877); Davidson Sj- Wenden, Str. F. vii.

p. 85 (1878) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind i^-c. p. 49 (1879) ; Hume,

Str. F. viii. p. 108 (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 72 (1880) ; Butler,

Cat. B. Bomb. Pres. p. 63 (1880) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 314

(1882); Swinh. ^ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 129; Macgr. Str. F.x.

p. 440 (1887).

AduU male. Above dark brown, nearly uniform or with some
slight remains of sandy-rufous margins to the feathers ; lower
rump, upper tail- coverts, and tail-feathers rufous, the latter with a
blackish band at the ends, increasing in extent towards the middle
of the tail, the centre feathers having the terminal half blackish ;
wing-coverts and quills dark brown, with narrow rufous edges to the
primary-coverts and quills, the latter narrowly edged with sandy
rufous ; head like the back ; lores and a faint streak over the eye
■ and sides of face tawny rufous ; the ear-coverts ashy brown with
fulvescent streaks ; cheeks and under surface of body tawny rufous,
deepening into chestnut on the abdomen ; the breast washed with
ashy brown, especially on the sides ; the lower throat, fore neck, and
breast spotted with black, increasing in size on the chest, and rather
more longitudinal on the breast; under wing-coverts and quill-
lining chestnut-rufous : " bill blackish horny ; legs and feet brownish
black; iris brown " ((/. M. Slauijhter). Total length 6'2 inches,
culmen 0'6, wing 4*15, tail 2-35, tarsus 0'9.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 6-2
inches, culmen O-G, wing 3-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*9.

Young. Much paler than the adults and with remains of sandy-
buff fringes to the feathers ; the wing-coverts and quills broadly
edged with sandy rufous ; under surface paler and more ochraceous
rufous, the spots on the throat and breast more dusky and not so
pronounced.

Hah. Central India as far south as the Nilghiris, extending to
Deesa and Cutch on the west, and to the Buxar district in Bengal,
not ascending the Himalayas.

a. Ad. sk. Kutch. Gates Coll.

b. S ] o,d. ^ ad. sk. Ahmedabad, Feb. Seebohni Coll.
e. 2 ad. sk. Deesa, Oct. (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Mt. Aboo, Dec. {Dr. Neiv- Hume Coll.

man).

a- S ; /', i. $ ad. sk
Ti, I. d ; m, n. 9 ad

sk.

0. 6 ; P, q. $ ad. sli
r, s. (S ; t, u, V. 2

ad. sk.
IV, .i: c? 2 ''"J- sk.

y-e'. Ad. etjuv. sk.

/. d ad. sk.

f/'^-Ic'. Ad. etjuv. sk

I', m'. Ad. sk.

«'. o'. c? $ ad. sk.
1)'. d ad. sk.

!/', )■'. Ad. sk.
s', ^'. d 2 ad. sk.

2«'. d ad. sk.
y', w'. Ad. sk.
^v', y'. $ ad. sk.

;:'. Ad. sk.

«"-c". Ad. sk.
f^") «". d $ ad. sk.
/". Ad. sk.

/■/", //". Ad. sk.
i' . Ad. sk.
Z^", r. Ad. sk.
m". c? ad. sk.

ri', o". d ; 2>". 2 ad.

sk.
«/"-?«". cJ ad. sk.

«". d ad. sk.

et.'". ? ad. sk.

.(■". 2 ad. sk.
!/". d ad. sk.

~", «l Ad. sk.

20. AMMOMANES.

:. Jodbpur, Sept. (D/-. Kint/).
Sambliiir, May, July, Aug.

(i?. M. Adam).
Ajmere, Dec. (A. O. H.).
Gurgaon district, July, Sept.

( W. N. Chill).
Bauda, Buudelkund, Dec.

(G. F. L. Marshall).
Etawali, Jan., July, Sept.

{A.O.H.Si- W.E.B.).
Jliausie, May 2.
Jlmnsie.
Saugor.

Allahabad, March.
Mogulserai, Dec. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Chunar, Nov. (IF. H. B.).
Dinapur, Oct., Dec. iW.

E. B.).
BiLxar, Nov. ( W. E. B.).
Bebar.
Mirzapui-, March {R,

Thompson).
Mundla district, Api-il (i?.

Thompson).
Kamptee.
Mbow, March.
Khaudeish, Nov. (/. David-
son).
Khandeish.

Satpura Hills, Jan. (F. Ball).
Deccan {CoL Hykes).
N. of Abmeduuggur, Nov.

('S'. B. Fairbank).
Belgaum, June, Oct. (E. A.

Butler).
Mysore, April, Aug. {R. G.

Wardlmu Ramsay).
Bangalore, Sept. (R. G.

W. R.).
Coimbatore, Oct. (A. G. R.

Theobald).
Potbanore, Oct. {A. G.R. T.).
Secunderabad, Oct. ((?. M.

Slaughter).
Central India.

2, Ammomanes grayi.

643

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Pimvill Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Dr. B. Hinde [P.

Col. Swinboe [P.'
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Mus. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

IluQie Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. Jerdoii [C,].

Alauda grayi, Wahlb. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh. 18-3.5, p. 213 •
id. J. f. O. 1857, p. 2; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7759
(1870) ; ShariJe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) ; Gurney in Andersso7i,
B. Dam. Ld. p. 193 (1872). '

Alauda najvia {nee Strickl.), Chupm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p 400
(1808). • .' ' v^ v

Ammomanes graj-i, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 629, pi. Ixxvi fio- 2 ■
id. ed. Bayard's B. of S. Africa, p. 507 (1884). ° '

2t2

644 ALAUDID^.

Adult male. Above light saudy isabulliue, not paler ou the head,
but slightly fulvescent on the hind neck ; forehead, lores, and a
tolerably detiucd eyebrow whitish ; feathers in front of the eye
dusky blackish ; sides of face whitish, the hinder ear-coverts washed
with isabelline ; entire under surface of body whitish, slightly
washed with isabelline on the breast, on each side of which is an
indistinct blackish patch : under wing-coverts white with a very
faint isabelline tinge ; upper wing-coverts sandy isabelline like the
hack, with light -whitish margins, mottled also by means of the grey
bases to the feathers ; quills greyish, slightly tipped with white
and margined with sand-colour on the outer web, the primaries
very narrowly bordered, but the secondaries very broadly, the inner-
most being entirely rufous sand-colour, with broad longitudinal
greyish centres ; the inner lining of the wing greyish, inclining to
white near the base of the inner web ; tail dark brown, tipped with
white on the inner web, the centre feathers grey with sandy-coloured
margins and tips ; the basal third of the tail-feathers isabelline,
inclining to whitish, and extending further up the outer web of the
external featliers. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 3-25,
tail 1-8, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller in the
wing. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-05, tail 1*8,
tarsus 0"85.

Hah. S.W. Africa.

a-f. d 2 !^d. sk. Damara-Laud, April to June, Nov., Sharps Coll.

Dec. (C.J. Anchrssou).
(J. Ad. sk. Uamara-Land (C. /. ^.). Shelley Coll.

3. Ainmomanes ciiictura.

Melauocurypha ciuctura, Gould, Voy. ' Ucaijlc,' Birds, p. f^7 (1841);

Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850).
Alauda areuicolor, Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stochh. IBoO,

p. 128.
Ammomanes pallida, Cah. Mzcs. Hein. Th. i. p. 125, note (1850) ;

Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 423 ; Leith Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 25 ; Heiiffl.

J. f. 0. 1864, p. 450, 1868, p. 224.
Geocoraphus pallidus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).
Melauocorypha elegans, Brehm, Voc/elf. p. 122 (1855).
Ammomanes regulus, B]). C. R. xliv. p. 1066 ( 1847) ; Tristr. Ibis,

1859, p. 423 ; Loclie, Kvpl. Sci. Alr/er., Ois. ii. p. 27 (1867) ;

Gurnep,nis,187l,i^.-290.
Alauda elegans, Keulem. Nederl. Tijdschr. iii. p. 369 (1866).
Ammomanes elegans, i>^^. t. c. p. 1066 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. -34;

Lochv, Eijil. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 26 (1867).
Alauda lusitanica {nee Gm.), Wriyht, Ibis, 1864, p. 61 ; Salvad. Faun.

Ital.jUcc. p. 133 (1871).
Mirafra cinctura, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7811 (1870).
Mirafra pallida. Gray, t. c. ii. p. 121, no. 7807 (1870).
Mirafra arenicolor, Gray, t. c. p. 122, no. 7812 ^1870).
Mirafi-a regulus, Gray, t. c. p. 122, no. 7813 (1870).
Ammomanes areuicolor, Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 137 (1872).

-0. AJISIOMANES. «4c

Ammomanes cinctura, Jfeuc// Om AT n j^ ■ ^ ^

(188^); Sah-ad. Elelc. S/i;/ t 158 HsSf ^^-'f {''"'^ ?" ^^
Isf Resoc. p. 122 (1889) ^ ^^^^^ ' ^'■^^- ^^"/- ^''a^-

''T^^T^.!^^ 5 J"^- ^"- ^^^^'O, BJanf. East. P.rsia, ii.

daries, i^eU^^^^.^'a^^^'^, T''""' ^° ^'" ■^^^«'-
tail-feathers rufous, with a b^d subtenuta^bhcVh"' I'r^"' '
ishing :u size towards the outer feather on which i^n^'"' '^""T"
the inner web; lores and feathers above .nrl i X ""'"P'"' °"^'^'

ear-coverts sandy rufous .wf '^T!u "^^ below the eye whitish ;

under surface of-'bodis^bSbuft T' ^^^^^ ^ ^^'"^^"'J^^' ^^
body and flanks : tJu^^ el^St also ™fe ; 'f'T.''' '^' '''^'' '^ ^he
under wing-coverts and nnill H ^ ^ ^^ 7'^^ ^'"•^" '^''^' '^ ^rown ;

5-4 inchesrcuiro^;tiiS^S;';!ii rSr^iif^j ^^^^^ ^-^^^

Adams has sent a very pale form of tlS ^ '^ "^''" ^''- ^''^^

indicate the existence-oi pale race but^otb' '^''"''' ^^''^ "^'^
i\. Africa and Persia seem to he .. n '^T''" 'P'''"'^"^ f™^
Cape Yerde Islands ^' '^''^^•^' ''^e others from the

species,and he must Wov rfooS ^^^^^^/f the present

in the culls and tail-featherW ^to^dt""'^^ ''^''-'^'^^^

"■ Ad. sk. Cape Verde Island. c. Darwin, Esq. [C ]

^. Ad. sk. Cape Verde Islands. Sir A^^^^?T^^,,

c, d. Ad. sk. Cape Verde Island. AF ^T'-^^' ^-^-^Vn -

4. Ammomanes algeriensis.
? Portugal Lark, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. 2 n 39.3 n7>?'^^
.^Alauda lusitana, Gm. 8,,.t. Lt. i. p >& ar88/ ^'

ALda lusS;^ i;;^- ^'n^-'i^i'^, fil^f «^)-

Annomanes deseiti, Zoc/^^, Ea-j,i Sa Ah,/.f- r)//i,- -o- .i -r-
Alauda lusitana, Z>^/. ^. fe,,^, "o;": i^J: ri:p'345-('i80-)^''''^-
Amniomanes lusitanioa, Garne^. Ihi.., 187 /''^SO ^ ^•
Sinatra (!) deserti (.ec L>c/>t.)flJfa:o., It^i; ^S8^ 57->

646 ALAUDIDJ5.

Adult male. General colour above vinous isabcUine or sandy
vinous ; -wing-coverts like the back, the greater series slightly paler
at the ends ; primary-coverts pale brown, externally sandy rufous ;
quills also pale dusky brown, sandy rufous along the outer web ;
primaries with more than the basal half of the outer web entirely
rufous ; centre tail-featliers dusky brown, sandy rufous at the tips
and on the edges, this rufous colour increasing towards the base of
the feathers, which is almost entirely rufous ; remainder of the
tail-feathers dusky brown, rufous along the outer webs and round
the tips, the extreme bases of the feathers being also rufous ; head
uniform sandy vinous like the back ; lores and feathers above and
below the eye whitish ; ear-coverts sandy vinous like the head ;
cheeks and throat whitish ; remainder of under surface of body pale
sandy isabelline, lighter on the lower abdomen and under tail-
coverts ; on the chest a few indistinct spots of dusky brown ; under
wing-coverts and quill-lining rufous : " bill brownish tlesh-colour
above, yellow below and on the margins ; iris brown " (Loche).
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-85, tail 2-55, tarsus
0-85.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little smaller.
Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0-G, wing 3-6, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-8.

Young. Similar to the adult and uniform sandy rufous, but dif-
fering in the centre tail-feathers, whicli are entirely sandy rufous
with only a little dusky brown along the shaft. In one nestling
this is even wanting altogether and the feathers are entirely rufous.

A specimen from Nubia, presented by Dr. Leith Adams, is much
paler than the Algerian birds, but evidently belongs to the same
form, on account of the sandy-rufous inner secondaries, these being
ashy brown in the darker A. deserti.

Jlah. Algerian Sahara, ranging into Nubia.

a, h. Ad. sk. Algeria. Gould Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Algeria {Loche). Sharps Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Sahara {Loche). Shelley Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Laghouat, April 4. J. II. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
f;<J-6 2 ad. ; El Kantara, Mav {C. Dixon). Seebohm Coll.

h. S jr. sk.
/. .luv. sk. Biskra, May G {H. J. Ehces). Seebohm Coll.
k. $ ad. sic. Nubia. Dr. A. Leith Adams [P.].

."3. Ammomanes deserti.

Alauda deserti, Licht. Verx. DouU. p. 28 (182^) ; Bp. Cov.«j>. i. p. 244

(1850).
Alauda isabeUina, Tern?)}. PI. Col. iii. pi. 214. fig. 2 (182-3) ; liiipp.

Neue Wirb. p. 104 (1835) ; Sold. Rev. Crit. p. Ix (1844).
Mirafra deserti, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844).
Melauocorypha isabeUina, liiipp. Si/st. Uehers. p. 78 (1845).
Ammomanes deserti, Cah. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 125 (1850).
Melanocorypha deserti etc., Brehm, Tog. Deidschl. pp. 121, 122

(18.55).
Ammomanes isabeUina, Trisfr. Ibis, 1850, pp. 34, 422; E. V. Taylor,

Ibis, 1804, p. 04.

20. AMMOMANES. 647

Ammomanes deserti, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 434 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870,
p. 15 ; Fmsc/i, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 272 (1870) ; Heugl. Ovn. N.O.-
Afr. i. pt. 2, p. G84 (1871) ; Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 329, pi. 233
(1874, pt.) ; Rowlexi, Orn. Misc. i. p. 263 (1870) ; Tristr. Faun. ^•
Flor. Palestine, p. 79 (1884).

Ammomanes fraterculus, Tristr. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 434 ; Taylor, Ihis,
1867, p. 64; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 137(1872); Tristr. Faun. ^•
Flor. Palestine, p. 80 (1884).

Mirafra lusitana {nee Gm.), Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121, no. 7808
(1870).

Mirafra fraterculus, Gray, t.c. p. 122, no. 7809 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to A. alf/eriensis, and having more than the
basal half of the outer web of the primaries sandy rufous, bat dif-
fering in the colour of the upper surface, which is ashy brown with
a slight shade of sandy vinous ; the tail not so rufous, and this
colour confined to the outer web of the external feather : " bill and
feet pale horn-colour, the former darker at the tip ; iris dusky "
( Von Hewjlin). Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-8,
tail 2'45, tarsus 0*85.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length 5-6
inches, wing 3-65, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-75.

The localities inhabited by this Lark have probably something to
do with the variation in the shade of grey which characterizes this
species. The Palestine birds are rather larger than the Egyptian,
and the Abyssinian birds are much darker grey than any from
Egypt ; they will probably be found to represent a permanent dark
race.

Hah. From Palestine to Egypt, Xubia, and Abyssinia.

a,b. Ad.sk. Egypt. Sir Samuel Baker

c, d. Ad. sk. Near Assouan, March. J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
e,f, y. 5 ad. sk. Near Assouan and El Kab, Feb. Slielley Coll.

{G. E. S.).
h,i. S ; k,l. 2 ad. sk. Nubia {G. E. S. ). Shelley Coll.

m, n. Ad. sk. Nubia. Dr. A. Leith Adams

[P.].
0. Ad. sk. .hid^oa.{T.E. Buckley). Slielley CoU.

p. 2 ad.sk. Jericho, Dec. 30 (iJ. 2?. T). Seebohm Coll.

(J, r, s. d;t- ? Palestine. Canon Tristram [C.].

ad. sk.
^l, V. Ad. sk. Ain and Amba, Samhar, Aug. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
w, a: Ad. sk. Amba, Aug. ( J}'. Jesse). Sharpe Coll.

y. S ad. sk. Koomayli, June 31 ( JV. J.). Sharpe Coll.

6. Ammomanes phcenicuroides.

Mirafra phrenicuroides, Blyt/t, J. A. 6'. Beuy. xxii. p. 583 (1853).
Ammomanes phcenicuroides, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus.

ii. p. 478 (1850).
Ammomanes lusitanin, .Terd. B. Ind. ii. p. 422 (1863) ; Hume, Nests

648

S,- Ef/r/s Incl. B. p. 478 (1873) ; id. Sir. F. i. p. 211 (1873) ; Murray,
Vertebr. Faun. Shid, p. 192 (1884).
Animomanes deserti, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 245 (1876) ; Butler,
Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 49 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 108 ; C. Sivinh
Ibis, 1882, p. 115 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1889, p. 90 ; St. John, t. e. p. 172.

Adult male. Similar to A. alcjerunnis, but easily distinguished by
the primaries, which arc simply narrowly edged with ashy fulvous,
and do not show the rufous outer web of the foregoing species.
The general colour also is a mouse-brown above, and the spots on
the breast are rather numerous and distinct. Total length h'l inches,
culmeu 0-6, wiug 4, tail 2'55, tarsus 0"S.

AAuU female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total
length 6 inches, culmeu 0*6, wing 3-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*85.

Hah. From the Persian Gulf, east to Afghanistan and N.W.
India.

a. $ ad. sk.

h, c. J ad. ; d.

2 ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.
/, g. c? ad. sk.
h, i. d ad. ; k.

2 ad. sk.
I. c? ad. ; ni, n.

$ ad. sk.
0. c? ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u,v,tv. (5 ad. ;

.r, y, z. 2

ad. sk.
a'-d'. (S 2 ad.

sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.
/', (/'. d" ad. ;

A', z. 5ad.sk.
k'. 2 ad. sk.
r, c? ad. ; m', n',

o'. 2 ad. sk.
^j'-w'.cjad.; v'-

a". 2 ad. sk.
b"-f". Ad. sk.
(/", h". Ad. sk.
i". S ad. sk

Ras Masandim, Arabian Coast,
Dec.

Askan, Gwadar, Dizak, Balu-
chistan, March, Dec.

Gwadar, Dec. ( W. T. B.).

Mekran Coast, Feb. 15 [A. O. II.).

Kandahar, March, May {Sir O. St.
John).

Southern Afghanistan, April,
May.

Chaman, Aug. 7 {Sir O. St. John).

Quetta, May 5.

Qaetta, Dec. {Sir O. St. John).

Nal, Khelat, April (0. T. iJuhe).

Bolau Pass {Griffith).

Pushut {Griffith).

Kirthar Mountains, Sindli, Dec.
( W. r. Blanf ord).

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Col. C. Swinhoe

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Col. C. Swinhoe [P.].
Plume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Jhelum Distr., Nov. {A. O. H.). Hume CoU.

Jacobabad, Dec, 19 {A. O. II.) Hume Coll.

Sehwau Distr., Dec, Jau. Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).

Sukhur, Dec. 28 {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

Larkhaua Distr., Jan. 13, 14 Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).

Salt Range Distr., April 12 Hume Coll.

{A. O.H.).

Murdan, Dec. Hume Coll.

Cashmere, Aug. Hume Coll.

Between Attock and Pesliawur, Hume Coll.

April 27 {Cajyt. Cock).

7. Ammomanes erythrochlamys.

Alauda erythrochlamys, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 7755 (1870) ; Sharps, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72
(1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 194 (1872).

1

20. AMMOMANES. 649

Megaloplionus ervtlirochlamvs, Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103, pi. iii.

fig. 2, 1S78, p. 1^98.
Ammomanes erj'tlivochlamj's, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 620 ; id. ed.

Layard's B. S. Afi: p. 506 (1884).

Adult male in winter plumage. Above uniform pale fawn-colour,
with distinct shaft-stripes of dull rufous on some of the feathers of
the head and back ; wing-coverts pale fawn like the back, but with
pale yellowish-buff margins to the feathers : quills pale brown,
broadly margined with fawn-colour, the secondaries more broadly,
the innermost being coloured like the wing-coverts and margined in
the same manner with yellowish buff; tail dark brown, narrowly
margined with fawn-colour, occupying the entire outer web
of the last tail-feather, and running round the tip and up the
margin of the inner web of this and the penultimate feather ; the
two centre feathers bleached fawn-colour, paler than the back ;
lores, feathers below and above the eye, forming an eyebrow, and
cheeks white, the ear-coverts pale fawn-colour like the back ; under
surface of body creamy white, washed witli fawn-colour on the sides
of the body, the chest marked with triangular markings of pale
brown ; thighs pale fawn ; under tail- coverts creamy white ; under
wing-coverts buffy whitish, the greater series pale ashy brown, the
outer plumes fawn-coloured ; inner liniug of wing also pale ashy
brown, inclining to pale fawn-colour at base of inner web : " bill
dusky, under mandible paler ; feet pale brown ; iris light dusky
hazel" {T. Ayres). Total length 6-5 inches, culmcn O'To, wing
3-6, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-05.

Summer plumage. Deeper cinnamon above, the quills and coverts
all being edged with the same dark colour ; the tail broadly edged
and tipped with cinnamon-rufous, the outermost feathers not paler-
margined, the two centre ones being almost entirely cinnamon,
with a broad streak of greyish black down the middle ; a greyish
shade on the hind neck, which is not seen in the winter dress ;
lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and underparts generally washed with
yellowish ; the chest with more numerous and more distinct
markings.

Hah. Southern Africa, from the Transvaal to Damara-Land.

fl.Juv.sk. Damara-Land. C. J. Anderssnii [C.].

b, c, d. Ad. sk. Walwisch Bay, May {C. J. Sharpe Coll.

Andersson).
e,f- 6 $ ad. sk. Damara-Land, Nov. (A.vel Shelley Coll.

Urickson).

8. Ammomanes ferruginea.

Alauda ferruginea. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 29 (1830) ;

Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258 ; Lmjavd, B. S. Afr. p. 208 (1867).
Megalophouus ferrugineus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Gray,

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 122, no. 7818 ( 1870).
Anunomaues ferruginea, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 627; id. ed. Lai/iird'.'i

B. S. Afr. p. 504 (1884).

Adult (type of species). Similar to A. eri/tJirocMamt/s, but larger

650 AlATTDID^.

and much darker rufous, much more strongly streaked with black
on the breast and flanks, the latter being ashy ; the under wing-
coverts leaden ashy, as well as the inner edge of the quills : " bill
dark yellowish brown, passing into dusky yellow towards the base
of the lower mandible ; feet and claws light yellowish brown ; iris
dark brown" (Sir A. Smith). Total length 7*5 inches, culmeu Ow,
wing 4-1, tail 3-2, tarsus L-2.

Hah. Plains to the south of the Orange River.

a. Ad. sk. S. of Orange Elver. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Type of species.)

21. PYRRHULAUDA*.

Type.
Megalotis (hcc IlUg.), Sivcans. Zool. Joiirn. ill. p. 347

(1827) P. leucotis.

Pyrrhulauda, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pt, vi. (1839) .... P. australis.
Coraphites, Cnh. Arch. f. Naturr/. xiii. p. 328 (1847) P. australis.

Foot of Pi/rrkulaucla melanauchen.

Range. The whole of Africa, Arabia, to Baluchistan and the
Indian Peninsula.

* I am unacquainted with the following species :—

a. Pyrrhulauda nioeiceps.
Pyrrhulauda nigriceps, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 87 (1841) ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123, no. 7835 (1870).
Pyrrhulauda crucigera (jicc T.), Kculem. Nederl. Tijdschr. DkrL-. iii. p. 869
(18(56).
" Upper surfixce brownish white, with the middle of the feathers darkei- ; the
front, cheeks, and a line on each side of the breast white ; beneath, the body
and a line from the bill, passing over the eyes to the hind head, black ; the tail
with the middle feathers blackish, margined with brownish white, the outer
feathers deep black ; bill and feet pale. Total length 4| inches, wing 2|, tail
1|, tarsus 1%, bill ^%." {Gould, I. c.)
Hah. Cape Verde Islands.

The type of this species must have been in the Zoological Society's collection,
but, like m many other types, it was apparently not selected for the British
Museum. The species has been referred to C. mdanauchcn by some authors,
but, as far as I can see, Gould did not describe the head as black (though he
did name the species n igrlceps \). for he carefully describes a black lateral
band on the head, a character which must ally this bird to P. yrkca.

21. PTREHULAITDA. 651

Key to tlie Species.

a. No white ear-coverts, the sides of the face being

black lilie the crown and nnder surface of

body australls, p. 651.

b. Ear-coverts white.

a . With no blacli on the crown, Avhich is hoarj-

whitish or ashy, with a broad black streak

along the sides of the crown r/risca, p. 6o2.

h'. Crown black.

a". With no chestnut on the upper surface,

which is ashy brown or blackish

a'". Crown black with a white forehead . . melanauchen, p. 655.

//". Crown black with the forehead black,

but a whitish patch on the occiput, . , . vevticalis, p. 656.

b". Back chestnut: rump and upper tail- , , ,• „r^

coverts grey or hoarv whitish . ^^"^f '.f' P" ^' '

° ■' - I snuthii, p. 608.

1. Pyrrhulauda australis.

Megalotis australis, Smith, Rep. Eajicd. C. Afr., App. p. 49 (18-36).
Pyrrhulauda australis, Smith *, ///. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 24 (18-39) ;

Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 511 (18-50);

Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 210 (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123,

no. 7830 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 258 ; Gurney in Anderss.

B. Barn. Ld. p. 191 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. LaycmVs B. S. Afr.

p. 493 (1884).
Pyrrhulauda melanosoma, Swains. Ckissif B. ii. p. 294 (1837).

Adult male. General colour above brown, more or leas mottled
with blackish bases to the feathers ; wing-coverts and quills black,

(3. Pyrrhulauda mode.sta.
Pyrrhulauda modesta, Finsch, J. f. 0. 1864, p. 412.
Described from a female specimen said to have come from the Canary
Islands.

7. PyRRUULAUDA LEUCOPAR/EA.

Coraphites leuco]Dar£ea, Fischer cf- Reichcii. J. /'. 0. 1884, p. 55 ; Fischer,
Zeitschr. qes. Oni. i. p. 318 (1884); id. -7. f. 0. 1885, p. 137; Reichcn.
J.f. 0. 1887, p. 73.
Hab. East Africa.

The authors do not give a liint as to the nearest ally of this species. It may
probably be the winter plumage cf P. s/nithii, but I cannot determine this
without seeing a sj)ecimen.

S. Pyrrhulauda signata.
Pyrrhulauda signata, Oust. Bibl. Imut. Etudes, xxsi. art. x. p. fl.
Hab. Somali-Land.

This species I think will ultimately prove to be founded on one of the
plumages of P. leucotis.

* Swainson's ' Classification ' is supposed to have been publislied in 1S37, but
he there quotes " Pyrrlmluuda, Smith." I cannot find any mention of tliis
genus before Smith's ' Ilhistrations,' and Mr. Waterhouse gives the date of the
()tb part of tliis work as 183'J. Smith himself speaks of his having proposed
Pyrrhulauda as a genus in 1829, but I have not found any published account
of it.

652 ALATJDID.5;.

externally edged with brown ; upper tail-coverts black ; centre tail-
feathers brown, the remainder of the tail black ; head all round and
under surface of body black: "bill light horn-colour, darkest
above; legs and toes light flesh-colour" (C. J. Andersson): "iris
dark hazel '' ( W. Lucas). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 3-1, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-G.

AJidt female. Dusky brown above, the head and hind neck being
streaked with oohreous-butf margins to the feathers ; upper tail-
coverts also sandy buff, streaked with blackish centres to the
feathers ; under surface of body sandy buff, with black streaks on
the breast, and the centre of the breast and abdomen black. Total
length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 3, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-G.

Hah. South Africa from the Orange River to Damara-Land, and
from British Caffraria to the Transvaal.

a. S fid. sk. Orange River. Sir A. Smith [0.].

(Type of species.;

b. $ ad. sk. Rustenberg, Dec. 10 ( W. Lucas). Sharpe Coll.

2. Pyrrhulauda grisea.

Alouette grise de Gingi, Sonn. Vorj. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 203, pi. 113.
fig. 2 (1782).

Gingi Lark, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 380 (1783).

Alauda grisea, Scop. Del. Faun, et F/or. Insi/br. ii. p. 95 (178G).

Alauda gingica, Gtn. S)/sf. Nat. i. p. 795 (1788).

Friugilla cruciger, Te7nm. PI. Col. iii, pi. 2G9. fig. 1 (1824); S'l/kes,
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 94.

Megalotis cruciger, Sivains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 347 (1828).

Pyrrhalauda cruciger, Jerd. Madr. Juurn. xi. p. 35 (1840) ; Hodgs.
Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pi. 298. figs. 1, 2, no. 809 ; id. in Gray's
Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844).

Ryrrhulnuda grisea, Bh/tli, J. A. S. Beny. xiii. p. 958 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal pres. llodqs.
p. 109 (184G); Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 134 (1849) ; Bj).
Co?isj). Av. i. p. 512 (1850) ; ITorsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus.
ii. p. 479 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 424 (18G3) ; Blyth, Ibis, 18G7,
pp. 45, 184; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, pp. 180, 355; Gray, Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 123, no. 7834 (1870) ; HokMo. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 465 ; Hai/es
Llot/d, Ibis, 1873, p. 414 ; Hume, Nests ^^- Fyys Lid. B. p. 479
(1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 212 (1873); Adam, t. c. p. 388; Legye,
Ibis, 1874, p. 399 ; Bcdl, Str. F. ii. p. 422 (1874) ; Butler, Str. F.
iii. p. 499 (1875) ; Fairbank, Str. F. iv. p. 2G1 (1876) ; Hume, t. c.
p. 459 ; Ball, Str. F. v. p. 223 (1877) ; 07>7;s, t. c. p. 295 ; Lavid-
S071 ^- Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 85 (1878) ; Legye, Birds of Ceylon,
ii. p. G37 (1879) ; Butler, Ccd. B. Sind 4't. p. 49 (1879); Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. l08 (1879) ; Scully, t. c. p. 337 ; ridal, Str. F. ix.
p. 73 (1880) ; Doiy, t. c. p. 281 ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres.
p. 63 (1880) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 58 (1881) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 314
(1882) ; Damson, t. c. p. 40 (1883) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind,
p. 193 (1884) ; Swinhoe Sj- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 130; Beid, Cat.
Lucknow Mus. p. 138 (1886); Macgr. Str. F. x. p. 440 (1887).

Coraphites griseus. Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124, note (1850).

Advlt mcde. General colour above ashy grey, some of the feathers
pearly grey on their margins, the upper surface slightly mottled,

21. PYEEHULAUDA. 653

■\vith dusk J' browu bases to the feathers; wing-coverfcs brown, with
pearly -grey edges, whitish on ^the greater coverts; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, with ashy-greyish margins;
central tail-feathers pale browu, with whitish edges, the remainder
dark brown, edged with ashy, the external feather smoky whitish
along the outer web and at the end of the inner web ; crown of head
a little paler than the back, and incliniug to hoary whitish on the
forehead ; lores and a broad stripe above the eye black ; sides of
face and ear-coverts hoary white, the fore part of the cheeks black,
extending to the lores and below the eye ; throat and under surface
of body black ; sides of neck ashy brown like the back ; a conspicuous
patch on the sides of the breast hoary white ; sides of body also
hoary white, but slightly mixed with black on the ilanks ; thighs
white ; under tail-coverts black, as also the under wing-coverts and
axillaries ; quills below dusky, ash}- wliitish along the inner edge :
" bill whitish lead-colour ; feet brownish flesh-colour ; iris dark
brown " {E. A. Butler). Total length -i-G inches, culmen 0'4, wing
2-9, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-6.

Adult female. Different from the male in having no black eyebrow
and no black on the under surface of the body : the lores and eye-
brow are sandy buff or sandy whitish ; the cheeks and sides of face
sandy whitish, the ear-coverts browner ; throat white ; rest of under
surface of body isabelline, slightly rufesceut on the chest, which has
some spots of dusky brown : " bill bluish flesh-colour, horny brown
on the culmen ; feet and iris as in male " {E. A. Butler). Total
length 4"3 inches, culmen 04, wing 3, tail 1-6, tarsus 065.

I cannot find any evidence of a distinct change of plumage during
the cold season. The pale edges to the wing-coverts and quills are
broader and more distinct in the winter plumage, and by their
abrasion the general tone of the colour is darker in the breeding-
season, but the black of the uuderparts never has any pale margins.
Specimens from Travancore and the Nilghiris seem to me to be darker
than those from Central India and the North-west. This dark form
ranges to Khandala.

Young, llesembles the old female, but is much paler brown, with
pale sandy-buff edges to the feathers ; under surface of body ashy
white, with pale brown centres to the feathers of the throat and
breast.

Hah. Indian peninsula and Ceylon, reaching into the X.W. pro-
vinces of India, Cutch, and even into Sind.

a. S ad. sk. Banks of Chenab, Sind, Dec. Hume Coll.

(.4. O. H.).

b,c. S 2 a*l- sk. Cutch, Jan. Hume Coll.

d,e,f. c? ad.; (j. Deesa, April, Aug. [E. A. Hume Coll.

$ ad. sk. Butler).

h. (S ad. sk. Jodbpur, Sept. 12 {G.King). Hume Coll.

i, k, I. S ; ■«'• 2 Kakrolee, Oodeypore, Feb. Hume Coll.

ad. sk.

n. 5 ad.sk. Ajmere, Nov. (^1. O. II.). Hume Coll.

o-t. (S ad. et juv. ; Sambhur, Dec, Feb., April, Hume Coll.

u, v. 5 ad. sk. June, July {R. M. Adam).

654

ALATTDID^.

tv, a: (S $ ad. sk.

y, -■ 6 .; «'■ $

ad. sk.
b', c'. c? ad. sk.

cl', c. S 2 ^^- sk-

/,y. c?? ad.sk.

li. S ad. sk.

j'-/''. d' ad. et jiiv.

sk.
«■', t'. S ? ad. sk.

u', V. (S ; w. $

ad. sk.
'^■',y'• d $ad. sk.
~-d". (S ; e",f".

2 ad. sk.
</", h" . (S ad. sk.
i",/o". c? $ ad.sk.
Z". c? ad. sk.
m"-o" . (S $ ad. sk.
p". $ ad. sk.

(j" . (S ad. sk.

r"-<". S ad. sk.
t<". J ad. sk.
v". S ad. sk.
iv" . S ad. sk.
x". S ad. sk.
?/", z". S 2 ad. sk.
«■■'. c? ad. sk.
6^ cK (S ? ad. sk.
(l\ 5 ad. sk.
e'*. S ad. sk.

/^-j^ d 2 ad. sk.

k^, P. 6 2 ad. sk.

■nv'. d ad. sk.
n'>-(f. d ad. ; r^.

2 ad. sk.
s^. c? ad. sk.
t\ 2 ad. sk.
it'', v^. (S 2 ad. sk.

w'K 2 ad. sk.
.f% ^/^ d 2 ad.sk.
s3-J\ d 2 ad. sk.
c'. S ad. sk.
(IK d ad. sk.

Delhi, Jan., March {C. T.

Bhu/ham).
Gurgaoii District, Aug.,

Sept. {.W. N. Chill).
Lahore, March {C. H. T.

Marshall).
Umbala, Jan., Feb. {I)i:

Scott).
Dehra Dhoon, March {Dr.

G. Kin(i).
Kumaoii Bhabur, March (&'.

Ki //(/).
Etawah, April, Aug., Oct.

{W.i:. Brooks).
Futtehgurli, Dec, Feb. {A.

Anderson).
Allahabad, Dec.

Oudh, Dec, Jan.

Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hudi/son).

Debar.

Dacca [Tytler).

Calcutta, Dec.

Assensole, Feb. [W. E.

Brooks).
Dinapur, Sept

Brooks) .
Saugor, Aug., Sept.
Saugor (Hooper).
Kamptee.
Jubbulpur.
Raipur.

Mhow, Oct., Dec.
Khandeish.
Deccan (Sykes).
Deccan {Bury ess).
Berar, W. of C'handa, Jan.

( W. T. Blanford).
Khandala, March, April {S.

B. Fail-bank).
Belgaum, Aug., Sept. {U. A.

Butler).
Coorg.
Mudder, Mj^sore, Dec, Jan.,

July, Sept. ( W. Davison).
Mysore, Aug. {R. G. W. B.)
Seegore, Feb. ( TV. Davison).
St. Thomas' Mount, Madras,

April.
Madras {Jerdon).
Malabar Coast.
Anjango, Travancore, Dec.
Tuticorin, March.
Ceylon (S. NeviU).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seebolim Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.

ludia Museum.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

{W. E. Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Dr.KB.Hinde[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

II. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Oates Coll.

Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

21. PTEEHULAT7DA. g55

3. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen.

P}'rrbulaudacrucigera («ec T.), Riipp. Kcuc Wirb., Vdy. p. 101 (1835)-
td. Sy,t. Uebers^ p. 79 (1845) ; Hexffl. Si^.sL Uebert p. 44 (1856) •
^ Bre/im, Iteis. Hubesch, p. 347 ( 18G3). \^om) ,

Corapliites melanauclieu, Cab. Mus. Ifem. Th i n I'^l nA-^i)\

^ 'ki^-t '^'To^ ^S) ^- '' '' ^^- '^ ^''''^ ^^'- ^ ^'•^^•

Coraphites albifrons, Sundev. (Efv. K.Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1850,

^^'o^^rm, ^f/"^p' •'■ ^^'i ^'f ''^'- ^- P- ^12 (1850, ex Licht. MSS.) ;
Cr/rt^ Hand-l. B. ii. p. 1^3^ no. 7836 (1870). ' '

■ J;'?al868f"'ll8 ^''^•^'''- ^''"'- T'^- i- P- 1-'^ (1^50) ; Heuyl.

Corapliites frontaUs, Liclit. Komcncl. p. 3'J (1854) • J7«//// r f o

1868, p. 219, note; id. Om. N.O.-Afr. i' pt'V p gl n871

^i;«(fe6- rZ. Set. Nat. xxxi. art. x. p. 9 (1886).
Pvrrhidaucla affiuis, BfyfA, Ibis, 1867, p. 185 ; Gray, Hand-l B ii

f P f i "l87| ^'"''^ ' ^'""■^' ^*''^"' '''^' P- ^23^ ^"-' '^^•- ^^

Pyrrlmlauda melanauclieu, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii u Ioq „,, 7007
(1870); 7^/.,./ G.,,, .y z.or^6y... p. 300 (?87of;2V,4':.
&W r*«<,^. i?o^,,, p. 110 (1873) ; Bllnf. Eak. B^rsia, ii. p 246

-^«.^/. P. Z .S. 881, p. 172; Hartl t. c. p. 159,?^3/^»rS feS/
Baun. Smd, p. 193 (1884); Yerbwi/, Ibis, 1886, p. 18

H.f^ltV"?f ■ f ™1\^'■ *? ^- /^'■^'''"' ^"* '^^ff^""^ i^ the markings of
mrt of h' 1 ^'^^^^^^1^'^' ^"th a frontal mark of .vhite ; lores, fore
part of cheeks and feathers just below the eye black; cheeks and
ear-coverts white, forming a large patch; under surface of body
black, which extends on to the sides of the neck in a patch, runnin-
in a narrow line round the ear-coverts to the black crown, and ex-
tending m a broad black band down to the sides of the mantle and
forming a collar round the lower hind neck: "bill pearly white
with a bluish tinge; legs and feet pale hoary flesh-coloir; iris
brown {A. 0. Hr^u)^ Total length 4-8 inches, cnlmen 0-45, wing
6, tail 1-y, tarsus 0-G5. *

Adult female Differs from the male in wanting the black on the
crown and underparts, and resembles the hen of P. rp-isea It is
lowcvei-^ always paler above and has the chest tinged with sandy
buff with a few dusky streaks, the throat and abdomen being pure
white, lotal length 5 inches, culmcn 0-45, wing 8-15, tail 1-95
tarsus 0-7. '

_ The black collar on the hind neck is evidently gradually assumed
in the nesting-season, and in some winter-plumagcd specimens it is
absent altogether, while in otliers it can only be traced with difficulty
f «^:J^"^ia and Abyssinia to Arabia, and thence to Ealuchistan
and JN.W. India.

656

a. Jiiv. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. d. d ; f. ? ad.

.sk.

/. ? ad. sk.

ll-l. S ; m, ». 2

ad. sk.
0. (S ad. sk.

^). (5 ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. cS ad. sk.
s, t. d- ; «. ? ad.

sk.
I', ?t>. d ; '(■--■ 2

ad. sk.
a', b'. d ad. sk.

c', d'. d 2 ad. sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.

f, !/'■ d 2 ai|- «k.
/j'-y'. d ; w'-d" .

2 ad. sk.
e". d ad. .sk.

oth Cataract of the Nile.
Nubia {Hemjjrich l$- EJirvu-

bei-f/).
Zoulla, Anneslej' Buj', Jan.

Massowa, Aug. 26.

Massowa, Aug.

Amba, Sambar, Aug.

Amba, Aug. ( W. Jesse).
Jeddali (Zohrab).
Aden.
Socotra, March.

Socotra, Feb., March (/. B.

Karachi, Sind, Nov., Jan.

{W. T. Blanford).
Karachi, Feb. ( W. T. B).
N.W. of Kotri, Sind, Dec.

(TT^. T. B.).
Umarkot, Jan. ( W. T. B.).
Jodhpur, Jan., Feb. (^i. O.

H.).
Muttra, Jan. 20 (E. M.

Adam).

F. Galton, Esq. [P.].
Shelley Coll.

\V. T. Blanford, E.sq.

[C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq,

[C.].
W. Jesse, Esq. [C.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Major Yerbury [P.l.
Prof. I. B. Balfour

[C.].
Shelley Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

4. Pyrrhulauda verticalis.

Megalotis verticalis. Smith, Rep. Exped. Centr. Afr. p. 48 (1836).

Pyrrhulauda verticalis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 2o (1839) ;
Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 511 (1850);
Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 210 (1867) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123,
no. 7831 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 69 (1871); Gunwij in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 190 (1872) ; Sharpe ^- Bouiier,Btdl. Sue.
Zool. France, i. p. 309 (1876) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr.
p. 492 (1884).

Coraphites verticalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).

Adult male. Similar to P. grisea, but with a black head I'elievcd
by an occipital patch of white ; lores and fore part of cheeks black ;
ear-coverts white ; round the nape a collar of white, succeeded by a
black collar, which joins the black of the sides of theueck and under
surface of the body : " legs and toes purplish flesh-colour ; iris dark
hvo^n" {C. J. Andersson). Total length 4-8 inches, culmeu 0-5,
wing 3-2, tail 2, tarsus 0-7.

Hab. South Africa, extending to the Transvaal on the cast and to
the Congo on the west.

a. S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

b. S ad. sk. South Africa. Mrs. Butler [P.]. .

c. (S ad. sk. Cape Colony (E. L. Layard). Sharpe Coll.
(/. S ad. sk. Griqualaud '( T- C. Attnore). Sharpe Coll.
e,f. cS ad. sk. Kusteuberg, Bee. (W.Lucas). Sharpe Coll.

'21. PYKRHULAITDA. g5~

!/, J. S;i.2 ad. Otjimbiuque Damam-Laud, Sharpe Coll.

7. / • , , Dec.,Feb. (C. J..4/,f/m-.swji. ^

S I. d ad. «k. Ondonga, Ovampo-Land, Nov. Sharps Coll.
(C. J. A.).

o. Pyrrhulauda leucotis.

Loxia leucotis, 6-funl in SaW, Trav. Aby,.s., App. p. Ix ri814)
Alauda melanocepliala, Lkht. Verz. Doubl. p. 2« (18-'l)^ ^'
Friugma otoleucus, Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 0^9. g ^3 3 ^"^g.^ -
Megalotis otoleucus, .Se.«m. Zool. Jouru. iii. p. 347 (18% ^'

ore/z. ^. 11. p. .j81 (1844) ; Rujip. Syst. fJeders. p. 79 (1845 ) • Bn
CojPyi". 1. p. oil (1850) ; .Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. ut^AeuS

^« l»b(J, p 247; ^«<m. C«#. c^e^ocr;-. f^cc. p. 75 (IBiSivJlaJ

7?" J i^^^'^i -SW/m^. ^«„. j/„,. (,'enoy. (2) i. p. 171 (1884?'

?. p. -51^ 'iSo) ' ''^'- ^'^Pt'^^trionalis, *'««^., teste Bp. Consp. Ao.
Coraphites leucotis, C«6. ilfwA'. ^ej« i p 191 n««;n^ w ; ^
p.4bb(i8,0); Oust. Faun, et Flor. Comalis, Ois.,v. 11 (1882)-

5:f5//p."o S,.^- ^'^^ """• ^'"« *-• ^'«*' *'• *<:

Coraphites melanocepliala, LicJit. Nomend. At: p. 39 (1854).
Achdt male General colom ahove deep chestnut; the scapulars

covets pearly grey; lesser wing-coverts whitish ; the median and
gieater coverts chestnut, with broad buffy-white edges, the former
eries black at the base, forming a broad black band"; bastard wTn J
and pnmary-coyerts black, edged with white near the end of the
outer web : qui Is black edged with rufous, very broadly on the inner
secondanes, which are fringed with whitish at the ends ; centre tal
teathers black edged with rufous and ashy at the ends; the remainder
black with rufous margins, the outer feather white along the external
web; crown of head, occiput, and nape black: hind neck with a
white colar succeeded by a black coUar across the top of the mantle
joining the black of the under surface ; lores, feathers round the eye
and fore part ot cheeks black ; sides efface, ear-coverts, and cheeks'
^\hlte, separated from the white collar on the hind neck by a line of
back which extends from the crown to the throat ; throat and under
surface of body black ; the sides of the breast ashy brown and having

whitish, with black centres to some of the feathers; thighs white-
under ail-coverts black as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries •
qmlls below dusky, isabelhue along the inner edge. Total leno-th
4-0 inches, culmeu 0-4, wing 3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-55.

M female. Differs from the male in wanting the black on the
head L pper surface chestnut ; the head like the back and separated
from the latter by a collar of creamy buff like the sides of thl neck

VOL. XIII. „ iiv-i-o. ,

658 ALATTDIBiE.

sides of face rufous or pale chestnut ; wings like those of the male,
but with rather broad rufous margins ; underneath sandy buff, with
a little black in the centre of the abdomen. Total length 4'6 inches,
ciUmen 0*4, wing 3'1, tail i'95, tarsus 0"6,

Hah. N.E. Africa from Nubia to Somali-Land and the Equatorial
Province.

The specimen from Redjaf, procured in December, is marked bj'
Emin Pasha as being in winter plumage. The feathers of the upper
surface arc dusky brown with rufous edges, the head blackish, also
with rufous margins ; the under surface of the body sooty black, the
cheeks and ear-coverts hoary white, with a wash of sandy rufous on
the latter ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs ashy white.

a,b. (5 2 ad. sk. Nubia {Hedenborg). Sharps Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Soudau (Kotschy). Shelley Coll.

d, e. (5 5 ad. sk. Asoos, Samhar, July. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
/. S hiem. sk. Redjaf, Dec. Emin Pasha [P.].

(/, h. (5 $ ad. sk. Kudurma, Nov. {Emin Shelley Coll.
Pasha).

Subsp. a. Pyrrhulauda smithii.

Pyrrliulauda leucotis (jiec Stanlei/), Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds,

pi. 2G (1839) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 210 (1867) ; Chapm. Trav.

S. Afr. ii. App. p. 400 (1868) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 268 ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1882, p. 351, 1888, p. 301.
Pyrrhulauda smithii, B2). Co7isj>. i. p. 512 (18-')0) ; Gray, Haml-l. B.

ii. p. 123, no. 7833 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 258; Gurney in

Amlerss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 189 (1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S.

Afr. pp. 493, 851 (1884).
Pyrrhidauda leucotis, var. meridionalis, Sundev., teste Bp. Consp. i.

p. 512(1850).
Coraphites smithii, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 124 (1850, note) ;

Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 468 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to F. leucotis, but larger, and with a much
stouter bill: "bill ashy white; feet ash-colour; iris hazel" {T.
Ayres). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 3"3, tail 1*9,
tarsus 0*7.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. leucotis.

Hah. South Africa, extending to Damara-Land on the west and
to the Zambesi on the east, thence ranging into the Zanzibar district
of Eastern Africa.

«, b. S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith. (Types

of the species.)

c. 5 ad. sk. South Africa. Sharpe Coll.

d, e. c? 5 ad. sk. Transvaal, Feb. Sharpe Coll.

/. (5 hiem. ad. sk. Rusteoberg, April (IF. II. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Lucas),

g. cj ad. sk. Damara-Land, Jan. (C J. Tweeddale Coll.

Amlersson).

h. cJad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [C.].

i-r. Ad. sk. Tete, Zambesi. Livingstone Exped.

s. 2 ad. sk. Ugogo (<S';> J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

<. $ ad. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

ATRICniID.13. 659

Subdivision II. PASSERES ABNORMALES *

Cf. Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 518.

Synopsis of Families.

A. Furcula rudimentaiy : steruum with a single

deep lateral indentation on its hinder
margin t; tail-feathers broad and of ordi-
nary textnre Atrichiidae, p. 659.

B. Furcula complete : sternum with rounded

posterior margin, with a slight indentation
near the outer edge of the latter ; tail-
feathers produced to an extraordinary
length, and many of them devoid of hook-
lets (radioli) Menuridae, p. 661.

Family I. ATRICHIID^.

1. ATRICHIA.

Type.
Atrichia, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 1 , A. clamosa.

Range. Confined to Australia.

In addition to the characters given for the family it should be
noticed that AtricJiia has such a tiny wing that its powers of flight
must be rudimentary, and it has the planta tarsi more closely
scutellated than in any Lark.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger : throat and breast white, with a blackish

patch on the lower throat and fore neck clamosa, p. 659.

b. Smaller : under surface orange-rufous, whiter on the

throat, the centre of the chest and breast blackish ricfescens, p. 660.

1. Atrichia clamosa.

Atrichia clamosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 2 ; id. B. Austr. pi. 34
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 166 (1848) ; ' Bp. Consp. i. p. 219
(1850) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 344 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2897 (1869) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr.
B. p. 8 (1888).

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, waved with

* Cf. Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 3.

t Di-. Sclater (Ibis, 1874, p. 191, uote) refers to the double-notchecl sternum
o( Atrichia rufescens, but Garrod figures the sternum of A. riifesccns with only
a single indentation (cf. P. Z. S. 1876, pi. Iii. fig. 7), and only one notch exists in
the sternum of A. clamosain the Museiuu of the Eoyal College of Surgeons.

2v2

660 ATRICHIID^.

circular markings of black, one of them subterminal, and the other
iu the centre of the feather, so that the black and brown colours
alternate ; the head and ramp similarly marked, but not so dis-
tinctly : wing-coverts and quills dusky brown, varied with rather
more rufcscent brown than the back, the feathers being edged with
rufescent brown, taking the form of notches on some of the quills ;
many of the greater coverts and inner secondaries patterned like
the back, with a subterminal and median line of black, alternating
with the brown colour of the feather ; upper tail-coverts like the
back ; tail-feathers black, varied with alternate wavy markings of
brown and black on the margins ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts
dusky brown, the latter someM'hat ashy ; feathers round the eye
varied with fulvous spots, with a few whitish streaks on the fore
]iart of the ear-coverts ; cheeks dark ashy ; throat and breast white,
fading off into tawny rufous on the abdomen, which becomes deep
tawny rufous or chestnut on the lower abdomen and vent ; thighs
and under tail-coverts paler tawny rufous, the latter mottled with
blackish cross bars ; centre of throat dull ashj-, developing gradually
into a large patch of dark ashy grey, which occupies the lower
throat and fore neck, leaving the breast white : sides of breast
brown, slightly varied with cross bars of black ; under wing-coverts
and under surface of quills dusky brown : " bill horn-colour ; iris
dark brown" (./. Gould). Total length 8'5 inches, culmcn 0*75,
wing 3-1, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-05.

This species has a very distinct seasonal plumage, in which the
blackish throat-patch becomes obscured by whitish edges, so that
the throat and breast are white with the black patch concealed.
Whether the full plumage is gained by the shedding of these white
edges I have not had the means of discovering.

Hah. Western and South-western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Pertli, West Australia. Cokmial Exhibition.

b. cJ ad. sk. Albany, King George's Sound, Eyton Coll.

June 4 {J. Gould).

2. Atrichia rufescens.

Atrichia rufescens, liamsay, P. Z. S. 18G6, p. 4o8 ; Gould, Suppl. B.
Austr. pi. 26 (1867) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. i. p. 205, no. 2896 (1869) ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 8 (1888).

Adult male. Similar to A. clamosa, but more rufous, and having
the upper tail-coverts and the tail-feathers regularly barred across
with black : underneath the throat is whitish, gradually becoming
ashy ; centre of breast black ; abdomen clear orange-rufous : " bill
horu-colour, becoming whitish on the lower mandible ; feet light
reddish brown, claws light horn-colour ; iris dark brown " (E, P.
liamsay). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0*65, wing 2-45, tail
2-85, tarsus 0-85.

Hah. Richmond and Clarence Eiver districts.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Kichmond River, N.S.W., Nov. Goidd Coll.

{E. P. Eamsaij).

MENIXEID^I. 66]

Family II. MENURID^.

1. MENURA.

Menura, Bctvies, Tram. Linn, Hoc. vi. p. 207 (1800) M. superba

Vavkmsomus, Bechsf. Kurze Zrebers. f'iVi/. p. 1:34 (1811^

Type.
. supe
1). ;M. superba.

Rani/e. Confined to Australia.

Key to the Species.

(I. Outer tail-feather ^Yllite or ashy white on the iuner
web with rufous uotclies and tipped with black ;
under tail-coverts ashy ; back ashy brown.
d'. Outer tail-feather ashy white below, the bars beinji-

reddish brown siqjerba, p. 061 .

h'. Outer tail-feather white below, the bars being

chestnut victovice, p. 662.

h. Outer tail-feather not barred ; under tail-coverts
chestnut ; upper smface also rufous bro^^^l or dull
chestnut alberti, p. 602.

1. Menura superba.

Jlenura superba, Dnvies, Trans. Linn. Sue. vi. p. 207, pi. 22 (1800);

Gould, B. Ausfr. iii. pi. 14 (1841) ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 153 (1847) ;

Bi). Consp. i. p. 215 (1850) ; Reichenb. Viifj. Xeuholl. p. 77 (1850) ;

Gould, F. Z. S. 1853, p. 45; id. Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 298 (1865) ;

Graij, Hand-I. B. i. p. 185, no. 2529 (1869) ; Ramsay, Tab. List

Austr. B. p, 7 (1888).
Superb Menura, Lath. Gen. Sijn. Suppl. ii. p. 271, pi. cxxxiii. (1801).
Menura novffi hollandia3, Lat/i. Gen. Syn. Suppl. p. Ixi (1801) ;

Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 323, pi. 192 (1825).
Le Parkinson, .4;/f/(-/>. et Vieill. Ois. Dor.ii. Suppl. pis. 14-16 (1882).
Paradisea parkinsoniana, Shaw S,- Nodder, Nat. Misc. xiv. pi. 577

(1802).
Menura lyra, Shaw.

Parkinsonius mirabilis, Bech-st. Kurxe Uebers. ViJt/. p. 134 (1811).
Menura vulgaris, Fleming, Philos. Zool. ii. p. 241 (1822).
Meg-apodius menura, Waglcr, Syst. Av. Megapodius, sp. 1 (1827).
Menura paradisea, Siuains. Classif. B. ii. p. 251 (1837).
Majnura superba, Sold. Dirent. p. 134 (1872).

Adult. General colour brown, rather slaty brown on the mantle,
and slightly washed with hoary grey on the rump ; lesser wing-
coverts dark slaty brown, the remainder of the wing-coverts rather
more rufous ; the primaries blackish, externally olive-brown, the
secondaries more rufous ; upper tail-coverts reddish brown ; two
centre tail-feathers with brown webs along the outer edge, but
having only a few radii on the inner one ; remainder of the feathers
having only long lateral filaments, only the basal portion being-
webbed ; the outer feather curving gracefully outward at the ends,
the outer web being smoky brown and the tip black, the inner web

662 MENIJEIDiE,

being ashy grey, with triangular notches of tawny buff, these notches
bemg transparent by the absence of the radioli of the feather, the
inner edge of the outer tail-feather recurved on itself and edged
with black : liead and neck dark slaty brown, as also the sides o£
the face, ear-covcrts, and clieeks ; under surface of body ashy brown,
washed with rufous on the throat ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries ashy : " bill and nostrils black ; bare space round the eye
blackish lead-colour ; legs and feet black, the scales mealy ; iris
blackish brown " (J. Goukl). Total length 38 inches, culmcn 1-65,
wing 11, tail 24, tarsus 4-4.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the lyre-shaped
tail, all the feathers of the tail being webbed and broad, the centre
ones the longest, the outer feathers with internal notches of trans-
parent plumage without radioli. Total length 33 inches, culmen
1-5, wing 11, tail 19, tarsus 4.

Nesilinij. Entirely covered with black down.

Hah. New South Wales.

a. S ad. St. New South Wales. Hardwicke Coll.

b. S ad. sk. New South AVales. Dr. Forbes [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. New South Wales. Hardwicke Coll.

d. $ ad. sk. New South AVales. Hume Coll.

2. Menura victorise.

Menura victoriae, Gould, P. Z. S. 18G2, p. 23 ; id. Handh. B. Austv.
i. p. 302 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 185, no. 2531 (1869) ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Atistr. B. p. 7 (1888).

Adult male. Similar to 31. superha, but distinguished by the white
inner web of the outer tail-feather viewed from below, the inner
wob being very broadly notched or barred with chestnut. Total
length 36 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 10-4, tail 24, tarsus 4*4.

Adult female. Similar to the female of M. superha, but with
chestnut bars on the under surface of the outer tail-feather. Total
length 27 inches, culmen 1'6, wing lO'o, tail 15-5, tarsus 4-4.

Hah. Victoria and South Australia.

a. S ad. sk. Victoria {Prof. McCoy). Gould Coll. (Type

of species.)
6, c.c5' ad. etjuv.sk. Victoria. Gould Coll

r/jej/cJ ad.etjuv.sk. Victoria (J. 7'. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y, Juv. sk. Victoria. Gould Coll.

3. Menura alberti.

Menura alberti, Goidd, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 67 (1850) ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 215 (1850) ; Gould, Suppl. B. Amir. pi. 10 (1851); id. P. Z. S.
1853, p. 45, pi. 53 ; Leycester, P. Z. S. 18U0, p. 113 ; id. Ibis, ISLil,
p. 174 ; Goiild, Handb. B. Austr. i. p. 307 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. i. p. 185, no. 2630 (1869) ; Eamsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 7
(1888).

1. MENTJEA. 663

AcMt male. Similar to M. sujpcrba, but chestnut above, with a
slaty-grey head and neck; the tail-feathers not so long as in
M. superha, and all more webbed than in that species, the outer
feather black with no bars on the inner web ; under surface light
ashy, the throat chestnut, the lower breast Avashed with tawny buff,
the under tail-coverts chestnut. Total length 31 inches, culmen 1-5
wing 10, tail 19-5, tarsus 4-3.

Adult female. Similar to the female of M. superba, but more
chestnut above. Total length 28 inches, culmen 1-G, win- 9-5
tail 16, tarsus 4-2. '

Hab. Wide-Bay and Richmond-River districts in Eastern
Australia.

a. 2 ad. sk. Riclimond Eiver. F. Strano-e fC 1

b, c, d. c? ad. et Richmond River (J. T. Cocke- Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. rell).

e,f. S ad. et Richmond River. F. Strange rC.l.

J^^^- ^^- (Types of species.)

ADDENDA.

The following additions to the collection have been made, and some
alterations in the letterpress have become necessary, during the
progress of the present volume through the press.

Mr. Gates (Faun. Brit. Ind., Aves, i. p. 9) has recently divided
the Sturnidce into two families — Sturnidcv or true Starlings, which
have no rictal bristles, and are mostly terrestrial in habit ; and
Eulahetida; or Tree-Starlings, which have rictal bristles. This
seems a natural division, which I am prepared to accept.

^^^ . Page 27. Sturnus vulgaris.

e", f". 6 ; f/", Isle of Skye, March. W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

h". 2 ad", sk. Esq. [P.].

i", ^ . k"-m". Twee, Feb. 26. Colonel Irby [P.].

2 ad. sk.

n". 2 ad. sk. Inverness, Oct. 5. W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].

o"-r". S; .<'". $ Duns, Berwick, Jan. 2. Peter Loney, Esq.

ad. sk. [P.]-

i". 9ad.sk. Cliorlev, Lancashire, Jan. 0. .1. F. Gerrard, Esq.

[P.].

n",v". c?; «'"- Garstang, Lancashire, Feb. 20. W. F. Brockholes,

y". 2 ad.sk. Esq. [P.].

s"-f- d"; rj-K- Tetnev, Lincolnshire, Jan., Feb. J. H. Gaton-Haigh,

5 ad. sk. ' ' Esq.

X, /n. d 2 ad. sk. Worksop, Notts, Nov. 29. F. B. NorcHffe, Esq.,

v, $, o. (^ ; n, p. Merton, Norfolk, Jan. 25. Lord Walsingham

2 ad. sk. [P.].

a. 2 ad. .sk. Drinkstone, Suflolk, Jan. 8. Dr. A. Giiuther [P.].

T, V. (S; (fi- 2 Sawbridgenorth, Herts, Jan., T. J. Mann, Esq. [P.].

ad. sk. April.

X, If/, (o. c? ad. ; Kew, near London, April, May, Dr. Giinther [P.].

o'. 2 1^"'- sk. July.

i3'-8'. c?'; e', C- Croydon, Survev, Dec. 7. H. F. Straker, Esq.

2 ad. ,sk. ' [P.].

?/, 6'. d ad. sk. Dumpton, Rarusgate, Kent, Lord Clifton [P.].

March.

i',k'. Ad.sk. Newhaven, Sussex, Oct. 5. R. B. Sliarpe, Esq.

\'-p'. J; (T-a". Lancing, Su.ssex, Sept., Oct. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

2 ad. et iuv. ' [P.].

sk.

v\ 2 ad. et
juv. sk.

5 ad. sk.

ad. .sk.
r]'-K^. cJ; X'-(t'.
2 ad. .sk.

2 ad. sk.
a^/3'-. d; /,S^

? ad. sk.
e"-^". c? ad. et
juv. sk.

2 ad. et juv.

sk.
tt". d ad. sk.
p". c5 ad. sk.
o-"-/. cJad.; S^-

v'. 2 ad. sk.
|T-<aT. Ad. sk.
a^-a". Ad. sk.
j3^ 2 f^cl. sk.

A13DENDA.

Near Brighton, .Tan. to Dec.

Avington, Hants, March, Oct.

(G. E. S.).
Wliatconihe, Dor,-*et, Feh.,

^larch.
Ivingsbridge, Devon, Jan., Feb.

iSt. Bride's, Pembrokeshire,

Dec, Jan.
Svreden, April ( H'. Meve-^).

Bohemia, Sept.

Ag-ram, Croatia, Aug.-Xov.

France.
Switzerland.
Italy, Jan.-Dec.

Barcelona, Spain, April.

Morocco.

Egypt, Feb. 22.

665

R. B. Sharpe, Esq

[P.].

Shelley Coll.

J. C. Mansel-Plev-

dell, Esq. [P.].
Dr. E. Elliot [P.].

Hon. W. Edwardes,

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. A. B.Meyer [P.].

Prof. S. Brusina [P.].

M. Boncard [C.].
Dr.A. B.Meyer [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
M. L. Laglaize [C.].
M. Olcese [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Add :—

p'-T. Ad. sk.

v'-o". c?; tt"-
■y^ 2 ad. sk

Page 33. Sturnus menzbieri.

Meerut.

Luckuow, Dec, Jan., Feb.

Capt. B. Jones [P.].
0. Reid, Esq. [P.].

Add :—

q. Ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.

Page 37. Sturnus purpurascens.

Meerut.
Lucknow, Jan.

Capt. B. .Tones [P.].
0. Reid, Esq. [P.].

A^^. Page 38. Sturuus porphyronotus.

m', n'. Imni. sk. Charwagh, Central Asia, Rev. Dr. Lausdell [C.].

Aug.

o',p'. Ad. sk. Kashgar, Sept. Rev. Dr. Lausdell [0.].

«',?■'. Ad. sk. Yarkand, Sept. Rev. Dr. Lansdell [C.I.

s'. .\d. sk. Karghalik, Oct. Rev. Dr. LansdeU [C.].

Page 40.
For " 2. POLIOPSAR " read " 2. SPODIOPSAR."

Spodiopsar, Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 580.

Mr. Gates having pointed out to me that my generic name of
Poliopsnr had been preoccupied by Cassin (Proc Philad. Acad. 1867,
p. 55), I liave substituted the name of Spodlopnar for it.

666 ADDENDA.

Page 45. Spodiopsar burmanicus.

Mr. Oatcs (Eaun. Erit. Ind., Aves, i. p. 535) places this species in
the genus Graculipim. Count Salvaclori has described (Ann. Mus.
Genov. {2) vii. p. 364) a species from the Karen Hills as 8. fiisco-
guJaris, but I agree with Mr. Gates that it is not difierent from
S. hurmanicus.

Page 46. Spodiopsar leucocephalus.

This species is also placed in the genus Gracnlqnca by Mr. Gates
{oj}. cit. p. 536).

Page 47. Spodiopsar andamanensis.

Mr. Gates (ojj. cit. p. 529) places this species in the genus
Stm'nia,

Page 48. Spodiopsar erythropygius.
This is also a Sttirnia according to Mr. Gates (I. c).

Pago 48. Spodiopsar malabaricus.

Mr. Gates considers /S. nemoricola to be a distinct species, and
places it and 8. malabctrica in the genus Sturnia (op. cit. p. 528).

Add:—
y", s". 6 ? ad. sk. Manipur, Feb., March {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

Page 52. Spodiopsar nemoricola.
Spec, a is the type of 8turnia nemoricola of Jerdon.

Pago 56. STURNOPASTOR.
Fo)- Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 "(1884)" read " (1844)."

^^(j . Page 63. Pastor roseus.

q. Ad. sk. Saiar Mountains, 8000 feet, Aug. St. George Littledale,

Esq. [P.].

Page 71. Sturnia sturnina.

This is the type of Atjroj^jsar, Gates, Paun. Brit. Ind., Aves, i.
p. 530 (1889).

Page 79. ACRIDOTHERES.

Mr. Gates adopts my subgenus yEtliiopsar and considers it to be
of full generic rank. The species to be included in it would there-
fore be j^. fuscus, ^E. viaJirattensis, ^. javanicus, ^. cinereus,
^. grandis, ^. cristatellus, ^. alhocinctus.

ADDENDA. 667

Page 89. Acridotheres mahrattensis.

Spec, c is the type of the species.

Page yy. MAINATUS.

This genus must after all stand as Eulahes, which Mr. Gates
(Faun. Brit. Ind., Aves, i. p. 500) has shown to have been published
by Cuvier in 1817. By some mistake I only consulted the 2nd
edition of the ' Eegne Animal,' which was published in 182'J.

Page 109.
" Mainatus robustus '" must now be called " Eiilabes robustus."

Add:— Page 121. PHOLIDAUGES.

Speculipastor, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 108.

A fourth species of Pholidauges is Notaurjes Jischeri, lleichen.
(Sjn-co Jischeri of the present work, p. 189), till lately known by the
female specimen procured by the late Dr. Pischer in Masai-Land,
and now in the Berlin Museum. The male was procured on Kili-
manjaro by Mr. Hunter, and presented by him to the British
Museum.

The ' Key ' to the genus will therefore require modification.

a. No white base to the quills.

«'. Plumage metallic puce-colour on the upper
surface, the throat and chest of the same
metallic colour.
«''. No white edging to the outer tail-feather . leuco(j aster, p. 121.
6". A white edging to the outer tail-feather . . verremui, p. 123.
b'. Plumage blue-black with a purplish shade, the

_ throat and chest also black fischeri, p. 667.

b. QuUls with a white base bicolor, p." 125."

^^^ •~ Pholidauges fischeri.

Spreo fischeri {Reichen.), Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 189.
PhoUdauges fischeri, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 368.

Adult male. Entire upper surface blue-black with a purplish
gloss ; lesser wing-coverts and quills black, glossed externally with
purple on the coverts, and with steel-green on the quills, the iimer
secondaries being entirely green ; tail-feathers black glossed with
green ; entire head and throat and breast glossy black like the upper
surface, extending down the centre of the breast to the upper part
of the abdomen ; remainder of breast and under tail-coverts yellow-
ish white ; thighs black ; under wing-coverts glossy black. Total
leiiglh 6-3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-9, tail 2-b, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Interior of Eastern Africa.

a. S ad. sk. Kilimaiiiaro, 6000 feet, Aug. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.l.

668 ADDENDA.

Page 146. Calornis tytleri.

Spec. 2?, '/, from Port Mouat {Hume Coll.), are the types of the
species.

Page 149.
For " 9."' Calornis obscura, read " 8."

Page 169.
For " Pyrrhocheira caflfer " read " P. caffi'a."

j^^^. Page 178. Lamprocolius sycobius.

L. sycobius, Sliellei/, P. Z. S. 1889, p. .368.

i. S ad. six. Duruma, E. Africa, Aujr. 20. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].

^^(j . Page 185. Coccycolius iris.

a. Vix ad. sk. Loss Islands. Paris Museum [P.].

Page 189. Spreo flscheri.

This is a Pholidaugcs (vide mpru, p. 667).

i^^^. Page 261. Spermestes bicolor.

q. Imm. sk. Eabba, E. Niger. Capt. M. Feiryman [P.].

j^^^ . Page 276. Lagonosticta minima.

0. Ad. sk. Lukoja, Piiver Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.].

^jj(j . Page 304. Pytelia schlegeli.

e. Ad. sk. Yambuya, Ft. Aruwliimi, Congo Mrs. Jameson [P.].

(J. S. Jameson).

Page 30.5. COCCOPYGIA.

Neisna of Bonaparte is a iiomen nudum.

^jjj . Page 309. Hypochaera ultramarina.

g. Ad. sk. Piabba, It. Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.].

324. Sporaeginthus subflavus.

For " Ovtygospiza polyzona, Butler S^-c.," rend " Ortygospiza subflava."

ADDENDA. 669

Add :— Page 326. MUNIA.

Oiyzivora, Jenl. B. Lid. ii. p. 359 (1863).

Page 346. Munia punctulata.
Spec. ii'-,v' are the types of Hodgson's Munia Uncoventer.

Page 400. Estrilda nonnula.

^ Dr. Hartlaub (Ibis, 1890, p. 263) thinks that E. uoiuada and
E. tenerrima are not the same species. After a rc-examinatiou of the
scries in the ^Museum, I believe that E. nonnula is the young bird.

e,f. Ad. sk. Yambuya, Aruwhinii River {J. S. 31rs. Jameson [P.].
Jameson).

Add : P^o^ "l*^*^- Estrilda phoenicotis.

c'. Ad. sk. IJeniie, River Niger. Capt. M. Ferryman [P.].

Add : V'A^Q 436. Nelicurviiis nelicourvi.

m. Imm. sk. Madagascar-. Purchased.

Page 451. Hyphantornis ciiciillatus.

The name of Floceus solitarius, Wiirtt., must be erased from the
list of synonyms.

Add : V-dge 455. Hyphantornis bohndorffi.

a. Ad. sk. Yambuj'a, R. Annvhimi, Congo Mrs. Jameson [P-]-

{J. S. Jameson).

^(I(j . Page 472. Ciniiamopteryx castaneofusca.

f. Juv. sk. Abouri, Aguapim (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

Page 474. Ploceella javanensis,
Spec, ii'-a arc the types of P. chrysaus.

^jj^ . Page 479. Malimbus bartletti.

A". Ad. sk. t^old Coast (If. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

I. Ad.sk. Aboiui, Aguapim, Feb. (&.£. 'S'.). Shelley Coll.

Add:—

Page 481. Malimbus nitens.

q. Ad. sk. Fautee {H. T. Ussher). Shelley Cull.

/•. Juv. sk. Abouri, Aguapim (T. E. Biakley). Shelley Coll.

s. Ad. sk. Wasa Province (if. F. Blissett). Shelley CoU.

670 ADDENBA.

j^^^l . Pago 484. Nesacanthis eminentissima.

u. c? ad. sk. Anjuan. M. Hiiinblot [O.J.

V, w. c? ad, sk. Great Comoro Island. INI. Iliimblot [C.].

Page 484. Nesacanthis fusco-fulva.
For " N. FUSCO-FULVirs " read " N. fusco-fui-ta."

Add:— Page 501. AMBLYOSPIZA.

Amblyospiza concolor, Bocar/c, Jom. Lish. 1888, p. 229.
Ilah. S. Thomas, W. Africa.

Page 528. OTOCORYS.

Mr. J. Dwight has recently written an important essay on the
' Horned Larks of North America ' in the ' Auk ' for April, 1890.
He traverses the conclusions of Mr. Henshaw and divides the
American forms into some additional races, which, more Americano,
he designates by trinomial titles. Accordingly, if these races are
well defined, they will rank as subspecies in the present volume,
and the following must be added to 0. alpestris : —

Subsp. 1^. Otocorys adusta.

Otocoris alpestris adusta, Divight, t. c. p. 148.

Ilab. Southern Arizona and New Mexico, Western Texas, and
southward into Mexico.

Subsp. »;. otocorys merrilli.

Otocoris alpestris merrilli, Bicight, t. c. p. 153.

Hab. Eastern Oregon, "Washington, and British Columbia, between
the Cascade and Rocky Mountains ; southward in winter into
Nevada and California (J. DwigJit).

Subsp. B. Otocorys pallida.

Otocoris alpestris pallida, Dici(/ht,t. c. p. 154 (e.i- Tomisend, MSS.).

Hab. Lower California and Sonera (/. Divight).

The adoption by Mr. Dwight of the name of pallida, which I
had proposed for the Central-Asian race of Otocorys penicillaia,
obliges me to change the name for the latter bird, and I therefore
alter it as follows : —

Page 533.

For " Otocorys pallida " read " Otocorys diluta,'' sp. u.

ADDENDA. Q^ i

Add : — Page 536. Otocorys brandti.

V. Juv. sk. Saiar Mountains, Central Asia, St. Georo-e Littledale
GOOO feet, Aug. Esq. [P.]. '

Add :— Page 540. Otocorys arenicola.

u", v". c? ad. Texas, Dec, Feb. (H. E. Dresser). Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

Add :— Page 546. Otocorys chrysolaema.

y"-?;".dad.;s". $ San Diego, California, Feb., Salviu-Godman Coll

ad. ; cfi. Juv. sk. June {F, SfejjJtens).
6^c^ d; (Z^. ? ad. Ajusco, Valley of Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

fik. Sept. {W. B. IticJiardson).

e",/^. 6 ad, sk. Rio Frio, IztaceiluiatI, Mex- Salvin-Godman Coll

ico, Sept. ( W. B. E.).
g\ Juv. sk. Las Vigas, Jalapa (F. Fer- Salvin-Godman Coll.

rari-Perez).
h^, i'. d ? ad. sk. Zacatecas, Feb. (W. B. B.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Page 572. Alauda arvensis.

Add : «• Dark form.

u'-y'. c? ad. sk. Carse of Gowie. C. Heron Watson,

Esq. [P.].
z',a",b". cJ ad. Wbatcombe, Dorset, March 21. J.C.Mansel-Pleydell,
slf- Esq. [P.].

/3. Eufous form.

2}"-r". c?; s",t". Houghton, Dorset, Feb. 21. J.C.Mansel-Pleydell,
2 ad. sk. Esq. [P.].

u"-.t". 6\y". Wbatcombe, Dorset, Feb. 21, J.C.Mansel-Plevdell

$ad. sk. March 21. Esq. [P.].

ALPHABETICAL IiNDEX.

abyssiuica (Alauda), 635.
abyssinica (Fringilla),

241.
abyssinica (Galerida),

635.
abyssiuica (Juida), 177.
abyssiuica (Loxia), 453.
abyssiuiciis (Euplectes),

241, 242, 244.
abyssiuicus (Hyphantor-

iiis), 453.
abyssinicus (Lamproco-

lius), 177.
abyssinicus (Ploceus),

244, 430.
Acalanthe, 380.
Acridotheres, 7'J, ^6(i.
acuticauda (Aiuadina),

357.
acuticauda (Juida), 185.
acuticauda (Louchura),

357.
acuticauda (Munia), 356,

357, 359.
acuticauda (Poepbila),

375.
acuticauda (Spermestes),

357.
acuticauda (Uroloncha),

356, 357.
acuticaudus (Heteropsar),

185.
acuticaudus (Lampi-oco-

lius), 185.
acutii'ostris (Calandrella),

585.
adamsi (Alauda), 593.
adamsi (Alaudula), 592.
adusta (Otocorys), 670.
--Egintha, 372.
ajuea (Hypocha;ra), 308.
i\3nea (Juida), 155,

15().
VOL. XIII.

EBuea (Lamprotornis),

155.
itneoides (Juida), 156.
:i3iieoides (Lamijrotoruis),

1.36.
a;neus (Liunprotornis),

155, 156.
iuneus (Sturnus), 1.55.
£eneus (Tardus), 155.
u?neus (Urauges), J 55.
i3enochroa (Habropyga),

tenochroa (Lagouosticta),

282.
a^tbiopica (Hypliantica),

259.
iuthiopica (Quelea), 259.
JEthiopicus (Ploceus),

259.
^Etbiops, 314.
ajtliiops (Hyphantornis),

465.
afer (Euplectes), 241.
afer (Ploceus), 241.
afBnis (Calornis), 143,

146.
affinis (CTi-acula), 115.
afRnis (Lamprotornis),

143.
affinis (Maiua), 49.
affinis (Mirafra), 614

615.
affinis (Ploceus), 459.
affinis (Pyrrbulauda),

655.
affinis (Urobrachya), 226.
afra (Estrelda), 302.
afra (Fringilla), 302.
afra (Loxia), 241.
afra (Pyromelana), 241,

242.
afra (Pytelia), 302.
afrieana (Alffimou), 514,

africana (Alauda), 514,

607.
africana (Bupbaga), 195.
africana (Certhilauda),

514.
africana (Chersomanes),

514.
africana (Mirafra), 607.
africanoides (Alauda),

616.
africanoides (Megalopho-

uus), 607, 616.
africanoides (Mirafra),

616.
afrioanus (Megalopho-

nus), 607.
iigrestis (Alauda), 568.
Agrophilus, 244.
Aidemosyne, 368.
Ahtmon, 512, 517.
Alauda, 566.
alaudipes (Alfeiuon),

518.
alaudipes (Certhilauda),

520.
alaudipes (Upupa), 518.
Alaudula, 566.
alberti (Meuura), 662.
albertiure (Obaritornis),

153.
albertiuffi (Eulabes), 153.
albescens (Alauda), 522.
iilbescens (Calendulauda),

albescens (Megalopho-

nus), 522.
albicapilla (Juida), 186.
albicapillus (Heteropsar),

186.
albicapillus (Notauges),

186.
albicapillus (Spreo),

186.

2x

674

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

albicoUis (Pica), 153.
albicoUis (Pitta), 153.
albicoUis (Streptocitta),

153.
albifrons (Amblyospiza),

501, .502, .504.
albifrons (Caiornis), 70.
albifrons (Corapliites),

655.
albifrons (Coryphegiia-

thus), .502, 504.
albifrons (Pyrrbula),

501.
albifrons (Pyrenestes),

501 , 602.
albigula (Otocorys), 531,

636, 537.
albigiilaris (Alaucla),

668.
albigiilaris (Melaiioco-

rypha), 551.
albinucha(Mclanopteryx),

477.
albinucha (Sycobiiis),

477.
albirostris (Alecto),

509.
albirostris (Alectrornis),

509.
albirostris (Amydriis),

168.
albirostris (Caiornis),

147.
albirostris (Coccothraus-

tes), 508.
albirostris (Dertroides),

508.
albirostris (Euplectes),

494.
albirostris (Juicla), 167.
albirostris (Kitta), 167.
albirostris (Pilorhinus),

167.
albirostris (Ptilonorhyn-

clius), 167.
albirostris (Textor), 508,

511.
albiventer (Ocypterus),

4, 17.
albiventris (Artamus),

17.
albiventris (Lamprotor-

nis), 187.
albocinctus (Acrido-

theres), 94.
albofasoiata (Alsemon),

515.
albofasciata (Certhi-

lauda), 515.
albofrontata (Heta;ror-

iiis), 55.

albofrontata (Stiirnia),

55.
albofrontatus (Acrido-

theres), 55.
albofrontatus (Temenu-

chus), 55.
albonotata (Penthetria),

219.
albonotata (Urobracbya),

219.
albonotata (Vidua), 219.
albonotatus (Colius-

passer), 219.
alboterminata (Melano-

corypba), 555.
albovittata(Leptopteryx),

19.
albovittatus (Artamus),

19.
albovittatus (Ocypterus),

18, 19.
alecto (Alecto), 508.
alecto (Ploceus), 508.
alecto (Textor), 508,

510.
algeriensis(A mmomanes),

645.
algonda; (Calyphantria),

484.
algondfe ( Foudia), 484.
algonda; (Ploceus), 484.
alopex (Mirafra), 617.
Alouette, 567.
Alouette a calotte rousse,

597.
Alouette a gros bee, 639.
Alouette a tute rousse, La

Petite, 561.
Alouette bateleuse, 598.
Alouette de Sibirie, 542.
Alouette de Virginie,

541.
Alouette d'ltalie, 567.
Alouette grise de Gingi,

652.
Alouette liuppee de la

cote de Malabar, 633.
Alouette huppee du Se-
negal, 626.
Alouette buppee. Petite,

636.
Alouette noire, 668.
Alouette Sirli, 514.
alpestris (Alauda), 630,

542.
alpestris (Eremophila),

538, 539, 542, 549.
alpestris (Otocoris), 542,

548.
alpestris (Otocorys), 534,

538, .541,543,670.

alpestris (Otocoryx), 543.
alpestris (Pbilamnus),

542.
alpestris (Phileremos),

542, 543.
Amadavad, 320.
Araadina, 288.
Aiuandava, 319.
amandava ( Astrilda), 323.
amandaTa(Estrelda), 320,

323.
amandava (Fringilla),

320.
amandava (Linaria), 320.
amandava (Sporregin-

tbus), 320.
Amaurestbes, 267.
amaurocejjhalus (Plo-
ceus), 423.
amaurocepbalus (Syco-

brotus), 423.
amaurocepbalus (Sym-

plectes), 423.
amauronotus (Hyphan-

tornis), 415.
amauropteryx (Hypo-

cbaera), 309.
ambiguus (Sturnus), 35.
Amblynura, 380.
Amblyospiza, .501, 670.
amboiiiensis (Caiornis),

139.
amethystinus (Lampro-

colius), 175.
ametbystinus (Lampro-

tornis), 175.
Ammoraanes, 641.
Ampeliceps, 115.
Amydrus, 161.
anais (Eulabes), 113.
anais (Gracula), 1 14.
anais (Melanopyrrhus),

113.
anais (Oriolus), 113.
Anaplectes, 411.
andamanensis (Eulabes),

107.
audamanensi8(Maiuatus),

107.
andamanensi8(Poliopsar),

47.
andamanensis (Sturnia),

47.
andamanensis (Spodiop-

sar), 666.
andamanensis (Temenu-

cbus), 47.
anderssoni (Alauda),

563.
andf rssoni (Calandrella),

563.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

675

anderssoni (Calandritis),

563.
anderssoni (Megalopho-

nus), 564.
anderssoni(Tephroeorys),

563, 564.
angolensis (Anaplectes),

413.
angolensis (Estrelda),

401, 402.
angolensis (Pringilla),

402.
angolensis (Mirafra),

593.
angolensis (Ploeeus),

413.
angolensis (Sharpia), 413.
anJLianensis (Foudia),

484.
anjiianensis (Ploeeus),

484.
anuulosa (Amadina),

314.
annulosa (Astrilda), 314.
annulosa (Estrelda), 314.
annulosa(Steganopleura),

314.
annulosa (Stietoptera),

314.
anomalus (Hypbantor-

nis), 437.
anomalus (Ploeeus), 437.
anthirostris (Galerita).

6.37.
apiata (Alauda), 598.
apiata (Bracbonyx), 598.
apiata (Mirafra), 598,

600.
apiatus (Megalopbonus),

597, 598.
Aplonis, 125.
approximans (Orynx),

240.
arborea (Alauda), 636.
arborea (Corys), 637.
arborea (Galerita), 637.
arborea (LuUula), 636,

637.
ardens (Coliuspasser),

216.
ardens (Coliustruthus),

216.
ardens (Fringilla), 215.
ardens (Niobe), 216.
ardens (Pentbetria), 216.
ardens (Vidua), 216.
arenaria (Alauda), 580.
arenaria (Melanocory-

pha), 581.
arenicola (Galerita), 579,

635.

arenicola (Mirafra), 629.
arenicola (Otocorys),

540.
arenicolor (Alauda), 644.
arenicolor (Ammoraanes),

644.
arenicolor (Mirafra),

644.
argus (Amadina), 291.
armitiana (Poepbila),

378.
arnaudi (Nigrita), 250.
arnaudi (Philaeterus),

250.
arvensis (Alauda), 566,

667, 669.
asiaticus (Sturnus), 63.
assamensis (Mirafra),

609.
assamica (Mirafra), 609.
Astrild a moustacbes

noires, 397.
Astrild a ventre rouge,

393.
astrild (vEgintba), 392.
astrild (Estrelda), 391,

393.
astrild (Fringilla), 392.
astrild (Habropyga), 392,

393.
astrild (Loxia), 392.
astrilda (Estrilda), 391.
Atalochrous, 477.
ater (Acridotberes), 92.
aterrima (Fringilla),

364.
atricapilla (Amadina),

334.
atricapilla (Coccotliraus-

tes), 334.
atricapilla (Donacola),

334.
atricapilla (Estrelda),

399.
atricapilla (Loxia), 334.
atricapilla (Munia), 334,

337.
atricapillus (Ploeeus),

415.
Atricbia, 659.
atricollis (Amadina),

270.
atricollis (Estrelda),

270. _
atricollis (Fringilla),

270.
atricollis (Ortygosjiiza),

270.
atrifusca (Aplonis), 134.
atrifusca (Lamprotornis),

134.

atrifusca (Sturnoides),

134.
atrigula (Ploeeus), 491.
atrofusca (Oalornis),

134.
atrogularis (Euplectes),

415.
atrogularis (Hypbantor-

nis), 415, 467, 468.
atrogularis (Ploeeus),

415.
atrogularis (Symplectes),

415.
atrogularis (Textor),

468.
atronitens (Aplonis),

128. _
atropygialis (Poepbila),

375.
aurantiigula (Hypban-

tornis), 447.
aurantius (Hypbantor-

nis), 444.
aurantius (Hypbantur-

gus), 444.
aurantius (Malimbus),

444.
aurantius (Ploeeus), 419,

444,446.
aurantius (Symplectes),

444.
aurata (Juida), 175.
aurata (Lamprotornis),

180.
aurata (Loxia), 494.
aurata (Saroglossa), 120.
auratus (Lamprocolius),

175.
auratus (Sturnus), 180.
auratus (Turdus), 120,

175.
aurea (Coccotbraustes),

235.
aurea (Hypbantornis),

446.
aurea (Loxia), 235.
aurea (Pyromelana), 235.
aureiflavus (Hypban-
tornis), 446.
aureoflavus (Hypban-
tornis), 446.
aureoflavus (Ploeeus),

446, 448.
aureoflavus (Textor),

446.
aureoflavus (Xantbopbi-

lus),448.
aureoviridis (Corvus),

155.
aureus (Euplectes),

235.

2x2

676

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

aureus (Ploceus), 235,

431, 444, 494.
auricapillus (Hypban-

toruis), 4(35.
auricapillus (Ploceus),

464.
auricollis (Penthetria),

216.
auricularis (Ploceus),

419.
aurifrons(Hvpliantornis),

430, 432. '
aurifrons (Oriolinus),

431.
aurifrons (Ploceus), 43U.
aurinotus (Euplectes),

235.
australis (Alauda), .576.
australis (Aplonis), 125.
australis (Chalcopsar),

158.
australis (Juida), 158.
australis (Lamprotornis),

158.
australis (Megalotis),

651.
australis (Miro), 125.
australis (Pyrrliulauda),

651.
australis (Turdus), 125.
australis (Uraiiges), 158.
axillaris (Coliuspasser),

224, 226.
axillaris (Hyphantornis),

460.
a.villaris (Peuthetriaj,

224, 225, 226.
axillaris (Urobracliya),

224, 225.
axillaris (Vidua), 224,

225.
ayresi (Sliar])ia), 411.

badius (Ilypbautornis),

4(i0.
badius (Ploceus), 460.
badius (Turdus), 135.
baitica (Alauda), 588.
bsetica (Alaudiila), 588.
bffitica (Calandrella),

588.
bagheira (Corapbidea),

684.
bagheira (Emberiza),

584.
bagbera (Corypba), 584.
baglafeclit (Heterby-

pbante.s), 419.
baglafecht (Hvpbantor-

nis), 419, 469.

baglafecht (Ploceus),

419.
baglafecht (Sympleetes),

419.
bartletti (MrJimbus),

479, 669.
Basileornis, 95.
Basiloruis, 95.
baya (Euplectes), 489.
baya (NeUcurvius), 491.
baya (Ploceus), 488,

491.
Beau Marquet, 296,

297.
Bee-eater, African, 196.
bella (Amadiua), 293.
bella (Astrilda), 293.
bella (Estrelda), 293.
bella (FriugiUa), 293.
bella (Loxia), 293.
bellus (Zonfeginthusj,

293.
beugalensis (Loxia), 494.
beugalensis (Nelicurvius),

494.
beugalensis (Ploceus).

489, 493, 494.
Bengali, 307.
Bengah a joues Oranges,

325.
Bengali cendre, 394.
Bengali gris-bleu, 284.
Bengali, Le, 400.
Bengali mouchete, 311.
Beugili piquete, 320.
Bengali Tert, 390.
benghala (Estrelda), 402.
benghalus (Estrelda),

400.
benghalus (Fringilla),

400.
berardi (Ocypterus), 8.
bichenovii (Amadina),

313.
bichenovi (Astrilda),

313.
bichenovii (Estrelda),

313.
bichenovii (FringiUa),

313.
bichenovii (Stagano-

pleura), 313.
bichenovii (Stictoptera),

313.
bicolor (Amadina), 2()1.
bioolor (Araydrus), 188.
bicolor (Hypbatitornis),

422.
bicolor (Juida), 188.
bicolor (Lamprotornis),

187.

bicolor (Loxia), 369.
bicolor (Nigrita), 318.
bicolor (Notauges), 188.
bicolor (Pastor), 77.
bicolor (Pholidauges),

125.
bicolor (Ploceus), 422,

423.
bicolor (Pytelia), 318.
bicolor (Spcculipastor),

125.
bicolor (Spermestes), 261,

668.
bicolor (Spreo), 187.
bicolor (Sturnus), 187.
bicolor (Sycobius), 422.
bicolor (Sycobrotus), 422,

424.
bicolor (Sympleetes), 422,

423.
bicolor (Turdus), 187.
bicoruis (Otocorys), 532.
bicornis (Phileremos),

537.
bifasciata (Alauda), 518.
bifasciata (Certhilauda),

518.
bilopha (Alauda), 537.
bilopha (Otocornis), 537.
bilopha (Otocorys), 531,

537.
bilopha (Otocoryx), 532.
bimaculata (Alauda), 555.
bimaculata (Melanoco-

rypha), 551, 555.
bispecularis (Juida), 181.
bispecularis (Lamproco-

lius), 181.
bispecularis (Spreo), 181.
bivittata (Amadiua), 340.
bivittata (Donacola), 340.
blakistoni (Alauda), 569.
Blue and Green Daw,

175.
blythii (Amydrus), 164.
blythii (Juida), 164.
blythii (Pastor), 49, 54.
blythii (Poliopsar), 54.
blythii (Sturnia), 54.
blythii (Temenuchus), 54.
bocagii (Coliuspasser),

226.
bocagii (Juida), 124.
bocagii (Penthetria),

226.
bocagii (Urobrachya),

226.
boehmi (Dinemellia),

507.
boehmi (Limoneres), 507.
boehmi (Textor), 507.

ALPHABETICAL IjrBEX.

677

bohndorfR (ITyphantor-

nis), 455, G()'j.
bohnclorfll (Ploceus),

455.
bqjeri (Ilyphantornis),

448.
bojeri (Ploceus), 448.
borbouifa (Emberiza),

484.
borboniea (Foiidia), 484.
borbonicus (Fregilupiis\

194.
borneensis (Chloriira).

388.
borneensis (Mirafra\

602.
Boscis, 63.
Boiivreuil noil" d'Afrique,

509.
boysii (Alauda), 628.
boysii (Certliilauda),

628.
braccata (Spenuestes),

331.
Brachonyx, 593.
brachydactyla (Alauda),

580, 584," 587, 689.
bi'achvdactvla (Calan-
dreila), .o80, 584, 585,
586, 589.
bracliydaetyla (Calan-

dritis), .581.
brachydactyla (Melano-

corypha), 581.
brachydactyla (Pliilere-

mos), 581, 587, 589.
braehyptera (Hyphantor-

nis), 429.
braehyptera (Sitagra),

428.
brachypterus (Hyjihan-

tornis), 427.
brachypterus (Ploceus),

429.
brachypterus (Sym-

plectes), 429.
brachyura (Alauda), 628.
brachyura (Galerita),

628.
braiidti (Hyphantornis).

468.
brandti (Ploceus), 468.
brandti (Otocorys), 53(5,

537, 669.
brasiliaua (Loxia), 290.
brevipes (Artaraus),

11.
breyirostris (Aplonis),

130.
breyirostris (Laniprolor-
uis), 130.

breyiunguis (Alauda),

524.
breyiunguis (Certlii-
lauda), 524.
breyiunguis (Hetero-

corys), 524,
Bruant de I'isle de Bour-
bon, 484.
bruante ( Fringilla), 484.
bruante (Foudia), 484.
brunneiceps (Lagono-

sticta), 277.
brunneiceps (Munia),

338.
Brunhilda, 390.
brunueseens (Aplouis),

132.
buccalis (Estrelda), 394.
buccalis (Fringilla),

394. _
buekleyi (Calandrella),

580," 599, 600.
buekleyi (Megalophonus),

599,' 600.
buekleyi (Mirafra), 599.
bucoliea (Mirafra), 623.
bugiensis (Alauda), 568.
Bunting, Black-faced,

257.
Buuting, Blue-faced,

.381.
Bunting, Crimson, 485.
Bunting, Domiuican,

204.
Bunting, Long-tailed,

204.
Bunting, Panayan,

21.5.
Bunting, Eed-eyed, 328.
Bunting, Eed-rumped,

381.
Bunting, Shaft-tailed,

209.
Bunting, Variegated,

204.
Buphaga, 195.
burchelli (Juida), 158.
burchelli (Lamprotornis),

156, 158.
burmanensis (Temenu-

chus), 45.
burmauiea (Estrelda),

323.
burnianica (Sturnia),

45.
burmanicus (Aerido-

theres), 45.
burmanicus (Poliopsar),

45.
burmanicu5(8podiopsar ),
666.

burmanicus (Temenu-
chus), 45.

cabanisi ( Hyphantornis),

461, 465.'
cabanisi (Munia), 353.
cabanisi (Nigrita), 251.
cabanisi (Phila'terus),

251.
cnjrulescens (Estrelda),

284, 285, 393.
cterulescens (Fringilla),

284, 28.5.
Cfcrulescens (Habropyga),

284.
c.Trulescens (Lagono-

sticta), 284.
caffer (Icterus), 431.
caifer (Pyrrhocheira),

169.
caffra (Chera), 214.
caffra (Coracias), 169.
caffra (Fringilla), 21.3.
caffra (Juida), 169.
caffra (Loxia), 213.
caffra (Pyrrhocheira),

169, 668.
caffra (Sitagra), 431.
Calandra, The, 551.
calandra (Alauda), 551,

555, 557.
calandra (Londra), 552.
calandra (Melanocory-

pha), 551.
Calaudre, Le, 551.
Calandrella, 579.
calandrella (Alauda),

580.
calandrella ( Coraphidea),

584.
Calandritis, 579.
caledonica (Streptocitta),

153.
caledonicus (Aplonis),

127, 128.
caledonicus (Coryus),

153.
Calendula, 639.
Calendulauda, 517.
Calfat, 328.
calfat (Emberiza), 328.
Calornis, 137.
calya (Graoula), 97.
calvus (Acridotheres),

97.
calyus (Gymnops), 97.
calyus (Mino), 97.
calyus (Sarcops), 97.
cambodianus (Poliopsar),

45.
cana (Sturnia), 69,

678

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

canicapilla (jEthiops),
315.

canicapilla (Nigrita),

315, 316.
caniceps (Donacicola),

345.
caniceps (Munia), 345,

356.
caniceps (Pastor), 49.
caniceps (Pjtelia), 356.
caniceps (Spermestes),

356.
caniceps (Uroloncha),

356.
canidorsalis (Nigrita),

251.
cantans (Aidemosyne),

371.
cantans (Amadina), 371.
cantans (Coccotbraustes),

371.
cantans (Estrelda), 371.
cantans (Euodeia), 372.
cantans (Eiiodice), 372,
cantans (Fringilla), 371.
cantans (Loxia), 371.
cantans (Munia), 372.
cantans (Spermestes),

372.
cantans (Uroloncha),

372.
cantarella (Alauda), 568.
cantillans (Mirafra),

605.
cantor (Aplonis), 143.
cantor (Calornis), 129,

143.
cantor (Lamprotornis),

128, 143.
cantor (Tardus), 147.
cantoroides (Aplonis),

128.
cantoroides (Calornis),

128.
cantoroides (Lamprotor-
nis), 129.
capensis (Alauda), 514.
capensis (Certhilauda),

514.
capensis (Coccotbraus-
tes), 236.
capensis (Coliuspasser),

237, 239.

capensis (Coi-ytbus), 237.
capensis (Euplectes), 237,

238, 240.
capensis (Fregikipus),

194.
capensis (Hypbantornis),

431, 432.
capensis (Loxia), 436.

capensis (Oriolinus),431.
capensis (Oriolus), 430.
capensis (Orynx), 237,

238, 240.
capensis (Oryx), 237.
capensis (Ploceus), 430.
capensis (Pyromelana),

236, 237, 238, 240.
capensis (Sitagra), 430.
capensis (Sturnus), 58.
capensis (Upupa), 194.
capistrata (Estrelda),

390.
capitalba (Pvrenestes),

504.
eai^italba (Amblyospiza),

504.
capitalbus (Corypbegna-

thus), 504.
capitalis (Fringilla), 458.
capitalis (Hypbantornis),

458, 461, 465.
capitalis (Ploceus), 458,

461.
capitalis (Tanagra), 458.
capitalis (Textor), 458.
capitata (Quelea), 455.
Cap-noire, Le, 451.
caucasiea (Galerita), 629
caucasicus (Sturnus), 37.
caudatus (Turdus), 155.
Cardeline, 486.
Cardinal d' Angola, 290.
Cardinal de Madagascar,

433.
Cardinal du Cap de

Bonne Esperance, 230.
cardinalis (Hypbantica),

256.
cardinalis (Quelea), 256.
carnielita (Estrelda), 205.
Carouge du Cap de

Bonne Esperance, 430.
Carouge olive de la Loui-

siane, 430.
carunculata (Gracula),

61.
carunculata (Pastor), 61.
carunculatus (Dilopbus),

61.
cassini (Aplonis), 131.
cassini (Malimbiis), 482.
cassini (Sycobius), 482.
castaneieeps (Hypbantor-
nis), 448.
castaneigula (Hypbantor-
nis), 444.
castaneigula (Ploceus),

444.
castaneithorax (Munia),
340.

castaneoauratus (Textor),

460.
castaneofusca (Cinnamo-

pteryx), 472, 669.
ca.staneofusca (Hypban-
tornis), 472.
castaneofuscus (Ploceus),

472.
castaneofuscus (Textor),

472.
castaneosoma (Hypban-
tornis), 473.
castaneothorax (Ama-
dina), 340.
castaneothorax (Donaci-
cola), 340.
castaneothorax (Dona-
cola), 340.
castanops (Hyj)liantor-

nis), 443.
castanops (Ploceus),

443.
castanotis (Amadina),

311.
castanotis (Estrelda),

311.
castanotis (Stegano-

pleura), 311.
castanotis (Sporoth-

lastes), 311.
castanotis (Ta^niopygia),

311.
cavaignacii (lerapte-

rbina), 527.
celebensis (Artamus), 5.
celebensis (Basileornis),

95.
celebensis (Basilornis),

95.
Cendrille, La, 561.
Certhilauda, 512, 614.
Cbalcopsar, 158.
chalcura (Juida), 179.
cbalcurus (Lamproco-

lius), 179.
cbalcurus (Lamprotor-
nis), 179.
cbalybea (Calornis), 143.
ebalybea (Juida), 176.
cbalybeata (Amadina),

308.
cbalybeata (Fringilla),

308.
cbalybeata (HyjDocbajra),

308, 309.
cbalybeus (Lamproeo-

lius), 176, 177, 178.
cbalybeus (Lamprotor-
nis), 176.
cbalybeus (Turdus), 143.
Chardonneret verd, 296.

Charitornis, 153.
charmosyna (Estrelda),

339.
charmosyna (Habro-

pyga), 399.
cbeeleensis (Alauda),

o89.
cheeleensis (Alaudula),

589.
cheeleensis (Calandrella),

589.
cheat (Erjthrura), 369.
cheet (Lonchura), 369.
cheet (Sperraestes), 369.
chendoola (Alauda), 605,

628.
chendoola (Certhilauda),

628.
chendoola (Galerida),

628.
cheniana (Alauda), 603.
cbeniana (Mirafra), 603.
chenianus (Megalopho-

nus), 603.
Chera, 213.
Chersomanes, 514.
Chersojihilus, 512, 525.
Chinese Starling, 92.
Chloebia, 373.
chloronotus (Ploceus),

465.
chloropterus (Lamproco-

lius), 178, 179.
chloropterus (Lampro-

tornis), 178.
ClUorura, 388.
Choucador, 174.
chrysteus (Ploceus),

475.
chrysogaster (Lamproco-

lius), 191.
ch rysogaster(Lamprotor-

ms),191.
chrysogaster (Notauges),

191.
chrysogaster (Ploceus),

422.
chrysogaster (Symplec-

tes), 422.
chrysogaster (Tardus),

191.
chrysogastra (Hyphantor-

nis), 422.
chrysolffima (Alauda),

546.
chrysolaema (Eremo-

phila), 546, 549.
chrysolajuia (Otocorys),

546.
chrysolaimus (Otocoris),
547.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

chrysomelas (Coecoth-

raustes), 494.
chrysomelas (Hyphantor-

nis), 425.
chrysomus (Symplectes),

422.
chrysonotus (Vidua), 221.
chrysophry8(Syiuplecte3),

415.
chrysoptera (Fringilla),

221.
chrysopygus (Textor),

462.
chrysostictos (Ploceus),

468.
ehrysotis (Juida), 172.
chrysotis (Lamprocolius),

172, 173.
chrysotis (Lamprotornis),

172, 173.
chrysura (Mania), 362.
cincta (Amadina), 376.
cincta (Hyphantornis),

451, 455.
cincta (Poephila), 376.
cincta (Sporothlastes),

376.
einetura (Ammomanes),

644, 645.
einetura (Melanocory-

pha), 644.
cinctara (Mirafra), 644.
cinctus (Ploceus), 455.
ciueraceus (Poliopsar),

41.
cineraceus (Stumus),41.
cineraceus (Temenu-

chus), 42.
cinerascens (Aplonis),

133.
cinerascens (Sturnus),

42.
cinerea ( Jilgintha), 395.
cinerea (Alaada), 561.
cinerea (Astrilda), 395.
cinerea (Calandrella),

561,563.
cinerea (Calandritis),

561,563.
cinerea (Estrelda), 393,

394.
cinerea (Fringilla), 394.
cinerea (Gracula), 49, 85.
cinerea (Habropyga),

395.
cinerea (Tephrocorys),

561, 563.
cinereicapilla (Nigrita),

31.5.
cinereiceps (Lamprotor-
nis), 191.

679

cinereigula (Pytelia),

303.
cinereus (Aeridotheres),

91.
cinereus (Jithiopsar),

666.
cinereus (Artamus), 16.
cinereus (Leptopteryx),

17.
cinereus (Megalophonus),

561, 563.
cinereus (Ocypterus),

17.
cinereus (Pastor), 49.
einnamomea (Ammo-
manes), 607.
Cinnamopterus, 166.
Cinnamopteryx, 471.
Cinnyricinclus, 121.
circumscripta (Calornis\

142.
citerior (Estrelda), 299.
citerior (Pytelia), 297,

298, 299.
citerior (Zunogastris),

299.
clamosa (Alauda), 598.
clamosa (Atrichia), 659.
clot-bekii (Hierapte-

rhina), 527.
clot-bey (Alauda), 527.
clot-bey (Melanocory-

pha), 527.
clot-bey (Rhamphoeorys),

527.
coccineus (Pyrenestes),

253.
Coccopygia, 305, 668.
Coccycolius, 185.
Coehevis, 627.
eochevis (Alauda), 627.
CocheTis de Senegal,

627.
codea (Alauda), 522.
ccelipeta (Alauda), 568.
coelivox (Alauda), 576.
Coliostruthus, 215.
Coliuspasser, 215.
coUaris (Alauda), 551.
collaris (Hyphantornis),

455.
collaris (Ploceus), 4,90,

455,471.
colletti (Poliopsar), 43.
columbina (Calornis),136.

148.
columbina (Turdus), 136.
columbinus (Lamprotor-
nis), 136.
columbinus (Turdus),
147.

680

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Comba-sou, 308.
comoreiisis (Calypliaii-

Iria), 48i.
comoreusis (Fouclia),4:84.
comorensis (Ploceus),

484.
concolor (Arablyospiza),

670.
concolor (Coliostruthus).

216.
concolor (Hyphantornis).

446.
concolor (Penthetria),

216.
concolor (Vidua), 216.
congica (Lagouosticta),

280.
conirostris (Alaucla), 564.
eonirostris (Coraphites),

564.
conirostris (Spizocorys),

664.
consobrina (Foudia), 484.
consobrina (Ploceus),484.
Contra, .57.
contra (Pastor), 58.
contra (Psarites), 58.
contra (Sturnopastor),.57,

58, 59.
contra (Sturnus), 57.
Coquillarde, 627.
Coraphidea, 579.
Corapbitea, 650.
cordofanica (Mirafra),

606, 617.
cordofanicus (Geocora-

pbus), 607.
coreensis (Galerita), 629.
cornuta (Alauda), 539,

546, 542.
cornuta (Ereraopbila),

.538, 539, 540, 542.
cornuta (Otoeoris), 542.
cornuta (Otocorys), 543.
cornuta (Otocoryx), 546.
eornutus (Pbileremos),

542.
coronata (Eulabes), 116.
corouata (Gracula), 116.
coronatus (Ampeliceps),

116.
coruscans(LaiD procolius),

182.
corvina (Calornis), 134.

137.
corvina (Lamjirocorax),

137.
corvina (Lamprotornis),

137.
corvina (Sturnoides), 137.
Corypba, 593.

Coryphegnatlius, 501.

Corys, 636.

corytbaix (Basilorni's),

95.
corytbaix (Hetreroi-nis),

96.
corytbaix (Pastor), 96.
Cosmopsarus, 159.
Couiguiop, Le, 175.
oraspedopterus (Euplec-

tes), 228.
crassa (Aplonis), 134.
crassa (Calornis), 134.
crassirostris(Alaiida),568,

639.
crassirostris (Ammo-
manes), 639.
crassirostris (Calandula),

639.
crai?sirostris (Calornis),

150.
crassirostris (Galerita),

639.
crassirostris (Megalo-

plionus), 639.
crassirostris (Melanocory-

pba), 639.
cristata (Alauda), 626.
cristata (Ooraeia), 194.
cristata (Galerita), 625,

626, 627, 634.
eristatella (Graeula). 92.
cristatelloides (Acrido-

Iberes), 87.
cristatelloides (Maina),

86.
cristatellus (jEtbiopsar),

666.
cristatellus (Acrido-

tberes), 86.
cristatellus (JStbiopsar),

666.
cristatellus (Pastor), 87,

90,91,92.
cristatus (Ficopbagus),

480.
cristatus (Heterops), 628.
cristatus (Malimbus),478,

480.
cristatus (Ploceus), 478,

480.
cristatus (Sycobius), 480.
crocata (Hypbantornis),

428.
crocata (Icteropsis), 410.
Crow, Caledonian, 153.
cruciger (Fringilla), 652.
cruciger (Megalops).

652.
crucigera (Pyrrbulauda),

050, 055.

Cryptospiza, 254.

cucullata (Amadina),
264.

cucullata (Estrelda), 265.

cucullata (Hyphantor-
nis), 451, 457.

cucullata (Spermestes),
264, 265.

pueullatus (Hyphantor-
nis), 451, 456, 457.

cucullatus (Oriolus),
451.

cucullatus (Ploceus), 451,
455, 457, 459.

cucullatus (Textor), 457.

cupreicauda (Juida),
184.

cupreicauda (Lamproco-
lius), 184.

cupreicauda (Laraprotor-
ni.s), 184.

cupreicaudus (Laraproco-
lius), 184.

cyaneif'rons (Erytbrura),
'386.

cyanifrons (Erytbrura),
386.

cyaniventris (Lamproco-

■ lius), 176.
C}-anogaster( Ura?gint]ius),

402.
pyanogastra (Estrelda),

401.
eyanogastra (Loxia),

402.
eyanogastra (Mariposa),
' 402.
eyanogastra (Un^gin-

■ thus), 402.
cyanogenys (Lamproco-

■ lius), 179.

cyanogenys (Lamprotor-
nis), 179.

cyanopis (Emberiza),

381.
cyanorbynchus (Spermo-
" pbaga), 498.
eyanotis (Lamprocolius),

179.
eyanotis (Lamprotornis),

179.
cyanovirens (Amadina),

384.
cyanovirens (Ambly-

nura), 384.
cyanovirens (Erytbrura),

384.
cyanovirens (Geospiza),
' 384.
cyclospilos (Ploceus),

■ 468.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

GSl

damarensis (Mirafra),

612.
claurica (Sturnia), 5.5, 70,

72.
dauvicus (Acridotlieres),

71.
dauricus (Oalornis), 72.
dauricns (Heterornis),72.
dauricus (Pastor), 71.
dauricus (Sturnus), 71.
dauricus (Temeuuclnis),

72.
decora (Vidua), 20.5.
decorata (Juida), 181.
decoratus(Lamprocolius),

181.
defilipiiii (Juida), 171.
defilippii (Lamprocolius),

171.
Dermoplirjs, 326.
deserti (Alauda), 646.
deserti (Ammomanes),

645, 646, 647, 648.
deserti (Calandrella),

589.
deserti (Melanocorypba).

646.
deserti (Mirafra), 645,

646.
desertoruru (Altenion),

519, 520.
desertorum (Alauda ),

519.
desertorum(Certhilauda),

518, 519.
detruncata (Amadiiia),

289.
detruncata (Friugilla),

289.
deva (Alauda), 621,634.
deva (Spizalauda), 621,

628.
Diachmura, 326.
diademata (Pyromelaua).

2.36.
diadematus (Eupleetes),

236.
diUita (Otocorys), 670.
Dilophus, 61.
dimidiata (Hyphantor-

nis), 458, 4.59.
dimidiatus (Ploceus),

459.
diueinellii (Alecto), .506,

507.
dinemelli (Limoneres),

506.
dinemellii (Textor). 506,

.507.
Dioeh, 257.
Dioch rose, 257.

domesticus (Sturnus),

28.
dominicana (Sturnia), 54,

70. _
dominicanus (Pastor), 71.
domiuioanus (Turdus),

71.
Domino, Le, 346.
Douacola, 326.
doria' (Certhilauda), 520.
dorsalis (Nigrita), 251.
dorsalis (Philwterus),

251.
dorsofusca (Percnopsis),

318.
dubia (Eulabes), 104.
dubia (Taha), 243.
dubium (Scissirostrum),

193.
dubius (Lanius), 193.
dubius (Mainatus), 104.
dubius (Ploceus), 242.
duboisi (Ploceus), 4.57.
dufresnii (C'occoi^ygia),

305, 306.
dufresnii (Estrelda), 305.
dufresnii (Fringilla), -305.
dufresnii ( Habropyga),

30().
dufresnii (Ortygospiza).

306.
dukbunensis (Alauda),

584.
dukbunensis (Calan-
drella), 584.
dulcivos (Alauda), 568.
dumonti (Eulabes), 111.
dumonti (Gracula), 111.
dumonti (Gymnops),lll.
dumonti (Mainatus), 111.
dumonti (Mino), 111.
diiponti (Alauda), 514,

52(i.
duponti (Certbilauda),

526.
duponti (Chersopbilus),

526.
duponti (Galerita), 526.

Eclatant, 1.54.
edwardsi (Eupleetes),

231.
eflfrenata (Estrelda), 396.
elegans (Alauda), 644.
elegans (Ammomanes),

644.
elegans (Estrelda), 299.
elegans (Fi-ingilla), 297,

299.
elegans (Hetivrornis), 69.
elegans (Loxigilla), 297.

elegans (Marquetia),

297.
elegans (Melanocorypha),

G44.
elegans (Pastor), 68.
elegans (Pytelia), 297,

298, 299.
elegan.s (Sturnia), 69.
elegans (Temenucluis),

69.
elegans (Zonogastris),

298.
elegantissima (PTtelia),

297.
elwesi (Otocorys), 5.33,

534.
emberizinus (Nelicur-

Tius), 496.
Emblema, 295.
emilia; (Nigrita), 316.
eminentissima(Calyphan

tria), 484.
eminentissima (Foudia),

484.
eminentissima (Nesacan-

this), 484, 669.
eminentissimus (Ploceus),

484.
emiui (Heterbypbantes),

420.
emini (Hypbantornis),

420.
emini (Sycobrotus), 420.
emini (Symplectes). 420.
emini (Ploceus), 420.
Euodes, 192.
eques (Coliuspasser),

220.
eques (Pentbetria), 220.
eques (Urobracbya), 220.
eques (Vidua), 220.
Erana, 639.
eremobius (Symplectes),

419.
erneati (Coccopygia),

307.
erne-sti (Estrelda), 307.
ernesti (Habropvga),

307.
erytbrocepbala (Ama-

dina), 290.
erytbrocepbala (Cocco-

"tbraustes), 290.
erytbrocepbala (Foudia),

486.
erytbrocepbala (Frin-
gilla), 255, 485.
erytbrocepbala (Loxia),

290.
erytbrocepbala (Mirafra),

610.

682

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

erythroeephala (Sporo-

thlastes), 290.
erytliroceplialus (Hy-

pbantornis), 413.
erytbroce.phalus (Plo-

ceus), 413,486.
erylhroohlamys (Alauda),

648.
erythrochlainys (Ammo-
manes), 648, 649.
erythroclilamys (Megalo-

phonus), 649.
erythrogaster (Turclus),

191.
erythrogaatra (Juida),

191.
erythrogenys (Calyphan-

tria), 413.
erythronota (Estrelda),

397.
erytlironota(Habropyga),

"398.
erythronotos (Pringilla),

305, 397.
erytbronotus (Fringilla),

305.
erytbropbrys (Caloniis),

192.
erytbropbrys (Enodes),

192.
erytbropbrys (Lampro-

toriiis), 192.
erytbropbthalmus (Hy-

pbantornis), 460.
erytbroplitbalmus (Plo-

ceus), 461.
erytbrop8(OaIypbantria),

255.
erytbrops (Euplectes),

255.
erytbrops (Foudia), 255.
erytbrops (Hypbantica),

255.
erytbrops (Ploceus), 255.
erytbrops (Quelea), 255.
erythroptera (Estrelda),

301.
erytbroptera (Mirafra),

612.
erythropygia (Alauda),

619.
erytbropygia (Ammo-
manes), 620.
erytbropygia (Melano-

corypba), 620.
erytbropygia (Mirafra),

619.
erythropygius (Acrido-

tberes), 48.
erytbropygius (Poliop-
sar), 48.

erytbropygius (Spodiop-

sar), 666.
erythropygius (Temeuu-

cbus), 47, 48.
erytlirorbyncha (Bupba-

■ga), 196, 197.
erytbrorbyncba (Tana-

gra), 196.
erytbrorbyncba (Vidua),

204.
erytbrorbyncbus(Alecto),

510.
erytbrorbynebuB (Buba-

lornis), 510.
erythrorbyncbus (Tex-

tor), 509, 511.
Ervtbrura, 380.
Estrilda, 390.
Etounieau, 27.
Etourneau du Cap de
Bonne Esperauce, 57.
Etourneau de France, 28.
Etourneau pie, .58.
Eulabes, 98, 667-
Euodice, 368.
Euplectes, 227.
Eupodes, 421.
europaius (Sturnus), 28.
eurvstomina (Pseudocbe-

lidon), 21.
everetti (O.xyeerca), 383.
everetti (Uroloncba), 363.
eytoni (Juida), 155.

faeroensis (Sturnus), 28.
fasciata (Amadina), 289.
fasciata (Coccothraustes),

289.
fasciata (Loxia), 289.
fasciata (Mania), 289.
fasciatus (Sporotblastes),

289.
fasciolata (Alauda), 597.
fasciolatus (Megalopbo-

nus), 697.
feadensis (Aplonis), 129.
feadensis (Oalornis), 129.
ferruginea (Alauda), 649.
ferruginea (Amadina),

332.
ferruginea (Ammoma-

nes), 649.
ferruginea (Calandrella),

607.
ferruginea (Melanocory-

pha), 607.
ferruginea (Dermophrys),

332.
ferruginea (Munia), 332.
ferrugiueus (Megalopbo-

nus), 649.

ferrugineus (Ficopbagiis),

477.
ferrugino.sa (Amadina),

332.
ferruginosa (Loxia), 332.
ferruginosa (Munia),

332.
fimbriata (Habropyga),

284.
Finch, Beautiful, 296.
Finch, Blue-bellied, 400.
Finch, Brazilian, 403.
Finch, Fire, 275.
Finch, Golden-backed,

235.
Finch, Glossy, 308.
Finch, Lovely, 287.
Finch, Eed and Blue

Brazilian, 403.
Finch, Parrot, 382.
Finch, Red-breasted

Long-tailed, 211.
Finch, Red-faced, 302.
Finch, Red-rumped, 305.
Finch, Red-breasted, 485.
Finch, Senegal, 275.
Finch, Temporal, 372.
Finch, Ultramarine, 309.
Finch, White-headed,

292.
Fire-bird, 275.
fischeri (Hypbantornis),

458._
fischeri (Linura), 210.
flscberi (Megalopbonus),

600.
fischeri (Mirafra), 600.
fischeri (Notauges), 189,

667.
fischeri (Pbolidauges),

667.
fischeri (Ploceus), 4.59.
fischeri (Spreo), 189, 667,

668.
fischeri (Vidua), 210.
flamuiiceps (Euplectes),

228._
flammiceps (Ploceus),

228.
flammiceps(Pyromelana),

228, 233.
flava (Alauda), 542.
flava (Galerita), 635.
flavicans (Foudia), 434.
flavicans (Ploceus), 434.
flaviceps (Euplectes), 228,

491.
flayiceps (Nelicurvius),

496.
flaviceps (Ploceus), 468,

496.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

683

flavidiventris (Estrelcia),

323.
flavidiventris (Sporfflgin-

thus), 323.
flavigula (Hypbantoruis),

415, 429.
flavigula (Ploceus), 429,

494.
flavigula (Textor), 429.
flaviprymna (Auiadina),

345.
flaviprymna (Dermo-

phrys), 345.
flaviprymna (Donacola),

345.
flaviprymna (Munia),

345.
flaviscapulata (Penthe-

tria), 221,223.
flaviscapulata (Vidua),

223.
flaviscapulatus (Colius-

passer), 223.
flaviscapulatus (Penthe-

ria), 223.
flaviveutris (Estrelda),

307.
flavomarginatus (Plo-
ceus), 462.
flavoptera (Fringilla),

221.
flavoviridis (Hypliantor-

nis), 453.
flavoviridis (Ploceus),

453.
flavoviridis (Te.xtor), 453.
forbesi (Erytbrura), 3S7.
forbesi (Munia), M'l.
formosa (Estrelda), 287.
Formosa (Fringilla), 287.
formosa (Pytelia), 287.
formosana (Araadina),

338.
formosana (Munia), 338.
fortunjii (Aplonis), 132.
Foudi, 433.
Foudia, 432.
Foudi Lebemene, 433.
Foulimene, 433.
franciscana, (Loxia), 233.
franciscana(Pyromelaua),

233.
franciscanus (Euplectes),

233.
franciscanus (Ploceus),

233.
frater (Amydrus), 164.
fraterculus (Animoma-

nes), 647.
fraterculus (Mirafra),
647.

Fregilupns, 194.
frenata (Astrilda), 396.
frenata (Estrelda), .396.
frenata (Habropyga),

396.
friedricbseni (Euplectes),

23.5.
friedricbseni (Pyromela-

na), 235.
fringillaris (Mirafra),

6U6.
fringilloides (Amadina),

267.
fringilloides (Amaures-

tbes), 267.
fringilloides (Munia),

267.
fringilloides (Ploceus),

267.
fringilloide8(Spermestes),

267.
frontalis (Amadina), 409.
frontalis (Estrelda), 409.
frontalis (Fringilla), 409.
frontalis (Loxia), 409.
frontalis (Ploceus), 409.
frontalis (Pyrenestes),

501,504.
frontalis (Pyrrbulauda),

655.
frontalis (Sporopipes),

40; I.
fulgida (Juida), 165.
fulgidiis (Onycognatbus),

165.
fuliginosa (Vidua), 205.
fuliginosus (Acridothe-

res), 93.
fulvipeunis (Amydrus),

169.
fulvipennis (Calornis),

1.50, 151.
fulvipennis (Juida), 169.
fulvipennis (Lamproco-

rax), 150.
fulvipennis (Lamprotor-

nis), 150, 169.
fulvipennis (Spreo), 168,

169.
fulvipennis (Sturnoides),

150.
fumigata (Amadina), 361.
fumigata (Munia), 361.
fumigata (Uroloncha),

361.
funerea (Fringilla), 310.
funerea (Hypocbrera),

310.
funerea (Tiaris), 310.
fusca (Galerita), 579.
fusca (Hefserornis), 87.

fusca (Lamprotornis),130.
fuscans (Amadina), 364.
fuscans (Munia), 364.
fuscans (Spermestes), 364.
fuscans (Uroloncha), 364.
fuscata (Amadina), 330.
fuseata (Coccotbraustes),

330.
fuscata (Loxia), 330.
fuseata (Munia), 330.
fuscata (Oryzornis), 330.
fuscata (Padda), 330.
fu.scata (Spermestes), 330.
fuscatus (Ocypterus), 20.
fuscicollis (Nelicurvius),

489.
fuscicollis (Ploceus), 489.
fuseocastanea (Hypbau-

tornis), 471.
fuscocrissa (Ortvgospiza),

269.
fuscofulva (Emberiza),

484.
fuscofulva (Nesacantbis),

484.
fuscogularis (Spodiop-

sar), 666.
fusconota (Nigvita), 318.
fuscovirescens (Calornis),

141.
fuscus (Acridotberes), 81,

86, 89.
fuscus (Jitbiopsar), 666.
fuscus (Aplonis), 133.
fuscus (Artamus), 11.
fuscus (Pastor), 86, 89.

galbula (Hyphantornis),
442.

galbula (Ploceus), 442.

galbula (Textor), 442,
462.

Galerida, 625.

Galerita, 625.

galerita (Alauda), 628.

gallinacea (Gracula), 61.

galliuaceus (Acridotbe-
res), 61.

gallinaceus (Dilopbus),
61.

gallinaceus (Sturnus), 61.

gambiensis (Hypbantor-
nis), 451, 455.

gangetica (Alauda), 576.

garrula (Alauda), 515.

garrula (Certbilauda),
515.

garrula (Cbersomanes),
51.5.

Geocorapbus, 593.

Geospiza, 380.

684

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

gierowi (Enplectes), 235.
gierowi (Pyromelaua),

235.
gigas (Chlamydera), 134.
gigas (Sturnoides), 134.
gingica (Alauda), G.")2.
ginginiana (Gracula),

84.
ginginiana (Heterornis),

85.
ginginianus (Acridotlie-

res), 84.
ginginianus (Pastor), 85.
girandi (Otocorys), 549.
Girole, La, 5B8.
glauca (Erythrura), 385.
glaucovirens (Lamproco-

lius), 173.
gnathopliila (Gracula),

112.
Goldfinch, Green, 296,

299.
gouldias (Amadina), 378.
gouldice (Chloebia), 378.
gouldire (Poephila), 378.
Goulin, 97.
Gowry Bird, 34G.
gracilirostris (Acrido-

theres), 120.
gracilis (Alauda), 57(>.
Gracula, 98.
Graeulipica, 7().
Gracupica. 7().
Grakle, Bald, 97.
Grakle, Crested, 92.
Grakle, Minor, 99.
Granatina, 403.
granatiua (^'Egintlia),403.
granatina (Estrelda), 403.
granatina (Fringilla),

403.
granatina (Granatina),

403.
granatina (Loxia), 403.
granatina (Mariposa),

403.
grauatinus (Ura^ginthus),

403, 404.
Gi'aud Mainate, La, 99.
Grande Veuve d' Angola,

211.
grandis (Acridotberes),

91.
grandis (yEtbiopsar), G66.
grandis (Calornis), 150.
grandis (Ilypbautoruis),

450.
grandis (Lamprocorax),

1.50.
grandis (Munia), 344.
grandis (Ploceus), 450.

grayi (Alauda), CA3
grayi (Ammomanes), 643.
grayi (Hyphantornis),

41.5,429.
gregalis (Fringilla), 422.
gregalis (Sycobius), 422.
gregicolus (Pastor), 85.
Grenadier, 230, 403.
grisea (Alauda), 652.
grisea (Gracula), 84.
grisea (Pyrrhulauda),

6.52.
Grisette, La, 627.
griseus (Acridotberes),

84, 86.
griseus (Corapliites), 652.
griseus (Gymnops), 97.
griseus (Pastor), 85, 90.
tirivelin, 290.
Grosbeak, Abyssinian,

453.
Grosbeak, Bengal, 494.
Grosbeak, Black-bellied,

241.
Grosbeak, Black-lined,

293.
Grosbeak, Brazilian, 290.
Grosbeak, Brown, 371.
G-rosbeak, Cape, 236.
Grosbeak, Common, 373.
Grosbeak, Cowry, 346.
Grosbeak, Fasciated, 289.
Grosbeak, Gambia, 457.
Grosbeak, Ganiboa, 457.
Grosbeak, Gold-backed,

235.
Grosbeak, Grenadier,

231.
Grosbeak, Java, 328.
Grosbeak, Long-tailed.

221.
Grosbeak, Madagascar,

4.33.
Grosbeak, Malacca, 331,

332.
Grosbeak, Molucca, 367.
Grosbeak, Nitid, 293.
Grosbeak, Paradise, 290.
Grosbeak, Pensile, 436.
Grosbeak, Philippine,

488.
Grosbeak. Social, 249.
Grosbeak, Striated, 359.
Grosbeak, Warbling, 371.
Grosbeak, Waxbill, 392.
Grosbeak, White-headed,

332.
Gros-bec cendrc de la

Chine, .328.
Grosbec d'Abyssinie, 453.
Grosbec de Cayenne, 231.

Gros-bec de Coromandel,

236.
Gros-bec de Gamble, 457.
Grosbec de Java, 330,

3.31,346,381.
Grosbec de la Chine, 328,

3.34.
Gros-bec de I'Isle de

Bmirbon, 359.
Grosbec des Indes, 494.
Gros-bee des Moluques,

367.
Grosbec des Philippines,

488.
Gros-bec du Bresil, 290.
Grosbec tachet^ de Java,

352.
Gros-bec tachete du Cap

de Bonne Esperance,

236.
Grosse Alouette on la

Calandre, 551.
gryllivora (Gracula), 80.
guerini (Hyphantornis),

419.
gularis (Calornis), 141.
gidaris (Lamprotornis),

142.
gulgula (Alauda), .569,

575, 628.
gurueyi (Anaplectes),

412.
gurneyi (Ploceus), 412.
guttata (Alauda), 622,

569.
guttata (Amadina), 292.
guttata (Coccothraustes),

500.
guttata (Estrilda), 292.
guttata (Loxia), 292, 500.
guttata (Spermospiza),

274, 499, 500.
guttata (Sporothlastes),

292.
guttata (Staganopleura),

292.
guttatus (Lamprocoliusl,

177.
guttatus (Megalophonus),

522.
guttatus (Sturnus), 28.
gutturalis (Hyphantor-
nis), 427.
gutturalis (Ploceus), 427.
Gymnops, 96.

habessinica (Buphaga),

196.
habessinica (Euplectes),

242, 244.

ALPHABETICAL IKDEX.

685

habessinica (Hyphantor-

nis), 453.
Habropyga, 390.
liamatina (CoccotLruus-

tes), 498.
bajmatina (Loxia), 49S.
btematiua (Spei-mospiza),

498, 500.
htematocepliala (Caly-

pbantria), 255.
ba2matocepbala(H}plian-

tica), 255.
ba^matocephala (Foiidia),

255.
ba'iuatocepbalus (Agro-

pbiliis), 245.
hffimatocepbalus (Plo-

ceus), 413.
Hagiopsar, 1(\S.
bainaniis (Eulabes), 105.
liainanus(Mainatus), 105.
Halalavie, 266.
Haplopyga, 390.
bartlaubi (Amadina), 305.
bai'tlaubi (Auivdrus),

166.
bartlaubi (Coliuspasscr),

219.
bartlaubi (Juida), 1G6.
bartlaubi (Ouycogna-

tbus), 166.
bartlaubi (Pentlietria),

216, 219.
bartlaubi (Pytelia), 305.
Hartlaubius," 120.
Hausse-eol iioir ou

L'Alouette de Virgi-

iiie, 542.
liayi (Mirafra), 621.
bayi (Spizalauda), 621.
beinii (Calaiidritis), 587.
Heliocorys, 623.
bemimeliena (Mania),

343.
bermonensis (Alauda),

581.
bermonensis (Calan-

drella), 581.
Helerhypbantes, 414.
Heterocorys, 524.
Heterops, 625.
Heterop.sar, 185.
lieuglini (Hvpbantor-

nis),4G8.
beuglini (Ploceus), 4G8.
bildebrandti (JS^otauges),

190.
bildebrandti (Spreo), 1 90.
bildebrandti (Urobra-

cbya), 225.
Histurgops, 505.

boUaudiaj (Sturnus), 28.
Hoopoe, Madagascar,

194.
borsCeldi (Mirafra), 603,

604.
llotabota, GUI.
bova (Alauda), 601.
bora (Mirafra), 601.
humii (Sturuus), 33, 35.
biuisteini (Donacioola),

344.
buusteini (Mania), 344.
Iluppe du Cap de Bonne

Esp(5rance, 194.
Huj)pe grise, 194.
Huppe noir et blaucbe

da Cap de Bonne Es-

perance, 194.
llypargus, 271.
byperiuetrns (Spilocorv-

don), 620.
byperytbra (Amadina),

■ 388.
byperytbra (Clilorura).

388.
Hypbantica, 254.
Hypbantoruis, 437.
Hypoober.n, 308.
bypocberina (Vidua),

' 208.
bypogrammica(Estrelda),

'302.
liypograunuica (Pytelia),

302.
bypoleucus (Artamus),

17.
bypomelas (Habropyga),

282.
bypomelas (Ebodojsyga),

282.
bypoxantbus (Ploceolus).

"475.
bypoxantbus (Ploceus),

475.

iantbiuogaster (Ura'gin-

tluis), 404.
iautbinogastra(Estrelda),

404.
icterocepbalus (Ploceus),

430.
icteromelas (Pyranga),

422.
Icteropsis, 410.
lerapterbina, 527.
ignicolor (Euplectes),

233.
ignicolor (Friugilla), 233.
ignicolor (Loxia), 233.
ignita (Fringilla), 275.
ignita (Juida), 174.

ignita (Lagouosticta),

275.
ignita (Lamprotornis),

174.
ignitus (Lamprocolius),

174.
immaculata (Calaudritis),

581.
immaculata (Mirafra),

610.
immaculo.sa (Spermo-

spiza), 500.
impei-ialis (Emberiza),

213.
incana (Habrop3-ga), 285.
incana (Pytelia), 285.
incognita (Sturnia), 47.
inconspicua (Alauda),

569.
indica (Gracula), 99.
indicus (Gracula), 105.
indicus (Sturnus), 33, 35.
infuscata (Alauda), 620.
infuscata (Melauocory

pba), 620.
inglisi (Amadina), 350.
inglisi (Munia), 350.
inornala (Aplonis), 135.
inornata (Calornis), 141.
insidiator (Calornis), 143.
insidiator (Lamprotor-
nis), 143.
insidiator (Lanius), 143.
insignis (Artamus), 11.
insularis (Amadina), 311.
insularis (Ta'uiopygia),

intermedia (Eulabes),

105, 108.
intermedia (Gracula),

105, 107.
intermedia (Hypbantica),

259.
intermedia (Quelea), 259.
intermedius (Hypbantor-
uis), 460.
intermedius (Maiuatus),

104.
intermedius (Ploceus),

4(50, 467.
intermedius (Textor),

511.
iris (Coccycolius), 185,

668.
ir\yini (Calornis), 143.
isabellina (Alauda), 629,

()35, 646.
isabellina (Ammomanes),

646.
isabellina (Galerita),

635.

686

ALPHABETICAL IJTDEX,

isabellina (Melanocory-
pha), 646.

isabellina (Hyphantor-
nis), 472.

isabellina (Ploceiis), 472.

isabellinus (Ammo-
manes), 645.

itala (Melanocoryplia),
581.

italica (Alaiida), 568.

jacksoni (Ploeeus), 459.
Jacobin, 330.
jacobin (Loxia), 331.
jagori (Amadina), 337.
jagori (Dermophrys),

337.
jagori (Munia), 337.
jagori (Oxycerca), 353.
jagori (Uroloucha), 353.
jalla (Pastor), 67.
jalla (Psarites), 57.
jalla (Sturnopastor), 57.
jamesoni (Hyphantornis),

447.
jamesoui (Lagonosticta),

283.
japonica (Alauda), .568.
Jaunoir du Cap de Bonne

Esperance, 161.
javana (Gracula), 107.
javanensis (Corvus), 102.
javanensis (Eulabes),

102, 105, 108.
javanensis (Gracula),

102, 104, 105.
javanensis (Loxia), 474.
javanensis (Mainatus),

102.
javanensis (Ploceella),

474, 475.
javanensis (Ploeeus),

475.
javanica (Gracula), 107.
javanica (Mirafra), 602,

609,612.
javanicus (Acridotheres),

90, 91.
javanicus (^Ethiopsar),

666.
javanicus (Geocoraphus),

602.
javauus (Eulabes), 102,

105.
javauus (Mainatus), 102.
javensis (Loxia), 328.
jessei (Alaemon), 520.
jessei (Certbilauda), 520.
jonquillaceus (Ploeeus),

415.
Juida, 154.
juida; (Tui-dus), 175.

kelaartii (Amadina),

366.
kelaartii (Munia), 366.
kelaartii (Uroloncba),

366.
kersteni (Ploeeus), 423.
kevsteni (Sycobrotus),

423.
kersteni (Symr)Iectes),

423.
kilimensis (C'occopygia),

307.
Kink de la Chine, 68.
kittlitzi (Aplonis), 136.
kittlitzi (Oalornis), 136.
kittlitzi (Erythrura),385.
kleinschmidti (Ambly-

nura), 387.
kleinschmidti (Ery-

thrura), 387.
kollyi (Alauda). 579.
kullyi (Oalandrella), 579.
kollyi (Calandritis), 581.
kollyi (Phileremos), 579.
kreffti (Eulabes), 112.
kreifti (Gracula), 112.
kreffti (Mino), 112.
kukunoorensis (Alau-

dula), 586.
kukunoorensis (Calan-

dreUa), 586.

ladoensis (Euplectes),

244.
ladoensis (Pyromelana),

244.
lagepa (Alauda), 522.
lagepa (Megalophonus),

522.
Lamprocolius, 170.
Lamprocorax, 137.
Lamprotornis, 154.
landanre (Lagonosticta),

283.
Langrayen de Viti, 9.
Lark, African, 514.
Lark, Black, 5G0, 567.
Lark, Calandra, 551.
Lark, Cinereous, 561.
Lark, Crested, 626.
Lark, Gingi, 652.
Lai-k, Italian, 568.
Lark, Malabar, 634.
Lark, Mongolian, 558.
Lark, Mutable, 560.
Lark, Portugal, ()45.
Lark, Senegal, 627.
Lark, Shore, 542.
Lark, Short-toed, 581.
Lark, Sky, 567.
Lark, Testaceous, 580.
Lark, The, 541.

Lark, Undated, 627.
Lark, White-winged,

557.
Lark, Wood, 637.
larvata (Amadina), 286.
larvata (Estrelda), 286.
larvata (Fringilla), 286.
larvata (Gracula), 61.
larvata (Habropyga),

286.
larvata (Hyphantornis),

453.
larvata (Lagonosticta),

286.
larvata (Mormolycia),

286.
larvata (Otocoris), 531.
larvata (Pytelia), 286.
larvatus (Ploeeus), 453,
larvatus (Textor), 453.
lateralis (Pytelia), 287.
lateritia (Estrelda), 278.
lateritia (Lagonosticta),

278.
lathami (Amadina), 257,

292.
lathami (Fringilla), 292.
lathami (Loxia), 257.
lathami (Ploeeus), 2.57.
lathami (Quelea); 257.
laticauda (Fringilla),

218.
laticauda (Penthetria),

218.
laticauda (Vidua), 218.
latieaudus (Coliuspasser),

218.
leautungensis (Alauda),

628.
leautungensis (Galerita),

628.
leiopus (Alauda), 568.
lenocinia (Vidua), 216.
lepidopterus (Euplectes),

407.
lepidopterus (Fringilla),

407.
lepidopterus (Ploeeus),

407.
lepidopterus (Sporo-

pipes), 407.
Lepidopygia, 261.
lepidus (Euplectes), 249.
lepidus (Phila^terus),

249.
lessoni (Juida), 173.
lessoni (Lamprocolius),

173.
leucocephala (Dine-

mellia), 506.
leucocephala (Fringilla),

292.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

687

leucocephala (Loxia),

333.
leucocephala (Sturnia),

47.
leucocephala (Acrido-

theres), -16.
leucocephalus (Pastor),

44.
leucocephalus (PoUop-

sar), IK),
leucocei^halus (Spodiop-

sar), 66fi.
leucocephalus (Tex^or),

506.
leucogaster (Artamus),

3,4.
leucogaster (Calornis;,

121.
leucogaster (C'innyricin-

cIub), 121, 124."
leucogaster (Juida), 121,

123.
leucogaster (Larupro-

colius), 121.
leucogaster (Lampro-

tornis), 123.
leucogaster (Lepto-

pteryx), 4.
leucogaster (Ocypterus),

4.
leucogaster (Pholi-

dauges), 121, 123.
leucogaster (Turdus\

121.
leucogastra (Aniadina),

362.
leucogastra (Graudala),

122.
leucogastra (Munia),

362.
leucogastra (Oxvcerca),

362.
leucogastra (Uroloncha),

362.
leucogastroides (Ania-
dina), 363.
leucogastrcides (Munia),

363.
leucogastroides (Tricho-

grammoptila), 364.
leucogastroides (Uro-
loncha), 363.
leucola;ma (Ereraopbila),

538, 639.
leucoliema (Otocorys),

538.
leuconota (Fringilla),

360.
leuconota (Loxia),

3G0.
leuconota (Munia), 357,

360.

leuconota (Spermestes),

360.
leuconotus (Ploeeus),

413.
leucoijareia (Corapbites),

651.
leucopareia (Pyrrhu-

lauda), 651.
leucophrea (Alauda),

693.
leucophsea (Alauduhi)

593.
leucophffia (Calandrella),

593.
Leucophrys, 244.
leucophthalmus (Plo-
eeus), 419.
leucoptera (Alauda),

657.
leucoptera (Calandra),

557.
leucoptera (Calandrella),

557.
leucoptera (Melauo-

corypha), 557.
leucoptera (Pallasia),

557.
leucopterus (Temenu-

chus), 52.
leucopygialis (Artamus),

4.
leucorhjiichos (Ai-ta-

mus), 11.
leucorhynchus (Arta-
mus), 4, 9, 11.
leucorhynchus (Lanius),

4.
leucorhynchus (Lepto-

pteryx). 4.
leucorhynchus (Ocypte-

rus), 4.
leucorhynus (Artamus),

5.
leucosticta (Munia), 365.
leucosticta (Uroloncha),

365.
leiicotis (Amadina), 377.
leucotis (Coraphites),

657.
leucotis (Estrelda),

396.
leucotis (Loxia), 657.
leucotis (Oryziyora),

328.
leucotis (Poephila), 677.
leucotis (Pyrrhulauda),

657, 658.
lidthi (Eulabes), 104.
lidtlii (Mainatus), 104.
lidthi (Limoneres), 506.
lineat<a (Estrelda), 302.
lineata (Fringilla), 301.

lineata (Pytelia), 301.
lineata (Zonogastris),

301, 302.
lineatus (Artamus), 19.
lineoyeuter (Amadina),

347.
lineoyenter (Munia), 668.
lineoyenter (Spermestes),

346.
Linnet, Black, 310.
Linura, 210.
liopus (Alauda), 668.
lipiniana (Estrelda),

397.
lippa (Fringilla), 325.
lippa (Melpoda), 325.
Lobiospiza, SSO.
Lonchura, 326, 355.
longicauda ( Emberiza).

213.
longicauda (Fi-ingilla),

longiciiuda (Lampro-

tornis), 155.
longicauda (Vidua), 213.
longicaudus (Turdus),

1.5.5.
longipeunis (Alauda),

581.
longirostris (AJauda),

636.
longirostris (Certhi-

lauda), 514.
longirostris (Fringilla),

451.
longirostris (Otocorys),

534, 536.
longirostris (Sturnus),

28.
Lophopsarus, 194.
lowii (Sarcops), 97.
Losie fasciee, 289.
lucida (Juida), 175.
lucida (Laraprotornis),

175.
lucieni (Nigrita), 317.
Lullula, 636.
Lulu, 637.
lunulata (Amadina),

270.
lusitana (Alauda), 645.
lusitana (Ammomanes),

645. •

lusitana (Miraf'ra). 647.
lusitanica (Alauda), 644.
lusitanica (Ammomanes),

647.
lusitanica (Certhilauda),

527.
lusitanicus (Chersopbi-

lus), 627.
lutea (Galerita), 635.

688

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

lufceifrous (Nigrita).

317.
luteola (Fringilla), 425.
luteola (Hvpliautornis),

426.
luteola (Sitagra), 425.
luteolus (Ilvphantomis),

425.
luteolus (Ploceolus), 425.
luteolus (Ploceus), 425.
luxuosa (Juida), 172.
Lycbuidospiza, 271.
lyra (Menura), 661.

macrocerca (Fringilla ),

223.
macrocerca (Peuthetria),

223.
macrocerca (Peuthe-

triopsis), 223.
macrocerca (Vidua),

223.
macrocercus (Colius-

passer), 223.
macroptera (Alauda),

581.
macroptera (Calau-

dritis), 581.
macroptera (Melano-

corypha), 581.
macrorhyncba (Alauda).

628.
macrorbyucha (Galerita),

628.
macroura (Loxia), 221.
macroura (Vidua), 221.
macrura (Penthetria),

221.
macrui-a(Pentbetriopsis),

220.
Macruropsar, 152.
macrurus (Coliuspasser),

221, 223.
macrurus (CoHustru-

tbus), 221.
maculosa (Loxia), 2'JO.
madagascariensis (Caly-

])bantria), 433.
madagascariensis (Fou-

dia), 433, 484.
madagascariensis (Fre-

gilupus), 194.
madagiftcarieusis (Frin-
gilla), 433.
madagascariensis (Hart-

laubius), 12U.
madagaBcariensis (Lo.xia),

433.
madagascariensis (Plo-
ceus), 433.
madagascariensis (Saro-

glossa), 120.

madagascariensis (Tur-

dus), 120.
madagascariensis
(Upupa), 194.
madagascarius (Turdus),

120.
magna (Galerida), 629.
magnirostris (Alauda),

639.
magnirostris (Calan-

dula), 639.
magnirostris (Hypbau-

tornis), 451.
magnirostris (Ploceus),

451.
magnus (Lamprotoruis),

152.
magnus (Macruropsar),

152.
mahali (Pbilagrus), 245.
mabali (Piocepasser),

245, 246.
malirattensis (Acrido-

tberes), 89, 667.
mabrattensis (.Etbiop-

sar), 666.
mabrattensis (Pastor),

85, 87, 89.
Maia, 326.

Maia de la CI line, 332.
Maian, Le, 332.
maianoides (Fringilla),

332.
Maina, 79.
Mainate des ludes Ori-

entales, 99, 184.
Mainatus, 98, 667.
maja (Amadina), 333.
maja (Dermopbrys),

333.
maja (Fringilla), 332,

333.
maja (Loxia), 332.
maja (jMunia), 332, 333.
major (Ploceus), 2.59.
Malabar Tbrusb, 149.
malabarica ( Aidemosyne),

369.
malabarica (Alauda),

576, 634.
malabarica (Amadina),

369.
malabarica (Cocco-

tliraustes), 369.
malabarica (Euodeia),

370.
malabarica (Euodice),

370.
malabarica (Galerita),

633.
malabarica (Loxia),

369.

malabarica" (Munia), 370.
malabarica (Spizalauda),

634, 634.
malabarica (Sturnia),

49.
malabaricus (Acrido-

tberes), 49.
malabaricus (Heta^ror-

nis), 49.
malabaricus (Pastor), 49,

54.
malabaricus (Poliopsar),

48, 49.
malabaricus (Spodio-

psar), 666.
malabaricus (Temenu-

cbus), 49.
malabaricus (Turdus),

49.
malacea (Amadina), 331.
malacca (Coccothraustes),

331.
malacca (Dermopbrys),

331.
malacca (Loxia), 330,

334.
malacca (Munia), 330,

331, 336, 351.
malacca (Spermestes),

331.
malaccensis (Spermestes),

331.
malayensis (Pastor), 71.
malayensis (Sturnia), 71.
malimbica (Tanagra),

478, 480.
malimbicus (Malimbus),

478, 479, 480.
Malimbus, 477.
malimbus (Sycobius),

478, 479.
manyar (Euplectes), 494.
mauyar (Fringilla), 496.
manyar (Ploceus), 496.
margaritata (Amadina),

275.
margaritata (Estrelda),

275.
margaritata (Habro-

pyga), 275.
margaritata (Lagono-

sticta), 275.
margaritata (SjJermo-

libaga), 275.
margaritata (Spermo-

spiza), 275.
margaritatus (Hy pargus),

275.
uiarginalis (Amadina),

290.
marginalis (Aplonis),
130. 131.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

6S9

marginata (Aplouis),
130.

Mariposa, 390, 400.
mariposa (Estrekla),

400.
mariquensis (H\phan-

tornis), 461, 464.
mariquensis (Ploceus).

464.
mariquensis (^Texlorj,

465.
Marquetia, 296.
Martin, Le, 80.
Martin, Brame, 73.
Martin gris de fer, 184.
Martin vieillard de la

cote de Malabar, 48.
martineti (Foudia), 486.
massaicus (Megalo-

phonus), 612.
matutina (Alauda), 627.
mavcirnata (Aplonis),

135.
maxima (Alauda), 554.
maxima (Melauocory-

pha), 554.
maximus (Artamus), 8.
mechowi (Urobracbya),

226.
Megalophonus, 593.
Megalopterus, 158.
Megalotis, 650.
meg.Trbyncbos (Melano-

corypha), 551.
megarijyncbus (Ploceus),

491.
melffina (Munia), 343.
melaleuca (Leptopteryx),

8.
melaleuca (Loxia), 8.
melaleucus (Artamus),

8.
melanaucben (Cora-

pbites), 655.
melanaucben (Pyrrhu-

lauda), 655.
melanietera (Munia),

362.
melanocepbala (Alauda),

657.
melauocejjbala (Coceo-

tbraustes), 457.
melanocepbala (Cora-

phites), 657.
melanocepbala (Lou-

cbura), 334.
melanocepbala (Loxia),

457.
melanocepbala (Sper-

mestes), 334.
melanocepbalus (Plo-
ceus), 453, 457, 460.

VOL. XIll.

melanocepbalus (Textor),

451.
melanocejDbal us ( T urd us),

74.
Melanocorypba, 550.
melanogaster (Estrelda),

282.
melanogaster (Euplectes),

241.
melanogaster (Heterby-

pbantes), 417.
melanogaster (Juida), 182.
melanogaster (Lampro-

colius), 182.
melanogaster (Lanipro-

toruis), 182.
melanogaster (Ploceus),

417.
melanogastra (Cocco-

tbrauBtes), 241.
melanogastra (Estrelda),

285.
melanogastra (Lagouo-

sticta), 282.
melanogenys (Estrelda),

3U6.
melanoleuca (Gracupiica),

77.
melanoleucus (Artamus),

8.
melanoleucus (Sturno-

pastor), 77.
melanoleucus (Loxia),

241.
melanoleucus (Lycbni-

dospiza), 282.
melanonota (Amblyo-

spiza), 504.
melanojjs (Artamus), 17.
melauops (Hypbau-

tornis), 465.
melanoptera (Gracula),

78.
melanoptera (Graculi-

pica), 78.
melanoptera (Sturno-

pastor), 78.
melanopterus (Acrido-

tberes), 78.
melano]3terus (Heteror-

nis), 78.
melanopterus (Pastor),

78.
Melauopteryx, 476.
melanopygia (Amadina),

363.
melanopygia (Estrelda),

395
melanopygia (Sper-

mestes), 363.
melanopygia (Tricbo-
grammoj)tila), 363.

Melanopyrrbus, 113.
melanorbyncba (Plocei-

])asser), 246.
melanorbyncbus ( Agro-

pbilus), 247.
melanorbyncbus (Pbila-

grus), 246.
melanosoma (Pyrrbu-

lauda), 651.
melanosteruus (Acrido-

tberes), 83, 84.
melanotis (Amblyospiza),

504.
melanotis (Anaplectes),

413.
melanotis (Calj'pbautria),

413.
melanotis (Estrilda),

305.
melanotis (FringiUa),

305.
melanotis (Hypbau-

toruis), 4]3,"419.
melanotis (Malimbus),

413.
melanotis (Ploceolus),

419.
melanotis (Ploceus), 413,

419, 425.
melanotis (Pyrenestes),

504.
melanotis (Syeobius),

413.
melanotis (Textor), 419.
melanotus (Corypbe-

gnatbus), 504.
melanoxantbus (Heter-

bypbantes), 416.
melanoxantbus (Hypban-

turgus), 416.
melanoxantbus (Plo-
ceus), 416.
melanoxantbus (Syco-

brotus), 416.
melba (Estrelda), 297,

299.
melba (FringiUa), 296.
melba (Pytelia), 297, 298,

299.
melba (Zonogastris),

297.
meloxit (Hypbantornis),

46'J.
Melpoda, 319.
melpoda (Estrelda), 325.
melpoda (Friugilla),

325.
melpoda (Habropvga),

325.
mentalis (Ai-tamus), 9.
mentalis (Ocvpterus),
9.

cdo

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Meniira, 661.

menura (Megapodius),

661.
Menura, Superb, 601.
menzbieri (Sturnus),

33, 665.
meridionalis (Certhi-

lauda), 520.
meridionalis (Pyrrbu-

lauda), 658.
Merle a ventre orange

du Senegal, 191.
Merle brun du Cap de

Konne Esperanoe, 187.
Merle chauve des Pbilip-

pines, 97.
Merle eouleur de rose,

63.
Merle de Madagascar,

T20.
Merle des Colom biers,

147.
Merle des Philippines,

80.
Merle Dominiquain des

Pliilippines, 71.
Merle du Cap de Bonne

Esperance, 161.
Merle hupe de la Chine,

92.
Merle vert a longue queue

de Senegal, 154.
Merle vert d' Angola, 170,

172.
Merle violet a ventre

blanche de Juida,

121.
Merle violet du Royaume

de Juida, 175.
Merops hupp6, 194.
merrilli (Otocorys), 670.
metallica (Aplonis),

138.
metallica (Calornis), 138,

142.
metallica (Lamprotor-

nis), 138.
mevesi (Juida), 157.
mevesi (Lamprotornis),

157.
microoristata (Galerita),

629.
microptera (Mirafra),

616.
miniatus (Sporffigintbus),

324.
minima (Estrelda), 276,

277.
minima (FringiUa), 276.
minima (Lagonosticta),

276, 277, 668.
minima (Pytelia), 277.

Mino, 99, 110.

Minor, 99.

minor (Alauda), 549,

589.
minor (Alaudula), 588.
minor (Artamus), 20.
minor (Calandrella), 587,

589.
minor (Calandritis),

564, 588.
minor (Calornis), 142.
minor (Eremopbila),

549.
minor (Estrelda), 393.
minor (Euplectes), 238.
minor (Gracula), 99.
minor (Habropyga),

394.
minor (Lamprocorax),

151.
minor (Lamprotornis),

142, 151.
minor (Leptopteryx), 20.
minor (Oeypterus), 20.
minor (Oryux), 238.
minor (Otoooris), 549.
minor (Sturnoides), 151.
minor (Sturnus), 39.
minuta (Amadina), 337,

338.
minuta (Fringilla), 337.
minuta (Munia), 337.
minutus (Ploceus), 425.
mirabihs (Amadina),

379.
mirabilis (Chloebia),

379.
mirabilis (Poephila),

378, 379.
mirabilis (Parkiusonius),

661.
Mirafra, 593.
mirafra (Alauda), 602.
miramarffi (Q-alerida),

633.
mitcbelli (Pytelia), 324.
modesta (Aidemosjoie),

368.
modesta (Alauda), 623.
modesta (Amadina), 368,

385.
modesta (Erythrura),

385
modesta (Estrilda), 369.
modesta (Galerita), 623.
modesta (Heliocorys),

623.
modesta (Hyphantornis),

451.
modesta (Mirafra), 623.
modesta (Pyrrhulauda),

650.

modesta (Steganopleura),

368.
modestus (Geocoraphus),

623.
modestus (Ploceus), 451.
Moineau a bee rouge du

Senegal, 257.
Moineau de Bengale,

493.
Moineau de la Cote

d'Afrique, 296.
Moineau de I'isle de

France, 48.5.
Moineau de Madagascar,

433.
Moineau du Bresil, 308.
Moineau du Cap de

Bonne Esperance, 233.
Moineau du royaume de

Juida, 220.
Moineau du Senegal

257.
moineau (Loxia), 220.
moineau (Vidua), 221.
molucca (Amadina), 367.
molucca (Munia), 357,

359, 367, 368.
molucca (TJroloncba),

367.
moluccensis (Amadina),

367.
molybdocepbala (Frin-
gilla), 2.50.
monacha (Sitagra), 426.
monaehus (Artamus), 10.
mongolica (Alauda), 558.
mongolica (Melanocory-

pha), 558, 559.
mongolica (Pallasia),

559.
montana (Alauda), 568.
monteiri (Estrilda), 273.
monteiri (Hypargus), 273.
monteiri (Lagono-
sticta), 273.
monteiri (Pytelia), 273.
monteiri (Zonogastris),

273.
mordoreus (Ploceus),

460.
moreatica (Phileremos\

581.
morio (Amvdrus), 161,

168.
morio (Astrapia), 161.
morio (Juida), 161.
morio (Lamprotornis),

161, 166.
morio (Spreo), 161, 166.
morio (Sturnus), 161.
morio (Turdus), 161.
Mormolycia, 271.

inuelleri (Fringilla), 425.
Miinia, 326.

muscadina (Miinia), 357.
muschenbvoeki (Arta-

mus), 5.
Muscicien de I'isle Panav,

147.
musica (Galerita), 637.
mutabilis (Alauda), 460.
mysolensis (Calornis),

141, 149, 150.
my-solensis (Lamprotor-

nis), 150.

Nabirop, Le, ISO.
Nabouroiip, Le, 169.
nabouroup (Amydrus),

169.
nabouroup (Juida), 169.
nabouroup (Spreo), 169.
nabouroup (Sturuus), 169.
Nabouroupus, KiO.
ua;via (Alauda), 617,

618, 643.
ua3via (Losia), 236.
na'via (Mirafra), 617,

618.
utEvius (Megalophonus),

617, 618.
nana (Alauda), 509.
nana (Amadina), 267.
nana (Lepidopygia), 267.
nana (Pyrrbula), 266.
nana (Speriuestes), 266.
natalensis (Habropyga),

2S4.
Necropsar, 195.
neglecta (Calornis), 148,

149.
Neisna, 305, 608.
neisiia (Estrelda), 306.
Nelicourvi de Madagas-
car, 436.
nelioourvi (Nelicurvius),

43(i, 669.
nelicourvi (Parus), 436.
nelicourvi (Ploceus), 436.
Nelicurvius, 436.
nemoricola (Spodiopsar),

666.
nemoricola (Sturnia), 49,

52.
nenioricolus (Poliopsar),

52.
neuioricolus (Temenu-

chus), 52.
nemorosa (Alauda), 637,
nemorosa (Galerita), 637.
Keochmia, 389.
Nesacanthis, 483.
niger (Bubalornis), 509.

ALPflA15EriC.\L IXBKX.

niger (Ploceus), 476.
niger (Te.xtor), 509, 510.
nigerriiua (Fringilla),

364.
nigerrima (Hypoeliajra),
311. ' ''

nigerriiua (Melano-

ptery.x), 476.
nigerrimus (Hyphantur-

nis), 476.
nigerrimus (Malimbus),

.476,477.
nigerrimus (Ploceus),

476, 477.
nigerrimus (Sycobius),

476.
nigra (Alauda), 560.
nigra (Nigrilauda), 560.
nigricans (Alauda), 619.
nigricans (Galerida), 628.
nigricans (Mirafra), 619.
nigrieauda (Astrilda),
395. '

nigriceps (Amadina), 263.
nigriceps (Coraphites),

655.
nigriceps (Douacicola),

351.
nigriceps (Donacola),

341.
nigriceps (H3pbantor-

nis), 456.
nigriceps (Munia), 341.

343.
nigriceps (Pastor), 74.
nigriceps (Ploceus), 456.
nigriceps (Pyrrhulauda),

650.
nigriceps (Spermestes),

263.
nigricollis (Acridothe-

res), 77.
nigricollis (Estrelda),

286.
nigricollis (Graevila), 77.
nigricollis (Graculipica),

77.
nigricollis (Gracupica),

77.
nigricollis (Heterhy-

phantes), 415.
nigricollis (Hyphantor-

nis), 415.
nigricollis (Hypliantur-

gus), 416.
nigricollis (Lagonosticta),

286.
nigricollis (Malimbus),

410.
nigricollis (Ploceus),
415.

691

nigricollis (Sycobrotus).

416.
nigricollis (Symplectes),

415.
nigricollis (Sycobius),

415.
nigricollis (Sturnopas-

tor), 77.
nigricollis (Sylvia), 74.
nigrifrons (Pyromelana),

nigrifrons (Hypbantor-

nis), 461, 465.
nigrifrons (Otooorys),

534.
nigrifrons (Ploceolus),

465.
nigrifrons (Sycobius),

480.
nigrimentum (Estrelda),

399.
Nigrita, 314.
nigriventris (Euplectes).

230.
nigriventris (Ploceus),

230.
nigriventris (Pyromela-
na), 230.
nigriviridis (Aplonis),

127.
nigriviridis (Lamprotor-

nis), 127.
uigrocinctus (Pastor),

114.
Niobe, 215.

nisoria (Amadina), 352.
nisoria (Fringilla), 352.
nisoria (Lonchura), 346.
nisoria (Munia), 352.
nisoria (Oxycei-ca), 352.
nitens (Amadina), 308,

309.
nitens (Fringilla), 308.
nitens (Hypochaira), 308,

309,310,311.
nitens (Juida), 170.
nitens (Lamprocolius),
170, 176, 179, 180,
181.
nitens (Lamprotornis),

175, 176.
nitens (Loxigilla), 308.
nitens (Malimbus), 481,

669.
nitens (Philaiterus), 309.
nitens (Ploceus), 481.
nitens (Sturnus), 28, 35.
nitens (Sycobius), 481.
nitens (Turdus), 170.
nitida (Amadina), 293.
nitida (Calornis), 139.
2r2

G92

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

uitida (Loxia), 293.
nitida (Sporothlastes),

293.
iiitidula (Estrelda), 305.
uitidula (Lagonostiota),

279.
uitidula (Pytelia), 305.
nivalis (Alanda), 542.
nivalis (Otocoris), 543.
niveiguttata (Estrilda),

274.
niveiguttata (Lagono-
stiota), 274.
niveiguttata (Spermo-

phaga), 274.
uiveoguttatus (Ilypav-

_ giis), 274.
nivosa (Alremon), 622.
nivosa (Certhilauda),

522.
nobilior (Stui-nus), 36.
Nomadites, 63.
nounula (Asti-ilda), 400.
nonnula (Estrelda), 400.
nonnula (Habropyga),

400. ^

notabilis (Lobiospiza),

384.
Notauges, 187.
novai hoUandia; (Me-

nura), 661.
uuchalis (Sycobius), 478,

479.

obscura (Calornis), 149.
obscura (Lamjjrotornis),

149.
obscurus (Aplonis), 127,

133, 137.
obscurus (Lamprotomis),

127.
obsoleta (Melanoco-

rypha), 581.
occidentalis (Eremo-

pbila), 538, 540.
occidentalis (Estrelda),

393.
occidentalis (Megalopbo-

nu=), 607.
occidentalis (Otocoris),

538.
occidentalis (Quelea), 257.
occipitalis (Malimbus),

478.
occipitalis (Mirafra), 606.
ocularia (Sitagra), 427.
ocularius (Hyphantor-

nis), 427, 429.
ocularius (Hyphautur-

gus), 428.
ocularius (Ploceus), 427.

oculata (Fringilla), 294.
oculea (Aiuadina), 294.
oculea (Astrilda), 294.
oculea (Estrelda) 294.
oculea (Sporotblastes),

294.
oculea (Zonaigintbus),

294.
Oiseau de Riz, 328.
Oligomyodrus, 166.
olivacea (Emberiza), 584.
olivacea (Hypbantornis),

428.
olivaceus (Hypbantornis),

431, 432.
olivaceus (Hyphantur-

gus), 432.
olivaceus (Icterus), 431.
Onj'cogiiatbus, 165.
opaca (Calornis), 136.
opaca (Lamprotomis),

136.
Oranvert, 191.
Orcbef, 494.
orioulai-ius (Pastor), 57.
orientalis (Alauda), 568.
orientalis (Estrelda),

115.
orientalis (Eulabes), 115.
orientalis (Gracula), 114.
orientalis (Lamprocolius),

175, 179.
orientalis (Melanopyr-

rhus), 114, 115.
orientalis (Quelea), 259.
orientalis (Vidua), 212.
Oriole, Kink, 68.
Oriole, Olive, 430.
Oriole, .Yellow-shoul-
dered, 223.
Oriole, Weever, 451.
Oriolinus, 437.
orix (Emberiza"), 231.
oris (Loxia), 231.
ornata (Juida), 174.
ornatus (Lamprocolius),

174.
ornatus (Sturnus), 174.
Ortygospiza, 269.
Orynx, 227.
Oryx, 227.

oryx (Euplectes), 231.
orvs (Fringilla), 233.
orjx (Oryx), 231.
oryx (Ploceus), 231.
oryx (Pyromelana), 231,

233.
orvzivora (Amadina),

328.
oryzivora (Coccotbraus-

tes), 328.

oryzivora (Fringilla),

328.
oryzivora (Loxia), 328.
oryzivora (Muaia), 328.
oryzivora ^Oryzoniis),

328.
oryzivora (Padda),

328.
oryzivora (Spermestes),

328.
Oryzornis, 326.
ostrina (Loxia), 252.
ostrinus (Coccothraustes),

252.
ostrinus (Pyrenestes),

252, 253.
Otocoris, 528.
Otocorys, 512, 528, 670.
otoleucus (Fringilla),

657.
otoleucus (Megalotis),

657.
Outre-mer, 309.
Ouzel, Eose or Carnation

coloured, 63.
Oxycerca, 326.

pacifica (Calornis), 13(5.
pacifica (Coracias), 127.
pacifious (Calornis), 136.
pacificus (Lanius), 136.
Padda, 326, 328.
paddoni (Poepbila), 382.
pagei (Scissirostrum),

193.
pagodarum (Acridotbe-

res), 74.
pagodarum (Heterornis),

74.
pagodarum (Pastor), 49,

74.
pagodarum (Sturnia),

74. .
pagodarum (Temenu-

chus), 74.
pagodarum (Turd us), 74.
palawauensis (Eulabes),

104.
palawanensis (Mainatus),

104.
pallida (Amadina), 346.
pallida (Ammomanes),

644.
pallida (Donacola), 346.
pallida (Mirafra), 644.
pallida (Munia), 346.
pallida (Otocorys), 523,

670.
pallida (Saxicola), 519.
pallidus (Geocorapbus),

644.

AlPHABETICAI, INDEX,

paludicola (Estrelfla),

397. '

paludicola (Habropyga),

palustris (Habropyga),

panayensis (Calornis),

143, 147, 148.
panayensis (Eraberiza),

215
panayensis

nis), 148,
panayensis

147.

(Lamprotor-
(Muscieapa),
(Pentberia),

panayensis

216.
panicivora (Alectrornis').

paniciyora (Loxia), 509.

panieivorns (Alecto),

610. '

panieivorus (Testor),

510.
pnpuensis (Artamus), 5.
paradisea (Emberiza),

pai-adisea (Fringilla),
211. ^ ''

paradisea (Meniira), 661.
paradisea (Steeanura),
211. '

paradisea (Videstrelda),
211. '

paradisea (Vidua), 209

211.
Parkinson, Le, 661.
parkiiisoniana (Paradi-
sea), 661.
Parkinsoiiiiis, 661.
parvesi (Otocorj-s), 537.
parvieristata (Galerita),

620.
pnsserinus (Ploceus),
491. '

Pastor, 63.

pealii (Amadina), 383.
pealii (Amblynura), 383.
pealii (Erythrura), 383.
pectoralis (Amadina),

354, 365, 368.
pectoralis (Donacicola)
354. ''

pectoralis (Donacola)
354. '

pectoralis (Gracula), 114.
pet-toralis (Muuia), 354,

365, 368.
pectoralis (Philagrus),

247.
pectoralis (Ploceipasser),
247.

pectoralis (Uroloncha),

Pecuarius, 63.

peguensis (Alauda), 576
pekinensis (Alauda),
568. '

pelewensis (Artamus), 9.
pelzelni (Aplonis) 127
136. ' '

pelzelni (Icteropsis),
410. '

pelzelni (Ploceus), 410.
pelzelni (Sitagra), 410.
penicillata (Alauda), 530
537. '

penicillata (Otocorvs)
530, 632, 533, 634,
643.
pensilis (Hyphautornis),

436.
pensilis (Loxia), 436.
pensilis (Nelicurvius)
436. ^

pensilis (Ploceus), 436.
Penthetria, 215.
Penthetriopsis, 220.
Percnopsis. 314.
Pere noir a bee rouee
308. ^ '

Pere noire a longue

queue, 220.
peregrina (Eremophila),

647.
peregrina (Otocorvs),
547. ^ ''

perreini (Estrelda), 285
perreini (Fringilla), 285
perreini (Habrojjyga),

perreini (Pytelia), 28.5.
persica (Alaudula), 590.
personata (Amadina),
377. '

personata (Hyphantor-

nis), 426.
personata (PoepLila),
377. ''

personatus (Artamus)
16. '

personatus (Hyphautor-
nis), 425.
personatus (Hyphantur-

gus), 426.
personatus (Ocypterus),
16.

personatus (Ploceolus),

426.
personatus (Ploceus), 425

426, 464.
personatus (Pyreuestes)

253.

693

perspicillatiis (Artamus)

Petit Marteau, 266.
Petit Martin de Gingi,

84.
Petit Merle, 147.
Petit Senegali rouge,

276.
petiti (Eupleetes), 228

231.
petiti (Oryx), 228.
petrophila (Otocorvs)
637. ^ '

phaeton (Astrilda), 389.
pbaeton (Erythrura),

389.
phaeton (Estrilda), 389.
piiaeton (Fringilla), 389.
phaeton (Neochmia),
389. ''

phalerata (Fringilla),
236. ^ ''

Philagrus, 244.
Philamnus, 628.
Pbileremos, 528.
Philetffirus, 249.
philijjpensis (Acridothe-

res), 93.
philippensis (Merula),

93.
philippina (Fringilla)
474. ''

philippina (Loxia), 474

488.

philippinensis (Mirafra)

605. '

philippinus (Eupleetes),

488. ''

philippinus (Lanius),

philippinus (Ploceus),

475, 488, 491.
phcBuicea (Coliuspasser),

pbcenicea (Penthetria),

226.
pbcenicea (Urobrachya)

225, 226.
pbcenicea (Vidua), 225.
phttnicomera (Pyrome-

lana), 239.
phoenicomerus (Euplee-
tes), 239.
phoenicopha^a (Juida),

166.
pbceuicoptera (Estrelda),

301. '

phoenicoptera (Juida).

180, 181.
phoenicoptera (Pytelia),

694

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

phoenicopter.T, (Zoiiogas-

tris), 301.
phoenicopterus (Lamjiro-

colius), ISO, 181.
phoenicopterus (Lampro-

tornis), 180.
phoenicopterus (Vidua),

213.
phcenicotis (.liigintha),

401.
phcenicotis (Astrikla),

401.
phcenicotis (Estrelcla),

400, 669.
phcenicotis (Mariposa),

401.
phcenicotis (Pytelia), 401.
phcenicotis (Urteginthus),

401, 402.
phcenicura (Ammoina-

nes), 642.
phcenicura (Erythrura),

385.
phcenicura (Mirafra),

642.
phoenieuroides (Ammo-
manes), 647.
phoenieuroides (Mirafra).

647.
Pholidauges, 121, 667.
Pholidocoma, 407.
picta (Embleina), 295.
picta (Estrelda), 295.
Pie-Grieche dominiquaine

des Philippines, 4.
Pie-Grieche de Manille, 3.
pileatus (Leucophrjs),

245.
pileatus (Ploceipasser),

245.
pinaronota (Nigrita), 318.
Pingon de Senegal, 451.
Pin9on du Cap de Bonne

Esp^rance, 236.
Pique-Boeuf, 195.
Pique-Boeuf du Senegal,

196.
pispoletta (Alauda), 587,

590, 693.
pispoletta (Alaudula),

585, 587, 590.
pispoletta (Oalandrella),

587, 589, 690, 593.
pispoletta (Oalandritis),

587.
pispoletta (Melanocory-

pha), 587.
placidus (Calornis), 150.
planicola (Alauda), 607.
planicola (Megalopho-

uus), 607.

plebeia (Alauda), 593.
plebeia (Megalophonus),

593.
Plocealauda, 693.
PloceeUa, 474.
Ploceipasser, 244.
Plocepasser, 244.
Ploceus, 487.
poecilosterna (Alauda),

612.
pcecilosterna (Megalo-
phonus), 612.
poecilosterna (Mirafra),

612.
poensis (Amadina), 262.
poensia (Spermestes),

262.
Poephila, 375.
Poephile admirable,

378.
poliogastra (Habropvga),

284.
polionota (Lagono-

sticta), 280, 283.
Poliopsar, 40.
poltoratzskii (Sturnus),

36.
polyzona (Amadina),

269, 270.
polyzona (Estrelda), 269.
polyzona (Fringilla),

269, 302.
polyzona (Ortygospiza),

269, 270.
polyzona (Ortygospiza),

324.
porphyronotus (Sturnus),

38.
porphyvopteron (Lam-

procolius), 182.
porphyropteron (Lam-

protornis), 182.
porphyropterus (Lam-

protornis), 156.
porphyropterus (Urau-

ges)", 156.
porphyrurus (Larapro-

colius), 179.
Porte-Lambeaux, 61.
prisstigiatrix (Alauda),

607.
prsetermissa (Alauda),

579.
praetermissa (Galerita),

579.
prasina (Amadina), 381.
prasina (Ooccothraustes),

381.
prasina (Erythrina),

381.
prasina (Erythrura), 381.

prasina (Fringilla), 381.
prasina (Geospiza), 383.
prasina (Loxia), 381.
prasipteron (Loxia), 264.
praticola (Otocorys),

539.
princeps (Hyphantornis),

449.
princeps (Ploceus), 449.
princeps (Symplectes),

449. .
principalis (Emberiza),

204.
principalis (Vidua), 203,

204.
procne (Chera), 213.
procne (Coliuspasser),

214.
procne (Emberiza), 213.
progne (Vidua), 214.
propinqua (Uruloncha),

368.
propinquatus (Plocei-
passer), 247.
Psarites, 66.
Psaroglossa, 117.
Psaroides, 63.
Pseudochehdon, 21.
pseudoryx (Euplectes),

231.
psittacea (Acalanthe),

382.
psittacea (Amadina), 382.
psittacea (Fringilla),

382.
psittacea (Erythura),

382.
psittacea (Estrelda), 382.
ptilogenys (Eulabes),

109.
ptilogenys (Gracula),

109.
ptilogenys (Mainatus),

109.
ptilonorhynchus (Juida),

175.
ptilonorhynchus (Lam-

procolius), 175.
ptilonorhynchus (Lam-

protoruis), 175.
pucherani (Amadina),

384.
pucherani (Erythrura),

384.
pulchella (Fringilla),

382.
pulcher (Spreo), 191.
pulcher (Tardus), 191.
pulchra (Juida), 191.
pimctata (Amadina),

320.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

695

punctata (Amandava),

320.
punctata (Spermestes),

262.
punctatus (Stiirnus),

28.
punctipennis (Amadina),

2(i3.
punctularia (Amadina),

347, 352.
punctularia (Fringilla),

3-16, 352.
punctularia (Muuia), 347,

350, 352.
punctulata (Amadina),

347.
puiu-tulata (Fringilla),

346.
punctulata (Loncbura),

347.
punctulata (Loxia),

367.
20unctulata (Munia), 346,

347, 668.
punctulata (Osj-cerca),

347.
punctulata (TJrolonclia),

347.
puuicea (Amandava),

320.
punicea (Estrelda), 320,

323.
punicea (Fringilla),

320.
purpuruscens (Calornis),

139.
purpuraseens (Iljpochee-

ra), 310.
purpuraseens (Lampro-

tornis), 139.
purpuraseens (Sturnus),

37, 38, 665.
purjiurea (Juida), 158.
purpureiceps (Calornis),

142.
purpureiceps (Juida),

184.
purpureiceps (Lampro-

colius), 184.
purpureus (Lamproco-

lius), 175.
purpureus (Laiuprotor-

nis), 158.
purpureus (Turdus),

175.
purpuroptera (Juida),

156.
purpuroptera (Lampro-

tornis), 156, 182.
pu rpuropterus (Urauges),
156.

Pyrenestes, 252, 501.
Pyromelana, 227.
pyropteryx (Pytelia),

303.
pyrrhocephalus (Eujjlec-

tes), 413.
pyrrbocephalus(Ploceus),

413.
Pyrrhocheira, 169,
pyrrhogenys (Acridothe-

res), 70.
pyrrhogenys (Heteror-

nis), 70.
piyrrhogenys (Lamprotor-

nis), 70.
pyrrhogenys (Sturnia),

70.
pyrrhogenys (Sturnus),

"72.
pyrrhogenys (Temenu-

chus), 70.
pyrrhouota (Brachonyx),

597.
pyrrhonota (Galerita),

522.
pyrrhonotus (Megalo-

phonus), 524.
pyrrhopogon (Lampiro-

tornis), 70.
pyrrhopogon (Sturnia),

70.
pyrrhozona (Euplectes),

228.
Pyrrhulauda, 650.
Pytelia, 300.

Quadricolor, Le, 381.
quadricolor (Emberiza),

381.
quadricolor (Lonchura),

381.
quartinii (Coccopygia),

307.
quartinii (Estrelda),

307.
quartinii (Fringilla),

307.
quartinii (Habropyga),

307.
Quelea, 254.
quelea (Emberiza), 257,

259.
quelea (Fringilla), 257.
quelea (Hyphautica),

259.
quelea (Loxia), 257.
quelea (Ploceus), 257.
quelea (Quelea), 257.
quinticolor (Amadina),

339.

quinticolor (Coecothraus-

tes), 339.
quinticolor (Diachmura),

339.
quinticolor (Fringilla),

373.
quinticolor (Loxia), 339.
quinticolor (Munia), 339.

racbelise (Malimbus),

483.
racbelise (Sycobius),

483.
randonii (Galerita), 628.
randonii (Megalophonus),

628.
ranuuculacea (Fringilla),

241.
rara (Estrelda), 282.
rara (Habropyga), 282.
rara (Lagonosticta), 282.
rara (Rhodopyga), 282.
raytal (Alauda), 591.
raytal (Alaudula), 591,

592.
raytitl (Calendrella), 585,

591.
raytal (Mirafra), 591.
reboudia (Alauda), 589.
reboudia (Calandrella),

588.
reboudia (Calandritis),

589.
regia (Emberiza), 209.
regia (Erythropsiza),

385.
regia (Erythrura), 385.
regia (Fringilla), 209.
regia (Tetrsuura), 209.
regia (Videstrelda),

209.
regia (Vidua), 209.
regina (Ijoxia), 494.
regiuB (Cosmopsarus),

160.
regulus (Ammomanes),

644."
regulus (Mirafra), 644.
reichardi (Hyjjhantor-

uis), 463.
reichardi (Ploceus), 463.
reichenovi (Amydrus),

166.
i-eicbenowi (Oryptospiza),

254.
reichenovvi (Heterhy-

phantes), 418.
reichenowi (Hyphantur-

gus), 418.
reichenowi (Ploceus),
418.

0)96

reichenowi (Pytelia),

254.
reichenowi (Sycobrotus),

418.
reichenowi (Symplectes),

418.
religiosa (Eulabes), 99.
religiosa (Gracula), 99,

102, 104.
religiosa (Maina), lOo.
reli^iosus (Mainatus),

99.
reticulata (FringiUa),

290.
Ehamphoeorys, 512, 527.
rhodoparia (Estrelda),

283.
rhodoparia (Lagouo-

sticta), 283.
rhodopsis (Estrelda),

279.
rhodopsis (Habropyga),

279.
rhodopsis (Lagonosticta),

279.
rhodopsis (Rhodopyga),

279.
rhodoptera (Astrdda),

391i.

rhodoptera (Estrelda),

396.
rhodoptera (Habropyga),

39(1.
Ehodopyga, 271.
rhodopyga (Estrelda),

396.
rhodopyga (Habropyga),

396.
Eice Bird, 328.
robertsonii (Melanopyr-

rhus), 115.
robertsonii (Mino), Ho.
robusta (Gracula), 109.
robustus (Eulabes), 667.
robustus (Mainatus), 109,

667.
rodericana (Foudia), 434.
rodericanus (Necropsar),

EoUer, Blue-striped, 127.
rosans (Bosois), 64.
rosea (Boscis), 64.
rosea (Gracula), 64.
rosea (Merula), 63.
Eose-coloured Pastor, 64.
Eoselin, 63.
rosenbergii (Gracula),

115.
roseus (Acridotheres),

64.

roseus (Nomadites), 64.

.VLPHABEnca, I-NDEX.

roseus (Pastor), 63,

66(5.
roseus (Pecuarius), 64.
roseus (Psaroides), 63.
roseus (Sturnus), 63.
roseus (Thremnophilus)

64.
roseus (Turdus), 63.
rostratus (Megalopho-

nus), 607.
Eoupenne, Le, 161.
rovrei (Hyphantornis),

"444.
rubea (Otocorys), 548.
ruber (Ploceus), 4.33,

486.
rubiginosa (Cinnarao-

pteryx), 473.
rubiginosa (Hyphantor-
nis), 473.
rubiginosus (Ploceus),
473

rubiginosus (Textor), 459,

473.
rubra (Eraberiza), 48o.
rubra (Foudia), 486.
rubra (Nesacanlhis), 485.
rubricapilla (Speriuo-

spiza), 500.
rubricata (Estrelda), 280,

281, 283.
rubricata (Fringilla),

281.
rubricata (Lagonosticta),

280,281,28.3.
rubriceps (Anaplectes),

411.
rubriceps (Calyphantna),

411.
rubriceps (Malimbus),

411.
rubriceps (Ploceus), 411.
rubriceps (Sycobius), 411,

412.
rubricoUis (MaUmbus),

478.
rubricoUis (Ploceus), 4/8
rubricoUis (Sycobius),

478, 479.
rubritorques (Penthe-

tria), 216.
rubritorques (Vidua),

216.
rubriventris (Estrelda),

393.
rubriventris (Fringilla),

393.
rubronigra (Amadma),

335.
rubronigra (Muuia),

334.

rubropersonatus (Malim-
bus), 482.
rubropicta (Estrelda),

27().
rueppelli (Amydris), 16-,

164.
rueppelli (Juida), 162.
rueppelli (Pyrrocheira),

162.
rufa (Alauda), 548.
rufa (Otocorys), 546.
rufescens (Atrichia), 659,

660.
rufescens (Phileremos),

.J42.
rufibarba (Estrelda), 394.
rufibarba (FringiUa), 394.
rufibarba (H;d3ropyga),

394.
ruficauda (Auiadina),

374.
ruficauda (Astrilda), 374.
ruficauda (Bathilda),

374.
ruficauda (Estrelda),

374.
ruficauda (Histurgops),

505.
ruficauda (Stegano-

pleura), .374.
iMificeps (Alauda), 563,

568.
ruficeps (Oalandrella),

563.
ruficeps (Calandritis),

563.
ruficeps (Megalophonus),

563.
ruficeps (Ploceus), 462.
ruficeps (Tephrocorys),

563.
ruficoUis (Heterornis),

70.
ruficollis (Pastor), 70.
ruficoUis (Temenuehus),

70.
rufipennis (Aplonis), 137.
rufipennis (Corvus), 161.
rufipennis (Lamprotor-

nis), 161.
rufipilea (Alauda), 597.
rufipilea (Mirafra), 597.
rufipileus (Megalopho-
nus), 597.
ruflventer (Leptopteryx),

ruflventer (Ocypterus),

ruflventris (Juida), 191.
rufiventris (Lamproco-
lius), 191.

riifiveiitris (Lamprotor-

nis), 191.
rufocinnamoiuea (Mi-

rafra), 600.
rufocinnamomeus (Alau-

da), 600.
rufocinnamomeus (Geo-

coraphus), 600.
rufocinnamomeus (Mega-

lojihonus), 600.
rufocitrinus (Ploceus)
400. '

rufodursali.s (Spermestes),
263. '

rufopalliata (Alanion),

rufopalliata (Certhi-

lauda), 521.
rufopeetus (Estrelcla)

278.
rufopicta (Astrikla),

278. '

rufopicta (Estrelda), 278.
rufopicta (Lagonosticta)

278.
rufopicta (Pytelia), 278.
rufoscapulatus (Plocei-

passer), 248.
rufojelatus (Euplectes),

rufovelatus (Malimbus),
479. ''

rufovelatus (Ploceus)
478. ''

rufovelatus (Svcobius)
478. ' ''

rufuvittatus (Textor)
478. ''

rufiila (Alaucla), 515.
rufula(Certhilauda), 515.
rufulus (Anthus), 515.
russi (Ploceus), 260.
russi (Quelea), 260.
rutila (Galerita), 606.

sabota (Megalophouus).

618. '

sabota (Mirafra), 618.
saealavus (Ploceus), 487.
sakalava (Nesacantbis),

487. '

sakalava (Ploceus), 4,87.
sala (Alauda), 576.
salvini (Certhilauda)

520. ''

sancti-thoniffi (Ana-

plectes), 418.
saucti-thomre (Heterby-

phantes), 418.
sancti-thomaj (Svcobius),

418. '

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

sangbirensis (Caloniis),

149.
sanguineus (Pyrenestes),

sanguinirostris (Coeco-
thraustes), 259.

sanguinirostris (Euplec-
tes), 257.

sanguinirostris (Hypban-
tica), 257.

sanguinirostris (Losia),
2.57

sanguinirostris (Ploceus)
257, 259. '

sanguinirostris (Quelea),
257,259. '

sanguinolenta (Amadina)
324. ■ '

sanguinolenta (Estrelda)
324. ''

sanguinolenta (FrinffiUa)

324. ''

sanguinolenta (Pytelia),

Sansonnet, 28.
Sarcops, 96.
Saroglossa, 117.
savatieri (Estrelda), 307.
schiffi (Corypbegnathus),
502. '

scbiffi (Pyrenestes), 502.
scblegeli (Pytelia), 304,"

668.
scioana (Pyromelana),

241, 242.
scioanus (Euplectes),

scioanus (Textor), 511.
Scissirostrum, 193.
scriba (Otocoris), 531.
scriba (Phileremos), 531.
scutata (Estrelda), 265.
scutata (Spermestes)
265. ''

scutatus (Malimbus)

482.
scuiatus (Spermestes")
265. ''

scutatus (Sycobius), -182.
secunda (Mirafra), 603.
seebobmi (Alaudula)
590. '

segetum (Alauda), 568.
seleucis (Turdiis), 63.
semistriata (Amadina),
361. ''

semistriata (Munia), 361.

semistriata (Uroloncba)

361. ''

semitorquata (Alsemon),
521. ''

697

semitorquata (Alauda)
621. '

semitorquata (Certhi-
lauda), 521.

semitorquata (Melanoco-
rypha), 651.

senegala (Estrilda),
275. "

senegala (Fringilla), 275,
277.

senegala (Lagonosticta),
275, 276, 277.

senegalensis (Alauda).

627.
senegalensis (Galerida),

628.
senegalensis (Ploceus),

451.
Senegal!, 275.
Senegal! a front pointelle,

409.
Senegali brun, 320.
Senegali, Petit, 276.
Senegali quinticolor,

373.
Senegali rave, 392.
St-n(5gali rouge, 275, 281.
senex (Heterornis), 55.
senex (Temenuchus), 55.
senex (Sturnia), 55.
senex (Sturnornis), 55.
septentrionalis (Pyrrhu-

lauda), 667.
septentrionalis (Sturuus)
28. ''

Serena (Eniberiza), 204.
Serena (Erythrospiza;,

Serena (Erytbura), 385.
Serena (Fringilla), 204.
serena (Videstrelda),'
205. '

serena (Vidua), 204.
sericeus (Heta?rornis),
44. '

sericeus (Poliopsar), 44.
sericeus (Stunnis), 44.
sericeus (Temenuchus)
44. ''

seychellarum (Foudia)
486. ''

seychellarum (Nesacan-

this), 486.
seychellarum (Ploceus)
486. ''

seychellensis (Ploceus),

486.
Sharpia, 411.
sharpii (Amadina), 303.
sharpii (Munia), 303.
sharpii (Pytelia), 303.

G98

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

slielleyi (Hyphantornis),

4()4.
shelleyi (Spreo), 190.
Shore-Lark, 542.
Shrike, Dubious, 193.
Shrike, Pacific, 136.
Shrike, Tabuan, 130.
siarnensis (Acridotheres),

91.
sibirica (Alauda), 557.
sibirica (Melanocorypha),

5.57.
sibirica (Otocorys), 534.
sibirica (Phileremos),

557.
sibirica (Tanagra), 560.
signata (Emberiza),

215.
signata (Pyrrhulauda),

651.
similliina (Alauda), (521.
siuiilhma (Spizalauda),

621.
simplex (Geocoraphus),

595.
simplex (Mirafra), 595.
sincipitalis (Pyrrhu-
lauda), 655.
sinensis (Alauda), 5.58.
sinensis (Araadina), 334.
sinensis (Eulabes), 105.
sinensis (Heteerornis),

69.
sinensis (Mainatus), 105.
sinensis (Muuia), 334.
sinensis (Oriolus), 681.
sinensis (Pastor), 69.
sinensis (Sturnia), 68.
sinensis (Temenuchus),

(i9.
Sirli du Cap de Boune

Esperauce, 514.
Sitagra, 424.
Sky-Lark, 567.
smitbii (Coraphites),

658.
smithii (Pyrrhulauda),

658.
socia (Coccothraustes),

249.
socia (Loxia), 249.
socius (PhiliBterus), 249.
socius (Plocoiis), 249.
solitarius (Ploceus), 451,

453.
solitarius (Sturnus), 28.
Bolitarius (Turdus), 28.
solomonensis (Oalornis),

129.
somalensis (Hyphantor-
nis), 469.

soinalicus (Hyphantor-
nis), 469.
Sordid Thrush, 19.
sordidus (Artamus), 19.
sordidus (Turdus), 19.
soror (Penthetria), 223.
soror (Penthetriopsis),

223.
soudiinensis (Zonogas-

tris), 298.
Sparrow, Brazilian, 257.
Sparrow, Chinese, 330,

334, 346.
Sparrow from Bengal,

493.
Sparrow, Java, 328.
Sparrow, Long-tailed,

203. ■
Sparrow of Paradise,

294.
Sparrow, White-breasted

Indian, 3.'50.
Sparrow, Yellow-headed

Indian, 493.
speciosa (Estrelda), 297,

299.
speciosa (Fringilla), 296.
spectabilis (Artamus), 10.
spectabilis (Donacicola),

342.
spectabilis (Munia), 342.
spekii (Hyphantornis),

469.
spekii (Ploceus), 469.
Spermestes, 261.
Spermophaga, 498.
Spermospiza, 498.
sphecura (Fringilla), 381.
sphenura (Steganura),

211.
sphenura (Vidua), 212.
Spilocorydon, 620.
spiloiiota (Hyphantor-
nis), 468.
spilonotus (Hyphantor-
nis), 456, 468.
spilonotus (Ploceus),

468.
spilonotus (Textor), 468.
spiloptera (Lamprotor-

nis), 117.
spiloptera (Psaroglossa),

117.
spiloptera (Saroglossa),

117.
spilopterus (Saroglossus),

117.
spinonota (Hyphantor-
nis), 468.
Spizalauda, 621.
Spizooorys, 564.

splendens (Juida), 154.
spleiidens (Stiirnus), 35,

1.54.
splendens (Turdus), 154,

175.
splendens (Vidua), 208.
splendida (juida), 172.
splendid us (Lamproco-

lius), 172, 173.
splendidus (Turdus), 154,

172.
spleniata (Alauda), 563.
spleniata (Tephrocorys),

563.
Spodiopsar, 665.
Sporaiginthus, 319.
Sporopipes, 407.
Sporothlastes, 288, 292.
Spreo, 187.
squiimicoUis ( Uroloncha),

359.
squainifrons (Amadina),

407.
squamifrons (Estrelda),

407.
squ ami frons(Phil8eterus),

407.
squaiuifrons(Sporopipes),

407.
Staganopleura, 292.
Stare, Cape, 58.
Stare, Cockscomb, 61.
Stare, Common, 28.
Stare, Silk, 44.
Starling, Black-and-white

Indian, 57.
Starling, Sdk, 44.
Starling, The, 27.
stictifrons (Ploceus),

424.
stictifrons (Sycobrotus),'

424.
stictifrons (Symplectes),

424.
stictoloema (Pytelia),

273.
stictonotus (Ploceus),

468.
stictonotus (Textor),

468.
Stictoptera, 312.
Stictospiza, 287.
Stourne bronze, 138.
Stourne fulvipenne, 150.
Streptocitta, 152.
striata (Amadina), 360.
striata (Aplonis), 127.
striata (Calornis), 127.
striata (Ooracias), 127.
striata (Fringilla), 363.
striata (Lo.xia), 359.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

699

striata (Munia), 3G0,

361.
striata (Sperraestes),

3fi0.
striata (Trichogramino-

ptila), 360.
striata (Uroloncha), 359,

360.
striatus (Aplonia), 127.
striatus (Euplectes),

496.
striatus (Lanius), 127.
striatus (Phileremos),

542.
striatus (Ploceus), 496.
strictos (Euplectes), 241,

242.
striga(Turclus), 71.
strigata (Otocorys), 549.
strigatus (Tardus), 143.
Sturnia, 68.
sturnina (Graeula), 71.
sturuiaa (Sturnia), 71,

72, 66(').
sturninus (Pastor), 71.
sturninus (Oligomy-

driis), 167.
Sturuoide geant, 134.
Sturuoides, 125.
Sturnopastor, 56, 666.
Sturnoniis, 55.
Sturnus, 26.
subaureus (Hyphantor-

nis), 445, 446.
subaureus (Oriolinus),

445.
subaureus (Ploceus),

445.
subcalandra (Melanoco-

rypha), 551.
subcoronata (AIsEmon),

521.
subcoronata (Alauda),

521.
subcoronata (Certhi-

lauda), 521.
subcoronata (Cherso-

iiianes), 521.
subilava (Estrelda), 324.
subtlava (Fringilla),

324.
subflava (Habropyga),

324.
siibllava (Ortygospiza), 3.
subflava (Pytelia), 324.
subllavus (fjporregintbus),

324.
subtlavus (ZonjEgiuthus),

324.
sublarvatus (Ploeeolus),

4()2.

sublarvatus (Ploceus),

462.
subpersonata (Sitagra),

427.
subpersonatus (Hypban-

tornis), 427.
subpersonatus (Ploceus),

427.
subroseus (Sturnus), 74.
subundulata (Auiadina),

350.
subundulata (Munia),

350.
sulaensis (Calornis),

149.
sulfureus (Xantliophilus),

446.
sulphureus (Xanthopbi-

liis), 462.
suuiatranus (Mainatus),

102.
sundevalli (Euplectes),

231.
sundevalli (Ploceus),

231.
sundevalli (Pyromelana),

231.
superba (Juida), 189.
superba (Menura), 661.
sujJerbus (Lauiprocolius),

189.
superbus (Lamprotornis),

189.
superbus (Notauges), 189.
superbus (Spi-eo), 189.
superciliaris (Stui-nopas-

tor), 59, 60.
superciliosa (Fringilla),

203.
superciliosa (Videstrelda),

203.
superciliosa (Vidua),

203.
superciliosus (Agropbi-

lus), 248.
superciliosus (Artamus),

15.
superciliosus (Hyphan-

tornis), 470.
superciliosus (Ocypterus),

15.
superciliosus (Pbilagrus),

248.
superciliosus (Ploceipas-

ser), 248.
superciliosus (Ploceus),

246, 248, 470.
Buperstriata (Aniadina),

350.
superstriata (Munia),
350.

.sycobia (Juida), 178.

Sycobius, 477.

.sycobius (Lamprocolius),

178, 608.
sycobius (Lamprotornis),

178.
Sycobrotus, 421.
sylvestris (Maina), 74.
sylvestris (Sturnus), 28.
Symplectes, 421.

tabuensis (Aplonis), 180,

131.
tabuensis (Lanius), 130.
t.'enioptera (Hyphantor-

nis), 467, 468.
treniopterus (Hyphan-

tornis), 467.
tneniopterus (Ploceus),

467.
Treniopygia, 311.
Taha, 227,
taba (Euplectes), 242,

244.
taba (Ploceus), 242.
taba (Pyromelana), 242,

243.
tabatali (Hypbantornis),

465.
tabatali (Ploceus), 464.
Tanager, Capital, 458.
Tansombe, 120.
tartarica (Alauda), 559.
tartarica (Melanocory-

pba), 560.
tartarica (Saxilauda),

560.
telescbowi (Otocorys),

534.
Temenuchus, 73.
temporalis (^Egintba),

373.
temporalis (Aniadina),

373.
temporalis (Estrelda),

373.
temporalis (Fringilla),

372, 373.
temporalis (Heterby-

pbantes), 419.
temporalis (Hypbantor-
nis), 419.
temporalis (Pastor), 77.
teniporalis (Sporo-

tblastes), 373.
temporalis (Sturnopas-

tor), 77.
teuuirostris (Alauda),

568.
teuuirostris (Amydrus),

167.

(00

ALPHABETICAL TKDEX.

temi irostris(Oalandrella),

58(1
teuiiirostris (Cinnamo-

pterus), l(j(».
teuuirostris (Jiiida),

166.
tenuirostris (Lampro-

tornis), 166.
tenuirostris (Oligomyo-

drus), 166.
tenuirostris (Sturnus),

28.
Tepbrocorys, 561,
testacea (Alauda), 581.
Tetrisnura, 209.
Textor, 508.
textor (Hypliantornis),

451.
textor (Oriolus), 451.
textor (Ploceus), 451.
textrix (Fringilla), 478.
textrix (Maliiubus), 478,

479.
textrix (Ploceus), 478.
thecklffi (Galerita), 633.
thibetana (Calandrella),

585.
Tbinotretis, 514.
Tbremnophilus, 63.
Thrush, African, 161.
Thru.sh, Dominican, 71.
Tbnish, Gilded, 175.
Thrush, Gingi, 84.
Thrush, Glossy, 155.
Thrush, Madagascar,

120.
Thrush, Malabar, 49.
Thrush, Orange-bellied,

191.
Thrush, Pngoda, 73.
Thrush, Pigeon, 147.
Thrush, Eose-coloured,

63.
Thrush, Shining, 172.
Thrush, Songster, 147.
Thrush, Sordid, 19.
Thrush, Wbidah, 121.
Thrush, White-rumped,

187.
topela (Munia), 351.
torquata (Gracula), 152.
torquata (Melanocory-

pha), 555.
torquata (Pica), 152.
torquata (Streptocit.ta),

1.52.
torquata (Vidua), 216.
torquatus (Coliuspasser),

218.
torrida (Mirafra), COO.
Toucnam-courTi, Le,488.

Toupet bleu, Le, 381.
Toxocorys, 514.
Traquet des Philippines,

Le Grand, 70.
traversii (Urobrachya),

226.
triborhyncha (Alauda),

569, 576.
trichoa (Amadina),

385.
trichoa (Erythrura), 385,

387.
trichoa (Estrelda), 385.
trichoa (Fringilla),

385.
Triohogramnioptila, 355.
tricolor (Amadina),

387.
tricolor (Cinnaniopteryx),

471.
tricolor (Diachmura),

387.
tricolor (Erythrura),

387.
tricolor (Eulabes), 97.
tricolor ( Fringilla),

387.
tricolor (Hyphantornis),

471.
tricolor (Pastor), 78.
tricolor (Ploceus), 471.
tristis (Acridotheres), 80,

83.
tristis (Gracula), 80.
tristis (Paradisea), 80.
tristis (Pastor), 81.
tristissima (Amadina),

364.
tristissima (Munia),

3(j4.
tristissima (Urolonclia),

364.
tristoides (Maina), 81.
tristoides (Pastor), 81.
tristrami (Amydrus),

168.
tristrami (Hagiopsar),

168.
tristrami (Juida), 168.
troglodytes (Estrelda),

395.
troglodytes (Fringilla),

395.
Troupiale de Sen6gale,

451.
turdiformis (Pastor),

68.
turdiformis (Temeuu-

chus), 69.
Turdus malabaricus,
49.

typica (Plocealauda),

609.
tytleri (Calornis), 146,

668.

ulietensis (Aplonis),

136.
ulietensis (Turdus), 136.
ultramarina (Fringilla),

309.
ultramarina (Hypo-

chsera), 309, 310.
ultramarina(Hypochera),

668.
undata (Alauda), 627.
undata (Galerida), 628.
undulata (Amadina),

347.
undulata (Estrelda),

393.
undulata (Fringilla),

392.
undulata (Loncbura),

352.
imdulata (Loxia), 352.
undulata (Munia), 347.
unicolor (Amblyospiza),

503.
unicolor (Ooryphegna-

tbus), 503.
unicolor (Cosmopsarus),

1(>0.
unicolor (Pyrenestes),

503.
unicolor (Sturnus), 35,

38, 39.
upupa (Pastor), 194.
Urseginthus, 390.
Uraugts, 154.
Urobi'aehya, 224.
Uroloncha, 355.
iiropygialis (Nigrita),
319.

varia (Fregilupus), 194.
variegata (Amadina),

367.
variegata (Coccothraus-

tes), 367.
variegata (Loxia), 367.
varius (Fregilupus), 194.
varius (Lophopsarus),

194.
varius (Sturnus), 28.
velata (Fringilla), 451.
velata (Hyphantornis),

464.
velatua (Hyphantornis),

464.

ALrnABETICAL INDEX.

701

velatus (Ploceiis), 4G4.
veneruta (Eulabes), 101.
Teuerata (Gracula),

101.
veneratus (Mainatus),

101.
venustus (Artamus), 18,
yprdier de Java, 381.
vereounda (Padda)

328.
verreauxi (Hypargus),

275.
verreauxi (Pholidaiiges),

123.
Terrcauxi (Steganura),

212.
Terreauxi (Vidua), 211.
Vert Dore, Le, 154.
verticalis (Ooraphites),

656.
verticalis (Megalotis),

656.
verticalis (Pyrrhulauda),

656.
Veuve, La, 211.
Veuve a ailes rouges du

Cap de Bouue Espe-

rance, 213.
Veuve a collier d'or,

211.
Veuve a epaulettes,

213.
Veuve a poitrine rouge

du Cap de Boune Es-

perance, 215.
Veuve a quatre brius,

209.
Veuve d' Angola, 203.
Veuve de laCoted' Afrique,

209.
Veuve de I'isle de Panay,

215.
Veuve dominicaine, 204,
Veuve en feu, 215.
Veuve graude, 203.
Veuve mouchetee, 204.

Veuve petite, 203, 204.
viaruni (Galerida), 628.
victoria^ (Menura), 662.
Videstrelda, 209.
Vidua, 203.
vidua (Emberiza), 204.
vinacea (Estrelda), 286.
viuacea (Lagouostiota),

286.
violacea (Motacilla), 70.
violacea (Sturna), 70.
virescens (Caloruis),

139.
virescens (Lamprotornis),

139.
viridescens (Calornis),

139.
viridigrisea (Aplonis),

127.
viridis (Astrilda), 390.
viridis (Erythrura),

381.
viridis (Estrelda), 390.
viridis (Fringilla), 390.
vitellina (Hjphautornis),

462, 464. "
vitellina (Fringilla),

462.
vitellina (Textor), 462.
vitellinus(Hypliantornis),

462, 463, 465.
vitellinus (Ploceolus),

462.
vitellinus (Ploceus), 462,

463.
vitiensis (Aplonis), 131.
vitiensis (Artamus), 9.
vulgaris (Alauda), 568.
vulgaris (Menura), 661.
vulgaris (Sturnus), 27, 33,

35, 37, 38, 664.

wallaeii (Munia), 339.
walleri (Amydrus),

164.
waiters! (Alauda), 576.

Waxbill, The, 392.
Whidah Bird, 211.
wieneri (Pytelia), 303.
Worabee, 241.

Xantbomelffina, 227.
xanthomelcena (Pyrome-

lana), 239.
xanthomelas (Coluispas-

ser), 240.
xantbomelas (Euplcctes),

238, 239.
xanthomelas (Oryux),

240.
xanthomelas (Ploceus),

240.
xanthomelas (Pyrome-

lana). 240.
Xanthophilus, 437.
xanthops(IIyphautornis),

447.
xanthops (Ploceus),

447.
xanthopterus (Ilyphan-

tornis), 444.
xanthopterus (Ploceus),

444.
xanthcsomus (Eupodes),

422,

yeltoniensis (Alauda),

559.
yeltoniensis (Melauoco-

rypha), 559, 560.

zanzibarica (Peuthetria),

225.
zealandicus (Aplonis),

137.
zelandica(Lauiprotornis),

137.
ZouiTginthus, 293.
Zonagastris, 296.

END OF THE THIRTEENTH VOLUME.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

Stunius inenzbicri, p. 33 I.

por[)hjToiiotus, p. 38 II.

Poliopsar cambodianus, p. 45 III.

burmaiiicus (fig. 1), p. 45

IV

leucocephalus (fig. 2), p. 46

Sturnopastor contra (fig. 1), p. 57 ]

superciliaris (fig. 2), p. 59 V V.

jalla (fig. 3), p. 57 J

Aplonis brunuesceus, p. 132 VI.

Lamprocolius ignitus (fig. 1), p. 174 ^

glaucovirens (fig. 2), p. 173 ..^,

lessoni (fig, 3), p. 173 I

splendidus (fig. 4), p. 172 J

purpureas (fig. 1), p. 175 ^

chloropterus (fig. 2), p. 178

sycobius (fig. 3), p. 178 ' y , j j^

chalcurus (fig. 4), p. 17t) i

purpureiceps (fig. 5), p. 184 . |

cupreicauda (fig. 6), p. 184 J

Urobrachya bocagii, p. 226 IX.

Quclea erythrops (fig. 1), p. 255 "^

— cardinalis (fig. 2), p. 256

quelea (fig. 3), p. 257 v v

intermedia (fig. 4), p. 259 i

sethiopica (fig. 5), p. 259 |

russi (fig. 6), p. 260 J

Lagonosticta jamesoni (fig. 1), p. 283 1

polionota (fig. 2), p. 280 V XI.

congiea (fig. 3), p. 280 J

landanae (fig. 1), p. 283 "1 y-^j

Pytelia hypogrammiea (fig. 2), p. 302 J

Hyphantornis castanops (fig. 1), p. 443 ^

xanthopterus (fig. 2), p. 444 I

aurantius (fig. 3), p. 444 LxTTT

aureiflavus (fig. 4), p. 446 C

castaneiceps (fig. 5), p. 448 j

bojeri (fig. 6), p. 448 J

superciliosus, p. 470 XIV.

tSpcrmospiza rubricapilla, p. 500 XV.

Fnrrb B.M.l'vLAlII.

I'LL

Smit deletlith

Muiterrv Bros . iied

dturiuis ntejtzhiei'i

rHi;i,.r,.M.\<'i.x!u.

n.n.

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l.Prbrpsaj' hurniaiuciis . 2. Fcliojisui' Jcna'c<'fihahb^.

Birds B.M. Vol. m.

PI . V.

J Smit de! et ith. MmteiiL Bros . Chro

l.Stnrnopa-^tf'j- contra. 2.Stuj-nofj(ostoi' supercihcuis.
•t.SiurncpcisUiv jalhcij.

Buds B.M.Voljm.

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4

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n . vii

J. Srrut del. eL lilK, Mintem. Bros .

l.Lcunprvcviuis ifjiatwi. 2 .LcutLprocoUxx," gla,iLco\ii-ens .
3.].ampr'o<x>liusle^ssor\i. 4r.Lanq^>rncvlixJbS ^plendens.

Bird? B.M.Vol.XUI.

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^-mit- del et litK . xn ^ t^ •

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I.LcuiyjTccoUus purpiireus. 2.1.ampivcvlui.<i iidi'r-o]>ierus.

■xLanipivwlius sycfbui^- . 4.Lamprvu^liiis cluilcunis.

O.Lnmprvrolin.^piirpxircueps. G.lnniprocolius mprmccujdu,v.

7.

Bird.^ B.M.Vcl.m.

Pl.LX.

Peter Smit dsl et lith.

UrohraihycL bocagii

Mintern Bros . imp.

HwdsB.M.Vrl.m.

PL. J.

fttBT Smil ad et luh

Mirierr. Bros ixrjp.

Quelea.

1. Q. pjythrops . 'c.Q. coj-diJialis . ■>. Q- quelecc.

4 Q. interrnedxit. 5. Q.xUaopica .('>.Q_. twssl .

^^^S!&^

3u'd.^r>.M.Voi.m.

Fi.ja.

Peter Sirut del. et lilK. Mintern Bros . imp.

1 . LdcfOJwsUctct _ jajiiesoni. 2 .Lagcnestixta poliorwta.
3 . Lagonosticta cciiqiccu.

Buds II. Jl. Vol. Ml.

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&ter Smit dal.etlith

Mintein. Brr"-^ imp.

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2.H..rcaUlwpter<us. 5 . H. rw>t(Ui£ueps .
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Jilintern. Bros. Chiomi:.

Bij;ls B.M.VoLim.

I'l. m:

Peter Strut del. etljth. MinternBros. Chrotno.

Hyphantcrni.^ ."upef ■cili < -,•<■ w/> .

Mrds B.MTvlJni.

pi.ji:

Peter Snut dd.etlittL

iiir4X.errv Brcs . Chromo .

Spermospiio rn/lcapillu

SELECTED LIST

NATURAL HISTOHY PUBLICATIONS

OF THE TEUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

Report ou the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
. Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. ' Alert,' 1881-2. Edited by
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MAMMALS.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats. 21 Wood-
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Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia.
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Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. 30 Plates
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Catalogue of Seals and Whales. Bj- Dr. J. E. Gray. Second edition.

101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.'

Supplement. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. Qd.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department.
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Catalogue of Ituminant Mammalia {Fecora, Lianseus). By Dr.

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Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. By 0. Thomas.

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Catalogue of the Birds. By R. Bowdler Sharpe, H. Seebohm,
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REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Chclonians, llhyiichocephalians, and Crocodiles.

New edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates.

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Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct). By Dr. Gunther.

54 Plates. 1877, 4to. £1 10s.
Catalogue of the Lizards. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger.

Plates. 3 vols. 1885-87, Svo. Vols. I., II., 20s. each ; III.,

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Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By. Dr. Giinther. 1858, 12mo.

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Catalogue of the Fishes. By Dr. Giinther, Vols. II.-VIIl.

1860-70, Svo. Woodcuts. 7s. to 10s. (id. a volume. (Vol. I.

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SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIOIsS. 3

MOLLUSCA.

Giiide to the Systematic Distribution of MoUusca. Part I Bv
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Catalogue of Pulmonata. Parti. By Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Woodcuts.
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^t!TV/-^ ^^r"''*^^' P™^-Pi-i^^«^' -^a Truncatellid^,. By
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Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells. B; Mons. Deshayes.
^l-arts. 1853-54, 12mo. Part I., 3s. ; IL, 6d

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda, or Lamp Shells. By Dr
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POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. Part III. Cyclostomata. By
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CRUSTACEA.

Catdogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate. 58
Plates. 1862, 8vo. .£1 5s.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira. By T. V Wol-
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Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries Bv T Y
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Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera. Part I. Lycidte
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Catalogue of Haltieidse. By Rev. H. Clark. 9 Plates 1860 8vo
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Catalogue of Hispids". By J. S. Baly. Part I. 9 Plates. 1858
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4 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATITKAL HISTOET PUBLICATIONS.

Hymeiiopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymeuopterous Insects. By F. Smith. Farts I.-VII.
1853-59, 12nio. 2.s. to 6s. a Part.

Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
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List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
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Lepidojpterous Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera. By
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£2 to £2 10s. a Part. (Parts II. and IT. out of imnt.)

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae. By A. G.

Butler. 5 Plates. 1868, 8vo. bs. Gd.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius. By A. G.

Butler. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycaenidse. By W. C. Hewitson. 8 col.

Plates. 1862. -Ito. £1 Is.

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Catalogue of the Specimens of Nenropterous Insects. By Dr. H.
Hagen. Part I. Termitina. 1858, 12mo. Gd.

Ortliopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. Part I. Phasmidae. By J. 0.

Westwood. 48 Plates. 1859, 4to. £3.
Catalogue of the Blattarise. By F. Walker. 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blat-

tariae. GryllidEe, Blattaria?, Locustidfe. By F. Walker. 1869,

8yo. 5s.

. Part II. Locustidie (coutinued). 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.

. Part III. Locustidse (continued), Acrididae. 1870,

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SELECTED LIST OF THE NATTJEAL HISTOET PTJBLICATIONS. 5

Hemipterous Insects.

Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera. Bj' F. Walker. Parts
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VERMES.

Catalogue of Eutozoa, or lutestiual "Worms. Jiy Dr. Baird. 2
Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pcunatulariidse. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. Qd.
Catalogue of Lithophj'tes or Stony Corals. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Woodcuts. 187U, 8vo. 3s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Eossorial Hymenoptera, Eormicidae, and
Vespidse. By F. Smith. 6 Plates. 1858, 12mo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms, By Dr. G. Johnston.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. 1865, 8vo. 7s.

List of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum :

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd edition. 1856,
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Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
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Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White.
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Part XY. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
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PLANTS.

List of British Diatomacece in the Collection of the Britisli Museum.
By Rev. W. Smith. 1859, 12mo. Is.

b SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia. By R. Lyclekker. Parts I.-V.

Woodcuts. 1885-87, Svo. 4s. to 6s. a volume.
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Catalogue of the Fossil Eeptilia and Amphibia. By R. Lydekker.
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