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CATALOGUE

BIRDS

NOTICE

Volumes XVI. and XVII. of this Work are
in preparation, and will probably he published
early in the year 1891.

L 0 N D 0 X :

PRINTED BY (ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1890.

♦N<..^-J6-^^v>v>^ t— o-'ya***^

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

B 11 1 T I S H M U S E U M

VOLUME XYIII.

LONDOX:

PRINTED BY ORDEll OF THE TRUSTEES.

18UU.

CATALOGUE

P I C A R I ^

collp:ction

BRITISH MUSEUM.

SCANSORES,

CONTAINING THE FAMILY

BY

EDWARD HARGITT.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES,

SOLD BY

LOXGMANS & Co., S9 PATEEKOSTEE EOW:

B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHEE & Co., 13 BEDFOED STEEET, COVENT GAEDE:N';

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TETJBNEE & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;

AND AT THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). CROMWELL ROAD. S.W.

1890.

PHINTr.D BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

This volume is published in advance of the sixteenth and seven-
teenth, the manuscripts of which, however, are in course of prepa-
ration. Its early appearance is due to the fortunate circumstance
that it was undertaken bj' Mr. Hargitt, who for many years has
made the family of Woodpeckers the subject of his special study :
I have great pleasure in acknowledging the unremitting and con-
scientious care which he has bestowed on the details of every portion
of the work throughout its progress.

Beside those benefactors who have so largely contributed to the
general collection of Birds in the Museum, and whose names occur
on almost every page of this work, I have to refer to the donations
by L. Wray, Jr., Esq., H. C. V. Hunter, Esq., and F. J. Jackson,
Esq., which were specially useful in the preparation of the present
volume.

ALBERT GUNTHER,

Keeper of the Department of Zoology.

British Museum (N. H.),
June 9, 1890.

INTRODUCTION.

The number of genera of the family Picidce is 50, every known
genus being represented in the British Museum. The number of
species and subspecies recorded in this volume is 3S5, of which 36
are still wanting to complete the Collection. Of these 385 species
the Museum possesses the types of 75, and the number of specimens
in the Collection at the present date is 7894.

As a rule, the species of Picidce are very clearly defined, but in
Bendroco^jus, Picoides, and Colaptes there is a decided tendency to
subdivide into races. Most of the latter have an exact range, and
it is only in the case of the North- American Colaptes, 0. auratns
and C. mexicanus, that there seems to be any definite appearance of
hybridization (see my remarks, infra, p. 22). This leads us once
more to the consideration of the question of " what is a species " ?
It is generally admitted that birds not iutergrading into an allied
form are species ; but where intergradation takes place the allied
form is a subspecies or race. The regions, however, likely to
produce these intermediate forms may not have been explored, and
such forms may, and most probably do, exist in certain localities ;
therefore, if this be the case, are these birds to be regarded as
distinct species merely because these links are not in evidence ?
Island forms may or may not possess some slight dififerences from
typical birds, but not sufficient to separate them ; yet some authors
take it for granted that with insular separation there can be no
intergradation : therefore we find insignificant islands made to
father a host of indifferent species or subspecies ; but I fail to see
(if perfect intergradation be insisted on in determining the position

VIU INTRODUCTION.

of a bird as a subspecies) how island forms can be reduced to this
rank. If there be no possible intergradation, the birds must,
according to ornithologists holding this yievr, be specifically- distinct.
I am, of course, of opinion that where a species intergrades into an
allied form, the latter is a subspecies ; but I do not consider that
without proof of distinct intergradation a bird must necessarily
merit specific rank and fail to be regarded as subspecificallj' distinct
only. Some island forms, although they may certainly differ
slightly from typical birds, have differences so suggestive of cli-
matic variation only and not of specific value, that I take them upon
their own merits and assign them a position accordingly.

The most serious difficulty, however, presents itself in treating of
the CoJaptes of North America, C. auratus and C. mexicanus, and
the intermediate form termed C. ayersi. Whether we accept the
strong evidence of the late Professor Spencer Baird and regard the
varied race as the result of hybridization, or whether we adopt the
views of Mr. J. A. Allen, who is not in favour of such a theory, and
seems rather to consider the variation as the result of climatic
influence and of a change in the conditions of environment, or
whether we follow Dr. Elliott Coues, who suggests that it may be a
transitional form, it is evident that a difi[iculty must arise in
endeavouring to ascertain whether the intermediate birds which
are found at a great distance from the point of junction of C. auratus
and C. mexicanus are really beyond the radius to which a change
would extend, or whether beyond that to which some of the inter-
mediate birds might wander, or whether such change in individual
examples be a sign of a reversion to a remote ancestral plumage.
I am certainly in favour of the theory of interbreeding, and I see
no insurmountable difiiculty, by adopting such a view, in accounting
for certain characters, suggestive of hybridization, appearing in a
remote region where no interbreeding of C. auratus and C. mexi-
canus could possibly exist. It may be that the ancestors of the
Colaples had the red malar stripe in the male, and the black stripe
in the female, and a red nuchal band may have existed in either
one or both sexes, and the differentiation in succeeding forms would
not preclude reversion to the original one, — in fact, it is what might
he looked for.

INIRODUCTION. IX

In our Oecini, many species, or all, may have had the same an-
cestors, and whether we take it that the original form had the malar
stripe red in holh sexes, or black in both sexes, or red in the male and
black in the female, yet every conceivable variation has sprung from
these, viz. : G. viridis, in which the male has a red malar stripe and the
female a black one ; G. awoh'ra, in which both sexes have the malar
stripe red ; G. vaillantl, in which the malar strijic is black in both
sexes ; G. canus, with the malar stripe black in the male and absent
in the female ; and that we do not find these species interbreeding,
or varying to any extent, or it may be reverting to an earlier form,
probably is because no cause exists why they should do so ; such
cause may exist among the CoJaptes, although we cannot account
for it. It ma}' be, however, that in some of the Gecini there has
been a decided reversion to an earlier form, which, from its fixed
character, we now regard as forming a species.

The original form of Colaptes may have come from the north,
diff'erentiating in the eastern and western branches, and when uniting
again producing the varied form G. ayresi ; or the species may have
radiated from a centre, say from a bird resembling C chrysoides, the
various branches retaining certain characters and acquiring others :
C auratus retaining the yellow wings and tail, having the red
malar stripe replaced by a black one, and acquiring a red nuchal
band ; C. niexkanus retaining the red malar stripe and acquiring
red wings and tail ; and C. chrysoides, possessing some of the
characters of each of these species ; the union of two of the branches
producing the varied race now under our consideration, which is
certainly more nearly allied to C. chrysoides, but wants the fixed
characters of that species.

In the Picidce the top of the head, the nape, the malar region, and
the abdomen are the centres of change of plumage, and in genera
not possessing a single species with a red nuchal band, an individual
specimen will sometimes have a trace of red on this region, and
certain instances could be given of individuals presenting, upon one
of the above-mentioned regions, a character not possessed by typical
birds. If this resulted from a tendency to differentiate and acquire
a new character, I think it would be more frequent and occur where-
ever the surrounding circumstances favoured it, but its infrcquency

X IHTKODCCTION.

rather indicates an attempt (although a feeble one) to revert to an
earlier form.

The magnificent donations of the " Hume," " Salvin and Godman,"
and " Tweeddalo Collections,"' the acquisition of the "Sclater" and
the " Shelley Collections," beside other valuable additions obtained
by the Trustees from various sources, while adding to the bulk of
the present volume, have, I trust, provided a more solid basis upon
■which to work, by supplying many links in the chain of evidence.

I have to record my thanks to Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards
and Dr. Oustalet of Paris, Dr. Jentink of Leiden, Dr. Smitt of
Stockholm, Dr. Eidgway of Washington, Count Salvadori of Turin,
Professor Alfred Newton, Thomas Moore, Esq., of the Derby Museum,
Liverpool, Messrs. Salvin and Godman, Sclater, Seebohm, E. W.
Gates, Sennett, Dresser, Harvie- Brown, also to Canon Tristram,
Captain Shelley, and Major Wardlaw-Ramsay, for the great services
rendered, either by the loan of specimens for the purposes of the pre-
sent volume, or by much valuable information and assistance during
the progress of my long-continued study of the birds of this family ;
and I feel sure that the expression of my opinion upon points in
which I differ from some of my colleagues will be received in the
same spirit in which such notes have been penned.

The same symbols used in the previous volumes of the ' Catalogue '
are adopted here. "[P.]" means "Presented by;" "[C.]"=
" Collected by." The sex of a specimen enclosed in brackets, thus
[ c? ], indicates that the bird is in all probability of the sex given, but
that the collector's label lacks this information. The locality of a
specimen enclosed in brackets shows that such locality is upon the
label, but that its correctness is doubtful.

EDWAED HARGITT.

May 3rcl, 1890.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Older PI CARI^.

Suborder SCANSORES.

Fam. 1' I CI D .13.

Subfain. I. Picixje.

Page

1. (ieocolaptes, Stcainson . . D

1. olivaceus (Gm.) 9

2. C'ulaptes, Sirahisoti 10

1. auratus (Limi.) 12

'2. ehrysocaulosus, Gundl. 15

3. gundlachi, Cory 15

4. chrysoides {Malk.) . . 16

5. mexicanus, Swains. 17, 568

6. subinexicanus [Sua-

dev.) 21

7. ayresi, And. 22

8. campestris ( Vieill.) 23, 568

9. agricola {Math.) .... 25

10. rupicola, JJ'Orfi 26

11. puna, Licht 27

12. cinereicapillus, Hei-

cheiib 27

13. pitius (Mol.) 28

3. Hypoxantlnis, Bp 29

1. rivolii (Boiss.) 30

a. brevirostris, Tacz. . . 31

2. atriceps, Sckit. S^- Salv. 32

4. (jiecinus, Boie 33

1. viridis (Linn.) 36

2. sharpii, Sauad 40

3. vaillanti (Mcdh.) 41

4. awokera ( Temm.) .... 41
o. squamatus (Viff.) .... 43

6. gorii, liar;/ 45

7. vittatus {Vieill.) 46

H. viridaiuis (Blyfh) 47

9. striolatus (Blyth) .... oO

10. canus (G/n.) 52

] 1. {.'uerini (Malh.) 55

12. occipitalis ( Vif/.) .... 56

Page

13. clilorolophus (Vieill.) . 59

14. cliloiigaster (Jerd.) . . 62

15. puniceus (Ilursf.) .... 64

16. avy thio-py ghis, £11 iot. . 66

17. nigrigeni.s, Hume .... 67

5. Cliloronerpes, Swains 69

1. chrysochlorus ( Vieill.). 72

2. brasiliensis ( Swains.) . 73

3. xanthochlorus, Sclat. 8^

Salv 73

4. capistratus {Bp.) .... 74

5. erythropsis {Vieill.) . . 75

6. leucolajmus (.!/«//(. j. . 70

7. Havigula (Bodd.) 77

8. imnilenUis (Temm.) . . 79

9. callopterus, Lawr. . . 80

10. simplex, Salv 81

11. feruginosus (Licht.) . . 81

12. auricularis, Salv. 8;

Godm 83

1 3. godmani, Harg 83

14. yucatanensis {Cabot) . 84

15. gularis, Harg 86

16. rubiginosus {Swains.)

86, 568

17. striatus (Miill.) 89

6. Campothera, Gray 90

1. nubica {Gm.) 93

2. notata (Licht.) 95

3. mallierbii (Cf/.f.s.) 96

4. punctata ( Valeric.) . . 96
■"). halia. (Heiigl.) 98

6. abingdoni ('S>h;'</() .. 98
a. mombassica, Fisch.

&i- Reichen 100

7. t^mithi (.!/«//;.) .. 100,568

8. cailliaudi (Malh.) 102

9. bennetti {Smith) 102

a. capiicorni, Strickl. . 104

10. maculo.sa ( F«/pHc. )

104, 568

11, periniita, ^eiV/(eHc/(f. . 106

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

12. caroli (^falh.) 1U7

13. nivosa (Stcai/is.) .... 108

7. Chrysoptilus, Sivninx. . . 109

1. melanocblorus (G?».)

110,508

2. cristatus, VieiH. .... 112

3. icteromelas ( T7e(7/.) . . 114

4. chrysomelas (Malh.) . 115

5. maiiiB, Harff 115

G. punctigula {Bodd.) . . 116

7. gruttatus {Spiv) 117

8. atricollis {Malh.) .... 118

8. Chrysoplilegma, Gould . . 119

1. miniatum (Po''.s<.) •• 121

2. malaccense(Z(7M.) 122,568
.S. mentale (Teinm.) 12o

4. humii, Harg 126

5. flavinucha (Go;/W) .. 127
C. piei-rii, Oust l-'^O

7. wrayi, Sharpe 130

8. mystacale, Salvad. . . 131

9. Gauropicoides, il/a/A. •.. 132

]. rafflesi {Vig.) 132

10. Gecinulus, Blyth 134

1. grautia (.T/cCfe//.) .. 134

2. viridis, Blyfh 136

11. Asyndesmus, Cmics .... 137

l.'torquatus ( Wils.) 137

12. Melanerpes, Swains 139

1. ervtliroceplialus(i«?m.)

145, 568

2. candidus (0«o) 148

3. formicivorus (Stvains.)

149, 569
a. melanopogon ( Temm.)

151, 569
^. angustifrons, Baird. 153

4. flavigula, Reichenb. . . 154

5. xantlu)larynx,i?eic7ie?i6. 155

6. crueutatus {Bodd.) . . 155

7. rubrifrons {Spix) .... 157

8. portoricensis (Baud.) . 159

9. chrysauchen, Salv. . . 160

10. pulcher, Sclat 160

11. flavifrons (F»«7/.) .. 161

12. cactorum {Lafr. 8,-

D'Orb.) 162

13. hermiiueri {Less.) .... 163

14. pucherani {Malh.) . . 164

15. radiolatus ( War/l.) . . 106

16. superciliaris ( Temm.) . 167

17. tlakii {Ridyw.) 168

18. nyeanus {Ridgw.) .... 169

19. caynianensis {C'ori/} . . 169

20. carolinus (Xt/»(.). 170, 5(;9

21. dubius {CabuD 172

Page

22. cauesceus (Salv.) .... 174

23. tricolor ( Wagl.) 174

a. terricolor (Berl.) . . 176

24. rubriventris (Simins.) 176

25. aurifrons ( Wagl.) .... 177
a. santa-cruzi (i?/>.) . . 179

26. hoffmanni {Cab.) 181

27. uropygialis(^aiV(i) 182,569

28. elegans (Swains.). . . . 184

29. hypopolius (Tr«(//.) .. 186

13. Spliyropicus, Baird .... 187

1. varius (Zmw.) .. 188,569
a. nuchalis, Baird 192, 569

2. ruber ( Gm.) 194

3. tbyroideus (Cass.) 196, 569

14. Hypopicus, Bp 198

1.' hyperythriis ( Vig.) . . 199
2. poliopsis (Swinh.) .... 201

15. Dendrocopus, Koch 201

1. major (Li>m.) .. 211,570

a. cissa {Pall.) 214

^. pcelzami (.Sti^f/.) .. 214
y. leucopterus, Salvad. 215

2. japonicus (Seeb.) .... 216

3. mauvitanu3 {Brehm) . 216

4. numidicus (Malh.) . . 217

5. cabauisi (Malh.) .... 218

6. hiuialayensis (Jard. iif

Sc'lb.) 220

7. darjilensis, Bli/th .... 221

8. catbpharius, Blgth . . 223

9. pyrrbothorax (Hume). 224

10. pernyi ( Verr.) 225

11. syriaciis (Hempr. ^

Mr.) 225

12. sciodeanus (Horsf. 8f

Moore) 227

1.3. arizonre (^Harg.) . 228,570

14. villosus (Linn.) 230

a. maynardi (Ridgw.)

233, 570
/3. barrisi (Aud.) . 234, 570
y. jardiDii {Malh.) 237, 570

15. pubescens (Limi.) 238, 571
a. gairdneri (And.) . . 241

16. Ktricklandi {Malh.) 243, 571

17. uuttalli (Gamb.) 244

18. scalarLs (Wagl.). . 246,571
a. lucasanus (Xantus). 250
/3. graysoni (Laiur.) . . 250

19. borealis {Vieill.) . 251,571

20. miuor (Linn.) 252

a. pipra (Pall.) 255

li. quadrifasciatus

(Radde.) 256

y. daiifordi (Harg.) . . 256

SYSTEMATIC IX3KX.

Page

21. lignarius (Mol.) 257

22. mixtiis (Bodd.) L'59

23. caucellatus ( Wai/l.) . . 260

24. macii {Vieill.) 260

25. atratus {Bhjth) 263

26. briinneitrons( Fi^.) 264,571

27. analis (Horsf.) 268

28. andamaneusis (Bli/th). 267

29. leuconotus {Bechst.) . . 268

a. cii-ris (Pall.) 271

13. subcirris (Stejn.) . . 271
■y. lilfordi (Sharpe ^•

Dress.) 272

30. insularis (Gould) 272

31. namiyei (Stejn.) .... 273
10. Picoides, Lcicep 274

1. tridactylu3 (Linn.). . . 275
a. crissoleucus (Bp.) . . 277

2. dorsalis, Baird 278

3. a.merica,nus, Brehi7i.. . 279
a. alascensis, Xelson . . 280

4. arcticus (Swams.) .... 282

5. fimebris, Verr 283

17. Xenopicus, Baird 284

1. albolarvatus (Cass.) . . 284

18. Dendrocoptes, Cab. <^-

Heitie 286

1. medius (Linn.) 286

a. sancti-johanni.s

(Blanf.) 288

19. Liopicus, Bp 289

1. mahrattensis (Lath.). . 290

20. Dendropicus, Malh 293

1. cardinalis (&»i.) .... 295
a. Zanzibar!, Malh 297

2. minutus (Temm.) .... 299

3. hempricbi (Hempr. 4*

JBhr.) 299

4. lafresnayi, Malh 301

5. lepidus( Ca6. ^ Heine) 302

6. sharpii. Oust 302

7. abyssinicus (Stanl.) . . 303

8. gabonensis (J. ^- E.

Verr.) .304

9. lugubris, Hartl 305

21. Tliripias, Cab. ^- Heine . . 306

1. namaquu.s(iiV,^/.) 306,571

2. schoensis (Riq)p.) .... 308

22. lyngipicus, Bp 309

i. semicoronatus (Malh.) 312

2. acintilliceps (S^vinh.). . 313

a. doerriesi, Harg 314

/3. kaleensis (Siuinh.) . . 315

3. pygmseus ( Vig.) 315

4. wattersi, Salvad 317

5. kizuki (Temm.) 318

a. seebohnii, Hare/. . . 319
^. uigrescens, Seeb 319

6. aurantiiventris {Salvad.yilO

7. pumilus, Hare/ 321

8. cauicapillus (Blyth) . . :'>22

9. picatus, Harf/ .'J24

10. graudis, Han/ 325

11. auritus (Ei/tun) .'J25

12. nanus ( T'iff.) 327

1;5. hardwickii (Jerd.) 328

14. gymnophtlialmus

'(Blyth) 330

a. peninsularis, Harg. 331

15. maculatus (Scop.) .... 332

16. fulvifasciatus, Harg. . . 333

17. ramsayi, Harg 334

18. temmiucki (Malh.) . . 335

19. obsoletus ( Wagl.) 336

23. Deudiobates, Stvains 337

1. funiigatus (Lafr. i§-

D'Orb.) 342

2. caboti (Malh.) 344

3. oleaginus (Licht.) .... 344

4. sanguinolentiis (Sclat.) 346

5. callonotus ( Waterh.). . 346

6. peruvianus (r««.) .. 348

7. sanguineus (Licht.) . . 348

8. kirtlandi (Malh.) 349

9. nigric-eps (Lafr. ^•

D'Orb.) 350

10. murinus (Malh.) .... 351

11. dignus (Sclat. ^- Salv.). 351

12. tephrodops ( Wagl.) . . 352

13. tseuionotus (Jieichenb.) 363

14. frontalis ( Cab.) 354

15. agilis (Cab. S,- Heine) . 355

16. olivinus (Malh.) .... 356

17. fidelis, Harg 357

18. spilogaster ( Wagl.) . . 358

19. maculifrons (S/nx) .... 359

20. cassini (Malh.) ,360

21. ruficeps (^S)jz.r) 361

22. affinis (Stvains.) 302

23. ba?matostigma (Malh.) 364

24. kirki (Malh.) 365

25. cecilise (Malh.) 366

24. Mesopicus, Malh 307

1. goertan (P. L. S. Miill.) 368

2. spodocepbalus (Bp.) . . 370

3. griseocepbalus (Bodd.). 371

4. pyrrhogaster (Malh.) . . 373

5. ellinti (Cass.) 374

0. johnstoni (Shelley). . . . 375
7. xantholophus (Harg.)

375, 571

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Pa_ge

25. Xiphidioplcus, Bp 370

1. perciissus ( Teinm.). . . . .'577

26. Sapheopipo, Harg 378

1. noguchii (Seeb.) 378

27. Lepocestes, Cab. df Heine. 379

1. pyri-hotis (Hodr/s.). . . . 380

2. porphvromelas (Boie) . 382

28. Miglvptes, Sicain.i 384

1. tristis (Ilorsf.) 384

2. srammithorax (Malh.). 385
.3. tuldd (Zm.) 388

4. infiiscatus, Salvad 390

5. jugularis, Bhifh 391

29. Micropternus, Blyth ..... 392

1 . phffioceps, BIyth 393

a. braclivurus { Vieill.) . 39G

2. gulnris, 'Jerd 399

3. badiosns {Temm.) 400

4. fokiensis (Sivin/i.) .... 402

5. holroydi, SicinJi 403

30. Brachyptermis, StricJ,-!. . . 403

1. aurantius (Linn.) . 404, 572

2. puncticollis (Malh.) . . 407

3. ervthronotus ( Vieill.) . . 409

31. T}gii,'Kaup 411

1. javanensis [Ljung). . . . 412

2. shorii ( Vig.) 417

3. everetti, Tweedd 418

32. Nesoceleus, Sclat. ^- Sah: 419

1. fernandinse ( Vig.) .... 419

33. Celeus, Boie 420

1. flavescens (Gm.) 422

2. lugubris [Malh.) .... 424

3. ochraceus (Spiv) .... 425

4. immaciilatus, Berl. . . 426

5. elegans (P. L. S. Miill.) 420

6. reichenbachi {Malh. )

427, 572

7. jumana (Spi.i) 428

8. citreopygius, Sclat. 4"

Salv 429

9. rufus ((??«.) 430

10. undatus(i2'?2H.) 431

11. loricatus [Beichenh.). . 432

12. castaneus ( Wagl.) 433

13. grammicus (Malh.) . . 434

14. spectabilis,*^/^^. ^ Salv. 435

34. Cercbneipicus, Bj) 4.36

1. torquatus (Bodd.) .... 437

2. tinnunculus ( Wagl.) . . 438

3. occidentalis, Harg. . . 439

35. Crocomorphus, Harq 439

1. flavus (P. L. S. Mull.)

440, 572

2. semiciimauiomeiis

{Beichenh.) 441

Page

30. Cbrysocolaptes, Blyth . . 442

1. festivus (5wW.) 445

2. strictus (Horsf.) 447

3. guttacristatus (T/cA;.) . 448

4. erythi'ocephalus, Sharpe

452

5. -stricklandi (Lagard) . . 453

6. bsematribon ( Wagl.) . . 454

7. lucidas (Scop.) 455

8. rufopunctatas, Harg. . 457

9. xantbocephalus, Wald.

^•Layard 457

10. validus ( Temm. ) .... 458

37. Campopbilus, Gray 460

1. principalis (Lirm.) 463, 572

2. bairdi, Cass 465

3. imperialis (Gould) . . 465

4. leucopogon (Vnlenc.) . 466

5. rubricollis (Bodd:). . . . 407

6. trachelopyrus (Malh.) . 469

7. melanoleucus (Gm.) . . 470

8. malberbii, Gray 472

9. guatemalensis (Hartl.) 473

10. giiayaquilensis (iess.) . 475

11. pollens (Bp.^ 476

12. robustus (Licht.) .... 477

13. h8ematogaster( Pse^wrfj) 478

14. splendens, Harg 480

38. Ipocrantor, Cab. Sf Heine . 480

1. niHgellanicus (Kiyig) . . 480

39. Heniicercus, Swaius 482

1. concretus (7>??i>H.) .. 482

2. sordidus (Eyton) 483

3. canente (Less.) 486

a. cordatus, Jerd 488

40. Microstictus. Harg 489

1. fulvus (Quoy ^- CJaim.). 490

2. wallacii (Tweedd.) 491

3. fuliginosus ( Tweedd.) . 492

4. funebris (Valeric.) .... 492

41. Hemilophus, Strains 494

1. pulvenilentus (Temm.) 494

42. Thriponax, Cah. S^- Heine . 497

1. javensis (Horsf.) .... 498

2. pectoralis, Tweedd. . . 500

3. crawf urdi ( Gray) .... 501

4. bodgii (Blyth) 502

5. bodgsoni (Jerd.) 603

6. feddeni (Bhinf.). . 504, 572

7. kalinowskii, Tacz 505

8. bargitti, Sharpe 505

9. ricbardsi (Tristram) . . 506

43. Ceopbloeus, Cab. ^- Heine . 506

1. lineatus (Linn.) 508

2. scapiilaris ( Vig.) .... 510
."!. fiiscipenuis (-Sc/a^) .. 512

SrSTElTATIC INDEX.

4. erythrops ( Fa/ewf .) ..51:^

5. galeatus (Temm.) 513

44. Dryotomus, Sivaim 514

1. pileatus {Linn.) . . 51o, 572

2. schulzi {Cab.) 517

45. Picus, Lin7i ' ' 5]8

1. martius, Linn 518

Subfam. II. Picujinix^b.

46. Picumnus, Temm 521

1. rufiventris {Bp.) .... 527

2. cinnamomeus, Wagl. . . 527

3. castelnaui, Malh 528

4. leucogaster, Pelz 529

6. fuscus, Peh 5.30

6. temmincki, Lafr 5.30

7. cirrhatus, Temm 531

8. spilogaster, Sundev. . . 532

9. orbignvanus, Lafr. . . 533

10. sclateri, Tacz 534

11. sagittatus, Sundev 534

12. steindachneri, Tacz. . . 535

13. jelskii, Tacz 535

14. nebulosus, Sundev 536

15. pygmseus {Licht.) 537

16. asterias, Sundev 5.38

17. guttifer, Sundev 538

18. albosquamatus, Lafr. &■

,„ , D'Orb ■:..^, 539

19. lepidotus, Cab. S; Heine 539

20. squamulatus, Lafr. . . 540

21. iberingi, Berl. \ 541

22. minutus (Linn.) 542

23. imdulatus, Harg 543

24. buffoni, Lafr 544

25. punctifroDs, Tacz 544

26. lafresnayii, Malh 54-5

27. aurifrons, Pelz. . . 646

28. borba-, Pelz 547

29. flavifrons, ITarff 547

30. -wallacii, ITarff 547

31. olivaceus, Lafr 548

a. granadensis, Lafr. . . 549

32. innominatus, Piirf. . . 549

33. chinensis (Harg.) 551

47. Nesoctites, Harg 552

1. micromegas (Sundev.) . 552

48. Verreauxia, Hartl. 553

1. africana ( Verr.) 553

49. Sasia, Hodgs 554

1. ochracea, Hodgs 555

2. abnormis {Temm.) . . 557

3. everetti, Ilarg 559

Subfam. III. Iyngin^^.

50. lynx, Linn 559

1. torquiUa, Linn 560

2. pectoralis, Vig 565

3. pulchricollis, Hartl. . . 666

4. sequatorialis, Riipp. . . 567

CATALOGUE

BIRDS.

Order PICARI^.

(See vol. xvi. p. 1.)

Suborder SCANSORES.

Si/)wpsis of the Families,

I. Oil-gland tufted ; caeca none.

A. Tail-feathers twelve,

1. The lateral halves of the vomer sepa-

rate ; manubrial process of the ster-
num bifurcate Picidae.

2. Vomer single, bifurcate ; manubrial

process of the sternum pointed .... IndicatoridaB.

B. Tail-feathers ten.

1. Vomer single, bifurcate; manubrial

process of the sternum pointed .... Capitonidae.

2. Vomer single, truncate ; manubrial

process of the sternum pointed .... EhamphastidaB.

II. Oil-gland nude ; caeca developed.

Tail-feathers twelve.

1. Ventral tract of the pterjdosis with an

inner branch at the posterior end of

its gular portion ; gonys angular . . Galbulidae.

2. Ventral tract without an inner branch;

gonys rounded BucconidaB.

VOL. xvm. B

Family PICID.E.

Bill generally strong, elongate, chisel-shaped, straight, sometimes
curved. Tongue very long, worm-like, provided with a pointed,
horny, barbed tip, capable of great protrusion, the hyoid cornua
extending backwards over the sknll (except in Sphyropicus and
Xenopicus).

The lateral halves of the vomer separate ; maxillo-palatines
small, not fused together.

Manubrial process of the sternum bifurcate.

Femoro-caudal and senaitendinosus muscles present ; ambiens and
accessory femoro-caudal absent.

Tail-feathers twelve.

Pterylosis : spinal tract without interscapular fork, and ending in
a bare dorsal space without being forked behind ; two distinct
feather-tracts on each side of the breast, coalesced on the shoulder.

Oil-glaud tufted.

Cseca none or quite rudimentary.

Ranging over almost all the temperate and tropical regions, but
absent in Madagascar, Australia, and Polynesia.

Key to the Subfamilies and Genera.

A. With the tail spinv ; all the shafts stif-

^ fened : I. PICINyE, p. 9.

«'. Plumage of the neck ordinary, the neck

not perceptibly compressed or narrowed

in compavisou with the head.

a". Nasal aperture covered with bristles,

which more or less eHectually conceal it.

a"'. Outer anterior toe longer than outer

posterior toe, or equal to it.

aK Tarsus longer than outer posterior

toe and claw ; scarcely any nasal

shelf; culminal ridge very smooth.

fl'. Wing rounded, the longest

secondaiy quill reaching to

within half an inch of the longest

primary ; no golden or coloured

shafts to the quills 1. Geocolaptes, p. 9.

b^. Wing pointed, the longest secon-
dary quill falling short of the
longest primary by about an
inch and a half ; with coloured

shafts to the quills 2. Colaptes, p. 10.

V. Tarsus less or equal to outer pos-
terior toe and claw, or (in tri-
dactyle birds) to posterior toe and
claw.

PICIDJE.

c\ Wing moderately lengthened,
falling short of the tip of the
tail by more than the length of
the culmen.
n\ With four toes ; dwarf tail-
feather not reaching beyond
the tail-coverts.
a\ Tail longer, more than two
thirds the length of the
"wing ; euhiien sHghtly

curved 3

b\ Tail shorter, generally less
than two thirds the length
of the wing, never more.
«'. ^\'ith distinct nasal ridge ;
biU straight or ver^'
slightly curved.
«". Size large ; dwarf tail-
feather not nearly
reaching to the tips
of the upper tail-
coverts 4_

b\ Size small ; dwarf taill
feather reaching near-
ly to the tips of the
upper tail-coverts.
«'°. Wing pointed, pri-
maries exceeding
secondaries by the
length of the cul-
men 5_

Wing rounded, pri-
maries exceeding
secondaries by only
half or less than
half the length of

the culmen 6.

b\ Nasal ridge almost obso-
lete ; culmen strongly
curved.
c^ Tail shoiler, less than
two thirds the length
of the wing; culminal
ridge very sharp .... 7.
(f. Tail longer, two thirds
the length of the wing ;
culminal ridge very

blunt 8

b\ With three toes ; dwarf tail-
feather very long and extend-
ing beyond the tail-coverts.
c''. Tail-feathers very sharp and
pointed, as well as narrow ;
bill nearly straight and
with strongly marked nasal

ridge

d\ Tail-feathers broad and not
sharply pointed j bill

Hypoxanthus,

[p. 29.

Gecinus, p. 33.

b'°.

Chlobonerpes,

[p. 69.

Campotheba, p. 90.

Chbysoptilus,

[p. 109.

Chbysophlegma,
[p. 119.

9.

Gaubopicoides,

[p. 132.

b2

stvoiig-ly curved and with

110 marked nasal ridge 10. Gecinulus, p. 134.

d^. Wing very long, reaching to the ^

end of tiie tail, or falling short
of it by no more than the length
of the culmen.
c'^'. Plumage of the under surface
of the body hair-like, the
feathers devoid of barbi- [p- 137.

CuleS 11 . ASYNDESMUS,

d\ Plumage soft and ordinary . . 12. Mei^anehpes,
h'". Outer posterior toe longer than outer [p- 139.
anterior toe.
t''. First primary very small, its ex-
posed surface not exceeding the
length of the culmen or only
slightly exceeding it.
e*. Tail much longer than or equal
to second primary, not less,
e*. Nasal shelf very broad ; nasal
aperture placed rather low in
the maxilla.
e'. Chin-angle exposed, never
completely hidden by an-
trorse bristles.
c"*. Bastard - primary very
small and not reaching
to the end of the pri-
mary-coverts 13. Sphyeopicus,

d^. Bastard-primary longer [p- 187.

and reaching to the end

ofthe primary-coverts. . 14. IIypopicus, p. 198.
f^. Chin-angle always hidden
by antrorse bristles ; a con-
spicuous tuft of nasal
plumes,
e^. Tongue greatly extensile,
its tip, when fully pro-
truded, reaching about 2.^
inches beyond the point
of the bill ; chin-angle
almost in a line with an-
terior part of nostrils. [p. 201.

e^ With four toes 15. Dendbocopus,

f. W'ith three toes 16. Picoides, p. 274.

/*. Tongue sUghtly extensile,
its tip, when fully pro-
truded, reaching only J
of an inch beyond the
point of the bill ; chin-
angle considerably in

advance of the nostrils. 17. Xenopicus, p. 284.
f^. Nasal shelf much narrower,
the nasal aperti;re as near to
the culmen as to the cutting-
edge of the mandible 18. Dendhocoptes,

/\ Tail shorter and never equal to [p. 286.

the second primary.

g'^. Tarsus nearly as long as outer
posterior toe with claw.
g'. Wing rounded, the differ-
ence in length between
secondaries and primaries
about the length of the
tarsus.
g"^. Nasal shelf narrow; nasal
ridge (at the base) nearer
to the culmen than to
the cutting-edge of the

mandible 19. Liopicus, p. 289.

h''. Nasal shelf broad, the
nasal ridge (at the base)
halfway between the cul-
men and cutting-edge
of the mandible.
g''. Bill shorter, not so long
as the head ; chin-
angle hiddenby bristles
and not extending be-
yond anterior edge of

nasal plumes '20. Dendropicus,

A". Bill very long, exceed- [p. 293.

ing the head in length ;
chin - angle exposed
and extending beyond
anterior edge of nasal

plumes 21. Thbipias, p. 306.

K'. Wing pointed, the differ-
ence in length between the
secondaries and primaries
as long as the tarsus and
outer anterior toe com-
bined 22. Iynqipicus, p. .309.

h^. Tarsus only slightly longer

than outer posterior toe,

without claw.

i^ Nasal ridgeshort and joining

the cutting-edge of the

maxilla at a point about

half the length of the

latter ; chin-angle on a

line with the anterior part

of the nostril 23. Dendrobates,

f. Nasal ridge longer and [p. 337.

reaching the cutting-edge
of the maxilla at a point
nearer to the tip of the
maxilla than to its base ;
chin-angle considerably in

advance of the nostril .... 24. Mksopigus, p. 367.
d*. First primary extremely long (from
l'7o to l'95in.) and far exceeding
the length of the culmen.
g^. Wing very short and rounded ;

tail long and equal to the [p. 376.

longest primary 25. Xiphidiopicus,

h'\ Wing very long aiid pointed;
tail only equal to the second
primary and falling short of the

longest by about an inch. . 26, Sapheopipo,?. 378.

b". Nasal aperture exposed, not hidden
by bristles or plumelets.
c'". Tail very short in comparison with
the wing, little more than half and
never exceeding two thirds of its
length,
e^. Inner posterior toe distinctly deve-
loped, with distinct claw.
«\ Bill very long, far exceeding the
length of the head ; nasal aper-
ture placed low and nearer to
the cutting-edge of the maxilla
thau to the culmen ; a distinct

nasal shelf 27. Lepocestes, p. 379.

y. Bill much shorter, not so long as
the head ; nasal aperture placed
high and nearer to the culmen
than to the cutting-edge of the

maxilla; scarcely any nasal shelf 28. Miglyptes, p. 384.
y*. Inner posterior toe very small, claw
almost obsolete ; no nasal shelf.
k\ Wing longer, about twice the
length of the tail ; plumage

rufous and black 29. Micropternus,

P. Wing shorter, less than twice the [P- ^^■^■

length of the tail ; plumage

golden or red above 30. Brachvpteentts,

ff*. With three toes only, the inner [p. 403.

posterior toe altogether absent . . 31. Tiga, p. 411.
d'". Tail very long, nearly the length of
the wing, more than two thirds of
its length ; culmen very much
curved, slender, and pointed ; with-
out any nasal ridge ; nasal aperture

elongated 32. Nesoceleus,

h'. Neck narrowed and covered with com- [p. 419.

pressed plumage, close and thickset, in
contrast to the large head *.
c". Nostrils exposed.

e'". Outer posterior toe shorter than the
outer anterior toe.
A*. With a distinct nasal ridge.

77i\ Nasal aperture rounded 33. Celeus, p. 420.

w'. Nasal aperture elongated 34. Cerchneipicus,

{■'. No distinct nasal ridge, but some- [p. 430.

times with a slight indication of
one ; bill curved, the culmen very

sharp; nasal aperture rounded .. 35. Crocomoephus,
f". Outer posterior toe decidedly long ; [p. 4.39.

nasal shelf very distinct ; nasal [p. 442.

aperture elongated 36. Chbysocolaptes,

* SeR note on Piciis, ivfrn.

P1CID,?2. /

d". Nostrils hiddeu by antrorse bristly
plumes, more or less dense *.
y'" . Outer posterior toe longer thau outer
anterior toe.
j^. Tail very long, more than half tlie
length of the wing : chin-angle
entirely hidden by autrorse
bristles; tail-feathers concave.
o\ Crest distinct, and running to a
point above the nape f ; plu-
mage ordinary ; bill at base
broader in comparison with its

depth 37. Campophilus,

}f. Crest extremely long, and com- [p. 460.

posed of pendent feathers ; plu-
mage long and soft ; plumes
covering the base of the bill
very dense; bill at base less
broad in comparison with its

depth 38. Ipocrantor, p. 480.

k^. Tail very short ; the wing three
times as long as the tail ; chin-
angle not hiddeu 39. Hemic rrcu.s,

/*'''. Outer anterior toe longer than outer [p. 482.

posterior toe.
l*^. Feathers of the head and throat
scaly and close-set ; first piiniary
long and about haK the length of
the second ; scarcely any indica-
tion of a crest.
5". Bill very much curved and stout,
but the exposed culmen not
more than the length of the
head ; chin-angle to tip of
lower mandible about equal to
distance between chin-angle
and gape ; nostrils densely

covered with bristles 40. Microstictds,

r\ Bill enormous and straight ; the [p. 489.

exposed culmen exceeding the
length of the head ; chin-angle
to tip of lower mandible falling
short of the distance between
chin-angle and gape by about
half an inch ; nostrils thinly

covered with bristles 41. Hemilophus,

wi*. Feathers of the head and throat [p. 494.

ordinary ; crest very distinct ;
tirst primary not half the length

* Picus martius, probably on account of its more northern habitat, is rather
thickly clothed with feathers on the neck, and Phlixotomus pileatus is also rather
similarly feathered ; but their place seems to be witb the section of Great Black
Woodpeckers, with which their densely feathered nostrils proclaim their close
afFmity.

t T\\& female of Caynpnphilus impcrialis bas frequently the crest pendent, and
in this respect approaches Ipocrantor.

of the second; tail rather flat-
tened, the feathers concave only
towards the tip.
s''. Chin-angle exposed, no antrorse
bristles whatever ; crest mode-
rate ; tarsi not plumed down
the front.
{^. Bill very large and exceeding
the length of tlie head ; tail
long, being two thirds (or
more) the length of the

-vvino- 42. Thripoxax, p. 497.

j^. Bill shorter and not exceeding
the length of the head ; tail
less than two thirds the

length of the wing 4-3. Ceophlceus,

t^. Chin-angle with evident antrorse [p. 500.

bristles, though not enough to
hide the angle ; upper part of

tarsus feathered in front 44. Dryotomus, p. 514.

m'. Chin-angle entirely hidden by
plumelets ; nostrils tliickly
covered ; fore part of tarsus
entirely clothed with feathers. . 4.5. Picus, p. 518.
, Tail soft and rounded, not spiny,
c'. Tail short, not measuring more than from
the middle of the quills to the carpal
joint, sometimes less ; nasal aperture
entirely concealed by dense bristles. . . 11. PICUMNINA^,
e". Orbital region entirely feathered. [p. 521.
i'". Smaller, length 3-2 inches, wing 2'05 ;
upper tail-coverts short and not
nearly i-eaching to the middle of the
tail ; bastard-primary short, ex-
tending very little beyond the tips of
the greater wing-coverts; bill stouter
and less curved and the tip not so
depressed ; outer posterior toe only
slightly longer than the outer ante-
rior toe 4G. PicuMNUS, p. 521.

/". Larger, length 6 inches, wing 2'IJ ;
upper tail-coverts long and reaching
nearly to the middle of the tail ;
bastard-primary long, extending
considerably beyond the greater
wing-coverts ; bill more slender and
curved, the tip much depressed ;
outer posterior toe considerably

longer than the outer anterior toe. . 47. Nesoctites, p. 552.
/". Orbital region naked. [p. 553.

k'". With four toes 48. VERREAUxrA,

I'". With three toes 49. Sasia, p. 554.

(f . Tail long, equal in length to the longest
primary fi-om the base ; nasal aperture
not concealed by bristles, but partially

hidden by a membrane '. III. lYNGIN^, p. 559.

One genus only 50. Iynx, p. 559.

1. GEOCOLArTKS. Q

Subfamily I. PICINJ]].
1. GEOCOLAPTES.

GeocoU^teaSwaim. Faun. Bor.-Am., Bird., p. 315 (1831) G oUvaceus
Agripicus, Malh. Intr. Monogr. Field, p. liii (180l) .... G.' olivaoeus.'
Range. Cape Colony and Natal.

1. Geocolaptes olivaceus.

Crimson-breasted Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. i. pt. 2, p 599 n78S^

''r;';S7s;^(?8'^if^^- ""''■ '■ p- '''^''^^' ejij^'!3;.

Picusarator, Cumer , Ehjne Anim. i. p. 423, e.v Lemill. (1817).

p I (186? ■' ' 'P- ^'^ ^^^^^^' '^'""^^^^'- ^"'^•'^- ^^'-^-i

Picus terrestris, Burch. Trav. in South Afr. i. p ''54 (1804^
Colaptes olivaceus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv." p. 171 (1826) -Vm,/ Gp„

^,11. p. 446 (1846); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 239 (18bT) \v« '

Geocolaptes olivaceus. Gnm T.i<,i f4o-., t> iv^m ._ r- ^

' ,, '■ !• '" V^"'-^y? J^U,CHLei , ±r,lS, lf</4, P 368- Shm-no a,l

f8T'^\S '^•^■^'■••P- i.f (i^^-^'i ^"'^-. ^i^Kt'^^SSt

J So!'' ' ■"''' ^^''' ^^*^' p- ^^-^ ' ^y^""''"^^' i- -'^1887;

Geopicus arator, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-1849 p 359 • id
PicidcB, n. p. 274, pi. cxi. fijrs. 1, 2 (1862). ' ^' '

Geocolaptes arator i?,„a^,. Comp. Av. i. p. 113(1850); Beichenh
Handb.Scam. ncmce, p. 429, pi. dclxxvii. flgs. 4477-4479 IV
Co7isp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854). ° ' ' *4/ J, ±>p.

Adnlt male Above, including scapulars, wing-coverts, and upper
tail-coverts oln.aceous brown, the rump washed with crimson and
together with the upper tail-coverts, narrowly barred ^^t^buffy
white, the remainder minutely spotted with'diUl white; q3
b own, spotted with white upon both webs, the secondarie eS-
nally margined with olive; shafts yellowish brown- tail brown
barred with pale buff, the central feathers tipped with orange-rid 1

ot the head, occiput, and nape, also the face, slaty grey tino-ed with

sl^'of'tho'^'r ?■' *'f T''' ''^'''^ ^^pp'^^ -^^^ dull criirot;

sides of the neck olive-dusky, spotted with fulvescent white- chin
throat, and fore neck pale buff, the chest, breast, and abdomen lo
pale buff more or ess washed with crimson ; the sides of the body
Hanks, thighs, and under tail-coNcrts olive-dusky, barred with
creamy or Juff^^ white ; under wing-coverts and 'axiUaries d'sky
ohve, barred with dull white: "bill black; tarsus black- iris

wing 5 3, tail 3-7, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) -outer anterioi-
0 78, outer posterior 0-7S, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0-4.

10

Adult female. Has no red on tlie malar region, this being entirely
slat}- gre}'. Total length 9"5 inches, culmeu l-o, wing 5-3, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1.

Young. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, but have the
upper parts less olive and the crimson on the rump not so vivid ; the
under surface of the bodj' is also very much less crimson, being of a
buff colour, with ouly a blush of crimson, mottled and transversely
varied with olive-dusky and bufiy whitish ; the under tail-coverts
with sagittate spots (not bars) of olive-dusky. The male has the
feathers of the malar region tipped with crimson, as in the older
birds of the same sex.

Hah. Cape Colony and Natal ; common.

a. S <id. : h. $
imm. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. <S ad. St.
e,f. (S ad. sk.
g. S ad. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.

i. (5 ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.

I. (S ad. sk.
m, w. cf 2 juv. sk.
o, (S imm. sk.
2>. 2 ad. sk.

q-s. (S ad. sk.

S. Africa.

Cape of Good Hope.

Cape.

Cape.

Cape (Butler).

Cape {E. A. Butler).

Cape, April 24, 1866.

Cape Town, April 24, 18G6

(C. J. Andersson).
Colesberg {T. C. Atmore).
Natal {Ay res).
Natal, May (T. E. Bucklei/).
Pietermaritzberg, May (T. E.

Buckley).
Newcastle, May, Oct. (E. A.

Butler).

J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

Eiocour Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shellev Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

2. COLAPTES.

Type.

Colaptes, Swains. Zool. Journ. 1827, p. 35.3 C. auratus.

Cucupicus, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. IKi (1828) C. auratus.

Soroplex, Glof/. Hand. Natnrg. p. 198 (1842) C. campestris.

Geopicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 357 . . C. campestris.
Malherbipicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 226 (1854) C. campestris.
Pituipicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 236 (1854) . . C. chilensis.
Theiopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1861) . C. campestris.

Rtinge. Throughout North America to Alaska ; Central and South
America to Chili and Patagonia ; also in the West-Indian Islands,
Cuba, and the Grand Cayman.

Key to the Species.

A. Underside of wings and of tail at the base
yellow.
«'. Top of the head grey (the feathers tipped
with red in young); with scarlet nuchal
band ; face, throat, and fore neck vinaceoua
buff.
a". Rump uniform white; lores and super-
ciliary stripe strongly rufous.

«'". With black malar stripe auratus S ad., p. 13.

//". 'With no malar stripe auratus 2 ad., p. 14.

2. coLArras. 11

h". Rump varied with black ; lores and

superciliary stripe less rufous.

e'". Larger: length 11 inches, wing 5"o;

rump spotted with black ; underside

of lateral tail-feathers not distinctly

banded ; first primary much shorter. [p. 15.

«*. With black malar stripe chnjsocaiilosim S ad.,

bK "With no malar stripe chnjsocaulosiis 5 ad.,

d'". Smaller : length Sit inches, wing 5-2 ; [p. 15.

rump heavily blotched with black ;
underside of lateral tail-feathers dis-
tinctly banded ; first primary much
longer.

c*. "With black malar stripe ymidlarhi ^ ad., p. 15.

d^. "With no malar stripe gundlarhi $ ad., p. 15.

b'. Top of the head pale rufous or cinnamon-
brown ; with no red nuchal band ; sides of
face and neck, chin and throat blue-grey.

c". AVith scarlet malar stripe chrysoides d"ad., p. 1<>.

d". "With no malar stripe chrysoides $ ad., p. 10.

B. Underside of wings and of tail at the base

orange-red.
c'. Above vinous-brown, more or less dark,
brownish grey, or dusky brown, narrowly
barred with black ; top of the head brown,
more or less rufous anteriorly ; face and
neck blue-grey or drabby slate-grey ; under-
parts pinky white, with more or less vinous
or rufescent tinge.

e". With scarlet malar stripe me.vicamts cJad., p. 18.

f". CTsnerally with a slight malar stripe of
cinnamon-brown ; occasionally with this
stripe very distinct, in some specimens

absent mexicanus J ad., p. 18.

d'. Above blackish brown, naiTOwly barred with
rufescent buff; top of the head, occiput,
and nape rich rufous. [p. 21.

y" . With scarlet malar stripe 7ne.vicanoides S ad.,

h". With rufous malar stripe me.vicmwides 5 ad.,

C. " Yellow shafts of feathers on wing and tail [p. 22.

combined with red or red-spotted cheek-
patches ; orange-red shafts combined with a
well-defined nuchal red crescent and pinkish
throat ; ash-coloured throat combined with
black cheek-jiatch or yellow shafts ; shafts
and feathers intermediate between gamboge-
yellow and orange-red " * ayresi, p. 22.

D. Underside of wings pale golden or golden buff,

or yellowish white ; tail black above and

below, without any red or yellow at the base.

e'. Sides of the face and neck, also the fore neck,

bright golden yellow inclining to orange

(paler in the young) ; top of the head black.

* These are the specific characters given by Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway
(N. Amer. B. ii. p. 582), founded upon a large series of specimens, and for
conciseness are all that is required.

12

i". Chin and throat black, the npper part
sometimes striped with white.

e'". Malar stripe mulberry-red campestris S ^^-y P- 24.

f". Malar region black, the feathers mar-
gined or spotted at the tip with white campestiis'^a.A., p. 24.

g'". Malar region uniform black campestris juv., p. 24.

j"\ Chin and throat white.

h'". Malar stripe mulberry -red, the featliers

tipped with white agricolu ^ ad., p. 25.

i'". Malar stripe dusky black, the feathers

tipped with white ayricola $ ad., p. 25.

k". Tliroat greyish, with a few minute blackish

specks agricola juv., p. 25.

f. With no yellow on the face or neck.

/". Ground-colour of the face, neck, and chest
sandy butf, creamy buff on the under-
parts and on the rump and upper tail-
coverts ; the fore neck and chest with
heart-shaped or transverse spots of black.
f". With no red on the nape in either sex.

e*. Malar stripe crimson posteriorly .... i-upicola S <id., p. 26.

/*. With no red on malar stripe rupicola $ ad., p. 27.

k'". With the nape red in both sexes.

g^. Malar stripe red posteriorly puna S ad., p. 27.

hK With no red on malar stripe j^^"^"' 2 ^-t P- 27.

m". Ground-colour of the face, neck, and
chest rufous bufF, gi-ading into rich golden
buff on the underparts, the rump and
upper tail-coverts paler and yellower;
with numerous narrow black bars on the
fore neck and chest ; with no red on the

nape in either sex. _ [p- 28.

r". Malar stripe dull crimson posteriorly . . cinereicajnilns c? ad.,
m'". With no red on malar stripe. ....... cinereicapilltis $ ad.,

n". Ground-colour of the under surface of the [p. 27.

body almost white ; the rump pure white.
n". Malar region narrowly striped with

crimson 2«Yms S ad., p. 28.

o" . Malar region devoid of red, and having

a few dusky spots pitiits $ ad., p. 29.

1 . Colaptes auratus.

ricus auratus, Litm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (17C6) ; Gm. 8yst. Nat. i.
p. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 242 (1790) ; Barton, Nat.
Hist. Venn. pp. 1, 11 (1799) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. p. 66,
pi. cxxiii. c? (1807) ; Bp. Sgn. B. U. S. p. 44 (1826) ; Wagl. Syst.
Av., Picus, sp. 84 (1827) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 228 (18.31) ; Aud.

(1839) ; id. Orn. Biof/r. v. p. 540 (18.39) ; Peah. Bost. Joiini. Nat.
Hist. 1841, p. 168 ; Pntn. Proc. Essex Inst. 1856, p. 214 ; Sundeo.
Comp. Av. p. 71 (1866).
Colaptes auratus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. pp. xxvi Introd. &
314(1831); id. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (18-37); Bp. Comp. List B.
Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 40, no. 265 (1838) ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N.
York, ii. p. 192, pi. xv. fis. .33 (1844); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.

2. COLAPTES. 13

p. 113 (18o0) ; Reichenh. Scans. Picmcc, p. 412, no. 970, pi. dcl.wi
tig-s. 4419-20, J 2 (1S54) ; Bp. Consp. Toiuci: Zygod. p. 11, no. 229
(1854); Baird, B.N.Amer. p. 118 (1858); iteinh. Ibis, 1801,
p. 8; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2053 (1862); Verrill,
Proc. Essex Inst. 1862, p. 144; Cav. Tm/l. Ibis, 1862, p. 128;
Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 3, 1863, p. 53; Allcm, Proc. Essex Inst.
1864, p. 53; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 470; Mclhvr. Proc. Essex
Inst. 1866^ p. 83 ; Coxes, op. cit. 1867, p. 263 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867,
p. 280 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1868) ; Dall ^'
Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 275; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii
p. 202, no. 8828 (1870); Cones, B. N.-West, p.' 292 (1874); J5.j
B., ^ R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 575, pi. Iv. figs. Ic? ad., 2 J ad!
(1874); Breiost. Ann. Lye. N. York, 1875, p. 144; Ridyw. Bidl.
Essex Inst. 1875, p. 38 ; Cones, Bull. U. S. Geol. Suru. iv. no. 3
p. 617 (1878) ; Cory, Magd. Isl. p. 52 (1878); Maijn. B. Florid.
p. 231, pi, xviii. (1878); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. 190, no. 378 ; Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 237 ;
Coues, Check-list N. Am. B. 2nd ed., 1882, p. 79; Stearns, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 118; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.,
1884, p. 493 ; Turn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 242 ; Agersb
Auk, 1885, p. 284 ; Ball, t. c. p. 383; A. O. U. Check-list N.Amer.
B. p. 217 (1886) : Breiost. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; Se7metf, t. c. p. 242 ;
Thome, t. c. p. 264 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 295 (1887) •
Warren, B. Penn. p. 137 (1888) ; Scott, Auk, 1889, p. 252. '

Geopicos auratus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49
p. 359. _ '

Geopicus auratus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 255, pi. cix. fis-s. 5-7, c? 2 ad
cJ juv. (1862). ' ^ ■>

AcluU male. Eack, scapulars, and wir.g-coverts drabby brown,
narrowly barred with black ; rump uniform white ; upper tail-
coverts white, barred and varied with black ; quills blackish brown,
the outer webs of the primaries with a few drabby-white spots on
the basal portion, the inner webs more or less margined with huffy
white ; outer webs of primaries spotted along their whole length
with dtab-brown, the inner webs margined and scalloped with huffy
white, the innermost secondaries barred across both webs with drab-
brown ; sliafts of quills golden yellow ; tail black, the outer large
feather with a few huffy- white specks on the outer web and the tip
white ; shafts of central pair of feathers black with yellowish bases,
those of the remainder golden yellow, with more or less of the apical
portion black ; entire top of the head and posterior part of neck
smoky slate-grey ; nuchal baud scarlet ; nasal plumes, lores, and
superciliary region rufous ; face, chin and throat, and the whole
anterior portion of the neck rufescent drab with a vinous tin^e •
malar stripe black, and upon the chest a broad crescentic patch of
black ; under surface of the body white, more or less washed with
vinous or rufescent drab and covered with rounded black spots;
under tail-coverts white, with bars and varied spots of black ; under
wing-coverts pale golden buff, the edge of the wing white and
spotted with black ; axillaries golden white ; underside of quills
and of tail-feathers, except at the tip, and of all the shafts golden
yellow. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-73, wing G-65, tail 4-45
tarsus 1-2; toos (without claws) — outer anterior 0-S;}, outer posterior
0-73, inner anterior O'Go, inner posterior 0-35.

14

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the black
malar stripe. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-63, wing 6-2,
tail 4-2, tarsus I'l.

Bab. Eastern United States west to the Great Plains, and north
to Hudson's Eaj' and Alaska, occurring occasionally on the Pacific
slope of the Rockj' Mountains from California northwards.

a. c? fid. ; b, c.
2 ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
/, (/. S ad. sk.
h. cJ ad. sk.

i. (5 ad. sk.

k. J ad. sk.

/. c? <id. sk.
m. cJ ad. sk.
H. (S ad. sk.
o, p, q. (S ad. ;

r. 2 ad. sk.
s, t. J juv. ; ti.

2 ad. sk.
?)-«'. cJ ad. sk.

b'-i'. d ad. et
i uv. ; k'-m'.
' $ ad. sk.

n . (S ad. sk.

North America.

North America.
Canada (Bush).
Hudson's Bay.
Fort York, Hudson's Bay
Fort DufFerin, June.

49th Parallel.

Michigan.

J. Goidd, Esq-.

Sclater Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

Dr. Rae [P.].

N.A. Boundary Com-
mission.

N.A. Boundary Com-
mission.

Professor Steers [P.].
Ontonagon, Michigan, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Albany, New York (J. H. Hurst). Tweeddale Coll.
Lyons Falls, N. Y., J une {A. Je?i-\

inqs Day an.
LowVille, N.Y., July {A. J. D.).

o'. 5 ad. sk.

p'. 2 ad. sk.
f/. cj ad. sk.
)•',«'. cJad. ; t'.

5 ad. sk.
tc'-z'. c? ad. et

juv.; a"-f".

5 ad. sk.
ff". 2 ad. sk.

h". 2 ad. sk.

i",J^'. 6 2 ad.

sk.
I". (5 ad. sk.

m",n". (S 2 ad.

sk.
()",p". cJad.sk.

(/'. (5 ad. sk.

;•"-;/". cJad. et
imiii.sk. ; z'-d'-'.
2 ad. et iuuu. si

Sing Sing, N.Y., Sept. (Hart

Merriam).
Locust Grove, N.Y., April, July

{Hart Merriam).

East Hampton, Mass., May

{Hart Merriam). /

Hyde Park, Illinois, April.

Englewood, TIL, April.

Mt. Carniel, III, Oct.

Calumet, 111., Sept., Oct. (TF. E.

Nelson). \

Washington, D.C., March, April, |

May, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec.

St. Mary's Co., Indiana, Sept. {E.

Coues).
Florida.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec. X^

Cape Canaveral, Florida, Aug.

( W. Ho.rie). _
St. Lucia, Florida, Sept., Oct.

Fort Dunn, Florida, Oct. (TT.

Hoxie).
Melbourne, Florida, Sept. (TF.

Ho.vie). /

Tarpon Springs, Florida, Oct.,

Dec, Febr. ( W. E. D. Scott).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. B. Dismore, Esq.

[P.].

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. COLAl'TES. -le

P 1i ad i f^^t Florida, Apr. Salvin-Godman Coll

/ . c^ ad. sk. ban Patricia, Texas, Dec. (F. B. Salvin-Godman Co

Armstrong).

9\ 2 ad. sk. Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll
i-i ^ , , v-^- ^- ^>'mstro7ia) .

h . ? ad. sk. Texas {F. B. Armstrong). Salvin-Godo.an Coll.

2. Colaptes chrysocaulosu?.

Colaptes auratus (non Linn.), Tiff. Zool. Journ. iii. p 444 (1808) •
Ramon de la Sac/ra, Hist. Fis. &-c. Cnba ii n 110 n«S8t rn^'

1856; I ?0.i ' '^'' ^"- ^'^- ^'"^''' P- ^^^ (l^^O) ; cih. J.f. 6.
Colaptes chrysocaulosus, Gundl. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist N York 18^8

^r^^X'A--^^^"^"--^'''''^"'-''-^^-^eotr. p. 101 (187.3)- L«r7/
f-^; ?• xf i' P- ^•^•^' ''^- ^^«"^'-- ^'■«- «'K V 27i(1876) Coru

^''£I^U^^^ ■' ^'- ^^'' ^^^^' p- ^^"y^- S:
^tp'.lzTafer'' '^'^'°''"'°'"^^' ^^ ^^ ^^- ^- ^^■*^- ^- ^'««-. i?.

Jf7»/</t-,«a7(^. Differs from C. auratus in having the rumD snoHprl
M-,th black ; t^e lores and sttperciliary stripe less fufous 2 throat
foi-e neck, and side of the neck are less vLceous, and the lattert
not so grey near the hind neck; the underside o the tail a the
base, IS of a deeper golden yellow. In other respects the 'present
species resembles so closely C. auratus, that a detailed descSion
isnnnecessary. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-45, w 00-^5 5
tail 4-Uo tarsus 1-05; toes (without claws )-outer anteToi^OSo
2S T '?' '"^r f *^"°^ ^"^^ ' "-- posterior 0-45 '^'
femat Len;,;^r.' ""'r^ -«^- ^^ripe, but is otherwise like the
tema^e. Length 10-5 inches, wing 5-4, tail 4-5, tarsus 0-8, bill 1-2."

Bab. Cuba.

3. Colaptes gundlachi.

Cokpt^s guodlachi, Cory, Auk, 1886, pp. 498, 502 ; id. op. dt. 1888,

" Sp C7i«r Eesembles Colaptes chrijsocauhsus, but is smaller
the yellow ot the quiUs much brighter ; under surface of the 011^^
tail-teathers distinctly banded; feathers of the rump white heavlv
bio ched with black ; shafts of the quills and tail very bTivS'^lW^
first primary much longer than in the Cuban species^ Wh s'So
luches wing .3-20, tail 4, tarsus 0-85, bill Mol" (Cor>,)

Hub. Island of Grand Cayman, West Indies.

in

4. Colaptes chrysoides.

Geopiciis clirysoides, Malh. Jicv. et Miuj. dc Zool. 1852, p. 533 ; id.
riridce, ii. p. 261, pi. cix. figs. 1-4 (1802).

Colaptes chrysoides, Rckhenb. Scans. Picinat, p. 413, no. 971 b
(1854); Up. Cunsp. Volua: Zijgod. p. 11, no. 231 (1854); Buird,
B. 2s. Amer. p. 125 (1858) * ; id. TJ. S. t^ Mex. Botmd. Sure.,
Bds. p. (5 (1858) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2055 (1862);
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mvs. p. 120 (1868) ; Elliot, New S^- Unjig.
B. N. Amer. i. pi. xxvi. S 2 ad. (1809) ; Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird,
p. 410 (1870); Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 202, no. 88.34 (1870);
B., B., ^- R. Hist. N.'Avier. B. ii. p. 583, pi. liv. tigs. 1, 2, c? $ ad.
(1874) ; Pidf/iv. Proc. Psse.v Inst. 1875, p. 38; id.Proc. U. S. Nut.
3/ms. 1880, p. 190, no. 379; Beld. op. cit. 1882, p. 543; Coues,
Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 79, no. 458 (1882) ; Bcld. Proc.
V. S. Nat. Mns. 1883, pp. 344-349; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.
2nd ed. p. 493 (1884) ; Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 429; A. O. U. Check-
list N. Amer. B. p. 218, no. 414 (1886) ; Ridytc. Man. N. Amer.
i?. p. 295(1887).

ricus chrysoides, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72 (1866).

Adult male. Is smaller than C. auratus and C. mexicanus, both
of which it resembles in certain points. It differs from C. auratus
in having the top of the head and the naj^e cinnamon-brown, the
red nuchal band being wanting ; the sides of the face and neck, chin,
throat, and fore neck slate-grey, with a scarlet malar stripe ; the
underside of the tail having more of its apical portion black; the
tail-shafts entirely black above. The present species mainly differs
from C. me.vicanus in having the underside of the quills and of the
tail on its basal half golden yellow ; the shafts of the quills above
and below, and those of the tail-feathers below, on the yellow webs,
are also golden-yellow, the tail-shafts above entirely black ; the top
of the head and the nape are paler and of a cinnamon-brown.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5-45, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-07;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"7, outer posterior 0'65, inner
anterior O'oo, inner posterior 0'35.

Adult female. Has no malar stripe whatever, but is otherwise
like the adult male. Total length 9-8 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5-4,
tail 3-55, tarsus 1-05.

Young female. Has the top of the head of a much duller pale
brown (not clear cinnamon), and a distinct malar stripe of a rather
lighter colour; the spots on the underparts are less intense black
and those on the breast very much smaller ; upon the chest there is
only a small patch of black, and the feathers composing it are
margined at the tip with grey ; the primaries tipped with dull
white, and the underside of the wings and of the tail, on its basal
half, less brilliant yellow.

Jfab. South-eastern California, extending into Nevada, Lower
California, Southern Arizona, and Sonora.

* Possibly not true C. chrysoides, but probably a hybrid between it and
C. mexicanus, judging by the orange tinge in the colour of the quill-shafts.

2. COLAPXES.

17

a. (S inim. ; h. $

ad. sk.
c,d. c? ad. sk.

e,f. cf ad. sk.

^. 5 iiiim. sk.

/i. 5 ad. sk.

i, k, I. cf juv. sk.
ill. J ad. sk.
n, 0. c? ad. ; /j-s.

$ ad. sk.
t. Pull. sk.

M, V. (S ad. sk.

?<?. c? ad. sk.
.r. 2 ad. sk.

La Paz, Lower Califoruia, .\piil

{A. Forrer).
La Paz, Dec, Feb. {A. Abott

Frazar, Hensli. Coll.).
Tiiumfo, Lower California

(.4. Abott Frazar, Hensh.Coll.).
Todos Santos, Lower California

{J. Xantus).
San Jose, Lower Califoruia,

April (Hemh. Coll.).
Cape San Lucas.
Cape San Lucas {J. Xantus).
Tucson, Arizona, Dec, March

{Hensh. Coll.).
Fort Lowell, Arizona, May

{Hensh. Cull.).
Sonera, Mexico, April (IF.

Lloyd).
Ysleta, Sonora, May ( W. Lloyd).
HermosiOo, Sonora, Dec.

Salvin-Godmaa Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll .

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Salvin-Godman Coll.

vSalvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Colaptes mexicanus.

Golden-winged Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 59

(1782).
Picus cafer *, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 431 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i.

p. 242 (1790).
Picus lathami, Wagl. Syst. Av., Picus, sp. 8o (1827).
Colaptes mexicanus, 'SjpaeV??. Phil. May. 1827, p. 440; id. Faun. Bor.-

Amer. ii. pp. xxvi Introd. & 31.5 (1831); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer.

Orn. i. pp. 43, 44 (note) (1832) ; Swaim. Classif. B. ii. p. 3 ]

(1837) ; Heerm. Journ. Acad. Philad. 1853, p. 270 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 307 ; id. op. cit. 1857, p. 127 ; id. op. cit. 1858, p. 305 ;

Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 120 (1858) ; id. U. S. ^- Mex. Bound. Surv.

1858, p. 6; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1859, pp. 236, 367; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 344, no. 2054 (1862); BlaMst. Ibis, 1862, p. 3; Sclat.

P.Z.S. 1864, p. 177; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 163; Dresser, t. c.

p. 470; Coues, Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1867, p. 263 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867,

p. 280 ; Brown, op. cit. 18G8, p. 419; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas.

p. 121 (1868) ; Dall ^- Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 275 ;

Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 202, no. 8830 (1870) ; Coop. B. Calif, ed.

Baird, p. 408 (1870) ; Sclat. S,- Salv. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101

(1873); Coues, B. N.-West.x,.2Q\ (1874); B., B., ^- R. Hist.

N. Amer. B. p. 578, pi. Iv. tigs. 3, 4, cJ $ ad. (1874) ; Hensh.
U. S. Geoyr. Surv. W. oflOOth Merid. 1875, p. 400 ; Bidqw. U. S.

Geol. F.rpl. iOth Par. pt. iii. Orn. p. 555 (1877) ; Coop. Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 250 ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

1882, p. 80; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425; Coues, Kei/ N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 493 ; Scott, Auk, pp. 174, 356; Fen-ari-Perez,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 160.
Picus rubricatus ( cJ ), Wayl. Isis, 1829, p. 516 ; Bp. Consp. Gen,

Av. i. p. 114 (1850).

* Qmelin's name of P. cafer may ha\e priority; but being founded on a
bird supposed to have come from the Cape of Good Hope, it is misleading, and
I prefer adhering to the well-known title of C. inexkanus of Swainsou.

VOL. XVllI. C

18 nciDiE.

Colaptes collaris, Vif/. Zool. Jount. 1820, p. 534; id. Zool. BeerJict/'g

Vo)/. p. 2o, pi. ix.' d ad. (1839) ; War/n. Arch, fur Natury. 1841,

p. 100 ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 414, do. 973, pi. dclxvii.

fig-. 4424, c? (1854).
Picus mexicanus. And. B. Amer. pi. ccccxvi. fig-s. 5 cJ, 6 J ad.

(1835-38) ; id. Orn. Biofjr. v. p. 174 (1839) ; id. B. Am. Bvo, iv.

p. 290. pi. cclxxiv. S 2 ad. (1839) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 72 (1800).
Colaptes rubricatus, Bjh Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 40,

no. 200 (1838) ; id. Cun^p. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, uo. 232 (1854);

LicM. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) ; Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 413,

no. 972, pi. dclxvi. figs. 4422-23, S $ (1854).
Colaptes coUaris, Reichenb. Scans. Picina,^. 414, no. 973, pi. dclxvii.

fig-. 4424, 6 (1854).
Geopiciis mexicanus, MaUi. Picida, ii. p. 202, pi. ex. figs. 4, 5,

J 5 ad. (1802).
Colaptes auratus mexicanus, Ridyw. Proc. Essex Inst. 1874, p. 171 ;

id. op. cit. 1875, pp. 13-34 ; id. P-uc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, p. 190,

no. 378 b ; Hensh. Auk, 1880, p. 79.
Colaptes auratus, yar. mexicanus, Ridqtc. Proc. Essex Inst. 1875,

p. 38 ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. 1878, p. 430.
Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus, Ridyw. Bull. U. S. Geol. 8; Geoyr.

Surv. Terr. ii. uo. 2, p. 191 (1876).
Colaptes rufipileus, .R%?y. Btdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. p. 60(1877);

id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 190, no. 380 ; A. 0. U. Clieck-

list N. Amer. B. p. 218 (1886) ; Ridgtv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 296

(l'^^-")- . . . ...

Colaptes mexicanus saturatior, Ridyio. Proc. Biol. Sac. flash, li.

p. 90 (1882-4).
Colaptes cafer, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 218 (1880) ;

Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 428 ; Lloyd, op. cit. 1887, p. 191 ; Ridyio. Man.

N. Amer. B. p. 290 (1887).
Colaptes cafer saturatior, A. O. JJ. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 218

(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p, 290 (1887).

Adult male. Differs from C. auratus in having the top of the
head and the posterior portion of the neck brown like the back, the
forehead more rufescent ; the face, chin and throat, and the entire
anterior portion of the neck slaty grey ; malar stripe scarlet; the
underside of the quills and of the tail-feathers, except at the tip,
and likewise of all the shafts orange-red ; the shafts of the quills
and of the tail-feathers above are also orange-red, except the
greater portion of those of the central pair of tail-feathers and of
the aidcal portion of those of the lateral feathers. There are other
minor differences. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1'55, wing 6,
tail 3-8, tarsus 1'12 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'8, outer
posterior 0-75, inner anterior 0-i')2, inner posterior 0'38.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
malar stripe, this being replaced b}' a spot of cinnamon-brown at
the base of the lower mandible, and an almost obsolete trace of
this colour occupying the same tract the red does in the opposite
sex. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1"35, wing 6-25, tail 4--1,
tarsits 1'12.

Specimens from Yancouver Island are of large size and have the
top of the head and the back dark, and the underparts deeply

Z. COLAPTES.

19

washed with rufesceiit viiiaceous or vinaceoiis pink ; the female
having the cinnamon-brown malar stripe often very clearlj- dctined
and large. Examples from California and Nevada are somewhat
similar, hut, as a rule, the malar stripe in the female is less defined.
In a young female from Colorado the malar stripe is well marked.
Chihuahua birds have the back lighter grey, and the top of the
head more rufous anteriorly, while Ciudad Durango specimens have
the back and the top of the head dark. In San Luis Potosi the
birds are intermediate ; those from Aguas Calientes have the head
and back dark, but grey, particularly the head ; the neck clear
slate-grey, and the underparts slaty pink or vinaceous. Examples
from Cofre de Perote are very dark on the head and back, and, as
in the Guerrero (Omilteme) birds, the forehead is sometimes rufous
anteriorly ; the underparts are vinous-slate or vinous-pink, the
latter in the older birds, and the neck is less brown in older speci-
mens. An example from Jalapa is scarcely separable from a Nevada
specimen, but it has less rufous on the sinciput ; the underparts are
vinous-pink. At Omilteme, Guerrero, and in the Sierra Madre del
Sur this species resembles the Vancouver Island bird, but is smaller ;
it has the back and the head very dark and brown, and the neck
browner than in typical examples ; the underparts are vinous or
pinkish buff as in Vancouver birds, but this colour is scarcely so
intense. An Oaxaca specimen is rufous-brown above, and rufous
on the head, and the underparts are vinous-pink.

The varied forms of C. mexlcanus appear to be the result of
climatic influence, as they are not confined to any particular geo-
graphical area. An examination of a very large series of specimens
convinces me that they cannot well be separated. The close re-
semblance in colour between the Vancouver birds and those from
the State of Guerrero, and also between an example from Nevada
and one from Jalapa, precludes the jiossibility of recognizing an}^ of
the forms as subspecies occupying a fixed area.

Huh. Mexico (generally), except the eastern portion north of
Vera Cruz, south into Oaxaca ; north thi-ough the Western United
States to Sitka*; also found in Guadalupe Island, Lower Cali-
fornia.

a. (f ad. ;

b. Juv. sk.
c-f. J ad. ;

g. $ ad. sk.
h, i. S $ ad. sk.
k. c? ad. sk.
I. d ad. sk.
7n. c? imm.; ??.

[ $ ] ad. sk.
0. S ad. sk.

[Behriiig Straits.]

Vancou-\er Island, British Co-
lumbia.
St. Juan Island.
Orcas Island.
British Columbia.
British Columbia.

Esquimalt, British Columbia
{A. H. Marhhum).

Capt.Kellett& Lieut.

Wood [P.].
Dr. Lyall [P.].

Dr. Lyall [P.].
Dr. Lyall [P.].
Mis. i)euman [P-^-
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Co!l.

* A specimen in the collectiou is labelled Bebring Straits {Capfs. KcUeit and
Wood) ; the precise locality whence this example came cannot be ascertained, so
that the range cannot, -nith certainty, be extended so far north.

c2

20 riciD^,

p. iS ad. sk. "WhicUey Is., Wasbiugton Ter- Salvin-Godman Coll.

litory, Dec. {Ifensh. Coll.).
q. 2 ad. sk. Snake " River, Sept. (Rayden, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Hensh. Coll.).
r. 5 ad. sk. Albauv, Oregon, Jan. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
8. (S ad. sk. Columbia R., Oregon, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hensh. Coll.).
t, u. S ad. ; California. Tweeddale Coll.

V. d" jiiT- sk.
u\ d imm. sk. San Francisco. Sir E. Belcber [P.].

.T. 2 ad. sk. San Francisco {Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

y. c? ad. sk. Fort Crook, Cal. {J. Feilner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s, «'. cS 2 ad.; V, Oakland, Cal. {Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c'. 2 imm. sk.
d'. Jad.sk. Jolan, Cal., Oct. (jffewsA. Co//.). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. cJ imm. sk. Los Alamos, Cal., Oct. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).

f. c? ad. sk. Stockton, Cal {Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
(J. 2 ad. sk. Nevada, Cal., Oct. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
h',i'. J ad. ; k', Carson, Nevada, Nov., Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/', m'. 2 ad. sk. {Hensh. Coll.).
n . (S imm. sk. Provo, Utah, Aug'. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
o'-r'. J ad. et Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm.; s'-.v'. Jmie, July {Hensh. Coll.),

2ad.etimm.sk.
y' , z'. 2 fid. sk. Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{F. B. Armstrony).
a". 2 ad. sk. Hidalgo, Texas, April {F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Armstrony).
b" . S ad. sk. Santa Fe, New Mexico, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Hensh. Coll.).
c". 2iuim.sk. San Francisco River, New Mex- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ico, Oct. {Hensh. Coll.).
d". J ad. sk. Gila Co., Arizona, Oct. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
e". (S ad. ; f, Mexico. Tweeddale Coll.

y",h". 2 ad.sk.
i"-o" . S 2 ^^- Mexico.

sk.
?">?"■ c? 2 ad. Hermosillo, Sonora, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.
?•", s", S 2 ad. Cbupadero, Cbibuabua, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Feb. ( W. Lloyd),

t", u". (S 2 ad. Chihuahua City, Feb. ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Lloyd),

v". cJ ad. sk. Snu Jose, Chihuahua, Jan. {W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lloyd),
w". S ad. sk. Concepcion, Chihuahua, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

{W. Lloyd).
.r". 2ad.sk. Temosachic, March ( fF. Z/oif/(/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

y". jad. ; z". Ciudad Durango, June (^. I'V- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

2 imm. sk. rer).

a^. (S ad. sk. Sierra de Jerez, Zacatecas, Sept, Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. B. Richardson).

2. COLAPTES.

21

b\g\ S ad. et
imm. ; h\ t"-',
k\ 2 ad. et
imm. sk.

P. d" imm. sk.

Sierra San Luis Potosi {W.
B. Richardson).

Sierra de Calvillo, Aguas Cali-

entes, Aug. ( W. B. Richard-
son).
Aguas Calientes, Aug. ( W. B.

Richardson).
Sierra ^ladre Xavarit, Jalisco,

July ( IF. B. Richardson).
Sierra Madre, Tepic, 0000 feet,

June ( W. B. Richardso/t).
Zapotlan, Jalisco, April (JV.

Lloyd).
Tetelco, Xochimilco, Jan.
Chimalpa, Tueubaya, Feb.
Huipulco, Tlalpam, April.
Near the City of Mexico.
San Miguel Molino, Iluejot-

zingo, Puebla, July.
Las Vigas, .lalapa, July.
Jalapa (de Oca).
Cofre de Perote, July (^Mat-

feo).
Totontepec, Oaxaca, Feb. (J/.

Trujillo).
Tonaguia, Oaxaca, Feb. (J/.

Trujillo).
Villa Alta, Oaxaca, March (J/.

Trujillo).
Oaxaca {Fennchio).
Omilteme (8000 feet), State of

Guerrero, July {Mrs. H. H.

Smith).
Sierra Madre del Sur (Mrs.

H.H. Smith).

6. Colaptes submexicanus.

Picus rubricatus ( $ ), JVar/l. Isis, 1820, p. r,m.

Colaptes rubricatus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 109 ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii.

p. 446, pi. cxi. d; ad. (1846).
Colaptes mexicanoides, Lafr. Rev. de Zool. 1844, p. 42 ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Ibis, 18.')9, p. 137 ; Scl. Vat. Ajner. B. p. 344, no. 2056 (1862) ;

Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 121 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 202, no. 8831 (1870); Scl. ^ Salv. Notnoicl. Av. Neotr. p. 101

(1873) ; Ridgio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 296 (1887).
Geopicos mexicanoides. Math. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 359.
Colaptes collaris, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Volucr. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 233 (1854).
Geopicus rubricatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 265, pi. ex. figs. 1, 2, d' 9

ad. (1862).
Picus submexicanus. Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72 (1806).

Adult male. Eesemblcs C. mcricanus in the underside of the
wings and of the tail being orange-red, but differs in having the

wi'. <S ad. ; w^.

2 imm. sk.

o'',p^- d ad. et

juv.sk.
g^. d" ad. sk.

r\s\ S $ad. sk.

t\ o ad. sk.
u^. d ad. sk.
v'^. tS ad. sk.
ic^. 5 ad. sk.
.r\ 5 juv. sk.

y^. 2 imm. sk.
z\ 2 ad. sk.
a*, b\ d ad. ; e',
d^. J imm. sk.
e\f. 2 ad. sk.

</'. c? ad. sk.

P. 2 ad. sk.

i*. 2 ad. sk.
k\ d ad. ; l\ c?
imm. sk.

Hi*. 2 ad. sk.

Salvin-Godnian Coll,

Salvin-Godman CoU,

Salrin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

22 piciD.i.

whole of the top of the head, occiput, and nape rich rufous ; the
back, scapuhirs, and wing-coverts more rufescent and with broader
black bars ; the rump transversely spotted with black ; the central
pair of tail-feathers with some transverse rufescent spots upon both
webs ; the shafts of the quills and of the rectrices both above and
below are the same as in C. mexicaaus. Total length 11-5 inches,
culmen 1-77, wing 6-35, tail 4-65, tarsus 1-2; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0*85, outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 0-65, inner
posterior 0"4.

Ad dt female. DiflFers from the adult male in having a cinnamon -
rufous malar stripe. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing
5-95, tail 4-15, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. Guatemala.

a. c? ad. St. [Mexico.] Purchased.

b. 2 imm. sk. [Mexico.] Purchased.

c. 5 ad. sk. Barranco Hondo, Guatemala, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Oct. (O. -S'.).

d,e. S 2 ad. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz (O. .S'.). Sclater Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. Cohan (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

<•/. $ad. sk. Cohan (0.&). Tweeddale Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Tac-tic, Vera Paz, Nov. (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. S ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Sdvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. (O. &).

h, I. S ad. ; ?«. Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll.
2 ad. sk.

7. Colaptes ayresi.

Colaptes ayresii, Aucl. B. Amer. viii. p. 2.31 , pi. ccccxciv. S (1839) ;

Bp. Coiisp. Gen. Av. i. p. 11.3 (1850) ; Heenn. Journ. Acad. Philad,

1^53, p. 270; ^jj. C'onsih Volucr. Zxjgod. p. 11, no. 230 (1854) ;

Meichenb. Scam. PicinfP, p. 413, no. 971, pi. dclxvi. fig. 4421

(1854) ; Gray, List Picid. p. 120 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 202,

no. 8829 (1870).
Picus avresi, DcKay, Nat. Hist. N. York, pt. ii. p. 194 (1844).
Colaptes hyhridu.?, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 122 (1858) ; B., B., ^ B.

Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 582, pi. liv. fig. 3 (1874) ; Bidi/zo. U. S.

Gcol. JExpl. 40th Par. pt. iii. Orn. p. 556 (1877) ; Coues, Bull.

U. S. Geol. Surv. iv. no. 3, p. 618 (1878).
Geopicus ayresii, Malli. Picida, ii. p. 260 (1862).
Picus liybridus, aurato-mexicanus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 72

^^^^^^- . .....

Colaptes aiiratns, var. hvbridus, Ridgiv. Proc. Essex Inst. Ib/o,

p. 38 ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1878, p. 430.

Colaptes auratus hybridus, Bidyiv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,

p. 190, no. 378 a.

The varied characters of this race are given by Baird, Brewer,
and Kidgway as follows : — " Yellow shafts or feathers on wing and
tail combined with red, or red-spotted cheek-patches. Orange-red
shafts combined with a well-defined nuchal red crescent and pinkish
throat. Ash-coloured throat combined with black cheek-patch or
yellow shafts. Shafts and feathers intermediate between gamboge-
yellow and dark orange-red." It will therefore be seen that
C. a/jresi is intermediate between C. auratus and C. mexkamis.

2. COLAPTES. 23

The most remarkable feature in connection with the Picidas of
North America is the iutcrhreeding between C. auratus and
C. mexicanus, resulting in a race frequently called Injhridus, which
occupies a district rarely invaded by pure-blooded birds of either
of the parent species, and but rarely found out of that district. The
very existence of this race, occupying as it does a distinct region,
seems to point to the conclusion that the birds are fertile, otherwise
it would cease to exist, and hybrids would only be found where the
opposite species came in direct contact. A proof of the fertility of
G. ayresi is given by Audubon, who states that in the nest-hole of
the type-specimens there were sis young birds. The breed may be
one of long standing, but that it is replenished by pure blood from
without seems highly probable, and may account for the violent
contrast sometimes produced in the two sides of the same bird,
which I think would not result in a race if left entirely to them-
selves, as the tendency would be towards the acquirement of a fixed
character. The name of hyhrklus is untenable. A hybrid or
simple cross between two species can have no specific name, and it
is only upon the assumption that the birds resulting from this cross
are fertile, and are producing a race having the characters of both
parent forms (although irregular in their distribution and develop-
ment), that they can have a name bestowed upon them, and, if such
be the case, I see no other title for them than that of C. ayresi of
Audubon. The name given by this author must therefore be
understood to apply to the race produced originally by the union of
C. atiratns and C. mexicanus, and possessing such varied characters
as to render description vague and indefinite, but evidently sugges-
tive of very close interbreeding, and not as tending to show that all
the individuals comprising the race are the immediate descendants
of true C. auratus and C. mexicanus. There can be no doubt that
C. auratus also interbreeds with C. chrysoides, but I do not see how
any specific title can be applied to these hybrids, which occupy no
distinct region.

Hah. Upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers, and the Black
Hills ; occasionally ranging into British CJolumbia and California.

a. cT ad. sk. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, E^q. [P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. California. Tweeddale Coll.

e. (j ad. sk. San Francisco (Hensh. Coll.). Salviu-Godman Coll.

d. J ad. sk. Stockton, California (Beldbi(f). Salviu-(Todnian Cdll.

e. cJ ad. sk. Puebla, Colorado, Nov. {Hensh. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Cull.).

8. Colaptes campestris.

Carpintevo campestre, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 303 (180-5).
ricus campestris, Viedl. N. Diet. d'Hist. Ned. xxvi. p. 101 (1818) ;
Licht. Verz. Doidd. p. 10 (1823) ; »S>j!',r, At. Bras. i. p. 57,

Pi . _ . ____.,._.., ^ ,..„,.

Chrysoptilus campestris, Sivains. Chissif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837) ; Gould,
in Danvins Voy. Beag., Bds. p. 113 (1841) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara,

24 nciDiE.

p. 16 (1847); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850); Reiclmih.

Scans. Picince, p. 418, no. 982, pi. dulxx. figs. 4437-38, $ $

(1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1868); id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 195, no. 8742 (1870).
Soroplex campestris, Glog. Handh. p. 198 (1842).
Geopicos campestvis, Malh. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Meiz, 1848-49,

p. 358.
Colaptes campestris, LicJd. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) ; Btirm. Th.

Bras. ii. p. 235 (1856) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2050

(1862) ; Iluds. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 112, 748 ; Darwin, t. c. p. 705 ;

Hamilt. Ibis, 1871, p. 308 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873).
Malherbipicus campestris, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 226

(1854).
Geopiciis campestris, Malh. PicidfP, ii. p. 251, pi. cviii. figs. 1, 2,

cJ 2 ad. (Ib62).
Pediopipo campestris, Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 249 (1870).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts blackish brown
narrowly barred with smoky white ; quills blackish brown, the
outer webs of the primaries having yellowish spots, the secondaries
with white spots ; inner webs of primaries margined and spotted,
those of the secondaries spotted along their whole length with
white, except the innermost of all, which are barred across both
webs with brownish white ; shafts golden yellow; rump and upper
tail-coverts white, the former with a few narrow transverse mark-
ings of black, the latter entirely barred with black ; tail black, the
base of the inner webs of the central pair of feathers and the
entire outer web of the outer large feather spotted with buff; shafts
black ; upper nasal plumes, forehead, crown and elongated occipital
feathers, chin, throat, and malar region black, the feathers of the
latter having mulberry-red tips, and bristly in character, the black
on the side of the neck being on a line with the upper part of the
malar stripe ; lower nasal plumes and lores pale golden buff; face,
side of the neck, nape, fore neck, and upper part of chest deep
golden yellow; hind neck like the back, but the feathers having
golden tips ; entire under surface of the body yellowish white with
narrow transverse markings of black ; under tail-coverts barred
black and white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden pale
buff, the coverts at the base of the primaries having dusky spots.
Total length 12 inches, culnaen 1-55, wing 6-7, tail 4'o, tarsus 1-27 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-97, outer posterior 0'85,
inner anterior 0-G8, inner posterior 0*5.

Adult female. Eesembles the male, but has the feathers of the
malar region tipped with white and not bristly in character. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1*45, wing Cy'-I, tail 4-lo, tarsus 1'18,

A young bird (sex?) has the malar region uniform black.

Hah. Southern and Eastern Brazil north to Pernambuco ; Bolivia,
Paraguay, and through Uruguay to Buenos Ayres.

a, b. S 9- ^^' sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de

Rothsay [P.].

c. ? ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

d. (S imm. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

2. COLAPTES.

25

e. cJ ad. sk.

f-i. (5 ad. ; k-n.
ad. sk.

0. (S ad. sk.

Juv. sk.
2 iiutn. sk.
c5' imm. sk.
Skeleton.

Taipu, Brazil, Nov. {J.

A'atferer).
Chapada, Matto Grosao,

March, July, Sept., Nov.

(//. Smith)'
Eio Claro, Prov. Goyaz,

(Joi/ncr).
Bolivia.
Bolivia.

Interior of Bolivia.
Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

9, Colaptes agricola.

Geopicos agricola, Malh. N. Chissif. 3Iem. Acad. Metz, 1848^9,

p. 350. '

Geopicos campestroides. Rev. de Zool. 1849, p. 541.
Chrysoptilus campestroides, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 12:3 (1850) ;

Jiurm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 2.35 (1855) ; Graxj, List Picid. Brit. Mas.

p. 94 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 874-3 (1870).
Chrysoptilus subcanipestris, Reichenb. Scans. Ficince, p. 419, no 98.3

pi. dclxx. figs. 4439-40, S S (1854).
Malherbipicus campestroides, Bi). Consp. Valuer . Ziinod n 11

no. 227 (1854). jy \> ,

Colaptes australis, Burm. J. f. O. 18G0, p. 244: id. Reise La Plata-

St. ii. p. 445 (1861).
Geopicus agricola, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 254, pi. cviii. fim. 4, 5, r? 2

ad. (1862). ^ n , ,o ^

Colaptes agricola, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. .34.3, no. 2051 (1862) •
mulson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 101 (1873) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 134 ; Banmcs, Auk, 1884, p. 25 ;
Madar. Zeitsch. f/esamm. Orn. ii. p. 159 (1885) ; Withimj. Ibis,
1888, p. 4()8; Sclat. Sj- Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 24 (1889).

Picus agricola, Sundev. Consp. Av.'Picin. p. 77 (186ij).

Colaptes campestris (non VieilL), White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 618.

Adult male. Differs from C. campestris in having the chin, throat,
and anterior portion of the face white, the feathers on the posterior
part of the malar region being mulberry-red spotted with white and
having black bases. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-43, wing
6-5, tail 4-35, tarsus 1-8; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-9
outer posterior 0-85, inner anterior 0-7, inner posterior 0-4.5.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red on
the malar region, the posterior feathers being black with white tips.
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-52, wing 6-6, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-2.

Young female. Besides having the colour less pronounced than in
the adult, there are one or two other points of difference, the
feathers of the throat and immediately behind the malar region
have the black at the base partially exposed ; the central pair of
tail-feathers margined on both webs with huffy white and having a
partial intermarginal line or row of irregular spots of the same
colour, the other tail-feathers externally edged, more or less, with
greyish white ; the tips of the quills white ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries creamy white.

26

Hah. Southern Brazil, from Taquara do Mimdo Novo iuto Lower
Uruguay and the Argentine Republic, and south to the Rio Negro
in Patagonia.

a. 2 fid. sk.

b. 2 <id. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. 2 imni. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

f. V- 'S 2 <id. sk.

h, i. d 2 ad. sk.
k. cJ ad. sk.

S. Brazil.

Uruguay, Dec. 8, 1875.
Paj'saudu, Aug. 1877.
Gualeguaychu, Arg. Rep.
La Plata, Arg. Rep.
Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep.,

June (K IF. White).
Rio Negro, Patagonia, March

(7^. Ili(chon).
Rio Negro, Patagonia, July

{^Hudson).

Sclater Coll.

Alan Peel, Esq. [O.].

Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

Sclater Coll.

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

10. Colaptes rupicola.

Colaptes rupicola, UOrh. Voij. Amer. Men'il. iv. p. 377, pi. Ixii.

tig. 1, cJ (1835-44) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 29 ; Bp. Comp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850) ; id. Consp, Valuer. Zyr/od. p. 11, no. 235

(1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 122 (1808) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 202, no. 8832 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 632.
Geopicus rupicola, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 271 (text partlv), pl. cxiii.

tig. 2, 2 ad. (1862).
Picus rupicola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 78 (1866).
Colaptes longirostris, Cab. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 97, S*.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brownish black
barred with pale sandy brown ; quills brownish black with more or
less buff spots on the outer webs and whiter spots on the inner
webs, the innermost feathers barred across both webs with sandy
brown ; shafts golden yellow ; rump pale buff barred with black ;
tail black, the central pair of feathers on the basal half of both
webs, the outer large feather along its whole length, and the remain-
ing feathers at the extreme base of both webs, or of the inner one
only, very narrowly barred with buff; shafts black with yellow
bases, the outer large feather having the shaft yellow ; upper nasal
plumes, forehead, crown, occiput, and nape, also the malar region,
dark slate-grey, the posterior feathers of the malar stripe tipped
with crimson ; hind ncek like the back ; lower nasal plumes, sides
of the face and neck, chin and throat, fore neck and chest sandy
buff, the two latter having transverse spots of black ; . the entire
underparts below the chest, the imder tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and axillaries pale buff, and (with the exception of a ie\y
narrow black bars on the lower series of under tail-coverts) per-
fectly uniform : " eye, black centre, cadmium-yellow ring " (D.
Forbes). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 6-65, tail
3-9, tarsus 1-16; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-9, outer
posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0'68, inner posterior 0'38.

* I take this to be only C. rupicola. The ineasurement of the bill (which is
tlie only stated point of differeuce) as given by Oabanis is exactly the same as
that of the male described by me, whicli is true C. rupicola from 13ulivia.

2. COLAPTES. 27

Adult femah. Resemblos the adult male, but has the malar stripe
totally devoid of red. Total length 12-5 inches, culraen 2-05 wino-
6-(55, tail 4-2, tarsus 1-25. ' °

Hab. Bolivia, and south into Tucuraan.

a. 5 ad sk. Bolivia. T. Bridfres \C.\

fi.cJad.sk. Bolivia, Oct. 30, 1862. SclaterColl.

c. 2 ad. sk. Huiiiaxuiica, Bolivia, March Salviu-Goduian Coll

1864 {R. Pearcc).

11. Colaptes puna.

Colaptes rupicola (non JD'Orh.), Tsvhudi, Av. Consp. Rep. Peruan.
p. 303; Cab. in TsrlnnlPx Fdini. Pen/an., Av. p. 269 (1845-46) •
Reichenh. Scans.. Piciiia-, p. 416, no. 976, pi. dclxviii tiers 4428-"''9'
? 2 (1854) ; Malh. Field, ii. p. 271 (pt), pi. cxiii. fig. 1, cfad. (Isiy ) •
Sclat. S)- Salt: P. Z. S. 1808, p. 570; iid. op. cit. 1869, p. 154 • iid
Nomend.Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) (pt.); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546 ;
Sclat. 4" Salv. t. c. p. 678 ; Sclat. op. cit. 1881, p. 488.

Colaptes puua, LicJit. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) : Cab. J. f. O 1883
p. 93 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 94 (1886).

Picus rupicola (pt.), Giebel, T/ies. Orn. iii. p. 178 (1876).

_ Adult male. Eesembles the Bolivian C. rujjicola, but may be dis- •
tinguished by having the nape crimson. Total lengih 18 inches
culmeu 2, wing 0-5, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-18; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0-78, inner anterior 0-62, inner
posterior 0-32.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no red at the

extremity of the malar stripe. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-87

wing 6-4.5, tail 4, tarsus 1-2. '

Ihd,. The high 'plateaux ' of Central and Southern Peru, at from

11,000 to 14,000 feet elevation. May possibly range into Bolivia.

«. 2 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June 23, 1808 Sclater Coll

(H.W/a-teli/).
b, c. 5 ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, May, June (H. Tweeddale Coll

Whitely).

d. S ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

WMtel;/).

e. S ad. sk. Andes of Lima {Natioji). Sclater Coll

/. 6 ad. St. [Bolivia.] T. Bridges [C.].

12. Colaptes cinereicapillus.

Colaptes cinereicapillus, i2p;'f7(ew/>. Scans. Picinm, p. 416 no 978 6

pi. dclxxx. figs. 4489-90, 2 2 (]S54). r » • ,

Colaptes rupicola {non d'Ovb.), Scl. i!,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p 140

Colaptes stolzmanni, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 209 ; id. Orn Pdrou

iii. p. 92 (1886); Pelz. c^- Lorenz, Ann. k.-k. Ncdurh. Ilofni. iii.'

Th. iv. p. 42 (1888). "^

Adult female. Back and hind neck, scapulars and wing-coverts
brownish black barred with buff or buffy white : rump and upper
tail-coverts pale golden yellow tinged with butt", the lower series of
the coverts transversely varied with black; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts brownish black externally spotted with bulf ^"quiUs

28 PICIDiE.

brownisli black, the outer webs of the primaries on their basal por-
tion and those of the secondaries along their whole length spotted
■with buff, the inner webs of the primaries more or less margined
with pale buff which scallops the black, the inner webs of the
secondaries with marginal spots of buff, the innermost of the latter
feathers narrowly barred across with buff; shafts golden yellow;
tail brownish black, the iimcr webs of the feathers, at the base, and
the whole of the outer large feather with irregular and narrow buff
bars ; shafts black with golden bases, the shaft of the outer large
feather yellow; upper nasal plumes, forehead, crown, occiput, and
nape, also malar stripe, dusky slate-grey ; lower nasal plumes and
lores, sides of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck rufescent
buff, grading into a brighter and paler shade on the chest and
breast, and more goiden yellow on the remaining underparts and
under tail-coverts, the lower part of the fore neck and the upper
part of the chest narrowly barred with black ; upon the sides of the
body a few almost obsolete dusky bars ; under wing-coverts and
axiUaries clear rufous buff: " eyes sulphur-yellow " (Steere). Total
length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 6-75, tail 5, tarsus 1-26 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0-96, inner
anterior 0-7, inner posterior 0-45.

Adult male. According to Taczanowski, the male differs from the
female in having the malar stripe red posteriorly ; the measure-
ments given by the above author are as follows : — Total length
14 inches, wing 7, tail 5-3, bill 2-2, tarsus 1-25.

Hab. Northern Peru, at from 8,000 to 11,000 feet elevation.

a. 2 ^^' ^'^' Cutervo, Peru. Sclater Coll.

13. Colaptes pitius.

Picus pitius, Molina, Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 209 (1782); Lath, hid,

Oni. i. p. 234 (1790).
Picus pitiu, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 432 (1788).
Picus clnlensis, Gam. Sf Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 241, pi. xxxii. $ imm.

(1826) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 226 (1831J ; Hundev. Cunsp. Av. Picin.

p. 78 (1866).
Colaptes ehilensis, Vic/. Zool. Beecheijs Voy. p. 24 (1839) ; Brulyes,

P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94 ; Goidd, in Darwin's Voy. Beay., Bds. p. 114

(1841) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 122 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 202, no. 8835 (1870).
Colaptes pitiguus, Bridyes, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 114; Gay, Faun. Chili,

i. Zool. p. 373 (1847) ; Philippi, Cat. Av. Mus. Nat. Santiayo,

p. 27 (ISGO).
Colaptes pitius, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850) ; Reichenb.

Scans. Ficince, p. 414, no. 974, pl. dclxvii. tigs. 4425-26, $ $

(1854); Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 344, no. 2052 (1862) ; id. ^- Salv.

Ibis, 1869, p. 283; iid. op. cit. 1870, p. 499; iid. No^nencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 101 (1873).
Pituipicus ehilensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zijyod.i^. 11, no. 236 (1854).
Pituipicus pitiguus, Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 94.
Geopicus ehilensis, Malh. I'icidce, ii. p. 269, pl. cxi. figs. 4 & 5, c? &

$ ad. (1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dusky brown

3. HYPOXANTHtJS. 29

narrowly barred with smoky white ; quills dusky brown, the outer
webs sjiotted with more or less smoky white, the inner webs of the
primaries margined on their basal portion, those of the secondaries
spotted along their whole length with white, the innermost of the
secondaries being barred across both webs with smoky white ; shafts
pale yellow, those of the primaries browner at the base ; rump
uniform white ; upper tail-covercs barred black and white : tail
nearly black, the central pair of feathers having almost the whole
of the inner web and the base of the outer web transversely spotted
with buff, and the outer large feather spotted and varied with buff
on the margin of the outer web, and tipped with the same ; shafts
black : forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dusky slate-grey ; hind
neck like the back ; nasal plumes, face, chin, and throat buffy
white, the malar region very faintly striped with red ; side of the
neck and fore neck, entire underparts and under tail-coverts sandy
white, the abdomen tinged with yellow, the side of the neck, fore
neck, and chest barred with black, and the latter, as well as the sides
of the breast, with a few black spots ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts barred with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
yellowish buff. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-95, wing 6'3o,
tail -±-6, tarsus 1-17 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer
posterior 0-85, inner anterior 0-75, inner posterior U-38.

Adult female. Has no red on the malar region, this being spotted
with dusky. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 6-25,
tail 4*45, tarsus 1-2.

Young (sex ?). Has the whole of the top of the head black, trans-
versely spotted with dusky buff; the face, chin, and throat duller,
the malar region unspotted, the car-coverts and immediately behind
the malar region striped with black ; the light tiansverse markings
on the upper parts more smoky.

Hah. Chili.

a, b. 2 imm. ; Chili. Purchased.

c. Jiiv. sk.

d, e. Imm. sk. Chili. Sclater Coll.

f. $ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {E. C. Eeed). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. d ad. sk. Santiago. Tweeddale Coll.
h. Skeleton. ChiU.

3. HYPOXANTHUS.

Type.
Hypoxanthus, ^/). Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. no. 228 (1854) . . II. rivohi.

Range. From Venezuela through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, into
Bolivia.

Kcji to the Species.*

A. "VVing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries
almost entirely red ; with red upon the feathers

* The main cLaracter.s given in the key hold good, but the " spotted " or it
may be " uniform " chin and tliroat, although possessed by the species generally,
is not constant. Examples of //. riroHi and H. atriccps liave these parts
occasionally almost, if not entirely, uniform, and, on the other hand, they are
sometimes spotted in H. brcrirostris. The barred (or otherwise) r'umo and
upper tail-coverts is a character much more constant.

30 PICIDiE.

of tlie fore nect and chest ; top of tlie head red
ill the male.
«'. Chin aud throat spotted with yeUowisli white,
the rump and upper tail-coverts with yellow
creseeutic markings and bars.

a" . Malar stripe red rivolii, tS ad., p. 30.

//'. Malar stripe black rivolii, $ ad., p. 31.

h'. Chin aud tliroat, rump, aud upper tail-coverts

uniform black. [p. 31.

c". Malar stripe red hrevirostris, ^ ad.,

d". Malar stripe black hrevirostris, 2 ad.,

B. Wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries [p. 31.

almost entirely golden olive, only slightly
tipped or margined with red ; with no red on
the feathers of the fore neck and chest ; chin
and throat spotted ; rum]) and upper tail-coverts
uniform ; top of the head black in both sexes. [p. 32.

c'. Witli red malar stripe atriceps, S ad.,

d'. With black malar stripe atriceps, 5 ad.,

[p. 32.

1. Hypoxanthus rivolii.

Picus rivolii, Boiss. liev. Zoof. 1840 (January), p. 3G; TVof/ii. Arch.

fiir Ncdurg. 1841, p. 100; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 71 (186()).
Picus elegans (non Sivains.),Fraser, P. Z. S. 1840 (July), p. 00.
Colaptes hypoxanthus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 198, S-
Colaptes elegans. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 446 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.

Av. i. p. 114 (1850) ; ScUit. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 162.
Geopicos rivolii, Mal/i. N. Classif. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 359.
Colaptes rivolii, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B.-p. 61 (1849) ; Beichenh.

Scans. Picince, p. 415, no. 977, pi. dclxviii. tigs. 4430-31, 5 $

(1854) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 345, no. 2057 (1862); Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 122 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8836

(1870).
Hj'poxanthus rivolii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 228 (1854) ;

Selut. Sf Salv. Nomcncl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873).
Geopicus rivolii, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 267 (pt. text), pi. cxii. figs. 1, 2,

c? & ? ad. (1862).

Adult male. Back and scapulars crimson ; rump and upper tail-
coverts black with bars and crescentic markings of yellow tinged
with red, the lower coverts uniform black ; wing-coverts olive-
brown margined with dull crimson ; outer webs of primaries pale
olive, those of the secondaries almost entirely crimson, the inner
webs of the quills dusky brown, more or less margined with buify
white ; shafts rather dull golden yellow ; tail black, the outer
large feather externally margined with brownish white ; shafts
grading from black in the central to brownish yellow in the outer
feathers ; nasal plumes black ; top of the head, occiput, and malar
stripe crimson, with partly exposed blackish bases to the feathers,
the nape and hind neck, also the side of the neck, bright crimson ;
face pale yellow ; chin and throat black, spotted with yellowish
white ; fore neck and chest black, washed with crimson, and covered
with Y-shaped aud crescentic markings of yellow ; from the breast

3. HTPOXANTHUS. 31

to the under tail-coverts, both inchisive, dull golden yellow, the
upper breast, sides of the bodj-, and flanks with crescentic black
markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dull golden j-ellow, the
edge of the wing varied with black. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1*68, wing 5-5, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-05 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior O'T, outer posterior (J-7, inner anterior U'62, inner
posterior 0*3S.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and malar stripe black,
but otherwise resembles the male. Total length 11 inches, cul-
men 1-5, wing 5-4, tail 4-05, tarsus 1-02.

Hah, U. S. Colombia (Bogota) and Venezuela.

a. Ad. sk. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll.

b,c. c? 5 ad. sk. New Granada. Salviu-Godmau Coll.

d. 5 ad. St. New Granada. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

e. S ad. ; /-*. J Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.
ad. sk.

h. 1mm. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

I, m. S $ ad. St. Santa Fe, Bogota. Purchased.

6 ad. ; 0, p. Santa Fe, Bogota. Purchased.

$ ad.sk.

Subsp. Hypoxanthus brevirostris.

Colaptes elegans {nun Sivains.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 55-5 : id. on

cit. 18lJ0, pp. 81-95.
Geopicus rivolii, Malh. Picid. ii. p. 267 (pt. text) (1862).
Colaptes rivolii (pt.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 345, no. 2057 (18G2).
Hvpoxantbus brevirostris, Tacz. P. Z. &'. 1874, p. 446 ; id. op. cit.

1880, p. 209 ; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 43.
Hypoxanthus sequatorialis, Dubois, Bull. Acad. R. Belae, 1879.

p. 823. '

Hypoxanthus rivolii (no« Boiss.), Sclat. &■ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 533.
Hj^oxanthus rivolii brevirostris, Berl. Sf Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 307 ;

iid. op. cit. 1885, p. 107 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 90 (1886).

Adult male. Resembles If. rivolii, but may be distinguished by its
uniform black cliin and throat, rump and upper tail-coverts. Total
length lU inches, culmen 1-3, wing 5-2, tail 3-85, tarsus 0-95;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior O'S, iimer
anterior 0-56, inner posterior 0-38.

Adult female. Difiers from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and malar stripe black. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-18,
wing 5, tail 3"55, tarsus 0-95.

The dimensions of examples from New Granada are considerably
greater than those of the typical Peruvian birds, and approach more
to those of Id. rivolii.

Hub. Central and Northern Peru ; Ecuador and Western Colombia
to Antioquia.

a. (S ad. sk. Retire, Antioquia (T. K. Sal- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

mon).

b. $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia {T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salmon).

32

c. cJ ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. S ad. ; /. cJ
imm. sk.

ff, h. S 2 ad.

sk.
/. (S ad. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.

Antioqiiia {T. K. Salmon).

Ecuador.

Ecuador (C. Bucklei/).

Ecuador (C Bitckley).

Sical, Ecuador ( C. Buckley).
San Lucas, Ecuador ( Villa-
gomez).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godnian CoU.

Sclater Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

2. Hypoxanthus atriceps.

Hypoxanthus rivolii {non Boiss.), Selat.P._Z. S. 1873, p^ 780.

Hypoxanthus atriceps, Sclaf.
cit. 1879, p. 632.

Sctlv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 254 ;

Adult male. Resembles both H. rivolii and H. hrcvirostris, but
differs from these in having the forehead, crown, and occiput black;
the face rather darker, and the ear-coverts much more olive ; the
■wing-coverts and the outer webs of all the quills golden olive, the
former (only) tipped with red, some of the secondaries being slightly
tinged with red on the external margin only ; with less red on the
side of the neck, and none whatever on the feathers of the fore
neck and chest, the feathers having yellow apical margins. JLatri-
cejis, besides the above difi'erences, may be distinguished from
B. rivolii by its uniform rump and upper tail-coverts, aud from
H. hrcvirostris by its white spotted chin and throat. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1"03, wing i'US, tail 3-7, tarsus 0"9o; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0'65, inner anterior
0*5, inner posterior 0'35.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the malar stripe
black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-78, tail 3G5,
tarsus 0*95.

Immature (type of the species). Differs from the adult female in
having the feathers of the fore neck and upper part of the chest
margined at the tip with red ; the face, including the ear-coverts,
goldeu white ; the occiput red like the nape ; wing-coverts and
secondaries dingy brown, the former entirely margined, the latter
only externally margined with washed-out red ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries huffy white, slightly tij)pcd with golden yellow. In
this plumage the bird very closely resembles the immature of
H. hrcvirostris from Ecuador.

Hah. Peru (Huasampilla) and Bolivia.

a. <S ad. sk. Huasampilla, Peru (H. JJlu'tely).

h. c? imm. sk. Bolivia.

c. Imm.sk. Holivia {B. Pear ce).

d. S imm. sk. Eamosnni, Bolivia (C. Buckley).
e,f. (5 2 ad. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia

"sk. (C. Buckley).

y,h. c? 2 ad. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia
sk. (C. Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Type of species.)
T. Badges [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoH.

Sclater CoU.

4. sEciNirs.
4. GECINUS.

GeciniLs, Bole, Isis, 1831, p. 542

BrachylopLus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837)
Venilia, Bp. Cimsp. Gen, Av. i. p. 128 (1850)

33

Type.
G. viridis.
G. viridis.
G. puniceiis.

Tail of Gecinus viridis (reduced).

Ranc/e. Throughout almost the whole of the Palsearctic and the
Indian Eegions.

Key to the Species.

A. Eump green or yellow.

a'. No yellow nuchal crest; never any
red on the wings.
a". Under surface of the body not uni-
form, and more or less varied with
V-shaped, squamate or crescentic
mai-kings of black, brown, or
brownish oHve.
a'". Underparts yeUow, the abdo-
men, flanks, and thighs with
more or less distinct V-shaped
or crescentic dusky markings.
a*. Anterior half of face black.
a^. Malar stripe red, bordered

with black viridis S ad., p- 38.

b\ Malar stripe black viridis $ ad., p. 39.

V, Entire face grey.

c^ Malar stripe red, not bor-
dered with black sharpii (^ ad., p. 40.

d'. Malar stripe black sharpii § ad., p. 40.

e*. Face grey, but crossed by a
white stripe fi'om the base
of the upper mandible to the
extremity of the malar region ;
malar stripe black in both
sexes.

VOL. XVIII. J,

34

e\ Crown, occiput, audiiiipe red. vaillanti J ad., p. 41.
y. Crown and occiput grey
striped witli blacli ; nape

(only) red vaillanti $ ad,, p. 41.

'". Underparts below the upper

breast covered with V-shaped

or crescentic marlrings of blaclj;

malar stripe red in both sexes.

dK Crown and occiput red, tliis

coloiu- spreading on to the

black nape cavukera S ad., p. 42.

e'. Crown grey, varied with black,

the occiput (only) red awokera 2 ad., p. 42.

'". Underparts below the chest
with squamate markings of
black ; throat and chest oliva-
ceous or yellowish ashy ; tail
entirely barred ; malar region
black striped with white in
both sexes.
/*. Wing-coverts uniform ; the
squamate markings on the
underparts broad, the fea-
thers often having black
shaft-stripes ; tail narrowly
barred with creamy white,
the black interspaces show-
ing clearly on the underside.
g^. Crown, occiput, and nape

red squamatus cS ad., p. 4-3.

h'. Crown, occiput, and nape

black squamatus 5 ad., p. 44.

(/. {pale form). Wing-coverts
barred with darker green ;
the squamate markings on the
underparts very narrow, and
the feathers without black
shaft-stripes ; tad broadly
barred with creamy white,
the bars showing faintly on
the underside, which is
washed with golden yellow.
i>. Crown, occiput, and nape red. (/orii S ad., p. 45.
j'\ Crown, occiput, and nape

black gorii $ ad., p. 45.

i'". Underparts below the chest
with elongated squamate mark-
ings of blackish brown, and
having a striped appearance;
the neck and chest uniform
ochreous yellow or greenish ;
tail not barred, and with only
a few bar-like spots on the
inner webs of the central
feathers.
h^. Crown, occiput, and nape red. vittatus S ad., p. 46.
i*. Crown, occiput, and nape black, vittatus $ ad., p. 47.

4. GECINTJS, 35

t'" . The ueck and chest not uniform,
and varied with markings very
similar to those of the under-
parts.
j^. Tail-feathers with only a few
bar-like spots at the base, the
outer large one externally
spotted, not barred ; malar
region deep black striped with
white in both sexes ; plumage
not soft and silky.
h\ Crown, occiput, and nape red. viridanus S ad., p. 48.
V. Crown, occiput, and nape

black viridanus 2 ad., p. 48.

kK Tail-feathers more or less
barred at the base, the outer
large one entirely barred;
malar region greyish white,
striped with dusky olive or
blackish in both sexes ; plu-
mage soft and silky.
m'\ Crown, occiput, and nape red. striolatus cJ ad., p. 50.
w'. Crown, occiput, and nape

black striolatus 5 ad., p. 51.

h". Entire under surface of the body
uniform ; malar stripe black in
both sexes.
f". Nape gi'ey.

IK Crown red cantts S ad., p. 54.

inK Crown and occiput grey like

the nape camis 5 ad., p. 54.

(j'". Nape black ; occiput black or
striped with grey.
n^. Tail entirely crossed by greyish
bars ; lower mandible yellow
at the base.

o\ Crown red gnerini S ad., p. 55.

p^. Crown and occiput striped
black and grey, or almost

entirely black guerini $ ad., p. 55.

o'. Tail black, the central pair of
feathers with greyish spots
upon both webs ; bill black,
with no yellow on the lower
mandible.

q^. Crown red occijnfalis (J ad., p. 56.

r'\ Crown black, like the occiput

and nape occipitalis 2 ad., p. 57.

b'. With yellow nuchal crest and with

more or less red on the wings.

c". Wing-coverts green, and the outer

webs of the quills more or less so.

h'". Larger, length 10 inches, wing

5'25 ; underparts below the

breast fulvescent white barred

with olive-dusky.

pK Base of the forehead, outer

d2

36

edge of the crown and occiput,

also the malar stripe, crimson, chlorolophus S a^d-j p. t>0.
y'. Occiput (ouly) externally bor-
dered with red ; no red malar

stripe chlurolophus J ad., p. 60.

»'". Smaller, length 9'5 inches, wing
4'65 ; underparts deep oliYe,
the sides of the body and below
the breast more or less spotted
transversely with yellowish
white.
?•', Crown, occiput, and malar

stripe crimson chlorocjaster S ad., p. 63.

s*. Occiput (only) crimson ; no red

malar stripe chloroyastev $ ad., p. 63.

d". Wing-coverts and outer webs of
qiuUs (except the apical portion
of the primaries) crimson.

/". Malar stripe crimson jnmiceus S ad., p. 65.

k'". "Without any malar stripe .... puniceus 5 ad., p. 65.
. Eump red ; head black ; neck and chest

yellow.
c'. BiU ivory-white.

e". Crown with a small quadrate spot

of red eriithropijgius S ad., p. 66.

/". With no red on crown eri/throjii/ffius 5 ad., p. 67.

d'. BiU black.
g". Crown with large quadrate patch

of red, or almost entii-ely red. . . . 7iigriyenis cS ad., p. 67.
h". With no red on crown nigrigenis $ ad., p. 68.

1. Gecinus viridis.

Le Pic \e\A,Bnss. Ont. iv. p. 9 (1760); Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois .

vii. p. 355 (1783) ; Dauh. PL Enl. 879 {S)-
Le Pic Yerd du Mexique, Briss. Ont. iv. p. 16 (1760)*.
Le Pic jaune de Perse, Biiss. Orn. iv. p. 20 (1760)t ; Salerne, Hist.

Nat. Ois. p. 108 (1767).
The Cireen Woodpecker, Penn. Brit. Zool, Bds. p. 78, pi. E, c?

(1766) ; Wallis, Nat. Hist. Nortlmmh. i. p. 319 (1769) ; Lath.

Gen. Syn. ii. p. 577 (1782) ; Petin. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 277 (1785) ;

Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 110 (1787) ; Lewin, B. Gt. Brit. ii.

p. 34, pi. xlvi. 6 (1796) ; Mont. Orn. Diet. ii. (1802) ; Betuick,

Hist. Bds. i. p. 136 (1826) ; Heivits. Mag. Zool. &■ Bot. ii. p. 313

(1838) ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Ird. ii. App. p. 441 (1851).
Picus \mi\s, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175(1766); Tunst. Orn. Brit.

* Founded on the bird described and figured as Ardea me.vicana by Seba
(Cab. Cur. Nat. i. pt. 2, p. 100, pi. Ixiv. fig. 3, 1734), but which is only G.
viridis furuished with the legs of another bird, not a Woodpecker. Tins error
was observed by Brisson, who placed the bird amongst the Picidce, but failed
to recognize the species to which it belonged.

+ Founded on the Picus lufeus cyanopus piersicus of Aldrovandi (Orn. p. 850),
and nothing more than a variety of G. viridis, peculiar to the East.

4. GECINtJS. 37

p. 2 (1771) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 433 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i,

p. 234 (1790) ; Meyer ^ Wolf, Hist. Nat. Ois. cle VAllem. p. 15,

pi. X. 2 ad., pi. xi. juv. (1805) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i.

p. 408(1811); Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. 3Ius. p. 12 (1816) ; Nils.

Orn. Suec. i. p. 103 (1817) ; Vieill. N. Diet. xxvi. p. 9.5 (1818) ;

Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 391 (1820) ; Brehm, Natury. Eur., Vog.

i. p. 134 (1823) ; Roux; Orn. Frov. i. p. 92, pis. 57, 58 (1825) ;

Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 169 (1826) ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 60 (1826) ; Natim. Vog. Deutschl. v. p. 270, pi. cxxxii. (1826) ;

Waql. Syst. Ac. Picus, sp. .32 (1827); Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 140

(1827) ; Werner, Ail. pi. 201 (1827) ; Flem. Hist. Brit. Anim.

p. 91 (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 218(1831); Menetr. Cat. Rais.

Cauc. p. 46, no. 133 (1832) ; Selb;/, Brit. B. i. pt. 2, p. 372, pi.

xxxviii. cS (1833) ; Jenyns, 3Ian. Brit. Vertebr. p. 148 (1835) ;

Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 226, S ad. & juv. (1837) ; Schinz, Wirb.

Schiueiz, p. 91 (1837); Jard. S,- Selb. III. Orn. i. p. 372 (1839);

Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 91 (1840) ; Keys. S,- Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. 147 (1840) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 1.32 (1843) ; Schley.

Rev. Crit. Ois. (FEur. p. xUx (1844); Drunim. Ann. Nat. Hist.

1846, p. 13 ; Baikie S,- Hedd. Hist. Nat. Oread, pt. i. p. 49 (1848);

Schley. Vog. Nederl. p. 79, pi. 48 J § (1854-58) ; Hewits. Eggs

Brit. B. i. p. 239, pi. ixi. fig. 2 (1856) ; Binder m. Vog. Griechenl.

p. 41 (1860) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866) ; Sahanaeff,

Bull. Mosc. xlii. pt. ii. pp. 185-197 (1869) ; Elw. <.y BucM. Ibis,

1870, p. 188; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 189 (1871); Hurting,

Handb. Brit. B. p. 32 (1872) ; Cord. Ibis, 1875, p. 184 ; Mommsen,

Griech. Jahresz. pt. iii. p. 186 (1875) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 38,

pi. V. figs. .3-5(1878); Ehoes, Ibis, 1880, p. 396; Seeb. op. cit.

1882, p. 209.
Picus semirostris*, Linn. Syst, Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Milll. Linn.

Naturg. pt. ii. p. 225(1773); Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 4.35 (1788) ;
^ Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 238 (1790).
The Yellow Blue-footed Persian Woodpecker, Lath. Sun. ii. p. 584

(1782).
Half-biUed Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. B. ii. p. 586 (1782).
Picus persicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 4-35, no. .34 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. i. p. 236 (1790).
Colaptes pinetorum, )

Colaptes frondium, ( „ ? t • t^tt t ->►-<
Colaptes vireseens, f ^''^'"'> ^'''> 1^"''' ?• ^^'^^
Colaptes viridis, )
Gecinus viridis, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Brehm, Vdy. Deutschl.

p. 198 (1831) ; Ross, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 1 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4-38

(1846) ; B]}. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr.

Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 347, no. 793,

pi. dcxx. figs. 4131-33 (1854) ; Poicys, Ibis, 1860, p. 235 ; Salvad.

Ucc. Sard. p. 32 (1864) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 58 ; More, torn. cit.

p. 135 ; Degl. >.V Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 156 (1867) ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1868) ; Doderl. Avif. Sic. p. 50 (i860) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8671 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun.d'Ital.,
Ucc. i. p. 34 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 77, pi. cclxxxv. (1871) ;

Dubois, Coyisp. Av. Eur. p. 19 (1871) ; Boyd. B. Vulya, p. 60,

no. 41 (1871) ; Garrod, Ibis, 1872, p. 359 ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii.

pi. Ixxiv. cJ ?, pl. Ixxv. juv. (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 235 ;

* A mutilated specimen.

38 PlCIDiE.

Dcinf. Sj- Harv.-Br. op. cit. 1875, p. 298 ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. ii.

p. 135 (1876) ; Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 2G4 ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 6 ;

£offd. B. Cauc. (Buss.), p. 119, no. 184 (1879); Goebel, Vog.

Uman, Kr. p. 154 (1879) ; Russoio, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl.

p. 117 (1880) ; Brandt, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 229 ; Wharton, Ibis, 1881,

p. 257 ; Giffl. t. c. p. 191 ; Btichn. c^ Pleske, Orn. St. Petersb.

Gouvern. p. 76 (1881); Collett, Noryes Fucjlef. p. 314 (1881);

Neiot. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 457 (1881); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 22 ;

Irh), t. c. p. 179 ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 304 (1884) ; Clarke, Ibis,

1884, p. 144 ; Satmd. t. c. p. 379 ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 364,

pi. xviii. (1884); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 205 (1886); Salvad. Ucc.

Ital. p. 67 (1887) ; Backhouse, Ibis, 1887, p. 72 ; Ilanj. op. cit.

1888, p. 30.
Geciuus pinetorum, 1

Gecinus frondiuni; V Brehm, Vof/. Deutsckl. pp. 197, 199 (1831).
Gecinus viresceiis, |

Malacolophus viridis. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Brachylophus viridis, Jard. Nut. Libr. x. p. 355 (1839).
Picus kareliui*, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. ix. p. 12

(1842).
Gecinus karelini, Grar/, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.

Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 349, no. 795 (1854); Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8678

(1870).
Chloropicos viridis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 351.
Chloropicus viridis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 118, pi. Ixxix. figs. 1-4

(1862).
Chloropicus karelini, Malh. Picid. ii. p. 126 (1862).
Gecinus sauudersif, Tacz. J.f. O. 1878, p. 349.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts uniform j'ellowish
olive ; feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts green, with
the apical portion chrome-yellow ; quills dusky, the outer webs of
the secondaries and of the inner primaries ou their basal margin
washed with green, the outer webs of the primaries spotted with
dull white, those of the secondaries having almost obsolete greyish
spots or transverse markings ; inner webs of quills spotted with
pure white ; shafts dusky brown ; tail dusky black, barred with
smoky grey, the central feathers margined at the base with green ;
shafts dusky black ; top of the head, occiput, nape, and malar stripe
crimson ; nasal plumes, anterior half of face, and outer edge of
malar stripe black ; hind neck and side of the neck green ; posterior
half of face, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both in-
clusive, greenish or yellowish white, whiter on the chin and throat,
the vent with crescentic dusky-olive markings, the thighs and
under tail-coverts barred with dusky olive ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries yellowish white, the former narrowly barred with olive-
dusky, the latter having one or two transverse spots and a sub-

* Mr, Seebobm, at. my request, examined tlio t3'pe in the Museum of St.
Petersburg, and he considers it referable to the present species,
t From the Caucasus, and inseparable from our own Green Woodpecker.

4. GECINTJS.

39

apical bar of olive-dusky : " bill greyish black, the lower mandible
with a yellowish longitudinal band near the base ; iridea white ;
feet dull bluish grey, the claws light greyish brown, with a tinge
of blue" {Macgillivray). Total length 12-5 inches, culmcn 1-9,
wing 6-5, tail •!■, tarsus 1-2 ; toes (without claws) — outer antei'ior
0*85, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0'68, inuer posterior 0--i.

Adult female. Has the malar stripe black, but otherwise is similar
to the adult male. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1'7, wing
Q-2b, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-15.

Nestlings. Have the back and wing-coverts less vivid green, with
dull white or yellowish spots, the rump having partially concealed
bars of dusky black, and the upper tail-coverts barred with dusky ;
the face and sides of the neck, together with the entire underparts
and under tail-coverts, yellowish white, the face and entire neck
striped with black, the breast having somewhat V-shaped markings,
and the remainder with transverse markings or bars of black ; the
feathers of the forehead, crown, and occiput tipped with scarlet ;
superciHum dusky black, spotted with olivaceous white. The male
has the malar stripe black, spotted anteriorly with olivaceous white,
the posterior feathers tipped with red ; the female has no red on
the malar stripe, this being entirely dusky black spotted with dull
greenish white.

Hab. Found throughout the greater part of Europe, its northern
range in Norway and Sweden being about 60° lat. Also inhabits
Asia Minor and Persia.

«, 6. c? ? ad. ;
c-g. Juv. St.
h. 2 ad. St.

i. 2 ^^- sk.
k. cS ad. St.

I, m. S ad. et

S juv. St.
n. iS ad. sk.
0. 2 ad. sk.

2), q. cj ad. sk. ;

r. Pull. sk.
s,t. cJ $ ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. st.
V. 2 ad. sk.

w. (S ad. sk.

.r. 2 ad. sk.
y. Pull. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.
a'. (5 ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. St.

Norfolk.

Norfolk.

Hethersett, Norfolk,
Drinkstone Park, Suffolk,

Cambridgeshire.

Cambridgeshire.

Near Oxford {Mwraij A.

Matheiv).
Hendon, jNIiddlese.x (0.

Salvin).
Tauhurst, Surrey, Feb. 1857

{F. DiiCane Godmmi).
Cookham, Berks.
Cookham, Berks, Nov. 30,

1874.
Cookham, Berks, Dec. 1867

{R. B.S.).
Devonshire.
Norway {Baker~).
Stockholm, Oct. 10, 1870.
Wermland, June 6, 1872.
Paris.

Lord Walsingham

[P-]-
Lord Walsingham

Tweeddale CoU.

T. Harcom-t Powell,

Esq. [P.].
Mr, J. Baker [C.].

Tweeddale CoD.
Gould Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Mr. W. Briggs [C.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale CoU,

Montagu Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.
W. Meves [C.].
W. Meves [C.]. •
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].

40

c'. cJ ad. St.

d'

2 ad. sk.

e'

$ ad. sk.

f

g' (S ad.; h',

i', k'. 2 ad. sk

l\

m' (S 2 ^^•

sk.

n'

c? ad. sk.

o'

Ad. sk.

V

-s'. Skulls.

r-

-z'. Sterna.

Ain, France.

Mentone.

Asia Minor (T. Eobson).

Asia Minor, Dec, Jan., Fel).,

March {T. Robson).
Taurus, Asia Minor, Marcli,

Dec. (C. G. Dunford).
Gumushkhana, Asia Minor,

June 27, 1848 {Dickson S^

Hoss).
Persia.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Purchased.

2. Gecinus sharpii.

Gecinus viviiis (tioji Zinn.), Lilfurd, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Saund. op.
cit. 18G9, p. 182, 1871, p. 05.

Picus viridis {nan Linn.), A. C. Smith, Ibis, 18G8, p. 448.

Gecinus sharpii, Saund. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 153 ; Dresser, B. Eur. t.
p. 89, pi. 286 (1872) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 71 (1875) ; Saund. Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325 ; Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Tou-
louse, 1877, p. 133 * ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 486 ;
Chajmi. Ibis, 1884, p. 79; Tait, op. cit. 1887, p. 304; Hart/, op.
cit. 1888, p. 27.

Adult male. Eesembles G. viridis, but differs in having the face
grey, there being only a spot of black upon the loral region ; the
malar stripe more scarlet than crimson, and not bordered with
black. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 6-05, tail 3-7,
tarsus 1'2 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-77, outer posterior
0*65, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar
stripe black. Total length 11*5 inches, culmen 1"75, wing 6-15,
tail 3-6, tarsus 1"23.

Nestling, male. May be distinguished from that of G. viridis in
having the face slaty grey, slightly greenish anteriorly, striped and
spotted with dull white ; the supercilium unspotted ; sides of the
fore neck and chest greyer ; the spots on the underparts less trans-
verse, being diamond-shaped, heart-shaped, and Y-shaped, except
on the flanks and thighs, which are barred ; the upper tail-coverts
not barred.

Eah. Spain south of the Guadarrama Mountains, and throughout
Portugal.

a,b. (S 2 ad. ;

cJ juv. sk.
d. cJ juv. sk.

e,/. $ ad.sk.

Cota de Dona Ana, Spain, May Lord Lilford [P.].

1872.
Sta. de Isnalloz, Spain, Feb. 2, Tweeddale Coll.

1872 {Howard Saunders).
Coto del Rev, Spain, Jan. 1872. Col. Irby [P.].

* Said by M. Lacroix to Lave been obtained at Martorj', Haute Garonne ;
but, as I have pointed out (Ibis, 1888, p. 30), I think there has been a mistake
in the identification.

4. eECDTTIS. 41

g. 2 juv. sk. Granada, Spain, Sept. 1874 Tweeddale Coll.

{Horvavd Saiinclers).

h. cS ad. sk. Coimbra, Portugal. Dr. Lopez Yiera

[P.].

3. Gecinus vaillanti.

Picus (Cliloropicus) viridis {)wn Linn.), Malh. Cat. Rais. Ois.

d' Alger., 3Iem. Soc. d'Hist. Metz, 1846, p. 17.
Picus (Cbloropiciis) caiius {non Gm.), Malh. Cat. Eats. Ois. d' Alger.,

Mem. Sue. d'Hist. Nat. Metz, 1846, p. 17.
Chloropicus vaillantii, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1846-47, p. 130 ;

id. N. Classif., op. cit. 1848-49, p. 351 ; id. Fieidce, ii. p. 122,

pi. Ixxxii. figs. 1-3 (1862).
Picus algirus, Levaill. Jr. Expl. Sc. d' Alger., Ois. pi. y. (1848-49) ;

Smidev. Consp. Av. Finn. p. 60 (1866).
Gecinus algirus, Grag, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849) ; Eeicheiih.

Scans. Ficince, p. 348, no. 793, pi. dcxx. fig. 4134 (1854).
Gecinus vaillantii, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Volucr. Zygod. p. 10 (1854) ; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. dAlg.

sp. 191, p. 92 (1858); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 159; Salv. torn. cit.

p. 315 ; Tristr. op. cit. 1860, p. 373; Brake, op. cit. 1867, p. 425;

Loche, Expl. Sc. d' Alger, ii. p. 83 (1867) ; Grag, List Picul. Brit.

Mas. p. 73 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8673 (1870);

Tacz. J.f. 0. 1870, p. 40 ; G%miey, Jan., Zool. 1871, p. 2579 ;

Dresser, B. Eur. t. p. 93, pi. cclxxxvii. (1873) ; Irbg, Orn. Str.

Gibr. p. 72 (1875); Harg. Ibis, 1888, p. 24.
Picus viridis Cnon Linn.), Carstensen Xaumannia, ii. pt. 1, p. 77

(1852).

Adult male. Resembles both G. viridis and G. sharpii. It diifers
from G. viridis in having the face grej-, and in the malar stripe
being entirely black. It also difi'ers from G. sharpii in having the
malar stripe black, and in addition has a white spot at the base of
the upper mandible, and an indication of a whitish stripe above the
malar region. " Irides white " (Irbg). Total length 11-3 inches,
culmeu 1-5, wing 6-05, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-12 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-95, outer posterior 0-86, inner anterior 0-68, inner
posterior 0-38.

Adult femcde. Differs from the adult male in having the occiput
alone scarlet, the forebead and crown being greenish slaty grey, the
feathers having a black central stripe. Total length 11-3 inches,
culmen 1-45, wing 6, tail 4-05, tarsus 1.

Hah. Morocco and Algeria, as far as the Tunisian frontier.

a. (S ad. St. Algeria. Pm'chased.

b. $ ad. sk. Tetuan, Morocco, March 29, 1874 Col. Irby [P.].

4. Gecinus awokera.

Picus awokera, Temm. PL Col. iv.no. -l-i, pi. 585 (1826); id. Sf
Schleg. Faun. Japon. p. 72, pi. xxxvi. (1847-49) ; Sundev. Consp.
Av. Ficin. p. 60 (1866).

Gecinus awokera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen,
Av. i. p. 127 (1850) ; id. Comp. Volucr. Zggod. p. 10 (1854) ;

42 piciD^.

Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 349, no. 797, pi. dcxx. figs. 41.37-38

(1854); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 72 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8672 (1870) ; Blahist. 8,-

Pnjei; Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 136 (1882) ; Joui/, Proc. V. S.

Nat. Mus. vi. p. 308 (1883) ; Harff. Ibis, 1888, p. 40.
Chloropicos awokera, MalJi. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 351.
Chloropicus awolcera, Malh. PicidcB, ii. p. 128, pi. Ixxx. figs. 1, 2

(1862).

Adult male. Back and scapulars olive, the rump and upper tail-
coverts also olive, but the feathers haviug chrome-yellow tips ; wiug-
coverts and outer webs of the secondaries of a more golden olive
than the back ; the remaining portion of the quills dusky black, the
outer webs of the primaries spotted with white, the inner feathers
having the web partially or entirely margined with olive; inner
webs, except the apical portion of the primaries, spotted with pure
white ; shafts dusky brown ; tail brownish dusky, with faint greyish
bars on both webs, the central feathers margined at the base with
golden olive ; shafts dusky brown with blackish tips ; nasal plumes,
base of forehead, lores, and below the eye dusky black ; crown, occi-
put, and nape crimson, the bases of the feathers slaty grey spotted
with black, partly exposed ; malar stripe mostly crimson, but black
anteriorly and posteriorly ; hind neck dusky black ; chin and throat
white ; face and side of "the neck and fore neck slaty grey, shading
into yellowish grey on the chest and upper breast; the remaining
underparts and the under tail-coverts white tinged with yellow, and
covered with V-shaped and crescentic markings of black, the lower
series of under tail-coverts barred with black ; under wing-coverts
and axillarics yellowish white, with transverse and varied spots of
black : " iris Venetian red ; bill dark greenish, base lemon-yellow ;
tarsi and toes dull olive-green" {Jowj). Total length 11-3 inches,
culmen 1-6, wing 5-6, tail 3-95, tarsus 1-15 ; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-75, outer posterior 0*68, inner anterior 0-6, inner
posterior 0"35.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the forehead and
crown smoky grey, the latter greenish posteriorly, the feathers
being tipped and streaked with dusky, the occiput and nape red ;
the malar stripe red as in the male. Total length 11 inches, culmen
1-45, wing 5-55, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-05.

Young (sex ?). Has the back and scapulars dusky with the faint-
est green tinge ; forehead and crown dusky, the occipital feathers
tipped with dull orange-scarlet ; nape and hind neck dusky blackish ;
face and side of the neck smoky grey ; some of the black malar
feathers tipped with red ; chin, throat, fore neck, and chest dingy
buffy white ; the black markings below covering the entire breast ;
the wings and their coverts very much duller. In other respects it
resembles the older birds.

Hah. Main island of Japan, also the island of Xiushiu.

a,h. S 9- ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll.

c. $ ad. sk. Japan. C. Maries.

4. GECINTTS. 43

d. 2 ad. sk. Japan. Leiden Museum.

e,f. S 2 ^^- sk. Yokohama, Japan. H. Pryer.

//. S im'u- sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Einger, Esq. [P.].

/(. 2 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. Tweeddale Coll.

5. Gecinus squamatus.

Picus squamatus, Vig. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8 ; Gould, Cent. B. Hivial. M.

pi. xlviii. (1832) ; Jard. 4'- Selhy, III. Orn. iii. pi. cviii. c? (circa

1835) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 998 (1843) ; Leifh Admm, P. Z. S.

1859, p. 173; Simdev. Consp. Ai: Picin. p. .59 (180(3).
Picus dimidiatus (wom Temm.), Graij, Hardxo. III. Ind. Zool. i.

pi. xxix. tig. 1 (1830-32).
Malacolophus squamatus, Sjvams. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Chrysoptilus squamatus, Vig. P. Z. S. 1841 , p. 6.
Brachylophus squamatus v. nepalensLs, Hudgs. Icon. ined. in Brit.

Mus. no. 148 [S 9.)-
Brachylophus squamatus, Hodgs. in Grcujs Zool. Misc. p. 8-5 (1844).
Gecinus squamatus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1840) ; Bbjth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 57, no. 200 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127

(1850); id. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10 (1854); Eeichenb. Scans.

Picincs, p. 350, no. 801, pi. dcxxvii. figs. 4174-75 (1854); Horsf.

S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 659, no. 959(1856^58);

Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 475 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 286 (1862) ;

Beavan, Ibis, 1807, p. 138 ; Tytler, op. cit. 1868, p. 202 ; Pek. torn.

cit.]). 320; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1868); Beavan,

Ibis, 1809, p. 414; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8084 (1870) ;

Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 9 ; Cock Sf Marsh. Str. F. 1873, p. 350 ; Bidd.

op. cit. 1880, p. 314 ; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 49 ; Scully, lorn. cit. p. 430 ;

id. Str. F.x. p. 102 (1881); Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410; Ilarg.

op. cit. 1888, p. 153.
Cliloropicus squamatus, 3Icdh. Picidce, ii. p. 131, pi. Ixxviii. figs. 1-3

(1862).
Gecinus flavirostris*, Menzhier {ex Zarudnoi, MS.), Bull. Nat.

Mosc. 1886, pt. 1, p. 440.
Gecinus zarudnoi, Menzhier, Ibis, 1887, p. 301.

Adult male. Above, including scapulars and wing-coverts, uniform
green; bastard-vring black with whitish spots; primary-coverts
similar, but having greyish spots ; quills dusky, outer webs of the
primaries margined at the base with green and barred with white,
those of the secondaries partially or entirely green, and having indis-
tinct greyish spots; inner webs spotted or partially barred with
white ; shafts brownish black ; rump and upper tail-coverts green,
the feathers tipped with chrome-yeUow ; tail black, edged at the
base with olive-yellow, and narrowly barred with huffy white : shafts
black ; nasal plumes, base of the forehead, and outer edge of the
crown black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape crimson ; a spot

* Dr. Meuzbier has not, in my opinion, satisfactorily shown that his G. flavi-
rostris is tlie same as my G. gorii, and I cannot separate his species from G. squa-
matus. The specifio name of ::arudnoi was subsequently given by Dr. Menzbier
to the same bird, on account of his previous name having been (as he imagined)
preoccupied ; but the species to which the name oi Picus flavirostris was given
by the Abbe David is not a Gecinus, but is Hypopicus hypcrythrus.

44 PICIDiE,

in front of the eye and a short streak behind it black ; a broad
yellowish-white superciliary stripe, and another from the white
lores passing under the ear-coverts ; sides of the face smoky green,
varied with greenish white ; malar stripe streaked black and white ;
sides of the neck and hind neck green ; chin, throat, fore neck, and
chest pale smoky green ; underparts, including under tail-coverts,
yellowish white, the feathers with a broad intermargiual line and
occasional shaft-streak of black, and having a scaly appearance ;
under wing-coverts yellowish white, with V-shaped markings of
black ; axiUaries white, barred with black : " irides, a circle of
dark pinkish red round the black pupil, surrounded by a second ring
of light pink ; upper mandible horn-coloured at the base, the tip
and the whole of the lower mandible being of a brightish yellow "
(H. C. Beavan). Total length l;3-5 inches, oulmen 1'85, wing 6"25,
tail 4-65, tarsus 1*1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer
posterior 0-72, inner anterior 0'63, inner posterior 0'45.

Younr/ male. Has the upper parts and wing-coverts dusky, the
margins only of the feathers being green, and on the rump tinged
with yellow ; the greater wing-coverts and outer webs of the
secondaries crossed with greenish-white markings ; the quills tipped
with white ; the top of the head black, the base of the forehead
spotted with grey, the other feathers tipped with red or orange-red ;
chin and throat imiform smoky white ; sides of the neck and fore
neck smoky grey, the feathers having blackish centres or V-shaped
spots ; the chest like the remaining underparts, but less yellow than
in the adult, and the black markings not so clearly defined.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the whole of the top of the head and nape being black,
the coronal feathers marghied with smoky grey and having a streaked
appearance. Total length 13'5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 6-35, tail
4"5, tarsus 1"3.

Ilcch. Northern range, Gilgit ; into Cashmere and Afghanistan,
and through the Himalayas to Kumaou and Nepal.

a. 5ad.sk. Aighanhtan {Gnfifh). India Museum.

h, c. cJ 2 ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Langworthy,

Esq. [P.].

(1, e. S ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Bcllew). India Museum.

/. 2 ad. sk. GJilgit, March 4, 1879 (-/. Bid- Hume Coll.

dulph).

a. 5 ad. sk. Dhurmsala, Cashmere, April Hume Coll.

1870.

h, i. S ad. et S Murree. Colonel Way [P.].

juv. sk.

k, I. (S ad. ; m. 2 N.W. Himalayas. StackhousePinwill,

juv. sk. Esq. [P.].

w, 0. d 2 ad. sk. Kotekhaie, Feb. 20, 1871. Hume Coll.

/>, y. cJ 2 ^d. ; r. Kotegurh, June. Hume Coll.

J juv. sk.

s-y. (S ad. etjuv. ; Simla, April, July, Sept. (i?. C. Tweeddale Coll.

z. 2 ad. sk. Beavan).

a', V. S ad. et Simla, July -10, 1868 {A. O. H.). Hume Coll.

juv..sk.

4. GECINUS.

c'-

-A-.', c^ad. ; 1

5 ad. sk.

I'-o'.

Simla, July, Sept., Oct., Nov.,
Dec. ( W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

p'

. 2 ad. sk.

Masuri {Finwill).

Tweeddale Coll.

4

-f. S ad.;
2 ad. sk.

u' .

Masui'i.

Hume Coll.

v'.

. (5 ad. sk.

Dehra Dlioou, Oct. 19, 1866.

Hume Coll.

tV

'. d ad. ; x'
2 ad. sk.

\y'-

Naini Tal, Aug., Sept. 1886.

Hume Coll.

z'.

, 2 ad. sk.

Almorah, Oct. 17, 1866.

Hume Coll.

a'

'. c? ad. ; b"
2 ad. sk.

,c".

Kuinaou {Strachey).

India Museum.

45

6. Gecinus gorii.

Gecinus squamatus {non Vigors), Sioinhoe, His, 1882, p. ] 02.
Geciuus gorii. Margin, Ibis, 1887, p. 74, 1888, p. 159 ; Sir O. B.

St. John, op. cit. 1889, p. 158; Aitchison, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2ndser.

Zool V. p. 83, pi. vi. tig. 1 c? (1889).

Adult male. Above pale green, with a few dusky Y-sliaped
markiugs, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts tipped
with chrome-yellow ; scapulars and wing-coverts pale green, barred
with dusky green, the former having a few dusky Y-shaped mark-
ings ; bastard-wing black, spotted with creamy white on both webs ;
primary-coverts dusky black and similarly spotted, but with a
greyer shade of colour ; quills dusky black, the outer webs of the
primaries broadly barred with creamy white, and more or less
washed with green on the inner feathers, the inner webs spotted
with white on the margin ; the outer webs of the secondaries barred
with greenish grey, the inner webs being transversely spotted with
white along the whole margin ; tail yellowish cream-colour, narrowly
barred with blackish brown, the basal margin of the central feathers
washed with yellowish olive, the lateral feathers yellow at the tip.
(The head is very much damaged, but it has every appearance of
having been similar to G. squamatus ; the top of the head is red
and the malar stripe is black and white.) Throat and chest uniform
dull greenish yellow ; the under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts yellowish white, the feathers of the underparts having a
thread-like intermarginal line or squamate marking of blackish
olive ; under wing-coverts yellowish white, transversely varied with
black ; underside of the tail washed with yellow. Total length 13
inches, cirlmen 1-8, wing 6-5, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-2; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0*82, outer posterior 0-82, inner anterior 0*7,
inner posterior 0'42.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head. As the head, neck, upper back, and wing-coverts
are much damaged in the male, the following is a description of
these parts taken from the female : — Nasal plumes black ; forehead,
crown, occiput, and nape intense black : the face creamy grey, with
a narrow black line behind the eye ; the lores, a superciliary stripe,
also a stripe under the ear-coverts, creamy white ; cheeks white,
striped with black ; chin and throat creamy buff, shading into yel-
lowish cream-colour on the chest, and greenish on the side of the
neck ; hind neck and upper back pale green, the feathers of the

46 piciD^.

latter having a central V-shaped dusky marking. Total length 13-5
inches, eiilmen 1"S, wing 6-05, tail -1-6, tarsus 1*15.
Hah. Southern Afghanistan.

a. S ad. sk. Padda Sultan, Helniand River, Dr. Aitchisou [C.].

Afghanistan, Oct. 26, 1884. (Type of species.)

b. ? ad. sk. Quetta, Dec. 1877 {Col. Sicinhoe). Hume Coll.

7. Gecinus vittatus.

Picus vittatus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 91 (1818) ; id.

Sf Bonn. Enc. Meth. p. 1317 (1823) ; Di-ap. Bid. Class, xiii. p. 505

(1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831); Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin.

p. 59 (1866), pt.
Picus affinis, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 288 (1821) ; Vi</. Mem.

Raffl. p. 668 (1830).
Picus dimidiatus, Horsf. Gen. Cat. Jav. B. (1824) ; Valenc. Diet.

Sc. Nat. xl. p. 174 (1826) ; Wagl. Sijst. Av. Picus, sp. 88, add.

sp. 5 (1827) ; Drap. Did. Class, xiii. p. 507 (1828) ; Temm. PI.

Col. texte, 85= livr. (1830).
Gecinus dimidiatus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Gr«y, Gen. B. ii.

p. 439 (1846) ; Bli/th (pt.). Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 202

(1849) ; Bp. Co)isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr.

Zyf/od. p. 10 (1854); Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 350, no. 799,

pl.'dcxxi. figs. 4141, 4142 (1854), pt. ; Iforsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.

3Ius. B.I. Co. ii. p. 660, no. 960 (1856-58); Schomb. Ibis, 1864,

p. 257 ; Vorder^nan, Batav. Vog. pt. 2, p. 19 (1882).
Malacolophus dimidiatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Gecinus affinis, Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 662,

no. 964 (1856-58).
Cbloropicus dimidiatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 132, pi. Ixxvi. figs. 4-6

^862).
Gecinus vittatus, Grew/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1868), pt. ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8683 (1870), pt. ; Salvad. Ucc. Born.

p. 51 (1874) ; Tiraut, Ois. Basse- Cochinckine. p. 90 (1879) ; Harg,

Ibis, 1888, p, 161.

Adult male. Ahove yellowish olive, the rump-feathers tipped with
yeUow ; wing-coverts golden olive ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown, spotted with yellowish grey ; quills blackish
brown, both webs of the primaries and inner webs of the second-
aries spotted with white, outer webs of secondaries with almost
obsolete greenish- white spots ; shafts brownish black ; tail and the
shafts black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape red, the forehead
and crown edged with black ; lores and face dull white, the ear-
coverts mouse-grey ; the white forming two stripes, one above, the
other below the ej-e ; malar stripe black ; chin, the whole of the
neck, and the chest uniform ochreous yellow, sometimes tinged with
green ; underparts yellowish white, the feathers having an inter-
marginal line of olive-green ; under tail-coverts whitish, with an
intermarginal line and shaft-streak of blackish olive, the lower series
greenish grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white,
the former spotted, the latter barred with black. Sometimes the
central tail-feathers, or the outer large feather, have a few trans-

4. GECINTTS.

47

verse spots. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5-3, tail 3-8,
tarsus I'l ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-d2, outer
posterior ()*8, inner anterior 0*57, inner posterior 0'4.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput black, but is
in other respects like the adult male. Total length 10-5 inches,
culmen 1-22, wing 5, tail 3-7, tarsus 1-1.

Young. The males have the red on the head more of an orange-
scarlet, and the general colour of the plumage is duller. In the
nestling-stage not only are the neck and chest uniform, but the
underparts are nearly so, the dark markings found in the adult
being almost obsolete, except on the sides of the body, flanks, and
thighs.

Hab. Cochin-China ((rcrmain ^' Pierre); Cambodia (Harmand) ;
Siam (Bocourt), and probably ranging down the eastern portion of
the Malayan Peninsula to the south, having been obtained at
Jurrum and Klaug ; Sumatra and Java.

a. (5 ad.; b, c.

2

Java.

Tweeddale Coll

ad. sk.

d. 2 juv. sk.

Java.

Purchased.

e. S ad. sk.

E. Java.

A. R. Wallace,

[C.].

Esq

f, .<7, /(. S ad.

et

Java {Horsjield),

India Museum.

juv. ; i,k, I.

?

imm. sk.

in, n. 5 ad. sk

Salangore, Jan., Dec. ( W.

Davison).

Hume Coll.

0, p, q. S ad.

'•,

Klang, Salangore, Feb. 1880

Hume Coll.

s. 5 ad. sk.

(ir. Davison).

t. cJ ad. sk.

Mt. Sabab, Siam (MouJiot).

Gould Coll.

u, V. (S ad. et

Bangkok, March, April 1872

R. B. Sliarpe,

Esq

imm. sk.

(C'apt. Conrad).

[P.].

ic, x, y. S ad. ;

Cochin China.

Mens. E. Pierre

[!'•]

2. 5 ad. ; a!

6

juv. sk.

V. Skeleton.

Java.

Eyton Coll.

c'. Skeleton,

Java.

Piu-chased.

8. Gecinus viridanus.

Picus squamatus (non Vig.), BlytJi, J. A. S. B. x. p. 923 (1841),
d juv.

Picus viridanus, Bli/tk, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 1000 (1843) ; id. op. cit.
1844, App. p. 394.

Gecinus dimidiatus {non Temm.), Bli/tit, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58
no. 262 (1849), pt. ; Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 350, no. 799
pi. dcxxi. figs. 4141, 4142 (1854), pt. ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 150.

Gecinus viridanus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (184G) ; id. op. cit. iii
App. p. 21 (1849) ; Horsf. 8f Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E.I. Co. ii
p. OGO, no. 961 (1850-58) ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 539 ; Blyth
Ibis, 1870, p. 163 ; id. ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875) ; Oates, B.
Brit. Burm. ii. p. 48 (188.3) ; Harg. Ibis, 1888, p. 166.

Picus vittatus (pt), Sundev. Consp. Ac. Picin. p. 59 (1866).

48 PICIDiE.

Gecimis vittatus {non Vieill.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 76
(186S), pt. ; id Haml-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 868;] (1870), pt. ; Hume,
Str. F. 1874, p. 471 ; id. Sr Oates, op. cit. 1875, pp. 14,68 ; Armstr.
op. cit. 1876, p. 310 ; JIume, op. cit. 1877, p. 113 ; id. S,- Danson,
op. cit. 1878, p. 136 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 160 ; Bingh. op.
cit. 1880, p. 163 ; Oates, op. cit. x. p. 191 (1882).

Geciniis weberi, MUM. Orn. Ins. Salanga, p. 69 (1882).

Adult male. Bears a very close resemblance to G. vittatus, and
has the upper parts, wings, and head almost identical. _ It, how-
ever, differs from the latter in never having the chest uniform, this
being always, and the chin and throat generally, striated or marked
similarly to the under surface of the body ; the malar region is
black, striped with pure white; tail-feathers more spotted on the
margin : " upper mandible and gonys of lower mandible blackish
horny, rest of lower mandible pale yellow, the tip horn-black ; eye-
lids slate-colour ; irides dark red ; feet dusky green ; claws horny
brown" {E. W. Oates). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-6, wing
5-4, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-25 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-97,
outer posterior 0-85, inner anterior 0-7, inner posterior 0-4.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the absence of red on the
head, the whole of the top of the head, occiput, and nape being
black. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-4.5, wing 5-15, tail 4,
tarsus I'l.

Young. The sexes differ like the adult. In the nestlings the
underparts are duller and more smoky, and the dark markings are
very much less distinct than in the adult ; the ear- coverts are
darker ; the malar patch is almost entirely black, and in the male
the red on the head is orange-scarlet.

This species presents many phases of coloration both in the young
and in the adult, varying from dark green to golden olive or golden
brown, the former type being characteristic of Dr. A. Miiller's
G. lueberi from Salanga.

Hah. Pegu; Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula to Salanga,
and extending to Bangkok, Siam {Harmand).

Burmah {Major Houghton).

Tonghoo hills, Burmah, March
13, 1875 (R. G. W. R.).

Tonghoo, May, Dec. {R. G.
TV. R.).

Pegu.

Arakan hills, Jan. 1872 (E.

W. Oates).
China Ba-Keer, Rangoon,
Dec. 20, 1875 (/. Arm-
strong).
i. S ad. ; k, I. $ Teuasserim.

ad. sk.
m, n, 0. c? ad. ; ^j, Pahpoon, Dec, Jan. (PT.
q. 2 ad. sk. Davison).

a, b. d ad. et
imm. sk.

c. (5 ad. sk.

d, e. S 2 ad. sk.
/. (5 ad. sk.

g. 5 ad. sk.
/*. J ad. sk.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

4. GEcmus. 49

;•. J ad. sk. Near Kadoe, Sittaiig River, Hume Coll.

Feb. 5, 1876 (TV. Davison),
s. 5 ad. sk. Theinzeiic, Hoc. 13, 1876 ( 7F. Hume Coll.

Davison)
f. 2 ad. sk. Thamban, ThatoDe, Jau. 20, Hume Coll.

1878 (7T^. Davison).
u. $ ad. sk. Thatone Creek, Dec. 9, 1876 Hume Coll.

(TT'^ Davison).
V, w, .V. (^ ad. ; >/, Thatoue, Nov., Dec. ( TV. Hume CoU,

z. 2 ad. sk. Davisoii).

a', b', c'. c? ad. ; Wimpoug', Dec. 1876 ( W. Hume Coll.

d'. 2 ad. sk. Davison),

e'. S ad. sk. Theuganee Sakan, Jau. 17, Hume Coll.

1877 ( IF. Davison).
f,y'. c5' $ ad. sk. Myawadee, Jau. 1877 (TF. Hume Coll.

Davison).
h'. 2ad.sk. Myawadee, Oct. 1, 1877 (C. Hume Coll.

T. Bingham),
i. c? ad. sk. Scliouay Goon, Salween River, Tweeddale Coll.

Aug. 1865 {R. C. Beavan).
k'. c? ad. sk. Moulmeiu, Oct. 9, 1865 (R. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Beavan).
I'. S ad. sk. Moulmeiu, March 22, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),
m'. 2 ad. sk. Karope, April 23, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davisoyi).
n'. 2 ad. sk. Amherst, March 3, 1877 (/. Hume Coll.

Armstrong) .
o', p'. cJ juv. ; Amherst, Jau., Juue, July, Hume Coll.

q', r'. 2 ad. sk. Dec. ( W. Davison),
s', t'. S ad. ; Yea, March, April ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

V,'. 2 ad. sk. son),

v, tv'. d 2 ad. Meeta Myo, April 23, 1874 Hume Coll.

sk. (7F. Davison),

x'-a". S ad. ; Tavoy, Jau., March, May 1874 Hume Coll.

b", c". 2 ad. sk. ( IF. Davison).
d", e". S 2 Shymotee, May 5, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. Davison),

f. (S ad. sk. Mergui Island, Jau. 7, 1874 Hume Coll.

(TF. Davison).
g". S ad. ; h", Mergui, Nov., Dec. ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

i". 2 ad. sk. son).

k", I". (S ad. sk. Thamoti, Mergui dist., Nov. Hume Coll.

13, 1874 ( W. Davison),
m". 2 inim. sk. Chout-pya, Mei'gui dist., Nov. Hume Coll.

12, 1874 ( W. Davison).
m". dad. sk. Bopyin, Dec. 21, 1874 (TF. Hume Coll.

Daviso7i).
o". 2 ad. sk. Tenasserim Town, Nov. 28, Hume Coll.

1874 ( W. Davismi).
p", q". d 2 Pakchan, Jan. 15, 1875 ( W. Hume CoU.

ad. sk. Davison).

r". c? ad. sk. Bankasoon, March 22, 1875 Hume Coll.

(TF. Davison).
s". d ad, sk. Meplaychoung, Thouugjeen, Hume Coll.

Feb. 7, 1880 (C. T. Bitig-
ham).
VOL. xvni. &

50

PI()IT)J5.

t". S ad. ; ?<".

5juv.sk.
v". 5 ad. sk.
w",.v". 5 ad.;

f, ="• 6 $

imiu. sk.
a\ b\ d 2 ad.

sk.
c". c? ad. sk.

d'W. d ad. ; h%

i\ k\ 5 ad. sk.
P. ^ ad. ; »«', ?j',

o^ 2 ad. sk.
P\ q\ r^- d ad. ;

s^ /^ M^ $ ad.

et juv. sk.
v^-dK (5 ad. et imm.

e''-i\ 2 ad. sk.

Kaulfaryit, May, June (/. Hume Coll.

Darli )}(/).
rhagat, Nov. 27, 1877. Hume Coll.

Poongah, Sept. 1879 (/. Hume Coll.

Daiii?i(/).

Island of Salang-a, Feb., Capt. Weber [C.].

March. (Types of G. weberi.)

Island of Salanga, Jan. (J. Hume Coll.

DarUncf).
Salang-, Salansja, Jan., Feb., Hume Coll.

March 1879"(j; Davlmq).
Taroar, Feb. 1879 {J. Darl- Hume Coll.

iiu/).
Tapraw, April 1879 {J. Darl- Hume CoU.

iny).

Kossoum, May, June, July (/. Hume Coll.
Darlincj).

9. Gecinus striolatus.

Brachvlophus squamatus {noji Vir/.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840,

p. 213.
Pious striolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 184-3, p. 1000 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ.

xiii. pt. 2, p. 1.38 '(1844) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866).
Brachylophus xantliopygfeus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos.

147, 148 (c? 2) ; id', tn Grm/s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Gecinus striolatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 ; id. Cat. Mamm. Sfc.
Nepal, pres. Hodr/s. p. 117 (1846) ; Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 57, no. 261 (1849) ; Eeichenh. Scans. Picina, p. 350, no. 800,

pi. dcxxi. fig. 4143 (1854) ; Horsf. c^'- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I.

Co. ii. p. 660, no. 962 (1856-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 287 (1862) ;

Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sj-c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. 2nd ed. p. 63 (1868) ;

id. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192,

no. 8685 (1870) ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 464 ; Elu-es, torn. cit. p. 527 ;

Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 9 ; Legge, Str. F. 1873, p. 488 ; Ball, op.

cit. 1874, p. 391 ; Legf/e, Ibis, 1875, p. 412 ; Blyth <§• Wald. B.

Burm. p. 76 (1875) ; Hume >§• Gates, Str. F. 1875, p. 68 ; Butler,

torn. cit. p. 458 ; Godiuin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 70 ; Inglis,

Str. F. 1877, p. 26; Fairbarik, torn. cit. p. .396; Ball, torn. cit.

p. 413 ; Anders. Yunnan F.vjjed. i. p. 585 (1878), pt. ; Hume ^

Davison, Str. F. 1878, vi. p. 136; Davids. 8r Wend. oj). cit. vii.

p. 78 (1878) ; Ball, torn. cit. p. 206 ; Cr?>^js, torn. cit. p. 262 ;

Godicin-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1878, p. 14; Hmne, Str. F 1879,

p. 87 ; Scully, tom. cit. pp. 247, 368 ; Butler, B. Sind Sf-c. and

Mount Ahoo, p. 19 (1879) ; id. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 24 (1880) ; id.

Str. F. 1880, p. 386 ; Leqcje, B. Ceyl. p. 194 (1880) ; Gates, Str. F.

X. p. 191 (1882) ; W. Davison, torn. cit. p. 355 ; Gates, B. Brit.

Burm. ii. p. 49 (1883) ; Harg. Ibis, 1888, p. 171.
Gecinus xanthopygius, Biy. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850) ; id.

Consp. Valuer. Zyqod. p. 10 (1854) ; Beichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 350, no. 802 (1854).
Chloropicus striolatus, Math. Picidtv, ii. p. 134, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 1 & 2

(1862).

Adult male. Above, including scapulars and wiug-coverts, yellowish

4. GECINUS. 51

olive, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts margined
with chrome-yellow; b.st.i-cl-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown spotted with white on both webs, the outer webs of
the secondaries washed with yellowish olive: shafts brownish
black : tail blackish brown, the feathers having indistinct spots of
greenish or brownish grey at the base, the penultimate feather
barred to he tip; shafts brown with black tips; nasal plumes
brownish b ack ; top of the head and the occiput scarlet, face smoky
grey striped with dusky, the lores, a stripe under the ear-coverts and
one above the eye white; malar region white, striped with dusky
o hve and yellowish ; side of the neck and the hind neck yellowish
olive, the former striped with pale yellow ; from the chin to the vent
(inclusive) yellowish white, the fore neck and chest strongly washed
with yellow, the chin and throat striped, the remainder of the
leathers having an mtermarginal line and an occasional shaft-stripe
ot olive or brown; under tail-coverts white with a broad shafV
stripe and intermarginal line of brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillanes yellowish white, with V-shaped markings of dusky brown :
bin plumbeous dusky, the basal three fourths of the lower
mandible yellowish green horny ; irides carmine-red ; feet dingv
plumbeous" (ScnU^f). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-35, wing
4- J, tail d-c5, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 077
outCT posterior 0-68, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0-4

rouvc/ male. Eesembles the adult male but is darker above and
has f be red on the head of an orange-scarlet; a stripe of black
Dorderiug the forehead and crown ; ear-coverts darker, and the
malar region striped with dusky black; under surface of the body
less green. •'

Achat female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
crown, and occiput black, the feathers of the forehead and crown
edged with ashy brown and having a striped appearance. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-27, wing 4-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 1.
^«6. India generally, Ceylon, Assam, Cachar, and Burmah, and
also in biam (judging by a young bird obtained at Pitchaburree by
M. lierre and which I take to belong to this species), and Cochin
China (Jiilhen). ^'

«. d ad. sk. Nillgalla Park, Ceylon, Jan. 13, Tweeddale Coll.

1867.
I, c. 2 ad. sk. Seegool, Nilghms, Feb. 19, Hume Coll.

1881.
f?. c? ad. sk. Kullar, Coonoor Ghat, Sept. 22, Tweeddale Coll

1876 (B. G. W. R.).
e,f. c? ad. sk. Kullar, Coonoor Ghat, Aug. 19, Hume Coll.

1867.
ir, /*, ?. c? ad ; Kotagherry, Kilghiris, Hume Coll.

k. 5 ad. sk. March, Nov., Dec. {Miss

C'ockhurn).

'ltL:'k '''''''''■ Tweeddale Coll.

",o.c?2ad.sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdoii, Esq.

[P.J.
e2

52

p. cJ ad. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
^f. 5 ad. sk.

t,u. (5 2 fd. sk.
V, w. S 2

imm. sk.
.V. cJ ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.

z. c? ad. sk.
a', b' . (S ad. sk.
c\ c? ad. ; d'.
2 imm. sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.
f,ff'-6 2 ad.sk.

A',

c? ad. sk.
cJ ad. sk.

cJ ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
. c? ad. sk.

«', o', p'. c? ad. ;

g'. (5' imm. ;

r', s'. 2 ad. sk.
i'f m'. c? $ ad.

sk.
^') W. (5 2 ad.

_sk.
x'. cJ ad. sk.
1/'. cJ ad. sk.

s',a", h". S ad. ;

c", fZ". 2 ad.

sk. _
e". c5" jiiv. sk.
/". c? juv. sk.
j7". 2 ad. sk.
K\ 2 ad. sk.
i" , S ad. ; A;".

c? imm. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.
m". (S ad. sk.
n". 2 ad. sk.
o". 2 ad. sk.

p". S .jiiv. sk.

q" . Bones of
trunk.

Satpiiva Tlills, .Tan. 1874.
Surjuja, Feb. 1872.
Sumbalpur, Dec. 14, 1870.
Bliuudara distr., March 12,

1S70.
A boo.
Sambbur.

Umbala, Feb. 1867 {Dr. Scott).
LaUongr, Gnrbwal Bbabur,

Dec. 29, 1860.
Gurhwal, Jan. 11, 1870.
Masuri.
Debra, Jan., Dec.

Kalsi, Debra Dboon.

Siwalik Eange, ]\Iarcb 1867

(Dr. Scott).
Kiimaon.

Kumaon (Strachey).
Kimiaon.

Oudli Terai (S. PimoilJ).
Nepal Valley,- Dec. 19, 1877

{J. Scully).
Nepal.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

E. A. Butler Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.

Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

(Types of Brachyhplms ocanthopyycmis, Hodgs.)

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

Davjeeling. Hume Coll.

Buxa Doars, Feb. 1878 {L. Hume Coll.

Man del li).

Bbotau Doars, Jan., Feb., Himie Coll.

March (i. 3Iandelli).

Assam {McClelland).
Khasia Hills {Griffith).
Cachar.
Dacca, 1871.
Burmah {H. Feilden).

Thayetmyo, Dec. 2.3, 1871.

Thayetmyo.

Tonghoo.

Pecru.

Pitcbaburree
Aug. 1868.

Eiver, Siam,

India IMuseum.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
Mons. £. Pierre [P.].

Old Collection.

10. Gecinus canus.

The Grey-headed Green \^'oodpecker, Edwards, Kat. Hist. Birds,

ii. pi. Lxv. 2 (l''^7) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 583 (1782).
Le Pic verd de Norwege, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 18 (1760).

4. GECINUS. 53

The Grey-headed Woodpecker, Penn. Arct. Zool ii. p. 277 (1785).
Picus canus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788), ex Edivards ; Licht.
Cat. Rev. Hcmib. p. 18 (1793) ; Temm. Man. cVOrn. i. p. 393
(1820) ; Brehm, Naturg. Eiir. Voy. i. p. 135 (1823) ; Roux, Orn.
Prov. i. p. 95, pi. lix. (1825) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 169
(1820) ; Naum. Viig. Deutschl. v. p. 286, pi. 133 (1826) ; Risso,
Eur. Merid. iii. p. CO (1^26); Waql. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 33
(1827) ; IFenier, Atlas, pi. 202 (1827) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 218
(1831); Menetr. Cat. Pais. Caiic. p. 46, no. 132 (1832); Gotdd,
B. Eur. iii. pi. 227, c? ? ad. (1837) ; Sckinz, Wirb. Sclnceiz, p. 92
(1837) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 147 (1840) ; Schley. Rev.
Crit. Ois. d'Eur. p. xlix (1844); V. d. Miilile, Orn. Griechenl.
p. 30 (1844) ; Schleyel, Toy. Ncderl. p. 80, pi. 49, S 2 (1854-58) ;
Linderm. Voy. Grieckeid. p. 41 (1800) ; Brec, B. Eur. iii. p. 136
pi. cJ (1862); Sundev. Co7isp. Av. Picin, p. 61 (1866); Sahajiaeff,
Bull. Mosc. xlii. pt. 2, pp. 185-197 (1869) ; Ehv. 4' Buckl. Ibis,
1870, p. 188; David, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4;
Mommsen, Griech. Jahresz. pt. iii. p. 186 (1875); Harv.-Broivn,
Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg. 1877, p. 288 (ex Sabanaeff) ; Seeb.
Ibis, 1882, p. 209.

Picus Dorvegicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 236 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.
xxvi. p. 99 (1818).

Picus viridi-cauus, Meyer ^ Wtjlf, Taschcnb. Voyelk. i. p. 120
(1810).

Picus chlorio, Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 408 (1811).

Picus cauiceps. Nils. Orn. Suec. i. p. 105 (1817).

Gecious canus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Brehm, Voy. De^itschl.
p. 200 (1831); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846); Bp. Consp. Gen.
Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854) ;
Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 348, no. 794, pi. dcxx. figs. 4135, 4136
(1854); Powys, Ibis, 1800, p. 235; Swinh. op. cit. 1861, p. 338;
Blakist. op. cit. 1862, p. 325 ; Sivinh.P. Z. S. 1862, p. 319; id. op.
cit. 1863, pp. 267, 333; Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 176; Whiteli/, op.
cit. 1867, p. 195 ; Deyl. 8,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 157 (1867) ;
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 74 (1868^ ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 191, no. 8677 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun, d'l'tal. Ucc. p. 35 (1871) ;
Saiind. Ibis, 1871, p. 65; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; Dubois,
Consp. Av. Eur. p. 19 (1871) ; Boyd. B. Volga,\x 60, no. 42 (1871) ;
Dress. B. Eur. \. p. 95, pi. cclxxxviii. (1872) ; Alst. ^- Harv.-
Broicn, Ibis, 1873, p. 59; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 72 (1875);
Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 124 ; Danf. if Broivn, torn. cit. p. 298 ; Swinh.
torn. cit. p. 451 ; Blanf. Zool. E. Pers. ii. p. 136 (1876) ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fratice, 1876, p. 239 ; Prjevalshy, B. Monyolia, in
Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 279 (1877) ; David .y Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 51 ( 1877) ; Savnd. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 325 ; Tacz.
op. cit. 1878, p. 139; Blakist. 8f Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 229; Boyd.
B. Cauc. p. 120 (1879) ; Goebel, Voy. Uman. Kr. p. 154, no. 140
(1879) ; Russow, Orn. Esth-, Liv- u. Kurl. p. 118 (1880) ; Brandt,
J.f. O. 1880, p. 229; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 181; Giyl. op. cit. 1881,
p.' 191; Wharton, fo7n. cit. p. 257; Collett, Nory. Ftiylef. p. 314
(1881); Blakist. Sf Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 136; Seeb.
Ibis, 1882, p. 373, 1883, p. 23 ; Radde, Orn. Cane. p. 307 (1884) ;
Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 206 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 67 (1887) ;
Hary. Ibis, 1888, p. 15 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 406.

Colaptes canus, I

Colaptes viridicanus, j- Brehm, Isis, 1;>28, p. 1274.

Colaptes caniceps,

54 PICIDJ3.

Gecinus viridicanus, I j^^,^^^ y j)^^^f^^,j jgg 2OI (18:31).
(jtecinus caniceps, ( > ^ it- j \ ■>

Malacolophus caniis, Swams. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Chloropicus cauus, M(dh. Picidce, ii. pp. 124, 294, pi. Ixxxi. figs. 1,

2 (1862).
Picus cauus jessoeusis *, Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188G,

p. 106.
Picus canus perpaUidus, Stejneger, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mtts. 1886, p. 107

(footnote).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts
yellowish olive, the feathers of the rump and the upper tail- coverts
broadly tipped with chrome-yellow ; wing-coverts and outer webs
of the secondaries more golden green, the remaining portion of the
quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the primaries spotted with
dingy white and margined with green at the base, the secondaries
having almost obsolete spots of smoky grey on the outer webs; inner
webs of the quills spotted with pure white, except on the apical
portion of the primaries ; shafts dusky brown ; tail greyish brown,
the basal portion of the central pair of feathers and the lateral
feathers chiefly on their outer webs, with bar-like spots of grey ;
shafts dusky brown ; nasal plumes black ; top of the head and nape
greenish grey, with a large coronal patch of crimson ; face grey,
grading into green on the side of the neck, with a small spot of
black in front of the eye and a narrow black malar stripe ; from the
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, greyish white, the
chest and breast, particularly, and the underparts, in a lesser
degree, washed with green, the under tail-coverts having crescentic
and V-shaped dusky markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white tinged with yellow and barred with dusky black : " bill horny
brown, more coloured above than below ; iris pale red ; feet black "
(Degl. <^- Gerbe). Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-6.5, wing 5-8,
tail 3-95, tarsus I'l ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior O'So,
outer posterior O'S, inner anterior 0'6, inner posterior 0'37.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no red on the
head, the forehead and crown being greenish grey streaked with
blackish. Total length 11-1 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 5-55, tail
3-9, tarsus 0-95.

Hah. Throughout the greater part of Europe, in Southern and
Eastern Siberia, Manchuria, Corea, Mongolia, Northern China, and
n the Island of Yezo.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk. Norwav. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Wermlaud, Dec. 1872. W. Meves [C.].

d. c? ad.sk. Wermland, Jan. 22, 1874 {W. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Meres). [P.].

e,f. (5 2 ^<i- j Gadsjo, Sweden, Jan., Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

ff. (S juv. .sk. (li. Wheehvrifjht).

h. ^ inim. sk. Denmark (^R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale CoU.

* In 'The Ibis' for 1888, pp. 19-21, I have stated fuUy my reasons for
uniting this and also Dr. Stejneger's Piciis canns perpaUidus with G. ca7ius.

4. GECINUS. 55

i. (S ad. sk. Black Forest {R. G. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Cukarora, Turkey, Dec. :29, Iluine Coll.

1872 {Sintenis).

I. Juv. sk. Tientsin, China. Tweeddale Coll.

m. 2 ad. sk. Chekiang, China ( W. Pnjer). Tweeddale Coll.

'*-!?• d" juv.; >•. South Manchuria, June .3, 18SG. II. E. M. James,

2 ad. sk. Esq. [P.].

s. 2 ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Japan, Nov. 2, ISGo Tweeddale Coll.

(//. Whitely).

f, u. S 2 ad. sk. Ilakodadi, Japan, Dec 12, 18G5. 11. Whitely [C.].

V. Skull. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther.

11. Gecinus guerini.

Chloropicos guerini, Malh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 539.

Gecinus guerini, Bp. Coiisp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id. Consp.
Volucr. Zyrjod. p. 10 (185J-) ; Reichenh. Scans. Piciuce, p. 349,
no. 796, pi. dcxxii. figs. 4144, 4145 (1854) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat.
B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 659, no. 968 (1856-58) ; Swinh. Ibis,
1863, p. 96 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 268, 333 ; Gray, List Picid.

p. 266 ; Hary. op. cit. 1888, p. 11.
Gecinus tancolo, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 283; id. B. Asia, vi.

pi. 35 (1864) ; David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 53 (1877).
Gecinus tancola, Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. .389; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 73 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8675 (1870);

Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392.
Chloropicus guerini, Malh. Picidcc, ii. p. 127, pi. Ixxx. figs. 4, 5

(1862).
Picus guerini, Sundev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866) ; David, Nouv.

Arch, du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4.
Picus tancola, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866) ; David, Nouv.

Arch, du Mus. 1871, Bidl. vii. p. 4.

AduU male. Resembles G. canus, but differs in the occiput and
nape being entirely black or in having the occiput sometimes broadly
striped with black on a grey ground, and the nape pure black ; the
underparts are rather darker. The present species is intermediate
between G. canus and G. ocdintalis. Total length IQ-o inches,
culmen 1-65, wing 5-6, tail 3-So, tarsus 1-15 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-7S, outer posterior 0*72, inner anterior Q-oS,
inner posterior 0'35.

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, the crown
being grey with black striations. Total length 10-2 inches, culmen
1"5, wing 5-3, tail 3"7, tarsus 1.

Hah. From Nankin, throughoiit Central and Southern China, and
in Formosa.

a. S ad. sk. N. China. Mr. Fortune [C.].

b. 5 ad. sk. Nankin, Sept. 1842 {Capt. J. Gould, Esq.

Ince).

c. (S ad. sk. Shanghai {J. R. Reeves). India Museum.

56 piciD^.

d, e. c? ? ad. sk. Sha-foo-slian district, Che- Tweeddale Coll.

kiaiig Prov., May 1875 ( W.

{Prijer).

f,(j. c? ? ad. sk. Ningpo, China {Capt. Ince). Gould Coll.

h, i. S ad. ; k. $ Ningpo, China, May 1872 Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk. {li. Sioinhiie).

I. <S ad. sk. Ningpo, China, April 1850 Mrs. Ince [P.].

(JCapt. Ince).

m, n. S $ ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll.

0. 2 ad. sk. Formosa {It. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll.

;;,!/. c? 2 ad. sk. N. Formosa. Consul Swiuhon[C.]

r. j ad. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale Coll.

12. Gecinus occipitalis.

Picus occipitalis, Vig. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8 ; Gouhl, Cent. B. Himal.
M. pi. xlvii. (1832); McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165; Bhjth, J.

A. S. B. X. p. 922 (1841) ; id. op. xii. p. 1002 (1843) ; id. op. cit.
xiv. p. 191 (1845) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 61 (1866).

Picus barbatus, Grai/, Ilardiv. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxxi. tig. 2, $

(1830-82).
Malaculophus occipitalis, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Brachylophus occipitalis, Ilodys. Icon, iiied. in Brit. Mus. nos. 149,

150 ( cJ ?} ; id. in Gray's Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Gecinus occipitalis. Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal, pres. Ilodys. p. 116

(1846) ; id. Gen. B. ii. p. 438 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 58, no. 263 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 127 (1850); id.

Cunsp. f 'olucr. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 349,

no. 798, pi. dcxsi. figs. 4139, 4140 (1854) ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat.

B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 601, no. 963 (1856-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.
p. 287 (1862) ; Tytler, Ibis, 18G8, p. 202 ; Gray, ListPicld. Brit.
Mus. p, 73 (1868) ; Bulger, Ibis, 1869. p. 156 ; Godwin-Austen, J.
A. S. B. 1870, p. 267 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8674 (1870);
Cock ^- Marshall, Str. F. 1873, p. 350 ; Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 472 ;
id. (§- Oates, op. cit. 1875, p. 70 ; Blyth S( Wald. B. Biinn. p. 76
(1875) ; Godumi-Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 70 ; Hume, Str. F.
1877, p. 26; id. ^- Davison, o]). cit. 1878, pp. 137, 501 ; Oates, op.
cit. 1879, p. 165 ; Scully, torn. cit. p. 248 ; Binyh. op. cit. 1880,
p. 164 ; Ocdes, op. cit. x. p. 191 (1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 51 (1883) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410 ; Ilarg. op. cit. 1888,
p. 6 ; Hmne, Sir. F. xi. p. 62 (1888).

Chloropicos occipitalis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 351.
Chloropicus occipitalis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 129, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 4, 5

(1862).
Gecinus striolatus(pt.), ^M^e/-so?2, Ymman F.rped. i. p. 585 (1878)*.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive,
the rump-feathers tipped with chrome-yellow; wing-coverts and
outer webs of secondaries golden-olive, the remaining portion of the

* Dr. Anderson obtained two specimens which he named G. striolatus. One
(a nestling) is in the British Museum, and in my o|3inion it lias been wrongly
identified ; the second example is in the Calcutta Museum, and is in all proba-
bility currectly named (if an adult bird), as Dr. Anderson must have been well
acquainted with the fuU-plumaged G. striolatus.

4. GECINTJS. 57

quills dusky black, tlie outer webs of tbe primaries spotted with
white, more or less smoky ; the inner webs of the quills (except on
the apical portion of the primaries) spotted with pure white ; shafts
dark brown ; tail black, the central pair of feathers spotted upon
both webs with greyish, and margined at the base with olive ; shafts
black ; nasal plumes black ; base of forehead dark slaty grey ; crown
crimson, the outer edge, also the occiput and nape, black, the fea-
thers having theii- bases and basal margin grey and more or less
exposed, and having a striped character ; face leaden grey, with a
black spot in front of the eye, the malar region broadly striped
with or almost entirely black ; chin and throat buffy white ; side
of the neck and the whole of the under surface of the body and
under tail-coverts uniform olive ; under wing-coverts and axiHaries
white barred with black, the edge of the wing washed with yellow.
Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 5"55, tail 4-15, tarsus
1-2 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-75,
inner anterior 0-67, inner posterior 0-4.

Tonne/ male. Has a central spot of orange-red upon the forehead :
the face mouse-grey ; the chin and throat with transverse dusky
spots ; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs having dusky olive
spots and transverse markings of didl yellowish white ; the secon-
dary quills with the faintest trace of dusky-green bars, and the
central pair of tail-feathers more distinctly barred. Otherwise like
the adult, but duller in colour.

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, this being black like the
occiput and nape, the grey basal margins of the feathers showing,
and giving a striped appearance to the top of the head. Total
length 12'5 inches, cidmen 1'45, wing 5-6, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-2.

jyestlinr/ (apparently female). Has all the tail-feathers barred,
but very faintly ; the flanks and thighs broadly barred with blackish.
In other respects much resembling the young male described.

Hab. Cashmere, throughout the Himalayas, also in Yunnan,
Cachar, Assam, south into the central portion of the province of
Tenasserim, and in 8iam, Cambodia (Uannaad), and also in South
Cochin China {Pierre).

a. (J ad. sk. Cashmere. E. M. Lang-

worthy, Esq.
[P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. Cashmere (Dr. Belleic). India Museum,
e. 2 ad. sk. Murree. Col. "Way [P.].

d. $ ad. sk. Kotekbaie, Feb. 20, 1871. Hume Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Kotegurh. Hume Coll.

f. 2 ad. sk. Fagoo, Simla, Aug. 17, 1868 Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).

(J, h. <S ad. ; i. 2 Middle range of hills north of Hume Coll.

ad. sk. Masuri.

Jc. 2 ad. sk. Masuri. Hume Coll.

/, m, 71. S ad. sk. Naiui Tal, Sept. 18G6. Hume Coll.

0. 2 ad. sk. Almorah, Oct. 29, 1866. • Hume Coll.

Pj ?• 2 ad. sk. Kaladoongi, Sept. 1866. Hume Coll.

r, s. d ? ad. sk. Siwalik Range. Hume CoU.

58

t. $ ad. sk.
M. (S ad. sk.
ly-y. S ad.; z-V . $

ad. sk.
c', d', S 2 inim. sk.
e'. c? juv. sk.

f-i'. cJ ad.; Z;',

Juv. sk.
I'-s', S ad. et juv. ;

t'-r'. $ ad. et

juv. sk.
y'. 2 iid. sk.
s', a". cJ ad. sk,

b". (S ad. sk.
c". c? ad. sk.
d". 2 ad. sk.

e",/'. dad.;/7". 2

ad. sk.
h" . 2 ad. sk.

i" , k". 2 ad. sk.

l''-r". c? ad. et
imm. ; s", t",u".
2 ad. sk.

v". cJ ad. sk.

U-", cJ ad.sk.

.r". (5 ad. sk.
2/", s". c? ad. sk.
a^. 2 ad. sk.

b\ c\ S ? ad. sk.

d^. 2 imm. sk.

e^. cJ imm. sk.

/^. (S imm. sk.

r/^. 2 ad. sk.

h\ 6 ad. ; i\ 2

imm. sk.
f-oi^. J ad. et juv.;

p^, (f. 2 ad. sk.
r^. Pull. sk.

s% «'. c? 2 ad. sk.
%i\ v\ (3 2 ad. sk.

w^.^•^ c??ad.;2/^
g'. S 2 imm. sk.
a*. S juv. sk.

Dehra.

Kiimaon (Cul, Sh-achey).

Nepal.

Nepal (i?. H. Hodgson).
Nepal valley, July 13, 1878 (J.

IScidiy).
Native Sikbim, IMarcli, June,

Julj^, Oct. {L. 3Iandelli).
Sikliim, Jan., Feb., March,

April, Aug., Oct. Nov. (i.

Mandelli).
Darjeeling, Feb. 1873.
Buxa Doars, Jau. 1878 (i.

Mandelli).
Assam {McClelland).
Assam.
Sadbya, Assam, Feb. 1877 (/.

Cockburn).
Sadbya, Assam, Feb., April

(,/. Cockburn).
Dollab, Assam, April 13, 1877

{J. Cockburn),
Tippook, Assam, March 1877

{J. Cockbium).
Dibrugbur, Jan., March, April,

May, June, Sept., Dec. {J.

H. Cripps).
Khasia bills (Griffith).
N. Kbasia bills, March 1S7G

{A. W. Chennell).
Cacbar {J. Inglis).
Tipperah hills, Nov. 20, 1868.
Tbavetmvo, Nov. 25, 1872 (E.

TV. Cedes).
Eastern slopes of Pegu hills,

April 18, 1873 {E. W. Gates).
Pegu, Dec. 24, 1873 {R. G.

W. R.).
Yaytbo, Burmah, June 8, 1873

{R. G. W. R.).
H-tnuk-y-an, Buvmah, Dec. 22,

1873 {R. G. W. R.).
Sbuay-g-yeen, Salween Dist.,

Jan. 3," 1874 {R. G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, Burmah, Oct. 1874.

Tonghoo, Burmah, March, April,
Oct., Nov. (R. G. W. R.).

Momien, Yunnan, June 17,
18G8.

Burmah (H. TV. Feildcn).

Dargwin, Tenasserim, Jan. 1874
( W. Davison).

Pabpoon, Jan. 1874 ( W. Davi-
son).

Kaukaryit, July (/. Darling).

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll,
Hume Coll,

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll,
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll,

Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll,

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll,

Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. .I.Anderson,

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

4. GECINTTS.

59

h\ 2 ad. sk.

c', d'. S 2 ad. sk.

e'. (5 ad. sk.

fK cJ ad. sk.

ff^. 2 ad. sk.

^'. 2 ad. sk.

i^. (5 ad. sk.

kK c? ad. sk.

/*, 7n\ cS 2 ad. sk.

nK iS ad. sk.

o'. c? juv. sk.
7^*, (/'. 6 2 ad. sk.

Sin z away, March 2, 1877 (C

Z". Bini/ham).
Myawadee, Jan. 19, 1877 ( JF.

Davison).
Kauee, March 7, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Pabyouk, March 13, 1871= ( TV.

Danison).
Meeta Myo, April 18, 1874 (XT.

Davison).
Tavoy, March 16, 1878 {W.

Davison).
Mooleyit, Jan. 2G, 1877 (IF.

Davition).
Moulmein, Dec. 14, 1878 ( TF.

Davison).
Thoimgyeen valley, March (C.

T. Bimjham).
Thoungyah, Sept. 17, 1878 (/.

Dar/inff).
Pitchaburree, Siam.
Mekloug, Siam.

r*, s', tK Skeletons India.

(one skull miss-

ing).
u*. Bones of trunk.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

E. Pierre [P.].
H. C. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.].

13. Gecinns chlorolophus.

Picus chlorolophus, Vii-i/l. N. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78 (1818) ;

Bonn. !^ Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1309 (1823) ; Sundev. Comp. Av.

Picin. p. 58 (1806).
Yellow-necked Woodpecker, Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 365 (1822).
Picus chlorolophos, IVat/l. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 69 (1827).
Picus chloropus, Drap. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 500 (1828).
Picus nepalensis, G'rai/, Hardw. HI. Lid. Zool. i. pi. xxxi. fio-. 1

(18.30-:52); 31cCleU. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165; Blyth, J. A. 8. B.

xii. p. 1003 (1843) ; id. op. cit. xiv. p. 191 (184.5).
Dryotomus sericeocollis, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 145,

140 (J 5).
Brachylophus sericollis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85.
Gecinus uipalensis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.38 (1846).
Gecinus xauthoderus («ow Malh.), Gray, Cat. Manwi. &-c. Nepal, pres.

Hodys. -p. im (1846).
Chloropicos chlorolophus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 350.
Gecinus chloropus, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 58, no. 266

(1849) ; Tytler, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 367 (1854) : Bluth, J. A.

8. B. 1863, p. 75.
Chrysophlegma chlorolophus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850);

id. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854) ; Horsf. l*j- Moore, Cat. B.

Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 002, no. 966 (1850-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 289

(1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal, pres. Hodys. 2nd ed. p. 63

(1863); Godwin-Austen, J. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 97 ; Hume, 8tr. F.

1874, p. 472; Blyth S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875) ; Hume ^

Oates, Sfr. F. 1875, p. 71 ; Godioin- Austen, J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 70 ;

Iii(/lis, Str. F. ]877, p. 26; Hume ^Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 138

(1878) ; Ball,_ op. cit. vii. p. 206 (1878) ; Scully, op. cit. 1879, pp.

249, 865 ; Bingltam, op. cit. 1880, p. 164 ; Oates, op. cit. 1882,

p. 191 ; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 45 (188.3) ; Hume, Str. F. xi.

p. 62 (1888).
Clirj'soplilegmachlorolopliuiij, 7?e*cAew6. Scans.Picince, p. 357, no. 825,

pi. dcxxvii. figs. 4173-74, S 2 ad. (18-54).
Chloropicus cblorolophus, Math. Picidce, ii. p. 108, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 1,

2, 3 (1862).
Geciuus chlorolophiu'^, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 74 (1868) ; id,

Haml-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8680 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1887,

p. 443 ; Harij. Ibis, 1888, p. 184.

Adult male. Entire uppei" parts and wing-coverts yellowish olive ;
quills brown, the inner webs spotted with white, the outer webs
of the primaries at the base and those of the outer secondaries along
their whole length red, more or less margined with green ; the inner
secondaries entirely green on the outer web and apex of the inner
web ; the outer webs of the outer primaries with a few white spots ;
shafts brown ; tail and the shafts black; nasal plumes and a line in
front of the eye black ; forehead, outer edge of the crown, and the
occiput crimson, the top of the head olive ; nuchal crest golden
yellow ; sides of the face and neck deep olive, the lores and a stripe
running under the ear-coverts, also a slight superciliary stripe,
white ; malar stripe crimson barred with dusky olive, the feathers
with white bases; from the chin to the breast inclusive deep olive,
the bases of the feathers of the chin and throat showing white ;
remainder of underparts and the under tail-coverts yellowish white,
faintly barred with dusky olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
yellowish white barred with olive : " bill greenish yellow horny,
culmen and tip dark plumbeous ; irides carmine-red " {Scully).
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-27, wing 5'25, tail 3-75, tarsus 0-9 :
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-73, outer posterior 0-G5,
inner anterior 0'53, inner posterior 0'35.

Youmj male. Resembles the adult male, but is rather duller in
colour, the chest and breast being dusky brown with scarcely any
green tinge ; the abdomen, flanks, and thighs whiter and with more
distinct dusky bars ; the spots on the outer webs of the primaries
are, as a rule, larger.

Adult female. Dificrs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the forehead and edge of the crown, and also in wanting the red
malar stripe. Total length 10"5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5-05,
tail 3-55, tarsus 0-9.

The white spotting on the outer webs of the primaries is incon-
stant, occurring or being absent in apparently equally adult birds
from the same locality. In Burmese examples the spots are gene-
rally wanting. The Perak bird is extremely dark, and but for the
distribution of the red on the head resembles G. chlorigaster.

Hah. Nepal and the South-east Himalayas, into Bengal and
Orissa ; eastward to Cachar, Manipur, and Assam ; southward
through the Burmese Empire aud the Malayan Peninsula to Perak.

4. GECINUS.

61

Has also been obtained in Cochin China {Harmand), and will pro-
bably be found in the intervening countries.

a. 5 ad. sk.

h. cJ imm. sk.
c, d. 5 ad. ; e. S

imm. sk.
A 9- 6 2 ad. sk.
h. ? ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.
k. (5 ad. sk.

I, m. (S 2 ad. sk.
«■ 0. cj' § imm. ; p.

d ad. sk.
q, r. $ ad. sk.

s. c? ad. sk.
t. 6 ad. sk.

u. 6 ad. sk.

V, IV. c? 2 ad. sk.

.V, y, z. cJ ad. ; a',
b'. 2 ad.; c'.
c? imm. sk.

d'. Ad.; e'. 2 ,juv.
sk.

/-m'. d ad. ; o'-<'. $
ad. sk.

«<'. 5 ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
?y', .?■'. Ad. sk.
y'js', «''. 6 ad. et

imm. ; b", c" . 2

ad. sk.
d'\ S ad. sk.
e". d'ad.;/",y". 5

ad. sk.
A", z". cJad.; k". 2

ad. sk.
I". 2 ad. sk.

m"-r". c? ad. et
imm. ; s", t",u".
2 ad. et imm.
sk. _

jj". 2 imm. sk.

tv",-v". i 2 ad.sk.

y". 2 ad. sk.

z",a^. cJad. ; hi\ 2
ad. sk.

Chumba, Feb. 188:3 {C. H. T.

Marshall).
Fagoo, Simla, Sept. 14, 1868.
Masuri.

Dehra Dhoou, Jan. 20, 1871.

Dehra Dlioon.

Dehra DhooD.

Kalsi, Dehra Dhoon, Jan. 31,

1868.
Kalidoongi. Sept. 29, 1866.
Naini Tal {S. PinwiU).

NaiDi Tal.

Almorah, Oct. 29, 1866.
Sanga, Nepal valley, Sept. 16,

1877 (/. Scully).
Nepal vallev, Dec. 19, 1877 (/.

Scully).
Nepal.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tvs^eeddale Coll.

Capt.Stackhouse

Pinwill [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodysmi).

Sikhim, Feb., March, April,
June, Aug., Nov. (L. Man-
dell i).

Darjeeling.

Bootau {Pemberton) .

Assam {McClelland).

Assam (A. W. Chennell).

Assam.

N. Khasia hills, Jan., Feb.,

1876 {A. TV. Chennell).
Sadhyia, Assam, April, June

(J. Cocliburn).
DoUah, Assam, April 19, 1877

{J. Cockburn).
Dibrughur, JMarch, May, July,

Aug., Dec. {J. R. Cripps).

Cachar (/. Inglis).
Manipur, April 1881 (^. 0. II.).
Tipperah, Jan. 1871.
Toughoo, April {R. G. W. R.).

Hodgson Coll.
(Types of D. sericeocollis.')
Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

62

c^. $ ad. sk.

d\ S ad. slv.

c^. (S ad. sk.

p. 2 ad. sk.

<f. $ ad. sk.

Ji". (S ad. sk.

^^. cJ ad. sk.

A^ d ad. sk.

/^, 7H^ (S ad. sk.

w^ c? ad. sk.

o',p\ c?ad;y\ $

ad. sk.
»•', s'. d $ ad. sk.

t\ c? ad. sk.

u^. 5 ad. .«k.

t;\ <S ad. sk.

ft'3. Skeleton ; .x-^,
y^. Boues of
trunk.

Tonglioo, Oct. 1874 {E. W.

Otttes).
Karennee, March 25, 1874 (i?.

G. W. R.).
Thayetmvo, April 1873 {E. W.

Oates).
Salween district, Feb. 12, 1874

( W. Davison).
KoUidoo, Nov. 18, 1874 {W.

Dnvisvn).
Pahpoon, Dec. 24, 1873 (W.

Damson).
Thatone, Jan. 2, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Myawadee, Jan. 18, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Kaukaryit, Jan. 1877 ( W. Da-
vison).
Kaukaryit, Sept. 5, 1878 (J.

Darling).
Mooleyit, Feb. 1877 ( W. Da-
vison).
Amherst, Dec. 18, 1876 (IT''.

Davison).
Mopapoo district, Thoungveeu

valley, Jan. 23, 1880 {C. T.

Bingham).
Thoungyah, Sept. 24, 1878 {J.

Darling) .
Mountains of Perak.

Nepal.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

L. Wrav, Esq.

Hodofson Coll.

14. Gecinus cWorogaster.

Picus mentalis {non Temm.), Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 214.

Picus chlorigaster, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1844, p. 138.

Chloropicus xanthoderus, Malh. Rev. Zool. l84o, p. 402 ; id. Picida,

ii. p. 114, pi. IxxT.fi^s. 1, 2 (18G2).
Gecinus chlorigaster, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 16 ; Harrj. Ibis,

1888, p. 180.
Gecinus chlorophanes, Blijth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 59, no. 267

(1849).
Gecinus chlorophaus, Grag, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Chrvsophlegma chlorolophus (??o« Vieill.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.

p.' 128 (18.50).
ChiTsophlegma xanthoderus, Bj). Consp. Vohtcr. Zygod. p. 10 (18.54) ;

Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 197 (1880).
Venilia chlorophanes, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 359, no. 829,

pi. dcxsix. tigs. 4182, 83, females (1854).
Chrvsophlegma chlorophanes, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 290 (1862) ; Ler/qe,

Ibis, 1874, p. 15; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 283; Hume, Sir. F. 1876,

p. 390 ; Fairba7ik, op. cit. 1877, p. 396.
Picus xanthoderus, Sunday. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 58 (1866).

4. GECINUS.

63

Gecinus xauthodenis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 75 (1868) ; id.

Hand-L B. ii. p. 191, no. 8081 (1870).
Chrvsoplilegma chlorigaster, Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 517 (1878); Butler,

Cat. B. S. Bomb. Prcsid. p. 24 (1880) ; id. Str. F. 1880, p. 386 ;

Davison, op. cit. 1882, p. 298 ; id. op. cit. x. p. 355 (1883) ; Hume,

op. cit. X. p. 457 (1887).

Adult male. Above iiniform yellowish olive ; wing-coverts goldeii
olive, dull red near the shaft ; quills blackish browB, the inner webs
spotted with white, the outer webs of the primaries at their base
and entire outer webs of the secondaries dull red, more or less mar-
gined with greeu, the primaries having a few small spots of greenish
white ; shafts brown ; tail brownish black, the shafts black ; fore-
head, crown, and occipital crest, also malar stripe, crimson ; nuchal
crest yellow ; sides of face and neck duU olive, a narrow white
stripe from the gape running under the ear-coverts ; chin and throat
pale greenish buff ; the whole of the under surface of the body deep
olive or brownish olive, all below the chest being barred and spotted
with whitish ; under tail-coverts dull olive, tipped and barred with
dull white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dnsky brown, spotted
and barred with yellowish or white : " iris sombre red or brownish
red ; bill blackish, with the sides of the lower mandible and margin
of the upper, next the gape, yellow ; legs and feet olive-greenish or
dusky sap-green " ( ]V. V. Legge). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen
I'l, wing 4-65, tail 3"25, tarsus 0"S5 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-68, outer posterior 0"63, inner anterior 0"55, inner pos-
terior 0-28.

Young male. Eesembles the adult male, but is more dusky on the
face and neck, and the underparts are spotted, even on the flanks,
and not barred as in the older birds.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of
crimson on the forehead and crown, these parts being blackish olive,
also in being without the crimson cheek-patch. Total length 9 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 4-65, tail 3-15, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. Southern portion of India, as high as Khandeish on the west,
and in Ceylon.

a. 5 ad. st.

b. 2 imm. ; c. 5
juv. sk.

d. c? imm. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.

f,ff.c;ai.;h,i,k.2
ad. ; /. 2 imm. sk.
m. (S ad. .sk.

V. (S ad. sk.
0. (S ad. sk.

p, q. 6 $ ad. sk.
r. (S imm. ; s. 2
ad. sk.

India,

Khandeish, :March 1880

{J. Davidson).
Khandeish.
Koombarwara, N. Kauara,

May 4, 1877(-Ef. C. James).
Malabar.

Cannanore, Aug. 9, 1882

(J?. G. W. B.).
Wyiiaad, Aug. 10, 1877.
Goodalore, Wvnaad, Mar.

28,1881 (W.Dai-ison).
Calicut.
Nilghiris, March, July.

Purchased.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll

Tweeddale Coll

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Huuie Coll.
Hume Coll.

64

t. 5 ad. sk.

M, V. S ad. sk.

tc. (S ad. sk.

a: S ad. ; y. $

imm. sk.
z. (S ad. sk.

a', b'. (S ad. ; c'.

5 imm. .sk.
d' , e'. $ ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
(/ . 2 ad. sk.
'h!,i. cJad. ;^'. ?

ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.

m',n', o'.(5ad. ;//,
g-', r'. $ ad. sk.
s'. S ad. sk.

KuUav, Nilgliiris, Sept. 9,

1867.
Kullav, Nilprliiris, Sept.

{R. G. W.R.).
Cooiioor Ghat, April 1878

{R. G. W. R.).
Madras.

Madras (7. C. Jerdon).

Anjango, Travancore, Dec.

1872.
Mynall, Travaucore, Mar.

13, 187-1 {F. BourdiUoii).
Travaucore.
Travancore.
Pusiwella, Ceylon, Dec.

186-5 (8. Chapman).
Kandy Road, Cevlon, July

18,1866 (,S'. Chapman).
Ceylon {H. Nevill).

Ceylon.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Rev. H. H. Baber [P.].

Gould Coll. (Type of

species.)
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

F.Bourdillon,Esq.[C.].
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

T. Thwaites, Esq. [C.].

15. Gecinus puniceus.

ricus puniceus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. pt. 1, p. 176 (1821) ;

Raffl. torn. cit. pt. 2, p. 289 (1822) ; Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 362

(182-'); Tvmm. PI. Col. ccccxxiii. (1827); Wac/l. (]it.) Si/st. Av.

Picus, sp. 96 (1827) ; id. Lsis, 1829, p. 518 ; Vi;/. Mem. Rajfl.

p. 668 (1830) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 222 (1831) ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 58 (1866).
Picus gularis, Wagl. Si/st. Av. Add. Picus, sp. no. 6 (nee no. 89), $

(1827).
Brachylophus puniceus, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 ; Bp. Consp.

Voliicr. Zyqod. p. 10 (1854).
Gecinus puniceus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4-39 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mils. As. Soc. p. 59, no. 270 (1849) ; Wall. Ann. Sf Mat/. Nat.

Hist. XV. p. 96 (1855) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 77 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8687 (1870) ; Hare/. Ibis, 1888,

p. 176.
Venilia puniceu-s, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850).
Venilia punicea, Reiehenb. Scans. Picince, p. 358, no. 876, pi. dcxxviii.

fios 4176-77, S ? ad. (1854) ; Horsf. S,- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.

LCo. ii. p. 664, no, 968 (1856-58) ; 'Bloore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 4.56.
Chloropicus puniceus, Malh. Picidcs, ii. p. 110, pi. Ixxiv. figs. 5, 6,

cJ 5 (1862).
Chrysophlegma puniceus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 291 (1862)

Wald. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm

(1883).
Calloloplius puniceus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 49 (1874); Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103 ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 36 ; Hmne S,- Davison, Sir.

F. vi. p. 1-39 (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88 ; Sharpe, Ibis,

3879, p. 242; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792 ; Guillemard, op. cit. 1885,

p. 405; Butiikofer, Notes Leyd. Mtis. ix. p. 23 (1887).

Blyth Sr
ii. p. 44

4. GECINL'S. 65

Chrjsophlegma puniceum, Sahacl. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genuva,
ser. 2, iv. pp. 519, 529 (1887J.

Adult nude. Above j-ellowish olive, the feathers of the rump
broadly tipped with lemon-yellow ; wiug- coverts, outer webs of
primaries at the base, and the entire outer webs of the secondaries
carmine-red, the remaining part of the quills blackish brown, the
inner webs spotted with white on the margin, the spots on the pri-
maries confined to the base and sometimes confluent ; shafts black ;
tail and shafts black ; nasal plumes black ; the whole of the top of
the head, occipital crest, and malar stripe crimson ; nuchal crest
yellow ; a black stripe in front of the eye ; chin and throat greenish
buft'; face, sides of the neck, the fore neck, and the whole of the
under surface of the body, and under tail- coverts green : the sides of
the body, flanks, and thighs spotted more or less transversely with
yellow or yellowish white, with partially concealed dusky black and
white bars ; the under tail-coverts slightly spotted with white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, spotted and barred
with yellowish white ; " iris crimson ; orbital skin greenish grey ;
lower mandible and edges of upper mandible at gape dark greenish
yellow ; upper mandible black ; legs and feet pale green, claws
greenish hornj' " ( W. Davison). Total length 10"75 inches, culmen
1"35, wing 5"1, tail 3"5, tarsus 0-87 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-7, outer posterior 0-62, inner anterior 0'55, inner pos-
terior 0-27.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but wants the red malar
patch. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-15, wing o*25, tail 3'65,
tarsus 0"9.

Young. The sexes differ as in the adult ; the colour of the plumage
is duller, and the underparts are less green, the chin and throat
being of a drab-brown and the breast more or less crossed by pale
brown and dusky lines. As a rule there is more spotting on the
underparts, but this is not constant.

In examples of this species from Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo
the orbital region is less dusky and the sides of the face and neck
are of a paler green.

Hah. Southern Tenasserim and the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra
and also the Island of Xias on the west, Java, Borneo.

a. 2 imm. sk. Java {Horitjield). India Museum. (Type

of species.)

b. 2 ad. sk. E. Java [A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

c. d. (S ? ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

e. 2 ad.sk. Saxa. {Mus. Lugd.).. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. c^ad. ; g. Juv. sk. Java. Gould Coll.

h, i. (S ad.; k. 2 Borneo. Rajah Brooke [P.]-

ad. sk.

/. c3' juv. .sk. LawasRiverjN. W.Borneo. H. Veitch, Esq. [P."].

m. tj imm. sk. Labuan. R. B. Sharpe. Esq. [P.].

w, 0. J 2 f^d. ; 2^. Lampong, Sumatra {E. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Juv. sk. Buxton).

q, r. cJ ad.: s. 2 ad. sk. Sumatra ( C. Bock). Tweeddale Coll.

VOL. XVIII. V

66

t. S i<i- sit-

V. cJ ael. sk.

to. 2 ad. sk.
.r-a'. (5 ad. ; 6'.$

ad. sk.
c'. cj ad. sk.

d' . S inim.; e . J

jiiv. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.
g'. (S ad. sk.
h'. cS ad. sk.
i, k'. cJ 5 ad. sk.

I', in', n' . cS ad. ;

o'-r'. 2 ad. sk.
«'. cJ ad. ; v. (S

inim. sk.
u'. cJ ad. sk.

2)', ?(''. c? ad. ; .1-'. 2

ad. sk.
y'-6". (5' ad. et imm.

c" ,d" . 2iniui.sk.

e" . j" ad. sk.

/". 2 ad. sk.
g", h". S 2 ad.

sk.

i"-q"- 6 ad. et
imm. ; r", s",
f. 2 ad. sk.

u". 2 ad. sk.

v". 2 ad. sk.
7v", x". (5' ad, sk.
y". Skeleton.

Sumatra (A, H. Wcdlace).

Sumatra.

Sinijapore Island, Feb. 8,

1879 {W. Davisoyi).
Singapore ( W. Davison).
Gunnoiio; Pulai, Joliore,

Mar., July ( W. Davison).
Johore, Aug. 21, 1875 ( W.

Davison).
Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

Malacca (A. R. Wallace).

Malacca.

INIalacca {Dr. Maingay).

Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Aug.

14, 187.-] (i2. G.W.B.).
Malacca, Jan., July, 1877

{W. Davison).
Nealvs, Malacca, Oct.

1875 ( W. Davison).
Kuvoo, Malacca, Nov. 1,

1875 ( W. Davison).
Pulo Sebau, Malacca, Oct.,

Nov.,Dec.(Tr.D«m.,H).
Klaug, Snlangore, Feb.,

July, Nov. ( W.Davison).
Ulu Langbat, Salangore,

Apr.6,1879( W.Davison).
Mts. of Perak.
Malewoon, Tenasserim,

Apr. 1877 ( W. Davison).
Bankasoon, Feb., April,

May, June ( W.Davison).

Laynah, May 18, 1875 ( W.

Davison).
Bopyin, Mergui distr.. May

16, 1875 ( W. Davison).
Tavoy, April 1878 (/.

Darling) .
Java.

Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

L. Wray, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.
Purchased.

16. Gecinus erythropygius.

Gecinus ervtbropvgius, Elliot, N. Arch, du 3Ius.,Bull. i. p. 76, pi. iii.
(1865) ; 'Tiraui, Ois. Basse-Cochinchine, p. 89 (1879) ; Harg. Ibis,
1888, p. 189.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and tail-coverts yel-
lowish olive, the tail-coverts more or less tinged with red ; rump
brilliant scarlet ; quills black, the outer webs of the secondaries
broadly margined with or entirely yellowish olive ; the inner webs
of all the quills and the outer webs of the primaries spotted with
white, the spots being very large and sometimes confluent on the
inner webs, the outer webs of the secondaries having at most indistinct

4. GECurrs. 67

marginal lines of white ; shafts black ; tail black, the outer web of
the large outer feather with marginal spots of buffy white at the
base, and the inner webs of the two feathers on either side of the
central pair having at their base spots of pure white ; shafts black ;
nasal plumes, face, the top of the head, occiput, and nape deep blue-
black, with a quadrate spot of red in the centre of the crown ; hind
neck greenish yellow ; side of the neck, chin, throat, fore neck, and
chest yellow, slightly greenish on the chest ; below the chest dull
white, with faint dusky squaraate markings ; under tail-coverts also
dull white, but having broader and blacker squamate markings ;
under wing-coverts white, crossed by irregular and narrow dusky
bars, the edge of the wing yellowish, with blackish squamate
markings ; axillaries yellowish white ; bill white. Total length
12-0 inches, culmen 1'58, wing 6'35, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-23 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-9, outer posterior 0-85, inner
anterior 0-62, inner posterior 0'44.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the crown. Total length ll-o inches, culmen 1-35, wing 6'25, tail
4'3, tarsus 1-15.

Town/ female. Eesembles the adult female in the distribution of
the colours, but they are less vivid, the red of the rump being more
of an orange-scarlet, and the head wanting the intense blue-black
shade possessed by the older birds.

Hah. Cochin China and Laos.

17. Gecinus nigrigenis.

Gecinus erythropvgius (non JEl/iot), Wardl. Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 212, pi. XXXV. ( c? 2 ) ; Wald.Ibis, 1875, pp. 148, 463; Wardl.
Hams. Tweedd. Mem. p. 290 (1881): Oafes, Str. F. x. p. 191
(1882); id. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 52 (1883); Harg. Ibis, 1888,
p. 189. _

Gecinus nigrigenis, Hume, Proc. A. S. B. 1874, p. 106 ; id. Str. F.
1874. pp. 444, 471; id. S,- Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 136 (1878);
Bingham, op. cit. 1880, p. 163.

Picus nigrogenis, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 170 (1876).

Adult male. Resembles O. erythropj/gius, from Cochin China, but
may be easily distinguished by its black bill ; the dimensions are
also less, and there is a greater amount of red upon the crown ;
but as I have only been able to compare one miile example of
G. ert/thropi/rjius with the present species, the small amount of red
on the crown possessed by the former may not be a constant
character. Occasionally specimens of G. nigriyenis are found pos-
sessing a white or yellowish stripe behind the eye *. This T have
never met with in G. ergthrojJi/gius ; but the number examined has

* The variability as to presence or absence of this stripe in adult birds of
either sex is a re-narkable feature and does not exist in any other known
Woodpecker. All other species of Picida either do or do not'posse.ss a facial
stripe as a constant character.

Y 2

68

been small, and it may exist in individual examples. " Legs and
feet dirty brownish or plumbeous green ; bill dark horny brown or
blackish, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; irides pale to bright
gamboge-yellow " ( IF. Davison). Total leugth 12 inches, culmen
1'4, wing 6-15, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-15 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0*8, outer posterior 0'75, inner anterior 0-65, inner poste-
rior 0-45.

Young male. Kesembles the adult of the same sex, but is less
brilliant in colour.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the crown, the entii-e head being velvety black. Total length 12
inches, culmen 1'4, wing 6-35, tail 4-7, tarsus 1*15.

Obs. Occasionally, but rarely, a specimen occurs in which the
under mandible is slightly yellow ; but this is very strongly pro-
nounced in an example from Meclclong, Siam, the under mandible
being almost entirely yellow, and showing an approach to G. ery-
thropiigius.

Hah. Northern and Eastern Pegu, North Tenasserim and Siam.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. d. (5 5 fid. sk.

e-i. tS ad. et imm. ;

k. $ ad. sk.
I, m. cJ ad. ; n, o, p.

2 ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

s. cJ ad. sk.

t,U, V. S ad. ; tV-Z.

2 ad. sk.
a'-d'. (S ad. sk.

e',f'. d 2 ad. sk.

ff'. d ad. sk.

h', i'. (5 2 ad. sk.

k', I'. (S ad. ; m' .

2 ad. sk.
n', o'. J ad. ; p' .

2 ad. sk.
q'. (S ad. sk.

Karen Hills, 600 feet, Jan.

1875 {R. G. W. R.).
Foot of Karen Hills, Jan.

1875 [R. G. W. R.)
Tonghoo, Feb. 25, 1874

(7?. G. W. R.). of

Tonghoo, July, Oct., Nov.

(R. G. W. R.).
Kollidoo, Feb., Nov. ( W.

Davison).
Daruaiin, Jan. 10, 1874

( IF. Davison).
Makana, Jan. 17, 1877

( W. Davison).
Thoungyeen River, Dec.

(C. T. Ringham).
Myawadee, Jan. 1877

( W. Davison).
Endingnone, Jan. 1877

( W. Davison).
Lathorgee, Jan. 1877 ( W.

Davison).
Epoo, Myawadee, Jan. 2o,

1877 ( W. Davison).
Mooleyit, Jan. 26, 1877

( W. Davison).
Tavoy, Feb. 1879 ( W.

Davison).
Pakchan Creek, Feb. 8,

1874 ( IF. Davison).
Mecklong, Siam.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll. (Types
G. eiyfkropi/qii(s, W. R.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll. (Types of

.species.)
H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.

LP.].

5. CHL0E0NEKPE3. 69

5. CHLORONEEPES.

Type.
Chloronerpes, Stoains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837) .... C. rubiginosus.
Chrysopicus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zi/god. no. 143

(1854) C. rubiginosus.

Lampropicus, Malli. Introd. Monog. Find. p. liii

(1861) C. aurulentus.

Craugasus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Sein. iv. p. 157 (1863) C. flavigula.

Range. Southern and Eastern Mexico to Sierra Madre above
Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas ; through Central and South America
south into Paraguay and the Argentine Eepublic (Tucuman).

Key to the Species.

A. Underparts not uniform; upper tail-coverts
not red.
a'. Quills rufous on more or less of the inner
webs.
a '. Quills without bars or spots.
a". Underparts entirely barred.

a*. Chin and throat uniform yellow.

a^. Crown, occiput, and nape red in

the male, and olive in the female.

«". Smaller, length 8'3 inches, wing

4-85 ; side of the neck yellow,

the yellow stripe from the

upper mandible uniting with

it; with only a short olive

stripe behind red malar region

in male and not sepaiating the

yellow of the neck from the

barred fore neck. [p. 72.

a'. AVith red malar stripe chrysochlorus J ad.,

v. Malar stripe olive chrysochlorus $ ad.,

b^. Larger, length 9-3 inches, wing [p. 72.

5-6; side of the neck as well
as the face olive, crossed by a
yellow stripe from the base of
the upper mandible to the
nape ; the olive behind the red
malar region in the male ap-
pearing as a broad stripe bor-
dering the throat and fore neck. [p. 73.

c''. With red malar stripe hrasiliensis c? ad.,

d'^. Malar stripe olive brasiliensis J ad.,

V. Crown, occiput, and nape yeUow; [p. 73.

malar stripe olive xanthochlorus S ad.*,

b^. Chin and throat barred like the [p. 73.

underparts ; the malar region in the
young males olive, devoid of red.

* The female is apparently unknown. The only two examples of this species
with which I am acquainted are in the CoUectiou, and are labelled males. It
is Tery remarkable that this sex should be totally deyoid of red upon the head .

c'. Crown, occiput, and malar stripe [p. 74.

red ... capistratus J ad.,

d'. Cro'wn, occiput, and malar stripe [p. 75.

olive capistratus 5 ad.,

c*. Chin and throat uniform red.

e'. Top of the head and the occiput [p. 75.

red erythropsis (S ad.,

f^. Top of the head dull golden, oc- [p. 76.

ciput red erythropsis 5 ad.,

h'". Underparts below the chest barred,
chest transversely and otherwise
spotted with white ; chin and throat
white.
d*. Top of the head, occiput, nape, and [p. 76.

malar stripe red leucolamus S ad.,

e*. Forehead, crown, and malar stripe

olive, the occiput and nape (only) [p. 77.

red leucolcemtfs 2 ad.,

c'". Fore neck, chest, and breast covered
with diamond-shaped spots of white ;
flanks and thighs barred or trans-
versely spotted with white ; chin and

throat yellow like the face. [p. 78.

/*. Crown, occiput, and malar stripe red. Jlaviyula ^ ad.,
g^. The red on the head confined to the Tp. 78.

occiput Jlavigula $ ad.,

b". Quills barred with black.

d"'. Face crossed by two yellow stripes ;
with red malar stripe ; chin and throat
uniform golden yellow ; under surface

of the body entirely barred. [p. 79.

A''. Top of the head and occiput red .... aurulenfus c? ad.,
«■'. Top of the head oUve, with a re J [p. 80.

occipital band aurulentus J ad.,

e"'. Face crossed by one yellow stripe ;
throat pale fulvous with dusky spots ;
breast olive, spotted with pale yellow ;
with scarlet occipital band j top of [p. 80.

the head olive-brown callopteints $ ad.,

f". Face not crossed by a yellow stripe ;
chin and throat uniform olive.
j*. Top of the head, nape, and malar

stripe red simplex c? ad., p. 81.

k^. Top of the head olive ; with red
nuchal band and some red specks

on the cheeks simplex $ ad., p. 81.

i'. Quills yellow or whitish on more or less of
the inner webs, and without bars or spots.
c". With no red on the top of the head,
occiput, or nape.
g'". Lores (only) dingy buff; face dull
white, varied with olivaceous duskv,
the ear-coverts very distinctly barred ; [p. 83.

with red malar stripe auricularis J ad.,

h'". Orbital region and ear-coverts, as well
as the lores, pale brownish buff, the
posterior ear-coverts having dusky

5. CHLOEOXEEPES. 7l

longitudinal stripes ; malar region
„ TIT A"^^'-^J spotted with dingy white ° . . godmani $ ad., p. 83.
. With red on the occiput and nape, and
sometimes also covering the whole top
of the head.
i'". Chest and breast not barred, but
covered with more or less hastate
markings of yellowish white or yel-
low; chin and throat striped olive
dusky and wliite ; anterior half of face
buff, the ear-coverts greyish, with
dusky striations ; rump" generally
uniform. r g^

^*- ^^''V' ^■''^''°^ "^^^ cerugmosus S ad.', ""

m . -Malar region striped black and [p. 82.

.,„ ^, """'iits . (Bruginosus 9. ad.,

J . Lhest and breast, as well as the re-
maining underparts, evenly barred;
face brownish drab.
«^ Rump (as well as the tail-coverts)
barred.
g^. Kump and upper tail-coverts
coloured like the back, and nar-
rowly barred with yellow; chin
and throat striped ' dusky black
or olivaceous, and white ; ground-
colour of fore neck, chest, and
^ breast olive, the latter parts rusty. [p 84

^e' ^r^^,"^^ ^^^^""^ ^'^^ gucafatiensis d' ad., "

a . Malar region striped black and [p. 84.

, . white yucatanensis 5 ad

h\ fiump and upper tail-coverts yel-
low, narrowly barred with dusky
olive ; chin and throat black,
spotted with yellowish white
(uniform in young); gi-ound-
colour of fore neck, chest, and
breast olive-black.

J aM^"' '^-1°'' ^^'^ , .'7«^^r/5 S ad., p. 86.

/ . Malar region black, spotted with

yellowish white gularis $ ad., p. 86.

o'. Kump uniform.
i\ Chin and throat striped black and

white. r g^

g\ Malar region red rnbigmosus J ad."

h . Malar region striped black and [p. 88.

., „, .'^'liite rubiginoszis 9 ad..

;\ Lhm and throat black, spotted with
white ; malar region uniform

B. Underparts umtorm ; upper tail-coverts red ^

c'. Crown, occiput, and nape red striatus S ad., p. 89

d . Lrown black ; occiput and nape (only) red

!'• ^"^ UQiform :■........ striatus 2 ad., p. 90.

/ . With white hair-hke shaft-streaks on K, qo

72

1. Chloronerpes chrysochlorus.

Picus chrysochlorus, VieiU. y. But. cTIIid. Nut. xxvi. p. 98 (1818) ;

jrf. S) Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1320 (1823); Sundev. Comp. Av.

Picin. p. 12 (1866).
Picus macrocephalus, Spix, Av. Sras. i. p. 60, pi. liii. fig. 2, c?

(1824).
Picus aurulentus (non III.), Ji'af/l. Si/sf. Av. Picus, sp. 49 (1827)

(J onli/) ; Lesson, Traife, i. p. 224 (I'^ol) (cJ only).
Chloronerpes macrocephalus, Smiins. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837).
Chloronerpes aurulentus (?io« ///.), Bp. Consp. Ge?i. Av. i. p. 116

(1850).
Chloronerpes brasiliensis {non Siciiins.), Beichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 351, no. 804, pi. dcxsii. figs. 4148-49 (1854).
Chrvsopicus brasiliensis, £/>. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 152

(1854).
Chloropicus chrysochlorus, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 141, pi. Ixxxiv. figs. 1,

2, J 5 (1862).
Chloropicus brasiliensis, Malh. Picidcp, ii. pi. Ixxxv. figs. 1 cJ (juv.?),

2 $ (1862).
Craugasus chrysochlorus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 1-59

(1863).
Chloronerpes chrysochlorus. Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 106

(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8781 (1870); Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 243 (1870); Scl. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 99

(1873).

Adult male. Entire back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars,
■wing-coverts, and outer webs of quills olive, brighter on the back
and wing-coverts ; inner webs of the quills brown, with a broad
and elongated marginal patch of rufous or rufous buff on the basal
portion ; shafts brown ; tail blackish brown, the feathers paler on
the margin, and more or less edged with olive at the base ; shafts
brown with black tips, the base of the central pair yellowish ; upper
nasal plumes deep olive, the lower ones yellow; forehead, crown,
occiput, and nape, also the malar stripe, crimson ; face dark olive,
with a bright yellow stripe from the base of the upper mandible
running on to the side of the neck, which is also yellow ; chin and
throat uniform golden yellow : fore neck to the vent golden yellow,
the under tail-coverts whiter, the whole barred with blackish olive ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries rufous buff, the tips of the latter
and the edge of the wing golden yellow. Total length 8"3 inches,
culmen 1, wing 4"S5, tail 2-S5, tarsus 0"8 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-63, outer posterior 0'03, inner anterior 0-bo, inner
posterior 0'27.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence of
red on the head, the top of the head, occiput, and nape being golden
olive like the back, and the malar stripe deep olive. Total length
8 inches, culmen 0'98, wing 4-&5, tail 2-8, tarsus U"78.

Hah. South Brazil, north to Cujaba, and in Paraguay.

a. 5 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil (/. Trrreava). Sclater Coll.

5. CHL0R0NERPE3. 73

2. Chloronerpes brasiliensis.

Picus brasiliensis, Stvains. Zool. Ilhistr. pi. xx. cJ ad. (1820-21) ;

id. Trans. Wern. Soc. N. Hist. Edin. iii.p. 291 (1821); Steph. Gen.

Zool.xW. p. 168, S (1820).
Picus polyzonus, Valenc. Diet. So. Nat. xl. p. 170 (1326); Drap.

Diet. Class, xiii. p. 499, $ (1828) ; Sundev. Comp. Av., Picin. p. 12

(1866).
Picus polyzonos, Less. Traite, i. p. 225 (1831) (5 only).
Chlorouerpes polyzonus, Gray. Gen. B. ii. p. 443, pi. 110. fig. 4

(1846) ; Reicheiib. Scans. Pieinte, p. 353, no. 810, pi. dclxxv. fig.

4466, 5 (1854); Gray, List Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1868); id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199," no. 8783 (1870) ; 8ah\ Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 396, no. 1935(1882).
ChiTSopicus polyzonus, Bp. Consp. Vulucr. Zyaod. p. 9, no. 145

(1854).
Chloropicus polvzonus, MaUi. Picidee, ii. p. 136, pi. Ixxxiii. figs. 1, 2,

cJ $ ad. (1862).
Craugasus polyzonus. Cab. Sj Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 159 (1863).
Chloronerjies capistratus (pt.), Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870).

Adult male. Resembles C clirysoclilorus, but is very much larger,
and differs in having the face and entire neck, with the exception
of the yellow stripe which runs from the nostrils to the side of the
nape and the red malar patch, deep olive ; the dark olive stripe
behind tlie malar region extending in an unbroken line to the
shoulders and not barred across the lower part as in C. chrijsochlorus,
which has only a short olive stripe behind the red malar one, the
side of the neck being yellow, and the lower anterior portion barred
with olive. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1*34, wing 5-6, tail
2'83, tarsus 0-86 : toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-86, outer
posterior 0-75, inner anterior 0-75, inner posterior 0-32.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head de-
void of red, the whole of the top of the head and the occiput being
olive, and the malar stripe also olive, but of a blacker shade. Total
length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5-9, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95.

Hab. Brazil (Province of Bahia).

a. 2 ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

b. cj ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Goduian Coll.

3. Chloronerpes xanthochlorus. (Plate I.)

Chloronerpes xanthochlorus, Svl is' Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 237, 238,
et 1879, p. 533.

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts and outer webs of tjuills olive : inner webs of the quills
rufous externally, in an oblique line from the base of the shaft to
the margin, about halfway down on the second and third primaries,
and reaching nearlj' to the tip in the secondaries, the remaining
portion of the web brownish dusky, slightly tinged with olive ;
shafts brown ; central tail-feathers bright olive, the lateral feathers

74 piciD^.

duller and with the apical third black next the shaft, the base of tlie
inner webs of the two central feathers bright buff ; shafts brown
■with black tips and yellowish-brown bases ; nasal plumes deep
olive ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape golden yellow ; sides of
the face and neck olive, more golden on the malar region and lower
side of the neck, which is barred with dusky olive ; a yellow stripe
from the nostrils crosses the face and extends to the side of the hind
neck ; fi'om the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) golden
with a huffy tinge, the chin and throat Tiniform, the remainder
narrowlj- barred with dusky olive ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
golden rufous buff, the edge of the wing bright golden yellow. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-97, wing 5-05, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-78 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0'77, outer posterior 0-67, inner
anterior 0-54, inner posterior 0-37.

Hub. San Cristoval, Western Venezuela, and westward into
Antioquia.

a. (^ ad. sk. San Cristoval, Venezuela (A. Sclater Coll.

GoeriiKj). (Type of species.)

b. (5 ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T. K. Salmon).

4. CMoronerpes capistratus.

Pious polyznnus {)wn Valenc), Wagl. St/si. Av. Pious, sp. 41 (1827) ;

id. Isis, 1829, p. 513.
Pious polvzonos. Less. Traite, i. p. 225 (1831) (c? only).
Pieus aurulentus, $ , Lesson, Traite, i p. 224 ( $ ) (1831).
Chloronerpes polvzonus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. i 17 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 226 (1856).
Chrvsopicus capistratus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 151

(1854}.
Chloropicus capistratus, 3Iaih. Picidcs, ii. p. 140, pi. Ixxxiii. figs. 4,
• 5, c? ? (1862).
Craugasus capistratus, Cab. ^- Heine, 3Ti/s. Hein. iv. p. 160 (1863).
Picus capistratus, Sundev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 (1866).
Chloronerpes capistratus, Gray, List Pirid. Brit. Mus. p. 107 (1868) ;

id. Hund-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8782 (1870) ; Peh. Orn. Bras.

p.. 243 (1870); Sclat. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873).

Adult male. Resembles C. brasiliensis, but differs in having the
chin and throat less yellow, and entirely barred with blackish olive
like the nnderparts. The quills are not barred, and on the face
there is only one yellow stripe, which commences at the nostrils,
passes under the ear-coverts and runs down the side of the neck ;
these points presenting a strong likeness to both C. brasiliensis and
C. chrysoclilorits. Total length 8"5 inches, culmen I'OS, wing 5-35,
tail 2*8, tarsus O'S; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'78, outer
posterior 0"63, inner anterior 0-53, inner posterior 0-33.

Immature male. Resembles the adult male, but has the malar
stripe olive.

5. CHLORONERPES. 75

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence
of red on the head, the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape, as well
as the malar region, being olive. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen
1-13, wing 5-42, tail 2-86, tarsus 0-77.

Hah. Upper Amazons, from Barra do Rio Negro west into
Ecuador, and north into British Guiana (Eupununi Kiver).

a. 2 _ad. St. South America. Old Coll.

b. (S imm. ; c. 5 Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. ley).

d. 2 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salviu-Godman Coll.

%).

e. 2 ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.
/. c? ad. sk. Barra do Eio Negro, Brazil, Sclater Coll.

Aug. 1833 (/. Natterer).
9,h. c? $ ad. sk. Eupuuuui Eiver, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiaua, April-July {^H.
Whiteli/).

5. Chloronerpes erythropsis.

Picus icterocephalus, var. (nmi Inch Oni. i. p. 241), Lath. Ltd. Orn.

Suppl. p. xxxi (1801 ).
Picus ervthropis, Vieil/. N. Did. d'Hisf. Nat. xxvi. p. 98(1818); id.

^ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1320 (1823).
Picus icterocephalus {non Lath.) (^ , S^nx, Av. Bras. p. 62, pi. liv.

fig. 1, = ? (1824).
Picus erythrops, Tfaql. St/st. Av. Picus, sp. 53 (1827) ; Nemvied,

Beiti: Nature/. Bras. iv. p. 427 (1832).
Chloronerpes erythrops, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 116 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picina-, p. 352,

no. 806, pi. dcxxiii. figs. 4152-53, S 6 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857,

p. 268.
Chrysopicus erythropsis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zggod. p. 9, no. 149

(1854).
Chloropicus erythropsis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 143, pi. Ixxxvii. figs. 1-

2, d 2 (1862).
Chloronerpes erythropsis, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2022 (1862);

id. ^ Su/v. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 594 ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 106 (1868) ; id. Hcnd-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8780 (1870); Sclat.

6; Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salt). Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 395, no. 1933 (1882).
Craugasus erythropes, Cab. i^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 158 (1863).
Picus erythropes, Sundev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 (1866).
Chloronerpes erythropes, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 244 (1870).

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of the secondaries and inner webs of the inner-
most golden olive, the outer webs of the primaries brown margined
with olive at the base ; inner webs of quills rufous at the base,
brownish black on the apical portion, the latter colour occupying
the greater part of the outer primaries and diminishing in extent
upon each inner feather until it only forms an apical spot : shafts
brown ; tail-feathers brownish black, margined with olive at the
base, shafts brown with black ti])s ; nasal plumes dark brown ;
forehead, crown, occiput and nape, malar region and immediately

76 riciD.B.

behind it, chin and throat crimson : sides of the face and upper
neck golden yellow ; lower side of the neck olive, barred with dull
yellowish white ; from the fore neck to the under tail-coverts, both
inclusive, yellowish white, barred with olive-black ; axillarics and
edge of the wing yellowish white, barred with olive-black, the inner
wing-lining rufous bufl\ Total length 7o inches, culmen 0-85,
wing 4-3, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-75 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-48, outer posterior 0-48, inner anterior 0-42, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and fore part of the crown dull golden yellow, and the red on the
malar region, chin, and throat less intense. Total length 7"3 inches,
culmen 0-S2, wing 4-53, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-68.

Hah. Eastern and Southern Brazil. Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 268) records a specimen from Ega, Upper Amazons (Bates). If
this be a correct identification, the species would appear to range
right through Western Erazil also.

a. c? ad. St.

Brazil.

Purchased.

b,c. J 2 ad. sk.

Brazil.

Sclater Coll,

d, e. (S2 ^^- sk.

Brazil.

Gould Coll.

/, g. S ad. ; h. $

Brazil.

Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk.

i. (S ad. sk.

Brazil.

Riocour Coll.

k,l.d2 ad. sk.

Pernambuco.

Purchased.

7n. (S ad. sk.

Pernambuco (IF. A. Forbes).

Salviu-Godman Coll.

n. 5 ad. sk.

Pernambuco (Craven).

Sclater Coll.

0, p. (S ad. ; q. $

Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk.

r. $ad. sk.

Rio Janeiro.

R. H. Wood, Esq.

[P.].

6. Chloronerpes leucolaemtis.

Picas leucoliemus, Malh. Mem. Soc. Boy. Liege, 1845, p. 68 ; Sundev.

Consp. Av., Picin. p. 13 (1866).
Chloropicos isidori, Malh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 18o0, p. 154.
Chrvsopicus leucoliemus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 143

(1854).
Chrvsopicus isidori, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 153 (1854).
Chloropicus leucolsemus, Malh. Picidai, ii. p. 145, pi. Ixxxv. figs. 3, 4,

6 2 (1862).
Craugasus leucolfemus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 160 (1368).
Chloronerpes leucolfemus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 105 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8784 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 244

(1870) ; Sclat. 8r Salv. Xomencl Av. Keotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546 ; id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 85 (1886).

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of the secondaries and part of the inner webs
of the innermost, also the basal margin of the outer webs of the
primaries, golden-olive, the remaining portion of the latter webs being
brown with the base rufous ; inner webs of the quills rufous with
the apical portion blackish brown, the latter colour occupying quite
the half of the outer primaries and diminishing in extent upon each

5. CHLORONEEPES. 77

inner feather ; shafts brown ; tail-feathers brownish black, mar-
gined at the base with golden-olive, shafts brown with black tips ;
nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe
crimson ; sides of the face and neck golden olive, with a golden-yellow
stripe from the base of the upper mandible crossing the face and
running down the side of the neck ; hind neck golden olive ; chin
and throat yellowish white ; fore neck, chest, and breast olive, with
varied transverse spots of yellowish white, these parts in old birds
being distinctly barred ; under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts j'ellowish white, narrowly barred with blackish olive ; axil-
laries and edge of the wing yellow, barred with blackish olive, the
inner lining of the wing rufous buff. Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0-9, wing 4-65, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"62, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior O'o, inner
posterior 0'28.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown golden olive, also in wanting the red malar stripe, this
region being golden olive like the top of the head. Total length
7"5 inches, culmen 0'87, wing -t'S, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-67.

Immature. Differ from the adult of their respective sexes in having
the chest-feathers longitudinally centred with yellowish white and
a subterminal olive-black band.

Hah. South MattoGrosso, Brazil, and north into Eastern Ecuador
and New Granada.

a. r? ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

b,c. c? 2 imm. ; Saravacu, Ecuador (C'.5^<cZ;/e2/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk.
e,f. c? 2 ad.sk. Engenho-do-Gama, Brazil, July, Sclater Coll.
Aug. {J. Nattever).

7. Chloronerpes flavigula.

Le Petit Pic a gorge jaune, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. p. 379, ^ (1783).

Pic a gorge jauue de Cayenne, Dauhent. PI. Enl. 78-t, cj.

Picus flavigula, Bodd. 'Tabl. PL Enl. p. 49, no. 784, S (1783);

Sundev. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 13 (1866).
Picus chlorocephalus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 4-32 (1788) ; Less. Traite,

i. p. 229 (1831) ; Cab. in Schomb. Pels. Gidan. iii. p. 716 (1848).
Picus icterocephalus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 241 (1790); Steph. Gen.

Zool. ix. p. 191, pi. xxsv. (1815) ; Vieill. K. Diet. (FHist. Nat.

xxvi. p. 86 (1818) ; id. ^- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1314 (1823) ;

Spix, Av. Bras. p. 62, pi. liv. fig. 2, $ ( 1824) ; Wagl. Syst. Av.

Picus, sp. 54 (1827) ; Drap. Did. Class, xiii. p. 499 (1828).
Chloronerpes icterocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846); Reichenb.

Sca7is. Picina, p. 351, no. 805, pi. dcxxiii. figs. 4154^55, J $

(1854).
Chloronerpes flavigula. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; Sclat.

8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 587-594 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas.

p. 105 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8778 (1870) ; Peh.

Oi-n. Bras. p. 244 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 395, no. 1934

(1882) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 42.

Chloronerpes chlorocephalus, Bp. Consp. Oen. Av. i. p. 110 (1850).
Chrvsopicus clilorocephalus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zi/qod. p. 9, no. 147

(l8o4).
Cliloropicus chlorocephalusi, Mnlh. ricidce, ii. p. 144, pi. Ixxxvi. figs.

4, 6 c? cT sen., 6 2 ad. (1862).
Chloronerpes flavigularis, Sclat. Cat. Anier. B. p. 3.30, no. 202-3 (1862) ;

id. Ss- Sah: Nomenel. Av. Neotr. p. 90 (1873) ; {id. P. Z. S. 1873,

p. 291 ; Salv. Ihis, 1880, p. 58 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 84 (1836).
Craugasus iiavigula, Cab. i^- Heme, 3Ius. Ilein. iv. p. 157 (1863).

Adult male. Eack, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts and outer webs of secondaries olive, brighter on the back
and scapulars ; the outer webs of the primaries blackish brown,
more or less margined with olive ; inner webs of quills rufous on
the basal portion, blackish brown on the apical portion, the latter
colour occupying the greater part of the web in the outer primaries
and diminishing in extent upon each inner feather, except the inner-
most secondaries, which have the inner webs black, margined with
smoky-grey at the base ; shafts black ; tail black, the feathers
margined at the base with yellowish olive, shafts black ; nasal
plumes brown ; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe
crimson ; sides of the face and upper neck, chin and throat golden
yellow : hind neck olive ; lower side of the neck, fore neck, chest,
and breast olive, the fore neck and chest with longitudinal spots of
yellowish white, the breast having larger heart-shaped or triangi;lar
spots of white ; remainder of the uuderparts dusky olive with bar-
like spots of white ; under tail-coverts white with crescentic markings
of olive-black or dusky black ; under wing-coverts rufous buff, with
transverse sjiots of dusky olive ; axillaries and the edge of the wing
yellowish white barred with dusky olive. Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 4-35, tail 2'35, tarsus 0-7 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-53, outer posterior 0-53, inner anterior 0-45, inner
posterior 0-25.

Immature male. Has the feathers above the eye and bordering
the crown and occiput olive with yellowish tips, most of the feathers
of the forehead, crown, and occiput are tipped with red, those not
so are dusky olive with dull yellowish tips.

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, and has the forehead
and crown dull golden yellow, slightly olivescent. Total length 7
inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-6, tail 2-5o, tarsus 0-7.

Young female. Has the upper parts dull olive; the forehead and
crown also dull olive, with a narrow occipital band of scarlet ; face
lemon-yellow ; chin and upper throat dull white: fore neck and chest
dusky, with diamond-.shaped spots of white; the remainder of tho
underparts and under tail-coverts dull white crossed by dusky bars.

Hah. Guiana and Upper Amazonian Region, and extending into
Korth-east Peru.

a. 5 ad. fk. Bartica (Trove, British Guiana, Sclater Coll.

Oct. (H. IJliitehj).

b, c. ^ 2 ad. ; Bartica Grove, Jan., Sept., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
<f. cJjuv.sk. (/T. Whitely).

5. CHLOKONERPES. 79

e. c? ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

/. (S imm. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. cJ imm. sk. Oyapoc. Sclater Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazons {A. H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

JJ'allace).

i. (S ad.sk. Amazons (.4. jR. Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. cJ imm. sk. Sarayacii, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. c? imm.; m. Chaniicuros, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett [C.].

2 juv. sk. July, Oct.

n. 5 ad. sk. [Peruvian Amazons.] Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Chloronerpes aurulentus.

Carpintero verde dorado, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 318, no. 256 (cJ)

(1805).
Carpintero dorado pardo, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 320, no. 257 ( 2 )

(180.5).
Picus auratus {non Linn.), Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 70 2

(1818) ; id. Sr Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1305 (1823).
Picus aurulentus, Temm. PL Col. 10" livr. pi. lix. ii<^. 1, ^ (1823) ;

Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10, nos. Qo, G6, S 2 (1823) ; Steph. Gen.

Zool. xiv. p 166 (1826) ; Sitndev. Consj). Ai\, Picin. p. 12 (1866).
Picus xauthotsenia, Wagl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 50 (1827).
Picus maculipenuis, Wa(/l. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 51, 9 (1827) ; id. Isis,

1829, p. 514.
Picus subauratus, Drap. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 496, 5 (1828).
Chloronerpes aurulentus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (184(3) ; Hartl.

Jnd. Azara, p. 16, nos. 2.5(5 c? , 257 $ (1847); Reicheyib. Scans.

Picinm, p. 351, no. 803, pi. dcxxiii. figs. 4150-51 (1854); B^inn.

Th. Bras. ii. p. 227 (1856); Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2021

(1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Ins. p. 105(1808); id. Hand-l

B. ii. p. 198, no. 8779 (1870); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ;

Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. At: Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; White, P. Z. S 1882

p. 617 ; Scl. S^ Hnds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 21 (1889). '

Chloronerpes xanthotsenia. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846).
Chloronerpes maculipennis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 116 (1850).
Chloropicos aurulentus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 352.
Chrysopicus aurulentus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no, 144

(1854).
Chrvsopicus maculipennis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 146

(1854).
Chloropicus aurulentus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 137, pi. Ixxxiv. fio-s. 4-5

c^ 2 ad. (1862).
Craugasus auratus (non Linn.), Cab. 4" Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 158

(1863).

Adult male. Back and scapulars golden olive ; rump and upper
series of upper tail-coverts dusky olive, the outermost of the latter
transversely varied with whitish, the lower series of the coverts
blackish brown with olive margins ; wing-coverts olive : quills
rufous, barred with black and having black tips, the outer primaries
not barred on the outer webs, the secondaries having their outer
webs broadly margined with or entirely golden olive ; shafts dark
brown ; tail and the shafts black ; upper nasal plumes dusky olive

80 piciD^.

the lower ones yellow ; forehead, crown, occiput, and malar stripe
crimson ; lores, a stripe above the eye and extending to the nape,
and another stripe running under the ear-coverts yellow, and
between these a broad dusky olive stripe ; chin and throat golden
yellow ; hind neck like the back ; side of the neck, fore neck, and
entire underparts olive dusky barred with dull white, the side of
the neck and the breast washed with olive ; under tail-coverts barred
dusky black and dull white : axillaries and edge of tlie wing pale
yellow, barred with olive-black ; the inner wing-lining rufous-buff,
with a few dusky transverse spots. Total length 8'5 inches, cul-
men 1-03, wing 4'8, tail 2-85, tarsus 0"77 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"68, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0'52, inner
posterior 0'3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and the outer edge of the occiput deep golden olive, with a
broad occipital band of crimson. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0*93,
wing 4-75, tail 2-78, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. South Brazil and the Argentine Republic.

a. S fid. St. Brazil. Purchased.

b. S fid. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. f?. c? $ad.sk. Brazil. Purchased.

e,f. S 9- 'id. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

.9,7(. d 2 ad. sk. Brazil Tweeddale Coll.

i. cJ ad. sk. Brazil. Riocour Coll.

k,l. c? $ ad.sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Janeiro Salvin-Godman Coll.

{J. Youds).

m. 5 ad. sk. Lagos dos Patos, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul, Brazil {H. Rogers),

n. 2 imni. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Joyner).

o. Skeleton. Brazil. Eyton Coll.

9. Chloronerpes callopterus.

Chloronerpes callopterus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1862,
p. 476 ($); Grail, List Pieid. Brit. Mns. p. 106 (1868); id.
Hcmd-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8785 (1870) ; Salo. Ibis, 1874, p. 317.

Craugasus callopterus, Ceib. 8,- Heine, Mvs. Hein. iv. p. 159 (1863).

Picus callopterus. Sunder. Consp. Av., Picin. p. 12 (1866).

Adult female. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and upper
tail-coverts deep golden olive, the tail-coverts edged with yellowish
at the tip ; quills rufous, externally margined (more or less broadly)
with golden olive, and having transverse spots or partial bars of
black upon both webs, and the tips also black, but those of the
secondaries washed with olive ; shafts of primaries brown and of
secondaries orange-reddish ; tail brownish black, the central feathers
edged with olive at the base ; shafts brown, with black tips ; head
and neck, chest and breast olive (darker on the forehead and crown),
with a crimson occipital and nuchal band, and a yellow stripe from
the base of the upper mandible running backwards under the ear-
coverts ; the chin varied with brownish white, tho feathers of the

5. CHLORONEEPES. 81

throat, chest, and breast with a yellow shaft-stripe terminating in a
diamond-shaped spot ; the remainder of the imderparts and the
under tail-covcrts yellow, narrowly barred with deep olive ; under
wing-coverts and axiUaries golden buff. Total length &8 inches,
culmen 0'9, wing 4'3, tail 2-3, tarsus 0"73 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0'63, outer posterior 0*67, inner anterior 0'52, inner
posterior 0"27.

Rah, New Granada, and extending into Veragua.

a. $ ad. sk. Veragua (U. Ai-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll,

10. Chloronerpes simplex.

Chloronerpes simplex, Sulv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212 ; id. Sf Scl. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 317 ; Zeled. Cat. Ac.
Costa Rica, 1882, p. 23, no. 490 ; id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885,
p. 111.

Adult female. Resembles C. callopterus, but differs in wanting
the yellow stripe across the face, and in having the feathers which
surround the eye more or less tipped with dull red. Total length
7 inches, culmen O'S, wing 4'45, tail 2'o, tarsus 0'66 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anferior 0o8, outer posterior 0'58, inner anterior
0'45, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult male. " Has the top of the head entirely red, and an elon-
gated rictal spot of the same colour. In other respects it resembles
the female. Total length 7"0 inches, wing 4-5, tail 2-6, bill 1"0,
tarsus 0-7 " (Salvin).

Hah. Chiriqui and southern part of Costa Rica.

a. 5 ad. sk. Chiiiqui, Veragua {E. Arce). Sclater Coll. (Type

of species.)

b. $ ad. sk. Bugaba, Chuiqui {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

11. Chloronerpes aeriigiiiosus *,

Chloronerpes rubigiuosus («o« Swains.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443,

pi. ex. <S (1846).
Chloronerpes aerugiuosus {Licht. in Mus. BeroL), Gray, Gen. B. iii.

App. p. 22 (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854) ; Bp. Consp.

Volucr. Zyyod. p. 9, no. 155 (1854); Scl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 388;

id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2024 (1862) ; Cab. i,- Heine, Mus.

Hei?i. iv. p. 161 (1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177 ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 104 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8775

(1870) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Lawr.

Btdl. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, p. 35.
Chloronerpes yucatanensis [non Cabot), Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307,

1859, p. 367.

* I cannot see to which species Chrysopicus perspidllatus of Malherbe
(PicidsB, ii. p. 176) ought to be referred. The description given agrees with
C. (Briiyinosus, but the measurements belong to a much smaller species, and the
habitat (Colombia, Trinidad, &c.) is not that of the present bird, which is con-
fined to Mexico. In Malherbe's plate exiv, figs. 1 cJ, 2 f appear to have been
taken from C. aruyinosus, but the face and neck differ entirely from those
parts in this or indeed any Chloronerpes known to me.

VOL. XVIII. G

82

Ohrysopicua seruginosu,?, Malh. Ficida, ii. p. 171, pi. xc. figs. 1, 2,

S $ (1862).
Cliloroiierpes yucateusis (iion Cabot), Cabanis, J. f. O. 1862, p. 321.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive,
the rump and upper tail-coverts crossed by yellow bars more or less
distinct ; wiug-coverts and outer webs of all the qi;ilLs brownish
golden olive, the inner webs browner and margined with white or
yellowish white on the basal portion ; shafts brownish yellow ;
central tail-feathers black with olive bases, the lateral ones brown
tinged with olive ; shafts of central pair of feathers black, the re-
mainder brown ; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown dusky slate-
grey, the outer edge of the crown, together with the occiput, nape,
and malar stripe crimson ; anterior part of face pale biiff, the
hinder part dull white finely streaked with dusky black ; chin and
throiit white, striped with blackish olive ; side of the neck, fore neck,
and entire undcrparts and under tail-coverts deep or blackish olive,
the feathers tipped with yellow, and having varied markings of
yellowish white or yellow, those of the side of the neck and fore neck
being irregular and transverse, those of the chest and breast having
more or less hastate markings, the remaining underparts distinctly
barred, and the under tail-coverts with bars and V-shaped markings ;
under wing-coverts and asillaries pale golden transversely spotted
with olive. Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5'05, tail
3-2, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-76, outer
posterior <>76, inner anterior 0'53, inner posterior 0'38.

Adult female. Has the malar region striped black and white, and
the crown is not bordered with red. Total length 8'7 inches, cul-
men 0-95, wing 5-05, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-9.

Hnh. Southern and Eastern Mexico, north to Sierra Madre above
Ciudad Victoria, Tamanlipas, and south into Oaxaca, Tehuantepec,
and Chiapas.

a. S ad. st.

b, c. cJ ad., S
imm. sk.

d, e,f. cJ ad. ; ff.
$ ad. sk.

h. (^ ad. ; i, k.

2 ad.; /. 5

imm. sk.
m. c5 ad. St.
n. 2 ad. sk.
0. cJ imm. sk.

2). 6 ad. ; q. S
imm. ; r, s.
2 ad. sk.

t. u. c? 2 ad.
sk.

V. S ad. sk.

w. 2 ad. sk.

X. c? ad. sk.

Mexico.

Mexico (de Oca).

SieiTa Madre, above Ciudad Vic-
toria, Tamanlipas, April, May
( W. B. Richardson).

Tampico, Mexico, Feb., June ( W.
B. Richardson).

Cordova, Mexico.

Cordova.

Near the city of Mexico ( G. H.

White).
Jalapa, Jan., Feb., May, June

{F. D. G.).

Jalapa (de Oca).

Atoyac, Mexico, May {D. W. S.).
Orizaba, Vera Cruz, March.
Coatepec, Vera Cruz, Aug.

Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

M. Salle [C.].
M. Salle [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. CHLORONEEPES. 83

12. Chloronerpes auricularis.

Clilorouerpes auricularis, Salv. ^' Godm. Ibis, 1889, p. 381.

AduU male. Resembles C. ceruginosus, but differs in having the
whole of the occiput and nape, as well as the crown, leaden or
slaty grey, devoid of red, this colour being confined to the malar
stripe which is deep crimson; the ear-coverts barred with dusky
instead of being striped ; the lower rumij-feathers and the upper
tail-coverts deep olive clearly and narrowly barred with pale yellow
or yeUowish white; the shafts of the quiUs yellowish brown,
not yellow; the dimensions are also considerably less. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0-97, wing 4-65, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-82 ;
toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-67, outer posterior O-Gs'
inner anterior 0-48, inner posterior 0-32. '

This species is much more closely allied to C. ceruginosus than to
C. yucatanensis, although it bears some resemblance to the latter
species in its barred rump and upper tail-coverts, but in C.
ceruginosus examples are found in which these parts are decidedly
barred. The ground of the face in the present species is white as
m C. ceruginosus, whereas in the Guatemalan species it is brownish
buff.

Sab. State of Guerrero, Mexico.

a. c? ad. Xautipa, State of Guen-ero, Mexico, Salviu-Godmau Coll
July (Mrs. H. H. Smith). (Type of species.)

13. Chloronerpes godmani.

Adult female. Resembles C. auricularis (the male only of which
IS known), but differs in having the entire orbital region and ear-
coverts, as well as the lores, pale brownish buff, the posterior ear-
coverts having dusky longitudinal stripes ; the entire top of the
head and the nape of a much paler slate-grey ; the chin and upper
throat whiter ; the malar region dusky, with indistinct dingy white
spots (a character which wiU probably be shared by the female C.
auricularis). In the present species the inner primaries have an
indistinct trace of yellow marginal spots on the outer webs; the
central tail-feathers are browner, and have the apex margined with
dull golden yellow, but this may prove not to be a specific character
The type ( ? ) of this species (like the type ( S ) of C. auricularis)
may be readily distinguished from both sexes of its allies 0. arugi-
nosus and G. ruhiginosus by the entire absence of red on the p of
the head. Total length 7-85 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-7, tail 2-95,
tarsus_ 0-82; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-65, outer
posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-52, inner posterior 0-23.
Hab. Jalisco, Mexico.

«. $ ad. Hacienda San Marcos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll
Mexico, 5200 feet, May 13, 1889 (Type of species.)

( yy . Lloyd).

g2

84 piciD^.

14. Chloronerpes yucatanensis.

Picus yucatensis, Cabot, Bost. Jouni. Nat. Hist. 1845, p. 92.
Picus yucatacensis, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Chrysoptilus canipileus {non B'Orh.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161.
Chlorouerpes yucatanensis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 60 ; Sclat. §•

<S'fl/". Ibis, 1859, p. 136 ; iia. op. cit. 1860, p. 44 ; Sclat. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 339, no. 2025 (1862) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 321 ; Cab. ^

Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 161 (1863), pt. ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 104 (1868), pt. ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8777 (1870) ;

Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 390, no. 193G (1882) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica,

1882, p. 23, no. 488 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 452 ; Zeled. Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mw. 1885, p. 111.
Chloronerpes uropygialis, Cab. J.f. O. 1862, pp. 321, 322.
Chloronerpes canipileus {non D'Orb.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339,

no. 2027 (1862) ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 104 (1868), pt. ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8776 (1870), pt. ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1870, p. 212; id. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. j^. 100 (1873), p".
Chrysopicus rubiginosus (pt.), Malh, Picidce, ii. p. 174, text only

(1862).
Picus yucatanensis, Sundev. Consp, Av. Picin. p. 70 (1866) ; Gieb.

Thes. Orn. iii. p. 186 (1876).
Chloronerpes yucatensis, Laior. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York,

1868, p. 131.
Chloronerpes ruhiginosus {non Swains.), Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 380.

Adult male. Back and scapulars olive, slightly rusty ; rump
and upper tail-coverts dusky olive narrowly barred with yellow ;
wing-coverts rusty olive ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky,
externally olive ; outer webs of quills brownish or rusty olive, the
inner webs blackish brown, the basal margin of these being yellowish
white ; shafts brownish yellow ; tail brownish black, shading into
umber-brown on the lateral feathers, the central feathers more or
less olive-brown at the base, dwarf feather olive ; shafts of central
feathers blackish brown, yellow at the base, those of the outer
feathers more or less yellow ; nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown,
and occiput dusky leaden grey, the outer edge of these, as well as
the nape, being crimson ; lores and face dingy buff, the posterior
portion of the face (not including the ear-coverts) barred with
blackish ; malar stripe crimson ; chin and throat white, the upper
half striped, the lower half barred with black ; fore neck, sides of
the neck, and the chest blackish olive, the feathers having yellowish
tips and being crossed by narrow white bars ; the remainder of the
under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts barred dusky
olive and pale yellow ; under wing-coverts golden buff with faint
dusky bars ; axillaries yellow barred with dusky olive ; underside
of quills and of lateral tail-feathers glossed with golden ; the under-
side of the shafts golden yellow. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen
1-05, wing 4-65, tail 2-8, tarsus 0"8; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'72, outer posterior 0-73, inner anterior 0-55, inner pos-
terior 0"36.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson
on the malar region, this being white striped with black ; also in not

5. CHtORONERPES.

85

having the forehead, crowu, and occiput bordered with crimson,
this colour being confined to the nuchal band. Total length 8*3
inches, culmen 1, wing 4-8, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-8.

Examples from Colombia and Ecuador have the rump and upper
tail-coverts very clearly barred with yellow, and the males assume
the red crown. Bogota specimens are large and rusty above, and
approach very closely to C. gulans from Antioquia ; the Ecuador
bird is of considerably smaller dimensions.

Hah. Throughout Central America as far as Teapa, Southern
Mexico, and south into U.S. Colombia to Bogota, and entering Vene-
zuela ; on the West of the Andes, south to Babahoyo, Ecuador.

i. 6 2 ad. ;
(S imm. sk.
c? ad. ; e.
imm. sk.
/. d" ad. sk.

d.

9, h. S ? ad.

k.

I- 2

c? ad.
imm. sk.
m, n. c? 5 ad. ; o.
5 imm. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.
cj ad. sk.
$ ad. sk.

P:

5 imm. si
2 ad. sk.

V, %o. S ad. sk.

y-

S ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.

d'.

z. c? imm.

$ ad. sk.
b', c'. (S ad.

5 imm. ; e',
f . Juv. sk.
(/', h' . (S $ ad. sk.

i', h'. S 2 ad. sk.

I'.

cJ ad. sk.
. Ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.
.? ad.; /, .«
c? 2 imm. sk.
2 ad. sk.

Teapa, Mexico {Mvs. H. H. Salvin-Godman Coll,

Smith).
Peto, Yucatan {G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mer).
Orange Walk, British Hon- Salvin-Godman Coll.

duras, Dec. {G. F. Gau-

nier).
Southern Pine Ridge, Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Honduras, April (F. Blan-

caneaux).
Guatemala. Tweeddale Coll.

DueSas, Guatemala (0. <S'.). Salvifi-Godman Coll.

Coban, Guatemala (O. S.).
Cohan, Nov. (O. .S'.).
Tactic, Guatemala, Nov.

(0. S.).
Cbisec, Guatemala (O. S.).
Barranco Hondo, Guatemala,

Oct. (O. S.).
Savana Graiade, Guatemala

(O. S.).
Savana Grande (O. S.).
Volcan de Agua, Guatemala,

Nov. (O. <S'.).
Costa Rica {J. Carmiol).

Costa Rica.

Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua
(£. Arce).

Cordillera del Chucu, Vera-
gua {E. Arce).

Panama.

Venezuela.

Caraccas, Venezuela.

U.S. Colombia.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Esmeraldas, Ecuador
(i. Fraser).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.
Sclater CoU.
Purchased.
Tweeddale CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.

Sclater CoU.

86 piciD^.

m'. cJ ad. sk. Babalioyo, Ecuador Sclater Coll.

(L. Frasei-).
v'. (S iiiim. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador Salviu-Godman Coll.

(Illinffivorth^.

15. Chloronerpes gularis.

Chloronerpes rubiginosus (non Sivaim.), Sclaf. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 533.
Chloronerpes gularis, Harff. Ibis, 1889, p. 230.

Adult male. Resembles C. rubiginosus, but differs iu having the
whole of the rump and upper tail-coverts golden yellow barred with
dusky olive ; the size is also larger. The present species resembles
C. yucaianensis in having the rump and upper tail-coverts barred, but
in the former the ground-colour is yellow. It differs, however, in
having the chin and throat deep black clearly spotted (not striped)
with white. C. gularis has the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
very rusty iu colour ; the forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar
stripe crimson, this colour even spreading on to the feathers of
the hind neck ; the lateral tail-feathers have faint dusky bars.
Total leugth 9*5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4-9, tail 3-1, tarsus
0*85 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-75, outer posterior 0-7,
inner anterior 0-53, inner posterior 0-35.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar
region black spotted with diiU yellowish white. Total length
9-3 inches, culmen 1-08, wing 5-2, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-9.

Immature female. Has the malar region and behind it, together
with the chin and throat, uniform black ; the feathers of the fore-
head and crown, as well as those of the occiput and nape, are
tipped with red ; the car-coverts are of a more smoky olivaceous
colour than in the adult, which it otherwise resembles.

Hah. Antioquia.

a. (5 ad. ; b. 5 Santa Elena, Antioquia, U. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. Colombia (T. K. Salmon).

c. 5 ad. sk. lletiro, AntiocLuia ( T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sabnoii).

d. cS ad. sk. Retiro, Antioquia {T. K, Sclater Coll.

Salmon).

16. Chloronerpes rubiginosus.

Picus rubiginosus, Swains. Zool. Illustr. 1st ser. i. pi. xiv. (1820-21) ;

Wagl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 55 (1827) ; Less. Traiie, i. p. 227

(1831) ; ^Simdev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 69 (1866) ; Finsc/i, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 782.
Chloronerpes rubiginosus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837) ; Cab.

in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; Bj). Cons}). Gen. Av. i.

p. 118 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zye/od. p. 9, no. 154 (1854) ;

Keichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 352, no. 807, pi. dcxxiv. figs. 4156-57

(1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 286 ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1 862, p. 322 ; Sclat.

Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2026 (1862) ; Cab. i^ Heine, Mas. Hein. iv.

5. CHLOEONERPES. 87

p. IGl (18G3); Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93; Leot Ois. Trinid.
p. 339 (I860) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169 ; Grmj, Lid
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 103 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8774
(1870); Sclat. c^ Sah. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 782; iid. Nomencl. Ai\
Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 ; iid. op. cit. 1870,
p. 632 ; Berl. Ibis, 1880, p. 114 ; Salv. Cat. StvicM. Coll. p. 396,
no. 1937 (1882) ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 59.

Picus campileus, If Orb. Voy. Amer. M&id. iv. p. 379, pi. Ixiii.
fig. 2 (1835-44) ; Tscliudi, Consp. Av. Pep. Peruan. in Arch, fiir
Natiiry. 1844, p. 303 ; Cab. in Tschud. Faun. Peruan., Aves,
pp. 43, 268 (1845-46) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 69 (1866).

Cliiysoptilus canipileus, Gra}/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; Bp,
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (18.50).

Chloronerpes warscewiczii, Reichenb. Scans. Picime, p. 4-30, no. 1015
(808 6), pi. dclxxx. figs. 4491-92, ? $ (1854).

Colaptes canipileus, Reichenb. Scans. Picinte, p. 415, no. 978,
pi. dclxviii. fig_. 4432, c? (1854).

Clirysopicus canipileus, Bp. Consp. Voiua: Zyyod. p. 9, no. 143
(1854) ; 3Ialh. Picida, ii. p. 173, pi. xc. figs. 4, 5, 6, d $ c?
(1862).

Clirysopicus rubiginosus, Malh. Pkidce, ii. pi. ixxxix. figs. 4. 6, cJ 0
(not text, ii. p. 174) (1862).

Chloronerpes canipileus, Cah. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 321 ; id. ^- Heine,
Mus. Hein. iv. p. 162 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 104
(1868) pt.; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8776 (1870) pt. ; Sclat. Sf
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) pt. ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 546, 1877, p. 327, 1879, p. 244; id. 8)- Berl. op. cit. 1883,
p. 571 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 82 (1886).

Chloronerpes tucumanus, Cab. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 103 ; Sclat. •$• Huds,
Ary. Orn. ii. p. 21

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump rusty olive ; upper tail-
coverts di;sky olive, narrowly barred with yeUow ; wing-coverts
like the back, but duller in colour ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown, externally brownish olive; outer webs of
quills brownish olive, the inner webs blackish brown, more or less
margined with yellowish white ; shafts clear brown ; tail black
shading into umber-brown on the lateral feathers, these having the
webs more or less crossed bj- paler bars, the central feathers
margined with olive at the base ; dwarf feather olive, the tip darker,
with narrow yellow bars on the outer web ; central tail-shafts
black with greyish-brown bases, those of the lateral feathers brown,
and of the dwarf feather yellow ; nasal plumes dusky black ; fore-
head and crown dusky leaden grey, the outer edge, as well as the
occiput and nape, crimson ; lores and face buffy white, the car-coverts
slightly darker ; a broad malar stripe of crimson ; chin and throat
white, the feathers having a black central stripe : fore neck black
spotted with white ; sides of the neck and the chest yellowish white,
the former narrowly, the latter broadly barred ■n'ith olive-black ;
the remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts bright
yellow barred with dusky olive, the bars being fainter on the abdo-
men, vent, and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts pale golden
buff, the axillarics yellow : underside of quill-shafts bright yellow,
the underside of the tail-shafts duller, those of the central feathers

88

having black tips. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing
4-68, tail 2-95, tarsus 0-85 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-66, outer posterior 0-7, inner anterior 0-53, inner posterior
0-32.

Adult female. "Wants the crimson on the outer edge of the fore-
head and crown, and also the red malar stripe, the latter being
replaced by black striped with white. In other respects resembles
the adult of the opposite sex. Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1,
wing 4-35, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-7.

Immature birds have the anterior half of the face whiter, the
posterior half barred with blackish, the ear-coverts being dusky and
faintly barred with a darker shade ; the side of the neck is whiter
and barred with dusky black ; the general colour above is duller.

Young birds are much duller in colour both above and below, and
have the face whiter ; the male has the feathers of the malar stripe
more or less tipped with duU crimson, the ground being black ; the
outer edge of the forehead and crown with scarcely any indication
of red ; the female has the malar stripe uniform black ; the chin
and throat are more spotted than striped with white.

Examples of the present species from Tobago are more rusty brown
on the sides of the neck, fore neck, and chest, and sometimes have
very faint dusky olive bars on the under wing-coverts and axillaries.
Trinidad specimens run smaller, and in Brazil the species diminishes
considerably in size, without presenting any important points of
difference. Specimens from Peru and Bolivia are very yellow below,
and have a strong tendency to lose the bars on the abdomen, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts. Tucumau examples are dull-coloured
birds completely barred below, and are identical with specimens
from British Guiana. Southern males are inclined to assume a red
crown as well as their constantly red occiput, but I have never yet
seen this in examples from Venezuela or Guiana.

Bah. Guiana, Venezuela, and in the islands of Trinidad and
Tobago ; Brazil north of the Amazon, and extending south into Peru,
Bolivia, and Tucuman.

a, b. S ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk.

d. (S imni. ; e. 5
ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.
g. (5 imm. sk.

h. S ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.

k. 5 ad. sk.

I. (5 imm. ; m. $

ad. sk.
n. (S innn. sk.

0, p. (5 5 imm. sk.

Trinidad.
Trinidad.
Trinidad.

Venezuela,

N. Andakxsia, Venezuela {A.

Goeruu/).
Vene'^uela.
Caraccas, Venezuela, Oct.

{A. Goerhiff).
Guiana.
Eorainia, British Guiana, Jan.

(II. Whitehj).
Bartica Grove, British Guiana,

Jan. {II. Whitely).
Merimie Mts., British Guiana,

June, July [h. Whitely).

Zoological Society.
Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

5. CHX0E0NERPE8. 89

q. Juv. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

r. S ad. sk. Mantos, Peru {Jelski). Sclater Coll.

s. 2 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{C. Buckley),

t, u. (S 2 ad. sk. Tucuiuan, Arg. P>ep. (Schnelz). Sclater Coll.

V. Juv. sk. Tweeddale Coll.

17. Chloronerpes striatus.

Le Pic Rave de Saint Domingue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 65, pi. iv.
fig. 1, c? (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ok. vii. p. 371 (1783) ; Dau-
hent.Pl. Enl. 281, d ad.

Le Petit Pic Ray6 de Saint Domingue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 67, pi. iii.
fig. 2,$ (1760).

Picus striatus, Midi. Sijst. Nat. Svppl. p. 91 (1776) ; Boihl Tabl. PL
Enl. p. 17, no. 281 d" ; p. 37, no. 614 $ (178.3) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 427, no. 25 c?, var. ^. 5 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 2.38
(1790) ; Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 61, pi. cxiv., d ad. (1807)5
id. iV.' Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) ; Bonn. (§• Vieill. Enc.
Meth. p. 1310 (1823) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 173, 5 (1826) ;
IVaffl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 40, c? 2 (1827) ; Drap. Diet. Class, xiii.
p. 605 (1828) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 96
(1866) ; Simdev. Vonsp. Av. Picin. p. 52 (1866).

Rayed Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 587, c? (1782).

Rayed Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 588,2 (1782).

Ceuturus striatus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.
Av. i. p. 119, no. 4, 2 (1850) ; id. Consp. Voliicr. Zyyod. p. 11,
no. 216 (1854) ; Reichenh. ILandb. Scans. Picince, p. 409, no. 960,
pi. dclxiii. figs. 4404-4405, 2 2 (1854) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 234; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1868); id. Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 197, no. 8766 (1870); Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr.
p. 100 (1873) ; Pidfftv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 117; Cory,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 154 (1881) ; id. B. Haiti and San
Dominyo, p. Ill, c? 2) l^eads figured (1884) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1884,
p. 168 ; Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 20 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 378
(1886).

Zebrapicus striatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 231, pi. cvii. figs. 3 (J, 4 2
(1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump greenish yellow, the back
and scapulars broadly barred with black, the rump with narrower
black bars ; upper tail-coverts crimson ; wing-coverts black, with
bars and transverse spots of yellow ; outer webs of quills black
spotted with yellow, the inner webs browner and spotted with
white ; shafts brownish black ; tail nearly black, the lateral
feathers browner and externally margined with brownish white ;
shafts almost black ; nasal plumes, frontal baud, face, chin, and
throat dull ashy, browner posteriorly ; crown, occiput, and nape
crimson ; hind neck like the back, and upon the side of the neck a
large longitudinal patch of black, and in front of this a longitudinal
patch of yellowish white ; fore neck and chest brown, grading into
yellowish olive on the under surface of the body, the under tail-
coverts duller ; under wing-coverts dull creamy or buffy white.
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 4*55, tail 3--±, tarsus 1 ;

90 piciD^.

toes (withoiit cla-ws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer posterior 0-78, inner
anterior 0"5, inner posterior 0'36.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but diiFers in having
the crown uniform black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 4-6, tail 2-95, tarsus 0'87.

The j'ounger female has the crown black, with white hair-like
shaft-streaks. Otherwise like the adult of the same sex.

Hah. Island of Haiti and San Domingo.

a, b. (S 2 fitl- St. San Domingo. Purchased.

c. cJ ad. sk. San Domingo. Zoological Society.

d, f . c? 2 ad. sk. San Domingo. Purchased.
/. 2 ii^™- sk. San Domingo, Jan. {C. B. Cvnj). Sclater Coll.

g. S ad. ; h, i. J Puerto Plata, San Domingo, Salviu-CTodmau CoU.

imm. sk. Jan., Nov., and Dec. (C. B.

Cory).

k. 2 imm- sk. Haiti, Feb. (C. B. Cory). Sclater Coll.

1. 5 imm. sk. Haiti. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m, n. 2 imm. et Haiti.

juv. sk.

6. CAMPOTHERA. „

Type.

Dendromus, Su-ains. Ckissif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837) C maculosa.

Campethera, Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1841, p. 70 C. maculosa.

Chrysopicos, Mafh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 352 C. nubica.
Stictopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1861) C. nivosa.
Ipagrus, Cab. S,- Hein. Mus. Hem. iv. p. 123 (1S63) . . C. benuetti.
Stictocraugus, Cab. ^- Hein. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 130

(1863) C. nivosa.

Cnipotheres, Cab. ^- Hein. Mm. Hein.'w. p. 131 (1863) C. caroli.

Range. Throughout the Ethiopian Eegion.

Key to the Species.

A. Back spotted or with yellowish transverse

markings (not bars) in addition to the

spots.

a'. Throat uniform ; uuderparts entirely

covered with rounded spots of black.

a" . Top of the head, occiput, and malar

stripe crimson nubica S ad., p. 93.

b". Forehead and crown black, spotted
with white, occiput (only) red ; no

red on malar region. . . . ! iiubica 2 ad., p. 94.

b'. Throat spotted with black.

c''. Uuderparts entirely covered with
rounded spots of black.
a'". Larger: length 8'5 inches, wing
4*25 ; rump and upper tail-
coverts barred ; tail narrowly
barred,
rt'. Top of the head, occiput, and

malar stripe red notata (S ad., p. 95.

6. CAMPOTHEEA. 91

b\ Top of the head blackish olive,
spotted with white, occiput
(only) red; no red on malar

region 7wtcita $ ad., p. 95,

6'". Smaller : length 6-5 inches, wing
3-75 ; rump and upper tail-
coverts spotted like the back;
tail-feathers with marginal spots.
c*. Top of the head, occiput, and

nape scarlet nmlherhii S ad., p. 90.

d^. Top of the head black spotted
with white, occiput and nape

(only) scarlet malherbii $ ad., p. 96.

d" . Lower breast and abdomen, or the
abdomen only, uniform, the remain-
ing underparts spotted.
«'". With no black stripe behind the
eye ; rump and upper tail-coverts
with light shaft-spots on the yel-
low bars,
e^. Top of the head, occiput, nape,

and malar stripe red punctata c? ad., p. 97.

/*. Top of the head black, striped
with white, occiput and nape
(only) red ; no red on malar

region pimctcitd 2 !id., p. 97.

d'". With black stripe behind the
eye ; rump and upper tail-coverts
barred and without spot.
(/\ Top of the head, occiput, nape,

and malar stripe red balia c? ad., p. 98.

h*. Top of the head black, spotted
with white, occiput and nape
(only) red ; no red on malar

region balia $ ad., p. 98.

c'. Throat striped with black.
e". Top of the head black, spotted with
white in the female.
e'". Top of the head, occiput, nape,

and malar stripe red aUngdoni cJ ad., p. 99.

f". Occiput and nape (only) red ; no

red on malai* region abingdoni 5 <id., p. 99.

/". Top of the head olive, spotted with
white in the female.
</'". Top of the head, occiput, nape,

and malar stripe red mombassica J ad., p. 100.

h'". Occiput and nape (only) red; no

red on malar region moinbassica $ ad., p. 100.

d'. Throat black, spotted with white.
g". Top of the head, occiput, nape, and

malar stripe crimson smi'thii c? ad., p. 101.

/(". Top of the head black, spotted with
white, occiput and nape (only) red ;

no red on malar region smifhn $ ad., p. 101.

B. Back ban-ed.

e'. Smaller : leng-th 7'o inches, wing 4-2 ;

throat spotted with black cailliaudi $ ad., p. 102.

92 piciB^.

/'. Larger : length 8'5 inches, wing 4"8 ;
throat uniform.
i". Rump and upper tail-coverts dis-
tinctly barred; underparts (except
the abdomen) conspicuously spotted.
i'". Chin and throat uuicolorous with

the underparts bentietti cJ ad., p. 103.

j'". Chin and throat, anterior portion
of the face, and the ear-coverts

chestnut-bro-\vu hennetti J ad., p. 103.

j". Rump and upper tail-coverts spotted ;

underparts with only a few minute

spots on the sides of the chest and

body, flanks, and thighs.

k'". Chin and throat unicolorous with

the underparts capricov7ii J ad., p. 104.

/'". Chin and throat, region below the
ej^e, also the ear-coverts deep

chocolate-brown cctjiricorni 5 ad., p. 104.

C Back uniform.
g'. Barred below.

k". Larger : length 6'7 inches, wing 3'9 ;
chin and throat with somewhat
rounded spots of black ; (under wing-
coverts uniform in young).

in'". Crown and occiput red maculosa S fid., p. 105.

n'". Occiput (only) red, the forehead
and crown black, spotted with

white maculosa 5 ad., p. 105.

/". Smaller : length 6 inches, wing 3'7 ;
chin and throat with transverse
spots or bars of black.

o'". Crown and occiput red 2)er7nista J ad., p. 106.

2)". Occiput (only) red, the top of the
head olivaceous black, with yel-
lowish spots permista $ ad., p. 106.

q'". Coronal and occipital feathers

tipped with yellow permista imm., p. 106.

/;'. Spotted with fulvescent or bufiy white
below.
m". With broad stripe of dark rufous
or chocolate-brown on the side of
the neck.
>•'". Coronal and occipital feathers tip-
ped with dull red caroli S ad., p. 107.

s'" . Crown and occiput blackish olive,
the feathers not tipped with

red caroli $ ad., p. 107.

n" . With no rufous patch on the side of
the neck.

f" . With red nuchal band nivosa S ad., p. 108.

7i"'. With no red nuchal band nivosa^ ad., p. 108.

6. CAMPOTHEEA. go

1. Campothera nubica,

L'Epekhe de Nubie ond^ et tachet^, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 66

Pic tachete de Nubie, Daub. PI. Enl. uo. 667

(1782) '^P'"'"'''^''^''- ^^-^^y^- ^0. 23, vol. i. pt. 2, p. 576

Picas. aHa.sG^„^^.,. Ar.t 439 (1788), $; Latk. Ind. Orn.
1 . p do (l/JO) Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. pt. 1, p 180 nR^^\.
Licht. Jerz. Doubl. p. 11 (1823) nf • TinnJ k. t/- vV r ^ ,i V
iii n l^iq n«-)Q\ i -^ VJ-o-^;> pc. , Tjowi. i^ yieill. Enc. Meth
"\- P- -^^^-^ (l^-^3 , pt. ; Sundev. Com,) Av Pim, n R7 nflPfiT"
Blanf.Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 305 (187^ Pmk \rVT^-'

1«80 ^' ^in '/??7 ' ■^*'~- ^er/iandl. k.-k. zool.-bot Gesellsrh

1682, p. 510; i?o/im, op. cit. 1883, p. 168 u-eseascAs.

Picus ^thiopicus, lf««;,.. ^- ^/,,,„6. ^^,;;6. PM,s. i. fol 2 p 2
Bcanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 336 ' ^ ^^^^'^ ' -0'^««"- i^-

Pic-us notatus (pt.), 77%/. Si/st. Av. Pious, sp. 35 (18-^7)

Deudromus setbiopicus, Pilpp. Syst. Uebers 184^ n Qf. , i

77e;-^A. Nauvi. 1852, p. 46-- i^W m TV n T«=^?' '.gV ''^^''■:^
SystUebers. 1856, ..^487, p. 47t'£''4^0.'S ? '37'' ^"'^'

CampeJiera nubica. Gray, Gen. B. ii p 4.39 n«4«\ 7? • , .
^««rf6. Scans. Picince V 4'^3 n^^i^'^V- ( ^«-*w) ; _^«c7ie«6.
Mm 11 S9 n««>^/ v' ^" 7 , (i^^-^); ^'"".'A ^««i5 P/ciVZ. Brit
lyiits. p. b^ (ibb.b) ; id. Hand-l. B. i. p 193 nn SfiQS na^r\\
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B ry 17 n87n Jr ' °°- .^P^" (1«'0) ;

Campetbera ffithiopica, Grat/, Gen B sp 7 (lRia\ . 7? • 7 ,
-Sb««.. P/«.« p."422, pi. dcixxii. figs 44T9-5O 854 ' "'^""^•

Dendrobates ajthiopicus, Bp. Cons,, Gen Av \r, 19^ nefcn^ c ,
Rep. Coll. Somali ColJ-y, 186? p 10 ^"^ '^ ^^ ^^^ (^^^^^ ^ *^^«'-

Cbrysopcus nubicus, Malh. Pieid.c, ii. p." 159, pi. xciii. fig-s. 2, 3, 5

Ipagrus uubicus. Cab. S>- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 125 (1863)

Stictopicus nubicus, &/.a^. ^„„: Mus. 'civ. Star. Nat Genov 18S4
p. 88; Gujl. op. cit. 1888, p. 47 ; Sahad. t. c. p. 211. '

Adult, naU Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts blackish olive
spotted and transversely varied with yellowish white the spots'
more or less diamond-shaped ; rump and upper tail-cove -tsbkckil
olive ban-ed with yellowish white; quills brow., sli^htb' olive ex-
ternally, the outer webs spotted with buffy whi e, the nner Vebs

the shafts golden yellow; foreh^l.toS l^u^'lf^^^Lt
strrpe mmson ; nasal plumes, lores, face, chii, Lnd throat kiffv
white, the ear-coverts finely striped with black side of the nS
white, the fore neck and entire underparts and under tail covertt
yellowistiwhite,_the whole being covered with rotded spotTo
b «S ; ^f "^^'r^g-f ^^rts buffy white or yeUowish, with routded
black spots: "bill dusky, paler beneath; iris pink legs greeni h

94

homy" (TF. T. Blanfonl). Total lengtli 8 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 4'3, tail 2-4, tarsus 0'83 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0*7, outer posterior 0'65, inner anterior 0'5, inner posterior 0-3.

Adah female. Has the forehead and crown black spotted with
white, the occiput alone being crimson ; the malar stripe black, the
feathers having greyish tips. Otherwise like the male. Total
length 7"3 inches, culmen I'l, wing 4'3 ; tail 2'5, tarsus 0-8.

Young. In the first stage both sexes have the top of the head
uniform dusky black, with a scarlet band on the occiput, a few
minute rounded or stripe-like specks of white next appear ; the
female then assumes the large rounded spots of white on the fore-
head and crown, and these parts in the male lose the white specks
and become red.

Uah. Southern Nubia, Abyssinia, and the Egyj^tian Soudan, into
the Somali Country, and South, probably almost to the Equator.

rt. $ juv. sk.
b,c. S9- ad, ;
d. S ji-iv. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.
r/, h. (S ad. sk.
i. ^ ad. sk.
k. 5 ad. sk.
I. 2 ad. sk.

m. cS juv. sk.

n. 2 ad. ; 0. 5

imni. sk.
p. $ juv. sk.
q. j ad. sk.

Nubia.

Malti, Bogos Land {Esler).

Ain, Bogos Land, July 6, 1868

( W. Jesse).
Abyssinia.
Abyssinia {Esler).
Abyssinia.
Abyssinia.
Undel Wells, May 30, 1868.

Undel Wells, May 27, 1868

( W. Jesse).
Undel Wells, May 27, 1868

( W. Jesse).
Anseba (Esler).
Anseba Valley, Aug. 1, 1868.

r. 5 imm. sk. Waliko.

s. 2 ad.sk. Bejook,Julyl8, 1868(TF. Jt'.sw).

t. d ad. sk. Gonfallon, Aug. 7, 1868 ( W.

Jesse) .

u. c? ad. sk. Sboa {Antinori).

V. 2 ad. sk. Butai, Sennar, Feb. ( T\ Midler),

w. (S ad. sk. Kliartoum.

•Y. 2 j"v. sk. Redjaf, Jan. 17, 1884.

y. cj ad. ; z, a'. Lamu *.

2 ad. sk.

b'. 2 imm. sk. Useri River.

c'. J imm. sk. Malimboa, June 1877.

d'. 2 ad. sk. Tkariga, Ukamba, June 1877.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Sharpe CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Shellev Coll.
VV.T.' Blanford, Esq.

[C.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C],
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

SheUey Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Emin Pasha [P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
H. C. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.l.
Dr. Hildebrandt [C.l.
Dr. Hildebrandt [C.].

* These specimens are cons2oicuously white about the head and neck, the
spots upon the head of the female being unusually large.

6. CAMPOTHERA. 95

2. Campothera notata.

Le Pic tigre, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 14, pi. ccl. (1808), S ;

Sundev. Krit. Framst. Levaill. p. 52, no. 250 (1857).
Picus notatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, p. 11 ; Wa(il. Syst. Av.

Picus, sp. ;J5 nee $ (1827 ) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 611 ; Sundev. Comp.

Av. Ficiti. p. 06, no. 191 (1806).
Picus nubicus, Bonn. 4'" Vieill. Etic. Meth. iii. p. 1313 (1823), pt.
Campetliera nubica. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), pt. ; Layard,

B. 8. Afr. p. 17 (1871).
Dendrobates notatus, B}). Gmsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850).
Campetliera notata, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 423, pi. dclxxiii.

tigs. 4453-54 (1854) ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 82 (1808);

id. Haml-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8097 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 17 (1871) ; id. ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 186 (1875).
Dendromus notatus, Bp. Consp. Voliier. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854).
Chrysopicus notatus, Malh. PicidcB, ii. p. 102, pi. xcv. figs. 4, 5

(1802).
Ipagrus notatus, Cah. ^" Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 127 (1863).
Campotbera notata, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 393 (1882) ; Haryitt,

Ibis, 1883, p. 461.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive, minutely
spotted with dull white, the spots somewhat diamond-shaped on the
upper parts ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive barred with yel-
lowish white ; quills brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and
of the primaries at the base olive, the outer webs of the primaries
with rounded spots of dull white, the secondaries having bar-like
spots on the outer webs, inner webs of all the quills largely spotted
with pure white ; shafts light brown, yellowish on the inner feathers ;
tail-feathers brown with golden tips, narrowly barred with buify
white, the bars not reaching to the shaft, the central feathers washed
with olive ; shafts brownish yellow ; nasal plumes blackish brown ;
feathers of the forehead and crown crimson at the tip, blackish
olive at the base, the occiput bright crimson ; hind neck olive barred
with dull white ; malar stripe red ; sides of the face and neck, and
from the chin to the under tail- coverts (both inclusive), duU white,
more or less fulvescent below, the whole being spotted with black,
the spots on the underparts very large and rounded or heart-shaped;
under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish white spotted with
black : " iris hazel " {T, 0. Atmore). Total length 8'5 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 4-25, tail 2-85, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-6, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0-4, inner
posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black spotted with dull white, and also in the absence of
red on the malar region, this being yellowish white, barred and
spotted with black. Total length 8"1 inches, culmen 0*97, wing
4-25, tail 3, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Eastern part of Cape Colony, from Knysna north to Coles-
berg, and east into the Transkei.

a. cJ ad. sk. South Africa. Purchased.

b. $ ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

96 piciD^.

c. cT ad. sk. South Africa. Gould Coll.

(/. c? ad. sk. Cape Colony. F. Thackeray, Esq.

[P.].

e. c? «id. sk. George, S. Africa (7'. Atmore). Sharpe Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Eland's Post, June 1870(7'. ^/!- Sharpe Coll.

move),

q. S ad. sk. Kuysna. Sharpe Coll.

'h. S ad.sk. Knysna, Feb. 3, 1866 (C. J. Tweeddale Coll.

Andevsson),

3. Campothera malherbii.

Chrysopicus malherbei, Cass. Jonni. Acad. Thilad. 1863, p. 459, pi. li.

lig. 3, c? ; 2f^. -P''«c. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 198.
Picus iiuherbis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 68 (1866); Finsch Sf

Hartl. Viif/. Oskifr. p. 511 (1870) ; Ftsch. l^- Reichenuw, J. f. O.

1878, p. 253 ; Bohm, op. cit. 1883, p. 168.
Campethera malherbei, Grai/, List Picid. Brit. 3Tus. p. 83 (1868) ;

ul. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8702 (1870).
Deudrobates hartlaubi {non Malh.), v. d. DecJcen, Reisen, i. p. 60

(1869).
Campothera imberbis, Cah. in v. d. Decken, Reisen, iii. p. 39 (1869).
Campothera malherbii, Rargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 466.

Adult female. Resembles 0. cailliaiidi iu having the chin and
throat spotted, but is much smaller and differs iu having the back,
rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive -with
lougitudiual spots of yellow, also in the abdomen and vent being
spotted with black like the rest of the underparts. The upper parts
somewhat resemble those of C. halia, but the present species may
be distinguished from the latter by the absence of the black stripe
behind the eye, by the tail-feathers being spotted on the margin
instead of barred, also in the entirely spotted abdomen and vent,
and the smaller dimensions. Total length 6"5 inches, culmen 0*G7,
wing 3-65, tail 2*2, tarsus 0-65 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0*5, outer posterior 0-43, inner anterior O'-l, inner posterior 0-22.

Adult male. Has the forehead and crown, as well as the occiput
and nape, crimson. In other respects it resembles the adult female.
Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-72, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65.

Hah. Zanzibar.

a. 2 ad. sk. Do.r-es-Salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

4. Campothera punctata.

Picus nubieus, Licld. (nee Gm.) Verz. Doubl. p. 11 (1823).

Picus puuctatus, Valenc. Diet. 8c. Nat. xl. p. 171 (1826) ; ies.s.

Traite, i. p. 219 (1831) ; Riipp. Neue Wirb., Vog. 1835-1840, p. 90 ;

Pucker. Rev. et Mag, Zool. 1852, p. 478 ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 67 (1866).
Picus punctuligerus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 36 (1827) ; id. Isis,

1829, p. 512.
Picus purctulatus, Drap. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 505 (1828).
Dendi'omus puuctatus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 163 (] 837).

0. CAMPOTHEEA. 97

Campetliera piinctuligera, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; Heichenh.

Scans. Picime, p. 4^3, pi. dclxxiii. figs. 4455, 4456 (1854) ; Cass.

Froc. Acad. Philad. 1803, p. 327; Oust. Nouv. Arch. 1879, p. 150.
Dendrobates punctuligeius, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850) ;

Hartl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 198.
Dendromus punctuligerus, Bjh Consp. Valuer. Zyqod. p. 9 (1854) :

Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180 (1857).
Chiysopicus puuctiiligerus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 164, pi. xcii. figs. 4-

6 (1862).
Ipagrus pimctatiis, Cab. Sj- Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 124 (1863).
Campetliera puuctata, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 82 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8699 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17

(1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 68.
Campotliera punctata, Sahin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 394 (1882) ;

Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 463.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts yello-svish olive,
with longitudinal yellow spots, and also spots of dusky olive ; rump
and ujjper tail-coverts olive barred with yellow, the latter washed
with golden ; quills dusky brown, the outer webs, except the tips
of the primaries, golden olive spotted with yellow, the inner webs
spotted with white ; shafts yellow ; tail olive-brown barred with
golden buff, the tips of the feathers as weU as the shafts golden
yellow ; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson ;
nasal plumes, lores, and sides of the face and neck white tinged
with yellowish, the car-coverts finely striated with black and having
a grey appearance, the side of the neck spotted with black ; chin
and throat huffy white, the under surface of the body and under
tail-coverts yellow, the lower breast, abdomen, and vent almost
entirely uniform, the remainder, including the chin and throat,
covered with minute black spots ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries
buffy white or yellowish spotted with black. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 1-15, wing 4-5, tail 2-25, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0'67, outer posterior 0*6, inner anterior 0-47, inner
posterior 0"3.

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black striped with
white. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-5, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-9.

A young bird (sex ?) in the Shelley collection has the forehead
and crown uniform dusky black, the occipital band crimson ; upper
parts less yellowish olive, and underparts whiter.

Hab. From the Gold Coast, into Senegal on the west, and ex-
tending east to the River Niger.

a. 5 ad. sk. Senegal. Tweeddale Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Gambia. Tweeddale CoU.

c. d. S ? ad. sk. Gambia. Sharpe Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Gambia. Universit}^ College.

/. 2 ad. sk. River Gambia. Shelley CoU.

g. 2 imra. sk. E,. Niger {Dr. Baikie). Tweeddale Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Casamanze. Sharpe Coll.

i. S ad. sk. Bissao. Sharpe Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Fantee {H. T. Usshcr). Shai-pe CoU.

/. Juv. sk. Accra, April (/. Smith). Shelley Coll.

VOL. XVIII. H

98 piciD^.

5. Campothera balia.

Picus puuctuligerus (non Jfat/L), Cab. J. f. O. 1864, p. 25i3 ; Fhisch

^- Hartl. Voii. Ostafr. Scans, p. 511, note (1870).
ricus balius, Ifeuffl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 810 (1871).
Campothera cailliaudi (pt.), Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 4-55.
Campotliera balia, Shaiye, Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431 (1884).

Adult female. Above, including scapulars and wing-coverts, olive
minutely spotted M'ith yeUow ; rump and upper tail-coverts olive
barred with yellowish ; quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the
secondaries and of the primaries at their base olive, the outer webs
of the quills spotted with brownish or dull fulvescent white, the
inner webs having whiter spots ; shafts brownish yellow ; tail
brownish black, barred with umber-brown and washed with golden
olive ; shafts golden yellow ; forehead and crown black spotted with
white, the occiput and nape crimson : nasal plumes, lores, and sides
of the face and neck huffy white, behind the eye a dusky black
stripe, and the malar region as well as the side of the neck closely
spotted with black ; chin and throat buffy white, sparingly and
minutely spotted with black ; under surface of the body (except the
abdomen which is nearly uniform) and under tail-coverts yellowish
white spotted with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries more
or less buffy white spotted with black. Total length 8 inches,
culmcn 0"9, wing 4-3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"57, outer posterior 0'53, inner anterior 0"4, inner
posterior 0"25.

Adult male. I have never seen the male of this species, but,
according to Heugliu, it has the top of the head and the malar
stripe red.

Hah. North-east Africa, extending into the Niam Niam Country.

a. 5ad.sk. Semmio, Niam Niam Country, F. Bohndorfi'[C.].

Jan. 1883.

6. Campothera abingdoni.

Chrysoptilus abingoni, Smith, Rep, S. Afr. Exped., App. p. 53

(1836).
Dendromus chrysurus, Sioains. B. W. Afr. ii. ]). 158 (1837) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 181 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 264.
Campetliera chrysura, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; Reichenb.

Scans. Picince, ]). 424, pi. dclxxiii. iigs. 4457, 4458 (1854) ; Gurncy,

Ibis, 1860, p. 213 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 238 (1867) ; Gray, List

Ticid. Brit. 3fus. p. 81 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8694

(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17 (1871) ; Dubois, Bull. Mus.

Roy, cVHist. Nat. Belg. 1886, p. 147.
Dendrobates chrysurus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850) ; Hartl.

J.f. 0. 1854, p. 199.
Chrysopicus chrysurus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 153, pi. xciv. figs. 4, 5

(1862).
Dendromus smithii, Gurney {non Malh.'), Ibis, 1862, p. 37 ; id, torn,

cit. p. 157.
Ipagi'us chrjsurus. Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 128 (1863).

6. CAMPOTHEEA. 99

Campetliera chr\'Siu'a, var. lineata, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philud. 1863,
p. 327 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1868).

Picus cbrjsurus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 64 (1866).

Campetliera abingtoni, Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr, p. 182 (1875) ;
id. in Oates's Matabele Land, App. p. -306 (1881).

Campothera abiugoni, Hargitt, Lbis, 1883, p. 471.

Campotbera cbrysura, Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. Zeitschr. Syst. yes. Biol.
Thiere, 1887, p. 307.

Campotbera abingtoni, Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 53.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olivo spotted with
yellowish white, sometimes transversely varied with the same ;
rump and upper tail-coverts olive barred with pale yellow; quills
blackish brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the pri-
maries at the base olive, and the webs spotted with yellowish, the
inner webs spotted with pure white, the inner secondaries barred
with white at the tip ; shafts clear brown ; tail blackish brown
barred with buffy brown, the central feathers washed with olive ;
shafts yellow; nasal plumes black; forehead, crown, occiput, nape,
and malar stripe crimson : sides of the face and neck white, the
former striped and varied with black, especially above and behind
the eye, the latter spotted with black ; chin and throat white with
longitudinal black spots ; under surface of the body yellowish white,
the chest and breast broadly striped with black, the stripes con-
tracted in the middle, the abdomen witli longitudinal but more
spot-like markings, and the flanks and thighs transversely spotted
with black ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with heart-shaped
or transverse black spots ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellow-
ish white spotted with black ; underside of quill-shafts and of tail-
shafts golden yellow. Total length 7'S inches, culmen 1-05, wing
4'4, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-73 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-65,
outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-44, inner posterior 0*27.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black spotted with yellowish white, the occiput alone
being scarlet ; the malar region white striped with black : " bill
horn-colour, paler on the lower mandible ; iris brown ; tarsus
yellowish olive " {G. E. Shelley). Total length 7"S inches, culmen
1-05, wing 4-3, tail 2-35, tarsus 0"8.

Young female. Is more dusky above than the adult and has the
spots whiter ; the top of the head brownish dusky, the forehead and
outer edge of the crown being minutely speckled with white, the
nuchal feathers orange-scarlet.

Hah. Natal, Zulu Land, and Swazi Land.

South Africa. Purchased.

South Africa. Purchased.

Natal. T. Aj-res [C.].

Pinetown, Natal, May {T. SbeUey Coll.

L. Ayres).

Pinetown, Jan. 6 {Ayres). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

Dm'ban (Gordye). Shellev Coll.

Durban, April (G. E. S.). SheUey CoU.

Newcastle (Reid). Sheiley Coll.

u2

a.
b.
c.
d.

2 ad. St.
2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
(S ad. sk.

e.
.f,
ft,
k.

cf ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
i. (S 2 ad. sk.
d ad. sk.

100 PICIDiE.

/. $ ad. sk. Swazl Laud. S. Cuthbert, Esq. [P.].

m. d' ad. ; 2 Zulu Land, July (Gonlf/e). Shelley Coll.

imni sk.

n. S ad. sk. Riyer Loge, Angola (J. J, Sliarpe Coll.

Monteiro).

0. S ad. sk. [Gambia.] University College.

Subsp. a. Campothera mombassica.

Picus abingoni (non Smith), Fisch. S,- Reichen. J. f. O, 1878, p. 250;

JBd/im, J.f. O. 1883, p. 168.
Campothera chrysurus {non Swai7is.), Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 128.
? Picus (Campothera) abingoni, Fisch. in Madardsz, Zeitsch. gesamm.

Orn. 1884, p. 369.
Picus (Campothera) mombassicus, Fisch. Sf Reichen. J. f. 0. 1884,

p. 262.

Adult female. Diflfers from the adult female of C . abingdoni in
having the forehead and crown deep olive spotted with white ; the
back with only a few small spots of yellow ; the rump narrowly
barred with yellow ; the upper tail-coverts with almost obsolete
barring, and the striations on the chest broader. Total length 7"3
inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-25, tail 2*4, tarsus 0-75 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-58, outer posterior 0'62, inner anterior 0-43,
inner posterior 0*3.

Adult male. I have not had an opportunity of examining the
male of this species, but from Pischer and Reichenow's diagnosis of
it, as compared with C. ahingdoni, it would appear that the male of
C, mombassica differs from the female in having the top of the head
and the malar stripe red. The red on the crown is confined to the
tips of the feathers, the remaining portion being brownish olive.
The measurements, according to Fischer and Eeichenow, are as
follows : — total length 7*0o inches, wing 4-1, tail 2 9, tarsus 0'7,
culmen 0-85.

Rab. Only known from Mombasa*.

«. 2 ad. sk. Mombasa. Rev. F. A. Buxton [P.].

7. Campothera smithii.

Picus (Chrysoptilopicus) smithii, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 403.
Dendrobates abiugtoni {non Smith), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124

(1850) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. no. iv. 1867, p. 336.
Campethera abingtoni {non Smith), Strickl. S,- Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 156.
Dendromus abingtoni {no7i Smith), Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zt/god. p. 9

(1854).
Chrysopicus brucei, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 170, pi. xciii. fig. 1 (1862).
Ipagrus brucei. Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 125 (1863) ; Gurney,

in Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 221 (1872).

* Picus {Campothera) abingoni, of Pischer (Madariisz, Zeitscb. gesamm.
Orn, 1884, p. 369), from Gross Aruscha, is very probably referable to the pre-
sent species.

6. CAMPOTHEEA.

101

Picus smithii, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 65 (1866)

Piciis brucei, Sundev. Consj). Av. Pwin. p. 66 (1866)

Dendrobates brucei, Bocaf/e,Joni. Sc. Lhb. no. v. 1868, p'45- id no

cit. no. xiT. 1873, p. 336 ; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1871, p. M ' ' ^'
Lampethera smitliii. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mhs.\>. 81 (1868)- id

Hand-l. :^. I. P.J93, no. 8695 (1870) ; Sharpe, ed.Layard^s B. S.

0881 f *■ "'^^' ^'^- "* ^"^^*'* Matahele Land, App. p. 306

Campetbera brucei, Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 81 (1868^ ■ id

Hand-l. B ii. p. 193, no. 8696 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.l 17

^939 ' ^°^''^'' ^'■"- ^"^- l^''^, p. 79; id. Jorn. Sc. 'Lish. 1880,

Campetbera cbrysura {non Sivains.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869 n 170 •
Bocage, Orn. Any. 1877, p. 78. > f- ' " ?

Dendi'obates striatus, Layard, His, 1871, p '>-'>7

Campotbera smitbii, Hargitf, Ibis, 1883, p. 467 j 5««a-. A^tes Leyd.
Mils. 1889, p. 69. ■'

^f?»7i «,«7^. Differs from C. aUngdoni in having the upper parts
transversely varied as well as spotted with yellowish ; the orbital
region black, more or less spotted with white ; chin, throat and
fore neck black, spotted with white ; the malar region also black
the leathers being ti])ped with crimson ; ear-coverts and region
immediately behind them uniform white; the underparts, in addi-
tion to the black stnations, having numerous Y-shaped markino-s of
black, and on the chest squamate markings, the latter being decid'edlv
conspicuous and giving the chest a very black appearance ; shafts
ot primaries yellow, those of the secondaries browner : " bill bluish
brown ; iris pink wine-colour ; legs and toes greyish green " (An-
dersson).^ Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4-75, tail 2-5
tarsus 0-So ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-7, outer poste-
rior 0-6, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0-3.

Adidt female. Has the forehead and crown black, spotted with
white ; the malar region black with white spots. Otherwise it
resembles the adult of the opposite sex. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 1-2, wing 4-7, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-85.

Bab. The Transvaal and the Matahele Country, west to Damara
Land and north to Mossamedes and Angola,

a. (S ad. St.

b. c? ad. sk.

e, d. c? imm. ; e.
2 imm. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

g. $ imm. sk.

A, i. 2 <id. sk.
^■. $ ad. sk.
/. 6 ad. sk.

S. Africa.
S. Afi-ica.
Eustenberg, Natal, Dec. (T.

Ay res).
Ondonga, Damara Land,

Jan. 19, 1867 (C. J.

Anderssoii).
Oranis River, Damai'a Land,

April 12, I860 (G J.

Andersso7i).
Otjimbinque, May 30, 1866

(C. J. Andersson).
Otjimbinque, Nov. 21, 1864

(C. J. Andersson).
0-saquenyama, May 20, 1867.

Piu'chased.
Sir A. Smith.
SheUey CoU.

Sharpe Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

102

7)7. 5 iuim. sk.

71. c? ad. sk.
o, $ juv. sk.
p. c? inim. sk.

(/. cJ imui. sk.

r. (5 ad. sk.

Elephant Vley, Oct. 18, 1859

(C J. Andersson).
Damara Land.
Angola {J. J. 3Io7iteh-o).
Galiing-o Loanda, Sept. 28,
^ 18(J9 (Sala).
Kanye.

Tati, Oct. 0, 1874 (F. Oates).

Sharpe Coll.

Purchased.
Sharps Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll. (Type

of C. striatus.)
C. G. & W. E. Oates

[P.].

8. Campothera cailliaudi.

Chrysopicos cailliauti, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 540.
Dendromus cailliauti, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. ZTjgod. p. 9 (1854).
Chrysopicus caiUiaudi, Malh. Ficidce, ii. p. 167 (1862).
Ipagrus cailliaudi, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 127 (186.3).
Picus punctuligerus P, Heuql. J. f. O. 1864, p. 253 ; Finsch Sj- Hartl.

_ Vog. Ostafv. p. 511, note (1870).
Picus cailliaudi, Simdev. Crmsp. Av. Pici7i. p. 65 (1866).
Cauipethera cailliauti, G)-ay, List Ficidce Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1868);

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8701 (1870).
Picus nubicus {non Gw.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 593.
Campothera cailliaudi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 455.
Campethera cailliaudi, Soiisa, Jur7i. Sc. Lisb. xii. p. 45 (1887).

Adult fe7vale. llesembles C. hnmetti in having the back barred,
but differs from it in not having the face uniform and also in the
chin and throat being white spotted with black ; the rump and
upper tail-coverts are likewise less yellow, and the blackish-olive
bars are broader. The present species also bears a close resem-
blance to C. 7iv.hica, but may be distinguished by its smaller size
and its spotted throat, as well as by its unspotted abdomen. Total
length 7"o inches, culmcu 0-92, wing 4-2, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-6, outer posterior 0-52, inner
anterior 0"42, inner posterior 0-3.

The 7nale. of this rare species is unknown to me.

Bah. Lamo, south of Zanzibar, and, according to Sr. de Sousa,
found in the north of Mozambique.

a. 5 ad. sk.

Lamo [Sir J. Kirk).

Shelley Coll.

9. Campothera bennetti.

Chrysoptilus bennettii, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exp., App. p. 53 (1836) ;

Gur7iey, Ibis, 1869, p. 296.
Campethera variolosa {Licht. in Mus. Berol.), Gray, Ge7i. B. ii. p. 439

(1846) ; Licht. No7)iencl. Av. 1854, p. 76 ; Reichenb. Scans. Piciyiee,

p. 425, pi. dclxxv. figs. 4464-5 (1854) ; Grm/, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 80 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8693 (1870).
Campethera abingtoni, G>-ay, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 427 (1854).
Deudrobates variolosus, JS/j. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850).

6. CAMPOTHERA.

103

Dendromus bennettii, JBp. Consp. Voliwr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854).

Dendromus guttatus, Bi). Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854).

? Picus abingtoni, Ch-ill, Zool. Anteckn. 1859, p. 44.

Chrysopicus variolosus, Malh. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 165, pi. xcv.

figs. 1, 2 (1862).
IpagTus bennetti, Cab. df Heme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 123 (1863).
Picas bennetti, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 63, no. 186 (1866).
C'ampethera bennetti, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17 (1871) ; Layard,

Ibis, 1871, p. 227 ; Shmpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 181 (1875) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 299 ; S/unpe, in Oafes's Matabele Land, App.

p. 306 (1881) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 291.
Ipagrus variolosus, Gurney, in Anderss, B. Damara Land, p. 222

(1872).
Campothera bennetti, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 456 ; Ayres, op. cit.

1887, p. 53.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts deep olive, barred
with pale yellow ; rump and upper tail-coverts pale yellow, nar-
rowly barred with deep olive ; quills nearly black, the outer webs
of the secondaries and of the primaries at their base olive, the outer
webs of the quills spotted with yellowish white, the inner webs
having purer white spots, the innermost feathers barred right
across ; shafts golden yellow ; tail rufous-brown, barred and tipped
with black ; shafts yellow ; forehead, crown, and occiput crimson ;
nape and hind neck brownish biack; nasal plumes bufiy white;
lores and sides of the face and neck buffy white, the side of the neck
covered with large black spots ; malar stripe crimson ; chin and
throat uniform buffy white ; entire underparts and under tail-
coverts yellowish or buffy white, and (except on the abdomen)
entirely spotted with black ; under wing-coverts yellowish or buffy
white spotted with black : " bill black ; iris red ; tarsus greyish "
{T. E. BucMey). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1"15, wing 4"8,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-82 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"65,
outer posterior O'o3, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0"27.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black spotted with white ; the lores, orbital region, car-
coverts, chin, and throat chestnut-brown ; the malar region and the
remaining portion of the face white, the feathers having partially-
exposed black bases. In other respects it resembles the male.
Total length 8'3 inches, culmen I'Oo, wing 4'5, tail 2'35, tarsus 0'85.

Hah. Natal and the Transvaal, through the Makalaka Country
to the Zambesi and the Lake Ngami district.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk.
c,d.S^ ad. sk.
e,f. S2 ad. sk.

g. (S imm. sk.

h. S ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.

Cape Colony.
Transvaal {Ayres).
SwaziLand, Jidy (r. E.

Buckley).
Lake Ngami district

( C. J. Andersson).
Makalaka {Dr. Bradshaiv).
Makalaka Kraal, Sept. 7,

1874 {F. Oates).

S. African Museum.
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Sharpe CoU.

Shelley Coll.

C. G. & W. E. Oates

[P.].

104

Subsp. a. Campothera capricorni.

Campetliera capricorni, Strickl. 8f Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 155 ;
Jardinc, Mem. StricM. 1858, p. 344; Gray, List Pick!. Brit. Mns.
p. 81 (1868) ; Keu'ton, Ibis, 1869, p. 323, pi. ix. ; Grmj, Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 193, no. 8700 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871, p. 17 ; id.
ed. Lai/ard's B. S.A/r. p. 180 (1875); Sousa, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1889,

p. 121 :

Dendromus capricorni, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854).
Chrysopiciis capricorni, Malh. Picid(B, ii. p. 169 (1862).

op. cit. V. 1868, p. 45. ' " '

Tpagrus capricorni, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 221 (1872).
Campetliera bennetti, Bocage, Orn. Any. p. 80, no. 61 (1877) ; id.

Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1880, p. 232.
Campothera capricorni, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 394 (1882) ;

Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 458.
Caiupotbera bennettii, Bi'dtik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1889, p. 09 ; Sousa,

Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1889, p. 43.

Adult female. Resembles tbe female of C. henndti, but differs in
baviiig tbe rump and upper tail-coverts spotted instead of barred
and also in baving the under surface of tbe body almost uniform
yellow, witb only a few spots of black ou tbe sides of the chest and
body, flanks, and thighs. Tliere is very much less black on the side
of the neck in the present bird : " bill brown slate-colour : iris
claret-coloured ; legs and toes lead-coloured " (Andei'sson). Total
length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5-0, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-95 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0*63, inner
anterior 0"55, inner posterior 0'35.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in baving the face,
chin, and throat uniform white, tbe whole top of tbe head and a
very large malar stripe being crimson. Total length 8'5 inches,
culmen 1-15, wing 5'15, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-9.

Hal). South-western Africa, from the Upper Cunene Region into
Angola.

a. (5 ad. sk. Omaubondi, Damara Laud (C. J. Tweeddale Coll.

Ande?'sson).

b. 2 ad. sk. River Cunene, Damara Land, June Sharpe Coll.

25, 1867 (C. J Andersson).

c. $ ad. sk. Capangombe, Angola (Anchieta). Sharpe Coll.

10. Campothera maculosa.

Picas niaculosus, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. 1826, p. 173 ( 5 ) ; Sun-

dev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 62 (1866).
Picus olivaceus, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1831, p. 18 (J).
Dendromus brachyrhyuchus, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 160 (1837);

id. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837).
Campethera brachyrbynchus. Gray, List Gen. 1841, p. 70,

6. CAMPOTHERA. 105

Picus (Chloropicos) rufoviridis, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 401.
Chloronei-pes rufoviridis, Graij, Gen. B. i. p. 443 (1845) ; Reichenh.

Scans. Picin<e, p. 335 (1854).
Dendrobates olivaceus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846).
Campethera maculosa, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849); id. List

Pickl. Brit. Mm. p. 78 (18G8) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 192, no. 8688

(1870).
Dendrobates bracbyrhynclius, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 123 (1850).
Picus cbloronotus, Cuv. in Mus. Paris; Packer. Rev. et Mag. Zool.

1852, p. 479.
Uendromus rufoviridis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854).
Dendropicus olivaceus, Havtl. Orw. W.-Afr. p. 177 (1857).
Cbrj'sopicus maculosus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 156, pi. xcii. fig. 3

(1862).
Campotbera maculosa, Cab, ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 133 (1863) ;

Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 475; Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. 1885,

p. 220 ; id. op. eit. 1886, p. 264.
Campetbera vestita, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 197 ; id. Journ,

Acad. Philad. 18G3, p. 458, pi. Ii. fig. 2.
Picus (Campotbera) maculosus, Reichenoiv, J.f. O. 1876, p. 98.

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, ■wing-
coverts, outer vrebs of secondaries and of primaries at the base
golden-olive, the upper parts and scapulars having a few yellow
shaft-stripes and the upper back spotted with buff, the lesser and
the median coverts having longitudinal spots of buff ; the remaining
portion of the quills blackish brown, the inner webs more or less
spotted or margined with white : shafts dark brown ; tail black, the
central feathers margined with olive at the base ; shafts black ;
nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape crimson ;
hind neck dusky olive spotted with buff; face, chin, and throat pale
buff spotted with black : side of the neck, fore neck, and entire under
surface of the body yellow barred with black ; under tail-coverts
margined with yellow and having a V-shaped black marking with
a white centre ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish buff,
the former sometimes unspotted, the latter having their tips slightly
dusky. Total length 6*7 inches, culmen 0-77, -wing 3-9, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0"67; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-bb, outer
posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0'42, inner posterior 0"2.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black, spotted -with -white or yellowish white. Total
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 4'1, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-65.

Young. Have the top of the head black, with rounded spots of
buff ; the sides of the face and neck, chin, and throat buff, spotted
with black ; under wing-coverts uniform. Otherwise like the adult.

Herr Biittikofer (' JTotes from the Leyden ^Museum,' vii. p. 220,
1885) mentions having obtained in Western Liberia a female speci-
men agreeing in every respect with Cassin's description of C. vestita.
This I take to be a bird in first plumage.

Hah. Senegal to the Gold Coast, and extending into the Niam
Niam Country and the Tingasi District.

a, h. Juv. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

c. (S ad. sk. Gold Coast, Jan. {Kirby). Shelley CoU.

106 nciD^,

d. 6 «<i- sk. Fantee. S. T. Aiibin [C.]-

e. (5 ad. ; /. $ Aburi {T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll.
imm. sk.

(J. 5 ad. sk. Ndoruma, Niam Niam Country, F. Bohndorff [C. J.

Nov. 1880.
//. $ ad. sk. Tingasi. Emin Taslia [P.].

11. Campothera permista.

Dendromiis brachyrliynchus (non Swains.), Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 182 (1857) ; id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 264.
Chrysopicus bracbyi-liynclius, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 152, pi. xci. figs. 6,

7 (1862).
Campothera brachyrhyncha, Cah. i^ Heine, Mus. Ilcin. iv. p. 132

(1863). ■
Pious brachyrhynchus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Fian. p. 62 (1866).
Campethera'brachyrhyueha, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 18C8, p. 78 ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, uo. 8689 (1870).
Picus (Campothera) permistus, Meichenoiv, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 97.
Canipethera maculosa {non Valenc), Sharpe ^ Buuvier, Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, 1876, p. 51.
Campothera permista, Sharpe ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

1876, p. 312; Bocaye, Orn. Any., App. p. 536 (1881).
Campothera permista, Haryitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 478 ; Sluayc, Journ.

Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431 (1884).

Adult male. Ecsembles C. maculosa, but is very much smaller
and has always the under wing-coverts and axillarics transversely
spotted with black ; the tail is browner and the shafts arc brown,
only the tips being black ; the lateral feathers occasionally have
bar-like spots of brownish white upon the base of the inner
webs. Total length 6 inches, culmcn 0-G7, wing 3-7, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0-65 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-6, outer poste-
rior 0-5, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0-2.

AdnU female. Has the forehead and crown black spotted with
yellowish white, the occiput (only) being scarlet. Otherwise like the
adult male. Total length 6 inches, culmeu 0-6, wing 3-55, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0'65,

Immature (sex ?). The feathers of the forehead and crown are
yellow with sooty-black bases, the nuchal crest being bright golden
yellow inclining to orange ; under wing-coverts bufty white spotted
with black : tail dusky olive, all the feathers having faint blackish
bars. This is an interesting stage, and apparently rare in col-
lections.

Hah. Gaboon and the Congo Region.

a. 5 ad. sk. Gaboon {Du Chaillu). Sharpe Coll.

h. 5 ad. ; c. Gaboon ( Walker). Sharpe Coll.

imm. sk.

d,e. S ad. sk. Gaboon. H. T. Ansell, Esq. [P.].

/. 2 ad. sk. Gaboon. A. Bouvier, P]sq. \V7\.

y. cf ad. sk. Congo {Petit). Shelley Coll.

6. CAMPOTHEBA. 107

12. Campothera caroli.

Chloropicus caroli, Malh. Rev. de Zool. 1852, p. 550.
Dendrobates caroli, Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 198.
Pardipicus caroli, Bo7iap. Consp. Volucr. Zijgod. p. 9 (1854).
Scolecotlieres caroli, lieichenb. Semis. Picince, p. 429, no. 1012 b

(1854).
Dendi'omus caroli, Ilartl. Om. W.-Afr. pp. 182, 274 (1857) ; Cass.

Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 141 ; Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 191 ;

Hartl. op. cit. 1861, p. 264.
Chrysopicus caroli, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 157, pi. xci. fig. 4 (1862).
(Jnipotlieres caroli, Cab. Sf Heine, Mns. Hein. iv. p. 131 (1863).
Picas caroli, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 56 (1806): Ecichenow.J. f.

O. 1877, p. 18.
Cainpethera caroli, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 326 ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 79 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192,

DO. 8691 (1870) ; Sharpe, Ccd.Afr. B. p. 17 (1871) ; id. Ihis, 1872,

p. 68 ; Uss/wr, op. cit. 1874, p. 55 ; &/iarpe 4'- Bouvicr, Bidl. 8oc.

Zool. France, 1876, p. 16 ; Socage, Orn. Ang., App. p. 536 (1877).
Campothera caroli, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 480 ; Bilttik. Notes Leyden

Mus. 1885, p. 221 ; Sharpe, Jottrn. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431 (1884) ;

Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. 1888, p. 96, 1889, p. 125.

Adult male. Has the upper parts uniform olive and the under-
parts spotted with buff or fulvcscent white as in C. nivosa ; but it
is a very distinct species, and differs from the latter in having a
large rufous patch on the posterior part of the face and the side of
the neck ; the malar region, chin, and throat being spotted like the
underparts, and the feathers of the forehead, crown, occiput, and
nape tipped with dull crimson, their bases being dusky olive. The
dimensions of C. caroli are also very much greater : " eyes dark
brown ; feet greenish " (Lucan S( Petit). Total length 7'3 inches,
culmcn 1-05, wing 4-15, tail 2-5, tarsus 0'72 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0'63, outer posterior 0-57, inner anterior 0-45,
inner posterior 0*27.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput uniform
blackish olive. In other respects the sexes resemble each other.
Total length 7 inches, culmcn 1, wing 3-95, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-7.

The peculiar green colour distributed over the face and the under
wings of Gaboon examples is, without doubt, a stain derived from
the trees affected by the species in Gaboon alone.

Hah. From Gaboon to the Gold Coast and Liberia, and extending
eastward into the Niam Niam Country,

a, b. 5 ad. sk. Denkera {H. T. Ussher). Sharpe Coll.

e. cJ ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased.

d. S fid. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). Sharpe CoU.

e, 2 ad. sk. Gaboon {Du Chaillu). Sharpe Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. Gaboon. Tweeddale Coll.

</. 2 imm. sk. Gaboon ( Walker). Tweeddale Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. CJaboon {Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

i. (S ad. sk. R. Muui {Du Chaillu). Tweeddale Coll.

k. 2 ad. sk. Sa?sa, Niam Niam Country. F. Bohndorff [C.].

108

13. Campothera nivosa.

Deudromus nivosus, Sivcn?is. B. IV. Afr. ii. p. 1C2 (1837) ; Hartl.

Oni. IV. Afr. p. 183 (1857) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859,

p. 14J ; Heine, J. f. O. 18G0, p. 192 ; Hartl. op. cit. 186], p. 264 ;

Sliarpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 194 ; UssJier, op. cit. 1874, p. 55.
Campethera nivosa, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; id. List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1868) ; id. Hand-/. B. ii. p. 192, no. 2154 (1870) ;

S/iarpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17 (1871) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 607.
Chloropiciis uivosus, 3Ialk. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 352.
Dendvobatea iiivosus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850) ; Hartl.

J.f O. 1864, p. 198.
Scolecotheres nivosus, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 428, no. 1012

(1854).
Pardipicus nivosus, Bp. Consp. Valuer, Zygod. p. 9 (1854).
Clirysopicus nivosus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 151, pi. xcii. ligs. 1, 2

(1862).
Stictocraugus pardinus. Cab. Sr Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 130 (1863).
Picus pardinus, Temm. in Mus. Buqd. ; Sundev. Co7JS2). Av. Picin.

p. 58 (1866).
Dendrobates congicus *, Bocacje, Jam. Acad. Sc. Lish. no. xxix. p. 50 ;

id. Orn. Aug., App. p. 535 (1877).
Campothera nivosa, Harqitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 482 ; Biittik. Leyde?i

Notes, 1885, p. 221, 1886, p. 264.

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the base uni-
foi'm golden olive ; the remaining portion of the quills brownish
black, the primaries spotted with white on the outer webs : the
inner webs of the quills margined with white on more or less of the
basal portion, the white scalloping the black web ; shafts black ;
tail brownish black, the lateral feathers spotted with buflfy white on
the outer webs ; shafts black ; nasal plumes brownish black ; fore-
head, crown, and occiput olive-brown, the nape scarlet ; face (except
above the ear-coverts), chin, and throat fulvescent white, the malar
region, chin, and throat striped with olive-black ; above the ear-
coverts, the side of the neck and fore neck, and the whole of the
underparts and under tail-coverts brownish olive, covered with
rounded spots of buffy or fulvescent white ; under wing-coverts uni-
form huffy white. Total length 6 inches, culmeu 0-8, wing 3"3,
tail 1-7, tarsus 0*75 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-62,
outer posterior 0'55, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
nuchal band. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 3*55,
•tail 1*8, tarsus 0-7.

Hub. Casamanze, through Liberia and the Gold Coast to the
Cameroons ; Gaboon, and the West Congo region.

* I have examined the tvpe, and found it to be an immature example of the
present species.

7. CHEYSOPTILtrS.

109

a. $ ad. St.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. c? imm. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cj ad. sk.

Z;^. cJad. etjiiv.;

h, i, k. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
I. $ ad. sk.
m. tS ad. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.

0. c? ad. ; p, q. $

ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t. ^ imm. sk.
u. $ ad. sk.

West Africa.

West Africa.

West Africa.

Gold Coast {Kirby).

Fantee.

Fantee.

Fantee.
Fantee.

Fantee {H. T. Ussher).
Denkera, Jan. 1872 {Blis-

sett).
Wassau (Blissett).
Wassau (Blissett).
Accra {Haynes).
Cameroon mountains, Feb.
4, 1871 {Crossley).

Zoological Society.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll,
Shelley Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

K. Bowdler Sharpe,

Esq. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
SheUey Coll.
Sharpe CoU.
Sharpe Coll.

7. CHRYSOPTILUS.

Type.

Chrysoptilus, Sivains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 300

(1831) C. guttatus.

Chrysopicus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Volucr, Zygod. no. 142

(1854) C. atricollis.

Ranrje. South America, south iuto the Argentine liepublic and
Chili.

Kerj to the Sj)ecies.

A. Underparts spotted.
a'. Chm and throat distinctly striped, the
entire margins of the feathers being
white.
a". Shafts of the six central tail-feathers
black.
a'". Ground-colour of the under sur-
face of the body green. [p. HI,

a'. With red malar stripe melanoclilorus ^ ad.,

¥. Malar region striped black and [p. Ill,

white melanochlorm $ ad.,

V" . Ground-colour of the under sur-
face of the body yellow, or some-
times orange on the chest.
c*. With a broad black stripe behind
the malar region ; chest orange ;
rump and upper tail-coverts
nearly white.

a'. With red malar stripe cristatus d ad., p. 112.

6'. Malar region black, with stripe-
like spots of white cristatus $ ad., p. 113.

c\ Malar region uniform black . . cristatus, juv., p. 113.

IJO PICID^.

(IK AYitli no black stripe behind the
mahiv refrion ; chest not orange ;
rump and upper tail-coverts
bright yellow.
d'. Rump and thighs barred.

a". AVith red malar stripe .... icteromelas (5 ad., p. 114.
6°. Malar region striped black

and white icteromelas 5 ad., p. 114.

e'. Rump uniform or spotted, not
barred ; thighs spotted,
c'". With red malar stripe .... clinjsomelas (S ad., p. 115.
d'^. Malar region striped black

and white chrysomelas 5 ad., p. 115.

b". Shafts of all the tail-feathers yellow,

the central ones brown at the tip . . mariec cJ ad., p. 115.
h' Chin and throat .spotted, the white spots
being one ou each web, sometimes large
and reducing the black in the middle
of the feather to a stripe, but the white
never forming an even margin to the
feather.
c" . Smaller : length 7 inches, wing 3-0-
4 ; the spots on the chin and throat
.small and rounded, the feathers not
having a striped appearance.

c'". With red malar stripe imncfujula J ad., p. 116.

d"\ Malar region black, minutely spot-
ted with white pimctir/uln 2 ad., p. 117.

e'". Malar region uniform black inmctigula $ juv., p. 117.

d". Larger : length 8 inches, wing 4'.3 ;
the spots OD the chin and throat,
in the adult, large and narrowing the
black in the middle of the feather to
a stripe, roimded in the j'oung.

/'". With red malar stripe guttatus J ad., p. 118.

(/'". Malar region striped black and

white (juttatus $ ad., p. 118.

K" . Malar stripe uniform black yxittatus juv., p. 118.

B. Underparts barred ; chin and throat uni-
form black, with red malar stripe atricollis S 'id., p. 119.

1. Chrysoptilus melanocMorus.

Picus melanochloros, Gm. Syst. Nnt. i. p. 427, J (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Oni. i. p. 239 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 76

(1818) ; id. ^- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1308 (1823) ; Wagl. Syst.

^z;. Picus, sp. 42 (1827), pt.; Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 499 (1828);

Nemcied, Beitr. Nature/. Brets. iv. p. 423 (1832).
Carpintero verdinegro, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pdxar. Parag. ii.

p. 306, no. 252 (1805).
Picus melanochlorus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10 (1823) ; Sundev.

Consp.Av. Piein. p. 75 (1866).
Picus chiorozostus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 513, $ .
Picus melanochloris, Cuv. Rbgne Anini. i. p. 451 (1829).
Chrysoptilus melanochlorus, Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 16, no. 252 (1847) ;

7. CHRT80PTILUS. Ill

Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 242 (1856) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340,

no. 2032 (1862) ; Cab. ^- Heme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 164 (1803) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 195,

no. 8735 (1870).
- Chrysopicos melanocliloriis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz,

1848-49, p. 354. _
Cbrvsoptilus buffonii, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 141 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 419, no. 984, pi. dclxx. %. 4441 S (1854).
Clirysoptilus melanochloros, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 420, no. 987

pi. dckxl. figs. 4444-45, $ $ (1854).
Chrvsopicus melanochlorus, Malh. Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Moselle,

1857, p. 11; id. Picidm, ii. p. 187, pi. Ixxxvii. bis, figs. 4,5, c? $ (1862).
Cbrysopicus cblorozostus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 183, pi. Ixxxvii. bis,

figs. 1, 2, 6 2 (1862).
Chiysoptilus chlorozostus, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2031 (1862),

pt. ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 249 (1870) ; Berl. 8f Jhering, in Madar.

Zeitschr. ges Orn. 1885, p. 158.
Chiysoptilus cristatus (pt.), Cah. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 165

(1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 195, no. 8740 (1870).

Adult male. Back and scapulars briglit yellowish olive barred
•with black ; the rump and upper tail-coverts golden yellow, the
former with varied spots of black, the latter having an apical
V-shaped marking and basal bars of black ; wing-coverts rather
browner than the back, with an apical heart-shaped spot and basal
bars of black, the lesser series black with golden-olive margins only ;
quills blackish brown, the outer webs (except the apical portion of
the primaries) spotted with golden olive, the inner webs of the
primaries margined with greyish white at the base, those of the
secondaries spotted with white on the margin, the innermost feathers
barred with olive across both webs ; shafts yellow, brownish at the
base ; tail black, the central pair of feathers transversely spotted
with yellowish brown at the base, the outer large feather barred
across with smoky buff, the shaft being yellow, the other shafts
black or brownish ; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown black
occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson ; face yellowish white
chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white striated with black
side of the neck, hind neck, chest, and breast yellowish olive,
becoming yellower on the remaining underparts and under tail-
coverts, the whole being covered with rounded or heart-shaped spots
of black ; under wing-coverts golden buff, the axillaries golden
yellow. Total length ll'o inches, culmen 1*17, wing 5-8, tail 4*2,
tarsus 1'06; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1-03, outer poste-
rior 1, inner anterior 0'75, inner posterior O'o2.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar
region black with stripe-like spots of white. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1"15, wing 5'55, tail 3'9, tarsus 1.

Hah. Southern provinces of Brazil (Minas Geraes to Eio Grande
do Sul) and Paraguay.

112

PICID^.

a. 2 ad. St.

South America.

Lord Stuart de Eoth-

b. 2 ad. sk.

c. c? ad. ; d, e. $
ad. sk.

/. ? ad. sk.
. (S ad. sk.

South America.
Brazil.

Brazil.

Miuas Geraes, Brazil

say [P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Sclater CoU.

Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.

h. S ad. sk.

i, k. cS 2 imni.

sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

{Rof/ers).
Novo Friboui'g'o,

Janeiro (J. Youds
Pelotas, Rio Grande

Sul (Joi/ner).
llio Grande, Brazil.

Rio

.
do

Salvin-Godmau Coll
Salvin-Godman Coll
Tweeddale Coll.

2. Chrysoptilus cristatus.

Chrysoptilus cristatus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 98

(1818) ; Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 165 (1863), pt. ; Scl. ^

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, pp. 1.32,

1.34 ; Gibso7i, op. cit. 1880, p. 11 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 618 ;

Dalffl. Froc. li. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1884, p. 86 ; Gibson, Ibis, 1885,

p. 282 ; Withingt. Ibis, 1888, p. 468 ; Scl. ^ Huds. Arg. Orn. ii.

p. 21 (1889).
Chrysoptilus chlorozostus {non Wayl.), Liclit. Nomencl. Av. p. 76

(1854) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 ; Huds. op. cit. 1870,

p. 158.
Cmysopicus melanolaimus *, MaUi. Picidce, ii. p. 185, pi. Ixxxix.

figs. 7,8, S 2 (1862).
Chrysoptilus melanolffimus, Scl. Cat. Ainer. B. p. 340, no. 2033

(1862) ; Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 165 (1863).
Picus chlorozostus {non Wayl.), Sitndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 75

(1866).
Picus melanolasmus (ex Malh.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 76

(1886).
Chrysoptilus melanolaimus, G7-ay, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 93

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8736 (1870).
Chrysoptilus chrysomelas {non Malh.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 92 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no, 8734 (1870).
Colaptes leucoirenatus, Leybold, Leopoldina, 1873, viii. p. 53 ; Von

Marteris, J. f. 0. 1875, p. 445.
Picus leucophrenatus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1876).

Adult male. Bears a great resemblance to C. melanocMorus as
regards the pattern of the plumage, but is very distinct in colour-
ation. The present species differs in having the ground-colour of

* Under this name Malberbe has described a bird from Bolivia as allied to
C. cristatus, but differing from it by liaving in the adult stage a uniform black
throat. The type is in the British Museum, and although it cannot be denied
that the throat is blacker than in typical C. cristatus, still it is striped with white,
and not uniform, and I am not disposed to accord it a specific title. Malberbe
(PicidaB, ii. p. 185) mentions having seen four examples (which he supposes were
collected by D'Orbigny, but which bear no indication as to the exact locality)
in the Paris Museum ; I have searched for these, but cannot find a trace or
record of them ; so probably they no longer exist in that Museum.

t . CHRYS0PTILU8.

113

the back and scapulars pale yeUow ; the ground-colour of the rump
yellowish white, and of the upper tail-coverts white, the black
markings on the former being V-shaped and crescentic instead of
spots ; the outer large tail-feather very narrowly barred with pale
buff, the bars about one quarter of the width of the deep black
intt^rspaces ; anterior half of the face huffy white, the posterior half
buff; chin and throat with at most only a tinge of yellow, broadly
striped with black ; behind the crimson malar region a longitudinal
spot of black ; the under surface of the body yellowish white, the
chest conspicuously washed with orange, the under tail-coverts
white, the black spots upon these parts very much larger and upoa
the flanks and thighs more ti'ansverse ; the light markings on the
wing-coverts and exposed portions of the quills white, more or less
tinged with buff or jellow ; the shafts of the quills bright golden
yellow to the base: "iris dark brown"' {E. IV. White). Total
length ll'S inches, culmen 1'6, wing G^OS, tail 3"8, tarsus 1-16 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1'02, outer posterior 0-93, inner
anterior ()•?, inner posterior O'o.

The younger male has the face white, and lacks the uniform
black longitudinal spot or stripe behind the red malar region, the
feathers being striated with yellow or yellowish white on the
margins.

Adult female. Wants the red on the malar region, this being
black spotted with greyish white, the posterior portion of the stripe
uniform black. Total length 11'3 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5-8,
tail 3"8, tarsus 1'12.

Hah. Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and the extreme southern
part of Brazil ; Chili and Bolivia.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. cJ ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. ^ ad. sk.

e. (1 imm. sk.
/. 2 imm. sk.

ff, h. cJ 2 ad. sk.

i. J imm. sk.

k. cJ ad. sk.
/, m. (5 2 ad. sk.

«. c? ad. sk.

o. cJ ad. ; p,q. 2
ad. ; r. J imm.

8t.

s. J ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

Rio Parana, Arg. Rep. April

14, 1S76.
Gualeguayehu, Arg. Rep.
Pay .-and u, Aig. Rep., Aug.
Uruguay, Aug.
Monte Video (Johnston).
Vicinity of Buenos Ayres

(Haslehtirst).
Conchitas, Ruenos Ayres, Oct.

( W. H. Hiahon).
Pinita Lara, Buenos Ayres,

Dec. 1876.
La Plata.
Cordova, Arg. Rep., July, Dec.

{E. W. White).
Mendoza, Arg. Rep., Feb.

( Weisshaupt).
Bolivia.

ChiU.

Chili, July 1849 {Admiral
Bowks).

H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.]-
Sclater Coll.
Alan Peel, Esq. [C.l.
Alan Peel, Esq. | C.].
Salvin-Godiuan Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Sclater Coll.

H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

T. Bridges [C.].

Zoological Society.
Gould Coll.

114 PICIDJE.

3. Chrysoptilus icteromelas.

Picus icteromelas, Vieill. N. Bict. xxvi. p. 84, J (1818) ; id. ^- Bonn.

Enc. MM. iii. p. ];113 (18l'3); Wwjl. Si/st. Ar. Piciis, sp. 43

(1827) ; Drop. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 603 (1828) ; Sundev, Gms]). Av.

Picin. p. 74 (1866).
Pious uattereri*, 3falh. MSm. Soc. Roy. Lieye, 1845, p. 66.
Chr\soptihis icteromelas, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850); id.

Consj). Vohior. Zi/qod. p. 9, no. 140 (1854) ; liekhenh. Scans.

Picincp., p. 421, no. 988, pi. dclxxi. tier. 4446, ^ ad. (1854) ; Cnh. ^

Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 164 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius.

p. 92 (1868) ; id. Handl-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8733 (1870) ; Pdz. Or7i.

Bras. p. 248 (1870); Scl. S^- Salv. Numencl. Av. Keotr. p. 100

(1873).
Dendromus meriani, Hartl. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 181 (1857)t-
Chrvsopicus icteromelas, Malh. Picides, ii. p. 182, pi. Ixxxviii.

tigs. 1 d, 2 $ ad. (1862).

Adult female. Back, scapulars, nimp, aud upper series of upper
tail-coverts bright yellowish olive, the lower series of the upper tail-
coverts less yellow, the whole being barred with black ; wing-
coverts and quills brownish black, the coverts barred, the outer webs
of the quills spotted and the inner feathers barred across both webs
with drab-brown more or less washed with olive-yellow ; the inner
webs of the quills spotted with white, and the shafts entirely golden
yellow ; tail black, the six central feathers more or less barred at
the base with bufty yellow and having black shafts, the two outer
large feathers on either side entirely barred with yellowish buff and
having golden shafts ; upper nasal plumes, forehead, aud crown
black ; occiput and nape scarlet, the hind neck yellowish olive with
longitudinal spots and bars of black ; lower nasal plumes and an-
terior half of face nearly white, the posterior half buff; malar
region striped greyish white and ])lack ; chin, throat, and fore neck
yellowish white narrowly striped with black; side of the neck, the
whole of the under surface of the body yellow spotted with black,
the spots almost entirely heart-shaped, but on the abdomen very
minute, and on the thighs somewhat V-shaped or transverse ; under
tail-coverts pale yellow barred with black ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries golden pale buff. Total length 8-7 inches, culraen 1*1,
wing 5, tail 3'2, tarsus 0"9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0'82, outer posterior 0-75, inner anterior 0'58, inner posterior 0-42.

Aihdt mole. "Has the malar stripe red, but otherwise resembles
the adult female. Total length 9'4-9'8 inches, bill to gape 0'95-
1-15, wing 4-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-75." (Malherbe.)

Hah. Brazil (Southern part of the Provinces of Matto Grosso and
Goyaz).

* Malherbe in his Monograph (ii. p. 182) expresses a belief that his P. vat-
tercri and P. icteromelas of Vieillot are identical, at the same time admitting that
he has never seen the latter species. Judging from Malherbe's description of
P. ?iatiereri, I should have been inclined to refer it to C. milaiwchtorus, with
which it agrees better ; but as the latter species was apparently well known to
Malherbe, I presume that author's conclusions are correct.

t According to Mallierbe this was founded on a " made-up' bird of the
present species, said to hare been obtained in Aguapim.

1

7. CHRYSOPTILUS. 115

2 ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil, Aug. {J. Natterer). Sclater Coll.
$ ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, March Salvin-Godman Coll.
{H. H. Smith).

4. Chrysoptilus chrysomelas.

Chrvsopicus chrysomelas, Math. Picidee, ii. p. 189, pi. Ixxxi.x. fio-s. 1,

2; d 2 (1862).
Chrysoptilus chrysomelas, Cab. ^- Seine, Mus. Heiti. iv. p. 16.3

(1863).
Picus flavilumbis, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 74 (1866).
Chrysoptilus flavilumbis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 92 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. ly.5, no. 8739 (1870) ; Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 396, no. 1939 (1882).

Adult male. Ver}- closely resembles C. icteromelas, but differs in
haying the rump uniform bright yellow, or sometimes spotted with
black, not barred ; the abdomen uniform, and the exposed black
markings on the thighs being heart-shaped or varied spots and not
black bars. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-25, wing o-Oo, tail
3*6, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-82, outer
posterior 0*75, inner anterior O-oo, inner posterior O-'So.

Adult female. AVants the red on the malar region, this being
greyish white striped with black. Total length 10 inches, culmen
1-18, wing 5-3, tail 3-75, tarsus 0-88.

Toung female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having
the plumage almost devoid of yellow, there being only a slight
tinge of this colour on the back and rump and also on the chest ;
the under surface of the body and the under wing-coverts are more
of a huffy white, the former having the faintest tinge of yellow ; the
shafts of the quills are white or nearly so ; the crest is of a washed-
out scarlet.

Hab. East Brazil (Bahia, north to Pernambuco).

a. 2 ad. St.

Brazil. Zoological Society.

b. c? ad. ; c.d.^

Brazil. Tweeddale Coll. '

ad. ; e.f.cS

2 imm. sk.

g,/i.d 2ad.sk.

Brazil. Sclater Coll.

i. 2 imm. sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

k, l.d 2 ad. ;

Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. (S imm. sk.

o. Chrysoptilus mariae.

Chrysoptilus maris, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 59.

Adidt male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts olivaceous yellow
broadly barred with black ; rump and upper tail-coverts yellow
with heart-shaped spots of black ; quills brownish black, the pri-
maries spotted with dull yellow on the outer webs, the inner webs
more or less margined and scalloped with white; the outer webs of
the secondaries barred with dull yellow, the inner webs having mar-

I 2

1 16 picrn^.

ginal white spots, the inner secondaries barred with dull yellow
across both webs ; shafts golden yellow : tail brownish black, the
central feathers at the base and the lateral ones along their whole
length barred with buffy white tinged with yellow ; shafts golden
yellow, those of the central feathers blackish brown at the tip ;
upper nasal plumes, forehead, and crown black ; occiput and nape
crimson ; lower nasal plumes and face golden white, with a broad
crimson malar stripe ; chin and throat pale yellow narrowly striated
with black ; side of the neck gieeuish yellow, the fore neck and the
entire under surface of the body bright yellow, tlie whole being
covered with rounded spots of black ; under tail-coverts yellow with
heart-shaped spots of brownish black ; under wing-coverts pale buff
washed witli yellow; axillaries bright yellow. Total length 8-5
inches, culmcn l-Oo, wing 4*5, tail 2*8, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-67, outer posterior 0"62, inner anterior
0'47, inner posterior 0*3.

Hab. North-east Peru (Chamicuros).

6. Chrysoptilus punctigula.

Le Petit Pic raye de Cavenue, JBuf. Ilist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 374

(1783).
Pic rav4 de Cavenne, Daubent. PI. Enl. 613, $ (1788).
Picus puuctigula, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 37, no. 613.
Picus cayennensis, Gon. Syst. Nat. i. p. 428 (1788) ; Bunn. Th. Bras.

ii. p. 243 (1856).
Picus cayaiiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 2-39 (1790).
Picas guttulatus, Wat/l. Si/.'tt. Av. Picus, sp. 87 (1827).
Chrysoptilus cayennensis, Swahis. C/assif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837); Bp.

Cons/). Gen. Ai\ i. p. 122 (1850), pt. : Reichenb. Scans. Pwince,

p. 420, no. 968, pi. dclxxi. figs. 4442-43, d d ad. (1854) ; Bp.

Consp. Vulucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 138 (1854).
Chrysoptilus cayanensis, Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 54.
CLrysoptikis punctigula, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846) ; Cab. 8f

Heine, Mus. llein. iv. p. 162 (1863) ; ft-rt.y. List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 91 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8731 (1870);

Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873), pt. ; Sak. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 397, no. 1940 (1882).
Chrysopicos cayennensis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad, llefz, 1848-

49, p. 354.
Chrysoptilus punctigulaiis, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2029

_(f862),pt.
Picus punctigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 73 (1866).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts deep golden
olive narrowly barred with black, the rump more golden yellow and
spotted with black ; wing-coverts, both webs of inner secondaries,
and outer webs of all the other quills, except the ajjical portion of the
outer primaries, golden olive barred with black ; the inner webs
brownish black, notched or transversely spotted on the margin with
white or smoky white ; shafts golden yellow ; tail black, the lateral
feathers narrowly barred with buffy brown ; shafts of the two outer
large feathers yellow, those of the others brown ; nasal plumes,

7. cnKvsoPTir.us. 1 17

forehead, and crown black, some of the feathers slightly tipped
with red : occiput, nope, and large malar stripe crimson ; lores and
side of the face white ; chin and throat black spotted with white,
the black grouiid great!}' predominating ; side of the neck, chest, and
breast olive, grading into yellow on the remaining uuderparts and
under tail-coverts, the whole (except the abdomen which is uniform)
being spotted with black, and some of the chest-featliers tipped with
red ; undor wing-coverts and axillaries dull golden buff. Total
length 6-y inches, culmen 0-93, wing 4-1, tail 2--i5, tarsus O-b'S ;
toes (witiiout claws) — outer anterior 0*7, outer posterior 0-7, inner
anterior U'O, inner posterior 0'3.

Adult female. Differs Irom the adult male in wanting the red on
the malar region, this being black minutely spotted with white ; the
black feathers of the forehead and crown always devoid of red tips.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 39, tail 2;4, tarsus 0-82.

The younger female has the malar region black, without white
spots.

Hab. Cayenne, and west into Demerara and Triuidad.

a, b. c? ad. st. Trinidad. Zoological Society.

c. J ad. sk. S. America. Purchased.

d. c5' ad. sk. Demerara. Purchased.

e. c? ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

7. Chrysoptilus guttatiis.

Picus guttatus, Sjji.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 01, pi. liii. fig. 1, S (1824).
Chrvsoptilus guttatus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 303 (18-37) : Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846).
Chrysoptihis cayenneusis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850), pt.
Chrv^oplilus giittifer, Reichenb. Hcans. Picina, p. 420, no. 986 6

(l8o4).
Chrvsoptilus punctigiila {tion Bodd.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1S55, pp. 33,

161 ; Beh. Orn. Bras. p. 248 (1870) ; Sclat. S,- Salt: Numencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 100 (1873), pt.
Chrvso))icus cavennensis {iwn Gni.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 179, pi. Ixxxvii.

fig^4, 5, Jd,6, 2 (1862).
Chrysopicus guttifer (e.( Beichenb.), Malh. Pictdte, ii. p. 181 (1862).
Chrysoptilus punctigularis, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340, no. 2029

(1862), pt. ; Cav.-Tatjl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93 ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S.

1866, p. 197, 1873, p. 291.
Chrysoptilus f^peiosus* Sclat. MS. ; id. Cat. Atner. B. p. 310,

no. 20;J0 (18(!2) ; id. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 979 ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1808) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100

(1873).

* Malherbe gets the credit of having described C. specioswsin his Monograph.
All that he lias done is (alter giving u translation of Keichenbacli's characters
of liis ikr^/sopfihis (/iiftifcr) to ask if it be not the same as Solater's sjieciosus, of
which he gives a figure on plate Ixxxvii. The figure should be b, not 6, as
stated on the plate (see lest under C. guftifer, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 181).

Malherbe, under the above heading, distinctly states that he considers
Selater's C. speciosus to be a variety of C. caynnensis of the Monograph.

1 18 riciii.n.

Chrysoptilus punctipectus, Vuh. if Heine, Mns. Hein. iv. p. 163
(]8(i.'^) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 92 (18G8) ; id. Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 19o, uo. 8731' (1870) ; Sidr. Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 397,
no. 1941 (1882); Tucz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 88 (1886).

Picus punctipectus, Sunder. Cunsp. Ac. Piciii. p. 74 (18G6).

Adult male. Resembles C. j)uiu-tii/i(la of Boddaert, but differs in
having the chin and throat wliitc striped with black, the stripe ex-
panding at the base and on the tips of the feathers. In younger
birds tlie white is less developed and appears as a spot on tho web,
but in the adult the extent of the white marginal spots reduces the
black to a distinct stripe ; the underparts below tho chest are of a
brighter yellow, and the upper tail-coverts more spotted than
barred : the measurements are also greater. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 4-25, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-8:5 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0'7, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0"52, inner
posterior 0"33.

Adult female. Differs from tho adult male in having the malar
region black longitudinally spotted with white. Total length 8
inches, culmen 0'8S, wing 4-38, tail 2-65, tarsus 0-82.

Younij (sex ?). Has the malar stripe black, or Avith at most a few
almost obsolete white specks : the chin and throat black, spotted
with white ; the underparts diiller, and no red on the chest- feathers ;
no red on the feathers of the forehead and crown, and the red
occipital band narrower.

Hah. Upper Amazon region, into North-east Pern, and North
into the U.S. of Colombia, and Venezuela.

a. S ad.; h, c. $ U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll.

ad. ; d. 5 imm.
sk.
e. <S ad. ; /. S Bogota. Sclater Coll.

juv. sk.
y. S ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Remedios, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T. K. Salmon),
i. (S ad. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll.

/. (J ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, Dec. (J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hau.rivell).
ni. (5 ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, Peruvian Salvin-Godman Coll.

Amazons, Aug. {H. Bartlett).

8. Chrysoptilus atricoUis.

Chrysopico? atricollis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 355.
Chrysopicus atricollis, Ma//;. Bev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 156;

Bp. Co7isp. Volua-. Zygod. p. 9, no. 142' (1864); Malh. Picidee, ii.

p. 178, pi. Ixxxviii. fig. 4,d' (1862).
Chrysoptilus peruvianus, Beichenh. Scans. Picifice, p. 419, no. 985,

pi. delxxx. figs. 4493-94, S 6 (1854).
Chr^.soptilus Htncollis, Beichenb. Scans. Picinee, f. 430, no. 1015 5

8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 119

(1854) ; Cah. ^ Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 165 (186.3) ; Gray, List
Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 94 (1808) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 148; Gray,
Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 19o, no. 8741 (1870); Sclat. Sf 8alv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 209, 1882, p. 42 ;
id. Om. Perou, iii. p. 80 (1886).
Picus atricollis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 76 (186(5).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, outer webs of second-
aries and partly of the primaries golden olive, all but the latter
being narrowly barred with black, the primtirics spotted with
black ; the remaining portion of the quills dark brown, on the
inner webs grading into greyish or brownish white, the innermost
feathers having more or less of the apical portion of the inner webs
golden olive and barred with black ; shafts yellow, the basal part
washed with brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellowish
white barred with black ; tail blackish brown, the central feathers
margined with olive at the base, the central pair transversely spotted
with brown on the basal half, the lateral feathers narrowly barred
with buft'y white and having golden shafts, the shafts of the re-
maining feathers being brown with yellowish bases ; nasal plumes
black ; forehead, crown, occiput, nape, and malar stripe crimson * ;
face yellowish white; chin, throat, and fore neck uniform black;
side of the neck and the entire underparts pale yellow barred with
black, the bars on the abdomen almost obsolete ; under wing-coverts
and axillarics yellowish white, the edge of the wing transversely
spotted with black. Total length 9-8 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 4-7,
tail 3-7o, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-75,
outer posterior 0-7o, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0-35.

Hah. Peru, from Lima northwards.

a. S imm. sk. Pacasmayo R., Peru (J. Orion). Ralvin-Godman Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Lima, Peru {Nation). Sclater Coll.

8, CHRYSOPHLEGMA.

Type.

Chrysophlegma, Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxvi. (1849). . C. flavinucha.
Chloropicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Mefz, 1848-49, p. 350. C. flavinucha.
Calopicus, MaUi. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii. (1861) . C. flavinucha.

Range. The Himalayan Provinces ; Assam ; Cachar ; south into
Burmah and Cochin China, and through the Malayan Peninsula into
the Islands of Sumatra, Bangka, Java, and Borneo.

* Dr. Taczanowski (Oni. Perou, iii. pp. 86, 87, 1886) describes the adult
male as having the crown plumbeous, and the young as having the feathers of
this region tipjjed witli red. I certainly think that the adult male has the
crown-feathers tipjjed with red ; the young may be similar, but I have not seen
such examples as would justify my hazarding an opinion on this latter point.
I have never seen a female, neither can I find any description of one, although
Dr. Taczanowski gives (in the work above quoted) the measiu'ements of a speci-
men of that sex, but without any further information.

120

Key to the Sijecies.

A. Underparts crossed by wavy lines of brown-

ish black.

a'. Upper parts strouply washed with red;

yellow nuclial crest also more or less

washed with red.

a" . Forehead and entire face more or less

reddish, and, tonether with the chin

and throat, nearly uniform miniatum J ad., p. 121.

h" . Forehead and fore part of the face
brown, und, topether with the chin
and throat, distinctly spotted with

blackish brown and biiHy white .... miniatum J ad., p. 122.

b'. Upper parts green varied with yellow,

and having at most only a few spots of

red ; nuchal crest entirely yellow.

c" . Forehead and entire face more or le.'?s

red, and, topether with the chin and

throat, nearl}' uniform vialaccense (J ad., p. 123.

d". Forehead and fore part of the face
brown, and, topether with tlie chin
and throat, distinctly spotted with
blackish brown and bufty white .... mtdaccense $ ad., p. 123,

B. Underparts uniform.

c'. Sides of the neck and the chest rufous.
e". Chin and throat black spotted with
white.
«'". Malar region black spotted with

white mentale S ad., p. 12o.

h'". Malar region rufous mentale § ad., p. 125.

f". Chin and throat striped black and
white.
c". Malar region dusky brown spotted

with white Jiumii c? ad., p. 126.

d"\ Malar region rufous hiunii 5 ad., p. 126.

d' . Sides of tlie neck, likewise the chest, olive.

g" . Throat or fore neck varied with white.

e". Larger: length 13 inches, wing 6'15

to 0-63. .

a^. Featheis of the fore neck white,

the apex being occupied by a large

spot (more or less triangular) of

olive-black.

a'. Chin, throat, and malar region

lemon-yellow fiavinucha S ad., p. 128.

6'. Chin and malar region rufous,

the throat like the fore neck . . jlavinvc'ha 5 ad., p. 128.
J*. Feathers of the fore neck dull olive,
with a naiTow rufous apical mar-
gin and a broad basal margin of
white, forming a large spot upon
each web.
e\ Chin and malar region pale

yellow inerrii cf (ad. ?), p. 130.

6?. Chin and malar region rufous,

the throat like the fore neck . . pierrii 5 ad., p. 130.

I

8. CHRTSOPHLEGMA. 121

f". Smaller: length 105 inches, wing

5'6 ; feathers of the throat margined

with white, except at the tip, and

having a broad black median stripe

expanding about midway ; malar

region rufuus (male unknown) .... wraiji $ ad., p. ISO.
h" . Throat and fore neck not varied with
white.

g"' . Malar region yellow 7iiysfarale J ad., p. 131.

h'". Malar region rufous viydacale 5 ad., p. 131.

1. Chrysophlegma miniatum.

Picus miniatus, Foist. Ind. Zool. p. 14, pi. iv. (1781); Lath. Syn. i.

pt. 2, p. /)95 (1782) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 432 (1788) ; Laf/i. Ind.

Orn. p. 241 (17'J0) ; Pemi. Ind. Zool p. 39, pi. vi. (1790) ; Shmc,

Gen. Zool. ix. p. 210, pi. xxxv. (1815) ; Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc.

xiii. p. 17G (1821); Lath. Hist. B. iii. p. 361 (1822); Gray 8f

Hardiv. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxx. tig. 1 (1830-32) ; Less. TraitS,

i. p. 222 (1831).
Picus miniatus (pt.), Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 98 (1827) ; Vig.

Mem. Raffl. p. U69 (1830) ; Snndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 59 (186(5).
Malacoloplius (Brachylophus) miniatus, Sivaiiis. Classif. B. ii. p. 308

(1837).
Geciniis miniatus (\)t.), Gray, Ge)?. B. ii. p. 439 (1846); id. List

Field. Brit. Mas. p. 75 (1808) ; id. Hayul-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8682

(1870).
Chloropicos miniatus (pt.), Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz,

1848-49, p. 350.
Venilia miniatus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850) ; Hoisf.

^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 664 (1856-58).
Brachylophus miniatus, SIrickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 ; Bp. (pt.) Cojisp.

Vohicr. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854).
Venilia miniata (pt.), Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 358, no. 830,

pi. dcxxix. tigs. 4184-85 (1854).
Chloropicus miniatus (pt.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 116, pi. Lsxvi. figs. 1,

2 (1862).
Chrysophlegma miniatum, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 273.

Adult male. Upper and middle back, scapulars, wing-coverts,
outer webs of secondaries and more or less of the basal portion of
the primaries carmine, the back having spots and transverse mark-
ings of yellow ; lower back and rump lemon-yellow, with olive bar-
like markings and whitish spots, the lower back tinged with red ;
upper tail-coverts blacki.sb brown spotted Avitb white; inner webs
of quills and outer webs of primaries (except at the base) brown,
spotted with buff (except on the apical portion of the inner webs) ;
shafts of primaries brown, those of the secondaries black ; tail
nearly black, with black shafts ; nasal plumes brown ; forehead,
crown, and occipital crest carmine, the bases of the feathers buffy
brown ; nuchal crest yellow washed with red ; hind neck barred olive
and buff wa,shed with red ; sides of the face and neck brownish buff
spotted with pale red, the lower side of the neck transversely varied
with dusky brown ; chin and throat buff with a few almost obsolete

122 piciD^.

brown spots ; fore neck and chest buff, the remaininp: under surface
of the body whiter, the whole being crDssed by zigzag marldngs
of dusky brown ; under tail-coverts blackish brown barred with
buffj' white ; under wing-coverts dusky olive-brown, barred and
spotted with dull white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1"2, wing
5'2, tail ;5-lo, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-83,
outer posterior O'S, inner anterior 0-58, inner posterior O-'So.

Adult female. Differs from tlie adult male in having the forehead,
face, neck, and chest covered with minute rounded spots of blackish
brown and huffy white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1"07, wing 5,
tail 3-1, tarsus 0-92.

Hah. Confined to the Island of Java.

a. Ad. St. Java. J. Inskipp, Esq. [P.].

b. c? ad. sk. Java (Ilorsfield) . India Museum.

c. (S ad. sk. Java. Gould Coll.

d. cJ ad. sk. Java. Wallace Coll.

e. J ad. sk. ¥.. ia.\&. {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.
f,g. Skeletons. Java. Purchased.

2, Chrysophlegma malaccense.

Le Pic de Malacca, Sonn. Voy. hid. ii. p. 211 (1782).

Malaccan Woodpecker, Lath. Sipi. Suppl. p. iii. (1787).

Picus malaccensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 241 (1790) ; id. Hht. B. iii.

p. 302 (1822); Drap. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 500 (1828) ;

Bli/th, J. A. S. Ii. xiv. p. 102 (1845).
Picus miniatus (7ion Lhrst.), Shatv ■S,- Kodd. Xat. Misc. xi. pi. ccccxiii.

(1800).
Chrysonotus miniatus (no7i Forst.), Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. lOG.
Gecinus miniatus (pt.), Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; id. List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8682

(1870).
Chloropicos miniatus (pt,), Malh. N. Classif., Mhn. Acad. Metz,

1848-49, p. 350. _
Gecinus malaccensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 59 (1849).
Gecinus miniatus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, App. p. 336 (1849).
Venilia miniatus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850) ; Horsf.

i^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 664 (1856-58).
Venilia miniata, Reichenb. Handb. Scans. Piciuee, p. 358, no. 830,

pi. dcxxix. figs. 4184-85, c? 2 (1854) (pt.) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859,

p. 456.
Brachylophus miniatus (pt.),i?/). Consp. Volucr. Zyffod.]>. 10 (1854).
Chloropicus miniatus (pt.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 116, pi. Ixxvi. figs. 1,

2 (1862).
Chrysophlegma miniata, Jerd. B. Tnd. i. p. 291 (1862) ; Hume, Str.

F. 1873, p. 450 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 472.
Venilia malaccensis, Sclat. P. Z. S. l8G3, p. 211 *.
Chrvsophlegma malaccensis, StoUczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 292 ;

YVald. Ibis, 1871, p. 165; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 324.
Callolophus malaccensis, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 50 (1874) ; Sharpe,

* In this paper Dr. Sclater clearly points out the differences between this
species aud its ally C. miniatvm.

8. CHRTSOPHLEGMA. 123

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103 ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 35 ; Ttceedd. op. cit. 1877,

p. 289 ; Hume Sr Davison, Str. F. vi. pp. 140, 510 (1878) ; Hume,

op. cit. 1879, p. 52 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 242 ; Salvad. Aim.

Mus. Civ. Ge?iov.xiv. p. 182 (1879); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii.

p. 47 (1883) ; Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civ. Star. Nat. Genov. 1887,

p. 530.
PicLis miniatus (pt.), Vigors, Mem. Raffl. p. 669 (1830) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 59 (1806).
Chrysophlegma malaccense, Hargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 276 ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1887, p. 442.

Adult male. Resembles C. miiiiatum, but may be distinguished
by having the back olive, with irregular transverse or zigzag
markings of yellow, and only a few spots or blotches of red ; the
yellow nuchal crest not washed with red. Total length 10'25
inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-8, tail 2-7, tarsus 0"9 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0"78, outer posterior 0-75, inner anterior
0"55, inner posterior 0'4.

Youni/ male. Has the upper parts dusky green, the upper part of
the back without any of the irregular transverse markings of yellow,
the tips, only, of the feathers being of the latter colour ; the fore-
head and crown dusky brown, the feathers having dusky tips;
occipital crest dull red, and the nuchal crest pale yellow ; the face
with faint dusky transverse markings, the side of the neck and the
chest having these markings more pronounced, the chin and throat
uniform. In other respects the coloration and markings resemble
those of the adult, but the former is duller and the latter are fainter.

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but has the forehead,
face, chin, and throat spotted with bufly white, and the latter
region with blackish brown : " legs and feet pale dirty green, claws
horny green ; lower mandible bluish white, upper mandible horny
black ; irides red : eyelids dark grey " ( W. Davison). Total length
IQ-fi inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4'8, tail 2"6, tarsus 0"87.

Nestling (sex ?). Resembles the young bird described, but has the
feathers on the top of the head tipped with red : from the chin to
the lower breast dingy brown, mottled with a lighter dingy rufous,
the remaining underparts and the under tail-coverts dusky, with
large, faint, and more or less triangular spots of dingy white or
brownish white. It wants the reddish face of the adult male and
the white spotted face of the adult female.

ffab. Southern Tenasserim and throughout the Malayan Penin-
sula ; also Sumatra, Bangka, and Borneo.

a. J ad. sk. Tavoy, Tenasserim, Feb. 1879 Hume Coll.

( TV. Davi.<:on).

b. S ad. sk. Mergui Islands, Dec. 7, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

c. $ ad. sk. TenasserimTown, Nov. 26, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

d. (J ad. sk. Bopyin, Dec. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

e. Jad. ;/, ^, A. Bankasoon, March, May {W. Hume Coll.
$ad.; i,k. cJ Davison).

juv. sk.

124 piciD^.

l,m,n.(^ad.;o, Malewoon, Jan., Feb. (IF. Hume Coll.

p. 2 ad. sk. Daiuso?i).

q, r. 2 ad. ; s, t. Kossoiiin, April, May, July Hume Coll.

(5' 2 inim. sk. (/. Darling),

u. S <id. .sk. Tonknli, Jan. 31, 1879 {J. Dar- Hume CoU.

11)1 (j).

V, w. cJ 2 ad- sk. Tavo.ir, Feb. 1879 (J". Barlhig). Hume Coll.

a;,y,z. cJ ad. ; a', Salang', Feb., March (J. i>rt/-- Hume Coll.

b',c'. 2 fid. sk. /j/?^).

d'. 2 ad. sk. Terak Mts. L. Wray, Esq. [P.].

e'-h'. (^ ad. ; i'- Klang-, Salang'ore, March, April, Hume Cull.

I'. 2 !id. ; m'. May {W. Dacison).

(J juv. sk.

«', o' . (S ad. ; /)'. Malacca (Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll.

Juv. sk.

q',r',s'. 2ad.sk. MaLicca (Dc. Omtor). India ]Museum.

t'. c? ad. sk. Malacca (i?. G. IF. Jl). Tweeddal.; Coll.

m', 2)'. (5 2 '^d. sk. Malacca, Jan. 1879 {W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son).

M''-rt".c?ad. ; 6"- Malacca, Jan., July {W. Davi- Hume Coll.

/". 2 ad. ; g", son).

h." (S 2im™- ;

i" . Juv. sk.

A", /", m". cJad. ; Malacca, Aug. 1873 ( /?. G. Tweeddale Coll.

n". 2 juv. sk. W. B.).

o". cjad. ; ;;", q" . Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875 ( W. Hume Coll.

(5' inim. ; r" . Davison).

s"-6 2j'^'v.sk.

t". 2 ad.'sk. Kurno, MnLicca, Nov. 1, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Diu'i.-on).

u". S ad. sk. Jatfuria, Johore, March 20, 1880 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),

v", -lo", .v". cT ad. ; Gunnoiig Pulai, Johore, March, Hume Cell.

g", z", a^. 2 iy\\j, A.\vg. {W. Davison).

ad. sk.

V", c^. S ad. ; (P. Johore, Aug. 1875 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

cJ juv. sk. son),

e^. 2' ad. sk. Singapore. Gould Coll.

/', g\ S 2 ad. Sinirapore Island, Oct. 27, 1879 Hume Cull.

sk. ( W. Davison).

P. A ad. sk. Meklong, Siam. H. C. V. Himter,

Esq. [P.].

«'■*. 2 ad. sk. Sumatra {Raffles). India Museum.

k^. J ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll.

P-r^. (5 ad. et Sumatra, Sept., Oct. {Carl Tweeddale Coll.

juv. ; s^, t^, u^. Boch).

2 ad. sk.

v', w^. S ad. sk. Lampong, S.E. Sumatra {E. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Biut07l).

x^, y'. S 2 i^iu- Borneo. Wallace Coll.

sk.

£3. ^ ad. sk. Borneo. Rajah Brooke [P.].

a'. Imni. sk. Borneo {H. Lvxd). Tweeddale Coll.

bK 2 ad. ; e*. d" Labuan. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

imm. sk. [B.]-

d*. S ad. sk. Sarawak {A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

e*. 2 imm. sk. Banjermassing (/. Mottley). Tweeddale Coll.

I

8. CHRYSOPHLEGMA. 125

3. Chrysophlegma mentale.

Picus mentalis, Temm. Fl. Col. 384, S (1826).

Picus oiilaris, Temm. MS. ; ^J Waff I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 89 (1827),

uec J.
Picas squamicollis* Less. Traite, i. p. 220 (1831).
Gecinus mentalis (pi.), Grat/, Gen. B. ii. p. 4;-ii) (18J6), it iii. App.

p. 21 (184U) ; id. List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 77 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 192, no. 8686 (1870).
Veuilia mentalis, Bp. Co/isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850).
Brachvlophus mentalis, Strichl. P. Z. 8. 1841, p. 31 ; Bp. Consp.

Vufucr. Zyr/od. p. 10 (18o4).
Veuilia sulHiis, Reichenb. Scans. Pici/iee, p. 3->8, no. 827, pi. dcxxviii.

figs. 4180, 4181 (1854).
Picus mentalis (pt.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. o8 (1866).
Cliloropicus mentalis (pt.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 112, pi. Ixxv. figs. 4,

5 (1862).
Chrysophlegma mentale, Harffitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 267.

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars olive ;
■vring-coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of inner primaries at
their base bright indian-rcd, both webs of the quills, except the
apical portion of the primaries, spotted with rufous, the innermost
of the secondaries olive on their apical half or more ; shafts brown ;
tail and the shafts black : nasal plumes duskj" brown ; forehead,
crown, and occiput deep olive, some of the occipital feathers entirely
or partially rufous ; nuchal crest lemon-yellow ; supercilium black-
ish, with minute white sjiots ; face olive, the malar region, chin,
and throat black, the exposed portion of the feathers having a
white spot at the tip of each web, the lower feathers sometimes
having the apical margin white instead of being spotted ; region
between the ear-coverts and the occiput, side of the neck, hind
and fore neck, and upper part of chest rufous, the entire under-
parts and the under tail-coverts olive ; under wing-coverts rufous,
barred with dusky olive, the axillaries olive. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 5-6, tail 4-2, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0'8, outer posterior 0"65, inner anterior 0-6, inner
[■ posterior 0'35.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the super-
cilium, the malar region, and the chin rufous. Total length 11
inches, culmen 1"45, wing 5"6, tail 4-2, tarsus 0'95.

Yoitnr/, sexed female. Has no rufous stripe above the eye; the
occipital feathers are more or less rufous and mostly tipped with
dull red; malar region rufous, but with dusky transverse markings ;
the throat-feathers more dusky and margined on the apical portion
with greyish white, very few being spotted.

Hab. Java.

a,b. cJ 5 ad. sk. Java. Gould Coll.

c, d. Skeletons. Java. Purchased.

* I have recently examined, in the Paris Museum, the specimen which I
believe served as the type of this species, and find it to b? tbe Javan C. mentale.
and not tbe Mahiccan species as I supposed. The latter I have named
C. hiimii.

126

4. Chrysophlegma humii.

Picus gularis (nrm Temm. JliS.), $ Waffl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 89

(1827), nee S-
Picus meutalis {non Temm.), Vig. Mem. Raffl. p. 668 (1830).
Gecinus meutalis (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), iii. App.

p. 21 (1849) ; id. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 192, no. 8686 (1870).
Gecinus meutalis {non Temm.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 59,

no. 269 (1849); Wall. Ann. l^- May. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. xv.

p. 96 (1855). •
Picus meutalis (pt.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 58 (1866).
Veuilia meutalis [non Temm.), Reiehenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 358,

no. 827, pi. dcxxviii. tigs. 4178, 4179 (1854) ; Horsf. ^ Moore,

Cat. B. Mm. E. 1. Co. p. 665, no. 970 (1856-58) ; Moore, P. Z. S.

1859, p. 456.
Chrysophelgema mentalis (non Temm.), Jerd. B. Tnd. i. p. 291

(18621 ; Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 292 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874,

p. 472 ; Blyth ^ Wald. B. Burm. p. 76, no. 115 (1875).
Chloropicus mentalis (pt.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 112, pi. Ixxv. figs. 4,

5 (1862).
Callolophus mentalis {non Temm.), Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 49 (1874) ;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 9 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 138

(1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 87 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879,

p. 242; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 181 (1879) ; Oates,

B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 46 (1883) ; Guillemard, P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 405.
Chrysophlegma squamicolle {non Less.), Haryitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 269.
Chrysophlegma humii, Hary. Ibis, 1889, p. 231.

Adult male. Resembles C. mentale, but may be distinguished by
its striped instead of spotted chin and throat, the feathers being
deep black, margined (except at the tip) with white; the malar
region is dusky brown (not black) and somewhat similarly spotted;
nearly all the primaries have their outer webs entirely spotted with
rufous ; the dimensions are considerably less. Total length 10-7
inches, culmen 1*4, wing 5'3, tail 3*7, tarsus 0-9; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0"65, inner anterior 0-55,
inner posterior 0*4.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar
region and the chin rufous. It may be distinguished from the
female of C. mentale (apart from its specific characters) by the
absence of the rufous stripe from the nostril to the occiput.
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 5 3, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-95.

Youn;/. The female resembles the adult of the same sex, but has
the striations on the white throat of a pale brownish dusky ; the
green portion of the plumage duller, and the rufous portion paler;
the ear-coverts pale brown, with the slightest tinge of green. I
have not seen a very young male, but an immature bird has the
white spotted dusky malar stripe varied with rufous, and it is very
probable that the still younger male will be similar to the female.

Hah. Southern Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Borneo.

8. CHllYSOPHLEGMA.

127

a. (^ ad. ; b, c, d.

$ ad. sk.
e. c? ad. ; f, y, h.

2 ad. sk.
t. Juv. sk.
k,l, m. (S ad.; n.

5 ad. sk.
0, p. c? $ ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
r. 5 ad. sk.

s, t, u. cS ad. sk.
v-z. c? ad. et

imm. ; a'-d'.

? ad. sk.
e'. <S ad. ; /, ^'.

2 ad. sk.
h'. (^ ad. ; i' , k'.

2 ad. sk.
/', m' , n . J ad.

etiiiim.; o ,p ,

q . 2 ad. sk.
»•'. ,5 ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. sk.

t'. 2 ad. ; u'. (S

imm. sk.
?;', lu , x' . (S ad. ;

y'. 2 ad. sk.
s'. (S imm. ; a".

Juv. sk.
h" . (S ad. sk.
c" . S ad. sk.
<^". 2 ad.; e".

2 imm. sk.
/". 2 ad.sk.

y". S ad. sk.

h" . cj imm. ; i" .
2 ad. sk.

Bankasoon, May, June ( W.

Davison),
Klang, Salangore, Marcli, April,

Sept. ( W. Davison).

Malaccaj Aug. (E. G. W. R.).

Malacca {Dr Mainyay).

Malacca.

Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).
Malacca, July, Nov. ( W. Davi-
son) .

Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875 ( W.

Davison).
Pulo Seban, Malacca, Oct.,

Nov. ( W. Davison).
Johore, Feb., March, August

( W. Davison).

Singapore.

Singapore Island, Dec. 10, 1879

{W. Davison).
Sumatra.

Sumatra, Sept. {Carl Bock).

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra {E. C.

Buxton)..
Sarawak, Sept. 20, 1877.
Sarawak.
Sarawak {A. R. Wallace).

Tagora, Sarawak, May 3, 1875

{A. Everett).
Matang, Sarawak, Sept. 1870

{A. Everett).
N.E. Borneo.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace Coll.

W. Harvev, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum.
Iluuie Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Wallace Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

5. ChrysopMegma flavinucha.

Picus flavinucha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 120; Bii/th, J. A. S. B.

xii. p. 1003 (1843) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 57 (1866).
Dryotomus flavigula, Ilodys. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 106 ; id. Icon.

ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. lo7, 168; id. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. 1844,

p. 85.
Gecinus flavinucha, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 438, pi. cix. c? (1846) ; id.

Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal, jn-es. Hod(js. p. 116 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 58 (1849); Irbi/, Ihis, lf6l,-p. 22i) ; Gray,

Lkt Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1868); 'id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191,

no. 8()79 (1870).
Chloropicos flavinucha, Malh. X. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 184.^-

49, p. 350.

128 piciD^.

Chrysophlegma flaviimcha, Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxvi. (1850) ;

lip. Cunsp. Gen. Ac. i. p. 127 (18-jO) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod.

p. 10 (18')4) ; Reichcnb. Scans. Piciiicp, p. 357, no. 824, pi. dcxxvii.

tigs. 4171, 4172, d" 2 ad. (1854) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mtis.

E. I. Co. ii. p. 602 (1856-58); Gray, Cat. Manan. Sfc. Nepal,

pres. Hodqs. 2ud ed. p. m, no. 481 (18(i3) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 289

(1862); Beamn, Ibis, 1805, p. 411; Bidijer, op. cit. 1809, p. 150;

Beavan, torn. cit. p. 414; jferd. op. cit. 1872, p. 9; Hume, Str. F.

1874, p. 472; id. ^- Oates, op. «^. 1875, pp. 12, 71; Blyth ir

Wald. B. Burm. p. 76 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 20 ; id. k'

Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 137 (1878) ; Hmne, op. cit. 1879, p. 87 ;

Biix/ham, op. cit. 18M0, p. 104 ; Oates. Str. F. 1882, p. 191 ; id. B.

Brit. Burm. ii. p. 43 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ihis, 1886, p. 202.
Chloiopicus flaviiuicba, Malh. Ficidcp, ii. p. 100, pi. Ixxiii. figs. 1, 2, 3

(1802).

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts and almost the whole outer webs of the secondaries glossy
yellowish olive, the remaining portion of the quills rufous barred
and tipped with black, the tips having a browner tinge : shafts
blacl<ish brown ; tail black, the central feathers margined with
olive at the base ; shafts black ; nasal plumes brown ; forehead
rufous, shading into olive on the crown and occiput, the whole being
striped with dull brownish red ; nuchal crest golden yellow ; face
dingy olive, the loral region drabby green ; malar region, chin, and
throat lemon-yelhiw ; side of the neck and fore neck olive-blackish,
the latter region varied with longiti;dinal white stripes, the feathers
in reality being white with a longitudinal or somewhat triangular
apical spot of olive-black, the basal part more or less concealed ;
chest olive grading into olivaceous grey on the whole of the under-
parts and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white tinged with
yellow and rufous, and transversely spotted with black ; axillaries
yellowish white occa'^ionallv tinged with rufous, and with similar
transverse spots and bars, the latter feathers (externally) and the
edge of the Aving are sometimes washed with olive : " bill dusky
bluish white ; iris red ; eyelids, ga]ie, and naked skin at gape
greenish blue; legs dusky blue; claws horny" (E. W. Oates).
Total length 13 inches, culmen l-7o, wing 6'5, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-1 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior O'ST, outer posterior 0 8, inner
anterior 0*6, inner posterior 0-4.

Adult female. Has the malar region, chin, and upper part of the
throat rufous faintly striped with blackish. Total length 13
inches, culmen 1-7, wing 6 63, tail 4-7, tarsus 1*15.

Nestlitir/, prohahhj male. Eesembles the adult, but has the malar
region, chin, throat, and fore neck dull buffy white, the throat and
fore neck having dusky brownish spots ; the underparts smoky grey,
browner on the chest.

Ilah. Has been obtained about 100 miles west of Masuri, and
extends through the Himalayas into Assam and Cachar, and south
into the central portion of the province of Tenasserim, but not as
far as Meetan.

8. CHRYSOPHLEGlIA.

I2y

a. (S ad. sk.

I/. 5 ad. sk.

c. cS ad. sk.

d, e. d 2 ad. sk.
/■. c^ad. sk.

ff. 2 ad. sk.

/i, i. 6 2 ad. sk.

/i. c? ad. .sk.

/, ?H. c? $ ad. sk.

w, 0. cJ ad. sk.
p. d" ad. ; y. c?

imm. ; ;•. Juv. sk.
s-i/. S ad. et

juv. ; s-e'. $

ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. ; y', h', i' .

(S ad. .sk.
h'._ c? ad. ; t. 2

imm. sk.
m'. 2 ad. sk.
?^'. d" ad. sk.
o, p . (S ad. et

juv. sk.
q'. cjad. sk.
)•'. S ; s'. 2 ad. ;

t' . (S imm. sk,
li. (S ad. sk.

v', w'. S 2 iwim.

sk.
x'. c? ad. sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.

«', a". S 2 ad. sk.

b", c". (S ad. sk.

d". d ad. sk.

''". /", ff'', h"- d
ad. et imm. sk.
i". 2 ad. sk.

k". 2 ad. sk.

/". 5 ad. sk.

in". cJ ad. sk.

n". tS ad. ,sk.

o". d imm. sk.

N.VV. Himalayas.

Masuri.

KaladooDgi, Sept, 24, 1866.

Kumaon (Strackei/).

Kumaon.

Naini Tal.

Naini Tal, Sept. 25, 186(3.
Almorab, Oct. 29, 1860.
Nepal.

(Types of Dryotomu
Nepal.
Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March,
April, Aug., Sept., Oct,,
Dec. (Z. Mandelli).

Darjeeling, Feb. 1873.

Darjeeling-.

Assam,
Cacliar.
Karen Hills, April, Oct. 1874

[M.. G. W. R.).
Tonglioo, Oct. (E. W. Oates).
Tonghoo, Sept., Nov. 1874

(It G. W. It.).
Tonghoo Hills, March 12,

187o [B. G. W. R.).
Yavtho, June 11, 1873 {B.

&. W. R.).
Thayetmyo, Feb. 23, 1873.
Kollidoo, Tenasserim, Feb. 3,

1874 {W.Davison).
Kyouknyat, Jan. 29, 1874

( W. IJavhon).
Pahpoon, Jan.,

Davi.'ion).
Younzaleen, Feb,

(TV. Davison).
Kaukaryit, Aug.,

{J. Darlinci).
Thamban, Thatone, Jan 19,

1878.
Thambau, Thatone,

Jan.
Wimpong, Dec. 21,

( W. Dacison).
Myawadee, Jan. 20,

"( W. Daviso77).
Megaloon, Jan. 9, 1877 { TV.

Da vison ) .
I>othargee, Jan. 22, 1877 < W.

Davison).

Dec

(jr.

18, 1874
Sept.

Nov.,

1876

1877

Capt. Stackhouse

Piuwill [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Capt. Stackhouse

PmwiU [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
sflaviyula, Hodgson.,
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

Tweeddale Coll,

Tweeddale ColL

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

VOL. XVIII.

K

130 PICTD.E.

p". (S imm. sic. Sliwav -bat-Ohoiinp, Zaiiieo Hume Coll.

River, March 17, 1878 (C.

T. Bi/ir/Ziam).
q". 2 ad. sk. Thoimcryali, Oct. 7, 1878 {J. Hume Coll.

Darli/i(/).
r", «". Bones of trunks. Old Coll.

6. Chrysophlegma pierrii.

Chrj.soplilegma pierrui, Oitsfakf, Le Xaturaliste, 1889, pp. 44, 45.

Adult female. Differs from tho female of C. JlavinucJia in the
different colour and character of the feathers of the throat and fore
neck. Instead of beins: olive-black at the tip and white on the
basal portion as in C jlavimiclia, each feather is of a rather dull
olive with a narrow rufous apical margin and a broad white basal
margin forming a spot, the olive colour appearing as a broad stripe ;
the sides of the neck and the chest are also paler and together with
the feathers of the throat have a vinous shade of colour ; the top of
the head is much more purple ; the upper mandible is entirely black,
the lower mandible yellow at the base and having a blackish tip.
Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 6-15, tail 4-4, tarsus
007; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-96, outer posterior
1 '83, inner anterior 0*62, inner posterior 0-34.

Male (immature?). Differs from the adult female in having the
malar region and tho chin pale yellow ; the bill is entirely black,
except at the angle of the lower mandible. Total length 13 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing .5"95, tail 4, tarsus 1-03.

It may be that this is the adult male of this species, which may
differ from the male of C. jlavinncha in not having the yellow
spread over the throat, but confined to the chin and malar region,
and also in the colour being very much paler. Two other female
examples have the bill black like the male, the angle of the lower
mandible alone being yellow, thereby differing from the female
described, which has the base of the lower mandible yellow.

Hah. Cochin China. The 2 type of this species is from Lower
Cochin China (Pierre) ; the c? from Mu-Xoai Mountains, Province
of Baria, French Cochin China (Pierre).

7. Chrysophlegma wrayi. (Plate II.)
Chrysophlegma wrayi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279.

Female (type of species'). Resembles the female of C flavinucJia,
but differs in having the feathers of the throat pure black margined
(except at the tip) with white, the black expanding about midway ;
the bill black, yellowish at the angle of the lower mandible ; the
rufous bars on the wings about eqiial in width to the black inter-
spaces ; the dimensions considerably less, and the general coloration
darker, especially on the face, this being less olive : " irides red-

8. CHRTSOPHLEGMA. 131

brown ; feet and legs ash -colour ; bill black above, grey beneath
and at angle" (Wraij). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-28,
wing 5-6, tail 4, tarsus 0"93 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-85, outer posterior 0-78, inner anterior 0-Q5, inner posterior
0-35.

The male of the present species is unknown. Only one specimen
(a female) was obtained by Mr. L. Wray.

Uab. The Mountains of Perak, Malay Peniusula (Gunong Batu
Patch, from 3400 to 4000 feet).

a. $ ad. sk. Mountains of Perak, Malay L. Wray, Esq. [P.].

Peninsula. (Type of species.)

8. Chrysophlegma mystacale.

Chrysophlegma mvstaealis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv.

p. 182 (1879) ; Wardlaiv-Ramsmj, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 16 ; Nicholson,

Ibis, 1888, p. 242.
Chrysophlegma mystacale, liargitt, Ibis, 1886, p. 265.

Adult male. Entire upper parts, including upper taU-coverts,
wing-coverts, outer webs and tips of inner webs of innermost
secondaries, also the top of the head and the occiput golden olive,
the forehead and outer edge of the crown slightly rufous ; nuchal
crest yellow ; nasal plumes, sides of the face and neck, the whole
underparts below the throat, and the under tail-coverts uniform
olive, the chin and throat olive-black, the former varied with rufous,
and the malar stripe yellow ; quills brownish black, the outer webs
of the outer secondaries and of the inner primaries at the base dull
red margined with golden olive, the outer webs of the primaries and
the inner webs of all the quills (except the innermost of all, which
are only margined with rufous at the base) barred with rufous ;
shafts brownish black ; tail and the shafts black, wing-lining black
barred with pale rufous, the edge of the wing and the axillaries
olive : " irides reddish brown, bill very pale blue, legs and feet
bluish green" {H. 0. Forhes). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen
1*5, wing 5"6, tail 4*6, tarsus I'Oo ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'82, outer posterior 0"8, inner anterior 0*6, inner posterior
0-38.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has a rufous malar
stripe. Total length 11 inches, cuLmen 1-25, wing 5-4, tail 4-25,
tarsus 1.

Hah. Confined to the Island of Sumatra.

a-d. c? ad.; e-h. 5 ad.sk. ^uva&txo, {Carl Bock). Tweeddale ColJ.
«. (S ad. sk. Sumatra. Von Faber [C.j.

k2

132

9 GAUROPICOIDES.

Type.

Gauropicoides, Malh. Intruil. Monoi/r. rkid. liii. (lS61) . . G. rafflesi.

Tail of Gauropicoides rofflesi, i.

Range. South Tenasserim, Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Borneo.

1. Gauropicoides raflQesi.

Picus rafflesii, Vig. Rnffl. Mem., App. p. 669 (1831) ; Strickl. P. Z. S.

1816, p. 103 ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 57 (1866).
Tiga rafflesii, Blijth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 16; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 441 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 57 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Piain<s, p. 396,

no. 919, pi. dclii. figs. 4346-47 c? d" (1854) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mns. p. 98 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197, no. 8755 (1870) ;

Tweedd. 3Ietn. ed. W.-Ramsay, p. 479 (1881).
Tiga amictus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846).
Picus (Tiga) labarum, Less. Ois. rec. decouv. 1847, p. 199, c? ad.
Chloropicoides rafflesii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 347 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 102, pi. Lsxii. figs. 1 J ad., 2 5 ad.,

3 S juv. (1862).
Chrysonotus rafflesii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/fjod. p. 10, no. 184 (1854) ;

Ilorsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.L Co. ii. p. 658 (1856-58);

Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 456; C-ab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 173

(1863).
Gauropicoides rafflesii, Malh. Picid. i. p. liii (1861) ; Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. 54 (1874) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 319 ; id. Sr Davison,

op. cit. vi. p. 146 (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 53, 88,

no. 185 6w ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 392, no. 1918 (1882) ; Oatei,

1

9. GAUROPICOIDES. 133

B. Brit. Biirm. ii. p. 42 (1883) ; Vonl. Over. Nat. Tijds. Xederl.
Ind. xliv. p. 191 (1><84).

Adult male. Upper parts and wing-coverts uniform golden olive,
the feathers of the rump slightly tipped with reddish orange ; the
upper tail-coverts almost entirelj- black ; quills black, the outer webs
of the secondaries and both webs of the innermost golden olive, the
inner webs of the quills with a few intermarginal spots of pure
white, the shafts black ; tail and the shafts black, the outermost
feather about an inch and three quarters in length ; nasal plumes
brown ; the whole of the top of the head and the crest scarlet ; lores
reddish brown; malar region, chin, and throat golden buff, the
malar region tinged with red anteriorly ; sides of the face and neck
black, traversed by two white stripes, the hind neck black ; entire
underparts deep olive, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
spotted with white ; under tail-coverts brown, tipped with olive ;
under wing- coverts and axillaries olive-black, the former spotted, the
latter barred with white. Total length 1U"5 inches, ctdmen l-'67,
wing 5'75, tail 4'3, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0'7, inner anterior U'4S, posterior O'oo.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in ha-\ang the top of
the head and the entire crest black ; the base of the forehead and
lores orange-brown ; the malar region, chin, and throat rufescent
buff, with only a faint golden tinge ; the fore neck shading into
the olive-brown of the underparts. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen
1-3, wing 5-7, tail 4"55, tarsus 0*9.5.

The young have the undeqjarts dusky, with a slight olive tinge ;
the chin, throat, and fore neck smoky or brownish white, or dusky
buffy white. A very young male has the top of the head dusky
black, the posterior feathers tipped with red, the occiput and nape
being scarlet ; the occipital crest is very long. Females with the
throat and fore neck as above (dingy), consequently immature, have
no red on the head. I have never yet seen a female nestling.

tSumatran examples are dull in colour, and Boruean specimens are
remarkably small.

Hah. Tenasserim, south of Myawadee ; Malayan Peninsula to
Singapore ; Sumatra ; Jiorneo.

a. S ad. sk. Thenganee Sakan, Myawadee, Hume CoU.

Jan. 17, 1877 ( W. Davison).

b-g. (S ad.; h-l. $ Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., April, Hume Coll.

ad. et juv. sk. May ( W. Davison).

nt. 2 ad. ; n. $ Malewoou, April 8, 1877 ( IV. Hume Coll.

juv. sk. Davison).

o,p. 6 2 ad. ; q. Klang, Feb. 1880 ( W. Damson). Hume Coll.

S juv. sk.

r, s. 6 ad. sk. Malacca, Jan. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

t,u (Sad.; v,w. Malacca, Jan., July (W. Hume Coll.

$ ad. .-ik. Davison).

X. J ad. sk. Malacca. Wallace Coll.

134

y,2,a'. 2 ad.etimm.;

b'. S ad. sk.
c', f/'. <? ad. sk.
e', /"'. (? $ Hd. sk.
^'.' 2 ad. sk.

A', i". (? ? ad. .sk.

ft'. ? ad. sk.
/'. ? ad. sk.
m', n'. S ? ad. sk.
o', p'. $ ? ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. ; r' . S

juv. sk.
s , t'. (S ? ad. sk.
ti. iS ad. sk.

Malacca, Aug. (E. O. W. R.). Tweeddale Coll.

Malacca {Dr. Maingay).
Malacca {Dr. Cantor).
Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 4, 1875

( ir. Dav/so)i.).
Guunono: Pulai, July, Aug.

( W. Davisuii).
Singapore.
Singapore.
Sumatra.

Sumatra, Oct. {Carl Bock).
Larapong, S.E. Sumatra (E.

C. Buxton).
Sarawak, June (A. Everett).
Simunjon (^i. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Zoological Society.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

10. GECINULUS.

Type.

Gecinulus, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. 184-5, p. 192 G. grantia.

Spaniopicoides, Malh. Introd. Muiwr/r. Picid. p. liii (1861). G. grantia.
Geciniscus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 174 (18(33) . . G. grantia.

JRanqe. Kepal and Sikhim, extending into Assam, Cachar, and
Manipur ; south into Tenasserim as far as Kossoum, and ranging
eastward into Laos.

Key to the Species.

a. Above dull red.

a'. Crown pale red grantia J ad., p. 135.

b'. Feathers of the occiput, nape, and hind neck, as

well as those of the crown, tipped with red. . grantia juv., p. 135.
c . With no red on the crown grantia $ ad., p. 135.

b. Above green.

d' . Crown, occiput, and nape brilliant scarlet. . . . viridis J ad., p. 136.
«'. With no red on the head viridis 2 ad., p. 136.

1. Gecinulus grantia.

Picua (Chrysonotus) jrrantia, McClell. P. Z. ,S. 1839, p. 165.

Gecinulus grantia, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 192; id. Cat, B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. GO, no. 273 (1849) ; Bp. Camp. Vobicr. Zygod. p. 10,
no. 185 (1854) ; Horsf. &,• Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 603,
no. 967 ( 1 856-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 292 (1862) ; Grai/, Cat. Marnm.
^■c. Nepal, pres. Hodgs. p. 63, no. 485 (1863) ; pi^idg. Ibis, 1869,
p. 157 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, pp. 26, 113 ; id. up. cit. xi". p. 63 (1888).

Tiga grantia, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.
1. p. 120 (;1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 397, no. 920 (1854) ;
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 99 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197,
no. 8756 (1870).

Chloropicoides grantia, MalJi. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 348 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 104, ph Ixxii. tigs. ocJ, 6$ (1862).

Geciniscus grantia, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 174 (1863).

Picus grantia, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 48 (1866).

10. GECINTJLtrS. 135

Adult male. Above, including wing-coverts and tail-coverts, dull
red ; quills dusky brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and of
the inner primaries at the base red, the outer webs of the primaries
with longitudinal spots of ochreous yellow, those of the secondaries
ha\ing pinkish spots, the inner webs of quills with rounded white
spots, the innermost secondaries unspotted on either web; shafts
pale brown ; tail-feathers dusky, partially margined with red and
faintly barred with buff ; shafts light brown, with dusky tips ; nasal
plumes brownish buff ; head yellowish olive, buff or brownish ante-
riorly, the coronal feathers pink, tipped with deeper red : neck and
the whole of the under surface of the body olive, rather darker
below ; under tail-coverts dusky green ; under wing-coverts and
asillaries dusk}, the former varied with olive and dull white, the
latter tipped with olive. Total length 8'5 inches, culnien 1-1, wing 5,
tail 3-2, tarsus 0'9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-G, inner
anterior 0-47, posterior 0'53.

Young male. Has the upper parts darker and of a more pui'ple-
red, and the occipital and nuchal feathers, as well as those of the
crown, are tipped with pale red, although in a less degree ; the
under surface of the body is dusky blackish with scarcely a tinge of
olive, the chin and throat being very much paler.

Adult foiiale. Wants the red on the crown, this being yellowish
olive like the rest of the head. Total length 8-7 inches, culmeu 1 •05,
wing 5'25, tail 3'4, tarsus 0"9o.

Hab. jS^epal, Sikhim, Assam, Cachar and ilanipur, and south-east
into Laos *.

a, b. d 2 acl- ^J^- Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

c,d. d' 5 ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson'). India Museum.

e. $ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1876 (L. Hume Coll.

Mandelli).
f-2).(Sa.d.;q-7c. $ Sikhim, Jan., Feb., April, July, Hume Coll.

ad. et imm. sk. Aug., Sept., Nov. (Z.3/ffW(7eW0.

.V. (5 ad. sk. Mongi^hoo, Darjeeliug, March Hume Coll.

1873.
t/,z. cS ad. ; a, h'. $ Darjeeling, May, Nov. Hume Coll.

ad.; c ,d' . $ juv.sk.
e. (S juv. Assam {McClelland). India Museum.

(Type of species.)
/'. S imm. sk. Assam. Dr. Horsfield [P.].

</'. 5 ad. sk. N. Khasia hills, March, 1876 Tweeddale Coll.

(.4. W. Chennell).
h'. 2 ad. sk. Tippook, March 1877 {J. Cock- Hume Coll.

bunt).
»■', k'. J 2 ad. sk. Sadhya, April 1877 (J. Cock- Hume Coll.

burn).
v. S ad. sk. Cachar. Hume CoU.

m'. cS ad. sk. Eerunu- E., Manipur, Ftb. 9, Hume Coll.

1>81 {A. O. H.).

* An undoubted specimen from this country, collected by Dr. Harniand, is
in the Paris Museum.

13(i

2. Gecinulus viridis.

Gecimilus viridis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 18G2, p. 341 ; Elwei^, P. Z. S.

1873, p. 661 ; Ili'tmc, Str. F. 1874, p. 472 ; id. ^ Oates, ap. cit.

1875, pp. 14, 71 ; Bhith ^- Wald. B. Bnnn. p. 77 (1875) ; mime,

Str. F. 1877, p. 113"; id. .y Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 144 (1878);

Hume, op. cit. 188U, p. 112 ; Bimjlt. t. c. p. UU ; Oates, op. cit. x.

p. 191 (1882) ; id. B. Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 41 (1883).
Geciuiscus viridis, Cab. c^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 174 (1863).
Picas scotoclilorus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 48 (18G6).
Tiga viridis, Gtvi/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 99 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 197, no. 8757 (1870).

Adult male. General colour green, the face and sides of the nock
yellower ; the feathers of the crown and the crest scarlet on their
apical portion, and those of the rump margined with dull red at the
tip ; quills (except the outer webs of the secondaries and base of
inner primaries) dusky brown, the inner webs with rounded spots
of white, and the shafts brown ; tail-feathers blackish brown, ex-
ternally olive at the base, the basal portion of the inner webs spotted
with white ; shafts brown, with blade tips ; under wing-coverts
olive dusky with large white spots. Total length 8-7 inches, cul-
men 1-1, wing 5-2, tail 3-45, tarsus 1-05; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-58, inner anterior 0*45, posterior 0'55.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown,
occiput, and nape yellowish green. Total length 8'5 inches, culmen
1, wing 4-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-05.

Hah. Pegu, Teuasserim, and the Malayan Peninsula south to
Kossoum.

«. S ad. .sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

</, e. S ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

»/, h, i. 5 ad. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.

l. c? ad. sk.

m. 5 ad. sk.

((, o. cJ ad. sk.

i>, ([. $ ad. ; /■, «. d"
ad. et iium, sk.
t. $ ad. sk.

M, y. d 2 ad. sk.

Tonghoo Hills, March 10, 1874

{R. G. W. P.).
Tonghoo, April 8, 1874 {P. G.

W. P.).
E. Pegu Hills, April 21, 1873

{E. W. Oates).
Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 1874 ( W.

Davison).
Dargwin, Jan. 10, 1874 ( W.

Davison).
Pahpoon, Dec, Jan., Feb. ( JF.

Davison).
Head-waters of the Thoungyeen,

Sept. 24, 1877 (C. T. Bimjham).
Assoon, March 2, 1877 {W.

Limbory).
Assoon, March 3, 1877 (JF.

Davison).
Meetan, Feb. 12, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Yea, March, April, 1874 {W.

Davison).
Meeta Myo, April 30, 1874 ( W.

Davisoot).
Piibyin,Nov. 1874 ( W. Davison).

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Huuie Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CuU,

i

11. ASYNDESMrS. 137

«'. 2 «cl- sk. Takchan Creek, Feb. 8, 1874 Hume Coll.

( Tf. Davis(m).
.1: (S ad. sk. Thounoyali, Nov. 19, 1878 (J. Hume Coll.

Dar/mff) .
y. 2 iiiim. sk. Kossoum, July 22, 1879 (/. Hume Coll.

Darlinff).

11. ASYNDESMUS.

Type.

Asyudesmus, Cmes, Proc. Acad, ridlad. 18GG, p. 66. A. torquatus.
a b

a. Bociy-feather of Asyndesmus torquatus (enlarged).

b. Body-feather of Dendrocopus major (enlarged).

Range. Western Tnited States from the Black Hills and the
Eocky MountaiDS, north to the southern part of Kritish Cohimbia
and the Bow Eiver about 61'^ X. lat., south into Arizona and west-
ern Texas.

1. Asyndesmus torquatus.

ricus torquatus, Wils. Am. Om. iii. p. 31 , pi. xx. fig-. ','> (1811) ; Vietll.

N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 80 (1818) ; id. ^- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii.

p. 1310 (1823) ; Valenc. Diet. 8c. Nat. xl. p. 177 (1826) ; Wayl.

Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 82 (1827) ; Dvap. Diet, Class, xiii. p. 497

(i828); Bp. Syn. Bds. II. S. 1828, p. 46; Nidt. Man. Om. i.

p. 577 (1832) ; And. B. Amer. pi. ccccxvi figs. 7 J r.d., 8 $ (1835-

38) ; id. Om. Biuyr. v. p. 170 (1839) ; id. Syn. 1839, p. 184 ; id. B.

Awe): 8vo, iv. p. 280, pi. cclxxii. figs. 1, 2 (1842) ; Sundev. Consp.

Av. Picin. p. 51 (1800).
Picus montanus, Ordiu Guthrie s Geoyr. Am. 2nd ed. 1815, ii. p. 310.
jyielanerpes torquatus, Jard. ed. Tt^ils. Amer. Om. i. p. 321, pi. xx

fig-. 3 (1832); Simins. Classif. B. ii. y>. SlO (1837); Bp. Camp

List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 40, no. 263 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 444 (1840); Gamb. Jcurn. Acad. Philad. 1847, p. 56 ; Bp.

Consp. Geti. Av.i.-^. 115 (1850); Heerm. Journ. Acad. Philad.

1853, p. 270; Beichtnb. Scans. Picince, p. .381, no. 881, pi. dcxlii.

tigs. 4282-83 (1854) ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyr/od. p. 10, no. 206

(1854); Newb. P. R. R. ^ep. vi. p. 90 (1857)"; Sclat. P. Z. S.

138 nt'iD.E.

1858, p. 2 ; Baird, B. Amei: 1858, p. 115 ; Cass. U. S. Rrpl. Exped.
1858, p. 242 ; Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x. 185!), pt. vi. p. 58 ; Cooj^. ^
Suck/. iV. H. Wash. Ter. 1860, p. 1(51 ; Blakist. Ibis, 1802, p. 3,
18(!8, p. 53 ; Cvues, op. cif. 18135, p. I(i2 ; (h-aif, List Picid. Brit.
Mux. p. lin (18(;8) ; id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 20l', no. 8818 (1870) ;
Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 1870, p. 400 (head, figd.) ; Aike7i,
Pruc. Bost. Sor. 1872, p. 207 ; B. B. Sf R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii.
p. 501, pi. liv. fig. 5 S (1874); Hensh. U. S. Geogr. Surv. W. of
100th Merid. p. 397 (1875) ; Ridr/w. U. S. Geol. Evpl. 40th Par.,
Orn. p. 553 (1877) ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. i. pp. 3U1, 430
(1878) ; Ridr/ir. op. cit. 1880, p. 189, no. 370 ; Drew, Auk, 1885,
p. 17; Scott, op. cit. 1880, p. 427; A.O. U. Check-List, 1880,
p. 210, no. 408 ; Lloyd, Auk, 1887, p. 191 ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer.
B. p. 291 (18S7).

Melampicostorqiiatus, J/rt/A. i\'. Classif., Mem. Acad, ilfefc, 1848-49,
p. 305.

INIelampicus torquatus, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 214, pi. xcvi. figs. 1-5
(18(;2).

Asvndesmus torquatus, Coues, Proc. Acad.Philad. 1800, p. 50; id.
Keij N. Amer. B. p. 197 (1872) ; id. B. N. West, p. 291 (1874) ; id.
Bull. U. S. Geol. Sure. 1878, iv. no. 3, p. 017 ; id. Check-Lkt N.
Amer. B. p. 79, no. 450 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 490, no. 456, figs. 342, 343 (1884). '

Adult male. Entire upper parts, wings, and tail dark bronze
green, tinged with steel-bhie ; shafts of quills and of rectrices black;
nasal plumes black ; forehead, lores, around the eye, including fore
]>art of car-coverts, malar region, and chin, crimson; crown, occiput,
and nape, also posterior half of face and of ear-coverts, dark bronze
green ; side of the neck, fore neck, and chest, also a broad collar round
the hind neck, hoary white, the feathers having a hair-like appear-
ance, the neck and chest with a slight rosy tinge ; the feathers form-
ing the collar on the hind neck having the middle portion deep
black, those of the chest crossed by a narrow brownish-red band ;
underparts deep rose-red, inclining to crimson, varied with hoary
white, especi:illy on the breast, the white of the feathers having a
liair-like character, bases of the feathers dusky black ; under tail-
'■overts, also the under wing-coverts and axillaries, dark bronze
green. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 6'65, tail 3-3,
tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"7i!, outer posterior
0'72, inner anterior 0"6, inner posterior 0"35.

Adah female. Kesemblcs the adult male. Total length 9-5 inches,
culmen 1-37, wing 6-4, tail 3"45, tarsus 1.

Voniir/. Differ from the adult in being duller and more dusky
brown on the head and neck, the former being only slightly red
anteriorly, with no trace of a white collar round the hind neck ;
the whole of the under surface of the bodj' smoky brown, the feathers
of the breast margined with dull white, the abdomen brick-red.

Hah. Western United States from the Black Hills and the Kocky
^fountains to the Pacific, extending north to Bow lliver and South-
ern part of British Columbia, about 51° N. lat., and south into Ari-
zona and Western Texas.

12. MELANERPES. 139

a, b. Ad. St. West side of Rocky Mts.

e, <1. (S 2 iid. sk. British Columliia.

e. Ad. sk. British Columbia.

f)ff- d 2 fid. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, May, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July (C. Bendin; Hensh.

Coll. ).
h. (S ad. sk. Umatilla Agency, Oregon, Aug. Salyin-Godman Coll.

(Hemh. Coll. ).
I. (5 ad. sk. North Fork of .Snake Biyer, Salyiu-Godman Coll.

Idaho, July {Hart Merruim,

Hensh. Coll.).
k. (S ad. sk. Red Bluff, N. California, April Salyin-Godman Coll.

( C. H. Toicnsend, Hensh.

Coll.).
I. 5 £1^1- sk. Redwood, California, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Hensh. Coll.).
m. Ad. sk. Nevada, Cal., Oct. {Hensh. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Coll.).
n, 0. c? ad. sk. Walker's Basin, Cal., Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. {H. Wheeler, Hensh.

Coll.).
Pt 1- c? $ iid. sk. Grayson, Cal., March [Bri/'int, Salyin-Godman Coll.

Hensh. Coll.).
r, s. (S ad. ; t. 2 Jolon, Cal., Oct. {Hensh. CoU.) Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk.
u. 5 ad. sk. Fort Crook, Cal. {J. Feilner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

V. cj ad. sk. Fort Crook (J". i^cZ/rt*';-). Sclater Coll.

w. ^ ad. sk. Cloverdale, Cal., April {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
.r. Juv. sk. California. Sclater Coll.

y. Juv. sic. California. Sir. E. Belcher [P.].

z. a', cj' iuim. sk. Tucson, Arizona, Sept., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Hensh. Coll.).
b\ c'. cJ ad. ; d'. Colorado Springs, Colorado, Salvin-Godman Coll.
5 juv. sk. May, Aug. {Hensh. Coll.).

12. MELANERPES.

IMelanerpes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837) M. erythrocephalus.
Ceuturus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (lb37) . M. carnlinus.
Leuconerpes, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 ( 1837 ). M. candidus.
Tripsurus, Sicuins. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (^1837). M. tlavifrons.
Zebrapicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 360 M. carolinus.

Melampicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 303 M. crueutatuj.

Trichopicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 37

(18r)4) M. cactoruni.

Linnseipicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. no. 2:25

(1854) M. herrainieri.

Phymatoblepharus, Beichenb. Scans. Ficiufe,

p. 379 (1854) M. candidus.

Meropicus, Malh. Introd. Monoyr. I'icid. p. liii

(1801) M. cruentatus.

Columbipicus, Malh. Introd. Monnyr. Pivid.

p. liii (1801) M. candidus.

140

Cactocraugus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mas. Jlein. iv. T.\pe.

\. 7'2 (IStJoj ^I. cactonim.

Range. United States and Canada to about 50- N. lat. ; through
Central and South America into the Argentine Republic and
Uruguay ; also in several of the West Indian islands.

Key to the Sj^eoies.

A. Back uniform black glossed with bluish or
greenish ; rump and upper tail-coverts
white.
a'. With yellow on throat or uuderparts, but
no red.
a". Under parts uniform. [pp. 14C), 147.

a'". Head and neck crimson ; sexes alike, enjthrocephahis (J 2*id.,
b'". Head and neck white. [p. 148.

a*. With yellow nuchal band candidits c? ad.,

6*. W^ith no yellow band on nape. . . , candidus 5 ad.,
b". Uuderparts not uniform. [p. 149.

c". With no black on chin or throat ;

sides of face and neck white ; with [p. l-'5o.

black malar stripe xaiUJtolari/n.v (^ ad.,

d'". With black on chin and throat ;
upper half of face and posterior half
of neck black.
c*. Black chest striped with white.
a\ White frontal band and black
crown-band together in 2
M.fwmicivonis and ^ M.Jiavi-
ffuia greater in width (longi-
tudinally) than red occipital
b.md.
«". Width of red occipital baud
considerably broader than
white frontal band : middle
of breast and abdomen more
or less uniform.
«■'. Crown, occiput, and nape [p. 140.

crimson formivirorus (J nA.,

h'. Red on head confined to

the hinder part j)f the [p. 150.

crown, occiput, and nape . . fonnicivorus $ ad.,
h'K Width of red occipital band
not broader than white
frontal band ; entire uuder-
parts striated,
c'. Crown black, occipital band

(only) red JlavignlacJ a,A., p. 154.

d/. With no red on the head. . flai-if/tda^s-d-, p. 154.
¥'. White frontal band and black
crown-band together in $ less
in width (longitudinally) than
the red occipital band. [P- l^-S.

Crown and occiput crimson . . angustifrons cT

ad.,

12. MEI.ANEKPES. 141

d^. Red on bead couHued to hinder [p. 154.

part of crowu and occiput . . angustifrons $ ad.,
f/*. With uniform broad black baud

across the chest. [p. 152.

c'. Cro'WTi and occiput crimson .... melanojwgon (^ ad.,
cP. Crown crossed by a broad blacli [p. 152.

band, the occiput (only) crimson, mehnopogon $ ad.,
h' . With more or less red on underparts, and
no yellow.
c". Middle of the breast and abdomen
crimson ; sides of the body barred
black and white.
e'". With white superciliary stripe and
yellow nuchal band,
e*. With red patch on fore part of

crown cvKentatus c? ad., p. 156.

f^. With no red on crown cnie/dattis 5 ad., p. 157.

f". With no white superciliary stripe,
and with no yellow nuchal band.
(/*. With red spot on fore part of

crown rnbrifronSfJ ad., p. 158.

h*. With no red on crown ?'m^;(/)-o«s J ad., p. 158.

d". Chin, throat, and underparts almost

entirely crimson, the sides of the body [p. 159.

uniform brown ; sexes alike portoricfmis cS 5 ad.,

B. Back black, with a broad median stripe of

white or pale drab,
c'. ^^'ith red on underparts ; stripe down the
back white.
e". Middle of abdomen (only) crimson ;
chin and throat olivaceous or drabby
white.
g'". With white spot behind the eye;
forehead golden yellow ; with red
on the head in (S only.
i^. Crown and occiput red, nape fp. 160.

yellow chrysauchen J ad.,

/*. With black band across posterior
part of crown, remainder of the
top of the head and the nape [p. 160,

j-ellow chrysauchen 5 ad.,

h'" . With no white spot behind the eye ;
forehead drabby white ; with red
on the head in both sexes.

k^. Crown and occiput red pulcher S&d., p. IGO.

/*. Crown black, occiput (only) red . . pukher '^ a.d., p. 160.
/''. Abdomen and breast crimson ; forehead
and throat golden yellow.

t"". Crown and occiput crimson Jlavifroiis (^ ad., p. 161.

/". With no red on the head Jicmfrons^ ad., p. 102.

d'. With no red on underparts ; stripe down
the back pale drab.
(/". With a short stripe of red in the

middle of the crown cactorum c? ad., p. 163.

h". With no red stripe on the crown .... ccwturuin 2 B.d., p. 163.

C. Back, together with the rump and upper

tnil-coverts, uniform black glossed with

142 PICID.'E.

bronze-green ; sexes alike, except that the

J has the forehead tinged with red [p. 164.

(possibly not constant) henninieri (S $ ad.,

I). Back black, with light transverse markings
or distinct bars.
e . Back with cresceutic markings and ill-
defined bars of smoky grey ; head, neck,
and chest smoky brown varied witli
black ; with no red or yellow in plumage ; [p. 147.

sexes similar erythrocephuhts ]\\v .

/'. Back distinctly barred with white, more
or less pure ; vni\\ red or yellow in the
plumage of botji sexes.
t". Abdomen red.

k'". Underparts below the middle of
breast barred with deep black.
«*'. Crown, occiput, and nape red. . . . jmcheram (J ad., p. 165.
n*. Occiput and nape (only) red, crown

black puc?ierani 2 ad., p. 165.

I'". Underparts in adult uniform, -\vith
only a few transverse spots or bars
on flanks and thighs, and with the
abdomen sometimes barred.
o'. L'nderparts deep golden olive,
contrasting strongly with the
white face and throat ; rump and
upper tail-coverts black, and with
broader white bars than on the
back, wings, or central tail-
feathers.
<•'. Crown, occiput, and nape red . . radiolatus c^ nd., p. 166.
/■'. Crown smoky brown, occiput

dusky, the nape (only) red. .. . radiolatus2&d.,'p. 167.
p*. Underparts pale fulvesceut drab,
drabby white, or drab-brown.
1/^. With black spot above the eye.
e". Larger : length 11 inches, wing
6 ; underparts with strong
fulvescent tinge.
e'. Crovra, occiput, and nape [p. 168.

red superciliaris (J nd.,

f. Cro^^^l uniform black, and
uniting with the black
spot over the eye; occiput [p. 168.

and nape (only) red superciliaris J ad.,

f^. Smaller : length 10 inches,
wing 6'2 to 0-35 ; under-
parts scarcely fulvescent.
g'. Darker: nasal plumes less
red ; frontal band not pure
white,
rt^. Crown, occiput, and nape

red bhikiiS ad., p. 169.

b^. Crown black, transversely
spotted with sniokv' grey;
occiput and nape red . . blnkii'^a.d., p. 169.
K' . Paler : nasal plumes entirely

12. JIELANERPES. 143

red ; frontal band pure

white ni/eanus(^ fid., p. 1G9.

/i'\ With uo black spot above the
eye, and no black on the head.
(/". Feathers at the base of the
forehead uioi-e or less red,
not yellow.
%'. Central tail-feathers more or
less barred with white.
c*. With no red on the face
or chest.
«". Crown, occiput, and [p. 169.

nape red cai/m(ine?ms (^ a.d.,

6°. Crown dusky grey ;

occiput and nape [p. 169.

(only) red capnanensis 2 ad.,

d*. With more or less of a
red tinge on the face and
chest, particularly in the
cJ ; the young slightly
striated or spotted be-
low,
c'. Crown, occiput, and

nape red caroliinixtSad., p. 171.

d^. Crown grey ; occiput

and nape (only) red. . c«ro/(«Ms 5 ad., p. 171.
_f. Central tail-teathers uniform
black.
e^. Outer webs of the pri-
maries uniform black ;
white bars on the upper
parts narrower than the
black interspaces,
e". Crown, occiput, and

nape red dubiitS(S^d., p. 173.

/■". Crown drab or drabby
white, more dusky on
the occiput ; nape

(only) red dubitis $ ad., p. 173.

f^. Outer webs of primaries
with from two to three
white burs at the base ;
black and white bars on
upper parts equal in
width.
ff^. Crown, occiput, and

nape red canescens <J ad., p. 174.

A°. Crown creamy white,
the occiput slightly
smoky ; nape (only)

red canescens 5 ad., p. 174.

A'. Feathers at base of forehead
more or less yellow, or some-
times tinged with red.
k''. Base of forehead slightly
yellow ; no yellow on the
chin ; bars on the back
broad.

144

(/^. Head, neck, and iiiuIit-
parts li^''liter ; iiiiiip and
upper tail-coverts nni-
foriu white ; thighs and
under tail-coverts barred,
but with !io bars ou
abdomen.
»". Crown, more or less of
the occiput, and the

nape red tricolor (^ ad., p. 175.

f. Sinciput nearly wliite,
shading into smoky
grey on hind head,

the nape (only) red . . tricolor ^ ad., p. 175.
h^. Head, neck, and under-
parts darker ; rump and
upper tail-coverts more
or less barred ; lower
part of abdomen, as well
as thighs and under tail-
coverts, barred.
k'\ Crown, occiput, and
nape almost entirely

red terricolorc^Ad., p. 176.

r. Crown and occiput
smoky gi-ey or brown,

the nape (only) red . . tei-ricolor'^&d.., p. 176.
r . Base of forehead and the
chin bright yellow ; bars
on tlie back narrow.
«". Crown, occiput, and nape [p. 177.

red rubriventris cf ad.,

_;■'. Crown drab, occiput and [p. 177.

nape (only) red rubriventris 5 ad.,

'. Abdomen yellow, rarely tinged with

red.
in" . Eyes not surrounded by black.
q*. With yellow or red on nape.
i\ Central tail-feathers uniform ;
base of the forehead and the
nuchal band yellow or some-
times tinged with red ; the red
on the crown in the c? .separated
from the nuchal band by a grey
belt. Young duller in plumage
and slightly striped below.
t°. Crown whitish anteriorly, and

with crimson central patch. . aurifrons S nd., p. 178.
j^. With no red on the crown . . aurifrons'^aA., p. 170.
A;". Crown dusky, with dull crim-
son central patch, the occiput

striped with blackish ««;-t/7'ons c? j"v., p. 178,

j'. Central tail-feathers more or less

barred with white.

l^. Base of forehead and nuchal

band red, and in the ^

uniting with the red of the

12. MKT,ANEKPEf?. 145

crown ; the white bar.s on
the back iiaiTower.
Ill' . Crown, occiput, aud nape

red Srtw/rter(«''cJ' ad., p. 180.

11' . Crown smoky grey, the red
confined to the Occipii-t

aud nape s(\nt(!i.cruzi^-A.iS.., p. 180.

vf. Base of forehead with ouly a

tinge of yellow; occiput (in

male) and nape yellow.

o' . Entire crown crim.sou, and

not distinctly separated

from the j-bUow of the .

occiput and nape hnff'}MH>ii S^^- P- 1^1-

p~. Crown and occiput grey,
the yellow confined to the

nape hoffmdnni'^'A.A., p- 18:?.

>•'. With no yellow or red on occipvit
or nape.
A\ With crimson spot or patch on

crown nrOp;/ffkiiis J ad., p. 183.

l\ W^itli uo red on crown nropyfiiali/! $ ad., p. 188.

'". Eyes surrounded by black, with

conspicuous spot above, posteriorly.

.s^. Crown, occiput, and nape red, the

nape varied with golden yellow, , p/(rv/rf«s Jad., p. 184.
<'. Crowa and occiput smoky grey,
nape (only) red varied with

yellow elff/rms $ ad.j p. 185.

Abdomen white; eyes surrounded by
black; with red spot below ear-
coverts.
'". With qiladrate patch of red on

crown hyilcpuKusxS ad., p. 18().

'". W''ith no red on crown hj/pOjwl/i/n J ad., p. 187.

1. Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

Red-headed Woodpecker, Cateshi/, Nat. Hkt. Carol, i. p. 20, pi. xx.

(1731) : L((th. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 561, ad. (1782) ; P^nu. Arcf. Zool.

ii. p. 271 (178-j).
Le Pic k teste rouge de Virginie, Bn'ss. Ont. iv. p. 53, pi. iii. fig. 3

(1760).
Picus ervthrocephalus, Linn-. St/st. Kdf. i. p. 174 (1766) ; Gm. Sygt.

Nat. i. p. 429, ad. (1788) ; Bart. Nat. Hii^. P^nn. pp. 3, 11 (1799) ;

Vieill. Oi.''. Awer. Sejjt. ii. p. 60, pis. 112 ad., 113 juv. (1807);

mi.'^. Anipr. Orn. i. p. 142, pi. ix. fig; 1 (1808) ; Vieill. N. Did.

xxvi. p. 83 (1818); id. S, Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823);

Vahnc. Diet. Se. Nat. x\. p. 181 (1826); IFayl. Syst. Ar. Picu.«,

sp. 14 (1827) ; Drdjj. Diet. Clas.'<. xiii. p. 496 (1828) ; Bj). Si/n. Bds.

U.S. 1828, p. 45 ; Wayl. Isis, 1829, p. 518, juv.; Aud. B. Amer.,Atl.

i. pL xxvii. figs. 1 S ad., 2 2 ad., 3, 4, 5 juv. (1827-30) ; Le>>f.

fraite, i. p. 227 (1831) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 145 (1831) ; Jard.

ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 146, pi. ix. fig. 1 ad., iii. p. 430,

pi. xiv. fig. 3 juv. (1832) : Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, i. p. 569 ; Hahi

^- Kiist. Orn. Atlas, pi. ii. (1834) ; Aud. Orn. Bior/r. v. p. 536

VOL. XVIII. L

140 riciDJi:.

(1839) ; Peab. Bod. Journ. Nat. Hl<f. 1841, p. 171 ; And. B. Amer.

8vo ed. iv. p. i>74, pi. colxxi. tigs. 1, 2 J ? ad., 3,3,3 jiiv. (184:>) ;

Giraiid, B. Lo)i</ Island, p. 180 (1844) ; I)e Kay, N. Hist. N. York,

pt. 2, p. 185, pl.'xvi. lig. 34, S (1844) ; Putn. Fr. Essex Inst. 18.",(;,

p. 214; Ma.vim. J.f. O. 1858, p. 419; Sundev. Co?isp. A v. Picin.

p. 50 (186G) ; Trippe, Pruc. Esse.v Inst. 1871, p. 118.
White-niiuped Woodpecker, Lat/t. Gen. 8>jn. ii. p. 5(53, ju v. (1782).
Pic iioir a domino i-oiiji:e, Buff. IIi.4. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 394 (1783).
Pic de Virginie, Dauhent. PL Enl. 117.
Picas obsciirus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 429, juc. (1788) ; Lut/i. Ind. Oni.

i. p. 228(1790).
Melaiioipes ervthrocephalus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Ainer. ii. pp. x^vi,

Iiitrod., & 310 (1831) ; id. Vlassif. P. ii. p. 310 (1837) ; Up. Comp.

List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 39, no. 202 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 444 (1840) ; Gamb. Journ. Acad. Philad. 1847, p. 55 ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850) ; Peichenb. Scans. Picincc, p. 381, no. 882,

pi. dcxlii. tigs. 4284-86, ad. & jiiv. (1854); Bp. Consp). Valuer.

Zygod. p. 10, no. 205 (1854); Gray, List Gen. B. 1855, p. 93;

Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 113 (1858) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 340,

no. 2034 (1862) ; Verr. Proc. Essex Inst. 1862, p. 144 ; Allen, op.

cit. 1864, p. 53 ; Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 159 ; Dresser, t. c. p. 469 ;

Mcllwr. Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, p. 83 ; Coues, op. cit. 1807, p. 263,

1868, p. 263; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1868); id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8814 (1870) ; Cooj). B. Calif, ed. Baird,

p. 402 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 196 ; Hold. Proc.

Post. Soc. 1872, p. 207; Hensh. Ann. Lijc. N. York, 1874, p. 9;

Coues, B. N.- West, p. 290 (1874) ; B. B. ^ R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii.

p. 564, pi. liv. tig. 4, S (1874); Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. York, 1875,

p. 144; Hensh. U.S. Geogr. Surr. IV. of \O0th Merid. 1875, p. 398;

Pidyiv. U.S. Geol. Eipl. 40th Par., Orn. p. 554 (1877) ; Mayn. B.

Florida, p. 229, pi. xviii. (1878) ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv.

no. 3, p. 617 (1878) ; Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 123

(1878) ; Pidyw.Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 189, no. 375; Coues,

Check-l. N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 79, no. 453 ; Nehrl. J. f. O. 1883,

p. 95 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 489, no. 453, fig. 340

(1884) ; Dreiv, Auk, 1885, p. 17 ; Ayersb. t. c. p. 283; A. O. U.

Check-list, 188(5, p. 216, no. 406; Brewst. Auk, 1886, p. 104;

Lloyd, t. c. p. 191 ; Sennett, t. c. p. 242 ; Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B.

p. 290 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 1.33 (1888).
Melampicos erythrocephalus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz,

1848-49, p. 36.5.
Melampicu^ ervthrocephalus, Malh. Picidcc, ii. p. 209, pi. xcvii. figs. 1

ad., 2, 3 juv; (1862).

Aibdt male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, glossed with
greenish blue ; rump and upper tail-coverts white : primaries black,
the innermost one having the inner web paitiallj' margined with
white and the tip white ; secondaries white, with black bases con-
cealed by the coverts, the outer feather having the outer web and a
subapical bar on the inner web black ; shalts of quills black ; tail
black, the outer large feather externally margined and tipped with
white, all the feathers except the central pair having a basal patch
of while on the inner webs ; shafts black ; nasal plumes brownish
black ; entire head, neck, and chest, except the sides of the latter,
crimson, this colour on the chest bordered narrowly with black ;

12. MSLANRRPKS,

U7

entire underparts below, also the under tail-coverts, white, the ab-
domen slightly }-ellowish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
the edge of the wing black. Total length 8'5 inches, culmeu 1-15,
wing 5-65, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-87 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0 7, outer posterior 0-", inner anterior 0"o3, inner pos-
terior 0'37.

Adult fctnale. .HiPsemhlcs the adult male, but is slightly smaller.
Total length 8*3 inches, culmen 1'12, wing 5*3, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-85.

Young. The sexes are similar and bear no resemblance to the
adult except in having the white rump, upper tail-coverts, and
secondaries ; the back and scapulars are brownish black, only slightlv
glossed, the feathers being tipped with smoky drab ; the head, neck,
and chest brownish dusky, the feathers margined at the tip with
smoky drab, except those of the chin and throat, which are margined
on both webs with smoky white, givuig a striped appearance to
these parts ; under surface of the body (except the abdomen) smoky
white, with broad dusky striations or longitudinal spots ; the
secondaries crossed by a subapical black bar, and with a transverse
spot, or sometimes bar, nearer the base, but generally on the outer
web only.

Hah. United States, north to about 50° lat., west to the Rocky
Mountains, rarely further west, but observed in the Salt-Lake Valley ;
south to Arizona and Gulf States.

«, 6. Ad, et juv. sk.
c. Ad. .sk.

^7. 2 ad. sk.

p. c? jnv. sk.

/, $ ad. ; g,h. S

ad. sk.
2, k. S 2 ad. sk.
/, m, n. (^ <ad. ; o.

5 ad. sk.

J). (S ad. sk.
fj. 2 ad. sk.
r. 5 jiiv- sk.

s-.v. (^ ad. et juv ;

i/-d'. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
«'> /') ff'- S ad. ;

h', i'. 2 ad. sk.

k', /'. (J imm. et
juv. sk.

Canada (C. Shelley).
Fort Duiferin, Manitoba

(&'. Dawson),
Pembina, Dakota, June

{E. C'oues, Hensk. Coll.).
Pueblo, Colorado, July {H.

Wheeki; Hensh. Coll.).
Colorado Springs, Colorado,

May, June {Hensh.ColL).
Michigan.
Waukegan, Illinois, May,

Aug. {E. W. Nelson.,

Hensh. Coll.).
Mt. Carmel, III, Aug. {E.

W. Nelson, Hensh. Coll.).
Englewood, 111., Sept. [E.

W. Nekon, Hensh.ColL).
Noble, Richland Co., 111.,

Aug. {E. W. Nelson,

Hensh. Coll.).
Locust Grove, New York,

April, June- Aug. {Hurt

Merriam, Hensh. Coll.).
Lowville, N.Y., July (A.

Je7iinqs Dai/an, Hensh.

Coll.).
Lyons Falls, N.Y., March,

Aug. (A. Jenhiffs Dcii/a/i,

Hensh. Coll.).

Tweeddale Coll.

N. A, Boundary Conim.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Prof. J. R. Steere [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

l2

148 picrnj:.

m',n',o'. c? «*^-; Leyden, New York, Aug-., .Siilviu-Godman CdU.
p'-s'. $ ad. ; t', ilec. {Uart Merriam,
u',v. $ imm.sk. Hennh. Coll.).
7c', .v'. S 2 ad. ; >/', Washington, D.C., May, Salvin-Godman Coll.

z, a". Juv. sli. Sept. {Hensk. Coll.).

b" 2 ad sk. Ilawes Wood, D.C., May Salvin-Godman Coll.

(E.Cones, Sm.no. '287-20).
c". 2 ad. sk. Aiken, S. Carolina, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hart Merriam, Heush.

Coll.).
d" e" 2 ad. sk. jNIiami, Florida (Ilensh. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Coll.).
f". Ad. sk. Florida. W.B.Disniore,Esq.[P.].

ff". 2 ad- ^^^- Papalote, Bee Co., Te.xas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jan. [JF'. B. Anristronrj).
h". Juv. sk. [Mexico.] Gould Coll.

?■". (5 ad. sk. North America. lliocour Coll.

2. Melanerpes candidus.

Picus candidus, Otto in Biiffvns Nuturg. Uehers. xii. p. 251, pi. xxiii.

(c. 1772) ; Warjl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 81 (1827) ; Neuwied, Beitr.

Naturg. Bra.s. 'iv. pt. 1, p. 415 (1832).
Picus dominicanus, rieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 72 (1818);

id. ^- Bonn. Ene. Meth. iii. p. 1306 (1823) ; LieM. Verz. Doubl.

p. 10 (1823) ; SpLi',Av. Bras. i. p. 59, pi. 1. figs. 12,2c? (1824) ;

Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 175 (1826) ; Drap. Diet. C/as.s. xiii.

p. 498(1828); Less. Traite, i.^.22-i (1831); Sundev. Co?i.sp. Av.

Picin. p. 49 (1866).
Picus melanopterus, Neuwied, Eeis. Bras. i. p. 165 (1820), ii. p. 339

(1821) ; Such, Zool. Jovrn. i. p. 556 (1825).
Picus bicolor, Stcai?is. Zool. Illustr. i. pi. xxxviii. 2 (1820-21) ;

Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 170 (1826).^
Leuconerpes candidus, Stimins. Classtf. B. ii. p. 810 (1837) ; Burm.

J. f. O. 1860, p. 244 ; id. Beise La Plata-St. ii. p. 445 (1861) ;

Sclat. Cat. Avier. B. p. 342, no. 2041 (1862) ; id. <Sr Huds. Arg.

Orn. ii. p. 23 (1889) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 247 (1870) ; Sclat. ^■

Sail'. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Sulv. Ibis, 1880, p. 361;

White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 618 ; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 25.
Leuconerpes dominicanus, Gran, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (1846) ; Hartl.

Ind. Azara, p. 16, no. 254 (1847) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 114

(1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zi/god. p. 10, no. 203 (1854); Gray,

Cat. Gen. Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1855); id. List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 119 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 202, no. 8827 (1870).
Melampicos dominicanus, Malh. N. Classtf., Mim. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 336.
Phvmatoblepharus candidus, Beichenb. Scans. Picinte, p. 379, no. 875,

pi. dcxli. figs. 4275-76, S 2 (1854).
Melampicus dominicanus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 217, pi. ci. figs. 1, 2, J

2 ad. (1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondary quills
brownish black, the primaries dark brown : shafts of the primaries
brown, those of the secondaries nearly black ; nasal plumes, head
and neck (except the hind portion), the entire under surface of
the body and under tail-coverts, rump, and upper tnil-coverts white.

12. MELANEBPES.

149

with the nuchal feathers lemon-j'ellow, this colour forming a band ;
the abdomen also lemon-j'ellow, and the middle of the chest occa-
siouiilJy tinged with the same; an auricular stripe of black running
on to the hind neck which is brownish black like the back ; tail
nearly black, the six central feathers having their basal half white,
with one or two black bars near the black portion of the feathers,
the two outer large feathers on either side having their inner webs
white and almost entirely barred with black ; shafts corresponding
in colour with the surrounding webs ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries brownish black. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1*4,
wing 6-2, tail 3'7, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0'8, outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 0-G5, inner posterior 0-43.

TuiiHff male. Is almost identical with the fully adult of the same
sex, but is of a more sooty black above ; the yellow nuchal band is
nearly as briglit as in the old male, but the yellow of the abdomen
is very much less so.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the yellow
nuchal band, the nape being white like the rest of the head. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, wing G'To, tail 4, tarsus 1.

Mab. Southern and Eastern Brazil, north to the Province of
Bahia; Bolivia ; Paraguay; Argentine llepublic, and south into Lower
Uruguay.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b, c. cJ ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e, f, fj. (S ad. et
juv. ; h. 2
imm. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
/. [ 2 ] ad. sk.

Brazil.

Biihia, Brazil (/);■. Wticherer).
Minas Geraes (Royers).
Cliapada, Matto Grosso, May
-Nov. [H. Smith).

Boli\ia.
Bolivia.
Salta, Arg. Rep., June.

3. Melanerpes formicivonis.

Riocour Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
II. Durnford,

[C.].

Picus formicivorus *, Strains. Phil. Mug. 1827, p. 4-39.

Melanerpes formicivorus, Bp. P.Z.S. 1837, p. 109; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1856, pp. 14.3, 307, l8oS, p. 305, 1859, p. 367 : Moore, P.Z.S.

1859, p. 60; Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 137 ; Sclat. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 341, no. 2035 (1862) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 332 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 177 ; Lain: Aiut. Li/c. A\ Hi^t. X. York; 1868, p. 131 ;

Salr. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 213 ; id. S,- Sclat. Nomeiicl. At\ Xeotr. p. 100

(1873); Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. 1876. p. 35; Boucard,

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 49 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 397, no. 1944 (1882)

(pt.) ; Ridqw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 497 ; Zeled. op. cit.

1885, p. Ill ; Bidf/u: Man. N. Amer. B. p. 291 (1887).
Melanerpes striatipectas, Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 23, no. 491

(1882).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, more or less
glossed with greenish blue ; rump and upper tail-coverts white ;

* Swaitison's type (now in the Cambridge Museum) is from Teniisealtipec,
Jlexifo: bv permission of Professor Newton I have had the opportunity of ex-
amining thi.s ^jjecimen.

150 FICID^.

quills black, most of the primaries with a large basal patch of white
on both webs, the secondaries having their inner webs spotted on
tlie apical half with white, the spots frequently confluent, the inner-
most secondaries unspotted ; shafts of quills black ; tail and the
shafts black ; nasal plumes, feathers at the base of upper and
lower mandible, chin, and part of the throat black ; forehead and a
line downwards in front of the eye white, this uniting with the
white of the malar region : crown and occiput crimson ; orbital
region and upper part of the face, also the posterior part of the side
of the neck, nape, and hind neck glossy black ; hind portion of the
malar region and the lower part of the throat and fore ueck more
or less pale sulphur-yellow ; underparts white, the abdomen uniform,
the remainder broadly striped with black, the stripes on the chest
and breast being very close and making these parts appear as though
black striped with white, the chest having a small central spot of
red ; under tail-coverts white with narrow shaft-stripes of black ;
under wing-coverts greyish white striped with black, the edge of
the wing black varied with pure white. Total length 8-S inches,
culmen 1"12, wing 5-62, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior O'To, outer posterior 0"7S, inner anterior 057, inner
posterior 0"36.

The young males very much i-esemble the adult of the same sex.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the anterior half
of the crown black, glossed with greenish blue, this forming a broad
band about half an inch in width. Total length 8'5 inches, culmen
1-03, wing 5-4, tail 3-2, tarsus <>8().

Hub. Central America, south to Yeragua, north to British Hon-
duras ; Southern and Eastern Mexico into Tamaulipas.

a.

Ad. St.

Mexico.

b.

c. (^ 2 ad. sk.

Mexico,

J. Taylor, Esq. [P.].

(1.

6 ad. ; e, f.
2 ad. sk.

Mexico.

Gould Coll.

!h

2 innn. sk.

Mexico.

Purchased.

h,

i. S fid. sk.

Mexico.

Tweeddale Coll.

k-

-0. c? ad. ;y)-f.

Sierra Madre, above Ciiidad

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2 ad. sk.

Victoria, Tamaulipas, April
{W. B. Richardson).

u.

J imm. sk.

Coatepec, Vera Cruz, July.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

V.

2 ad. sk.

Vera Cruz.

Tweeddale Coll.

w

2 ad. sk.

Jalapa, Oct.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

x.

S ad. sk.

Enc. de San Lorenzo, Cordova,
V^era Cruz, Jan.

Sah-in-Godman Coll.

y-

S ad. sk.

Jalapa {de Oca).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

a ', b'. S ad. ;

Jalapa, Jan., March, May (F.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c', d', e'. 2

D. G.).

ad. sk.

f

</'. cJ ad. : /(',

Omilteme (8000 ft), State of

S.ilvin-Godman Coll.

i'. 2 ad. sk.

Guerrero, July {Mrs. H. H.
Smith).

u

/'. d ad. sk.

Xautipa, State of Guerrero, July
(J/;>-. H. H. Smith).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

m

. 2 Hd. sk.

Sierra Madre del Sur (J//-.<. H.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Smith).

12. MELAXEEPES.

151

n'. 2 ad. sk.
o'. S ad. ; y, y'.

$ ad. sk.

!•'. (^ ad. ; s', t'.
2 ad. sk.

u', v', w'. J ad.

sk.
.r', y'. J ad. ; s'.

$ ad. sk.
ii". (^ ad. sk.
6". 2 ad. sk.
c", d". S ? ad.

sk.
e". (S ad. sk.

/". 2 ad. sk.

(J '. c? ad. sk.

K' . cJ ad. sk.

Oaxaca, AV. Mexico (Fenochio).
Cayo, Western District, British

Honduras, Dec. (F. Blancan-

eaux).
Southern Pine-ridge, British

Honduras, May, Dee. {F. Blan-

caneau.v).
Guatemala.

Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala,

Sept. (0. .S'.).
Volcan de Fuego, Xov. (O. <S'.).
Alotepeque, Guatemala (0. S.)
Ilondui'as.

Dota, Costa Rica, July {J. Car-

miol, Sm. no. 35202).
San Jose, Costa Rica {A. von

Frantziug, Sm. no. 3-"3484).
A'olcan de Cartago, Costa Rica

(E. Arce).
Volcan de Chiriqui, Veragua

{E. Arce).

Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Gudman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Suhsp. a. Melanerpes melanopogon.

Picus melanopogon, Temm. PI. Vol. 451, 2 (1828) ; Wayl. Isis, 1829,

p. 515; Leas. Cumpl. Buff. ix. p. 31S) (1837); Sundev. Consp. Av.

Fkin. p. 51 (1866).
Picus formicivorus (jion Swains.), Less. Compl. Bvff. ix. p. 318

(1837) ; Vig. Zool. Beech. Voy. 1839, p. 23.
Melanerpes formicivorus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (1846) ; Gaiiib.

Journ. Acad. Philad. 1847. p. 56 ; Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 383,

no. 885, pi. dcxliii. figs. 4295-96, <S 6 (1854) ; Cass. B. Calif, p. 7,

pi. ii. S 2 ad. (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307, 1857, p. 127,

1858, p. 305; Baird, B. Amer. p. 114 (1858); id. U. S. ^- Me.v.

Bound. Sun: 1858, p. 6 ; Cuues, Ibis, 18<3o, p. 162 ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 116 ( 1868) ; /(/. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 201, no.88l6 (1870);

Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, 1870, p. 403 (heads of c? 2 figured) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, pp. 196, 197 ; He7ish. U. S. Geogr.

Surv. W. of lOQfh Merid. p. 399 (1875) ; Eidgw. U. S. Geol. E.vpl.

40th Par., Orn. p. 553 (1877) ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878,

pp. 390-393, 430 ; Ridr/iv. op. cit. 1880, p. 189, no. 377 ; pt., Salv.

Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 397, no. 1944 (1882).
MeLimpicos melanopogon, Malh. N.Cla-ssif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 336 ; id. liev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 542.
Melanerpes melanopogon, Bp. Consjj. Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850) ; id.

Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 207 (1854).
Picus melampogou, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854).
Melampicus formicivorus, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 199, pi. xcix. figs. 1 (J

ad., 2 2 ad., 3 2 .iuv. (1^62).
Melaneq)es formicivorus, var. formicivorus, B. B. Sf R. Hist. N,

Amer. B. ii. p. 566, pi. liii. fios. 1 J ad., 2 2 ad. (1874).
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B, p. 79,

no. 454 (1882) ; id. Key X. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 489, no. 454

tig. 341, head of d (1884) : Scott, Auk, 1885, pp. 174, 356: A. 0\

lo2

U. Chcck^list, 188G, p. 216, no. 407 ; Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 427 ;
Shiifeldf, up. cit. 1887, p. 345; Ridyw. Man. N. Atiier. B. p. 291
(1887).

Adult male. RosembJos M. foruiicivorns, but differs in having
across the che.st a broad band of black glossed with greenish blue,
but with the same red central spot close to the yellow throat ; with
ri^ther more black oy the upper throat ; the sides of the bod}-, flanks,
and thighs having less broad striations. Total length 8-S inches,
culmen 1'3, wing 5"8, tail 3-3, tarsus 0'85; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"73, outer posterior 0-73, inner anterior 0*53, inner
posterior 0-4.

Male nestlings are very similar to the adult male, but are duller
red on the top of the head.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
crossed hy a broad l)lack band, which separates the narrower white
frontal band from the very bj'oad crimson occipital one. Total length
8"o inch&5, culruen 1-3, wing 5"82, tail 3'32, tarsus 08.

Ni'stUn;/, fenxile. Has the crown red as in the m^le. The general
distribution of colour as in the adult ; the dark markings on the
imderparts more dusky, those of the flanks being bar-like.

Ilab. Pacific coast-region of the United States, north to British
Columbia, through California into Arizona and New Mexico, and
through tho pine-regions of Mexico (except the cxtrenie Soutliera
and South-eastern States).

a. (S ad. sk. Sau Gorgonia, California, Mav G- Frean Morcom,

{F. Stephens). ' Esq. [P..].

Petalume, near S»n Francisco Salvin^Godman Coll.

(R Grmer, Sm.no. 23235).
Nevada, Cal., Sept. (-£", IF. Nd- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

son, Hensh. Coll.).
GreenwoodValley, Eldorado Co., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cal., Jan. {A. Forrer, Hensh.

Coll.).
Nepa Valley, Oal [Heiuh. Coll.). Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Fort TcvJQii, Cal., Aug. (//. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Wheeler, Hensh. Coll.).
Fort Tejon, Aug. {J. Xantus, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Hensh. Coll.).
Anderson, Cal., May ( W. -E". Salvin-Godmau CoU.

Bretvster, Hensh. Coll.).
Sunal, Cal., Feb. ( W. E. Brew- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

.^ter, Hensh. Coll.).
Pedwood Co., Cal., Ap-il {Hensh. Salviu-CTodmau Coll.

Cdl.).
Jolon, Cal., Oct. (Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Las Alamos, Cal,, Oct. (Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.).

Sau Diego Co., Cal., Oct. {M. B. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Hej-rmi).
White Sulphur Springs, Sept. Salvin-Godman Cull.

(Hensh. Coll.).
Fort Whipple, Arizona, Nov. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(E. Cones, Hensh. Coll.).

6.

lunu

sk.

c.

6

ad.

sk.

(i.

6

ad.

sk.

e. rT ad.

/. 2 ad.

imra.

«. 6 ad.

sk.

; I/-

,k.

sk.

6

i.

2

ad.

sk.

k

6

ad

sk.

I

c?

ad.

sk.

m

■ ?

ad
ad

. sk,
sk.

a, p.

d 2 ad. sk.

</■

5

ad

.'■k.

V;

.s

rj' ilUUl,

sk.

12. MELANEEPES. 153

t. 5 ail.sk. Apnche, Ariz., Oct. (7/e«.>';^.C'(;//.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

u. $ ad.sk. Crittenden, Ariz., Sept. (i/ewsyj. Salvin-Godman Coll.

VulL).
V. Jad. ; IV. $ Pinal Co., Ariz., July, Oct. {W. Sal viu-Godman Coll.

juv. sk. E. D. Scott, Hensh. Coll.).

x-c . cS ad. ; d', Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

e',f'. $ ad.sk. Aug., Sept. {Hensh. Coll.).
;/. S a'i. sk. Sonora ( W. Lloyd). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/('. (5 ad. sk. Jesus Maria, Cliiliuabua, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. Lloyd).
I'. $ ad.sk. San Jose, Chihuahua, Jan. (IF. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lloyd),
k'. c? ad.sk. EefiTgio, Chihuahua, Dec. (IF. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lloyd).
I'. cJad.sk. Tomochic, Chihuahua, Dec. ( ir. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lloyd),
m. 2 ad.sk. Piuos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July {Bi(c/ian^IIej>',t<r/i).
n',d. cJad. ;2/, Sonora, Chihuahua, April (^W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

q , >■'. 5 ad. sk, Lloyd).
s',^'. c? ? ad. sk. Ciudad Durango, Julv, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. Foi-rer).
u', r'. ir'. c^ ad. Sierra Jerez, Zacatecas, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
et num. ; .(', ( W. B. Richardson)^

_ y'. ? ad. sk.
z . $ ad. sk. Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. ( W. B. Bichardson)
a", h" . cS imm. Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. July {W. B. Richardson).

c", d". S 2 ad. Zapotlan, Jalisco, March, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. ( W. Lloyd).

e", S ad. ; /", Sierra Madre,' Tepic, 6000 feet, Salvin-Godman Coll.

y" . 2 ad. sk. June ( W. B. Richardson),
h", i". (S ad. ; Sierra, San Luis Pot^si, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

k". 5 ad. sk. ( jr. B. Richardson).

I", c? ad. sk. Chimalpa, Tucubaya, April. Salvin-Godman Coll.

■ni". (S ad. sk. Mexicalcingo, Tlaipam, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n". d ad. ; o". Sola, Oaxaca, April (M. Tru- Salvin-Godman Coll.

? ad. sk. jillo).

p". 5 ad. sk. Juchateugo, Oaxaca *, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

(M. Tnijillo).
q". 5 ad. sk. S. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

Subsp. /3. Melanerpes angustifrons.

Melanei'pes formicivorus, var. angustifrons, Coop. B. Calif, ed. Buird,
p. 405 (heads of J $ figured) (1870) : B. B. S,- R. Hist. N. Amer.
B. p. 573, pi. liii. figs. 3 c?, 4 $ (1874).

Melanerpes formicivorus angustifrons, Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1880, pp. 190, 219, no. 377 rt ; i/e«. o;;. «V. 1882, p. 549; Coues,
Check-l. X. Atner. B. 1882, p. 79, no. 455 ; Beld. Proc. V. S. Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 349 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 490,
no. 455 ; A. O. U. Check-list, 1880, p. 216, no. 407 a ; Ridr/u: Man.
N. Amer. B. p. 291 (1887).

Adah male, llesembles J/, forniicivoras in having the black

* I cannot separate the Oaxaca specimens from M. melanopoyon ; it is
possible that this species ranges so far southwards occasionally only.

154 PICIDiE.

chest striped with white, hut differs from that species as well as
from M. mcIajWjwr/OH in having the white frontal band narrower,
and together with the chin and throat more strongly washed with
Icmon-yellow. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-45,
tail Ji'l, tarsus 0-85 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*73,
outer posterior 0-73, inner anterior 0-53, inner posterior 0-35.

Adult female. Has the crown crossed by a black band, but is
otherwise like the adult male. It differs from the females of
M. foriuicivorus and M. melanopogon in having the white and the
black bands together less in width (longitudinally) than the red band
on the occiput and nape. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 5'2, tail 3, tarsus 0-7o.

Hah. Southern portion of Lower California.

a. c? ad. ; b, c. Sierra de Laguna, California, Salvin-Godman Coll.
5 ad. sk. Mav, June (M. Abott Frazar,

Hemh. Coll.).
d. S ad. sk. Tiiumfo, Lower California, Dec. Salviu-Godman Coll.

{M. Abott Frazar, Hensh. Coll.).

4. Melanerpes flavigula.

Picus melanopogon (tion Temm.), Lafr. liev. Zool. 1844, p. 81.
Melam])icos flavigula {?ion Bodd.), Malli. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1849,

p. 522.
Melanerpes formicivorus {non Swains.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.p. 115

(18.50).
Melanerpes melanopogon (pt.), Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10,

no. 207 (1854).
Melanerpes flavigula, Meichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 384, no. 886,

pi. dcxliii. tigs. 4297-99, <^ S 6 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 161 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1808) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 201, no. 8815 (1870) ; *S'fl/i'. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 398,

no. 1945 (1882).
Melanerpes flavigularis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307 ; id. Cat. Am. B.

p. 341, no. 2036 (1862) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 381 ; Sclat. Sf Sale.

Novtencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 533.
Melampicus flavigula, Malh. Piddce, ii. p. 202, pi. xcix. figs. 5 ^ ad.,

6 5 ad. (1862).
Picus flavigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 51 (1866).

Adult male. Differs from the male of M. formicivorus in having
the crown black and occiput (only) red, in this respect resembling
the female of M. formicivorus, except that in the latter species
the black space between the white forehead and red occiput is
narrower and has more the appearance of a band ; upon the chest
there is an approach to a black belt as in M. melanopogon, but it is
narrow and varied with a few greyish-white stripes. Total length 8-8
inches, culmen 1"07, wing b'Q, tail 2-9, tarsus 0*76 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-75, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior 0-54,
inner posterior 0'34.

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like
the male. Total length 8"8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 5-43, tail 3*25,
tarsus 0"85.

12. MELANERPES. jgc

The young female resembles the adult of the same sex, but is
more of a sooty black above, with much less of the greeniilue
gloss possessed by the adult this being almost entirei; wanting o'
the top of the head and on the hind neek ; the white of the under
parts less pure, and with dusky striatious

Bah. U.S.Colombia.

i I ad si Sl"'°' ■\''^'PV^'^(l,K.Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k A '^1 t" Jet.ro 4ntioq«ia(r. K.Sohnon). .Sclater Coll.

I^- 6 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia (T'. K. Salvin-Godman Coll

tbalmon).

I. ? ad. sk. Potreros Magdaleoa Valley, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. b. Colombia (C. W. Wyatt).

5. Melanerpes xantholarynx.

Melanerpes xantholarynx, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 384, no 887
Ijl. dcxhu. fags. 4293-94, d" c? (1854); Grau/Ust PaT'Brt'
Mas. p. U6 (1868) ; id. Hand-LB. ii. p. 201, no. 8817 1870)
(1862)''"' ''^"*^'°l*^"ynx, 7W«//i. P*«-rf«, ii. p. 204, pi. c. fig. 6, r?

Picus xantholarynx, Smidev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 51 (1866).

Adult mah. ¥rom the description and figure of this species given
by Keichenbach, it appears to differ from M. formicivorns (Swains )
m having the face and side of the neek white, without any black
stripe running through and behind the eye; the chin and throat
goldeii-ochre, devoid of black, the malar region alone being of the
latter colour ; the yellow throat is separated from the white neek
and chest by a few stripe-like spots of black, there being also a few
similar spots on the side of the neck ; the irnderparts are striated
with black ; but there is not a trace of even a narrow black band
on the chest, tins being, like the rest of the underparts, white striped
with black Ihe measurements, according to Ileichenbach, are as
follows :-Length 9' 6'", culmen 11'", wing 5" 6"', tail 3" 5'"
tarsus 11'". '

Hah. Mexico?

6, Melanerpes cruentatns.

^Tlls'^f ''"''' ^^'°'''^l'^'=^''^^'' ^■''^'•- --^' ^"^^'- ^>«- Sijn. ii. p. .559, J

^71782?"^'"''' ^^'oo'lp-^cker, vav. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 5C0, S 2

he petit Pic noir. Buff. Hist. Xnf. Oig. vii. p. .54 (1 783)
Petit Pic noir de Cayenne, Danbent. PI. Enl no (ii)4 fat^ 9
Picus cruentatus, Bodd. Tail. PI. Enl. p. 43, 694 2 ('1783^'
licushnundmaceus y, r_^,«. %.f. Xat. i. p. 426, ^ (1788); Lath.
Ind. Orn. i. p. 221, cf ? (17U0).

lof) PICIDiE.

Pious hirumliiinceus, /3, Gin, Si/.st. Nat. i. p. 426, $ (1788) ; Lath.

hid. (h-n. i. ]). 227, S (1790).
riciis liinmdinacous *, Temm. Cat. Si/.st. p. 62 (1807) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 87, d (1818)"; id. ^ Bonn. Enc. Meth. p. 1315,

c? (1823) ; Waf/l. St/sf. Av. Picus, sp. 64, S {nee fcemina) (1827) ;

id. Isis, 1829, p. 515 ; Siindev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 50 (1866).
Picus occi]ntalis, Talenc, Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 172, 5 (1826) ; Less.

rraitc,i.-[i. 223 (1831).
Pic-iis iscliuorhynchos, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 66, cj (1827).
Picus uieropirostris, Wagl. Si/st. Ar. Picus, sp. 65, j (1827).
Melauerjies nieiopirostris, B]). P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120; Grai/, Geyi. B.

ii. ]). 444 (1846) ; Bj). Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 115 (1850) ;' Beichenb.

Scans. Picince. p. 384, no. 888 (1854) ; Gmij, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 119 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 202, no. 8826 (1870).
Centui'us hirundinaceus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846) ; Cab. in

Schomb. Beis. GiaVm. iii. p. 714 (1848).
Mplampicos hirundinaceus, Ilalh. N. Classif., Mem. Aead. Metz,

1848-49, p. 304.
Melanerpes hirundinaceus, Bp. Cimsj). Gen. Av. i. p. 116, 5 (1850);

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 400 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 248 (1870) ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546 ; Pelz. Verhandl. k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.

Wien, 1882, p. 448.
Tripsurus saucius, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854).
Phymatohlepliarus hirundinaceus, Beiehenb. Scans. Picince, p. 379,

no. 876, pi. dcxli. fig-. 4277, c? (1854).
Phymatohlepliarus ischnorhynchos, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 379,

no. 877 (1854).
Tripsurus hirundinaceus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/yod. p. 10, no. 209

(1854).
Tripsurus meropirostris, Bp. Consj). Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 212

(1854).
Melanerpes cruentatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161 ; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 341, no. 2040 (1862) ; id. Sf Sale. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 197; iid.

0/). «Y. 1807, ])p. 587, 753 ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 118

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8825 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv.

P.Z.S. 1873, p. 291; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100(1873);

iid. P. Z. S. 1875, ]). 237 ; iid. op. cit. 1879, p. 632 ; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 398, no. 1947 (1882); Tacz. P. Z.S. 1882, p. 43 ;

id. Orn. Pcrov, iii. p. 89 (1884).
Melampicus hirundinaceus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 192, pi. xcviii. figs. 4

cJ ad., 5$ ad., (i S juv. (1862).
Melampicus meropirostris, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 197 (1862).

Adult male. General colour glossy blue-black, the rump and
upper tail-coverts white ; the middle of the breast, the abdomen,
and a large quadrate patch on the crown vermilion : a yellowish-
white superciliary stripe extending to the nape, which is gokleu
yellow ; the inner webs of the quills more or less spotted « ith white,
and the base of the inner webs of the central pair of tail-feathers
spotted or margined with white ; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers
black, the central pair of the latter white at the base ; the sides of

* Some ornithologists refer Pkus hiruiulinareus of Linnspus to the present
species ; but the brief diagnosis and synonymy given by that author (Syst. Nat.
i. p. 174, 17fi(i) do not seem to warrant this, and I have no alternative but to
leave it an open question.

12. MEIANKRPES. 157

file body, flanks, thighs, and nnder tail-coverts barred with white
more or less tinged with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white barred with black. Total length 7'3 inches, culmen 1'1.5,
wing 4-55, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-85 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0"65, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior
0-35.

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, but otherwise resembles
the adult male. Total length 7"3 inches, culmen 0"98, wing 4-55,
tail 2-2, tarsus 0-75.

Young, prohahly male. Resembles, general]}', the adult male, but
differs in having the black of the plumage less glossed with blue ;
the red patch upon the crown smaller ancl of a duller crimson, the
anterior part of the malar region having a dull white spot ; the
sides of the body. Hanks, and thighs scarcely tinged with yellow,
and the under tail- coverts varied with squamate markings of black
and white, instead of being evenly barred ; the margin of the outer
webs of the secondaries spotted on the apical half with dull white.

In some examples (apparently belonging to this species) said to
be from Guiana, the white or yellowish-white stripe bordering the
forehead and crown is wanting, but exists on the side of the occiput,
although it is not constant. In this plumage the species differs onlj'
from M. ruhrifrons in possessing the yellow nuchal band.

Ifah. New Granada ; Venezuela and British Guiana ; northern
parr of Brazil into Pernambuco ; the Amazonian region ; Ecuador ;
Northern, Eastern, and Central Peru ; Bolivia, and into Matto
Grosso.

«, &. c? 5 ^"^- sk. Bogota, Colombia. rttrcbased.

c, d. cJ $ ad. sk. Bogotd. Salvin-Godman Coll,

e, f. cj' ad. ; ff, Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.

h, i. 2 ad. sk,

A:, /. cT 5 ^d. sk. Sarnyacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley), Salviu-Godnian Coll,

m. 5 ad. sk. E. Peru ( W. Nation). Sclater Coll.

n. (S ad. sk. Chyavetas, E. Peru, Aug. (E. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Bart/ett).

0. c? ad. sk. Ucayali River, June (J". Hatix- Gould Coll.

well).

p, q. S f>d. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (G Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll,

r, s. ^ ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Sept, Salvin-Godman Coll,

(H. Smith).

t. 2 ad. sk. Rio Negro. Tweeddale Coll.

v,v. (S $ ad. sk. Rio Negro (A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll,

w. (S ad. sk. Pernambuco {Craven). Sclater Coll,

7. Melanerpes rubrifi'ons.

Le.'^ser Black Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen, Sipu ii. p. 5G0, 2

,(1782).
Picus ruhrifrons, Spix, Ai\ Brax. i, p. 61, pi, Iv. figs. 1 c?, 2$ (1824);

ir«y/. Syst. Ai: Picus, sp. 67 (1827), cJ; id. Isis, 1829, p, 615, $ j

Sunder, dmsp. Av. Picin. p. 60 (1866).
Picus liirundinaceus (non Gm.), Vulenc. Diet. Sc Nat, xl. p. 172

(1826), c?; Wayl. Syst. Ar. Picus, sp, 64, 2 (1827).

158 piorDvT:.

Ceuturus rubrifrons, G'/y///, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (184G).

Melanerpes rubi-itVons, Bp. Vwisp. Gen. Av. i. p. IIO, (J (1850) ; Scl.

Cat. Amor. B. p. 341, no. 20:10 (18G2); Gn/i/, List Picid. Brit.

Mtis.y,. 118(180^); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8824 (1870);

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 247, c? (1870) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl.Av. Neotr.

p. 100 (1873) ; E. L. Lai/ard, Ibis, 1873, p. 391 ; Salv. op. cit. 1886,

p. 59.
Phvmatoblephanis nibrifrons, Rcichcnh. Scans. Picince, p. 380, no. 1^78,

pi. dcxli. fio-s. 4278 juv., 4279 c? ad. (1854).
Tripsurus riibvifrons, Bj>. ('onsp. Volncr. Zyqod. p. 10, uo. 210

Melampicus rubrifrons, Malh. Pii:id(e, ii. p. 106, pi. xcviii. figs. 1, 2,

c^ ? ad. (1862).
Melampicus melanocepbalus, Malh. Picida, ii. p. 195 (1862).
Melanerpes melanocephalus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 247(1870), 5-

Adult male. Differs from M. criientutus in wanting tho super-
ciliary stripe and the yellow nuchal band, and also in having the
red patch on the crown smaller. Total length 7"3 inches, culmen 1,
wing 4*35, tail 2*3, tarsus 0"8 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0'63, outer posterior 0'66, inner anterior 0-5, inner poste-
rior 0-32.

Adult female. Wants the red on the top of the head, but is in
other respects similar to the adult male. Total length 7"3 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 4-05, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-7.

Young ( d"? )• Has the red more spread over the crown and of a
less brilliant crimson than in the adult male ; the jiluraage (generally)
more dusky or sooty brown ; the feathers of the back and chest only
slightly glossed with blue-black ; underparts below the breast dull
white (only slightly rufescent), with dusky bars ; tho middle of the
lower breast and the abdomen orange-red.

Occasionally specimens both of adult and young are found which
have a short white stripe above the posterior part of the eye.

Hah. Guiana, and extending north into Trinidad ; Northern
Brazil east to Para.

Barra, Rio Negro, Jan. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. Wallace).

Para, Lower Amazons, Jan. Tweeddale Coll.

(E. L. Layard).

Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cayenne. Selater Coll.

Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Kappler).

Guiana {Broicn). Selater Coll.

River Apapurow, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana, Jan. (H. Whitely).

Camacusa, March (//. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Merum(5 Mts., July (//. W.) Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bartica Grove, Oct. {H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

a,
c,

h. (S ad. et j uv

sk.

d. (S 'i ad. .sk.

e.
/•

$ ad.sk.
2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.

h.
i.

(S ad. sk.
cJ ad. sk.

k.
I.

m

2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
. S ad. sk.

12. MELANERPES. 159

8. Melanerpes portoricensis.

Picus portoriceusis, Daud. Ann. Mus. d'Jfi.st. Nat ii. p. 285, pi. li.

(1803); Sundev. Comj). Ac. Picin.^. 50(1866); Bryant, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. Hist. 1866, p. 256.
Picus riibidicollis, Vicill. Ois. Amir. Sept. ii. p. 6.3, pi. cxvii. (1807);

Shaiv, Gen. Zoo/, ix. p. 156 (1815) ; Fieill. N. Diet, d" Hist. Nat.

xxvi. p. 75 (1818) ; id. # Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1321 (1823) ;

Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp, 62 (1827); JDrap, Diet. Class, xiii.

p. 499 (1828).
Le Pic a ventre ensanglante, Temm. Cat. Syst. pp. 65, 210 (1807).
Melanerpes portoriceusis, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 172 (1826) ;

Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 505 (1828) ; A. ^ E. Newton, Ibis, 1859,

p. 377; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 377; Sel. Cat. Anwr.

B. p. 341, no. 2037 (1862) ; Cav.-Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 170; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1808j ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201,

no. 8819 (1870) ; 8cl. S^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ;

Gimdl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 227 (1878) ; Cory, List B.

_ W. Ind. p. 20 (1885) ; id. Auk, 1886, p. 377.
Picus caroliniis {non Linn.), Less. Traite, i. p. 227 (1831).
Melanerpes riibidicollis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 444 (184()); Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850) ; id. Consp. Tolncr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 208

(1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854): Reichenh. Scans. Picince,

p. 383, no. 884, pi. dcxliii. figs. 4289-90(1854).
Melampicus portoricensis, Malh. Picidfe, ii. p. 205, pi. xcvii. fig. 5,

d ad. (1862).

Adult male. Frontal baud, nasal plumes, and orbital region white ;
the remainder of the head, neck, entire back and upper rump, wings,
and tail black, with a steel-green gloss ; shafts of (juills and of tail-
feathers black ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white ; cheeks,
chin and throat, the middle of the chest and breast, also the entire
abdomen and vent, crimson ; sides of the body and under tail-coverts
pale umber-brown, slightl}- dusky on the sides of the breast and
thighs, the latter having a few red striations ; under wing-coveits
white; edge of wing black ; axillarics smoky white. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4-8, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-85 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-75, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0'55,
inner posterior 0-4.

Hah. Porto llico.

a. Ad. sk. Porto Rico. Dr. II. Brvant [C.].

h. Imm. sk. Porto Rico (R. Strift). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

('. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Dr. H. Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. Ad. et imm. Porto Rico [G. Latimer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

/. S ad. sk. Porto Rico (C P. Streator, Salvin-Godman C'oll.

Cory Coll.).

(/. Imm. sk. Porto Rico (R. Swift). Sclater Coll.

*^. Ad. sk. Porto Rico (Z»/-.//.i?;-^«//Y). Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Bieque Island {Riise). Sclater Coll.

100

'J. Melanerpes chrysauchen.

Melanerpes clirysauclieu, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 213 ; id. &,- Scl.

Niymencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873).
Picus chrysauclien, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 150 (187G).

Adult nude. Resembles M. jlavifrons (VieilL), but differs in having
the whole of the upper back striped with white : the lower back
spotted with black ; the nape yellow ; the loral region and a stripe
under the eye white, the nasal plumes yellow ; the black stripe
behind the eye broader and extending right down the side of the
neck, and with a white spot behind the eye ; the malar region and
chin pale olivaceous yellow grading into darker dingy pale olive on
the fore neck, chest, and breast, the crimson being confined to the
abdomen ; the innermost secondaries slightly spotted with white on
the outer webs. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4'-4,
tail 2*25, tarsus 0"7 ; toes (without claws) — outer anlerior 0-65,
outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red crown and occiput, the forehead and the greater part of the
crown being bright yellow, with a stripe of black above the eye and
a band of the same on the hind part of the crown, the occiput and
nape being dull 5ellow. Total length 6'3 inches, culmen 1, wing4'4,
tail 2, tarsus 0"75.

£iah. Veragua, State of Panama.

«. (S ad. ; b, c. J Bugaba, ChiriqUi, Veragua SalVin-Godlllan Coll.
ad.sk. (E.Ar('e). (Types of the species.)

'J, e. (S 2 ^'^- ski Chiriqui {E. Arce)i Sclater C'olL

10. Melanerpes pulcher. (Plate III.)

Melanerpes pulcher, -SW; P. Z. S. 1870, p. 3;50; Wi/aft, Ihi^, l8?l,
pp. IL'9, 380 ; Scl.Sf Salo. NomenCl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; ml.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 533 ; Berkpsch, Jiw, 1880, p. 114.

Picus pulcher, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 175 (1876)^

Adult male. Resembles M. cJm/Sauehen,, but differs in having the
fl'ontal band and the nasal plumes buffy white, only slightly tinged
with yellow; with more red on the top of the head anteriorly; with
no white spot behind the eye ; the throat and che.st duller, and the
barring on the underparts extending on to the breast and covering it.
Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-4, tail 2-15, tarsus 0'78 ;
toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0'63, outet posterior 0-63,
inner anterior 0'45, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the red on
the head confined to the occiput. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1 ,
\ving 4-3, tail 2-1, tarsus 0-73i

Hab> U. S. Colombia.

12. MELANERPES. 161

n,h. d' 5 ad. sk. Naranio, Magdalena valley, Selater Coll
U.S. Columbia (C. Jr.
Tl ijatt).

c, (I. S $ ad. sk. Naranjo (C. W. Wyalt). Salvin-Godmau Coll

e,f- 6 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Selater Coll.

(Types of species.)

//. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/', i- 6 $ ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia (T. K. Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salmoyi).

11. Melanerpes flavifrons.

Carpintero vientre roxo, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pd.rar. Parur/. ii

p. 316, no. cclv. (180.5).
Picus flavifrons, Vieill. N. Diet. xxvi. p. 75, S 2 (1818) ; Spix, Av.
Bras. i. p. GO, pi. lii. tigs. 1 ?, 2c? (1824) ; Wngl. Syst. Av. Picus,
sp. 63 (1827) ; Sumlev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 50 (1866).
Picus rubriventris, Vieill. N. Diet. xxvi. p. 103 S (1818) ; id. ^
Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1324 (1823), S; Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. pt. 2,
p. 8, pi. xxvii., S (1825) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 224 (1831); id. Compl.
Buff. ix. p. 321 (18.37).
Picus coi-onatus, Lieht. Verz. Douhl. p. 10, c? 5 (1823) ; Valenc.
Diet. Se. Nat. xl. p. 173, J (182(;); Dmp. Diet. Class, xiii. p.497,c?
(1828) ; Max. Beit: Nat. Bras. iv. 1_, p. 419 (1832).
Picus rufiventris, Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 507, S (1828).
Picus ervthrogaster, Beekl. N. Mdm. Soc. Nat. Mo.sc. i. p. 377,

pi. xxii., c? U829).
Tripsurus flavifrons, S^vains. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837); Bp. Consp.
Valuer. Zijgod. p. 10, no. 211 (1854) ; Gray, List Gen. B. 1855,
p. 93.
Ceuturus flavifrons, &';•«?/, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846).
Centuriis coronatus, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 16 (1847).
Melampicos flavifrons, 3Ial/i. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 364.
Melanerpes flavifrons, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 116 (1850); Scl.
Cat. Amer. B. p. 341, no. 20.38 (1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit.
Mus. p. 118 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8823 (1870) ;
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 248 (1870) ; Scl. <§• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 100 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Striekl. Coll. p. 398, no. 1946 (1882) ;
Berl. S)- Jher. in Madar. Zeitseh. (/esamm. Orn. 1885, p. 159.
Tripsvu'us coronatus, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854) ; Burm. Syst.

Ueb. ii. p. 2.39 (1856).
Phyniatoblepharus flavifrons, Reichenh. Scans. Picinee, p. 380, no. 879,

pi. dcxliii. figs. 4291^92, 2 <S ad. (1854).
Melampicus flavifrons, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 207, pi. c. figs. 2, 3 (5 ad.,
4 $ ad. (1862).

Adult male. Upper and middle back blue-black centred with
numerous white stripes ; the lower hack, rump, and upper tail-
coverts white ; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills black, more or
less glossed with blue, the inner webs of the quills spotted with
white, the shafts being black ; tail black, the inner webs ot the
central pair of feathers having occasionally one or two transverse
spots of white; shafts black; forehead, chin, throat, and malar
region golden yellow ; nasal plumes, lores, orbital region, and a

VOL. XVIII. M

\Q2 nciDiE.

broad stripe behind the eye black ; crown, occiput, and nape crim-
son ; side of the neck and upper part and sides of the chest ashy
olive, yellower on the fore neck, the sides of the chest with varied
spots of black ; the middle of the lower chest, breast, and abdomen
crimson ; the remainder of the underparts fulvescent white barred
with black; under tail-coverts black, with bars and squamatc
markings of white, and having fulvescent white margins ; under
wing-coverts white, the axillaries yellowish, both being barred with
black : the edge of the wing black, with a few white spots. Total
length 8 inches, culmeu 1, wing 4-75, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-8 ;_ toes
(without claws)— outer anterior 0-72, outer posterior 0-72, inner
anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0-32.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the crown and occiput being deep blue-black. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-5, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-7.

JIab. Southern Brazil, north into Minas Geraes and Goyaz, and
ranging into Paraguay.
a, b. c? ad. etjuv. ; Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

c, d. 5.ad. sk. own ii

e. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Schxter Col

f. d ad. sk. Brazil. Eiocour Coll.
r/-/*. c? 5 ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased

1 k S2 ad. sk. Minas Geraes (H. Rogers). Salvm-Godman Col .
/.' S ad. sk. Rio Claro, Prov. Goyaz Salvm-Godman Coll.

{Joyner).
VI. c? ad. sk. ISovo Fribourgo, S.E. Salvin-Gcdman Col).

Brazil (J. Ymuh).
n. d ad. sk. San Paulo, S. Brazil {Joy- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

ner).
o, p. d ad. ; q. $ Rio Grande do Sul. Tweeddale Coll.

inim. sk.
r. Skel.

12. Melanerpes cactorum.

I'icus cactorum, La/r. §• d'Orb. Toy. Amer. Merid. iv. p. 378, pi. Ixii.

p. 102, pi. XXV. tigs. 1, 2, c? $ (li561) ; Sd. Cat. Amcr. B. p 333,
no 1989 (18C2) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 32 (1860) ; Gray,
List I'icid. Brit. Mvs. p. 50 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186,
no 8615 (1870) ; Scl. 8f Salv. Noviencl. Av. Neofr. p. 99 (18/3) ;
Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 134 ; Scd. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 03 ; Salv. Ibis,
1880, p. 361 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 617 ; Barrons, Auk, 1884,
]). 25 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 77 (1886) ; Scl. 8j- Iluds. Arg. Om.
ii. p. 19 ri889). ^ ^ __

Pious (Geciuus) cactorum, Cab. in Tt-ch. Faun. Pcrvan., u-ives, p. 2bl
(1845-46).

Colaptes cactorum, Beichenb. Scans. Piciwe, p. 41/, no. .»/J, pi.
dclxix. figs. 44.33-34, 5 $ (1854). o^nc-n

Trichopicus cactorum, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. oi (1l04J.

12. MELAKERrES. 163

Dendrobates cactorum, Ihtrm. J. f. O. 1800, p. 244 ; id. Reisv La

Plata-St. 11. p. 445 (18(il).
Cactocrauo-us cactorum, Cab. (.y Heme, Mas. Hein. iv. j). 72 (186:3).

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, the former striped with
drab down the centre ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with
broken bars of black ; wing coverts black, the lesser and the median
series having the apical portion drabby white spotted Avith black,
the light part of the feathers forming a conspicuous patch on the
wing,^ the greater series spotted with white on both webs ; quills
blackish brown, spotted with white on both webs, the shafts dusky
brown ; tail-feathers brownish black, entirely barred with white upon
both webs, the shafts black ; nasal plumes and sinciput white, slightly
drab ; hinder part of the crown, the occiput, upper part of face, and
a broad stripe bordering the nape black, and in the middle of the
crown a longitudinal spot of crimson ; chin and throat golden yel-
low ; lores and malar region creamy white, grading into vinous drab
on the side of the neck, nape, and hind neck ; under surface of the
body and under tail-coverts brownish buff, the thighs and under
tail-coverts with bar-like spots and bars of black; under wing-
coverts and axillaries drab. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0-8,
■wing 4-1, tail 2-3, tarsus 0-77; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-58, outer posterior (>6, inner anterior 0-43, inner posterior 0-32.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the red
feathers in the centre of the crown : " beak black ; legs grey ; iris
brown " {Alan Peel). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-83, wing 4-1,
tail 2-15, tarsus (>63.

The young female has the chin and upper throat white (not yel-
low), and the underparts smoky grey, instead of brownish buff as
in the adult.

Hah. Peru (probably in the southern part only), Bolivia, Argen-
tine Eepublic, and Lower Uruguay.

a,h. c? 2 ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.l.

c. ? juv. sk. BoUvia. Purchased.

d,e. (S 2 ad. sk. Mendoza, Arg. Eep. ( Jf m«- Sclater Coll.

ha apt).

/. .y- d 2 ^^- sk. Mendoza, Feb. ( Weisahaiqjt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. Mendoza ( Weisshavpt). Tweeddale Coll.

«. c? ad. St. Mendoza. Mr. Weissbaupt [C.].

k. 2 juv. sk. Salta, Arg. Eep. II.Dumford.Esq.rC.J.

I. 6 ad. ; m, ?i 5 Uruguay. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.l.
ad. sk.

1 3. Melanerpes herminieri.

Pious heiniiuieri, Less. Traite, i. p. 228 (1831); Des Murs, Icon.

Orn. pi. xxxviii. (1849) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Pkm. p. 51 (1866).
Melampicos herminieri, Malh. N. Classif., Mevi. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 305.
Melanerpes herminieri, Bp. Covsp. Geti. Av. i. p. 115 (1850);

Peicfienl). iSca)ig. Picivce, p. 38], no. 880, pi. dcxlii. figs. 4280-81

(1854); Gray, List Picid. Brit, Mus. p. 117 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

m2

164 riciD^.

B. ii. p. 201, no. 8822 (1870) ; Sclat. S,- Sah. Komencl. At\ Neofi:

p. 100 (187.''>) ; Lmcr. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 459, 487 (1878) ;

Con/, Li.^f B. W. Ind. p. 20 (188o) ; id. Auk, 1886, p. 377.
Linnreipious hermiiiieri, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 225

(1854).
Linneopicus ln'ruiiiiieii, Gva]i, Cut. Gen. B. 1855, p, 93.
Melampicus benuinieri. Math. Ficidce, ii. p. 198, pi. c. fig. 1 (1802),

Adult {femaW^)*. Uniform black glossed with greenish blue, the
feathers of the throat, fore neck, chest, and breast tipped with dull
purplish crimson, this colour being less prominent on the throat and
fore neck ; the shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers black :
" iris reddish chocolate" {F. A. Oher). Total length 10-5 inches,
culmen l-;3. wing 5-2, tail 3-65, tarsus 0-97,: toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 088, outer posterior 0-83, inner anterior 0*64, inner
posterior 0'35.

AdvU male. From the description given by Mr. Cory (Auk,
1886, p. 377) the male would appear to differ from the female
solely in having " a faint reddish tinge on the forehead," although
this is "possibly not constant." Mr. Lawrence (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1878, p. 459) gives the measurements as follows : — " Length
11-0, Aving5|"(i^. A. Ober).

Hob. Guadeloupe, West Indies.

a. S \y ^^-l ^^- Island of Guadeloupe, West Indies, Sclater Coll.

Sept. {Ober).

14. Melanerpes pucherani.

Picus caroliuus, var. d, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 231, sp. 18 (1700). ^
Picus am-ifrons (mow WagL), Le.=s. Bev. Zvol. 1839, p. 102; Wayn.

Areh.fiir JVatvry. 1841, p. 100.
Zebrapicus pucherani, Malh. Bev. Zool. 1849, p. 642 ; Bp. Consp.

Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 224 (1854) ; Malli. Pieidce, ii. p. 227,

pi. ciii. figs. 1, 2, c? 2 (1862).
Centurus pucherani, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120, no. 9 (1850) ;

Bckhenb. Scans. Ficinte, p. 411, i.o. 9C9 (1854) ; Sclat. i<f Sah.

Ibis, 1859, p. 136; Moure, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 60; Sclat. * Scdv.

Ibis, 1860, p. 43; Sclat. F. Z. S. 1860, pp. 286, 297; Lawr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1861, p. 229 ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 328; Sclat.

Cat. Amer. B. p. 342, no. 2044 (1862) ; id. Sf Sale. F. Z. S. 1864,

p. 367; iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 280; iid. op. eit. 1870, p. 837; Sah.

Ibis, 1872, p. 320; Sclat. ^- Sah. Naviencl. Av. Neutr. p. 101

(1873); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 49; Nuttiny, Proc. U.S. Nat.

Mus. vi. p. 406 (1883).
Zebrapicus gerini, Malh. Picidee, ii. p. 231 (1862).
Picus gerini, Sundev. Corisp. Av. Picin. p. 55 (1866).

* As this species is rejjresented in Ihe Collection by a single male, which
appears to be not fully adult, I Lave drawn up my description from the type
(an adult bird) in the Paris Museum. I take it to be a female, not only on
account of the absence of any red tinge on the forehead, but also of the
nieasuremeuts, the wing being only o'2, Mr. Ober (Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat.
.Mus. 1878, p. 459) giving the length of wing in the female as 5'25.

12. MELANERPES. 165

Centunis gerinii, Grmj, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 101 (1808) ; Leavr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1868, p. 131; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197,
no. 8765 (1870) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 009 (1872).

Melauerpes puchenmi, Berl. ^- Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 571 ; iid. op.
cit. 1885, pp. 107, 123 ; Itidytv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 291 (1887).

Adult male. Back and scapulars blue-black narrowly barred with
white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, sometimes slightly-
spotted or varied with black ; wings and their coverts black, the
lower series of the coverts, both webs of the secondaries, and the
inner webs of the primaries spotted with white ; shafts blackish
brown ; tail black, the inner webs of the central pair of feathers
barred with white, the outer webs with a longitudinal white stripe
at the base, the outer large feather with transverse white spots on
the ajiical portion of both webs ; shafts black ; nasal plumes and
base of forehead golden-yellow ; crown, occiput, and nape crimson :
lores, lower half efface, chin, and throat buffy or drabby white ; the
upper half of the face and the posterior half of the side of the neck
black, with a white spot behind the eye ; anterior half of the side
of the neck, fore neck, and chest smoky brown, with a strong ful-
vescent tinge and almost olive ; the remaining underparts fulvescent
white barred with black, the abdomen crimson ; under tail-coverts
also fulvescent white, with squamate markings of black and white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white (slightly yellowish), barred
with black. Total length 7o inches, culmen 1-07, wing 4-52, tail
2-3, tarsus 0-S2 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'6, outer
posterior 0-65, inner anterior Q-o, inner posterior 0'37.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the fore part
of the crown dingy buffy white, the feathers having a black spot at
the tip, the outer edge and the hinder part of the crown black ; a
narrow olivaceous ashy band on the occiput and a broad nuchal
band (only) of scarlet. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing
4-22, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-77.

Hah. Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, through Nica-
ragua, Costa Eica, and Veragua into New Granada and Western
Ecuador, south to Babahoyo.

«. 5 ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Coll.

b,c. S 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Tweeddale Coll.

rf.Jad.sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Sclater Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Vera Paz (O. Salvin). Sclater Coll.

g. (S ad. sk. Sources of the Rio de la Pasion, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Vera Paz.

A. 2 ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz. Salvin-Godnian Coll.

i. J ad. sk. Yzabal, Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. 2 ad. St. Honduias. Mr. Dyson [C.].

I, m. cJ ad. sk. British llorduras (Blancan- Salviu-Godman Coll.

eau.r).

n. $ ad.sk. Choutales, Nicaragua, Jan. {T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Belt).

0. (5 ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Kica {J, Car- Salvin-Godman Coll

miol) .

166 piciD.i:.

p. c? ad. sk. Tiirriallia, Costa Rica (i?..4;r^). Salvin-Godman Coll.

q, r. S 2 aJ. sk. Panama [J. McLi'ctnnan). Salviu-Godruan Coll.

s,t. c? $ ad. sk. Babalioyo, Ecuador (X. i'Vrtwr). Sclater Coll.

w, f . c? 2 ad. sk. Sauta Rita, Ecuador. Snlvin-Godman Coll.

15. Melanerpes radiolatus.

Picas carolinus (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 431, sp. 10 (1788).
Carolina Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. p. 571 (1782).
L'iilpeiche ou Pic varie da la Jamaique, Jjiiff'. Hist. Nut. Ois. vii.

p. 407, c? (1783).
Pic varie femelle de la Jamaique, Dauhent. PI. Enl. 597, S 'id.
Picus iamaiceusis, Brotvn, Nat. Hist. Jam. p. 474 (1789).
Pious carolinus, var. ^, Lath. hid. Orn. i. p. 231 (1790).
Picus radiolatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 39, c? ad. (1827) ; id.

Isis, 1829, p. 512; 'Sundev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 52 (1861J).
Picus albifrous *, Swains. Phil. May. i. p. 439 (1827) ; Wayl. Isis,

1829, p. 514.
Picus larvatus, Temm. PL Col. liv. 73, art. on P. superciliaris (1827).
Centurus radiolatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jam.

p. 271 (1847); Bp. Consp. Gen. Ac. i. p. 118 (1850); id. Consp.

Valuer. Zyqnd. p. 11, no. 215 (1854); Heichenb. Scans. Pieina,

p. 409. no! 961, pi. dclxiii. fig. 4406 ( c? ad. incorrect) (1854);

Sclat. P.Z.S. 18(il, p. 79; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2046

(1862); Marsh, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 284; Sclat. 8,- Sah.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Pidyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

1881, p. Ill; A. ii- E. Newton, Handh. Jam. p. 109 (1881);

Salv. Cat. StricU. Coll. p. .399, no. 1951 (1882); Cory, List B. W.

Ind. p. 20 (1885); id. Auh, iii. p. 378 (1886).
Zebrapicus radiolatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 237, pi. civ. figs. 5, 6, (5 J

ad. (1862).

Adult male. Above, including the wings and tail and their coverts
black, the back and scapulars very narrowly barred with greyish
white, the rump and upper tail-coverts more broadly barred with
the same ; tlie wing-coverts and innermost secondaries very narrowly
barred with white, the remaining secondaries transverselj- spotted
with white on both webs, the inner webs of the primaries spotted
on the basal half, or less, some of the outer webs having one or two
small spots of white ; shafts black ; the central pair of tail-feathers
very narrowly barred with white, the outer large feather externally
spotted ; shafts black ; nasal plumes, frontal band, almost the entire
face, also the chin and tlrroat, creamy white ; crown, occiput, and
nape crimson ; hind neck like the back ; hinder part of the face
smoky brown, the side of the neck and fore neck dusky olive, grading
into theAvhite throat ; the underparts deep golden olive, the abdomen
tinged with crimson ; the vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts black
narrowly barred with white, the feathers margined at the tip with
olive-yellow or dull orange ; under wing-coverts black barred with

* I entirely agree with Dr. Eidgway (P. U. S. N. M. 1881, p. Ill, note) in
thinking that P. alhifrons of Swainson was founded on the Jamaican species
M. radiolatus.

12. MELANERPES. 167

white, the axillaries olivaceous grey. Total length 10 inches, cul-
men 1-62, wing 5-3, tail 3 3, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-83, inner anterior 0-65, inner
posterior O-i.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
smoky grey, with a few transverse markings of black, the occiput
and nape (only) red. Total length lO'o inches, culraen 1-4, wing
5-1, tail 3-3, tarsus 096.

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
dusky, but with some of the feathers tipped with crimson ; the
underparts less bright golden olive, and varied with transverse
dusky spots or faint bars ; the thighs and under tail-coverts dusky
black barred with dull white, not tinged with yellow.

JJab. Confined to the island of Jamaica.

a, b. (S ad. st. Jamaica. Purchased.

c. 5 ud. sk. Jamaica. Philip Gosse, Esq.

[_CJ.

d. (S ad. sk. Jamaica. Tweeddale Coll.
«>/• c? ? ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coil.
g,h. S $ ad.sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. (Dr. Mrs. Bryant [P.].

Bryant).
i,k,l. (S ad. et Moneague, Feb., Aug. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

imm. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk. Near Spanish Town, Jamaica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(W. JF. Marsh),
n. Sternum. Purchased.

16. Melanerpes superciliaris.

Picus superciliaris, Temm. PI. Col. iv. pi. 4.33, S ad. (1827) ; Less.

Man. d'Orn. p. 112 (1828) ; Drajy. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 505 (1828) ;
Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 515 ; Less. Traite, i. p. 227, c? (1831) ; Thienem.

J.f. O. 1857, p. 153; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 55 (1866).
Colaptes superciliaris, Vi(/. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 445 (1828); Wuf/ner,

Arch, fur Nature/. 1841, p. 100 ; Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Phys.

Cuba,'Av. p. Ill, pi. xxiii., var. alb. (1838); D'Orb. # Sayra,

Hist. Phi/s. Cuba, Orn. p. 146 (1839); Lembeye, Av s Cuba,

p. 131 (1S.:0).
Picus striatus {non Gm.), Less. Traite, i. p. 227, $ (1831).
Picus subocularis. Less. Deser, d'Ois. Itec. Decouv. 1847, p. 205,

no. 33, S ■
Colaptes superciliosus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 446 (1846).
Zebrapicus superciliaris, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Mete,

1848-49, p. 361 ; id. Picidcs, ii. p. 223, pi. cii. iigs. 1, d (ad. ?), 2

2 ad., 3 5 ad. alb. (1802).
Centurus superciliaris, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118, no. 1 (1850) ;

id. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 214 (1854) ; Eeichenb. Scans.

PicincB, p. 408, no. 958, pi. dclxii. figs. 4400 cJ ad., 4401 $ alb.

(1854); Gundl. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 103; Breioer, Proc. Post. Soc.

Nat. Hist. vii. p. 307 (1860) ; Sclaf. Cat. Amer. B. p. 342,

no. 2042 (1862); Gundl. Bepert. 1866, p. 294; Sclat. Sf Salv.

Nomencl Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) ; Ridyiv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

1881, p. 115; Cory, List B. W. Led. p. 20 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii.

p. 379 (1886).
Melanerpes superciliaris, Eidyiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (18S7).

168 ■ nciDJi;.

Adult male. Above, including tail-coverts, and the wing-coverts
barred black and white, the back and scapulars washed with
yellowish : quills black, the basal portion of the primaries white,
and the apical margin also white ; the secondaries barred with
white upon both webs ; shafts black ; the central pair of tail-
feathers white, narrowlj' barred and tipped with black, the remain-
ing feathers black, the two outermost large ones on either side
barred with white on more or less of their apical half ; shafts black ;
nasal plumes reddish cream-colour ; base of the forehead, hinder
part of the crown, occiput, and nape crimson ; frontal band, lores,
and region above and below the anterior half of the eye creamy
white ; above the posterior half of the eye and running back-
wards a broad black stripe or spot ; posterior portion of the face
dull cream-colour ; the chin and throat drab, grading into ashy
brown on the sides of the neck, chest, and breast, and strongly
fulvescent below, the abdomen being crimson, and the thighs
barred with dusky black ; under tail-coverts fulvescent white barred
with black ; under wing-coverts white (slightly yellowish) with
varied black markings, the axillaries uniform dingy yellowish white.
Total length 11 inches, cuhneu 1-7, wing 0, tail 3-85, tarsus I'l ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"85, outer posterior 0-87, inner
anterior U'6, inner posterior 0"45.

• Adult female. Differs from tlie adult male in having the greater
part of the crown buffy white, with a smoky tinge posteriorly, the
hind part of the crown and the occiput black, striped with smoky
grey ; the nape (as in the male) crimson. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1"53, wing o-',], tail 8'9, tarsus 0-93.

Young {(S'^). Resembles the adult male, but differs in having
scarcely a trace of red at the base of the forehead, the latter being
dull white with dusky spots ; the red on the crown and occiput
very much duller, and the black portion of the crown-feathers
showing through ; the upper parts with hardly any fulvescent tinge,
and the barring less black, and dusky on the rump ; underparts
only slightly fulvescent, and the red on the abdomen not so intense ;
the barring on the flanks, thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts
dusky.

Hah. Cuba.

a. S ad. sk. Cuba. Zoological Society.

b. 6 ad. sk. Cuba. Mrs. Bryant [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Cuba (C. Wrl(/ht). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

d. (S ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll.
e,f. (S ad.; (j,h. 5 Cuba. Salviu-Godman Coll.

ad. ; i. Juv. sk.

17. Melanerpes blakii.

Centurus blakei *, R'ldym. Auk, iii. p. 337 (1886).
Melanerpes blakei, Ridgio. Ma7i. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887).

* Certainly comes very close to M. nyeanus from Watlings Island, Bahamas,
judging from the description of that species given by Dr. Eidgway.

12. MELANERPES. 169

Adult male. Resembles M. sujierciliaris, but differs in being
smaller, and having very much less white on the plumage ; the
white on the base of the primaries broadly barred with black ; the
tail shorter and the central pair of feathers black, barred with
white, the black interspaces slightly narrower than the bars ; the
nasal plumes less red ; the posterior half of the face darker and
more of a drab ; the neck and chest vinous drab, the underparts
somewhat similar in colour and tinged with yellow, but very much
less so than M. siqjerciliaris. Total length 10-3 inches, culmen 1"4,
wing 5-33, tail 3'65, tarsus 09 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0-8, outer posterior 0"8, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0'35.

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, the anterior portion
being ashy drab, blending into the buffy-white frontal band, the
posterior part black with transverse markings of ashy grey ; the
occiput and nape (alone) being red. Total length 9'8 inches, cul-
men 1"32, wing 5, tail 3*6, tarsus 0'9,

Hab. Abaco, Bahamas.

18. Melanerpes nyeanus.

Centunis nyeanus, Ridyw. Auk, iii. p. 336 (1886).
Melanerpes nyeiuus, Hidyio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887).

Adult male. "Similar to C. superciliari.t (Temm.) of Cuba, but
much smaller, the white bars of upper parts and grey of lower
parts almost devoid of yellow tinge ; red of belly and black super-
ciliary spot more restricted, and outer webs of middle tail-feathers
without spots. Wing 5-20, tail 400, culmen 1-50, tarsus 0-92.'"
{ltid(/wai/).

Hab. Watlings Island, Bahamas.

19. Melanerpes caymanensis.

Centurus caymanensis, Cori/, Auk, iii. pp. 499 & 502 (1886).

Adult male. Differs from both of the Bahaman species, and also
from the Cuban M. superciUuris, in wanting the black patch above
and behind the posterior part of the eye, also in the black bars on
the upper i)arts being narrower, and the light bars drabby white ;
the nasal plumes slightly red ; the frontal band and the anterior
half of the face \)alc drab (not white) ; the whole of the underparts
brownish drab and less fulvescent. In the amount and distribution
of white on the wings and tail this species is much more closely
allied to the Bahaman species M. nyeauKS and M. blahU, but, ajiart
from the more important specific differences, it is less in size than
either of these. Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5-15,
tail 3-0, tarsus 0-92 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-82,
outer posterior 0-82, inner anterior 0-G, inner posterior 0-35.

Adidt female. Has the crown smoky or dusky grey, the red being
confined to the occiput and nape. In other respects the sexes are

170 PICIDJ5.

alike. Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 4*7, tail 3-4,
tarsus 0-9.

Uab. Island of Grand Cayman, West Indies.

a, h. cJ ad. sk. CTraud Cayman, W. I. (C. P. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Streator, Cory Coll.).

20. Melanerpes carolimis.

The Red-hellied Woodpecker, Cateshy, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 19,

pi. xix. fig. 1, c? (1731).
Picas carolimis, Limi. (ex Catesby) Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (176(3) ;

Forstcr, Cat. Anim. N. Amer. p. 10 (1771) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 431, sp. 10 c?, var. ji $, var. y S sen. (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 77 (1818) ; Vale}ic. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 181

(1826); Drap. Diet. Classif. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 490 (1828);

Wils. Bp. Sj- Jard. Amer. Orn. i. p. 113, pi. vii. fig. 2, S (non

svn.) (1832) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. i. p. 572 (1832) ; And. Orn.

Biog. V. p. \m, Atlas, pi. 41.5. %. 3 S ad., pi. 416. fig. 4 $ (1839) ;

id. Synop. 1839, p. 183; Peabody, B. Massach. p. 336 (1841) ; Aud.

B. Amer. iv. p. 270, pi. cclxx. (1842) ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.

p. 189, pi. xvii. fig. 37, S (1844) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 53

(1866).
Carolina Woodpecker, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 571 (1782).
Epeiche ou Pic raye de la Louisiane, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii.

p. 409 (1783) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. 692, J ad.
Picus zebra, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 43, no. 692 (1783).
Picus carolirius, var. y, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 231 (1790).
Picus griseus, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 62, pi. cxvi. cJad. (1807) ;

Bmm. i^- Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1308 (1823).
Picus carolinensis, Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 113, pi. vii. fig. 2, c?

(1808).
Picus erytliraucheu, Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 38 (1827); id. Isis,

1829, p. 513.
Centurus carolinensis, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 310 (1837) ; Seton,

Auk, 1885, p. 335.
Centurus carolinus, Bp. Geogr. 8f Comp. List, p. 40, no. 264 (1838) ;

Gray, List Gen. Brit. Mns. i. p. 71 (1841) ; id. Gen. B. ii. p. 442,

pi. ex. fig. 3 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 119, no. 3 (1850) ;

id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11 (1854); Eeichenb. Handb. Scans.

Picina, p. 408, no. 959, pi. dc-lxiii. figs. 4402-3, S ? (1854) ; Sclat.

P. Z. S. 1857, p. 8 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. 1858, p. 109 ; id. Cat. N.

Amer. B. 1859, no. 91 ; Sclat. Cat. Ainer. B. p. 342, no. 2045

(1862) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 324 ; Cav.-Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 128 ;

Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. iv. p. 53 (1864) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865,

p. 469 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mns. p. 99 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 197, no. 8758 (1870) ; Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. ii. p. 306 (1871) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 196 (1872) ; Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii.

p. 180 (1872); Coues, Check-list, 1873, no. 306; Ridgiv. Bull.

Essex Inst. 1873, p. 185 ; Coues, B. N. West, p. 289 (1874) ; B., B.,

S( a. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 554, pi. Iii. figs. 1 d", 4 $ (1874) ;

Breivster, Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 144 (1875) ; Nels. Bull. Es.'ex

Inst. viii. p. 116 (1876); Bretoster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1877,

p. 108 ; Mayn. Bds. Florida, p. 226, pi. xviii. (1878) ; Mearns,

Trans. Conn. Acad. 1878, p. 146; Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

12. MELANKRPES, 171

iii. p. 189, no. 372 (1880); Rkl()w. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881,
p. 99; Coitcs, Check-lid, 1882, no. 450; id. EeyN.Amer. B. 1884,
p. 488 ; Dreiv, Auk, 1885, p. 17 ; Agershovg, torn. cit. p. 283.
^ Zebrapicus carolinus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 361 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 234, pL ciii. tigs. 7 c? ad., 8 $ ad.
(1862).
Melanerpes carolinus, Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1874, p. 378; A. O,
U. Check-list N. Aiiier. B. p. 217, no. 409 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man.
N. Anier. B. p. 293 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 135 (1888).

Adult male. Back and scapulars, also the Aving-covcrts, barred
black and pure white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the
former varied with V-shaped markings of black, the latter nearly
uniform ; quills black, the ]>rimnries having the base of the inner
web white partially barred with black, the outer webs at the base
spotted with white ; secondaries spotted upon both webs, and the
innermost barred across with white, the tips of the quills white,
and the shafts black ; tail black, the inner webs of the central pair
of feathers barred with white, the outer web longitudinally striped
at the base with white, the two outer large feathers on either side
tipped and transversely spotted with white on more or less of the
apical portion : shafts black ; nasal plumes huffy drab washed with
red ; top of the head, occiput, and nape bright red ; face, neck, and
the whole of the under surface of the body drab-grey, whiter on
the chin and throat, the anterior part of the face, the chest, and tlie
abdomen more or less tinged with red, below the chest being also
delicately tinged with yellow, the thighs barred and spotted with
black; under tail-coverts white, with stripes and varied markings
of black ; under wing-coverts white, transversely spotted with
black, axillaries smoky white. Total length 9 inches, culmen I'^o,
wing 5-25, tail 3'3, tarsus 0'9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anteiior
0-6, outer posterior 0'65, inner anterior 0-46, inner posterior U"32.

Adult female. Has the crown pale ashy grey anteriorly, leaden grey
posteriorly, the occiput and nape red as in the male, which it also
in other respects resembles. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-22,
wing 5-35, tail 3'38, tarsus 0"9.

Voung male. Differs from the adult male in having the under-
parts covered with almost obsolete dusky striations ; the forehead
and crown dusky brown with drab transverse markings, and with
a faint tinge of red on some of the feathers ; the occiput and nape
drabby brown with faint dusky bars, and very slightly tinged with
red ; the abdomen with a yellowish or pinkish tinge ; under man-
dible yellowish at the base (below).

Hub. Eastern United States, to the llocky Mountains, has
occurred as far north as Toi-onto, and is rare east of the Hudson
Eiver, extends south into Florida and Southern Texas.

Tweeddale Coll.
Trof. Steere [P.].
Henshaw Coll. [S.

cJ ad. sk.

Canada.

(^ ad. sk.

Michigan.

$ ad. sk.

Locust Grove, New York,

winter {l)r. Bagg).

172

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk.

/. cS imm- ; 9- 6

juv. sk.
h-k. S ad. ; /. $

ad. sk.
m, n, 0. c? ad. et

imm. sk.
2>, </■ 6 2 ad. sk.
r. $ ad. sk.

s. S ad. ■■, t, u. 2
ad. et imm. sk.
V. (S ad. sk.

^o. (S ad.sk.

X. 5 ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

z. 2 ad. sk.

a'. S ad. sk.

b' , c' . cJ ad. ; d' , e',

/'. 2 ad. sk.
g . Imm. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.

Madisonville, Hamilton Co., ^

Ohio {F. W. Langdon).
Evanston, Illinois, Oct. (J?.

jr. Nelson).
Fox Prairie, Kicliland Co.,

111., Au-r. {E. W. Xclson).
Mt. Carmel, III, April, Oct.,

Nov. (7i'. Itidi/iuuy).
Mt. Ciirinel, July {E. W.

Xelso7i).
Washiugton, D.C.
Florida.

Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec.

{Henshaw) .
BlufttoD, Florida, March

{Henshaw).
Hawk, Florida, April {B.

H. Warren).
Hawkensville, Florida,

March {B. H. Warren).
Volusia Co., Florida, March

{B. H. Warren).
Okahumkee, Florida, April

{Hart Merriam).
Florida (E. W. Nelsmi).
Florida, Aug., Sept., Oct.

{W.Ho.xie).
Texas.
[Mexico.]

I. Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Salviu-Godman Coll.
W. B. Dismore, Esq.

[P.].

Henshaw Coll.

- [S.-G.].

Tweeddale Coll.
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

21. Melanerpes dubius.

Picus carolinensis {non Linn.), Cabot, App. Stejjh. Trav. Tucat. ii.

p. 475 (1843).
Picus dubius, Cabot, Broc. Bod. Sue. Nat. Hist. i. p. 1C4 (1844) ; id.

Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. p. 91 (1845).
Picus erjtbrophthalmus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854).
Centurus santa ciuzi (pt.), Sclat. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 130.
Zebrapicus ervthrophtlialmus, Malh. Picidee, ii. p. M3, pi. cv. figs. 1 J' ,

2 2 (1862)^
Centurus albifrons {non Swains.), Gray, List Picidce Brit. Mus.

p. 102 (1868) ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 205 (1869) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198, no. 8768 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 399, no. 1952 (1882).
Picus albifrons {non Swains.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 52 (1866).
Centurus aurifrons dubius, Bidyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 108

(1881).
Centurus dubius. Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 452 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885,

pp. 186 & 192, 1889, p. 369.
Centurus leei *, Ridyw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. iii. p. 22 (1885).
Centurus dubius leei, Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 575.
Melanerpes dubius, liidyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887).
Melanei-pes leei, Rigw. Man. A'. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887).

12. MELANEEPES.

173

I

Adult male. Back and acapiilars black, ven- narrowly barred with
greyish white ; rump and uj)per tail-coverts white, occasionally
barred with black ; wings and their coverts black, the latter, like-
wise the innermost secondaries, very narrowly barred with white,
the remaining secondaries with small transverse spots of white on
both webs, the primaries more or less spotted at the base of the
inner webs, some of the outer webs irregularly spotted at tho
extreme base ; shafts black ; tail and the shafts black ; nasal plumes,
base of the forehead, middle of the crown, occiput, and nape
crimson; hind neck like the back ; frontal band pale drab or huffy
white, the supercilium, face and neck, and the under surface of the
body darker drab, paler on the chin and throat, more ash}' on the
hinder part of the supercilium, side of the neck and fore neck, and
the underparts slightly fulvesceut ; lower abdomen and vent crimson,
the latter with dusky bars showing through, the thighs barred
dusky black and white ; under tail-coverts white, with bars and
apical Y-shaped markings of black ; under wing-coverts white,
barred with dusky black ; axillaries smoky white. Total length 9-5
inches, culmen 1-35, wing 5-1, tail 3'12, tarsus 0"95 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 0-6,
inner posterior 0-33.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the top of the head, the fore part of the crown being creamj' drab,
darker posteriorly and grading into dusky or smoky grev on the
occiput; the red confined to the nape and forming a broad band.
Total length 9-3 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 4"9, tail 3'0o, tarsus 0"S6.

Mab. Yucatan and Cozumel Island, south into Honduras, and
ranging into Southern Mexico to Teapa.

a, b, c. c? ad. ; d-ff.

2 ad. sk.
h, i. S $ fid- sk.

k-o. cJ ad. ; p-s.

$ ad. sk.
t, II. (5 ad. ; V. 5 ad.

sk.
iD-a . S ad. ; b' . $

ad. sk.
c . (^ ad. sk.
d'. c? ad. sk.

e'-n' . S ad. et
imm. : o'-u'. 2
ad. et imm. sk.

v . S imm. sk.

Teapa, Mexico, Jan., Feb.,
Mar. {M)-s. H. H. Smith).

Northern Yucatan {G. F.
Gaumer).

Buctzotz, Yucatan, April {G.
F. Gaumer).

Temax, Yucatan, May.

Peto, Yucatan, April (G. F.

Gaumer).
Tahi,Yucatau,Feb.(J:Z>. G.).
Cozumel Island, Jan. 1885

{E. a J. Derk).
Cozumel Island (&'. F.

Gaumer).

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-
Salvin-

■Godman Coll.

■Godmaii Coll.

Godman Coll.

•Godman Coll.

•Godman CoU.

Godman Coll.
•Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godiuan Coll.

Meco Island ((?. F. Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

* I cannot regard this species, from Cozumel, as distinct from M. diibittg,
simply on account of its barred rump and upper tail-corerts. as we have in
the same small island a bird identical with the latter species. The occurrence
of so many examples of each form is certainly remarkable ; but in some of the
other species of Mdanerpes similar variations are found, though rarely.

1 74 PICID.E.

?<■',.(■',?/. cj' ad. ; Cayo, Western District, Salvin-G(_;dmiin Coll.

z. 5 ad. sk. British Honduras, Feb.,Mar.,

April (F. Blanccmeau.r) .
a",h". S ad.; c" , San Felipe, I'ritish Hondii- Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk. ras, March, April [F. Blan-

caneaux).
d" . (S ad.sk. EioMopan.British Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April (7''. Bknirancaii.v).
s")/ "• 6 ? ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Blanccmecmx) .
ff". 2 ad. st. Honduras. Mr. Dj'son [C.l.

h" . (S ad. sk. Honduras. Mr. Dyson [C.].

22. Melanerpes canescens.

Ceuturus canescens, S'alv. Ibis, 1889, p. 370.

Adult male. Resembles 31 duhms, but diftcrs in having from two
to three bars of white at the base of the outer webs of the primaries ;
the white bars on the back and wings rather broader, and the longest
upper tail-coverts slightly tipped with red. Total length 9'5 inches,
cnlmen 1'42, wing 5"1, tail 3-15, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-77, outer posterior 0*8, inner anterior 0-6, inner
posterior 0"37.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the foreherd
and crown creamy white, the occiput slightly smoky, the nuchal
band (only) red. Total length 9*2 inches, culmen 1"22, wing 5'03,
tail 3-2, tarsus 0-85.

There is more white on the crown of the female than in J/, dxbius,
and in both sexes of the present species the lace is (generally) con-
spicuously whiter.

Hah. Confined to the Island of Euatau, Bay of Honduras.

a, b. (S 2 ad. sk. Euatau Island, Bay of Hon- Salvin-Godman Cell,

duras (G. F. Gaunwr). (Tyjies of the species.)

c-k. (S ad. ; /-a-. 5 Kuatan Island {G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. et imm. sk. iner).

23. Melanerpes tricolor.

Picus tricolor {7wn Gm.), Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 512, c? ad. ; Sunder.
Cons'p. Av. Picin. p. 54 (1866).

Centurus subelegans, Bp.Consji.Gen.Av. i. p. 119 (1850); id. KotesOm.
Coll. Rapp. Delatt. p. 85 (1854) ; Meicheitb. Scans. Picince, p. 4ll,
no. 966, pi. dclxv. figs. 4415-16 (1864) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855,
Ijp. 34, 16i^ ; id. op. cit. 1856, p. 143.

Centurus tricolor, Licht. Komencl. Ai\ p. 76 (1854) ; Cab. J. f. O.
1862, p. 327 ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2049 (1862) ; 'id. 4"
Sali\ P. Z. S. 1864, p. 367 ; Salt: op. cit. 1867, p. 157 ; id. ^ Sclat.
op. cit. 1868, p. 169 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mu». p. 100 (1868) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197, no. 8761 (1870) ; Salr. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 213 ; TVt/att, Ibis, 1871, pp. 115, 381 ; Sol. c^- Salv. 2\'omencl. Av.

I

12. MKLANEEPES. 175

Keoti: p. 100 (1878) ; Salv. 8f Godm. Ibis, 187y, p. 205; iid. op.

cit. 1880, p. 174 ■,JRidr/w. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 101.
Centurus rubrirentiis [non Swains.), Lairr.Ann. Lye. N. Yorh,\i%\,

p. 299.
Zebrapiciis ti-ieolor (pt.), Malh. Ficidcc, ii. p. 247, pi. cvi. fifrs. 1, 2,

S 2 ad. (18H2).
Centurus carolinus, var. tricolor, B., B., ^- li. Hid. N. Amer. B. ii.

p. 654 (1874;.

Adult male. Small in size. Back, scapulars, and wing-covcrts
black, barred with white ; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform
white ; quills black, spotted with white upon both webs, except
on the apical half or more of the primaries ; shafts brownish black ;
tail black, the central pair of feathers barred on the inner web and
spotted on the basal portion of the outer web with white, the outer
large feather spotted on the margin of the outer web and the tip of
the inner web ; shafts black ; forehead drabby white, the base and
the nasal plumes tinged with yellow ; the centre of the crown crim-
son, the occiput fulvescent brown washed with red, and the nape
red ; hind neck like the back ; outer edge of crown, face, neck, and
under surface of the body pale drab, more or less fulvescent, the chin
whiter and the malar region slightly yellow, the abdomen orange-
red, the thighs and the under tail-coverts having V-shaped markings
of black : under wing-coverts white, with a few dusky bars, the
axillaries dingy fulvescent white. Total length G'S inches, cilmen 1,
wing 4-2, tail 2, tarsus 0'73 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-65, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0*3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson
crown, the sinciput being pale bufFy brown grading into ashy brown
on the hinder crown and occiput, the latter having a yellow tinge;
the nuchal feathers red as in the male. Total length 6*5 inches,
culmen 0'85, wing 4-05, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-7.

Bogota specimens are very pale in colour and strongly fulvescent
below.

Hah. U.S. Colombia and east into Venezuela, being replaced in
the Orinoco district by M. terricolor.

a. Juv. sk. Central America. Gould Coll.

b. Juv. sk. Central America. Tweeddale Coll.

c. d. c? $ ad. sk. Veragua {U. Arce). Sclater Coll.

e,f. S 2 f"i- sk. Veragua (H. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

ff,h. cj 2 imm. ; Panarua. Tweeddale Coll.

i. 5 ad. sk.

k, I. (5 2 ad. sk. Panama (J. McLeannan). Sclater Coll.

m,n. J 2 ad.sk. Vwa3.m.& (J. McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

o,p. (S ad.sk. Panama. G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].

q. 2 ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Panama {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hur/hes).

r, s. S ad. ; <. 2 New Grauada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

juv. sk.

M, V. c? 2 ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased.

w, X. c? 2 ^^- sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

y-h' .(^ ad.et inim.;

c, d' . 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
e',f'. 6 2 ad. sic.

(/'. (S iram

ad. sk.
i', k'. c^ $ ad
I'. S ad. sk.
m'. S ad. sk.
n'. c? ad. sk.
o'. Skeleton.

h'.2

sk.

Bogota.

"N^alle Dupar, Santa Marta,

Colombia {F. Simons).
Venezuela.

Venezuela.

Venezuela (Berlepsck).

Cayenne.

Cayenne.

S. x\merica.

Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.

Subsp. CI. Melanerpes terricolor.

Zebrapicus tricolor (pt.), MaUi. Ficirhp, ii. p. 247 (1862).

Centurus terricolor, Berlejjsc/i, Ibis, 1880, p. 113 ; Eidr/w. Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 104.
Centurus tricolor {non Wagl.), Salv. Cat. Strickl. CM. p. 400, no. 1954

(1882).

Adult male. Resembles M. tricolor, bnt differs in being larger, and
darker in colour on the head, neck, and underparts, and in having the
rump and the upper tail-covcrts more or less barred wifh black ; the
under tail-coverts, vent, and thighs also distinctly barred with black ;
the red on the abdomen darker and not tinged with yellow. Total
length 7'3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-25, tail 2-2, tarsus 0'8 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer posterior 0-7, inner ante-
rior 052, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Ditfers from the adult male in having the crown
and occiput dark smoky grey or brown, paler anteriorly, the nape
dull orange-red. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0 95, wing 4-03,
tail 2, tarsus 0-73.

Hah. The Orinoco district, also the islands of Trinidad and
Tobago *.

a. S ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Tobago. Sir W. Jardine [P.].

24. Melanerpes rubriventris.

Pious aurifrons {non Wac/l.), Bp. P. Z, S. 1837, p. IIG; id. Consp.
Gen. Av. i. p. 110 (IS.'O).

Centurus rubriventris, Sirains. An. in Mena;/. p. 354, no. 214 (1838) ;
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11,
no. 222 (1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 100 (1868) ; Laivr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 206 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197,
no. 8762 (1870) ; Mdyw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 102 ;
Lawr. Aim. Acad. Sc. N. T. iii. p. 247, $ descr. (1882) ; Boucard,
P. Z S 1883, p. 452 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, pp. 186, 192, 1889, p. 369.

Zebrapicus rubriventris, 3Ial/i. Picidce, ii. p. 248, pi. evii. hg. 1, d
ad. (1862).

Centurus tricolor (pt.). Cab. J.f. O. 1862, p. 327.

* Specimens from Trinidad and Tobago have the bars on the rump and
upper tail-coverts less developed than those from Venezuela.

12. UELANKRrES. 177

Picua tricolor (pt.), Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 54 (18GG).
Oenturus rubriventris pygmaeus, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885,

p. 576.
Melanerpes rubriventris, Ridgic. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887).
Meliinerpes pygmaeus, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 293 (1887).

Adult male. Resembles M. tricolor, but may be distinguished by
having the nasal plumes, base of the forehead, lores, anterior half
of malar region, and the chin brilliant golden yellow ; the upper
part of the forehead, the face and neck, and the underparfcs (gene-
rally) paler ; the barring on the upper parts much narrower, the
light bars being greyer. Total length 7" 7 inches, culmen 0*9, wing
4*2, tail 2-6, tarsus 0'75 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-62,
outer posterior 0"62, inner anterior 0'46, inner posterior 0-28.

Young males. Resemble the adult of the same sex, but have only
a just perceptible tinge of yellow on the forehead and none on the
chin or malar region ; middle of crown red, and separated from the
paler red nape by the smokj--grey- occiput ; or with the crown,
occiput, and nape entirely red, but less brilliant than in the adult ;
the abdomen of a bright brick-red colour.

Adult female. Has no red on the crown, this being entirely smoky
white, darker posteriorly, the occipital feathers tipped with scarlet,
but this colour not spreading on to the nape: Total length 7"5 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 4"15, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-73.

Examples of this species from the islands of Cozumel and Bonacca
are somewhat darker than typical birds, and those from the latter
island have the black barring above broader and the bill more
powerful than Cozumel specimens.

Hah. Yucatan, also the islands of Cozumel and Bonacca.

a,b.(^2 fid.sk. Yucatan (G. F. Ganmer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. (S ad. sk.j Merida, Yucatan, May ((?. F. Sclater Coll.

Gamner).

d, e,f. S ad. ; ff. Peto, Yucatan, April (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk. ' Gnumer).

h. 5 ad. sk. Cozumel inland {E. C. J. Devi's). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i-p. (S ad. et Cozumel Island (G'. F. Gamner). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

imni.; q-v.2

ad. etinim.ak.

tv, X. (S ad.; y, BonaccaIsland,Bay of Honduras, Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. c5" juv. sk. Sept. 1887 (G. F. Gaumer).

25. Melanerpes aurifrons.

Picus aurifrons, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 512, cJ ad. ; Sundev. Cortsp.Av.

Picin. p. 53 (1806).
Centm-us flaviventria (non Vieill.), Sioains. An. in Menag. p. 354,

S ad. (1837); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 442 (1846); Sclat. P. Z. S.

1857, p. 8; Baird, B.N. Amer. 1858, p. 110; id. Cat. Am. B.

1859, no. 92; id. B. N. Amer. ed. 1860, p. 110, pi. xlii. figs. 1

c?, 2 $ ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 469.
Centiivus subelegans, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 109, d ad. ; Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. 442 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/qnd. p. 11, no. 220, non

syn. (1854) ; id. Notes Orn. Coll. Rapp. Delatt. p. 85 (1854).

VOL. XVIII. N

Picus ornatus, Less. Hev. et Mag. Zool. 1839, p. 102, ^ ad. ; Wagn.

Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, p. 100.
Centurus elegans {noji Sicains.), Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 116

(1851).
Centurus santa-cruzi {non Bp.), Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 123

(1851).
Centurus aurifrons, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854) ; Sclat. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2047 (1862); Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 328 ;

Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mns. p. 103 (18G8) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 198, no. 8770 (1870) ; Coo2:,er, B. Cat. ed. Baird,\. p. 399 (1870) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 196 (1872) ; id. Check-list, 1873, no.

807 ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotr. p. 100 (1873) ; B., B., ^

B. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 557, pi. lii. fig-s. 3 c?, 4 $ (1874) ;

Semiett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sun: iv. no. 1, p. 39 (1878); Merrill,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 151 (1878) ; Sennett, Bidl. U. S. Geol.

Surv. Y. p. 416 (1879) ; Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 189,

no. 373, & p. 233 (1880) ;' id. op. cit. iv. p. 104 (1881); Coues,

Check-list, 1882, no. 451 ; id. Key N. Am. B. 1884, p. 488.
Centurus ornatus, Beichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 410, no. 963, pi. dclxiv.

figs. 4409-10, 2 S (1854).
Zebrapicus aurifrons, Malh. Picidte, ii. p. 240, pi. civ. figs. 1-3, S $

ad., cJ juv. (1862).
Melanerpes aurifrons, Bidgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 (1885) ;

A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 217, no. 410 (1886) ; Bid(/io.

3Ia7i. N. At7ier. B..-p. 294 (1887); Lloyd, Auk, 1887, p. 191;

Hashrouck, op, cit. 1889^ p. 238.

Achdt male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts equally barred
black and white ; rump aud upper tail-coverts white ; quills black,
the primaries having conspicuous spots or patches of white on the
basal portion, the secondaries spotted with white on the margin of
both webs, the innermost of all being barred right across, the tips
of the quills white, and the shafts black ; tail black, the outer large
feather spotted with white on the margin of the outer web and the
tip of the inner web, the next inner feather tipped with white ;
shafts black ; nasal plumes varied yellow and dusky ; base of the
forehead golden yellow, the crown and occiput slaty grey, grading
into ashy white on the upper part of the forehead, and the crown
centred by a large crimson patch ; nuchal band golden yellow or
orange, sometimes nearly red ; face, neck, and the whole of the
under surface of the body ashy drab, the chin and throat whiter,
the abdomen golden yellow ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts
white, tinged with yellow, varied with black, the thighs and under
tail-coverts being barred as well as striped, and the vent striped ;
under wing-coverts white varied with black ; axillaries uniform
smoky white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1"5, wing 5-3, tail
3"22, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer
posterior 0-7, inner anterior 0'55, inner posterior 0"35.

Fledijlirig, male. Differs from the adult male in having the red
feathers of the crown dingy crimson and their bases blackish, the
remaining portion of the top of the head dusky with narrow blackish
striations on the occiput, the nape smoky yellow ; the feathers at the
base of the forehead slightly yellow and tipped with black ; the chest

12. MELANERPE8.

179

having a few blackish striations, the sides of the body, flanks, and
thighs with almost obsolete dusky stripes.

Adult female. Wants the red on the top of the head, the crown
being drab shading into the grey of the occiput. Otherwise resemblea
the male. Total length 9 inches, ciilmen 1-35, wing 5, tail 2-85,
tarsus 0"9.

Hah. Southern Texas and N.E. States of Mexico, also along the
tablelands, south to the city of Mexico and westward into Jalisco.

Hidalgo, Texas, April {F. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Armstron</).
Corpus Chvisti, Texas, Oct., Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (F. B. Armstrong).

a-f. (S ad. ; g.

2 ad. sk.
h-n. (S ad. ; o,

p, q. 2 a^l- et

imm. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.

s, t. d 2 ad. sk.

M, ». d" 2 ad. sk.
2V-Z. d'ad.ja'ji'.

2 ad. sk.

c'. c? ad.; d',e',

f. 2 ad. sk.

ff', h'. (J ad. ; {.

2 ad. sk.
k', I', c? 2 ad. sk.

tn'. c? ad. sk.
n'. (J ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.
p', q. S ad. ; ?•',

«'. 2 ad. .sk.
t' . (S ad. sk.

Laredo, Texas, Julv {H. B. But-
cher, Hensh. Coll.).

San Antonio, Texas, Feb., Sept.
(H. E. Dresser).

N. Mexico.

Nuevo Leon, Mexico, May {F.
B. Armstronff).

Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, March
{F. B. Armstronff).

Soto la Marina, Tamaiilipaa,
April ( W. B. Richardson).

Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Vic-
toria, April ( W. B. Richardson) .

Silao, Mexico

Morelia, Mexico, Jan. (JP. D. G.).

City of Mexico.

Santana, near Guadalajara, Jal-
isco, Feb. ( W. Lloyd).

Mexico.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Selater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Srtlvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Subsp. a. Melanerpes santacruzi.

Centurus santa-cruzi, Bp. P. Z. S. 18.37, p. 116, (J ad. ; Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. 442 (1846); ^P- Consp. Ge?i. Av. i. p. 119(1850); id.

Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 221, non ajn. (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 307 : id. op. cit. 1858, p. 359 ; id. op. cit. 1859, p. 367 ;

id. <§• Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 (pt.); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 60;

Cav.-Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 119 ; Owen, op. cit. 1861, p. 67 ; Sclat.

Cat. Amer. B. p. 343, no. 2048 (1862) ; id. P. Z. iS. 1864, p. 177;

Grat/, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 102 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 198, no. 8769 (1870) ; Sclat. 8,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 837.
Picus grateloupensis. Less. Tier. Zool. 1839, p. 41, J ad. ; Wagn.

Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, p. 100.
Picus chrysogenys, Viy. Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 24 (1839) ; Weigm. (ex

Vig.), Arch, fur Naturg. 1841, p. 99.
Picus subelegans (noti Bp. P. Z. S. 1837), Less. Descr. d'Ois. r6c.

decouv. p. 206, no. 34, S (1847).
Centurus erythrophthalmus, Reichenb. Handb. Scans. PicincE, p. 409,

no. 962, pi. dclxiv. figs. 4407-08, cS (1854).
Centurus grateloupensis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, non syn.

(1854).
Centurus flaviventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 252.

k2

180 piciD^.

Centurua polvgrammus, Cnb. J. f. O. 1862, p. 326 ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 103 (18(58); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 198,

no. 8773 (1870) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1872, p. 157.
Zebrapicus santa-cruzi, MalL Picidce, ii. p. 241, pi. cv. figs. 4, 5,

d- $ ad. (1862).
Centurus albifrons (non Swains.), Cab. J.f. O. 1862, p. 324; Sclat.

6r Salv. P. Z. S. 1809, p. 364 ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100

(1873).
Picus polvgrammus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 53 (1866).
Picus albifroiis (pt.). Sunder. Con.sp. Av. Picin. p. 53 (I860).
Centurus aurifrons (non Wa(jl.), Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1875,

p. 35.
Ceuturus aurifrons santa-cruzi, Ridgiv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,

p. 106.
Melanerpes santa-cruzi, Pidi/w. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 294 (1887).

Adult male. Differs from M. aurifrons in having both the black
and the white bars on the upper parts narrower, and the latter
with a fulvescent tinge ; the white bars on the wing-coverts and
the innermost secondaries also narrower; the central pair of tail-
feathers spotted with white on the inner web, the outer web being
striped with white at the base ; the base of the forehead orange or
reddish ; the entire crown and the occiput red ; the frontal band
and the face buffj- drab, the latter (posteriorly) and the side of the
neck darker and greyer ; the whole of the underparts brownish drab,
with a fulvescent tinge below the chest ; the thighs, vent, and
under tail-coverts fulvescent white entirely barred with dusky
black, the bars on the vent showing through the golden colour ;
under wing-coverts clearly barred with black. Total length
8'8 inches, culmen 1'3, wing 5*1, tail 3-05, tarsus 0-93 ; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0*75, outer posterior 0'75, inner anterior
0-53, inner posterior 0'38.

Adult female. Has the greater part of the crown creamy white,
shading into greyish brown on the hinder part and on the occiput,
the nape (alone) being red. Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 5-05, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-88.

Ymtufj. llesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but differ
in having the forehead less white, and more of a smoky drab or
grey and with no red at its base ; the red on the top of the head
and on the nape of the male, and on the nape of the female, duller ;
there is less white on the wing-coverts, and this partakes more of
the character of spots than of bars.

In Honduras this species assumes the uniform central tail-
feathers, and in this respect resembles M. aurifrons. The dimen-
sions of the former are, however, considerably less, and the white
barring above and on the wings is extremely narrow.

Hah. yan Salvador ; Honduras ; Guatemala ; also Southern and
Eastern Mexico, as far north as Tampico.

a. 2 ad. sk. [La Paz, Lower California.]* Salvia-Godman Coll.

Winter (Hensh. Coll.).

* This locality has been queried upon the label.

12. MELANERPES.

181

b. (S ftd. St.

c,d. (S ad.; e,/. $

ad. sk.
ff. (S ad. sk.
A-tn. <S ad. ;

n-q. 2 ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.

t. S ad. sk.

«. $ ad. sk.
M. cJ ad. ; V. 2

imm. sk.
w, X. (S ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.
z. (5 ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.
b'. d" imm. sk.
c'. 2 juT. sk.
d',e',f. dad.;^. !

ad. sk.
h'. c5 juv.
»■', k', I'. (5 ad. sk.

m' . Ad. sk.
«', o'. c? 2 ^d- sk.
jw', y'. c? 2 ^d. sk.
r'. c? ad. sk.
«'. 2 ad. sk.

t', 2 ad. sk.

u'. 2 ad. sk.

v'. S ad. sk.

w'. S a.d. sk.

Mexico.
Mexico.

Mexico.

Tampico, Mexico, Feo. ( W.

B. Richardson).
San Juan del Kio, Mexico

{ReboucK).
Vera Cruz, Jan. ( W. B.

Richardso)i).
Vera Cruz, Mexico {Boueard).
Atoyac, Mexico, May [Mrs.

H. H. Smith).
Misautla, Mexico, March

{F. D.G.).
Jomotla, Mex. {Trujillo).
Tortugas, Jalapa, Oct. "|

Santa Ana R., Jalapa, Oct.
Plan del Eio, Jalapa, Aug.
Huatusco, Vera Cruz, July.
Cuichapa, Cordova, Vera

Cruz, Jan.
Coatepec, Vera Cruz, July.
Tonala, March, Nov., Dec.

{F. Sumichrast).
Guatemala.
Guatemala.

Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.).
Duenas (O. S.).
Retalhuleu, Guatemala (O

S.).
Baoul, Guatemala, Nov.

(O. S.).
Julian, Honduras {G. M.

Whitely).
San Pedro, Honduras ((?.

M. Whitely).
San Pedro [G.M. Whitely).

J. Gould, Esq.
Tweeddale CoU.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Commis. Geogr. Ex-
plor. Mex. [S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Cull.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

26. Melanerpes hofflnanni.

Centurus hoffraanni, Cab.J.f. O. 1862, p. 322; Gray, List Picid.
Brit. Mm. p. 100 (1868); Lau-r. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 131
(1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197, no. 8760 (1870) ; Svlat. Sf
Snh: NomencL Av. Iseotr. p. 100 (1873) ; Boueard, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 49; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Riea, p. 23 (1882).

Picus hoffmanni, Simdev. Consj). Av. Piciyi. p. .54 (1866).

Centurus aurifrons, var. hoffmanni, B., B., <^- R. Hist. N. Amer. B.
ii. p. 554 (1874).

Centurus aurifrons hoffmannii, Ridyic. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,
p. 110 ; Nutting, op. cit. 1882, p. 399 ; Ridyjc. t. c. p. 601 ; Nutting,
op. cit. 1883, pp. 375, 387, 394.

Adult male. Differs from M. aurifrons in being smaller ; the nasal
plumes and base of forehead only tinged with yellow ; the crimson
covering more of the crown, which has an olive tinge, and the red

182 PICIDJ5.

of the crown not distinctly separated from the yellow or orange
nuchal band, the occipital feathers being more or less tipped with
golden yellow ; the central pair of tail-feathers having their basal
portion white barred with black ; the face, neck, and the whole of
the underparts very much darker and more of a brownish drab
with a fulvesccnt tinge below the chest. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 1"15, wing 5-05, tail 2*35, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior O'G, outer posterior 0*67, inner anterior 0'45, inner
posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, the crown, as well as the occiput, being smoky grey :
"iris hazel" {0. Salvin). Total length V'S inches, culmen 0'95,
wing 4-6, tail 2-18, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Costa Rica. Tweeddale Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. San Jos6, Costa Rica, Salviu-Godman Coll.

May {M.L. CaUeja).

d. $ ad. sk. San Jos^, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Carmiol).
^tf- c? $ ad. sk. Punta Arenas, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rica, March (O. »S'.).
g. cJ ad. ; h. J Costa Hica {J. Carmiol). Sclater Coll.

juv. sk.

27. Melanerpes nropygialis.

Centurus hypopolius (non IVagl.), Pucker. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853,

p. 163.
Centurus uropygialis, Baird, Proc. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 120 (1854) ;

liekherib. Scans. Picince, p. 430, no. 964 6 (1854) ; Lawr. Mem.

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 294 (1855) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 8 ;

Baird, CasK., 8f Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. Ill (1858) ; Kennerley,

Pacif. P. R. Rep. Expl. Sf Surv. x b, 1859, pi. xxxvi. ; Heerm. id.

xc, p. 17 (1859); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. 1859, p. 93; Cah.

J.f. O. 1862, p. 330; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 538; id. Proc. Philad.

Acad. 1866, p. 64 ; Coojyer, B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 399 (1870) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 196 (1872) ; id. Check-list, no. 308

(1873) ; B., B., Sr R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 558, pi. lii. tigs. 2 d' ,

5 2 (1874) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 189, 233

(1880); id. op. cit. ix. p. 112 (1881); Coues, Check-list, 1882,

no. 452 ; Beldimj, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 543 (1882) ; id.

op. cit. vi. pp. 344, 345 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Ayner. B. 1884,

p. 488.
Centurus sulfuriventer, Reiche7jb. Sca7is. Picince, p. 410, no. 9G4,

nl. dplxiv. figs. 4411-12, J d (1854).
Zebrapicus kaupii, Math. Picidee, ii. p. 245, pi. cvi. figs. 4, 5, (^ 2

(1862).
Picus uropygialis, Su7idev. Consp. Av. Picin.^. 54 (1866).
Centurus kaupii, Grat/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 100 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197, no. 8759 (1870).
Melanerpes uropygialis, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355

(1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Ainer. B. 1886, p. 217, no. 411 ;

iScotf, Auk, 1886, p. 428; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 294

(1887).

12. MELANEHPES. 183

Adult male. Back and scapulars almost equally barred black and
buffy white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, or the latter
slightly buffy, narrowly barred with black ; wings and their coverts
black, the latter, as well as the innermost secondaries, barred with
white, the remaining secondaries spotted on both webs, the pri-
maries having large spots and patches of white on the basal half,
and partially margined with white on the outer webs ; tips of the
quills white, and the shafts black ; tail black, the central pair of
feathers having the inner web white barred with black, the outer
web with a longitudinal stripe of white, the two outer large
feathers barred with white on the apical half or more ; shafts
black ; nasal plumes, head and neck, and the under surface of the
body drab, darker on the back of the head and hind neck, and with
a just perceptible tinge of yellow on the nape, with a quadrate
patch of crimson on the crown, and the abdomen golden yellow ;
thighs and under tail-coverts buffy white, with bars and sagittate
markings of black ; under wing-coverts white, barred with black ;
axillaries pale smoky drab. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-5,
wing 5'2, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-68, outer posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0'6, inner posterior
0-35.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red patch on the crown. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 4*9, tail 3'2, tarsus 0-85.

Immature. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, but have
the head and neck paler in colour, the male having a few of the
feathers in the middle of the crown tipped with orange-red.

Hah. South-eastern California and Lower California to Cape St.
Lucas ; Southern Arizona and Western Mexico, south to the State
of Aguas Calientes.

a. 5 ad. sk. San Pedro, Arizona, Oct, Salvin-Godman Coll.

(He)ishaio).
b,c,d. J' ad. ; e, Tucson, Arizona, Dec, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. $ ad. sk. {Hcnshciw).

g. (S ad. ; h. c? Camp Lowel, Arizona, Aug., Salvin-Godman Coll.

juv. sk. Sept. (Dr. Ilothrock).

i, k. J ad. sk. Lowel, Arizona, April {E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nelson).
h m. S 2 ^^- sk. Gila Co., Arizona, Nov. [Heyi- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ghmc).
n, o. cJ 2 ad. sk. Yuma, Arizona, May {F. G. Frean Morcom,

Stephens). Esq. [P.].

p. c? ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Salvin-Godman Coll.

winter {Henshaio).
q, r. J 2 ad. sk. La I'az. Sc-later Coll.

Sft.S'i ^^- sk. La Paz, March, Nov. [A. For- Salvin-Godman Coll.

7-er) .
u, V. d ad.; w. San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower Call- Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk. fornia, Nov. {M. Abott

Frazar).
X. S imm. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Call- Salvin-Godman Coll.

fornia (J. Xanttis).

184

y. $ ad. bk.
E. iS ad. st.
a. $ ad. sk.
fc'. fj ad. ; c'. $

iuiiii. sk.
(f'. c? ad. sk.

e'-h'. (S ad. et
iiuiii.; i'fJc'. 2
ad. et inmi.sk.

r. $ ad. sk.

«i'. $ ad. sk.

«'. 5 ^^- ^^■
o. cj imm. sk.

p. (S ad. sk.

</'. 2" ad. sk.
r'. 2 iiiiiu. sk.
«'. J ad. sk. •
t' . 2 iiiini. ek.

Cape San Luc as (J. Xautus).

Mexico.

Me.xici).

Mexico.

Mexico.

Sonora, Mexico,
Lloyd) .

April ( W.

Ysleta, Sonora, May ( TV. Lloyd).
Eio Mayo, Sonora, May ( W.

Lloyd).
Moctezuma, Sonora, Aug-.
IlermosiUo, Sonora, Nov.
Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec.

(A. Forrer).
Presidio, Mexico, Dec. {A.

Forrer).
San Bias, Tepic, Jalisco, April

( W. B. Eichards(m).
Santana, near Guadalajara,

Jalisco, Feb. ( W. Lhyd).
C'alvillo, Apuas Calientes,

Mexico, Aug. {W. B.

Richardson) .

Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Gould Coll.

Capt.Kellett& Lieut.

Wood [P.].
Sahin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

28. Melanerpes elegans.

Picus elegans. Swains. Phil. May. i. p. 439, J ad. (1827) ; Smidev.
Covsp. Av. Picin. p. 65 (18G6) ; Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem.
1871, p. 356.

Centurus elegans, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 44^ (184(1) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.
Av. i. p. 119, no. 5 (1850) ; id. Consp. Vulucr. Zygod. p. 11,
no. 219 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picina-. p. 411, no. 9(35 b (1854) ;
Cab. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 327 ; Sclat. Cat. Atner. B. p. 342 (1862) ;
Baird, Ibis, 1863, p. 476; Sclaf. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 177; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 101 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 197,
no. 8763 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101
(1873) ; Laxvr. 3Iem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 294 (1874) ;
Ridqw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 114; Salv. Cat. Strivkl.
Coll p. 399, no. 1953 (1882) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425 ; Ferrari-
Perez, P-oc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 160.

Zebrapicus elegans, 3Ialh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 361 ; id. Piddce, ii. p. 225, pi. cii. figs. 5, 6, cJ ? (1862).

Melanei-pes elegans, Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887).

Adult male. Back and scapulars broadly barred black and white,
the rump and upper tail-coverts white, with narrower black
barring ; wings and their coverts black, the latter, likewise the
innermost secondaries, barred with white, the remaining secondaries
spotted on both webs, and the primaries having large spots and
patches of white on the basal portion, and the apical portion
externally margined with greyish white, the tips also being white ;

12. MELANERPES.

185

shafts black ; tail blaek, the central pair of feathers and the outer
large feather barred with white on both webs, the next inner
feather barred on the inner web and spotted on the apical half of
the outer web ; shafts black ; crown and occiput crimson, the nape
golden ; orbital region and a patch above the posterior part of the
eye black ; forehead smoky drab, the base and the nasal plumes
orange or golden ; face, neck, and the under surface of the body
dark smoky brown, with a fulvescent tinge below, the malar
feathers tipped with dull golden yellow, the lower part of the
abdomen and the vent golden, and having dusky spots ; the thighs
and under tail-coverts dull white, the feathers having yellowish
margins and crossed by bars and Y-shaped markings of black ;
under wing-coverts barred black and white. Total length 8-7
inches, culmen 1'2, wing 4*9, tail 3, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer posterior 0"75, inner anterior 0"53,
inner posterior 0'33.

Adult f I' male. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
smoky grey, lighter and more huffy on the forehead ; the black
patch above and behind the eye larger and spreading more on to
the hind crown, but not uniting with its fellow. Total length 8
inches, culmen 1'12, wing 4-7, tail 3, tarsus 0-85.

Tounij male. Differs from the adult male in having the red on
the head confined to the crown, the occiput being entirely yellow ;
the forehead, sides of the face and neck, and the whole of the
underparts from the chest, inclusive, downwards smoky white (the
chin and throat being whiter), the middle of the abdomen slightly
yellow, and the faintest possible tinge of this colour on the base of
the forehead, malar region, and chest ; the forehead, sides of the face
and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck irregularly striped with black ;
the chest, breast, and remaining underparts transversely and
irregularly varied with black or dusky black.

Hah. AVestern and Southern Mexico, from Sonora to the States
of Puebla and Guerrero.

«. (S ad. ; b, c.
$ ad. sk.

d. d" ad. sk.

e. (S iinm. sk.
/. <S ad. ; g. $

imm. sk.
h. 2 iiiim. sk.
J. (S ad. ; A-. cj

imm. ; /. $

ad. sk.
VI. (S ad. sk.

n-r. (S ad. ; a,
$ ad. sk.

[La Paz, Lower California] *

(ITenshaw).
Mexico.

Mexico, Nov. 1869.
Mexico.

S. Mexico (White).
Mazatlan, Mexico, Aug
Dec. {A. Forrer).

Mexico,

Nov.,

Sept.

Putla, AV.

(Rehouch).
San Bias, Tepic, April, Mav

( W. B. Rkhardson).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

* This locality is queried upon tlie label.

186 MCID^.

*, M. d 2 ad. sk. Tepic, May ( W. B. Richard- Salvin-Godman Coll.

son).
V, to. (S ad. sk. Beltran, Jalisco, April ( W. Salvin-Godmati Coll.

Lloyd) .
X. c3" ad. sk. Hac. San Marcos, Jalisco Salvin-Godman Coll.

4000 ft. ( W. Lloyd).
y. c? ad. sk. Plains of Colima, Jan. {J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Xanttfs).
z, a', c? ad. ; b', Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Salvin-Godman Coll.

c'. 2 ad. sk. Sept. {Mrs. H. H. Smith).

d', e'. (S 2 ad. sk. Acapulco, March {A. H. Mark- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ha7n).
y. c? ad. sk. Dos Arroyos, State of Guerrero, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. (Mrs. H. H. S^nith).
g , h' . (S $ imm. Epatlan (Izucar), Puebla, Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Nov.

29. Melanerpes hypopolius.

Picus hypopolius, Wagl. Lsis, 1829, p. 514; Sunder. Consp. Av.

Picin.'-p. 55 (1866).
Zebrapicus hypopolius, iWrtM. N. Ckissif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-9,

p. 361 ; id. Picidm, ii. p. 228, pi. ciii. hgs. 4, 5, ^ $ ad. (1862).
Centurus hypopolius, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 11 (1854) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Picin<t, p. 410, no. 965, pi. dclxv. figs. 4413-14

(cJ $ , incorrect) (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 76 (1854) ; Cab.

J.f. 0. 1862, p. 329; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100

(1873) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 176 ; Laior. Bull. U. S. Nat.

Mus. 1876, p. 35; Ridyic. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 113;

Ferrari-Perez, op. cit. 1886, p. 160.
Melanerpes hj-popolius, Ridyxv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 292 (1887).

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars greyish white, barred with
black ; upper tail-coverts white, striped with black ; wing-coverts
and quills black, the former barred with pure white, the primaries
white on their basal portion, and the secondaries spotted on both
webs with the same, the tips of all the quills margined with white,
and the shafts black ; tail black, the central pair of feathers white
at the base and crossed on the inner web by narrow black bars, the
two outer large feathers spotted or margined on the outer web and
tip of the inner web with w^hite; shafts black ; nasal plumes smoky
brown ; frontal band buffy white ; lores smoky white ; the top of
the head, face and entire neck, and the whole of the underparts,
except the lower part of the abdomen, vent, and thighs, smoky or
purplish drab, darker on the top of the head and whiter on the chin,
the centre of the crown and a spot below the ear-coverts crimson,
and the eye encircled with black ; vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts white, the abdomen spotted, the flanks and thighs barred,
and the under taU-coverts with stripe-like spots and squamate
markings of black ; under wing-coverts white, spotted and barred
with black ; axillaries smoky brown. Total length 8 inches,
culmen 0-95, wing 4-95, tail 3"15, tarsus 0-85; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-52, outer posterior 0"55, inner anterior 0*42, inner
posterior 0*27.

13. 8PHTR0PICUS.

18;

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in -wanting the crimson
on the crown, this being entirely of the same colour as the hinder part
of the head and the neck. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing
4-85, tail 3-2, tarsus 0-85.

Yoiou/ male. Resembles the adnlt of the same sex, but differs in
having the white on the back and wings very smoky ; the under
surface of the body more smoky ; the vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts very dingy and smoky white, the black markings on these
being extremelj- faint ; the red patch on the crown smaller and
less crimson, being more of a dull scarlet colour.

Hab. Southern Mexico (Puebla and some of the adjoining states).

a, b. 2 ad. sk.

c. 5 ad. sk.

d. cJ ad. sk.

e,f. 6'^ ad. sk.

g. S juv. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
t. $ ad. sk.

k. c? ad. sk.

Mexico.

Mexico (Becker).

Valley of Mexico {H. S. le

Strange).
Chietla (Chiantla) Puebla,

Dec.
San Bartolo, Puebla, June.
Izucar, Puebla, Nov.
San Miguel Moliuo (Iluajot-

zingo), Puebla, Feb.
Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico

{Mrs. H. H. Smith).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. SPHYROPICUS. Type.

Pilumnus {non Leach), Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 26

(l'^5-l) S. thjroideus.

Sphvrapicus, Baird, Rep. E.rpl. 8f Surv. Mississ. Pacif.

Bail. Route, ix. p. 101 (1858) S. varius.

Cladoscopus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 80
(1863) S. varius.

Chin-angle of Sphyropicus varius.

Range. The whole of North America to South Alaska (possibly to
Behring Straits) and into Greenland ; through Central America to
Costa llica, and in the Island of St. Andrew ; also into several of
the West-Indian Islands.

188

Key to the Species.

A. With more or less red in the plumaore.
a'. With red on the head, but none on the
neck (except upon the throat) and never
any on the chest or breast,
a". Nuchal band white, and the two stripes
across the face also white, never tinged
with red.

a". Chin and throat red varius S ad., p. 189.

b'". Chin and throat white varius $ ad., p. 190.

h". Nuchal band red; the feathers com-
prising the two white stripes across
the face generally having some of their
tips red.

c'". Chin and throat entirely red nuchalis cJ ad., p. 193.

d'". Chin and throat white, considerably

varied with red nuchalis $ ad., p. 193.

h'. Head and neck, chest, and more or less of
the breast red.
c". Breast entirely washed with red .... ruber S ad., p. 194.

d'. With less red on the breast ruber 2 ad., p. 195.

c'. Head, neck, and chest blue- black, like

the back ; gular .spot red tkyroideus S ad., p. 190.

B. With no red in the plumage.

d'. Head, neck, and chest black, like the back ; _ [p. 197.

gular spot white tkyroideus S imm.,

e' . Head, neck, and chest brown, more or less

varied with black. [p. 190.

e" . Wing-coverts black, with a conspicuous ]rarius S 2 nestlings,

white patch i nuchalis 6 $ nestling.s,

/". Wing-coverts barred like the back, [p. 193.

without any white patch.
e". With very large spot or patch of

black on the chest thyroideus 2 ad., p. 197.

/'". Chest entirely barred like the back,

without any black central spot. . . . thyroide%ts]vL\.,^. 197.

1, Sphyropicus varius.

The Yellow belly'd Woodpecker, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 21,

pi. xxi., d" ad. (1731).
Pic varie de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 62 (1760) ; Daubent. PI.

Enl. 785, (5 ad.
Picus varius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766) ; Penn. Arct. Zool. ii.
p. 275 (178-5) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 438 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
i. p. 232 (1790) ; Barton, N. Hist. Penn. p. 8 (1799) ; Vieill. Ois.
Amer. Sept. ii. p. 63, pis. cxviii. S , cxix. juv. (1807) ; Wils. Amer.
Orn. i. p. 147, pi. ix. lig. 2, c? ad. (1808); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist.
Nat. xxvi. p. 80 (1818) ; id. ^ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1311 (1823) ;
Bp. Syn. Bds. U. S. p. 45 (1826) ; Sioains. Phil. May. 1827, p. 439 ;

Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 16 (1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 509 ; Jard. ed.

Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 152, pi. ix. lig. 2, (S ad., iii. p. 331, pi. viii.
figs. 1 imm., 2 2 ad. (1832); Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, p. 674;
Jiatnon de la Sat/ra, Hisf. Fis. i^r. Cnba, ii. p. 108 (1838) ; Bp.

Comp. List B. Bur. ^- N. Atner. p. 39 (1838) ; Aud. Orn. Bioyr.

13. BPHTBOPicus. 189

ii. p. 519 (1834), t. p. 537, pi. cxc. figs. 1 ^J ad., 2 2 ad. (1839) ;
B'Orb. in. Ram. Saffra's Hist. Phys. Cuba, p. 141 (1839); Peah.
Bost. Journ. N. H. 1841, p. 173; Aud. B. Amer. iv. p. 263,
pi. cclxvii. figs. l,2,"cJ$ (1842); De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
Aves, p. 188, pi. xviii. fig. 38, S (1844) ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 435
(1845) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 270 (1847) ; Bp. Coiisp. Gen. Av. i.
p. 138 (1850) ; Lemheye, Av. Isl. Cuba, p. 131 (1850) ; Barry,
Proc. Bost. Sac. N. H. 1854, p. 8 ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 376,
no. 868, pi. dcxxxix. figs. 4258-60, d c? $ ad. (1854) ; Cab.
J. f. O. lSo6, p. 102 ; Putn. Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1856, p. 214 ;
Svlat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 308, 1858, p. 305 ; Maxim. J. f. O. 1858,
p. 417 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 367, 388 ; Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc. 1859, p. 106; Car. Tayl. Ibis, 1860, p. l"l9 ; Newt. t. c.
p. 308; Reinh. op, cit. 1861, p. 8; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin.
p. 33 (1866); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1868); id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8<)17 (1870).

Picus atrotliorax. Less. Traite, i. p. 229 (1831).

ricus (Dendrocopus) varius, Sivains. latin. Bor.-Amer., Bds. ii.
pp. xxvi introd. & 309 (1831).

Pilumniis varius, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 27 (1854).

Spliyrapicus varius, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 103 (1858) ; Malh.
PicidrJ!, i. p. 157, pi. xxxvii. figs. 2-4, S ad., juv., J ad. (1861);
BlaUst. Ibis, 1862, p. 3 ; VerriU, Proc. Bsse.v Inst. 1862, p. 143 ;
Dress. Ibis, 1865, p. 468 ; Gundl. Repert. i. p. 294 (1866) ; Coves,
Proc. Essex Inst. 1867, p. 262 ; Alle7i, Am. Nat. 1870, p. 571 ;
Coues, Bds. N.-West, p. 285 (1874); Laur. Bull. U. S. Nat.
AIus.iY. 1876, p. 35; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 273 (1876); Coues,
Bull. XJ. S. Geol. Surv.iv. 1878, p. 616; Mayn. B. Florida, p. 223,
pi. xviii. (1878) ; Merriam, Btdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 1 ; Cory,
B. Baham. Isl. p. 121 (1880) ; Ridyiv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. 189; Nekrlitig, J. f. O. 1883, p. 95; Merriam, Auk, 1884,
p. 295 ; Dreiv, op. cit. 1885, p. 17 ; Cory, List Bds. W. hid. p. 20
(1885); A. 0. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 402 (1886);
Ferrari-Perez. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 159 ; Bretvst. Auk,
1886, p. 104 ; Cort/, t. c. p. 375 ; Cory, op. cit. 1887, p. 181 ; Semiett,
t. c. p. 242 ; Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 288 (1887) ; Warren,
B. Penn. p. 129 (1888).

Sphjropicus varius, Selat. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 136,236 ; Sclat. Cat.
Amer. B. p. 335, no. 1997 (1862) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1803, p. 52 ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 117 ; Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. 1864, p. 53 ; Dresser,
Ibis, 1865, p. 468 ; Mcllwr. Proc. Essex Inst. 1866, p. 83 ; Baird,
Ibis, 1867, pp. 270-288; Lawr.Ann.Lyc. N. Y. ix. p. 205 (1869) ;
Sclat. ^ Salv. Noynencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Ridgw. Ami. Lye.
N. Y. X. p. 337 (1874); Coues, Check-list N. Amer. 5. 2nd ed.
p. 78, no. 446 (1882) ; Cuoke ^- Widm. Rid(/w. Orn. Club, Bull.
i. p. 36 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 486 (1884).

Cladoscopus varius, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 80 (1863).

Sphvropicus varius, var. varius, B., B., Sf R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii.
p." 539, pi. Ii. figs. 1 d, 2 $ (1874).

Adult male. Back yellowish white, varied with irregular stripes,
bar-like spots, and blotches of black ; rump white, striped with
black, the outer feathers black, with a subapical spot of white ;
upper tail-coverts white, externally edged with black ; scapulars
. black, barred with white at> the tip ; wings and their coverts black,
the outermost coverts white, this forming a conspicuous stripe

190 piciD^.

parallel with the edge of the wing ; quills tipped and spotted with
white on both webs ; shafts black ; tail black, the inner webs of the
central pair of feathers partially white and barred with black, the
two outer large feathers on either side externally margined with
greyish white ; shafts black ; forehead and crown, chin, and throat
crimson ; occiput black ; hind neck black, with longitudinal spots
of white ; face and side of the neck, fore neck and chest (except the
sides of the latter) blue-black, with a white stripe from behind the
eye, uniting on the nape with the corresponding one, and another
white stripe from the base of the upper mandible, passing under the
ear-coverts and down the side of the neck ; the lores and nasal plumes
white ; under surface of the body pale sulphur-yellow, the sides,
flanks, and thighs smoky brown, with stripes and sagittate markings
of black ; under tail-coverts yellowish white, a few being striped
with black ; under wing-coverts yellowish white with dusky V-shaped
markings ; axillaries smoky white with faint dusky stripes. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0'5, outer posterior 0'57, inner anterior
0*4, inner posterior 0-25,

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the chin and
throat white. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-75,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-72.

The various plumages may be given as follows ; —

1st Plumage — Nestling. Has no red whatever upon the top of the
head or on the chin and throat ; the head and neck are dusky brown,
spotted with dingy whitish, except the chin and upper throat which
are dull white ; there is a dull white superciliary stripe and another
white stripe under the eye and ear-coverts ; there is no black cres-
centic patch on the chest, the whole of the under surface of the
body (except the middle of the breast and the abdomen, which are
yellowish white) being smoky brown, with crescent-shaped or bar-
like markings of dusky black ; the black on the upper parts is less
intense.

2)id Stage. In autumn the forehead and crown are still dusky
brown, with paler brown or brownish-white stripe-like spots, but
some of the feathers are tipped with red, and in the males some of
the feathers of the chin and throat are also tipped with red ; the
black feathers appear on the occiput, and an occasional black feather
is found on the chest ; the middle of the breast and the abdomen
and vent are yellower.

3rcZ Stage — Spring. In the female the feathers of the forehead
and crown become black, with small stripe-like spots of white, and
tipped with red. The chest becomes black ; the white on the upper
parts is stiU deeply washed with yellowish brown.

Ath Stage. — Autumn. In both sexes the feathers of the forehead
and crown are tipped with crimson and have black bases and devoid
of white spots ; the throat in the male is crimson and the feathers
bordering the gular patch, as well as those comprising the auricular
stripe, are becoming deep black ; the back is still washed with yel-
lowish brown.

13. 8PHYR0PICUS.

191

5th Stage. — Spring, This is the fully adult plumage, in which
both sexes have the forehead and crown uniform crimson, the male
having the chin and throat crimson, these in the female being
white ; the white on the back has generally lost its yeUowish-brown
tinge.

It appears, therefore, that this species is two years in an-iving at
maturity.

Hab. Northern and Eastern Xorth America ; has been found as
far north as Julianshaab, South Greenland ; extends into Mexico,
Guatemala, Yucatan, Honduras, Costa Rica, and into the island of
St. Andrews ; also occurs in several of the West-Indian Islands
(Jamaica, Cuba, St. Croix) and in the Bahamas.

a. c? ad.; b. $

imm. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.

/. d ad.; g. 2

juv. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
i-l, (S ad. et juv. ;

7n, 71. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
o-c'. S ad. et juv.;

d'-k'. 5 ad. et

juv. sk.
/', m', 11 . cJ ad. sk.

0. 2 imm. ; p' .

Juv. sk.
q', S ad.sk.

r',s' . (S ad. et juv. ;

t' , u . 5 imm. sk.
v ,ii:' . (S ad.;.i''-a".

2 ad. et imm. sk.
b" . cS ad. ; c" , d",

e" . 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
/". 2 ad. sk.
g". j ad. sk.

h" . 2 juv. sk.

i" . (S imm. sk.

k", I". (S imm. ;

7n"-r". 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
s". 2 imm. sk.

t". 2 imm. sk.

Fort Simpson.

Hudson Bay, July.
49th Parallel.

Crystal, Michigan.

Salem, Washington, N.Y. (J,

H. mast).
New York {Hurst).
Lyons Falls, New York, Nj

Apr., Sept., Oct. {^A. Jenings

Dayan).
Locust Grove, New York,

April-Aug. {Hart Mer-

riam).
Big Otter Lake, N.Y^, April

{Hart Merriam).
West Tuiin, N.Y., June,

Aug. (HaH Merriam).
Leyden, N.Y., May {Hart

Merriam).
Chicago, Illinois, April, Sept.

{E. W. Nehon).
Waukegan, 111., April, May

{E. W. Nelson).
Evanston, 111., April {E. W. )

Nelson).

Massachusetts (Henshatv).
Cambridge, Mass., Oct.

(Henskaw).
Newtonville, Mass. {Hen-

shaiv).
Wellesley, Mass., Oct.

{Henshaiu).
Washington, D.C., Nov.,

Jan., Feb. {Hart Merriam).

Hollisters, Virginia, Nov.

{Henshaw).
Aiken, S. Carolina, March

{Hart Merriam).

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

Gould Coll.
N.A. Boundary Com-
mission.
Prof. Steere [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

192

u". cJ ad.; v",w".
Imra. sk.

x". $ ad sk.

«/". c? ad. ; a"-c'.

5 ad. et imm. sk.
d\e\f\ 2 ad.;

^r', Juv. .'^k.
h',i\ ^ 2 ad. ; A:^ 2

imm. ; P. Juv. sk.
»?j'. $ imm. sk.

n^, o',;j^. Imm. sk.

g'. $ ad. sk.

r\ c? ad. sk.
s^, ^. d' $ imm. sk.
m'. $ ad. sk.
?>3. 2 ad. sk.
w^. 2 juv. sk.
.r''. 2 imm. sk.
rf. (? d) imm. sk.
2^ 2 ad. sk.
a\ bK cJ ad.; c*.

2 ad. sk.
d\ 2 ad. sk.

eK 2 ad. sk.

/*. 2 imna. sk.
</% A^ 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
i\ k\ 2 ad. sk.
/', m*, n^. Juv. sk.
0^,^'. 2 ad. sk.
g-*. 2 ad. ; r*, s*.

Juv. sk.
t\ uK 2 ad. sk.

V*. d jiiv. sk.

7v*. Juv. sk.
X*. Sternum.

Miami, Florida, Dec. (Hen-

shaw).
Papalote, Bee Co., Texas,

Jan. (F. B. Armstro7ig).
Corpus Cliristi, Texas, Oct.,

Dec. {F. B. Armstrong).
Mexico.

Mexico.

Sierra Madre, above Ciudad
Victoria, Tamaulipas, May
( W. B. Richardson).

Jalapa, Jan., Feb., March
(F. D. G.).

Hacienda de los Atlixcos,
March (i-^Z*. 6^.).

Coapa, TIalpam, April.

Yxtapalapa, TIalpam, Jan.

Mexicalcingo, TIalpam, Jan.

Ilac. Eslava, TIalpam, Jan.

Culhuacan, TIalpam, Dec.

Coajimalpa, Tucubaya, Feb.

Chimalpa, Tucubaya, Jan.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Tonaguia, Oaxaca, Feb. (M.
Trujillo).

Villa Alta, Oaxaca, March
(M. Trujillo).

Totoutepec, Oaxaca, Feb. {M.
Trujillo).

Tetelco, Xochimilco, Jan.

Guatemala.

Guatemala.

Coban, Guatemala (O. S.).
Vera Paz, Guatemala.
Dueiias, Guatemala (O. S.).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Commis. Geogr. Ex-
'^ plor. Mex. [S.-G.].

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman (/oU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. S.).

Volcan de Agua, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (O. S.).

Costa Rica. Tweeddale Coll.

N. America. Purchased.

Subsp. a. Sphyropicus nuchalis.

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 103, pi. xxxv. figs. 1,

2, <5 2 (1858) ; Cooper, Proc. Cal.Acad. 1803, p. 122; Cass. Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 204 ; Coues, Ibis, 1805, p. 162 ; id. Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 53 ; Eidffw. U.S. Oeol. Fj.pl. 40th Par.

pt. iii. Oto. p. 549 (1877).
Sphp-apicus varius (pt.), Malh. Picidce, i. p. 161 (1861) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8617 (1870).
Cladoscopus nuchalis, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 82 (1863).

13. SPHYROPICUS.

193

I'icus varius (occidentalis), Simdfiv. Conttp. Av. Picin. p. 34 (1866).
Spliyropicus v.arius, var. nuchalis, Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 27Q ; B., B., ^

R. Hid. N. Anier. B. ii. p. ,542, pi. li. ligs. 3c?, 4 $ ad. (1874).
Sphyropicus varius (iion Linn.), Brown, Ibis, 18G8, p. 419.
Picus varius, var., Gi-ai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1868),
Sphyropicus nuchalis, Cooj). B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 390 (1870).
Sphvrapicus varius, var. nuchalis, Ridgic. Proc. Essex Inst. 1875, p. 38;

Hensh. U.S. Geogr. Sun: JF. of lOOfh Merid. 1875, p. 392.
Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, Rigw. Proc. Essex Inst. 1875, pp. 24,

34 ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. 1880, p. 189 ; Beld. op. cit. 1883,

p. 349; Dreir, Auk, 1885, p. 17; Scott, t. c. p. 427; A. O. U.

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 215, no. 402 a (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N.

Amer. B. p. 288 (1887).
Picus varius (pt.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. pp. 184, 185 (1876).
Sphyropicus varius nuchalis, Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2ud ed.

1882, g. 78, no. 447 ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 486,

no. 44/ ; Scott, Auk, 1885, p. 174.

Adult male. Differs from S. varius in having many of the black
malar feathers, and the feathers composing the stripes across the
face, and the nuchal baud (which are white in that species) tipped
with crimson, the nuchal feathers being almost entirely red. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 0'93, wing 4'95, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-8 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0"55, inner
anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0'25.

Adult f email'. Has the chin white, the throat-feathers red on their
apical portion ; the face crossed by two black and two white stripes
without any red upon the feathers ; the nuchal feathers tipped with
red. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4'9, tail 2'65, tarsus 0*8.

The young are very similar to the young of S. varius, but are
slightly darker.

Hab. Rocky-Mountain region of the United States, west to the
eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, north into British Columbia,
extending south into New Mexico, Arizona, and the southern por-
tion of Loiter California, and also into Mexico (Chihuahua).

a. S ad. sk.

British Columbia.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]

b. 2 ad. sk.

N.W. Boundary {Kennerley).

Sclater Coll.

e. cj ad. sk.

Bidwell, California, July
{Henshaxc).

d. cJ imm. sk.

Toquerville, Utah, Oct.
(Henshaiv).

e,f d2 ad. sk.

Fort Garland, Colorado, May,
June (Henshatv).

g. 5 ad. sk.

Rio Grande, Colorado, June

Henshaw Coll.

(Henshaiv).

^- [S.-G.].

h. 5 juv. sk.

Park Co., Colorado, July [E.
E. Aiken).

i, k. c? ad. ; /, ?»,

Gila Co., Arizona, Oct., Nov.

n. $ imm. sk.

{HensJiatc).

0. cj imm. sk.

Tuczon, Arizona, Dec. (Hen-
shaw).

p. c? ad. sk.

New Mexico.

Sclater Coll.

q-u. c? ad.et imm. ;

Santa F6 Mts., New Mexico,

Henshaw Coll,

v-g. 5 ad. et

July-Sept. (Hcnshair).

[S.-G.].

imm. sk.

VOL. XVIII.

0

104 PICID.'E.

s. J ad. slf. Fort Benton, Mississippi, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April (/. A. Mullan).
«', b' . c5' nd. sk. Temosachic, Chilmabua, Salviii-Goduian Coll.

Mexico, March ( W. Lloyd),
c' . S ad. ; d'. <S Guerrero, Chiluialnia, Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll.

inini. sk. March {TV. Lloyd),

e. cS ad. sk. Casa Colorado, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March {W.Lloyd).
f. cSnA. sk. Eefugio, Chihuahua, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{W. Lloyd).

2. Sphyropicus ruber.

Picus ruber, Gm, Sy.^t. Nat. i. p. 429 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. i.

p. 228 (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. ICO (1815) ; Wnql. Si/st. Av.,

Picus, sp. 15 (1827) ; And. Syn. B. N. Amer. p. 181 (18;39; ; id.

Oni. Bioffi: v. p. 179, pi. ccccxvi. figs. 9, 10, cJ $ ad. (1839) ; Jly.

in Beechey''s Voy. p. 23 (1839) ; Aud. B. Amer. iv. p. 261,pl. cclxvi.

figs. 1 S ad., 2 5 ad. (18'42); Heerm. Journ. Acad. Fhilad. 1853,

p. 270 ; Malh. Picidee, i. p. 132, pi. xxxi. figs. 1, 2, d $ ad. (l8(il) ;

Sundev. Consp..Av. Picin. p. 32 (186G) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 51 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8616 (1870).
Picus flaviventris, Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 67 (1807) ; Stej)k.

Gen. Zool. ix. p. 161 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi.

p. 95 (1818) ; id. ^ Bonn. Enc. MM. iii. p. 1320 (1823).
Picus niger, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) ; id. Sf

Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1316 (1823).
Melanerpes ruber, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Ainer. p. 39, no. 261

(1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. li. p. 444 (1846) ; Gambel, Journ. Acad.

Philad. 1847, p. 56 ; i?/j. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 115 (1850) ; Beichenb.

Scatis. Picina-, p. 382, no. 883, pi. dcxlii. ncs. 4387-88 (1854) ;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 127 ; id. op. lit. 1858, p. 2.
Pilumnus ruber, Bp. Con.'^p. Vohicr. Zyqod. p. 8, no. 28 (1854).
Sphyrapicus ruber, Bnird, B. N. Amer'.^. 104 (1858) ; Bidyw. U.S.

Geol. Eaped. AOlh Par. pt. iii. Orn. p. 649 (1877) ; A. (). U. Check-
list N. Awer. B. p. 215, no. 403 (1886) ; Ridyiv. Man. N. Amer.

B. p. 289 (1887).
Spliyro].icus ruber, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 236; Brown, Ibis, 1868,

p. 419 ; Cooj}. B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 392 (1870) ; Hartl.J.f. O.

1883, p. 275.
Cladoscopus ruber, Cab. Sf Heine, Mvs. Hein. iv. p. 82 (1863).
Sphyrapicus varius ruber, Bidqw. Proc. Esse.r Inst. 1874, p. 173 ; id.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880," p. 189, no. 3f.9 b.
Sphyropicus varius, var. ruber, B., B., i§- R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii.

p. 544, pi. li. fig. 6, S ad. (1874).
Spnyrapicus varius, var. ruber, Bidgw. Proc. Esse.r Inst. 1875, p. 38 ;

L'eld. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 429.
Splijn'opicus varius ruber, Coves, Cheek-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

1882, p. 78, no. 448 ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 486.

Adult male. Has the upper parts, also the wings and tail and
their coverts, similar to those of S. varius ; but it differs from that
specie.s in having the head, neck, chest, and breast red, with a trace
of markings similar to those of /S. varius showing through, in so far
as the parts which are black in the latter species are deeper and
duller red in >S'. ruber, caused by the feathers having blackish bases ;

13. SPHYROPICUS.

195

the nasal plumes and lower half of lores, and an indication of a
stripe backwards, white ; the red ou the breast only tips the feathers,
the yellow basal portion of the central ones and the smoky-grey
feathers on the sides of the breast with their stripes and sagittate
black markings showing clearly through. Total length 7-5 inches,
culmen 1-07, wing 4-85, tail 3, tarsus 0-83; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0-43, inner
posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has the red less

spread over the breast. Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing

4-95, tail 3-23, tarsus 0-83,

Young. Differ materially from the adult, and resemble the young

of S. nuchalis and of S. varius. They may be distinguished from the

latter by their darker and more uniform head and the total absence,

or only the slightest possible indication, of a white superciliary stripe.

Even in this plumage there is a slight suffusion of red on the head

and neck, and sometimes on the chest.

Hah. Pacific-coast region of the United States, from Southern

Alaska * into California as far as the San Bernardino Mountains.

a. Juv. sk.

b,c. Ad. ;f/. Juv.sk.
e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h, i, k. S ad. -,1.^;
tn, n. 5 juv. sk.

o. Juv. sk.
p. Imm. sk.
q,r. c? 5 ad. sk.

s, t, u. cJ ad. sk.

V, w. Ad. sk.

X. Ad. sk.

y. Juv. sk.

2. (S ad. sk.

a'. $ ad. sk.

b', c'. 2 ad. sk.

d'. Ad. sk.

[Behring Straits.]

British Cokimbia.

Fort Rupert, British Co-
lumbia.

Vancouver Island.

St. Juan.

Fort Klamath, Oregon, April,
July, Aug. (C. E. Bendire,
Hensh. Coll.).

California.

California.

Greenwood V., Eldorado City,
California {A. Forrer).

Jolon, California, Oct. {Hen-
shaw).

Nevada, Cal, Sept., Oct. {E.
W. Nelson).

Stocton, Cal., Dec. (Z. Bel-
dim/).

Big Trees, Cal., Aug. {L.
Beldiny) .

Keroville, Cal., Oct. {Hen-
shaw).

San Luis, Obispo, Cal., Oct.
(Hensknw).

Nicasio, Marin Co., Cal.,
Oct. {Henskaw).

San Mateo, Cal., April {^A.
Forrei-).

Capt. Kellett & Lieut.

Wood [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Earl Russell [P.].
Dr. Lyall [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Sir E. Belcher [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

* This species may be found even further nortli, as tliere is in the Collection
a specimen labelled "Behring Straits {Capfs. Kcllctf l^- Wood);" but there is
no certainty that the specimen was procured actually in the Straits.

o2

196 PIClDiE.

e' . 9 ad. sk. San Bernardino, Cal., Nov. Wilson Crewdson,

Esq. [P.].
/'. c? ad.sk. San Bernardino Mts., June Salvin-Godman Coll.

{R. B. TLrron).
g'. Ad. sk. California (A. L. Heermami). HensLaw Coll.

[S.-C..].

3. Sphyropicus thyroideus.

Picus tlij'roideus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1851, p. 349 ; Heenn.

Journ. Acad. Philad. 1853, p. 270; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 32 (186(3) ; Qraij, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 52 (1868).
Pilumuus thyroideus, BjJ. Consp. Tolucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 26 (1854).
Picus natalife, Malh. J.f. O. 1854, p. 171.

Centurus nataliie, Beic/ienb. Sca7is. Piciiiee, p. 411, no. 968 (1854).
Colaptes tlijToideus, Eeichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 416, no. 978 (1854).
Melanerpes thyroideus, Cass. III. N. A?ner. B. p. 201, pi. xxxii.

(1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 2.
Picus williamsoni, Neiuberry, P. R. R. Rep. Zool. Cal. 8f Or. Route,

vi. p. 89, pi. xxxiv. fig. 1, c? imm. (1867) ; Sundev. Consj). Av.

Picifi. -p. 32(1866). _
Melanei-pes rubrigularis, Sclat. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858, p. 127

( c? ad.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 2, pi. cxxxi. S ad.
Sphyrapicus williamsoni, Baird, B. N. Ayner. p. 105, pi. xxxiv. fig. 1,

c? (1858) ; Mal/i. Picidcp, i. p. 163, pi. xxxvi. fig. 4, c? ad. (1861) ;

Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 204 ; Cones, Ibis, 1865, p. 162 ;

id. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 54.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 106 (1858) ( $ ) ;

Malh. Picid. i. p. 102, pi. xxxvii. fig. 1 ($) (1861) ; Cas.'^. Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 204 ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 162 ; id. Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 54 ; Pllliot, Neic S,- Unjig. B. K Amer. i.

pi. XXV., 5 $ ad. (1869) ; Hensh. Ann. Lifc. N. York, xi. p. 9

(1874) ; id. U. S. Geogr. Surv. Jf. of 100th Merid. 1875, p. 394;

Ridc/xv. Proc. Esse.v List. 1875, pp. ;]4-38 ; id. U. S. Geol. Expl.

mil Par. pt. iii., Orn. p. 55 (1877) ; id. Proc. V . S. Nat. Mus. 1880,

p. 189 ; Brew, Auk, 1885, p. 17 ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer.

B. p. 215, no. 404 (1886) ; Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 427 ; Llogd, op. cit.

1887, p. 191 ; Ridgw. Ma7i. N. Amer. B. p. 289, no. 404 (1887).
Cladoscopus williamsoni. Cab. i^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 82 (1863).
Cladoscopus thyroideus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 84 (1863).
Melanerpes williamsoni. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1868) ;

id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 201, no. 8820 (1870).
Sphyropicus williamsoni. Coop. Orn. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 394 (1870) ;

B., B., <§• R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 545, pi. Ii. fig. 6,c?ad. (1874).
Sphyropicus thyroideus. Coop. Orn. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 394; Gray,

liand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8618 (1870) ; B., B., Sf R. Hist. N. Amer.

B. ii. p. 547, pi. hi. fig. 6, 2 (1874); Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

1878, p. 429 ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 78, no. 449

(1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 486 (1884) ; Scott, Auk,

1885, p. 174.

Adult male *. Back and scapulars blue-black, with a few stripes
of white on the lower back ; rurap and upper tail-coverts white,

* Owing to the great dissimilarity of the plumage in the sexes, the male was
described as Vims wiUiamsoni, and for some time supposed to be a species
distinct from -S'. thi/roidcus, which was founded on the female.

13. SPHYROPICUS. 197

the latter margined and varied externally with black ; wings and
their coverts black, the outer coverts entirely or with the outer webs
white, and forming a consijicuous patch running parallel with the
edge of the wing ; outer webs of the middle primaries and the inner
webs of all the quills, except the innermost secondaries, spotted with
white ; shafts black ; tail and the shafts black ; head and neck,
chest, and sides of the breast blue-black, with a white stripe from
behind the eye to the side of the nape, and a second white stripe
from the white nasal plumes, which passes under the ear-coverts to
their end ; on the chin and upper part of the throat a longitudinal
spot of bright red ; middle of the breast and abdomen uniform deep
lemon -yellow ; sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
white, the body-feathers with bars and squamate markings of black, the
under tail-coverts varied with black stripes and squamate markings ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having bars and
V-shaped markings of black, the latter bari'ed only : " iris brown "
{A. Forrer). Total length 8"S inches, culmen 1"05, wing 5-.5, tail 3-5,
tarsus 0'9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'57, outer posterior
0'62, inner anterior 0*43, inner posterior 0'3.

A male in plumage not fully mature has the red spot on the chin
and throat less vivid and with a slight orange tinge, and the white
stripe which borders the hind crown and the occiput unites upon the
nape with the corresponding stripe.

The younger male has the spot upon the chin and upper throat white ;
the black of the plumage is almost devoid of gloss, and the middle
of the breast and the abdomen have only a slight lemon -yellow tinge.

Adult female. Back and scapulars barred black and drabby white ;
rump and upper tail-coverts white, some of the latter externally
margined and barred on the outer web with black ; wings and their
coverts brownish black, the coverts spotted and barred with drabby
white, the quills spotted with white on both webs ; shafts nearly
black ; tail black, the central pair of feathers narrowly baiTed with
white upon both webs, the two outer large feathers on either side
with a few spots, more or less transverse, on the apical portion ;
shafts black ; nasal plumes, head, chin, and throat sandy rufous-
brown, darker on the top of the head and on the ear-coverts and
whiter in front of the eye, with a few black stripes on the occiput and
malar region ; the side of the neck, fore neck, and chest less rufous
than the head, the fore neck longitudinally spotted with black,
the side of the neck and the chest barred with black, the latter being
centred by a large black spot, glossed with greenish blue ; breast
and abdomen lemon-yellow, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
drabby white barred with black ; the under tail-coverts dull white,
with black squamate markings ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white barred with black. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 1"05,
wing 5'2, tail 3-05, tarsus 0*9.

The immature female wants the black patch on the chest, this
being entirely barred ; the chin and throat are duller and less rufes-
cent, and the top of the head is dusky brown ; the occiput and nape
arr striped and transversely spotted with black.

198

The young female resembles the latter, but is duller in colour, that
of the chin and throat scarcely differing from the fore neck and chest,
only slightly puler, but without any rufescent tinge ; the black
barring on the underparts is less intense, and the middle of the
breast and the abdomen are white with scarcely a trace of yellow.

Hah. Rocky Mountains, from Laramie Peak south into New
Mexico and Western Texas, and west to the Pacific coast. Also
ranging into Chihuahua, Mexico.

a. 6 ad. ; b. $ Laramie Peak, Upper Missouri Salvin-Godmau Coll.
juv. sk. and Yellowstone, Aug. {F.

V. Ha yd en).

c. S ad. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, Nov. (C. ~

Bendire).

d. (S juv. sk. Warner Mts., Oregon, Aug.

(Henshaw).

e. (f ad. sk. Murphys, Calaveras Co., Califor-

nia (L. Belding).

f. 2 imm. sk. Mt. Whitney, Cal. (Henskau').
ff. c? ad. sk. California.
h, i. (5' 2 ad. sk. Fort Whipple, Arizona, Oct.,

Dec. {E. Coues).
h, I. 2 ad. et Mt. Graham, Arizona, Sept.

imm. sk. (Henshmv).

m. S ad. sk. Gila River, New Mexico, Nov.

( Henshmv) .
Santa F(5 Mts., New Mexico,
July-Sept. (Henshaw). \

Henshaw Coll.

■ [S.-G.].

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

n-u. c? ad. ; v-
y. S imm.; z-
/'. 2 ad. et
imm. sk.

ff'. c? ad. sk.

h'. d ad. sk.

{'. c? ad. sk.

k'. 2 ad. sk.
I'. cJ ad. sk.

m'. (5 ad. sk.

n'. S ad. sk.

Rio Blanco, Colorado, Sept.

( Wheeler).
Fort Garland, Colorado, May

(Henshaw). J

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.]

Pinos Altos, Chihuahua, Mexico,

Dec. (Bucha7i-Hephun}).
Pinos Altos, Dec. ( W. Lloyd).
Jesiis Maria, Chihuahua, Dec.

( W. Lloyd).
Casa Colorado, Chihuahua, Jan.

{W.Lloyd).
Refugio, Chihuahua, Dec. ( W.

LAmjd).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

14. HYPOPICUS,

Type.
Hypopicus, Bj). Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. no. 62 (1854). .H. hyperythrus.
Xylurgus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 50 (1863). .H. hyperythrus.

Eanqe. From Cashmere, through the Himalayan region, to the
Khaaia Hills and Manipur ; southward into Cochin China, and to the
north (probably through Eastern Tibet) as far as Koko-nor and into
North (5hina (neighbourhood of Pekin).

Key to the Species.

A. Underparts rich rufous; the primaries (when
closed'! crossed by five or six white bars ; under

14. FTPOPicus. 199

inaudible yellow ; nasal plumes black ; the
bars on the back and on the thi;^hs narrower.
a' . Top of the head, occiput, and nap^ crimson . . hyperythrus S ad.,
b'. Top of the head, occiput, and nape black, [p. 199.

spotted with white hyperythrus, 5 ad.,

B. Underparts rufous-brown ; the primaries (when [p. 200.

closed) crossed by not more than four white
bars ; under mandible not yellow, and of the
same colour as the upper mandible ; nasal plumes
buff tipped with black ; the bars on the back
and on the thighs broader.
c. Top of the head, occiput, and nape crimson . . poliopsis (^ ad.,
d'. Top of the head, occiput, and nape black, [p. 201.

spotted with white poliopsis 5 ad.,

[p. 201.

1. Hypopicus hyperythrus.

Picus hyperythrus, Viy. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23 ; Gould, Cent. B. Hinial.

Mts. pi. 1. d" $ ad. (1832) ; Blijth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 19G ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 43-5 (1845) ; id. Cat. Mamm. ^c. Nepal pres. Hodys.

1846, p. 115 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849) ; Bp. Cvnsp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 136 (1850) ; Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 368, no. 850,

pi. dcxxxv. hgs. 4224-25, S $ (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 130,

pi. XXX. figs. 4, 5, 6, c? 5 ad., S juv. (1861) ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 30 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8572 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7.
Dendrocopus hyperythrus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85.
Hypopicus hyperythrus, Bp. Comp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 62 (1854) ;

Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus.E. I. Co. ii. p. 675 (1856-58) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. i. p. 276 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mnmm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Hodys.

1863, p. 63 ; Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 69 (1888).
Xylurgus hyperythrus, Cab. i§- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 50 (1863).
? Picus flavirostris*, David, Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 1871, Bull. vii. p. 4.

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black and white ;
upper tail-coverts black ; wings and their coverts black, the latter,
as well as both webs of the quills, spotted with white ; the primaries
(when closed) crossed by five or six white bars ; shafts brownish
black ; tail black, the two outer large feathers ou either side barred
with white on the apical half, the next inner feather spotted with
white near the tip ; shafts black ; nasal plumes black ; base of the
forehead greyi.sh white ; crown, occiput, and nape crimson, this
colour spreading on to the side of the neck, the bases of the feathers
dusky leaden grey, with an occasional small streak or spot of white;
anterior half of face white, the malar region and the chin dusky ;
posterior half of face, the neck (except the hind part), and the
under surface of the body rich rufous, the thighs barred black and
white, and the vent and under tail-coverts scarlet ; under wing-
coverts white barred with black ; axillaries white. Total length 8
inches, culmen I'lo, wing 5, tail 3, tarsus 0*85 ; toes (without

* This Woodpecker was onh' seen (not obtained) at Koko-nor by the Abbe
David, and the name " Pic roux a bee jaune" given by this anther is suggestive
of the bird having been either H. hyperythrus or a new species.

200

claws) — outer anterior 0-53, outer posterior 0-G2, inner anterior U--47,
inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the whole of
the top of the head, occiput, and nape hlack, spotted with white.
Total length 7"7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-65, tail 2-!), tarsus 0-8.

Young. A specimen from the N.W. Himalaj'as (Pinwill), which I
take to be the young of the present species (the only young example
I have seen), differs from the adult male in having the white on the
back partaking more of the character of transverse spots than of
distinct bars ; the red on the head almost confined to the forehead
and crown, and the feathers transversely varied with black, and
without any white spots ; the neck and underparts rather paler and
more dingy rufous ; chest deephj washed ivith scarlet ; the breast-
feathers with a few dusky black spots and concealed black bars ;
the remainder of the underparts having large bar-like spots of
black, and partially concealed white ones ; bill entirely black.

I cannot say whether the scarlet on the chest is a character in
the young, or whether it is abnormal. The young of the allied
species H. poliopsls do not possess it.

Hah. Cashmere and through the Himalayan region to the Khasia
hills and Manipur, and probably northward through Eastern Thibet
to Koko-nor, as the Abbe David observed a Woodpecker at the latter
place answering to the present species. It also ranges into Cochin
China, in which country it was obtained by Dr. Harmand.

a. S ad. ;h,c.'^
ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk.
f,g. c?$ ad.sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
k, I. d2 ad. ;

7n. Juv. sk.
n, o. cJad. ip. 2

ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.
r, s. d" 2 ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
u. c? ad. sk.
?', w. cjad. ;.r-«'.

2 ad. sk.
h',c'.S 2 ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e' ,f . cJad. ; f/pi .
■ 2 ad. ; /'. 2

imm. sk.
k\ I , m . c? ad.

et imm. ; «'.

2 imm. sk.
0 . (^ ad. sk.
y^y'-cJ ad.; ?•',«',

t'. 2 ad. sk.
h' , ?•'. (^ ad. ; >r' .

2 ad. sk.

Cashmere {Dr. Belleic). India Museum.

Koteghur, April 1871. Hume Coll.

Murree. Hume CoU.

Murree {J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll.

Masiu-i. Hume Coll.

Masuri. Pinwill CoU.

Masuri (.S'. Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll.

Middle range of hills north of Masuri. Ilume Coll.

Almorah, Oct. 186G. Hume Coll.

Naiui Tal, April, 18, 1868. Hume Coll.

Bheem Tal, Nov. 10, 1866. Hume Coll.

Nepal. Hodgson Cull.

Nepal (B. H. Hodffson). India Museum.

Nepal, Jan. 1876. Hume Coll.

Native Sikliim, Jan., April (L. Man- Hume Coll.
delli).

Sikhim, April, June {L. Mayidelh). Hume Coll.

Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

Daijeeliug. Tweeddale Coll.

Khasia hills, Oct. 1870 {A. W. Chen- Tweeddale Coll.
ncll).

15. DENDROCOPTJS. 201

x'. 5 ad. sk. Kokshinkoonoo, Maiiipur, April 3, lluuio Coll.

1881 {A. O. H.).
y . (S ad. sk. Tankool lloondoong, Manipur, Mav llume Coll.

20, 1881 {A. O. H.).

2. Hypopicus poliopsis.

Pied Woodpecker, Picus ?, Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 339 ; 1863, p. 96.
Picus byperythrus {non Vig.), Swinh. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 319.
Picus hyperytlnus, var. poliopsis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 268.
Xylurgus subruflnus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 50 (1863).
Pious hypeiythrus, var., Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 31 (1866).
Picus poliopsis, Girn/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1868) ; Sicinh.

P.Z. *'. I870,'p. 440.
Picus subruflnus. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8573 (1870).
Ilvpopicus poliopsis, Swinh. P. Z.S. 1S71, p. 392; David 8f Oust.

'Ois. Chine, p. 51 (1877).

Adult male. Eesembles M. hiiperythrus, but differs in having the
bars on the back broader ; the primaries (-when closed) crossed by
not more than four white bars ; the underparts browner and less
rufous, and in the centre of the chest a spot of red ; the white
interspaces between the black bars on the thighs broader; nasal
plumes buff tipped with black; bill entirely horny black. Total
length 8 inches, culmen 1"1, wing 5*1, tail 2'95, tarsus 0-9 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0"57, outer posterior 0'63, inner
anterior 0'.5, inner posterior 0'3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of the
head, occi]Jut, and nape black spotted with white. Total length
8'5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-1, tail 3'4, tarsus 0'S3.

Young male. Has the top of the head red ; the chin and throat
whiter and striped with dusky ; the sides of the neck, fore neck, and
chest rufcscent white, the feathers partially margined with dusky
black and having blackish bases, the whole having a spotted appear-
ance ; the breast also slightly spotted in a similar manner ; the tips
of the primaries white.

Hah. Northern China (neighbourhood of Pekin).

15. DENDROCOPUS.

Type.

Dendrocopos, Koch, Baier. Zool. i. p. 72 (1816). . . . D. major.

Dryobates, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 977 D. pubesceus.

Dendrodromas, Kavp, Natihi. Syst. p. 136 (1829) . D. leucouotus.
Leuconotopicus, Math. liev. Zool. 1845, p. 373 .... U. stricklandi.
Uvctiopicus, Bp. Consp. J'olucr. Zyyod. no. 29

"(1854) D. mixtus.

Pipripicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 50 (1854). D. leuconotus.
Phrenopicus, Bp. Consp, Volucr. Zygod. no. 34

(1854) I>. borealis.

Piculus, Brehm, Volht. Vogelf. 1855, p. 70 D. minor.

Pyroupicus, Mulh, Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii

(1861; 1). borealis.

202 piciD^.

Dendrotypes, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 46

(18(3.3) D. macii.

Xylocopus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 51

(1863) D. minor.

Threnopipo, Cab. ^- Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 70

(1863) D. borealis.

Uictyopipo, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 74

(1863) D. scalaris.

a. Chin-angle of Dendrocopus major.

b. Wing of Dendrocopus major (reduced).

Range. Almost the entire Palsearctic, Indian, and Nearctic
Regions, reappearing in the Neotropical Region below 20° S. lat.

Key to the Species.

A. Back and rump uniform black or brown.
a' . Witb red on the abdomen, vent, or under
tail-coverts.
a". Sides of the neck crossed by a black
band.
a" . Scapulars white.

a^. The black stripes bordering the
throat and fore neck not uniting on
the chest, or not connected by a
distinct red crescentic patch, oc-
casionally with a small central
chest-spot of red ; the black bars

15 DENDKOCOPTJS.

203

on the lateral tail-feathers nar-
rower than the interspaces.
i^. Innermost secondaries uniform
black. Underparta in the young-
uniform, or slightly striped on
the flanks and thighs.
a". The white spots on the second-
aries small, rounded, and
marginal.
a'. Larger : length 9-5 inches,
wing 5'6 ; underparts vary-
ing from sandy brown to
pm'e white.
a*. Underparts sandy brown
to bnffy white ; lateral
tail-feathei"3 regularly
ban-ed with black.
a^. "With red occipital band . major J ad., p. 212.
6". With no red on occiput . major 5 ad., p. 212.

c^ Ciown red major juv., p. 212.

5*. Underparts pure white;
lateral tail-feathers with
narrow and irregular
bars of black,
rf". With red occipital band . ci'ssa c? ad., p. 214.
e". With no red on occiput., cissa 2 ad., p. 214.
b''. Smaller : length 8'4 inches,
wing 4'8 ; underparts cho-
colate-brown, smoky brown
in young.
c^. With red occipital band .. po-fca^jiiVad., p. 214.
«f. With no red on occiput .. ;ja73«?/w $ ad., p. 214.

e'*. Crown red pwkami juv., p. 215.

b^. The white spots on the second-
aries very large, and ap-
proaching close to the shaft,
and more or less confluent on
the margin ; underparts pure

white. [p. 215.

c''. With red occipital band .... leucopterus c? ad.,
iP. With no red on occiput .... leucoptenis $ ad.,

[p. 215,

e'. Crown red leucoptenis S juv.,

)'. Innermost secondaries spotted [p. 215.

and barred with white ; under-
parts uniform butf or buffy
brown in the adult, and entirely
spotted and striped with black-
ish in the young. [p. 216.

c^. With red occipital band japonicus ^ ad.,

d^. With no red on occiput japonicus J ad.,

[p. 216.

e^ Crown red japonicus juv.,

The black stripes bordering the [p. 216.

throat and fore neck connected on
the chest by a crescentic patch of
red ; the black bars on the lateral

204

tail-featliei's as broad as the inter-
spaces, [p. 217.

c'. With red occipital band tnauritcmus S ad.,

d\ With no red on occiput mauritanus 5 ad.,

C. The black stripes bordering the [p. 217.

throat and fore neck distinctly
unitiug in the middle of the chest
and forming a complete crescentic
band, the tips of most of the black
chest-feathers being red. [p. 218.

e'. "With red occipital band numidicus S ad.,

f\ With no red on occiput numidicus 9 ad.,

g^. Grown red ; frontal band sooty [p. 218.

brown numidicus S juv.,

b'". Scapulars black. _ _ [p. 218.

d^. Underparts varying from bufty white
to brown ; abdomen, as well as
vent and under tail-coverts, red ;
sometimes with red .spot on the
chest ; the crown never red in the
adults. [p. 219.

A'. With red occipital band cabanisi S ad.,

j'. With no red on occiput cabanisi $ ad.,

[p. 219.

/'. Crown red cabanisi ]\i\., p. 219.

f . Underparts fulvescent brown, the
vent and under tail-coverts (only)
red ; never with a red spot on the
chest ; the top of the head red in
the adult male as well as in the
young. [p. 220.

k^. Crown and occiput red himalai/ensis (S ad.,

P. With no red on the head himalayejisis J ad.,

m\ Crown (only) red ; underparts [p. 220.

slightly striated himalayensis tS juv.,

b". Sides of the neck not crossed by a black [p. 220.

band.
c'". Underparts striated with black,
y. With no black patch on the chest.
m\ Larger : length 8-65 inches, wing

5-1 ; with no red on the chest. _ [p. 222.

/". W^ith red occipital baud darjilensis c? ad.,

«". With no red on occiput darjilensis 2 ad.,

[p. 222.

A". Crown red darjilensis ]\\y .,

o\ Smaller : length 6-55 inches, wing [p. 222.

3'87 ; with red on the chest.
i^. The red on the chest contined to
a small spot ; the sexes dis-
similar, [p. 223.
f\ W^ith red occipital band .... cathpharius J" ad.,
g'. With no red on occiput .... cathpharius 5 ad.,
j". With conspicuous and intense [p. 223.
red gorget ; sexes similar, in
both having a red occipital
band*.

Fidr Iluiiie.

15. DEXDKOcorus. 205

K'. The chest covered with hroad

striations pyn-lmthora.r (S ad.,

f. The striatious on the chest [p. 224.

and breast fewer and nar-
rower, and more conKut-d

to the sides pi/n-fiof/iorax 2 ad.,

</\ With large black patch on the chest, Lp. 2i'4.

and a very conspicuous crescentic
spot of crimson.

p^. AN'ith red occipital band pernyi (S ad., p. 225.

(f. With no red on occiput pernyi § ad., p. 225.

d'" . Underparts uniform.

h^. The black stripes bordering the
throat and fore neck almost uniting
on the chest ; lateral tail-feathers
black, narrowly barred with white.

?•'. With red occipital liaud syriacus c^ a.d., p. 226.

s^. With no red on occiput syriacus^&d., p. 226.

t'\ Grown red ; underparts duller and

with red spot on the chest .... syriacin juv., p. 226.
i*. The black stripes bordering the throat
and fore neck not e.Ytending on to
the chest ; lateral tail-feathers
white barred with black. [p. 227.

w'. Crown and occiput red scindeanus S ad.,

i>°. With no red on the head scindemius J ad.,

b'. With no red on the underparts ; above [p. 227.

brown. [p. 229.

c". With red occipital band avizona cS ad.,

d" . With no red on the head avizonee $ ad.,

[p. 229.

e" . Grown red arizonee (^ 2 juv.,

B. Back with a broad median stripe of white or [p. 229.

brownish white.
c'. None of the tail-feathers barred.
/". Larger: length 11 to 8 inches, wing 5'40
to 4-40.
e'". Wing-coverts and all the quills pro-
fusely spotted with white.
J^. Lores partly or entirely black, thus
separating the white superciliary
stripe from the light nasal plumes ;
underparts pure white.

tv'. With red occipital band villosus (S ad., p. 232.

x^. With no red on occiput villosus J ad., p. 2.32.

y"". Crown orange or reddish villosus (^inv., p. 2."-!2.

A;'. Lores partly or entirely white, thus
uniting the white superciliary
stripe with the light nasal plumes ;
underparts ashy, the sides mottled
and striped with black ; the white
feathers of the back with black
shaft-lines. [p. 2.'34.

2"'. With red occipital band maynardi ^ ad.,

aa'. With no red on occiput 7miy7iardi J ad.,

/'". Wing-coverts uniform or sometimes [p. 234.

sparingly spotted ; with fewer and

206 PICID.E.

smaller spots on the quills, some-
times none on the outer webs of the
secondaries ; underparts smoky
white.

IK With red occipital hand harrisi S ad., p. 2.35.

viK With no red on occiput /uirrisi J ad., p. 2;35.

tiK Crown orange-red harrisi juv., p. 235.

(/". Smaller : length 7-5 inches, wing 4-35 ;
underparts dark brown ; the median
stripe on the back brownish white;
wing-coverts unspotted ; with small
spots on the quills and few or none on
the outer webs of the secondaries.

ff'". With red occipital band jnrdinii S ail-, P- 237.

/*'". With no red on occiput jardinii J ad., p. 2.'57.

i'". Crown more or less red Jardinii inv., p. 237.

d'. Lateral tail-feathers barred.

h". Wing-coverts profusely spotted ; under-
parts pure white. [p. 240.

/". With red occipital band puhescens S ad.,

A-'". With no red on occiput ■pubescens $ ad.,

[p. 240.

I'". Crown red pubescens c? Juv.,

i". Wing-coverts uniform or with very few [p. 240.

spots ; underx)arts smoky white. [p. 242.

m'". With red occipital band yairdneri S ad.,

n'". With no red on occiput yairdneri $ ad.,

o". Crown more or less red, and spotted [p. 242.

with dull white yairdneri 5 juv.,

C. Back and rump barred with white. [p. 242.

e' . With no red on underparts.
/'. Central tail-feathers uniform.
p'". With black aiuricular stripe.

o^. Auricular stripe extending to the
occiput and cutting off the white
superciliary stripe from the white
on the side of the neck ; chin and
throat striped. [p. 244.

hb\ With red occipital band stricklandi (^ ad.,

cc\ With no red on occiput stricklandi 5 ad.,

[p. 244.

dd'. Crown red stricklandi S juv.,

J9^ Auricular stripe more or less dis- [p. 244.

tinctly uniting on the side of the
neck with the malar stripe ; chin
and throat uniform.
ee^. Nasal plumes black ; white super-
ciliary stripe cut oft" from the
white at base of bill by a black
band ; underparts white or
slightly smoky ; top of the head
more or less striped with white.

k\ With red occipital band nnttalli S ad., p. 245.

Z". With no red on occiput niMulli 5 ad., p. 245.

m". Crown-feathers tipped with red nuttalli(S]\-\y; P- 245.
ff'\ Nasal plumes brownish white,
and together with the white

1-5. DENDROCOPUS. 207

lores uniting with the white
superciliary stripe; underparts
sandy brown.
Tf'. Outer tail-feathers entirely bar-
red with black.
J \ Top of the head and occiput
red, spotted with white

/^ . lop of the head and occiput ^'

black . . ; • ^ 1

06 Thp f livoa 1 scalaris 5 ad., i). 247.

o . iue three large outer tail-

feathers uniform white on
three-fourths or sometimes
the whole of the outer webs.
I . i rimary-covei'ts spotted with
white; bill long and slen-
der, width at base 028
inch, depth (lateral view)
0^2 ; tail longer, length 2-G.
.r. Top of the head and occiput
red, spotted with white
anteriorlv i

fr< Tr,T, ^f +1 „ 1, ■ J ■ '■, .• • • lucasanus ^ ad.,

■ black ^""^ °'"P"' [P- 250.

-^. Pn:naiy co;;;ts- " ' unifonn '"'''^'^"" ^ ""b 050
black ; bill short and stout ^P- 250.

width at base 0-3G, depth
(lateral view) 0-4; tail
shorter, length 2-25.
h"". Top of the head and occiput
red, spotted with white
anteriorlv ,„ • . ,

..Top^c^lieLa^lando^ipui ^' ^^^^'^^ ^ ^^P- 250.

?'". With no auricular stripe! graysoni $ ad

qK Ear-coverts pure white like the sides ^P" ^^^•

ot the face and neck; underparts
pure white, spotted on the sides
with black.
(j<f. With red stripe on the side of

M^'- With£SstVipeonih;Videof ^'''■^«'^'*- ^ ^d., p.251.

vK Eai-colwtebiwn; ni^re orkis pale ^'''''^'' ^ ''^•' P' ~^^-
u\ Malar stripe branching out behind
ear-coverts, but not joining the
occiput.
ifi. The_ primaries (with closed
wing) crossed by five white
bars.
if. Underparts varying from
smolvy white to sandy
brown and clearly striated
with black on the sides-
the under tail-coverts spot-
ted ; the black barring on
the lower back and rumn
distinct. ^

208

p. Crown red minor S ad., p. 254.

kr. With no I'ed on the crown,
the forehead and g-reater

part of crown white .... mmor 5 ad., p. 2.54.
v". Underparts pure white, and
together with the under
tail-coTerts almost devoid
of stripe or spot ; the hlack
barring on the lower back
and rump more obsolete.

l"^. Crown crimson pipra (S ad., p. 256.

wj'*. With no red on the head,
the forehead and greater

part of the crown white . pijua $ ad., p. 250.
y^. The primaries (with closed
wing') crossed bv foui- white
bars. ' [p. 256.

p^. AVith red on crown quadrifasciatvis S ad.,

q'. With no red on crown quadrifasciatus $ ad.,

jj\ Malar stripe branching out behind [p. 256.

the eai'-co verts and joining the
black of the occiput.

?•^ Crown red dnnfordic^ ad., p. 256

s"^. AVith no red on the crown, the
forehead and greater part of

the crown buffy white dcuifordi $ ad., p. 257.

k". Central tail-feathers as well as the
lateral ones all barred.
;•'". Larger : length 6'2o inches, wing
3'47 ; plumage black (or slightly
brownish) and white.
sK Central tail-feathers crossed by live
transverse narrow white bars;
white striatious on the top of the
head, in male, hair-like ; under-
parts broadly striped with black.

Jck''. With red occipital baud Ugnarius (S ad.,

II'. AVith no red on the head, the [p. 258.

crown and occiput black Ik/iiarius J ad.,

mm^. Feathers of the forehead and [p. 258.

crown tijiped with orange-red . licpiariux juv., p. 258.
i\ Central tail-feathers crossed by seven
oblique black bars ; the white
striations on the top of the head
drop-like ; underparts fiJvescent,
and the markings on the chest and
breast more spotted in character.
WW'. The sides of the occiput red, but
this colour not forming a dis-
tinct band ; forehead and crown

striped with white mivtiis cJ ad., p. 259.

or/. AVith no red on the head, the top
of the head and the occiput
brown, the forehead with a

few whitish shaft-streaks .... viutus 5 ad., p. 259.
s'". Smaller: length 57 inches, wing 3'4,
tail 1"62 ; central tail-feathers crossed

15. DENDROCOPUS, 2W

by fi^■e black bars ; undevpai-ts not
fulvescent and havinp- minute dusky-
spots more or less longitudinal.
uK Entire top of the head uniform [p. 200.

umber-brown cancellatus $ ad.,

v\ Top of the head striped with white; (p. 200.

occiput (only) red cancellatus c? ad.,

^c\ Top of the head red camellatm juv.,

/'. With more or less red on the underparts or [p. 200.

under tail-coverts.
I", lied on underparts confined to the vent
and under tail-coverts ; malar stripe
entirely black ; ear-coverts only slightly

t'" . Sides of the face and neck, chin,
thro.it, and fore neck uniform buff ;
underparts faintly striated on the
breast and barred on the thighs
with black.

x\ Crown aud occiput red vincu (S ad., p. 201.

?/'. Crown and occiput black macii $ ad., p. 261.

u" . Sides of the face and neck pure white ;
underparts rich fulvescent, aud
these as well a^ the fore neck closelv
striped with deep black.

s^. Crown and occiput red afrafus cT ad., p. 26:3.

aaK Crown and occiput black atratus $ ad., p. 20.3.

m" . Red on the underparts extending on to
the lower part of the abdomen ; ante-
rior portion of the malar stripe and
the ear-coverts umber-brown ; top of
the head olive-brown; forehead and
crown uniform in the adult, spotted
in the young.
v'" . Occipital feathers golden yellow, tipped

^"ith red b) uaneifrons S ad.,

w" . AVith no red on the dull yellow occi- ["p. 204.

pital feathers ' hrunneifrons $ ad.,

.r'". Forehead and crown spotted with [p. 26-3.

dull yellowish ; feathers of hind
part of crown tipped with red .... hrunneifrons j uv.,
n". Red on the underparts confined to the [p. 205.

under tail-coverts.
y'". Ground-colour of underparts bufFy
white ; black spots on chest very
small ; bases of red feathers on the
head in the male dusky black ; red
on under tail-coverts faint.

bb^. Crown and occiput red analis (^ ad., p. 200.

cc\ Crown aud occiput black a/iolis 5 ad., p. 207.

z". Ground-colour of underparts below
the chest fulvescent dusky; black
spots on chest \ ery large ; bases of
red crown-feathers in male leaden
grey; under tail-coverts bright red. [p. 207.

dd^. Crown aud occiput red andamancnsis cj" ad.,

eeK Crown and occiput black andamanemis $ ad.,

[p. 208.

VOL. XVIU. p

210 piciD^.

D. Lower part of tlie back uniform white, the
upper back uniform black.
//'. Face, neck, and underparts anteriorly white ;
ear-coverts only sligfitly darker,
o". With less white on lower back, scapu-
lars, wing-coverts, and innennost
secondaries, upon the latter forming'
spots or bars ; striations on underparts
broader ; lateral tail-feathers more
distinctly barred. [p. 269.

aa" . Crown and occiput red leucunotus c^ ad.,

hb'" . Crown and occiput black leuconotus $ ad.,

[p. 270.

cc". Crown reddish orange leuconotus cj" juv.,

p" . With the whitemarkings more developed, [p. 270.

the white on the innermost secondaries
occupying the apical half of the
feather; striations below narrower;
lateral tail-feathers less barred, the
outer webs imiforni or ouly slightly
spotted.

diV". Crown and occiput red cirris (S ad., p. 271.

ee'". Crown and occiput black cirris 5 ad., p. 271.

h' . Face, neck, and underparts auteriorlj' clear
pale buff ; ear-coverts pale umber-brown ;
■white of lower back tinged with buff;
striations below very broad ; under tail-
coverts with dusky brown shaft-stripes.

q" . Crown and occiput red subcirris (} -a^., p. 271.

r". Crown and occiput black subcirris 2 ad., p. 272.

s". Crown orange-red subcirris S]vtv.,

E. The white of the lower back barred with [p. 272.

black ; upper back imiform black.
i . Larger : length 10'5 inches, wing 5'8 ;
ground-colour of underparts anteriorly
white ; median and greater wing-coverts
with large spots of white.

t" , Crown and occiput red lilfurdi J ad., p. 272.

m". Crown and occiput black lilfordi $ ad., p. 272.

f. Smaller: length 9 inches, wing 5'2o to 5'73.

v" . CTrouud-colour of underparts strongly

fuiyescent anteriorly ; wing-coverts

uniform black, or only slightly spotted.

ff". With less black on the sides of the

chest and breast, and more white

on lower back ; no red on the chest.

ffK Crown and occiput red insuIaris(Sa.i., p. 27o.

gy^. Crown and occiput black itisularis J ad., p. 273.

hk^. Crown orange-red insularis J juv.,

!/</'"• With more black on the sides of the [p. 273.

chest and breast, and less white on
lowe back ,with red on the chest ;
crown and occiput red namiyeicSad., p. 273.

15. DENDROCOPTTS. g, -j

1. Dendrocopus major.

Taschenb. i p. 121 (18 0 • S^f r?' f ^^^^'\^ ^'y"' ^ ^^''^^f,

(18^7) ; 'Less. T^i ^ ^^^^ SS^V/^ l' '^ -^
P . xxxyni. iig.. 3 (183.3/; ^V.;. Nat J^'J^f'-ji; " P" '^/g|
U'S.j4); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr n liOMS-^i^V rr^z,' P- ^'^^
Ifo^l.-Tanl Hist. Nat. L Co ;f \ 'Si^asld ilf ''/''■'^•
Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 148 & xUv nsim- ^t- '/^"^^l,' ^''^*'- <5-

p. 89 (1842) ; Schley. rI,, cwfp.^f a8l4) 'V rVS/" ''K'''
Griechenl. -n. .30 a844i- r',-^,., r^ "-„ ..-^' '^:„'*- ^»-uhle, Orn.

-1.. .. p. i3i ,1800), ji„cfc„i. £„ri?-;f,i' ,^i„?°",?;- fi?-

|;/.«/Y/^.-Z«^jo««;rt. i^ic/^. Orn. p. 330 (1859^- nl^ ir 'L''^'"'^-
Fool ^^ ')79('ica;oi 7- ■ 7 tV ,r "^ °"'^/' ' 'J^^ ^i I'laht, Ftnl

Mas. p. 32 (1868); i?..^;,. r^e^/ l;.zJ 2^ p ^8 Hslnf
Gray, Hand-l. Z?. ii. p. 181, no. 8541 (1870^ • D J', p ^^^^^^ ^

^Ti;'- '//-^/■•«^^- Forhandl.1882, i. p. 31 ■ 'i?;},,;, J 7 ^ V2'''^
p. 337; Martor. Ucc. Sard u 2'^n«8i^ -7? ^'^""'^"f-f- 0. 1882
7"/>, TT./i ., If 7 • -,-,' "■ Uoo-i) liussow. Arch Nafi/rl-

Liv- E»th. u. Karl. ix. p. IIG (1884) ; Hadde, Orn. (hucXm.,

p2

212 riciD.Ti.

pi. xix. fi?. 1 (1884) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. n. y. .354 (1884) ; Ch(qmi.

Ibis, 1885, p. 172; Gigl. Avif. Ital. ]>. i'OO (1880); Tacz. P. Z. S.

1888, p. 4G6.
Dendrocopos major, Koch, Si/st. haier. Zool. i. p. 72 (181G).
Drvobates major, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 320 ; Grai/, List Gen. B. 1855,

p. 91 : Gi;/I. Ibis, 1805, p. 58.
Picu8 pinetorum, )

Picus pitvopicusjf i?/-e^»?, J'off. Deufschl. \i]). 187-189 (1831); id.
Picus frond i urn, T Toffelf. p. 09 (1855).

Picus montanus, )
l)endrocoi)U8 major, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 ; J(ird. Nat. Lib.

X. p. 351 (1839) ; Cob. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 32 ( 1803) ; Irby,

Ibis, 1883, p. 178 ; B. O. U. List, 1883, p. 77; Clarke, Ibis, 1884,

p. 144 ; Saund. t. c. p. 379; Whiteh. op. cit. 1885, p. 28; More,

List Irish Bds. p. 16 (1885) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 304; Eeid, op.

cit. 1888, p. 74.
Picus pipra [non Pall), Macrjill. Brit. B. iii. p. 80 (1840).
Picus brevirostris, Reichcnb. Scans. Picince, p. 305, sub uo. 842, pi.

dcxxxiii. fig. 4212 (1854).
Picus leucorum, I j^^,^j^ ^ jj^_ gg ^^^-^.^_
Pious sordidus, j > ./ ./ i v

Picus numidicus {non Malh.), BoUe, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 320 *.

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform blue-
black ; scapvilars slightly smoky white ; wings and their coverts
black, the innermost of the median and of the greater series of tho
latter white, the quills (except the innermost which are uniform)
spotted Avith white on both webs, the spots on the primaries, when
the wing is closed, forming five bars ; shafts black ; the four cen-
tral tail-feathers uiiiform black, the nest feather black spotted with
white on the apical portion, the two outer large feathers on either
side black at the base, the apical half white barred with black ;
shafts of the same colour as the surrounding web ; nasal plumes
black ; frontal band drabby brown ; crown, nape, and hind neck blue-
black, the occiput red ; sides of the face and neck white, the latter
brownish, abroad black malar stripe extending on to the side of the
chest, and a branch from it joining the nape ; from the chin to the
breast (both inclusive) uniform drabby brown ; the abdomen, vent,
and under tail-coverts as well as the thighs crimson, the short tibial
plumes of the same colour as the underparts ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the lower series of the former spotted with
dusky black. Total length 10 inches, culmen I'l, wing 5-5, tail 3"7,
tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior
0'65, inner anterior 0-45, inner jjosterior 0-3.

Adult female. "Wants the red occipital band, but in other respects
resembles the adult male. Total length 9*5 inches, culmen l-l,
■\ving 5"6, tail 3'6, tarsus 1.

Young. Maybe known from the adult by their red crowns; the
scapulars are striped and transversely varied with dusky or black ;

* The Canary Islands species, which is B. major.

15. DENDROCOPUS,

213

Ihe nrlTft-*^""?' 'f.^ '\' ^^"^^ "^'^ ^^^^'h^ striped with dusky;
me primaries tipped with white. ^ '

to a 'httll aZ?°no ^"1"'.' '^' T^°^° °^ ^'""'^1''-^' '^^'^'^' i" I^^Pl^"^
fn f].; i '.^- '^•>*-' ''"^ '■''^""'^^ through Southern Siberia

to the Amour and into Corea. Pound also in the Canaries* la
Asia Minor occurring south to Smyrna.

«. Juv. sk. England.

6. 5 ad. sk. , \\-iltshire.

c. Ad. St. Cookhani (Briffffs).

d. d ad. etjuv. Heiidon, Middlesex.

Hampstead, Middlesex.

Essex.

Xorfolk.

e. c? ad. sk.
/,!/■ d2 ad. sk.
f', I. d 2 ad. ; k

I, m. Juv. St.
n. Ad. St.

. 2 ad. sk.
. Ad.sk.

d ad. sk.

2 ad. sk.

2 ad. sk.

cj juv. sk,
, d ad. ; v.
juv. sk.
< X. d ad. sk.

y- 2 ad. sk

d

■; «'. Jut. et pull. Belgium.

Leicestershii'e.

Sweden.

Sweden.

Stockholm, Xov.

Wermland, Jan. 1872.

Russia.

X. Russia.

Archangel, Sept., Dec.

Carlesruhe, Jan. 1871 fi?

G. ir.n.).

Leiden {Keulemans).

b'. d ad. sk.
c'. d ad. sk.
d'. d ad. sk.
e'. d ad. sk.
/'. d ad. sk.
y', h', i'. 5 ad. sk.

k'. d ad. sk.
I', '11. d 2 ad.sk.

n'. 2 ad. sk.

o. d ad. sk.

p'. 2 ad. sk.

q'. 2 ad. sk.

'•', s. d 2 ad. sk.

t', u'. Skulls.

v', w', a'. Skulls.

Transylvania, May 1874.
Constantinople (7'. lioltsoii).
Tm'key, March {T. liobson).
Turkey, Oct. (T. Euhson).
Tm-key, April (T. Hobsoti).
Asia Minor, Feb., Aj)ril

(T. liobson).
Asia Minor, Jan. (T. Robson).
Smyrnn, Asia Minor (Dr.

Kriiper).
Sardinia, April (^4. B.

Brooke).
Oporto, Portugal, Feh. {J.

J. Forrester).
Sierra XeTada,iSpain, April

{H. Saunders).
Pulveiilla, Gibraltar, March.
Villa Flora, Teneride, May

1871 (F. D. Godman).
S, Gemiiinv.

Gould Coll.
Montagu Coll.
11. B. .Shai-jie, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Lord Walsingham [P.].

Theodore Walker, Esq.
[P.]. ^

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Mr. Meves [C.].
Mr. Meves [C.J.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Brussels Mus.

C. G. Danford, Esq. [C.l.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

R. B. Shai-pe, Esq. [P.].

Gould Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Colonel Irby [P.l.
Salvin-Goduiau Coll.

Br. Giinther.
Old Collection.

inl^u/abo occur!'"" ''"' ""^"'^ " '""^ '^"''^ '^'''''' ^''' '^--P'^^ '>g'^f«^-

214

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus cissa.

Picus cissa, Pall. Zoogr. liosso-Asiaf. i. p. 412 (1831) ; Seeb. Ibis,
1882, p. 423. ^, ,^

Picus major (pt.), Beichenb. Scans. Pinncs, p. 364, no. 842 (18o4) ;
Malh. P««^<», i. p. 56 (18G1); Sundev. C'onsp. Av. Picin. p. 21

(I860)- , -,.

Picus niaior {non Linn.), Middend. Sib. Peise, Zool. p. 132 (1851) ;

Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 239 ; Finsch, Verhandl. k. k.

zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1879, p. 227 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.

1882, p. 395.
Picus ruaior kamtscliaticus, Byb. 8f Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883,

pp. 146, 157 ; Di/b. f. c. p. 368.
Dendrocopus purus, Sfcfn. Auk, 1884, p. 35.
Dryobates purus, Sfepi. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29 (1885), pp.

230, 342.

Adult male. Kesembles D. major, but may be distinguished by its
having the under surface of the body jMo-e white, and also in having
a oreater amount of white on the lateral tail-feathers, the black bars
being narrower. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-22, wing 5-7,
tail 3-6, tarsus 1-03 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-57,
outer posterior 0-67, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
crimson occipital baud, the occiput being black, like the crown.
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-5, tail 3-55, tarsus 1.

Hah. Across Siberia, north of the Altai range to 60"^ lat. East
into Kamtschatka and Behring Island *.

Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus pcelzami.

Picus pcelzami, i?oc/f/. B. Cauc, Trans. Soc. Kazan, viii. 4. p. 121
(1879), in Piuss'ian ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 23 ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 310, pi. XX., S ? ad. (1884) ; Dres.m; Ibis, 1889, p. 91.
Picus major ])oelzami, Seeb. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 409.
Picus major (wow Linn.), Lorenz, Orn. Faun. Kaukasus, p. 44
(1387).
Adult mcde. Eesembles J), major, but is very much smaller and
has the under surface of the body very dark brown, inclining to
chocolate; the white patch on the wing-coverts is considerably less,
owing to fewer of the inner coverts being white. Total length 8-5
inches, culmen 1-25, wing 4-97, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-52, outer posterior 0'6, inner anterior 0-48,
inner posterior 0'3.

Adidt femcde. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red

■» Tho e.\act limits of the range of this species cannot be accurately given.
They appear to be very much the same as those ofD. -pip''"-

15. nEm)Rocoptrs.

215

occipital band. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-63,
tail 3-15, tarsus 0'88.

Younrj. Differ from the adult of both sexes iu having the crown
crimson, the red occipital band characteristic of the adult male is
wanting and replaced by black ; the general colour above of a sooty
black, without any blue gloss ; forehead dusky brown ; a dusky
stripe behind the eye, and including the upper half of the ear-coverts ;
sides of the face and neck smoky white ; under surface of the body
smoky brown, the sides of tlie body, flanks, and thighs having faint
dusky striations : vent and under tail-coverts brick-red.

Hah. Caucasus.

a. $ ad. sk. Lenkoran, December. Henry Seehohm, Esq. [P.].

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus leucopterus.

Picus (Dendrocopus) leucopterus, Salrad. Atti R. Ace. Sc. Tov. vi.

p. 129 (1870-71).
Picus cabanisi {non Malh.), Severtx. Trans. Imp. Soc. Nat. Hist.

viii. pt. 2, p. 68 (1873).
Picus leptorhvnclius, var. leucoptera, Severtz. His, 1875, p. 488 ; id.

Str. F. 1875, p. 430.
Picus leptorhynchus, Severtz. Str. F. 1875, p. 430 ; id. His, 1875,

pp. 487-491 ; Dresser, op. cit. 1876, p. 320 ; Menzh. op. cit. 1885,

p. 357.
Picus leucopterus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 219 ; Scully, op. cit. 1876,

p. 134 ; Dress. His, 1889, p. 91.
Picus syriacus leucopterus, Seeb. His, 1882, p. 423.

Adult male. Differs from D. major in having the frontal band,
sides of the face and neck, and the under surface of the body pure
white, the red extending much higher up and on to the lower breast ;
the scapulars pure white, and the quills crossed by very broad bars
of white, the innermost secondaries having large spots of white not
reaching to the shaft and confluent on the margin. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1-27, wing 4-95, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-87 ; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0-63, inner anterior
0'5, inner posterior 0-3.

Young male. " Has the crown red " (Severtzoff).

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like
the adult male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-12, wing 4*95,
tail 3"4o, tarsus 0-85.

Hab. Turkestan and AVestern Mongolia (Lob Nor).

a. 2 ad. sk. Turkestan, Jau. 18G9 (Dr. Tweeddale Coll.

Severtzov),

b. S ad. sk. Kokand, March 14, 1869 Tweeddale Coll.

{Dr. Severtzov).

c. cJ ad. sk. Maralbashi, E. Turke.stau, Hume Coll.

Jau. 1874 {J. Biddulph).

d. S ad. sk. Maralbashi, Jau. 1874 [J. Tweeddale Coll.

Biddulph).

e. S ad. sk. Yarkand, Nov. 28, 1874 (J. Tweeddale Coll.

Biddulph).

216 piciDji;,

f. ? ad. sk. Oi To<?rah, Nov. ?., 1874 Tweecldale Coll.

(./. Bid(lulph).
r/,k. cJ 5 ad. Khoteii. Rev. H. Lansdell

sk. [C.J.

2, Dendrocopus japonicus.

Picus major {non Linn.), Blakist. Ihis, 18G2, p. 325 ; Whiteli/, op. cit.

1867, p. 195; Siui7ih. op. cit. 1875, p. 451; Blahht. cf Prijer,

op. cit. 1878, p. '228 ; Seeh. op. cit. 1879, p. 29 ; Blakid. 1^- Fryer,

Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 207, 1882, p. 132.
Picas japonicus, Seeh. Ibis, 1882, p. 24.
Picus major japouicus, Blakist. Chrysanth. 1883, pp. 28, 77, no 1G7 ;

Jow/, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 307; Blakist. Amend. List

B. Jap. pp. 13, 44 (1884).
Prvobates gouldii (wow Malh.), Stejneijer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886,

p. 112.

Adult male. Resembles D. major, but differs in having the under
surface of the bodj- and the frontal band more of a buff colour ; the
apical half of the lateral tail-feathers is also of a pale buff and the
black bars are narrower ; the scapulars have more black at the
base, and the innermost of the secondaries are spotted with white ;
the dimensions are also less. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-2,
■wing 5'3, tail 3"3, tarsus 0-95 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0"55, outer posterior 0-G5, inner anterior 0*47, inner posterior 0*3.

The points of distinction between the adults of this species and
those of D. major may appear trifling, but that they are not the
same is clearly proved by the young of the two species being totally
different.

Adult female. Wants the red occipital band, but is otherwise like
the adult male. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-15,
tail 3-25, tarsus 0-93.

Young. Differ from tlie adult of both sexes in having the crown
red, the light portion of the plumage less pure, the chin, throat,
and fore neck thinly covered with dusky spots, the under surface of
the body (except the middle of the breast and abdomen) smoky
brown, the sides of the chest and breast striped, the remainder
■with dusky blackish transverse markings ; the vent and under tail-
coverts of a pale washed-out red, the tips of the primaries white.

Bab. The Main Island of Japan, Yezo, and the Kuriles.

a,b.S2 f-d. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Japan. C. Maries, Esq. [P.].

d. 2ad.sk. Yezo, Japan ( a i)/c If «w)- Tweeddale Coll.

e. S ad.; /. 2 Hakodadi, Japan, Oct. Nov. Mr. 11. Whitely [C.].
imm. sk.

g, h. <S 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov., Dec. (//. Gould Coll.

Whitely).
i. 6 ad. sk. Hakodadi. Sir 0. St. John [C.].

3. Dendrocopus mauritanus.
Picus mauritanus s. Picus lunatus, BreJtm, Naum. 1855, p. 274.
Picus numidicus {non Mcdh.), lieichenh. Scans. Bicince, p. 366,

15. DENDEOCOrUS. 217

no. 844 pi. dcxxxiii. figs. 4213-14, c? $ (18-54), Ilab. partly;
lyrw.-JJrake, Ibi-s 18G7, p. 425; Irhy, Oni. 8tr. Gibr. v 71
(1875); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 343. ^

Picus niimidicus (partimj, Sunder. Con.«p. Av. Picin p ''2 (1886) •
S/iarjje .^ Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 33 (1871). v ^ '

Adult male. Resembles D. niimidicus, but may be distinguished
by the black stripes which border the throat and fore neck and
extend on to the sides of the chest, not uniting- or forming a com-
plete crcscentic band, tlie central chest-feathers being of the same
Cdkiur as the under surface of the body, but tijjpcd with scarlet; a
few of the black feathers on the chest' have their tips buff'y white
washed with scarlet, but tlie latter colour is confined (on the chest )
to the buflfy-white feathers or portions of the feathers and does not
spread on to the black as is the case in D. nnmidicus, the latter
species having a broad and complete crescentic band of black across
the chest, the feathers composing it being conspicuously tipped with
crimson. In D. mauritanus the lateral tail-feathers are much
more broadly and distinctly barred with black; the bill and legs
arc also less powerful. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen l-I, wing
4-7, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-8 : toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-4(3',
outer posterior 0-55, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0-28.

Adtdt female . Difl'ers from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band. Total length 7-8 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-05,
tail 3, tarsus O'S.
I/ah. Morocco.

(i,b. S 2 ad- sk. Tangiers. Colonel Ivbv [P.l.

c. 5 imm. sk. Morocco. Tweeddale Coll.

4. Dendrocopus numidicus.

Pious numidus, 3Ial/i. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1842, p. 242 ; id. Faun.

Orn. Sicil. 1843, p. 144; Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845).
Picus (LeucoDotopicus) numidicus, Malh. Bev. Zool. lS-^5, p. 375;

id. Cat. liais. d'Ois. d'Alt/er. p. 15 (184G).

Picus numidicus, Malk. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49
„ Qo-7 . r< /-<„„ r> x:: ^.„ _ • /i,,./^> r. A ^ '

1859, pp. 157, 159; *'«/i'. t. c. p. 315; Tristr. op. cit. 18fi0, p. 373;
Math. Picidce, i. p. G5, pi. xviii. figs. 1-3 S $ ad., c? I'uv. (1861),
Ilab. partly; Altum*, J. f. O. 1862, p. 382 ; Loche, B.ipl. Sci.
Ahjer., Ois.'ix. p. 79, pi. ix. figs. \S ad., 1« ]uv. (1867) ; Gray, List
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8547
(1870) ; Sharpe S^ Dresser, B. Eur. r. p. 33, pi. cclxxvi. c? $ ad.
& jxiv. (1871).

Dendiocopus numidicus (pt.). Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv p 34
(1863).

Picus numidicus (partim), Smidev. Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1866).

* Eecorded from CElde, Miinsier, Germany. A very improbable locality for
this African species.

218 piciD^.

Adult male. Differs from D. major in the black stripes which
border the throat and chest uniting upon the latter and forming a
broad gorget, the ti[)s of the feathers of the latter being crimson ;
the exposed white spots on the primaries (when the wing is closed)
forming four bars. Total Icngtli 8'5 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 4'9,
tail 3"2, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'63, outer
posterior 0"75, inner anterior 0'52, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5, tail
3-2, tarsus 0-85.

Youug male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the
whole of the crown crimson, the tips of the feathers being of this
colour, the bases dark leaden grcj', and a median spot of black ;
frontal band very dark smoky brown ; space behind the eye, also
the upper oar-coverts, dusky brown ; the black portion of the plumage
of a sooty colour and not blue-black ; the underparts whiter, and
having (in addition to the black and red chest-band) a few blackish
stripes on tho sides of the breast ; under tail-coverts pale scarlet,
this colour not spreading on to the vent, abdomen, or thighs.

Hah. Algeria.

a. $ ad. St. Algiers. Purchased.

b. (5' ad.; c. S Algeria. Purchased,
juv. sk.

d. S ad. sk. Algeria, April 1857 [H. B. Tris- Tweeddalo Coll.

tram).

e. 2 ad.sk. Djebel Dekma, Prov. of Constan- Sahiu-God man Cull.

tine, Algeria, April (O. Salvin).

f. Sternum. Algeria.

5. Dendrocopus cabanisi.

Picus cabanisi, Malh. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 172 ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod.

p. 8, no. 58 (1854) ; Eeichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 365, no. 843,

pi. dclxxix. figs. 4487-88, c? 6 (1854) ; Gould. B. Asia, vi. pi. xvii.

S $ ad. (1857) ; Malh. Picicla, i. p. 60, pi. xvii. figs. 1-2, S ?

(1861) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 267 ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 22

(1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 181, no. 8544 (1870) ; Styan, Ibis, 1887, p. 229.j
Picus luciani, Malh. in Mus. Paris; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8,

no. 00 (1854) ; Malh. Mem. Soc. d'Hisf. Nat. Moselle, 1857, p. 2 ;

id. Picidre, i. p. 63, pi. xvii. fig. 4, J (1801) ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 23 (1806); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1868);

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8551 (1870).
Picus niandarinus, Malh. Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Moselle, 1857, p. 17 ;

id. Picidce, i. p. 61, pi. xvii. figs. 8-9, S 6 ad. (1861) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 88 ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 22 (1806) ; Grny, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 181, uo. 8542

(1870); Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 94; id. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 391; id.

Ibis, 1874, ]). 425, 1875, p. 123; David <$■ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 47

(1877) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 86; Hmne, Sfr. F. xi. p. 56 (1888).
Picus major?, Sicinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 46.
Large Pied Woodpecker (Picus cabanisi ?), Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 339,

1803, p. 96.

15. BENDEOCOPUS. 219

Picus gouldi, Malh. Ficid(e, i. p. 02, pi. xvii fio-s 6 7 ^9 am^\ ■

Miu^. p. M (1868) id. Hand-l. B. u. p. 181, uo. 8543 (1870^
Dendrocopus cabaiiisi, Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 34 (1863)
Denclrocopus mandannus, Cab. & Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p 34 (18fi3)
Dendrocopus gouldi, Cah. .f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 35^1863 ^■
Dendrocopus luciam, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv.S,. 36 1863)
Picus mandennus, var., Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 194 ^'

<^MCt ,fT^^'' P' "'^Oor, but may at once be distin-
guished bj Its b ack scapulars and taM-ny brown ear-coverts • the

and the r;b"'*^'r'^ "^T^^^">- '' '-^darker and tawny brown
and the feathers between the extremities of the black stripes

Ted^ krt d ''' *'"^' ''1 '^''''' ^" *« «- ^^-^' are t[iii,edTth
Wa;]- To^l ?'^'?rcr^''*V^'' ™°^'" conspicuously spotted with
0 ?S fo^ r • r^ ^^■^'"'^'^^' ^"^-^^^ ^-^^ ^^^^ 5- tk 3, tarsus
nnl' n r • ?r claws)-outer anterior 0-6, outer posterior 0-68,
inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0-3

^.;»?j /.;««?,. Wants the red occipiial band, but is otherwise like

ss ^tsr;;:93'^*"^ ''-''' '■' -''-' -^-" i-^' --^ ^-^^

J^oimg. In both sexes, before the autumn moult, the crown is red •
the young have also the primaries conspicuously tipped with white •
te.ron?'tf 'i;?"''"^^ *'^^"^^'^ ^•"'^t^"^^^ -thsome dusl ;

I consider the birds bearing the titles P. cahanisi, P. mandannus,
cHrirr t 1 ' • ^i""'V*° ^' '''' '-^'^^^ the same in more or less
examnK™'°?.' ^'"^^^"'^ ^^'^"^ '^-^' ^^"''^^°"' °^ '-^^^^^^^^ ^^o^thern
tS? beir ^'^f «P°tting more developed and sometimes

f on n,. M p'' ^'^T^^''- ^"^■^'^^'^^ '"'''''■■ I have seen a male

erorseif bf wh r l' '^'""^'^^ ^^''^"'^^^ 1^^^' "^ ^l^i^l^ the rump is
crossed by white bars, or spots having a barred character • the
scapulanes were also considerably varied^ith whit. Thi example
IS mentioned by Mr. Styan in the 'Ibis ' for 1887 p '»9

//«6. Throughout China, in the north extending i"nto Western
Kansu, and ranging south-west into Manipur *.

a. Juv. sk. Pekin t. ,

& 9 id «1' ft AT ^„ . I'urcliased.

c 2 ad si J? '''°^' ^ • ^'"'^''*' ^^""y 1^'^^- M^'- Pratt [C.l.

d e ^%t\ «1- '^faiig- >ai. India Museum,

f^' 5 nd Iv ^,l>a"8-hai (J. i?. Becres). Gould Coll.

^'t^P^clhk ?rF°- .e, , -,. TweeddaleColl.

/' ■ 9 «r1 i Chdaang (^/,aV«' ^/«.^^«m). Tweeddale Coll.

'", f. ¥ aa. Sk. fokien. nnnlrl f\^u

-,-d? ad.sk. Canton. ?:eedclaIe-CoU.

Matu Muncfof^^an^!'"- ^^ ^^ ^''^'^ ^"f 1,^'^'' l'' "«) ^^^ ^'«ted that in the

220

6, Dendrocoptis himalayensis.

Piciis himaLiyensls, Jard. i§- S(lhi/,Ill. Orn. iii. pi. cxvi. c? (c. 18^5) ;

BIyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. JOB; Bj), Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130

(1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zyc/od. p. 8, no. 59 (1854) ; Malh.

Picidm, i. p. 67, pi. xix. tigs. 3(5' ad. & S )uv., 4 $ ad. (1801) ;

Sundev. Vo7isp. Av. Ficin. p. 22 (1860) ; Pe'k. Ibis, 1868, p. :319 ;

Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii.

p. 181, no. 8545 (1870); Wardl.-Rams. Ibis, 1880, p. 50; Bidd.

Sir. F. 1880, p. 313; Scully, op. cit. 1881, x. p. 101; Bidd. Ibis,

1881, p. 48 ; Scully, t. c. p. 429 ; Marshall, op. cit. 1884, p. 410.
Dendrocopus liimalayauus, Viyne, F. Z. S. 1841, p. 6.
Piciis hiiualavanus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Blyth, J. A. S.

B. 1847, p". 466; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 02 (1849) ; Horsf.

^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 670 (1856-58) ; Leith-

Adams, F. Z. S. 1858, p. 475, 1859, p. 173; Irby, Ibis, 1861,

p. 229; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 269(1862); Cock ^ Marshall, Str.

F. 1863, p. 350 ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 47; Beavan, t. c. p. 412 ;

Jerd. oj}. cit. 1872, p. 6 ; Hume Sf Menders. Lahore to Yark. p. 179

(1873) ; Brooks, S/r. F. 1875, p. 232 ; Wardl.-Rams. Ibis, 1879,

p. 447.
Pieus himalaiensis, Reichenb. Scans. Ficince, p, 366, no. 845,

pi. dcxxxiii. figs. 4215-16,5 c? (1854).
Dendrocopus himalayensis, Cub. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. i\^ p. 36

(1863).
Dryobates himalayanus, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 201.

Adult male. Eesembles D. major, but differs in having the
scapulars black ; the top of the head and the occiput crimson, and
the lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs strongly fulvescent,
the red being confined to the vent and under tail-coverts : " legs
and i'eet plumbeous brown ; bill brown, pale at base of lower man-
dible ; irides red-brown" {A. 0. Ihime). Total length 9-9 inches,
culmen 1'35, wing 5'3, tail 3"35, tarsus 0'95 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0"5, inner
posterior 0'33.

Yuuiiff male. Is very like the adult of the same sex, hut has the
red on the top of the head more restricted, and not spreading on to
the occiput ; the primaries are tipped with white ; there is much
more white on the lateral tail-feathers, the outer webs being almost
without spot or bar : the under surface of the body is duller and
very slightly tinged wdth yellow, and the feathers have faint dusky
tips ; the feathers of the thighs have faint dusky bars.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown and
occiput black. Total length 9-4 inches, culmen 1*2, wing 5, tail 3-25,
tarsus 0-9.

Hab. Kumaon to Cashmere, north to Gilgit and ranging into
North-eastern Afghanistan.

a. 5 ad. sk. Afghanistan (Griffith). India Museum.

b, c. S ad. ; d. S Bvan Kiievl, May 1870 [R. Tweeddale Coll.
jiiv.sk. G. W.R.).

e. 5 ad. sk. Peshawar, Jan. 1877. Colonel Way [P.].

f,U- c? 2 ad. ; h.

Jiiv. sk.
i- d ad. sk.

k. 2 ad. ; /. Juv.

sk.
m, 71. c? $ ad. sk.

0. cT imin. ; ;;, r/.
Jut. sk.

'•, «. c? ? ad. sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.

«<. d" ad. sk.

«'• c? ad. sk.

io, .r. d" $ ad. ; y.

Juv. sk.
s-A:'. d ad. ; I'-g'.

2 ad. sk.
r'. S ad. sk.

s', f!'. d ad. ; u',

V, w'. 2 ad. sk.
^'. 2 ad. sk.
y\'^,n".S ad.;
^ i". c? imiu. sk.
c". d" ad. sk.

d". 2 ad. sk.
f';/'- d ad. sk.
i'", h" . Juv. sk.
«■", />;". <S ad. ; /".
$ ad. sk.

15. DENDROCOPUS.

Cashmere.

Cashmere.

Cashmere {T. C. Jerdon).

Cashmere Maj 1876 (J. Bid-

dulph).
Cashmere (Br. Belleiv).

Goond, Cashmere, May, Jime

{W.E.Brooks).
Ilirpore, May 13, 1871 ( IV. R

Brooks).
Blian-oee, Bussahir, Sept. 17

18m. ^

Koteghur.
Simla, July, Aug. (B. C.

Beamui).
Simla, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov.

( // . Darison).
Masuri {A. Singer).

Masuri.

Masuri [S. Pimvill).
Masuri.

Valley of the Bhagaratti, Mav
^Jii74. [W. E. Bnoks).
Ivumaon, Oct. 24, 1880.
Kumaon (Strachey).
Biusur, Almorah, June, Auo-
Nami Tal, Sept., Oct.

7. Dendrocopus darjilensis.

221

R. Bowdler Sharpe.

Esq. [P.].

E. M. Langworthy,

Esq. [I'.].° ^'

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Edward Hargitt, Esq
[P-], (Type of
species.)

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Piuwill Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Cull.

Pi^s^Djm^o^img himalayauus ^uou Jard. \. SeWy). Blytn, J. A.

''T.foZfm.d^mir''"' ""''''■ "' '"-"'^' '-''■ '''-■ ^«^^'P-«'5
Reus (Dendrocopus) da.-jellensis, Bh/fk, J 1 S B 184^ r. Mw

Ltst Picid. Brit Mus t, S-i nfiR<\ n , ' r?- ' T '^^' ^^''"I'y
Gray, Hand-Lh^^iS^ S^mo/^O^^^i ''f ' .J'" i'^^^ '

B''ichcALs?m^' ^67 r'sfr;//- '• P-- ^f (^^^^0) '

20, d'd (1854). ' o^'.pl-dcxxiiv. %s. 4219-

222 piciDiE.

Hy])opicus darjelleiisis, Bp. Covsjj. Voliicr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 64

(1854).
Dendrocopus darjeelensis, Cab. S)- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 36 (1863).
Picus darjileusis, Siindev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 23 (1866).
ricus desmursi *, Verr. N. Arch, du Mus. vi. BuU. 7. p. 33 (1870) ;

id. op. cit. vii. p. 25, pi. i. figs. 1 c?, 2 $ (1871) ; Elwes, P. Z. S.

1873, p. 665 ; Swinh. t. c. p. 089 ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 47

(1877).

Adult male. Resembles D. cathpharius, but is very much larger
and differs in the following points : — the side of the neck is never
crossed by a patch or band of red extending from the nape, and is
of a golden buff, and with, at most, the tips only of the feathers
orange or slightly reddish ; the chin-angle is not varied with black ;
the thighs are barred with black, and the vent and under tail-coverts
are bright scarlet. Total length 8'8 inches, culmen 1'35, wing 5"05,
tail 3"15, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*6, outer
posterior 0*7, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0*35.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band. Total length 8'5 inches ; culmen 1'3, wing 5"15,
tail 3*3, tarsus O-'J.

Young. Have the feathers of the crown and occiput tipped wath
scarlet, sometimes with an orange tinge, and occasionally the nuchal
feathers are tipped Avith the same ; the chin and upper throat
striped with blackish broAvn ; the primaries tipped with Avliitc.

Hab. Nepal, Sikhim, and through Southern Thibet to Moupin and
Western Setchuan.

a. c? ad. sk.

b, c, d. S ad. ;
c-h. 2 ad. sk.

«-m. S ad. ; w. $

ad. ; o. S imm.

sk.
p. 6 ad. ; q. 2

imni. ; ;•. S

juv. sk.
s, t. Juv. sk.
V, V, w. (S ad. ;

IV, y, z. 2 ad. ;

a' . Juv. sk.
b'-V. d" ad. et
. juv. ; I'-t'. 5

ad. sk.
v!~y' . c? ad. et

imm. ; z , a" .
2 ad. sk.
h", c". J_2 ad. ;

d". 2 imm. sk.
e",/\c?2 ad.;

y" . juv. sk.
h" . Skeleton.

Himalayas.

Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hodysou).

Gould Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of the species.)
India Museum.

Sheopuri Ridge, Nepal Vallev, Hume Coll.
May 1878 (/. Scully).

Thibet, March (L. Mandelli). Hume Coll.
Native Sikhim. Jan., March, Hume Coll.
April, Sept. [L. Mandelli).

Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March,
April, June, Aug., Sept.
(i. Mandelli).

Darjeehng.

Darjeeling (Pearson).

Darjealiug.

India.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

* I have carefully exauiiiiL'd Vcrreaux's types and fail to flud any specific
character by which they can be separated from I>. darjilensis.

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 223

8. Dendrocopus cathpharius.

Picus (l)eudrocopus) cathphnrius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 184;J, p. 100(3.
Dendrocopus cathpliorius, Hodgs. in Gray's Misc. 1844, p. 80 ; id.

Icon. Lied, in Brit. Mus. no. 154 S $ ad.
Picus catlipliarius, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 19G ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 435 (1845); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849); Borsf.

(^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 073 (1856-58) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. i. p, 271 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. 3Iamm. Sec Nepal j^res. Ilodt/s.

1863, p. 63 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 410 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

31us. p. 37 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8559 (1870).
Picus catliphorius. Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. 1846,

p. 115; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 104, pi. xxiii. figs. 7c?, 8$ (1861).
Hypopicus catliphorius, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. S, no. 63

(1854). .
Picus cathplioricus, Reichenb. Scans, ricinm, p. 377, no. 871, pi. dcxl.

figs. 4267-68, S ? (1854) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. ii. 24

(1866).
Xylocopus catlipliarius. Cab. i^- Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 51 (1863).

Adult nude. Back, rump, upper tail-covei'ts, and scapulars blue-
black ; wiugs and their coverts black, the innermost of the median
and of the greater coverts white (except at the tip), this forming a
conspicuous patch ; the quills spotted with white on both webs ;
shafts blackish brown ; tail black, the four central feathers uniform,
the remainder barred with buff on more or less of the apical half ;
shafts of the same colour as the surrounding web ; nasal plumes and
frontal band huffy white, the former tipped with black ; crown blue-
black ; occiput and nape scarlet, the hind neck black ; sides of the
face and neck fulvoscent white, the neck crossed by a patch or
band of red extending from the nape; chin buffy white, mixed
with black at the angle, the throat and fore neck uniform buff,
and a broad black malar stripe bordering these ; entire underparts
below the fore neck, also the under tail-coverts, fulvescent buff
broadly striped with black (more densely so on the eliest and
breast), the central feathers of the chest and the under tail-coverts
tipped with red ; under wing-coverts white broadly striped with
black, and a conspicuous black paLch on the edge of the wing ;
axillaries fulvescent white. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 3-93, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-62: toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-42, outer posterior 0-58, inner anterior 0-37, inner pos-
terior 0'23.

^klidt female. Wants the red nuchal baud ; the transverse patch
on the side of the neck reddisii buff' instead of bright scarlet ; the
chest devoid of red. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-7, wino-
3-95, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65.

Young. In the male the side of the neck is pale buff, a few of
the feathers being tipjied with orange or red ; tlie side of the neck,
in the female, is clear pale buff devoid of any reddish colour. The
underparts in the young are very much less fulvescent.

Hab. South-east Himalayas, Nepal, Sikhim and Bhotau,

224

a. 2 inmi. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. c? ad. ; d, e.
Imm. sk.

/, f/, h. S ad. ; i.

$ ad. sk.
k-s. c? ad. ; ^-

c. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
d'-g'. S ad. ; //'.

2 ad. sk.
i'. 2 ad. ; k'. (S

juv. sk.
v. 2 imm, sk.
in' ,71 , o. c5'ad. sk.

Himalayas. Gould Coll.

Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

Nopal (Z?. //. Hodgson). India Museum.

Native Silcliim, .Ian., March, April, Hume Coll.

Ang. (Z. Maiidclli).

Sikliim, Jan., Feb., March, A]iril, Hume Coll.

Julj', Aug., Oct,, Nov., Dec.

{L. Mandelli).

Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

Darjeeliug. Tweeddale Coll.

Darjeeling. India Museum.

Bhotan (Pemberton). India iMuseum.

9. Dendrocopus pyrrhothorax. (Plate IV.)

Picus pyrrhothorax, Hume, iStr. F. x. p. 150 (1881) ; id. op. cit. xi.
p. 57 (1888).

Adult male. Hesembles D. cathpliarius, but differs in being
smaller, and in having the lores and sides of the face and neck
])urc white ; the whole under surface of the body very ranch less
fulvcscent and with less black on the chest ; the apical portion of
the feathers of the fore neck and chest scarlet, this colour forming
a con.spicuous patch ; the under tail-coverts not striped with black
and more washed with red ; the greater wing-coverts having in
addition to the two white spots on the inner web a white spot
near the base of the outer web, this being more or less exposed ; the
barring on the outer large tail-feather more developed ; the bill
smaller and narrower and of a leaden dusky, not horn colour :
" legs and feet dull sap-green : claws horny dusky ; bill leaden
dusky, paler at base of lower mandible towards gonj's ; iridcs lac "
{Hume). Total length G-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-8, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0-68 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*4, outer pos-
terior 0'45, inner anterior 0-'67, inner posterior 0'2.

Female {fide Hume). Eesembles the adult male, the slight
differences being that in the present sex the black stripes down tlie
sides of the throat do not unite on the chest, and the black sfriations
on the chest and breast are fewer and narrower ; there is also a
larger araount of white on the outer tail-feathers, the white bars
being broader and more or less confluent with the spot nearer the
base, " Legs and feet dusky lavender ; claws brown ; bill blackish
horny, greyish at base of lower mandible ; irides lac-red " {A. 0.
Hume). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 0'7, wing 3'8, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0'(32.

It is very remarkable that in the present species, so closely allied
to P. cathpliarius, the female should not possess the same sexual
distinction as the female of the latter. Mr. Hume sexed both
specimens of his P. pijrrhotlwra.r, which proved to be a male and a

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 225

female, and we cannot but accept his decision. The female example
is evidently a fully adult bird.
Hah. Manipur (Aimole).

a,b. ^ 2 ad. sk. Aimole, Mauipur, April 1881 Hume Coll.

(A. O. H.). (Types of species.)

10. Dendrocopus pernyi.

Pious pernyi, Verr. Rev. et Mag. de ZooL 1867, p. -271 ; Sioinh

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; David S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 48 (1877).
Picas pernii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8562 (1870).

Advlt male. Differs from both D. cathpliarius and D. darjilensis
in having the broad black malar stripe which extends down the
side of the throat and fore neck united on the chest to the corre-
sponding stripe, and then running down the middle of the breast,
and in the centre of the chest a large crimson patch or spot ; the
underparts are less fulvescent ; the sides of the face and neck are
uniform buffy white, the ear-coverts slightly smoky brown, the side
of the neck wanting the orange-buff colour which is found in D.
darjilensis, and the transverse red patch which is characteristic of
D. cathpliarius. The under wing-coverts are the same as in the
latter species. " Irides red ; bill greyish, the base of the lower
mandible yellow; feet greenish; claws brown" {David). Total
length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-37, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-7 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer posterior 0-52, inner
anterior 0-35, inner posterior 0-25.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band and in having rather less red upon the chest. Total
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-74, wing 4-12, tail 2-73, tarsus 07.

Hah. Western China (Setchuan to Kansu) and Eastern Thibet
(Moupin).

a. (S ad. sk. Kansu, N.W. China, Dec. M. Berezowski [C.].

11. Dendrocopus syriacus.

Picus syriacus, Hempr. S)- Ehrenb. Si/mb. Phys., A v. dec. i. fol. r. note
(1828) ; Bp. Comp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 57 (1854) ; Malh.
Picides, i. p. 95, pi. xx. fig. 4, juv. (1861) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1862, p. 279 :
id. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 432; id. Ibis, 1866, pp. 62, 283, 284; Su7idev.
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 23 (1866) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 333 ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182,
no. 8556 (1870) ; Dress. 8f Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 336 : Blanf. East.
Pers. ii. p. l.-iO (1876) ; Danf.Ibis, 1880, p. 88; Salv. Cat^ Strickl.
Coll. p. 386, no. 1883 (1882) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 85
(1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 312, pi. xix. fig. 2, S ad. (1884).

Picas maJLir {non Linn.), Strickl. P.Z. S. 1835, p. 79.

Campethera syriaca, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. xxi (1849).

Picas f uligiuosus, ZtcAi. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans.
Picina; p. 378, no. 872, pi. dcxl. tigs. 4269 d" luv., 4270 9 iuv.
(1854).
VOL. XVIU. a

226 piciD^.

Picus cruentatus (wom Bodd.), Ant in. Naum. 185G, pp. 411, 414, pi. li.

figs. 1 juv., 2 2 fid., 3 juv.
Picus felicife, Mnlh. Picida, i. p. I'll, pi. xxviii. figs. 8 S ad., 9 S juv.

(IcSUl) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Vicin. p. 22 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mns. p. 34 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8548 (1870).
Dendrocoptes s_yri,acus, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 42 (1863).
Dendrocopiis felici;e, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 30 (1863).
Picus khan, Filippi, Arch. Znol. ii. p. 400 (1864) ; id. Tiaycj. Pers.

p. 350 (1865) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 35 (1868) ; id.

Hand-I. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8550 (1870),
Picus major (var.?), Tristr. Ibis, 1864, p. 230.

Adult male. Eack, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform black ;
scapulars white barred with black at the base ; wings and their
coverts black, the innermost of the median and of the greater coverts
white, this forming a conspicuous patch, the innermost onlj' of the
secondaries uniform, all the remaining quiUs being spotted with
white upon both webs ; shafts dark brown ; tail black, the outer
large feather having a subapical bar of white, the next inner feather
with a subapical white spot on eacb web ; shafts black ; nasal plumes
and forehead biiffy white, the former varied with black ; crown, nape,
and hind neck black, the occi])ut scarlet, this colour forming a band ;
sides of the face and necl\, chin, throat, and underparts white with
a buffy tinge, a black malar stripe extends down the side of the fore
neck on to the side of the chest, a branch from it running on to the
shoulders, the face and neck not crossed by a black stripe ; the flanks
and thighs striped with dusky black ; the abdomen, vent, and under
tail-coverts more or less strongly washed with f.carlet ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, some of the former striped with dusky
black. Total length 8-7 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 5-05, tail 3-05,
tarsus 0-88 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'66, outer pos-
terior 0'7, inner anterior 0-48, inner posterior 0-35.

Youmj male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the
crown red, the occiput being black ; some of the chest-feathers tipped
with red, this colour being in the form of a crescent ; there are also
a few blackish striations on the side of the chest ; the black portion
of the plumage of a more sooty colour ; the underparts pale buffy
brown, the red on the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts more
of a brick-red; the primaries tipped with white.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band, the occiput being black, like the crown and nape ;
the striations on the flanks and thighs are more marked. Total
length 8-7 inches, culmen 1-22, wing 5-0.5, tail 3, tarsus 0-92.

Younrj female. Resembles the young male.

Hah. Asia Minor and south through Palestine to Hebron, and
Western Persia south to Farsistan,

a. 5 ad. sk, Asia Minor Oct. 14, 1871 {Dr. Tweeddale Coll.

Krilper).

b. 2 ad. sk. Banias, Ilermon, Canon Tristram [P,],

c. S ad. sk, Lebanon. Canon Tristram [P.J,

15. DENDEOCorrs. 227

d. $ ad. sk. Near Plains of Esdraelou, Salviu-Godiiiau Coll.

March 18, 1864 {H. B.

Tristram).
e,f. 5 ad. sk. Persia. C. Darwin, Esq. [P.].

ff. S jnv. sk. Persia, July 21, 187i>. W. T. Blanford [C.J.

/«. 2 'id. sk. Near Xeyreez, S.Persia, Feb. Gould Coll.

9, 1850 {Keith Abbott),
i. ? juv. sk. Kobrud, N. of Ispahan, July W. T. Blanford, Esq. fP.l.

24, 1872.
k. S ad. sk. Shiraz, June 1870 {Sir 0. W. T. Blanford, Esq. TP.].

St. John).
I. 2 ad. sk. Caspian (Sir 0. St. John). W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].

12. Dendrocopus scindeanas.

Picus assimilis, Natt., Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zifgod. p. 8, no. 61 (1854) ;

Malh. Bull. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Moselle, 1857, p. 6; id. Picida-, i.

p. (.9, pi. xix. figs. 1, 2, c? $ (1861); Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 2.3 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 34 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

5. ii. p. 181, no. 8546(1870).
Picus scmdeanus, Horsf. S) Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 671

(1856-58); Malh. Picidcp, i. p. 73 (1861); Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 23 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8557 (1870) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 170.
Picus sciudianus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 273 (1862); Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1868) ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 579 ; Jerd. op. cit.

1872, p. 7 ; Hume Sf Henders. Lahore to Yark. Nat. Hist. p. 179,

pi. ii. (1873) ; Murray, Str. F. vii. p. Ill (1878) ; Scr. Boiq, op.

cit. 1879, p. 370; Sir O. B. St. John, If)is, 1889, p. 157.
Dendrocopus assimdis, Cab. ^.^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 37 (1863).
Dendrocoptes scindeanus, Cab. ^~ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 42 (1863).
Picus sindiauus, Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 132 (1876) ; Butl. Cat. B.

Sind Sfc. p. 18 (1879) ; C. Simih. This, 1882, p. 102.

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black ; scapulars
white ; wings and their coverts black, the innermost of the median
and of the greater series of the coverts white, this forming a con-
spicuous patch, the quills spotted with white upon both webs ; shafts
dark brown ; tail black, the four central feathers uniform, the next one
tipped with wliite, the two outer large feathers on either side having
their apical portion white barred with black ; shafts black ; nasal
plumes and forehead huffy white; crown and occiput crimson ; nape
and hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck and the underparts
from the chin downwards white, the ear- coverts and the underparts
more or less tinged with buff; the abdomen, vent, and under tail-
coverts washed with scarlet ; a black malar stripe borders the throat
and extends to the side of the chest, and the thighs are faintly striped
with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1-1.5, wing 4"7, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*8; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0'56, inner anterior 0*43,
inner posterior 0"28.

Adult female. Has the crown and occput black, but otherwise
resembles the adult male. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 1,
wing 4"4o, tail 2'65, tarsus O'S.

(i2

228

PICIDJE.

Young. Eesemble the male, but have the red on the head more
of an orange-scarlet ; the outer primaries tipped with white and
some of the chest-feathers occasionally tipped with red.

Hab. Sindh, west to Bampur and Bahu Kelat, Persian Beluchistan ;
north into Afghanistan, Peshawar, and the Punjab.

«,6. d 2 <id.sk. India. Dr. Horsfield [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Khoiak, March 4, 1881. Colonel Swmhoe [P.].

d, e. cJSad. ; Khojak, Aug., Sept. (&> O. -SY. Hume Coll.
/. 2 W'^'- sk. John).

ff. S imm. ; /(. Xal Kelat, May 3, 1877 (O. T. Hume Coll.

9 ad. sk. Duke).

l d ad. sk. Bahu Kelat, Feb. 11, 1872. W. T. Blantord, Lsq.

[P-]- .

k. 9 ad. sk. Bampur, April 8, 1870. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].

l,m. d 2 ad. sk. Sindh. Gould Coll.

n. d ad. sk. Sindh {I)r. H. Gould). India Museum.

0. d ad. sk. Karachi, Feb. 18, 1877 ( W. T. Hume Coll.

Blanford).

p, q, r. d ad. et Hydrabad, Feb., May, June {E. Hume Coll.
juv. ; s. 2 ad.sk. A. Butler).

t. d ad. sk. Sehwan, Jan. 2-5, 1872 (A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).

n, V. d 2 ad. sk. Jacobabad, Nov., Dec. {A. O. Hume Coll.

H.).

w.a: d ad.; i/,x. Dil-Moorad, Dec, 1871 [A. O. Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk
a'jb'.d 2 ad.sk

H.]

Roree Dist., Nov., 1871 {F. Hume Cull.
Daij).

c', d'. d 2 'id. sk. Muugranee, Sukkm-, Jan., 1872 Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).

e',/'. d 2 ad. sk. Sukkur, Dec, 1871 (.1. O. H.). Hume Coll.

^', A'. c5' ? ad. sk. ^\nka.Y^\\\ [Griffith). India Museum.

(Types of the species.)

i', k'. d 2 ad. sk. Shikarpur, Jan., 1872 (A.O.H.) Hume Coll.

I'. 2 ad. sk. Mithenkote, Dec. 1-3, 1871 {A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).

m. d ad. ,sk. Banks of Jhelum, April 8, 1870. Hume Coll.

n. d ad. sk. Murree. Colonel Way [P.].

o',p'. d ad. ; q. Lawreucepore, Feb., March {R. Tweeddale Coll.

2 ad. sk. G. W. R.).

r. 2 ad. sk. Peshawar, Feb., 1869. Hume Coll.

s,t'. cJad. sk. Salt Rauge, Nov. (r.C./ercZoK)- Tweeddale Coll.

u. 2 ad. sk. Uruecwalla, Sirsa, Feb. 4, 1870 Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).

I'd. Dendrocopus arizonae.

Picus stricklandi (pt.), MaUi. Picidce, i. p. 108 (descr. of d ad., and
pi. xxviii. fig. 4, d ad. taken from specimen of D. arizona; in Brit.
Mus.) (1861) ; Sundev. [ex Malh.) Consp. Au. Pkin.^ p. 20 (1866).

Picus stricldaudi (non Malh.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 37
(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8560 (1870); Henshaw,
U. S. Geogr. Surv. W. of IQOth Merid. 1875, p. 389 ; Ridcjto. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mils. 1880, pp. 189, 219, 233, no. 365 ; Coues, Check-

15. DENDK0C0PT7S.

229

list N. Amer. B. p. 77, no. 437 (1882) ; Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.

Club, viii. p. 22 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884,

p. 482 ; Brewst. Auk, 1885, p. 199.
Dryobates stricklandi {no7i Malh.), Scott, Auk, 188fi,p. 426: A. O U.

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 213, no. 398 (1886).
Picus arizonae, Harc/itt, Ibis, 1886, p. IIS.
Dryobates aiizonae, Bich/w. Man. JV. Amer. B. p. 286 (1887).
Drvobates arizonje fraterculus, Bidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 286
(1887).

Adtdt male. Differs from D. stricklandi of Malherbe (Eev. Zool.
1845, p. 373) in having the upper parts perfectly uniform and of a
lighter brown colour, the dark markings on the undcrparts being
rounded and drop-like spots. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-15,
wing 4-55, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-83 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0*48, outer posterior 0"55, inner anterior 0-4, inner pos-
terior 0'3.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital baud. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-6,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-78.

Younr/. In both sexes the crown is red, the red occipital band of
the adult male bein§^wanting in the j'oung of that sex. In other
respects they closely resemble the adult.

Dr. Ridgway separates the bird from the Sierra Madre de Colima
on account of its smaller size, and names it D. arizoncv fratenuhis.
I think the difference in measurement too trifling to justify the sepa-
ration of these specimens. I give below the size of the wing in
specimens from various localities : —

Arizona cJ fid-

Chihuahua „

Zacatecas ,,

Jalisco (Tepic) „

„ (Sierra Madre) .... „

Hub. Southern Arizona, and through the mountain-ranges of
Sonora and Chihuahua south into Zacatecas and Jalisco, as far as
the Sierra Madre.

in.

in.

4-47

5 ad. 4-45

4-5

„ 4-3

4-4

4-3

4-25

,, 4-0

a. 2 ad. ; b, c.

S $juv. sk.
d, e. c?juv. ; /-/*.

$ ad. et juv. sk.
i. cS ad. sk.

k. (J ad. sk.
/. (S ad. sk.
7)1. (S ad. sk.

n. S ad. ; o. $

imm. sk.
p. cJ ad. sk.
q, r. c? ? ad. sk.

Santa Rita Mts., Arizona,

May, June {Henshaw).
Pinal Co., Arizona, Aug.,

Oct. ( W. E. B. Scott).
Cliiricahui Mts., Arizona,

Aug. (H. TFJieeler).
Mexico.
Mexico.
New Oposura, Sonora, June

(J. C. Cahoon).
Chihuahua, Mexico {Bnchcin-

Hi'phurn).
Chihuahua, April( W.Lloyd) .
Rio Verde, Chihuahua,

March ( W. Lloyd).

Henshaw Coll.

■ [S.-G.].

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

230

s, t. cJ ad. ; M. 5

ad. sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.

?c. c? fid. sk.

.r. cT nd. sk.

?/. c? ad. .'ik.

::, a', h' . c? ad. et

juv. sk.
f', d', f',f. i 2

ad. et juv, .sk.

Temosachic, Chihualuia,

March (TI':i/o.yfO-
Tomochic, Chiluiakua, Dec.

{W.Lhyd).
Rio de Urique, Oliihualma,

Nov. ( W. Lloijd).
Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas,

8000 feet, July ( Tr". B.

Michardsun).
Sierra IMadre Navarit, .Ta-

liseo, 8000 feet,' July ( IF.

B. Bi chard son).
Tepic, May ( W. B. BicMrd-

■ton).
Hac. San Marcos, Jalisco,

5200 ft., May ( TV. Lloyd).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godraan Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sulvin-Godnian Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-fiodman Coll.

14. Dendrocopus villosus.

Tiipical.

Picus villosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 435 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 232 (1790) ; Barton, Nat. Hist.

Penn. p. 11 (1799) ; Tieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii. p. C14, pi. cxx. S

(1807) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 150, pi. ix. fio-. 3, S (1808) ;

Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 171 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.

xxvi. p. 71 (1818) ; Vieill Sr Bonn. Enc.Meth. iii. p. 1305 (182.3);

Bp. Si/n. B. U.S. p. 46, no. 42 (1826) ; Vale>2C. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl.

p. 180 (1826); Less. Traite, i. p. 228 (1831) ; Nvtt. Man. Orn. i.

p. 575 (1832) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 155, pi. ix. iifi'. 3,

S ad. (1832); Bp. Comp. List, p. 39 (1838) ; Peal>. Bost. Journ.

Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 174; Bp. Consp. Gen. At: i. p. 1.37 (1850);

Aud. Orn. Bioqr. v. p. 164, pi. ccccxvi. figs. 1, 2 (1839); id. Syn.

p. 179 (1839) ;' /f?. B. Amer. iv. p. 244, pi. cclxii. S $ (1842);

Giraiid, B. Lonr/ Lsl. p. 174 (1844) ; BeKai/, Nat. Hist. N. York,

pt. ii. p. 186, pi. XY. fig. 32 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435

(1845) ; Beichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 374, no. 863, pi. dexxxviii.

figs. 4252-54 (1854); Putnam, Proc. Lsse.v Inst. 1856, p. 214;

Math. Picidce, i. p. 76, pi. xxi. fios. 1-2 (1861) ; Verrill, Proc. Essex

Inst. 1862, p. 143; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 200 ; Allen,

Proc. Essex List. 1864, p. 52 ; Mcllwr. op. cit. 1866, p. 83 ; Cones,

op. cit. 1867, p. 261 ; Gray, Hand-l B. ii. p. 184, no. 8592 (1870) ;

touts, N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 193 ; Brewst. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.

York, 1875, p. 144 ; Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv'. iv. no. 3, p. 615

(1878) ; 3Iayn. Birds E. N. Amer. p. 239, pi. xix. (1879) ; Bidgtc.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 188, uo. 360; Coues, Check-list N.

Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, no. 438 ; NeJirl. J. f. O. 1883, p. 94; Coues,

Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483, fig. 333, p. 482.
Picus leucomelanus, Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 18, juv. (1827).
Dryobates villosus, Boie, Isis,'l828, p. 326 ; Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hein.

iv. p. 66 (1863) ; Brnrst. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; A. O. U. Check-list

N. Amer. B. p. 210, no. .393 (1886) ; Ridt/w. Man. N. Amer. B.

p. 282, pi. Ixxxiii. fig. 1 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 124 (1888).
Picus martini, Bp. Comp. List, p. 39, no. 258 (1 838) ; Malh. Picidce,

i. p. 82, pi. xxii. figs. 1, 2, juv. (1861).
Picus martinae, Aud. Orn. Bior/r. v. p. 181, pi. ccccxvii. fi<>-s. 1,2

(1839) ; id. Sytu p. 178 (1839) ; id. B. Afner. iv. p. 240, pi. cclx.

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 231

figs. 1 c? , 2 $ (1842) ; Grmj, Gen. B. ii. p 435 (iaA'^\ ■ n„ n

pi. dcxxxii. fig-s. 420(5-7, jiiv. (18o4) ' ^' ' °- '^^'

Picus rubricapi]lu8, Nntf. Man. Orn. i.'p. 685 (1840)
Tnchop_icusvillosu.,i/;;. Consp. Valuer: Z,Uv. 8, no 38(1854,
Tnchopu^us raartinae, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod\. 8, no Ualth
I icus villosus var. medius,5,»>rf, B. N. Amer. p.84 18%8) • Sundev

Consp. Av. F/cin. p. IC (1866) (.^ojo; , <5Mwcfet.

Z'fo-r/e Northern form.
Picus villosus i^or.AP;„7. Traws. (abr. ed.), Ixii. p. 333 (1772)-

p.l»4, no. 8592 (18/0, pt.; Cuni, Nat. Mand Isl n 51 n87«V

^/«vz«m, ^«//. iS^,,«. Orn. Club, 1882, p 2m Steams Ai. r/ V

iV^«^ 3fe. 1883, p. 118; Scott;Auk, 1^84, p'm' ' ^•*-

Picus leuconielas, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p 91 no' .345 1 nrs^^.

S:- f svSSf ■ t^ Iff vp.i^^= ^'«^^;:^^iiS tk

mui,. p. 40 (lK„s) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8599 (1870)

^rV jf, ^\r?^ ' '^^'J'^'- ^''"- ^'"''- 1^- P- 173 (1815) ; 7Y«// iA- Diet

i' ii n l-7?n8^r;-^- \^^' Pl;^'^'^---'"- 0839) ; Id. kn.B.
Tin/ ' P" r *■ . ^■' ''^^ ^- ^'"^'" "'■ P- 235, pi. cclviii. c? (1842) •

p. 37.i, no. 862, pi. dcxxxvni. fiog. 4250-5], ^ j (1854)- 3/«///

B«rte, 1 p. 78, pi. xxi. fig-. 4, d (1861). ' ^ "^ ^ ^ ' '^'■

Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus, Swains. ^- Bkh. Faun. Bor.-Ame,- ii

^"m^'^Ti^i:^"-,^'''^'-- ^- P-1^6, pl.ecccxvii. figs. 5, 6
p (.8(, (1840) ; .4,/./. i?. Amer. ly. p. 238, pi. cclix., iuv. (1842)-
(IsS) ."""^ ^i "/ Pa 4-^5 (18-f5); %. cZp. Gen:L i.^p 138
i- Ww . '.'■'^''"^'- ^''""^- ^'"Mf^, p. 364, no. 8.39, pi dcxxxii

(.1^<.1) ; Gra!/,L>st I'ickl. Brit. Mm. p 46 (1868) id Hand- B
11. p. 185, no. 8601 (1870). ' ^ ) ■ ut. itami i. n.

Picus se])tentrionalis, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 684 (1840)
Tncliopicns philipsi, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zy,jod. p. 8, no. 43 (1854).

Dryobates leucomelas, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iy. p. 67 (1863)

(1874) '' '■"'• '^"'^'-^^•^^^i^'' ^-^ ^-^ ^- ^- ^- Ami. B. ii. p. 503
Picus yjllosus (majores). Cones, B. N.-West, p. 279 (1874)
1 icus yillosus leucomelas, Ridgw. Proc. U.S Nat. Mm. 1880, pp. 188,

Drvobates yillosiis leucomelas, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B

Siaall Southern form.
Picus auduboni, Stvains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 306, figs. 5-7 (1831) •
Trud Journ. Plnlad. Acad. 1837, p. 404, juy. ; ' B^ Comp lI\ '

232 piciD^.

p. ofl, no. 257 (1838) ; Aud. Orn. Bioi/r. v. p. 194, pi. ccccxvii.

fig. 10 (1839) ; id. Syn. J3. N. Amer. p! 181 (1839) ; id. B. Amer.

iv. p. 259, pi. cclxv. S (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ;

Bp. Consp, Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 363, no. 838, pi. dcxxxii. fi?'. 4203, juv. (1854) ; Malh. Picida,

i. p. 87, pi. xxii. tig. 4, d juv. (1861).
Trichopicus auduboni, Bp. Consp. Volncr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 46 (1854).
Picas villosus, var. minor, Baivd, B. N. Amer. p. 85 (1858) ; Sunder.

Consp. Ar. Picin. p. 16 (1866).
Piciis cuvieri, Malh. Pieidce, i. p. 85, pi. xxii. fig. 3, 5 juv. (1861).
Picus villosus, Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. 1871, p. 302; Beckham, Auk,

1887, p. 303.
Picus villosus, var. auduboni, B., B., l^- B. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 503

(1874).
Dryobates villosus auduboni, Breivst. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; Batchelder,

t. c. pp. 313, 314 ; Fox, f. c. p. 319 ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer.

J5.p. 211, no. 393i (1886); Sennetf,Auk,l887,Y>.2-i2 ; Eidffw. Man.

N. Amer. B. p. 282 (1887).

Adult male. Back black, with a broad median stripe of white ;
rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars black ; wings and their
coverts black, the median and the greater coverts, as well as both
webs of the quills, spotted with white ; shafts blackish brown ; the
four central tail-feathers black, the next one having the basal half
black, the apical half white, the two oiiter large feathers on either
side white, with only a black basal spot ; shafts corresponding
in colour with the surrounding web ; nasal plumes huffy white, with
black tips ; top of the head, sides of the face and neck, and hind neck
black, with a white superciliary stripe extending on to the occiput
and uniting with the corresponding stripe above the scarlet occipital
band, and another white stripe from the base of the upper mandible
running down to the side of the hind neck ; from the chin to the
under tail-coverts (both inclusive) pure white, the black stripe which
borders the throat prolonged on to the side of the chest ; under
wing-coverts aud axillaries white, the former having one or two
black spots aud a black patch on the edge of the wing. Measure-
ments of typical bird : — Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 4'85, tail 3, tarsus 0"88 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0"62, outer posterior 0-7, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0-32.

Adult fenutle. Differs from the adult male in wanting the scarlet
occipital band ; the middle of the occiput black, the white stripes
which border the crown scarcely uniting. Total length 8'5 inches,
culmen 1'16, wing 4-8, tail 3-1, tarsus 0'84.

Young male. Has some of the feathers of the crown tipped with
orangc-i'ed, and a small didl white spot between this colour and the
black base ; the under surface of the body is of a less pure white than
in the adult, and the flanks and thighs have dusky stripes and a
trace of dusky bars ; the white on the back is strijjcd with black ;
the shafts of the quills clear dark browi]. In other respects it
resembles the adult female.

-//«V». North America, from the Atlantic to the Eastern base

15. DENDEOCOPUS.

233

of the Eocky Moimtains, sometimes found on the west side of these
mountains.

\

a,b. c? 2 ad. st.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. j' ad. sk.
e,f. S 2 fid. sk.
(I, /'• d 2 ad. st.
i. 2 f d. sk.

/,-. 2 ad- sk.

/, >H. 2 ad. ; «.

Juv. sk.
0, p. (S 2 ad. sk,

q. 2 ad. ; r. J

jiiv. sk.
s, t. (S ad. ; u. 2

ad. sk.
?.'. d' ad. ; ?y, .x-.

d 2 juv. sk.
y, 3. (5 ad. et juv.

sk.

«'. 2 ad. sk.
//. d ad. sk.
c' 2 ad. sk.
f?', e'. (5 2 ad. sk.
/,/. d2ad.sk.
/'', «'. c? 2 ad. ••^k.
/>;'. d ad. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.
m'. 2 ad. sk.
n'. 2 ad. sk.
«'. d juv. sk.
^'') ?'• d 2 ad. sk.
?•'. d ad. sk.
.s'. 2 ad. sk.

West side of Rocky Mts.

Canada.

Fort Simpson.

Fort Dufferin.

British Cokmihia.

United States.

Upton, ]\Iaine, ATigust

(Henshaw).
Michigan.

Leyden, N. Y., Dec. {Hart

Merriani).
Locust Grove, New York,

April & Julj^ {Henshcnu).
Lyons Falls, N. Y., Jan.,

Dec. {A. J. Dai/an).
Adiroudacks, N. Y., June

(Hart Merriam).
Bio- Moose Lake, N. Y.,

Aug. & Nov. (Hart

Merriam).
Concord, Massachusetts,

May (Hetishaic).
Grantville, Mass., April

(Henshaiu).
Wellesley, Mass., Oct.

(Henshaio).
New Haven, Connecticut

Nov. (Hart Merriam).
Munsen Hill, Washington,

D. C, March (Henshaw).
Washington, D. C, Nov.,

Dec. {HensJunv).
Calumet, Illinois, Sept. (£.

W. Nelso7i).
Evanston, Illinois, Dec.

(Henshaiu).
Mt. Carmel, 111., Aug. (E.

W. Xekon).
St. Lucie, Florida, Oct.

(W.Hoxie).
Sunheam, Florida, Aug.

( W. Ho.vie).
Cedar Keys, Florida, Dec.

(Henshaio).
Okahumkee, Florida, April

(Hart Merriam).
California.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
B. Ft. Eoss, Esq. [P.].
N.A.Boundary Comm.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Sclater Coll.
Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Prof Steere [!'.].

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus maynardi.

Picus villosus (non Linn.), Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1859, p. 106;
Cory, B. Bahama Isl. p. 120 (1880).

234 piciDiE,

Picas insularis (no7i Gould), Mai/nard, Nat. in Florida, i. no. 4

(1885).
Piciis villosus insularis, C'ori/, List B. W. Ltd. p. 19 (1885).
Di'j'obates villosus insularis, Cmy, Aiik, 1886, p. 375.
Di'vobates villosus maynanli, Bidqw. Man. N. Anu'r. B. p. 282

(1887).

Adult imtle. Differs from D. villosus in having the entire loral
region white, and uniting with the white superciliary stripe : the
eye s\irrounded by white ; tlie malar region more varied with white ;
the red occipital band l)roader ; the white down the back more
striped with black, and the underparts tinged with buff; the
dimensions are considerably less. Total length 7'5 inches, culmen
1-1, wing 4-1, tarsus 0'8.

Adult female. " The scarlet crescent wanting, replaced by white.
Length 7-25 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3, tarsus 0-7, bill 1." (Cory.)

Hah. Northern Bahama Islands.

«. S ad. sk. Bahamas (Blake). Sclater Coll.

Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus harrisi.

Picus villosus (no7i Linn.), Vig. in Beechey's Voy. p. 23 (1839).
Pious harrisi. And. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 191 (1839) ; id. Si/n. N. Amer. B.

p. 178 (1839) ; Townsend, Excur. Rocky Mts. ii. p. 304, App. (1 340) ;

Giraiid, B. Texas, p. 1 (1841); And. B. Amer. iv. p. 242, pi. cclxi.

c^ 9 ad. (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Gaml>. Journ.

Philad. Acad. 1847, p. 54 ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850) ;

Reichenh. Scans. Picina, p. 364, no. 841, pi. dcxxxii. figs. 4208-9,

6 ? ad. (1854); Licht. Nomencl.Av. p. 75 (18.54) ; Sclat. P.Z.S.

1857, p. 127, 1858, p. 3 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 87 (1858) ; id. U.S.

Sj- Me.%\ Bomid. Surv. 1858, p. 5 ; Ken7i, P. R. R. Rep. Ex. pt. iv.

p. 21 (1859) ; Heerm. op. cit. pt. vl. p. 57 (1859) ; 3Mh. Picidee, i.

p. 7.3, pi. XX. figs. 1, 2, d $ ad. (1861 ) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad.

1863, p. 200 ; Coues, This, 1865, pp. 162, 567 ; Simdex. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 17 (1866) ; Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 52 ; Baird,

lids, 1867, p. 270 ; Erotm, op. cit. 1868, p. 419 ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 47 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8593 (1870) ;

Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 375, figured pp. 373-375 (1870) ;

Aiken, Proc' Bost. Soc. 1872, p. 206; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 280

(1874) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 1-58 (1876) ; Ride/w. Orn. 40th Par.

p. 545 (1877) ; Beldinf/, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, pp. 391, 393.
Trichopicus harrisi, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 45 (1854).
Dryobates harrisi. Cab. 8^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 68 (186.3).
Dryobates hyloscopus, Cah. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 69 (1863).
Picus hyposcopus. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8604 (1870).
Picus villosus, var, harrisi, Coues, Kci/ N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 194 ; B.,

B., ^- R. N. Amer. B. ii. p. -507 (1874) ; Hensh. Ann. Lye. Nat.

lUst. N York, xi. p. 9 (1874) : id. U.S. Geor/r. Surv. W. of 100th

Merid. 1875, p. 380; Bold. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 428;

Coop. op. cit. 1879, p. 250 ; Ridgtv. op. cit. 1880, p. 188, no. 360 b.
Picus villosus harrisi, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surr. iv. no. 3, p. 616

(1878) ; id. Check-list, p. 77, no. 4.39 (1882) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1883,

p. 275 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483 ; Dreio, Auk,

1885, p. 17; Batchelder, t. c. p. 127; Scott, t.c. pp. 174, 3.56

Ayersh. t. c. p. 283 ; Hensh. op. cit. 1886, p. 78.

15. DENDEOCOPUS.

235

Dryobates villosus harrisi, Everm. Auk, 1886, p. 93 ; Anthony, t. c.
p. 1G5 ; Scott, t. c. p. 425 ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amei: B. p. 211,
no. 309 c (1886) ; Rid(j%o. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887).

Adult male. Differs from D. villosus in having the ■wing-coverts,
the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and both webs of the inner-
most of these almost devoid of white spots ; the spots on the primaries
verj- small on the outer webs ; the under surface of the liody buffy
white or srooky white, the under wing-coverts having large and con-
s])icuou,s spots of black ; the four central tail-feathers are totally
black, and there is a greater amount of black upon the next outer
feather, the inner web being almost wholly so. Total length
8-8 inches, culmen 1-38, wing 5-05, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-92; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0"62, outer posterior 0'7, inner
anterior 0*5, inner posterior 0-35.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the scarlet
occipital band, the middle feathers of the occiput being black, the
white on either side not forming a complete band. Total length
8'5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 5-03, tail 3-3, tarsus 083.

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having red upon
the crown, and resemble the adult female in having the occiput
black. The amount of red upon the crown varies, in some individuals
forming a band across the middle of the crown, the feathers having
between the red tips and black bases a small white spot ; other
exami)les have only a few of the coronal feathers tipped with dull
red and a short white shaft-stripe. In other specimens the whole of
the crown-feathers are tipped with orange-scarlet, and have a distinct
white spot between this colour and the black base ; the frontal
feathers have also stripe-like spots of white ; the flanks and thighs
have faint dusky stripes and bar-like spots, but sometimes these are
almost entirely wanting ; the primaries tipped with white.

In this species the underparts vary from buffy white to smoky
white and brown, the latter colour tinting the white of the face and
also of the median stripe down the back.

HaJi. "Western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific coast, north to Chilcoot, Alaska, south along the tablelands
of Mexico to the Sierra de San Luis Potosi, and on the west to the
Sierra Madre de Colima, Jalisco.

a. 5 imm. sk.
i, c.d. S 2 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
/. d ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.

/(. 5 imm. sk.
i. c? juv. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.

N.W. America.

British Columbia.

Vancouver Island.

Orcas Island.

Fort Steilacooui, Puget

Sound, ^'\^ashington State

(Di\ Sucklfii/).
Teton Canon, Montana, July

(Hart Merriam).
Sarpy Fort, Montana, Aug.

(ifctishaw).
Dead Wood, Dakota, Oct.

( Vcryion Bailey).

Sir E. Belcher [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Dr. Lvall [P.].
Dr. Lvall [P.].

Henshaw Coll.

• rs.-G.].

236

I, m. S ? ad. sk.

7?, 0. (5 $ ad. sk.

}). d ad. sk.

q, r. (S ad. sk.
•S t. S 2 ad. ; ", r.

Juv. .sk.
w. Juv. sk.
.1'. S ad. ; y, z, a'.

$ ad. sk.
h'. S ad. sk.
c'. 5 ad. sk.

fV. 5 ad. .sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/. 2 ad.; /.Juv.

sk.
h'-k'. Jad. ; 1' , m'.

2 ad. sk.
n',o'. cJad.; ju', y',

r'. 2 ad. sk.
s', <'. c5 2 ad. sk.

ti. S ad. sk.

v'. S ad. ; «<;', .r'. 2

ad. sk.
2/'. 2 ad. sk.

z. 2 ad. ."k.

rt". (5 ad. sk.

'>", e". d 2 ad. sk.

d". d ad. sk.

e". (S juv. sk.

f". c?ad. (2?)
sk.

^", h". (S ad. et
juv. ; i". 2 ad.
sk.

k", I". S 2 ad. sk.

on", n". S ad. .sk.
o",p". 2 ad. sk.

Custer, Dakota, July

{ Vernon Bailey).
Fort Klamath, Oregon, Oct.,

Jan. (('. Bendire).
Fort Bridger, ^^■yoming,

Sept. ( Vernon Bailey).
California.
California.

California {L. Belding).
Fort Crook, California, Nov.,

Jan. (D. F. Parkinson).
Fort Crook, California.
Nevada, California, Nov.

{E. W. Nelson).
Lake Tahoe, California

{Henshaio).
Carson, Nevada, Nov. {Hen-

shaic).
Garland, Colorado, May,

Aug. ( H. Wheeler).
Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico,

Aug., Dec. (Henshaw).
Spriugerville, Ai'izona, Jan.,

Feb. (Henshaw).
Casa Colorado, Chihuahua,

Mexico, March( W.Lloyd).
Pinos Altos, Chihuahua.
Teniosachic, Chihuahua,

March {W. Lloyd).
Rio de Iglesias, Chihuahua,

Dec. ( W. Lloyd).
Rio de Emeritano, Chihua-
hua, Dec. ( IV. Lloyd).
Refugio, Chihuahua, Dec.

(W. Lloyd).
Rio de Urique, Chihuahua,

Nov. ( W. Lloyd).
Ciudad Durango, Mexico,

June (A. Forrer).
S. Nayaiit, Jalisco, 8000 ft.,

June ( W. B. Richardson).
Iluayimic, S. Madre Na-

yarit, June ( W. B. Eieh-

ardson).
Sierra Valparaiso, Jalisco,

Jan., July {W.B.Rich-
ardson).
S. Nevada de Colima, Jalisco,

April ( IF. Lloyd).
Sierra de San Luis Potosi,

July ( W. B. Richardson).
Mexico, Dec. (Buchan-Hep-
hurn).

Henshaw Coll.

■ [S.-G.].

Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.

I Hen.shaw Coll.

I [S.-G.J.

Sclater Coll.

.Henshaw Coll.
> [S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sah in-Godman Coll.

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 237

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus jardinii.

Picus (Leuconotopicus) jardiuii, Malh. Bev. Znol. 1845, p. 374.
Picus jardinii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. 3Ietz, 1848-49, p. 327 ;

Grai/, Gen. B. iii. App. p. xxi (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.

p. 137 (1850) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 308, 1857, p. 214, 1858,

p. 359, 1859, pp. 367, 388 ; id. 4- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 ; Cav.-

Tayl. op. cit. 1860, p. 119 ; 3Ialh. Picidce, i. p. 103, pi. xxv. tigs. 4(5 ,

5$ (1861) ; Sclat. Cat. Amei: B. p. 334, 110. 1990 (1862) ; Cass.

Proc. Philad. Acad. 186-3, p. 200; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177;

Suiidev. Cotisp. Av. Picin. j). 17 (1866) ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. iS at. Hist.

iV. York, 1868, p. 130 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8614 (1870) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212 ;

id. Sf Sclat. 2somencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa

Rica, p. 23 (1882).
Phrenopicus jardinii, Bp. Consp. Voliwr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 35 (1854).
Picus harrisii, Hoffm. J.f. O. 1862, p. 175 ; Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist. 1869, p. 562 ; Laivr. Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York,

1870, p. 130.
Dryobates jardinei, Cab. 4" Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 69 (1863).
Dryobates villosus harrisii (pt.), A. O. U. Cheek-list N. Amer. B.

p. 211, no. 393 c (1886).
Dryobates villosus jardinii, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887).

Adult male. Resembles the male of D. Jiarrisi, but is a much
smaller and darker bird, the under surface of the body becoming deep
brown in southern examples, this brown colour tinging the white on
the face and back ; the wing- coverts are generally without spots, and
the wings, when closed, only exhibit a few small white spots on the
primaries and the outer secondaries, but occasionally the secondaries
are devoid of any exposed spots when the wing is closed. In some
examples there is a profusion of large heart-shaped spots and stripes
of black on the sides of the chest, these being a continuation of the
stripe which borders the throat and fore neck. A specimen from
Jalapa measures as follows: — Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*15,
wing 4-65, tail 2*8, tarsus 0'8 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0'55, outer posterior 0'6, inner anterior 0-48, inner posterior
0"32, An example from Costa liica measures 7 inches, culmen 1*07,
•wing 3-95, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-75.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band, the occiput being black, the white superciliary stripes
extending on to its sides, but not uniting. Measurements of a spe-
cimen from Jalapa : — Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-93, wing 4-45,
tail 2-6, tarsus 0-8. A Guatemalan female measures 7 inches,
culmen 0*88, wing 4-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 0-7G.

Young. Differ from the adult of both sexes in having most of the
feathers of the crown tipped with red, and at the base of the red
tips a small stripe-like spot of dingy white, the outer feathers being
tipped with dull buffy white ; the forehead very narrowly striped
with white ; the primaries having a V-shaped marking of white at
the tip ; the two large outer tail-feathers on either side unifonn
white.

238

Hah. The raouataiiious parts of Central America to Veragua,
State of Panama ; and Southern ^fexico to about 20° N. lat.

a, h. Ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.
/, [/. j ad. sk.

h. 2 ad. sk.

i. S ad. slv.

k. (S ad. ; /, m.

6 2 juv. sk.
n. S ad. sk.

0, p. S 2 ad. sk.

q. 2 ad. sk.

r, s. (S 2 ad. sk.

t, II. 2 ad. ; V.
Juv. sk.

IV, .r. J ad. ; I/, z,
a'. 2 ad. sk.

h'. 2 ad. sk.

<:', d'. 2 ad. sk.
c'. (S ad. .sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

r/'. (5 ad. sk.
h'. (S ad. sk.

i'. 2 ad. sk.

k'. 2 ad. sk.

/'. ^ ad. sk.
m'. cJ ad. sk.
?i', (>'. 2 ad. sk.
;/. c? ad. sk.

q'. c? ad. ; /•'. .Juv.

*•', t'. cJ 2 ad. sk.

Mexico.
Mexico.
VaUoy of Mexico {H. S. k

Stranije).
Mexicalciugo, Tlalpam, Jan.
Chimalapa, Tacubaya, Jan.,

Feb. [Com. Explor. Me.i:).
San Pedro, Tacubaya, Feb.

{Com. Exphr. Mex.).
Touaguia, Oaxaca, Feb.
Cofre de Perote, Mexico,

July {Mateo).
Popocatapetl (10-12,000

feet), Mexico, April {F.

D. G.).
Jala^a, Mexico.
Jalapa {de Oca).
Sierra del Sur, Mexico {Mrs.

H. H. Smith).
Omilteme (8000 feet), State

of G-uerrero, July {Mrs.

H. H. Smith).
Amula (6000 feet). State of

Guerrero, Aug. {Mrs. H.

H. Smith).
S. Miguel Molino (Hue-

jotzingo), Puebla, July

{Com. Explor. Mex.).
Guatemala.

Vera Paz,Guatemala {Safvin) .
San Geniuimo, Vera Paz

(O.S.).
Dueiias, Guatemala (O. S.).
Volcan de Fuego, Gua-
temala, Aug. (O. <S'.).
Volcan de Fuego, Aug.

(O. S.).
Calderas, Volcan de Fuego

(0. S.).
Costa Rica.
Costa Rica.

Costa Rica (.7. Carmiol).
Volcan de Cartago, Costa

Rica {E. Arce).
L'azu Distr., Costa Rica (If.

Rogers).
Southern Slope of Chiriqui

{E. Arce).

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Salyin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater L\A\.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Ciodraau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salyin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

15. Dendrocopus pubescens.

The smallest .spotted Woodpecker, Cateshy,Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 21,
6 figd. (1731).

15. DENDROCOPTTS. 239

Le petit Pic varig de Virginie, Z^/'w.s. Oni. iv. p. 50 (1760).

Picus ^^nhe&CQus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Gm Siist \at
1. p. 4.35 (178S); Lath. Ind. Oni. i. p. 2S2 (1790); Bart Nat
Hist. Penn. p. 11 (1799); Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 65
pi. cxxi., c? (1807) ; Wils. Amer. Oni. i. p. 153, pi. ix. iig-. 4,d"ad.
(1808); Sfeph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 170 (1815); VieUl. N. Diet
cTHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 82 (1818); id. S,- Bonn. Enc. Meth iii
ID. 1311 (1823); Wafjl.Syst. At: Picus, sp. 23(1827); Bp. Syn.
Lds. 1.8. p. 46, no. 43 (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 228 (1831);
Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. i. p. 158, pi. ix. fio-. 4, J (18.32) •
Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 576 (1832); And. Oni. Bioyr. ii. p. 81
pi. cxii., S 2 (18.34) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer p 39
no. 256 (18.38) ; And. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 5-39 (18.39) ; id. Syn. p. 180
(1839); id. B. Amer. iv. p. 249, pi. cclxiii., rf 2 (1839); Peab
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 174 ; De Kay, Nat. Hi.<<t. N York
pt. 2, p. 187, pi. xvi. %. 35, S (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 43.5
(184.3); Bj}. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 1.38 (18.50); Beichenh. Scans.
Fieince, p. 374, no. 8li4, pi. dcxxxviii. tigs. 4255-57, d' S 2 (18.54) ■
Putn. Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1856, p. 214 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p 89
(18o8) ; Malh. Picida, i. p. 119, pi. xxix. figs. 8, 9, J 2 (1861) •
Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst. 1862, p. 143; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B
p. 3.34, no. 1993 (1862) ; Blahist. Ibis, 1802, p. 3, 1863, p 61 •
Ca.ss. Proc. Pkilad. Acad. 186.3, p. 201 ; Allen, Proc. Esse.v Inst
t'^'J\'P' I>>-esser, Ihis, 1805, p. 468; Mcllwr. Proc. Esse.v
Inst. 18m, p. 83 ; Sundev. Consj>. Av. Picin. p. 17 (1866) ; Baird
Ibis, 1807, pp. 270, 285; Coues,Pi-oc. Esse.v Inst, imi, p 262-
Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1808); id. Hand-l. B. ii'
p. 184, no. 8590 (1870); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p 194
fig. 130; B., B., ^- R. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 509, pi. xlix. figs. 6,
/, S 2 (18^4) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 282 (1874); Brewst. Ann
Lye. Aat. Hist. N. York, 1875, p. 144 ; Con/, Nat. Maqd. Isl
p. 51 (1878); Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. A26* { Mayn
Bds E. Is. Amer. p. 242 (1879) ; Eidyw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
18b0, p. l^b, no. 361 ; Coues, Check-list N Amer. B. 1882 p 77
no. 440; Merriam, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 2.36; Stearn-<^
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 118; Harfl. J.f. 0. 1883, p •^75-
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483, fig. 334; Anersb.
Auk, 1885, p. 283.

Picus (Dendrocopus)pubescens, ^E-«/ws. JV«<«.i?or.-.4jHcr. ii rm xxvi

(Introd.), 307 (1831). n--->

Picus (Dendrocopus) medianus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. .308

Picus (Dendrocopus) meridioualis, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer ii
p. .308 (1831). '. ■

Picus medianus, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 601 (1834); Grai/, Gen B
u. p. 43o (1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138 (1850);' Beichenb.
Scans. Picince, p. 375, uo. 866 (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p l->-)
(1861) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8594 (1870).

Pieus mendionalis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Bp. Consp Gen
Av.i. p. 1.38 (1850) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 124 (1861) ; Gh-ay, Hand-l.
B. 11. p. 184, no. 8595 (1870). ^ ^ > v>

Picus lecontei, Jones, Ann. Lye. N. York, 1848, p. 489, pi. xvii

Inchopicus pubescens, Bp. Consp. Valuer . Zygod. p. 8, no. 39 (1854)

* From Central California, and pronounced bv Dr. Eidgway to be a tynical
I), pubescens. '' .if^^^i.

240 PICIDiE.

Trichopicus medianus, Bp. Consp. Volua: Zi/(/od. p. 8, no. 40 (1854).
Tricliopicus meridioiaalis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 41

(1854).
Tridactvlia lecontii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 85 (1854).
Picoides lecontei, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 182, pi. xl. fig. 7, c? (1861).
DiTobates pubescens, Boie, I-sis, 1826, p. U77, 1828, p. 326; Cab. ^

Heme, Mus. Hcin. iv. p. 62 (1863) ; Breiost. Auk, 1886, p. 104;

A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 211, no. 394 (1886) ; Lloyd,
Auk, 1887, p. 190 ; Sennett, t. c. p. 242 ; Ridyic. Man. N. Amer.

B. p. 283 (1887) ; Warren, B. Penn. p. 126 (1888),

Adult male. Back black, witb a median stripe of white ; rump
aud upper tail-coverts uniform black ; scapulars black, with whitish
tips ; wing-coverts and wings black, both webs of the latter and the
coverts (except along the forearm) spotted with white ; shafts of
quills black; the four central tail-feathers black, the next one black
on the basal half, the apical half white and crossed b^- a black bar,
the two outer large feathers almost entirely white and barred on
the apical portion with black ; shafts corresponding in colour with
the surrounding web : top of the head, sides of the face and neck,
and the hind neck black, the occiput red varied with white ; nasal
plumes aud a superciliary stripe to the occiput, and another stripe
passing under the ear-coverts to the hind neck white ; from the
chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, the latter with
a few sagittate spots of black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, the former having a conspicuous black patch on the edge of
the wing. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-75, tail 2-3,
tarsus 0'67 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer pos-
terior 0"47, inner anterior 0'35, inner posterior 0'25.

Young male. Instead of having a red occipital band as in the
adult male, the crown-feathers are tipped with red, and have dusky
bases crossed by a black bar, a few feathers, chiefly on the occiput,
being spotted with dull white ; the sides of the bodj-, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts M'ith faint dusky stripe-like spots.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wantiiig the red
occipital band, the occiput being more or less white. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0'65, wing 3*9, tail 2*43, tarsus 0'65.

Hub. Northern and Eastern North America, north into ^Vlaska,
south into Florida. Occasionally occurring in Western North
America (Colorado, California, &c.).

(I. S ad. sk. Golsova River, Alaska, Jan. Henshaw Coll.

(K W. Nelson). [S.-G.].

b, c. J 2 ad. sk. Nulato, Alaska, March {E. Henshaw Coll.

W. Nelson). [S.-CI.].

d. S ad. ; e, /', y. Canada. Tweeddale Coll.

$ ad. ,?k. ■

h. is ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Gould Coll.

i, k. (S 2 ad. sk. Fort DufFerin. N.A.Boundary Com-
mission.

I, m. c? 2 ad. sk. Niagara Falls. Gould Coll.

w, 0. c? ? ad. sk. Waukegau, IlUnuis, April (£. Ileushaw Coll.

W. Nekon). [S.-G.].

i

15. DKNDROCOPTJS.

241

p. 2 ad. sk.
q. 2 ^^- sk.
r, s. (^ ad. sk.

t-b'. cj'ad.etimni. ;

c'-k'. 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
»'. 2 ^<i- sk.

k'-o'. J ad. sk.

p'. 2 ad. sk.

q', r'. 2 ad. sk.

«'. (S ad. sk.

t'. c? ad. sk.

m', v', to'. 2 ad. sk.

:i-'-b". c^ad.; c"-f'.
2 ad. sk.

(/". 2 ad. sk.

k"-o". cJad.etjuv.:
p", q", r". 2 ad.
sk.

s", t". S 2 ad. sk.

u". S ad. sk.

v", iv". cJ 2 ad. sk.

x", y". 2 ad. sk.
z". Skeleton.

Evanston, Illinois, April (JS. ■
W. Nelson).

Pine, Indiana, Sept. {E. W.
Nelson).

Lyons Falls, N. Y., April
(A. Jeninys Dayan).

Locust Grove, New York,
Apr.-Nov. {Hart Mer-
riam).

Lowville, N. Y., July (.4.
Jenings Dayan).

Leyden, N. Y., Sept., Dec.
{Hart Merriam).

East Hampton, Massachu-
setts, Oct. {Hurt Mer-
riam).

Concord, Mass., Oct., Nov.
{Henshaic).

Cambridge, Mass., Oct.
{Henshaw).

Watertown, Mass., Nov.
{Henshaw).

Wellesley, Mass., Sept., Oct.
{HensJuav).

New Haven, Connecticut,
Oct., Nov. {Hart Mer-
riam).

Elizabeth, New Jersey, Mar.
{Hart Mei-riam).

Washington, D. C, Feb.-
Dec. {Henshaw).

\Vashington, D. C, Nov.

Virginia.

Falls Church, "S'irgiuia, Nov.

{Henshaw).
Miami, Florida, Dec. {Hen-

shaiv).
N, America.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,
Henshaw CoU.

[S.-G.].
Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.J.

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus gairdneri.

Picus gairdneri, ^?<rf. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 317 (1839); id. Syn. N.
Amer. B. p. 180 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. iv. p. 252 (1842) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 375, no. 8t>5
(1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 127 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 91,
pi. Ixxxv. figs. 2, 3 (1858) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 236: Coop. S(
Suckl. Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 159 (1860); Malh. Picidce, i.
p. 123 (1861) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1994 (1862) ; Cass.
Proe. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 201 ; Coues, Ibis, 1865, p. 162 ; Sundev.
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 17 (1866) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; Broivn,
op. cit. 1868, p. 419 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1868) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8591 (1870) ; Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird,
i. p. 377 (1870) ; Aiken, Proc. Bost. Soc. 1872, p. 206; Coues, B.
N.-Wesf, p. 282 (1874); Belding, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.l&ia,
pp. 390, 391, 393.

VOL. IVIII. R

242 piciD^.

Picus meridionalis, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 090 (1840) ; Oamh. Journ.

Philad. Acad. 1847, p. 55 ; Heerm. P. li. E. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 57

(1859).
Trichopicus gairdneri, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 48 (1854).
Trichopicus leucuriis {Wilrt.), Hartl. Kaum. ii. p. 55 (1852) ; Bp.

Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, uo. 42 (18-"J4).
Picus leiicurus, Math. Picid(P, i. p. 122 (1801).
Picus turati, Ma!/t. Picidec, i. p. 125, pi. xxix. figs. 5, G, ^ 2 (1861) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8597 (1870).
Dryobates gairdneri, Cab. &; Heme, Miis. Hein. iv. p. 64 (1863).
Dryobates turatii, Cab. ^ Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 65 (1863).
Dryobates homorus. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 65 (1863).
Dryobates leucurus, Cah. Sf Heine, Mits. Hein. iv. p. 05 (]8()3).
Picus homorus. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no. 8596 (1870).
Picus pubescens, var. gairdneri. Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 1872,

p. 194 ; B., B., Sf li. Hist. N. Amer. Bds. ii. p. 512 (1874) ; Hensh.

Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, 1874, p. 9; id. U. S. Geogr. Surv.

W. of lOOth Merid. p. 388 (1875) ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm.

1878, p. 428.
Picus pubescens gairdneri, Bidgiv. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,

p. 188, no. 361 a ; Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77,

no. 441 ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 483 ; Drew, Auk,

1885, p. 17.
Dryobates pubescens gairdneri, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B.

p. 211, no. 394 a (1886); Scott, Auk, 1886, p. 426; Ridyio. Man.

N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887).
Dryobates pubescens oro?cus, Bafchelder, Auk, 1889, p. 253*.
Dryobates pubescens fumidus, Mayn. Orn. Sj- Ool. 1889, p. 58.

Adult male. Resembles D. pubescens, but differs in having the
wing-coverts either entirely uniform, or with, at most, a few small
spots of white upon the greater series ; the spots on the quills
smaller and fewer, and sometimes entirely wanting on the inner-
most secondaries ; the under surface of the body darker, varying
from smoky white to pale brown or smoky brown. Total length
6 inches, culmeu 0'7, wing 3'9, tail 2-35, tarsus 0-6; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0'4, outer posterior O-o, inner anterior 0'3,
inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the occiput, the occipital band being white, slightly striped with
black. Total length G inches, culmen 0'7, wing 3'8, tail 2-45,
tarsus 0"65.

Nestling female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in being
of a less intense black above, and slightly browner ; the occiput
wanting the white band, or having at most a few dull-white stripe-
like spots ; upon the crown a few spots of dull red. In two females
of the same age, one has the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
striped with dusky black, and in the other these striations are
almost wanting. The nestlings differ, like the adults, in the colora-
tion of the underparts, some being very dark.

* In my opinion barelv worthy of subspecific rank.

15. DENDROCOPUS.

243

Hah. Western United States, from the Pacific to the Rocky
Mountains, north into British Columbia, south into Arizona and
New Mexico.

a,b. (S 2 *d. st.
c, d. (S 2 ad. sk.
e,f. (J 2 ^d. sk.
ff,h. (J 2 ad. sk.

i. cJ" ad. sk.

k. c? ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.

m. cJ fl'd. sk.

n. d" ad. sk.

0, p. c? 2 ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

s. S ad. sk.

t. c? ad. sk.

M. (5 ad. sk.

V. 2 ad. sk.

w. cS ad. sk.

X, y. S ad. ; z. $
imm. ; a . Juv.
sk.

British Cohimbia.
British Cokimbia.
Vancouver Island.
Vancouver Island, April {A

Forrer).
Walla Walla, Washington ^

State, Oct. (Henshaw).
Columbia River, Oregon, Oct.

(H. Wheeler).
Albany, Oregon, Jan. (^Hen-
shaw).
Umatilla Agency, Oregon, Aug.

(Henskaw).
Dalles, Oregon, Nov. (Hen-
shaw).
California.
Monterey, California, Oct.

(Henshaw).
Los Alamos, California, Nov.

(Hetishaw) .
Fort Crook, California, Jan.

(D. F. Parkinson).
San Bernardino, California ( W. \

E. Lawso7i).
Visaha, California, Jan. (Hen-

shato).
Redwood, California, April

(Henshaw).
Walker's Basin, California, Nov.

{H. Wheeler).
Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico,

July, Sept. [Henshaio).

J

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.'
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.;
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P."
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

■ [S.-Q.].

Sclater Coll.
Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

16. Dendrocopus stricklandi.

Picus (Leuconotopicus) stricklandi, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 373.
Picas stricklandi, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 184S-49,

p. 327 ; id. Bull. Soc. cFHist. Nat. Moselle, 1849, p. 14 ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 137 (1850) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 367 ; Malh.

Picida, i. p. 108, pi. xxviii. (descr. & figs, of $ & (5' juv. only)

(1861) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1991 (1862) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 20 (18G6),pt. ; Sclat. ($• Salv. Nomencl. Av.

Neoir. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 387, no. 1894 (1882),

2* ; Harg. Ibis, 1886, pp. 112-114.
Phrenopicus stricklandi, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zrjgod. p. 8, no. 86

(1854).

* This is a true D. stricklandi of Malherbe, and a verj' rare species in col-
lections.

r2

244 piciD^.

Picua cancellalus (non Wagl), Sclat. P. Z. S. 185G, p. 308.
Threnopipo stricklandi, Cab. ^ Heine, Mvs. Hein. iv. p. 71 (1863).
Dryobates stricklandi, Ridgw. 3Ian. N. Amer. B. p. 28G (1887).

Adult male. Back and rump barred blackish browu and ■white ;
scapulars, wing coverts, and (juills blackish brown, the primaries
and outer secondaries spotted with white upon both webs, the inner
webs only of the inner secondaries being spotted ; shafts reddish
brown ; upper tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers uniform
brownish black, the next feather black, with an apical bar and spots
of bufpy white, the two outer large feathers on either side buffy
white, narrowly barred with black ; shafts corresponding in colour
with the surrounding web ; nasal plumes rusty brownish white ;
forehead and crown brownish black, the occijiut scarlet ; sides of
the face and neck brownish black, with a short white stripe from
above the eye running backwards, and another white stripe from the
loral region running under the ear-coverts and then crossing the
neck to the nape, but not uniting on the latter region with the cor-
responding stripe ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both in-
clusive, white ; the chin and throat, chest, breast, and sides of the
body striped or longitudinally spotted with black, the flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts having the markings more barred, the ab-
domen and vent spotted ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white,
with dusky varied markings and spots. Total length 7"5 inches,
culmen 0-92, wing 4-6, tail 2-(i, tarsus 0-82 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior Uo, outer posterior 0-55, inner anterior 0'4, inner
posterior 0'28.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the red
occipital band. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-77, wing 4-4,
tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8.

Young male. Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the
crown red, the black striations on the underpnrts broader, and the
flanks and thighs distinctly barred with dusky black ; the primaries
narrowly margined with greyish at the tip.

Hah. South-eastern Mexico (Jalapa &c.).

a. $ ad.sk. X.ichimilco, Tetelco, Jan. Salvin-Godniau Coll.

b. d" ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Sclater Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Las Vigas, Jalapa, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

17. Dendrocopus nuttalli.

Picas nuttalli, Gamb. Proc. Phikid. Acad. 1843, p. 259; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1857, p. 127 ; id. op. cit. 1858, p. 3 ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 93,
pi. xli. fig. 2 (1858) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 100, pi. xxiv. tigs. 8, 9,
sk (1861); Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 195; Sunder.
Consp. Ar. Picin. p. 19 (1866); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 185, no.
8607 (1870) ; Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 378, head of S figd.
(1870) ; B., B., i^ R. Hist. N. Amer. B. h. p. 521, pi. 1. figs. 3cJad.,
6 2 ad. (1874) ; Ridijjv. Orn. 40th Par. p. 547 (1877) ; Beld. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mas. 1878, p. 428 ; Ciop. op. cit. 1879, p. 250 ; Ridgw.
op. cit. 1880, p. 189, no. 364.

15. DENDKOCOPUS.

245

Piciis scalaria {non WagL), Gamh. Joiirn. Philad. Acad. 1847, p. 55,

pi. ix. figs. 2, 3, c??.
Picus wilsoni, Mnlh. Rev. de Zool. 1849, p. 529 ; Bp. Consp. Gen.

Av. i. p. 138 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picinm, p. 375, no. 867

(1854).
Trichopicus wilsoni, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 47

(1854).
Dictyopipo nuttaUi, Cab. 4" Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 75 (1863).
Picus scalaris, var. nuttallii. Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 193.
Picus scalaris nuttalli, Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77,

no. 435 ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 482, fig. 332.
Dryobates nuttalli, Everm. Auk, 1886, p. 94 ; A. O. U. Check-list

N. Amer. B. p. 212, no. 397 (1886); Ridgiv. Man. N. Atner. B.

p. 285 (1887).

Adult male. Resembles D. scalaris, but may be distinguished from
the latter by its larger size, in having the black bars on the back
very much broader, and a broad belt of black on the upper part o
the back ; the lateral tail-feathers only barred on the apical portion ;
the nasal plumes broadly tipped with black : the forehead and crown
black, striped with white, and devoid of red, the latter colour being
confined to the occiput and nape ; the face, neck, and underparts
very much whiter, the face and neck being almost pure white ; the
auricular and the malar stripes very broad and of a jet-black, and,
after uniting, running on to the shoulders ; the spots on the sides
of the body larger, and the stripes on the sides of the chest broader.
Total length 6'7 inches, culmcn 095, wing 4-05, tail 2-65, tarsus
0"75 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'45, outer posterior
O'oo, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0'25.

Youmi male. Has no red on the occiput or nape, these being black ;
the forehead and crown black, with more or less stripe-like spots of
white, the coronal feathers being tipped with red.

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown, occiput and nape
uniform deep black, or with, at most, one or two spots of white on
the sides of the occiput : " iris brown ; bill black ; feet grey" {Dr.
Cooper). Total length 6'5 inches, culmcn 0'87, wing 4-1, tail 2-63,
tarsus 0'75.

Hah. California, and extending north into Oregon.

a, 6. d ? ad. sk.

c, ff. (5 5 f"i- ; ^•

cJ imm. sk.
/. S ad. : y. 2

imm. sk.
h, i. Juv. sk.
Ic. cJ ad. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

m. S imm. sk.
n, o. c? 2 ad. sk.
p. 2 juv. sk.
5^. j ad. sk.

Ashland, Oregon, Feb. {Hen- Hensbaw Coll.

shuio). [S.-G.J.

California. Purchased.

California.

Sclater Coll.

California. Tweeddale Coll.

Gait, San .Joaquin Co., Cali- ]

fornia, April (Bryant).
liedwood, California {Hen-

shaw). (. Hensbaw Coll.

Kernville, Oct. {Henshaw). f [S.-G.].
Jolon, Oct. (Henshaw).
Fort Tejon, Aug. ( If heeler).
Tejon Mts., Aug. {Henshuio).

246 piciD^.

r. c? ad. sk. Stockton, Dec. iHetishaic). Ilenshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
«. 2 ad.sk. Los Alamos, Cal., Nov. [Hen- Ilenshaw Coll.

skate). [S.-G.].

t, u. (5 2 ad.sk. Greenwood Y., Eldorado Co., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cal., Jan., Feb. (A. Forrer).
V. $ ad. sk. San Bernardino, May {F. G. Frean Morcom,

Stephens). Esq. [P.].

10. 5 jUT. sk. Oakland [Brycmt). Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
.r. 2 ad.sk. Sar.ta Inez, Sept. (iJ«is/i«?r). Ilenshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

18. Dendrocopus scalaris.

Picns scalaris, Wat/l. Isi.f, 18'J9, p. 511 ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.35

(1845) ; Bp. Comp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 1-38 (1850) ; Lic/it. Komencl. Av.

1854, p. 75; Beichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 377, no. 870, pi. dcxxxix.

tigs. 4264-GG, ^S 6 2 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 307 ; Baird,

U.S. §• Me.v. Bound. Surv. 1858, p. 5, pi. iii. fig. 1, d' ; id- B. N.

Amer. p. 94 (18oS) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 136 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1859, p. 367 ; Malh. Picida, i. p. 116, pi. xxvii. figs. 1-4 (1861) ;

Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1988 (1862) ; Coues, Ibis, 1865,

p. 159 ; Dresser, t. c. pp. 313, 468 ; Svndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 18

(1866) ; Bnird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mns.

p. 48 (1868) ; Elliot, Neiv 8f Unfig. B. N. Amer. i. lutrod. p. 7

(1869) ; Lnwr. Ann. Lye. N. York, 1869, p. 205 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 185, no. 8605 (1870) ; Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 379

(beads fiirured p. 380) (1870) ; Sclat. (|- Sali\ Nomencl. Ar. Keotr.

p. 99 (1873) ; B., B., ^- P. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 515, ])1. 1. figs. 4,

5,c? 2 ad. (1874) ; Henshatc, U.S. Geoyr. Surv. TV. of 100th 3Jerid.

1875, p. E90 : Lazvr. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 34 (1876) ; Merrill,

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 150 ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol.Stirv.

iv. p. 415 (1879) ; Eidyiv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, pp. 189,

233, no. 363 ; Coues, Cheek-list N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77, no. 4.34 ;

Salr. Cat. Strickl. Cdl. p. 387, no. 1893 (1882) ; Boucard, P. Z. S.

1883, p. 52 ; Coztes, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 481 (1884) ; Salv.

Ibis, 1885, p. 191.
Picus gracilis, Less. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 41.
Picus parvus, Cabot, Bosf. Jourti. Nat. Hist. v. p. 92 (1845) ; Gray,

Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Dyctiopicns scalaris, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 32 (1854).
Picus scalaris, var. d'orizaba, Malh. Picidce, pi. xxvii. fig. 6 (1861).
Picus hairdi, Malh. Picid. i. p. 118, pi. xxvii. figs. 7, 8, d" 2 (1861) ;

Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 33-3, no. 1987 (1862) ; Cassin, Proc. Acad.

Philad. 1863, p. 196 : Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177 ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 48 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8609 (1870) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 193.
Picus vagatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 196 ; id. Journ.

Acad. Philad. 1863, ^il. Iii. fig. l,^ ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 49 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no. 8610 (1870).
Dictyopipo scalaris. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 74 (l863).
Picus orizabse, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863. p. 196.
Dryobates scalaris, Scott, Auk, 18^6, p. 426 ; A. O. U. Check-list N.

Amer. B. p. 212. no. 396 (1886) ; LMjd, Auk, 1887, p. 190 ; Salv.

Ibis, 1889, p. 368.
Dryobates scalaris parvus, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 284 (1887).

15. DEKDROCOPUS. 247

Dryobates scalaris bairdi, Ridgxv. Man. N. Amer. B. pp. 284, 285

(1887).
Dryobates scalai-is sinaloensis, Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 285

(1887)*.

Adult male. Entire back, rump, and scapulars barred black and
white ; upper tail-coverts black ; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and
primary-coverts black, spotted with white ; quills black, spotted
with white on both webs, the innermost feathers barred across with
white ; shafts brownish black ; four central tail-feathers uniform
black, the next one black, spotted on the apical half of the outer
web and tipped with buffy white, the two outer large feathers on
either side (except the base of the inner web of the innermost) bufFy
white or pure white barred with black ; shafts corresponding in
colour with the surrounding web ; nasal plumes smoky brown ;
forehead black, spotted with white ; crown and occiput crimson,
the feathers of the crown spotted with white and having dusky
black bases ; nape black, the lower part of the hind neck barred
with white ; lores and face creamy or brownish white, the side of
the neck slightly darker ; a black auricular and malar stripe, the
two uniting behind the ear-coverts ; chin dull white, the throat,
chest, and breast sandy brown, the remainder of the uuderparts and
under tail-coverts dull white, the sides of the chest and breast spotted
with black, the flauks and thighs with bar-like markings of the
same, the vent having more sagittate spots, and the under tail-
coverts with bars or sagittate spots of black ; under wing-coverts
white, barred with black ; on the edge of the wing a conspicuous
spot of blackish brown ; axillaries sandy white, transversely spotted
with black. Total length from 6-8 to 5-8 inches, culmen 0-9 to 0-8,
wing 4-2 to 3-55, tail 2-45 to 2, tarsus U*72 to 0-66 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-52 to 0*4(3, outer posterior 0-57 to 0-54,
inner anterior 0'42 to 0-4, inner posterior 0-28 to 0'25.

Young male. Resembles, generally, the adult of the same sex, but
has the red on the head confined to a dull crimson spot or quadrate
patch on the crown, the hinder part of the crown and the occiput
being black ; the sides of the face and neck are duller than in the
adult, and the ground-colour of the under surface of the body is more
of a smoky white and wants the sandv-brown tint on the throat,
chest, and breast.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and occiput uniform black.

Texan examples run large, and the species decreases in size
towards South-cast Mexico, the minimum being reached in Yucatan.
The typical bird is evidently that from South-east Mexico ; the
Texas bird is known as D. bairdi, and the small Yucatan bird bears

* From an examination of Dr. Riclgway's type, I was at first inclined to think
that the Sinaloa bird might be separated from the true I), scalaris ; but after
studying the extensive collections from Mexico, recently presented to the Museum
by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, I am induced to unite D. siiialoensis with D.
scalaris.

248

the name of D. parvus. I have united these three so-called species,
as I fail to find any character (except size) upon which to separate
them. In specimens from Southern Mexico the black auricular
stripe is, if anything, less broad, and its union behind the ear-coverts
with the malar stripe is not always complete. D. scalans has
occasionally the primary-coverts unspotted, as in D. cjraysoni from
the Tres Marias Islands, but this is as exceptional as is that of the
latter species having an occasional spot on these feathers.

Hah. Southern border of United States, from Texas to Arizona,
south through almost the whole of Mexico, and extending into Yu-
catan and Cozumel Island.

a, b. (S 1 "<i- s^'

c. 5 iunn. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e,f,ff.6a.d.;h. 2

ad. sk.
i, k. (S 2 ^'^- ^^■

I. cJ ad. sk.

VI, n. S 2 ad. sk.

0. d ad. sk.

/j,^. c5 ad.: r. 2ad.sk
s,t. c? 2 ad. sk.

«. c? ad. .•=k.
r. (S ad. sk.

?f-z. cJad.; a',b',c .

2 ad. sk.
(V, e', /'. c? ad. ;

(j'-k'. 2 ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.

in'. 2 ad. sk.

n',o'. cJad.;/. 2

ad. sk.
q', r. 6 ad. ; s', t' ,

u'. 2 ad. sk.
v. (S ad. sk.
ic',.x'. 6 imm.sk.

?/'. 2 ad. sk.

£'. S ad. sk.

u",h". (S 2 ad.sk.

c". (J imm. ; d",
e". 2 ad. sk.

San Gorgouia Pass, Cal., Nov. '

{H. B. Herron).
Apache, Arizona, Sept. {Ncw-

hernj).
San Pedro, Arizona, Oct.

( Wheelev).
Tucson, Arizona, Dec.

{Menshaw).
Gila Co., Arizona, Oct., Nov.

{Heiishmv).
Gila River, Arizona, Oct.

{Henshaw).
Grant Co., New Mexico, Mar.,

April {A. W. Anthony).
Laredo, Rio Grande, Texas
{H. B. Buicher). j

. Presidio Co., Texas, Dec.
San Antonio, Texas {H. E.

Dresser) .
San Antonio (H. H. Dresser).
San Diego, Duval Co., Texas,

Dec. {F. B. Arnistrojig).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct.,
'^OY.,Tiec.(F.B.Armstro7ig).
Hidalgo, Texas, April {F. B.

Armstrong).
Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Feb.

{F. B. Armstrong).
Brownsville, Texas, March {F.

B. Armstrong).
Nuevo Leon, Mexico, May

(F. B. Armstrong).
Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas,

March {F. B. Armstrmig).
Ilermosillo, Sonera, Oct.
Sonora, Mexico, April {W.

Lloyd).
Moctezuma, Sonora, Sept.
Indiues, Chihuahua, Nov. ( W.

Lloyd).
Presidio, Jan., Mar. {A. Fur-

rer).
Aguas Calientes, Aug. ( W. B.
Richardson).

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

15. DENDROCOPUS.

249

f",9"- 6 $ ad.sk.
h". (5 ad. sk.
i" . c? ad. sk.
k" . S ad. sk.
I". S ad. sk.
in" . (S ad. sk.
n" ,o" . (S 2 ad. sk.

;/'. 5 ad. sk.

q"-t". (5 ad. ; u",

v". $ ad. sk.
w". (5' ad. sk.
x". 5 ad. sk.

y". 2 ad. sk.
c", a^. S ad. .sk.
6^. c? imm. sk.
c^. 2 ad. sk.
(P. 2 ad. sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.
/',.f/^c?? ad.sk.
A^ 2 ad. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.
k^. j imm. sk.
P. 2 ad. sk.

m^. (S ad. sk.
w^. 2 ad. sk.

o^. (S ad. sk.
/}^ ?^. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
r^. 2 ad. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.

e, u^. d" 2 ad. ; v\
ui^. (S 2 iiiim. ;
a^. Juv. sk.

?/^. Ad. sk.

s''. d"ad. : a', 6^ c'.
2 ad. sk.

(IK 2 ad. sk.

e\ c? ad.sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
.(/.' (5 ad. sk.
h\ c? ad. sk.

Santana, Guadalajara, Jalisco,

Yeh. {W. Lloyd).
Zapotlan, Jalisco, April ( W.

Lloyd) .
Beltran, Jalisco, April ( W.

Lloyd).
Zacoalco, Jalisco, March ( W.

Lloyd).
Huayimic, Sierra Madre, 6000

ft., June ( W. B. Richardson).
Plains of San Luis Potosi, July

( W. B. Richardson).
Sierra Madre, above Ciudad

Victoria, Tamaulipas ( W.

B. Richardson).
Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas,

April ( W. B. Richardson).
Aldama, Tamaulipas, March

[W. B. Richardson).
Tamaulipas ( W. B.Richardson),
Tampico, Tamaulipas ( W. B.

Richardson ) .
Jalapa ( C. F. Hdye).
Jalapa (F. B. G.).
Tlacolula (Rebouch).
AtUsco, Mexico.
San .\jidi'es, March.
Cordova, Mexico.
Orizaba (Botteri).
Near the City of Mexico.
Tetelco, Tlalpam, Aug.
Tetelco, Xochimilco, May.
Pinal, Puebla, Mexico, iipril

(F. D. G.).
Cbiietla, Chiantia, Puebla, Nov.
San Miguel Molino, Huejot-

zingo, Puebla, May.
Sola,Oaxaca,April(jl4r.r«//!7/o).
Juchatengo, Oaxaca, April

(M. Tnijillo).
Oaxaca,A\' . Me xico( i^ewocAeo) .
Amula, Guerrero, Aug. {Mrs.

H. H. Smith).
Mexico.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin- Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Mexico.
Mexico.

Northern Yucatan (G. F.

Gaumer).
Merida, N. Yucatan (<?. F.

Gaumer).
Tizimin, N. Yucatan, June

{G. F. Gainner).
Chable, N. Yucatan,Dec. {G. F.

Gamner).
Cozumel Island (E.C.J.Devis).

Piu'chased.
Gould Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

250 PICIDJE.

Sutsp. o. Dendrocopus lucasanus.

Picus lucasanus, X(mtus, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 302 ; Malh.

Picid. i. p. 106 (1861) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1986 (1862) ;

Graij, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868) ; Ulliot, New S,- Unfg. B.

N. Amer. i. Introd. p. 7 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186,

no. 8612 (1870).
Dictyopipo lucasana, Cah. S)- Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 75 (1863).
Picus scalaris, var. lucasanus, Cooper, B. Calif, ed. Baird, p. 381,

head figured (1870) ; B., B., k' P. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 519 ( 1874).
Picus scalaris lucasanus, Pidf/w. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, pp. 189,

219, 229, no. 363 a ; Cuu'es, Check-list N. Amer. B. 1882, p. 77,

no. 436 ; Beldim/, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 543 ; id. oj}. cit.

1883, pp. 344, 345, 349 ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2ad ed. 1884,

p. 482.
Dryobates scalaris lucasanus, A. O. U. Check-list, p. 212, no. 396 a

(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 285 (1887).

Adult male. Eesembles D. scalaris, but differs in having the enter
webs of the lateral tail-feathers barred only near the tip, the basal
two-thirds or three-fourths being uniform ; the whole of the hind neck
is black and the feathers of the extreme upper bade have more black.
It is allied to B. i/raijsoni by its whiter lateral tail-feathers and
conspicuous black patch on the hind neck, but may be distinguished
by its spotted primary-coverts and also by its longer bill and larger
dimensions. Total length 6'S inches, culmen 1, wing 4'05, tail 2"55,
tarsus 0*76 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"55, outer pos-
terior 0'57, inner anterior 0"4.^, inner posterior 0'28.

Adult female. Has the top of the head and the occiput black like
the hind neck. In other points it is similar to the male. Total
length Q-b inches, culmen 0-77, wing 3'9, tail 2*45, tarsus 0*73.

Hah. Southern portion of Lower California.

a. (S ad. sk. La Paz, Lower Cahfornia, Salvin-Godman Coll,

December {A. Forrer).

b, c. (^ 2 fid. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Call- Salvin-Goduian Coll.

fornia, Sept. (J. Xantus).
d. (S imm. ; e. Cape San Lucas {J. Xantus). Sclater Coll.

$ ad. sk.
f. (S imm. sk. [Southern Mexico.] Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus graysoni,

Picus scalaris {non Wayler), Grnysun, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist.

1871, p. 273.
Picus scalaris, var. graysoni, Laivr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii.

p. 294 (1874).
Dryobates scalaris graysoni, Ridyw. Man. N. Amei\ B. p. 285 (1887).

Adult male. Differs from D. scalaris in having the outer webs of
the lateral tail-feathers barred only on the apical half : the primary-
coverts unspotted ; the whole of the hind neck black, and the feathers
of the extreme upper back with more black, the white being some-
times absent or reduced to a spot, the lilack forming a conspicuous
patch or generally a distinct band ; the under surface of the body

15. DENDKOCOPUS. 251

is also less spotted with black. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-93,
wing 3-9, tail 2'3, tarsus 0-7; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0'47, outer posterior 0-55, inner anterior 0-43, inner posterior 0'25.

Ad id t female. Diifers from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being black. Total length
6-2 inches, culmen O'SS, wing 3-95, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-65.

Young nude. Has the red on the head confined to the tips of the
central crown-feathers, the hinder part of the crown and occiput
being black ; there is also a greater number of black bars on the
outer webs of the lateral tail-feathers. In other respects it is very
similar to the adult.

llab. Tres Marias Islands, "Western Mexico.

a. h. c? ad. sk. Tres Marias Islands, West Mexico Salvm-Godman Coll.
{A. Forrer).

19. Dendrocopus borealis.

Pious borealis, Viedl. Ois. Avier. Sejjf. ii. p. 66, pi. cxxii. (1807)
Jard. ed. Wilsoti's Amer. Orn. i. p. 251, pi. xv. tig. 1, ,5 (1832)
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 96 (1858); Cav.-Tai/L Ibis, 1862, p. 128
Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 18U3, p. 203 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 270
Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1868) ; id. Hcnid-l. B. ii. p. 186
no. 8613 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 192, fig. cxxix.
B., B., ^- E. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 524, pi. xlix. fig. 8, S (1874)
Mayn. Bds. E. N. Amer. p. 244, pi. xix. (1879) ; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 481, fig. 331.

Picus querukis, Bp. Syn. Bds. U. S. p._46, no. 44 (1826) ; Nutt. Man
Orn. 1832, p. 577 ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 137 (1850) ; Cass.
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 203; Sundev. Cotisp. Av. Picin. p. 21
(1866) ; Eidyic. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 189, no. 362.

Picus vieiUotii, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 20 ( $ ) (1827).

Picus leucotis, Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. 8f N. Amer. p. 39, no. 253
(1838) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).

Tbrenopipo borealis, Cab. ^' Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 70 (1863).

Dryobates borealis, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 212, no. 395
(1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 283 (1887) ; Scott, Auk,
1889, p. 251.

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black and white ;
wings and their coverts brownish black, the latter as well as both
webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts brown ; upper tail-
coverts and the four central tail-feathers uniform blackish brown,
the next feather having the basal portion obliquely black, and the
apical portion white spotted with black at the tip, the two outer
large feathers almost entirely white, the inner webs being barred and
the apical portion of the outer webs spotted with black ; shafts
corresponding in colour with the surrounding web ; nasal plumes
white ; entire top of the head, occiput, nape and hind neck, lores,
a small stripe-like spot behind the eye, and a long and broad
malar stripe intense black ,• upon the side of the occiput a stripe of
red : sides of the face and neck, chin and throat silky white, the
entire under surface of the body and the under taU-coverts also

[S.-G.]

252 piciDJE.

white, the sides of the chest striped, those of the breast spotted, the
flanks and thighs barred with black, the under tail-coverts having
varied markings (stripes, spots, end bars) of black ; under wing-
coverts and axillarics white, the lower series of the former having
rounded spots of black. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing
4" 75, tail 3'1, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"53,
outer posterior 06, inner anterior 042, inner posterior 0"3.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but has no scarlet stripe
on the side of the occiput. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 0*85,
wing 4-7, tail 3, tarsus 0-75.

Hah. South-eastern United States, from Tennessee and North
Carolina to Gulf Coast, and west to Indian Territory and Eastern
Texas. Occasionally north to New Jersey.

a. Ad. sk. N. America. J. Audubon, Esq.

[C.].

b. S ad. sk. Aiken, S. Carolina April ( Hart ]

Merriatn).

c. 2 ad. sk. Southern States {Nelson). tt i, n n
, + , , , „ ,-, J ,^ T71 -J 11 4 -1 I lienshaw Coll.

d. e. (S ad. ; /. 2 Cedar Keys, l londa, Dec, April y

ad. sk. {Henshaw).

y, A. c?ad. ; i-m. Volusia Co., Florida, Feb., March

? ad. sk. (5. H. W.).

n. (S ad. ; o. $ Clear Water, Florida {S. T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

juv. sk. Walker),

p. <S ad. sk. Enterprise, Florida, Feb. (G. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Buarclman).

q. (J ad. sk. Florida (Maynard). Salvin-Godman Coll.

;■, s, t. (S ad. et Florida, Aug., Sept., Oct. ( IV. Hensbaw Coll.

imm. ;m, y, w. 5 Ho.iie). [S.-G.].
ad. et imm. sk.

20. Dendrocopus minor.

Picus minor, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766) ; Scop. Ann. i. p. 49
(1769) ; Gm. Syst. Nut. i. p. 437 (1788) ; Lath. Iml. Orn.i. p. 229
(1790) ; Penn. Arcf. Zool. i. p 326 (1792) ; Leivin, B. Gt. Brit. ii.
p. 42, pi. 1. (1796) ; Bechst. Orn. Tasc/ienb. y>. Q7 (1602) ; Blum.
Man. d'Hisf. Nat. i. p. 205 (1803) ; Beckst. Naturg. Detitschl. ii.
p. 1039 (1805) ; Temm. Cat. Syst. p. 62 (1807) ; Meyer ^ Wolf,
Tasehenb. p. 124 (1810) ; Meyer, Vijy. Liv- u. Esth. p. 63 (1815) ;
Meisn. ^- Schinz, Voy. Schweiz, p. 41 (1815) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix.
p. 166, pi. xxxiv. (1815) ; Fvrst. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 7 (1817) ;
Nilss. Orn. Siiec. p. Ill (1817) ; I'ieill. N. Diet. WHist. Nat. xxvi.
p. 88 (1818) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. i. p. 399, iii. p. 283 (1820) ;
Brehm, Naturgesch. Eur. ToV/. i. p. 141 (1823) ; Bonn. 8^- Fieill.
Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1304 (1823) ; Eoux, Orn. Prov. p. 99, pi. Ixii.
(1825); Naum. Viig. Deutsckl. v. p. 3.34, pi. cxxxvi. (1826);
Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 60 (1826) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl.
p. 180 (1826) ; Wayl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 25 (1827) ; Sari, Orn.
Tosc. i. p. 145 (1827) ; Drap. Diet. Clnssif. xiii. p. 498 (1828);
Less. Traite, i. p. 219 (1831 ) ; Brehm, rdg.'Deut.<<ehl. p. 193 (1831) ;
Selby, III. Brit. Orn. i. p. 379 (1833) ; Glog. Handb. Naturgesch,
Viiq. Eur. p. 461 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 151
(1835); Gould, B. Eur. (not plate) (1837); Bp. Comp. List B.

1

15. DEXDK0C0PU3. 253

Eur. i§- N. Amer. p. 39 (1838) ; Keys. Si Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 149

& XXXV (1840); Be)wit, Orn. 6VaV. p. 32 (1840) ; Schinz, Eur.

Fatm. i. p. 263 (1840) ; Cura, Orfi. Sard. p. 89 (1842) ; Yarr. Hut.

Brit. B. ii. p. 147 (1843) ; SMexi. Ber. Crif. p. 1 (1844) ; V. d.

Miihk, Orn. Griechenl. p. 30 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435

(1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (18o0) ; Reichenh. Scans.

Picince, p. 370, no. 855, pi. dcxxxvi. figs. 4234-35 ( 1854) ; Sunder.

Sv. Fogl. p. 142, pi. xxiii. figs. 4, 5 (1856) ; Ilewits. Eggs Brit.

B. i. p. 241 (1856) ; Loche, Cat. Mamm. et Ois. d" Alger, p. 92

(1858); Schrenck, Amur-Beise, i. p. 263 (1859) ; Janb. "^- Barth.-

Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 331 (1859) ; Von Wright, Finl. Fogl.

p. 274(1859); Linderm. Vog. Griechetil. t[i. 43 {18i50); Pmvys, Ibis,

1860, p. 235 ; Malh. Picida, i. p. 113, pi. xxvi. figs. 4-7 (1861);

Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iii. pi. Ixxii. figs. S, ? , and iuv. (1863);

Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 33 (1864) ;' Prev. ^- Le^n. Hist. Nat.

Ois. d'Eur. p. 170 (1864); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 136; Sunder.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 25 (1866); Lilf. Ibis, 1866, p. 183; Degl. S;

Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 153 (1867) ; Bettoni, Ucc. Lomb. ii.

pi. Ixxviii. (1868); Gray, List Pic-id. Brit. Mus. p. 36(1868);

Borggr. J'og.-Faim. Norddeutschl. p. 68 (1869) ; Gray, Hcind-l. B.

ii. p. 182, no. 8558 (1870); Elu\ ^- Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 188;

Fritsch, 77)V/. ^m?-. p. 69 (1870), pi. xv. (1871); Gum. jun. Ibis,

1871, p. 294; Salvad. Faun. Itcd., Ucc. p. 39 (1871): Sciu7td. Ibis,

1871, p. 66 ; Hart. Handb. Brit. B. p. 32 (1872) ; Dress. B. Eur.

V. p. 53. pl. cclxxxii. (1872) ; Ehc. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 649 ; Aht. ^■

Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1873, p. 59; Brooke, t.c. p. 236 ; Peiini, Man.

Orn. Veron. i. p. 405 (1874); Danf. i^- Hari\-Br. Ibis, 1875,

p. 299; UHamonv. Cat. Ois. iTEur. p. 10 (1876); Saund. Bull.

Soc.Zool.Fr. 1876, p. 324; Tacz. op. cit. 1877, p. 152; Schleg.

Vog. Nederl. i. p. 40, pl. v. figs. 12, 13 (1878) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1879,

p. 29 ; Elw. op. cit. 1880, p. 396 ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Trans. As.

Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 207 ; Madar. Syst. Aufz. Vog. Ungarns, p. 23

(1881); Carls. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1882, i. p. 30;

Bolau, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 337 ; Marsch. ^- Pdz. Orn. Vindob. 1882,

p. 92 ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 25 ; Netct. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 477

(1882); Seeb. Hist. Brit. ^. ii. p. 359 (1884) ; Blakist. Amend.

List B. Jap. pp. 28, 44 (1884) ; Gigl. Avif. Itcd. p. 204 (1886).
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 79, pl. E (1766) ;

Lcdh. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 566 (1782), Suppl. i. p. 107 (1/87); Mont.

Orn. Diet. i. '(1802) ; Seeb. Sib. in Eur. p. 21 (1880).
Dendrocopos minor, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 73 (1810).
Picus hortorum, Brehm, T'dg. Deutschl. p. 193 (1831).
Dendrocopus minor, Selby, Brit. Orn. pl. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1833) ;

Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 78 (1883) ;

Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 304.
Picus striolatus, Macgill. Brit. B. iii. p. 86 (1840).
Pipripicus minor, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 53 (1854).
Piculus hortorum, 1
Piculus berbarum, |

Piculus minor, )- Brehm, Vollst. Vogelf. p. 70 (1855).

Piculus crassirostris, |
Piculus pusillus, J

Picus ledouci, Mcdh. Faun. Orn. Alger, p. 22 (1855).
Picus kamtschatkensis (pt.), Tacz. Bull. Son. Zool. F: 1876, p. 239.
Picus kamtschatkensis (7ion Bp.), Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1878,

p. 139.
Xylocopus minor. Cab. et Hein. 3Ius. Hein. iv. p. 51 (1863).

254 piciD^.

Drvobates minor, Gir/l. Ihis, I860, p. 58.

Piciis minor, var. pipra, ColMt, Norpes Furjlef. p. 310 (1881).

Picus pipra {non Pall.), Blakist. S^ Prycr, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882,

p. 133 ; Seeb. Uis, 1882, p. 374.
Picus minor pipra, Blakist. Chrysatitk. iii. p. 28 (1883).

Adult male. Upper back and upper scapulars black, the lower
scapulars white narrowly barred with black ; remainder of the
back barred black and white ; rump and upper tail-coverts black ;
wing-coverts black, the median series having a subapical white bar
or spot, the greater coverts being spotted with white on both webs ;
bastard-wing and exposed portion of primary-coverts black ; quills
black, spotted with white upon both webs, the innermost being
barred across with wliito ; shafts brownish black ; the four central
tail-feathers black, the nest one on either side black at the base,
the tip and the margin of half the outer web white, with a subapical
black bar ; the two outer large feathers on either side white, nar-
rowly barred with black on both webs, the extreme base black ;
dwarf feather black, tipped with white ; shafts corresponding in
colour with the surrounding web ; lores white ; a broad frontal
band of pale buff, brownish at the base ; crown crimson, with
partly concealed white spots, the bases of the feathers dusky ; outer
edge of the crown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck black ; sides of
the face and neck white, the ear-coverts palo brown ; a black
malar stripe bordering the throat and fore neck, and passing
behind the ear-coverts but not joining the occiput, the black widen-
ing on the side of the neck and forming a conspicuous patch : from
the chin to the under tail-coverts (inchisive) brownish white, the
chin and upper throat whiter, narrowly striped with black on the
sides of the chest and of the body, also on the flanks and thighs ;
the under tail i^overts having heart-shaped or sagittate spots of
black; under wing-coverts white, with, at most, a few dusky spots;
on the edge of the wing a conspicuous patch of black ; axillaries
white. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0-76, wing 3-6, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0-6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-38, outer
posterior 0--16, inner anterior 0-33, inner posterior 0-22.

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and fore
part of tiie crown being buily white. Total length 5-8 inches,
culmen 0-65, wing 3-6, tail 2-27, tarsus 0-6.

NcstUiK/ ((^ ■?). Is of a more sooty-brown colour above; the
centre (only) of the crown crimson, the feathers being dingy white
at the base ; the base of the frontal band not dusky brown. In
other respects resembles the adult.

Southern examples of this species are smaller and darker below
than typical birds, and the striations on the underparts are broader
and blacker. In the Altai mountains, South-eastern Siberia, and
the region of the Amour, birds are to be found almost identical with
typical examples of both D. minor and T). pipra, while others are
intermediate between these two forms. In Yezo the bird is not
typical, although I place it under D. minor.

Hah. Europe, generally, and extending east through the moun-

15. DENDEOCOPirS.

255

tainous regions of Southern Siberia to the Amour, ranging south
into Mongolia and into the island of Tezo. Also occurs in
Algeria and in the Azores.

a. c? ad. ; b. 5 imni. Tauuton, Somersetshire.

e. (5' ad. sk.

d,e. S 2 ad. ; / Jut.

sk.
ff. d ad. St.

h. ,Tiiv. sk.

', ^- c? ? ad. sk.

I. Juv. sk.

m. cJ ad. sk.

n,o. (^2 imni. sk.

p, q. Ad. St.

r, s. c? 2 ad. sk.

t. (J ad. sk.

?<• $ juv. sk.

Wiltshire.
Cookham, Berks.

Cookliam (W. Briggs).

Cookham, June (B. B. S.).

Cookham, May (B. B. S.).

Aviugton, Hants, Dec.

Sussex.

Cain Wood, Middlesex.

Cambridgeshire.

Sweden, Nov.

Sweden [H. Jlliechcriglit).

SkSne, Sweden.

Cecil Smith,

Montagu CoU.
Gould' Coll.

Esq.

<y-

6 2 ad. sk.
(S 2 ad. .sk.
2, a'. (S 2 ad. sk.
b'. c? ad. sk.
c'. ^ ad. sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
e'. (f imm. : f-

sk.
g'. Juv. sk.

h'. ^ ad. sk.

i'. Skull.
k'. Skull.

K. B. Sharpe, Esq.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Hume'Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mr. Baker.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Mr. Meves [C.].
Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Moscow Museum.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Feilden [P.].
Br. 0. Fkisch [C.].

Wermland, Oct., Dec.
Algiers.
Russia.
Russia, Sept.
Archangel, April.
Fetch ora.
2 ad. Narimskaja, River Ob, Si

beria, Sept.
Tschematschewskaja, River Dr. 0. Finsch [C.l.

Ob, Jidy.
Ussuri River, E. Siberia, Warsaw Museum.

Oct.
England. Yarrell Coll.

South Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.].

Subsp. a. Dendrocopus pipra.

Picus pipra, Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. p. 414 (1831); Seeb. Ibis,
2\ P" -^'^ -^ ' ^'^- ^^^- *'" •^'"■- P- ^^^* ^ote (1880) ; id. Sib. in Asia,

Picus minor (yion Linn.), Gould, B. Bur. pi. ccxxxi., c? 2 ad (not
text) (1837) ; Middenb. Sib. Beise, Zool. p. 132 (1851) • Seeb &
Harv.-Br. Bis, 1876, p. 112 ; Finsck, Verhandl. h. k. zool.-bot.
Gesellsch. Wien, 1879, p. 227.

Picus minor (pt.), Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 51 (1842) ; Beichenb
Scans. Picina;, p. 370, no. 855 (1854).

Trichopicus kamtschatkensis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 49

( ioO-±).

Picus kamtschatkensis, Malh. Picidfs, i. p. 115, pi. xxvi. fio-s. l^
2 2 (1861) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 20 (1866) ; Graii List
Pwid. Brit. Mus. p. 37 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 182, no.' 8561
(18/0) ; Tacz. Bull. Son. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 239 (pt.), 1882, p 396 •
Dgb. op. cit. 1883, p. 368. ^ ' ' ^ '

Xylocopus kamtschatcensis, Cah. 8^ Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p 53 (1863)
Picus minor kamtschatkensis, Dyb. ^- Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr 1884*
p. 146. ■ '

256 nciDjE.

Dendrocopos immaculatus, Strjn. Proc. Biol.Soc. Wash. ii. p. 98 (1884).
Dryobates immaculatus, Stepi. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29 (1885),
pp. 231, 342.

Adult male (tuinter). Differs from D. minor in having the whole
of the under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts pure
white, the latter being occasionally uniform, but more often with a
few small spots of black ; with fewer black bars or transverse spots
on the lateral tail-feathers ; the lower half of the back and the
rump almost spotless white, with only a trace of bar-like markings
of black ; the white bars on the wings broader ; the measurements
are also greater. In other respects it resembles D. minor. Total
length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-75, tail 2'45, tarsus 0-6 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior U'33, outer posterior 0*43, inner
anterior 0*3, inner posterior 0'2.

Adult female {winter). Differs from the adult male in the
absence of red on the crown, this being for the greater part white,
the outer edge, likewise the occiput, being black as in the male.
Total length 6*2 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3'75, tail 2-G, tarsus 0'58.

In summer both sexes have a few black striations on the sides of
the chest and on the thighs, and the white of the back is more
barred with black ; the under surface of the body, although white,
is scarcely so pure. In this plumage they more resemble northern
examples of D. minor in winter.

Hah. From the South Ural Range, across Siberia north of about
55° lat., and into Kamtschatka and Behring Island.*

a,b. (S 5 ad. sk. Upper Ural River, Ural Mts., Dr. SevertzotF [C.].
March 26th.

Subsp. p. Dendrocopus quadrifasciatus.

Picus minor (7ion Linn.), Borjd. B. C'auc. p. 123 (1879).
Pious minor, var. quadrifasciatus, Radcle, Orn. Cauc. p. 315, pi. xix.
fig. 6, d (1884).

Adult male. According to Radde the small Spotted Woodpecker
of the Caucasus differs from D. minor in having only four bands of
white on the wings (when closed) instead of five, as in the latter
species ; the dimensions are also less, and are given by Radde as
follows : — Total length 128 millim., wing 83, tail 55, culmen 14,
tarsus 15.

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head. Total length
126 millim., wing 82, tail 55, culmen 12, tarsus 15.

Hab. Caucasus.

Picus minor (non Linn.), Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264, 1878, p. 7.
Picus danfordi, Harg. Ibis, 1883, p. 172.

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus danfordi.

(non Linn.), Danf. Ibis, 1877, p. 264,
i-di, Harg. Ibis, 1883, p. 172.

Adult male. May be distinguished from D. minor by having the

* The want of specimens, as well as the absence of information on the subject,
prevents me from being more precise aa to the range of this subspecies.

15. DENDROCOPUS. 257

branch from the black malar stripe passing quite round the
posterior portion of the ear-coverts and joining the occiput. It is
also darker and browner below and more striated, and the flanks
and thighs are distinctly barred with dusky black. The present
species resembles (as might be expected) in coloration the more
southerly form of D. minor rather than typical Swedish birds.
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-4, tail 1-S5, tarsus 0*55 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-35, outer posterior 0-45, inner
anterior 0'3, inner posterior 0*22.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the crown, as well as the forehead, being huffy white.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-0, wing 3-3, tail I'So, tarsus 0-52.

Hab. The Taurus range, Asia Minor, and extending into Turkey
and Greece.

a. S ad. sk. Zebil, Taurus, Asia Minor, Jan. 7, Salvin-Godman CoU.

1S7G (C. G. Danford).

b. 5 ad.sk. Anascha,Tam-us, Asia Minor, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

24, 1876 (C. G. Danford).

21. Dendrocopus lignarius.

Pious lignarius, Molina, Star. Nat. Chili, p. 343, jiiv. (1782); Gin.

Syst. Nat. i. p. 424, no. 22 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 224, do. 2,

juv. (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 157 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 114;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 139,

2 ad. (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 225 (1856); Malh. Pidda,

i. p. 109, pi. xxvi. figs. 9-11, S ? & juv. (1861) ; Sclut. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 3.34, no. 1992 (1862) ; 8mideiK Consp. Av. Picin. p. 20 (1866) ;

Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 328, 338 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mvs.

p. 49 (18G8) ; Sclat. ^r Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 283 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 185, no. 8606 (1870) ; Sclat. 4" Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 99 (1873) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 631 ; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 387, no. 1895 (1882) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425 ;

Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 78 (1886).
Picus melauocephalus, Kiny, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 14, $ ad. ; Gay, Faun.

CJiil., Zool. p. •'572 (1847); Philipjn, Cat. Av. Chil. Mus. Santiago,

p. 27 (1869).
Picus puncticeps, d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. iv. p. 379, pi. Ixiv. fig. 1,

<S ad. (1835-44) ; Tsch. Consp. Av. Rep. Peruan. in WieymayirCs

Arch, fiir Natury. 1844, p. 303, no. 250 : Cab. in TschudVs Faun.

Peruan., Aves, p. 43, no. 5 (1845-46).
Picus kingii, Gould, in Danoin' s Voy.'Beayle,^ Bds,Y». 113,juv. (1841).
Picus kaupii, Hartl. Per. et May. de Zool. 18.52, p. 6 ; id. Naumannia,

1853, p. 215 ; Rdchenb. Scans. Picince, p. 417, no. 981 b (1854).
Picus gradatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).
Ceuturus gradatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 411, no. 967, pi. dclxv.

figs. 4417, 4418, $ ad., S juv. (1854).
Colaptes lignarius, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 417, no. 980, pi. dclxix.

fig. 4435, $ ad. (1854), and pi. dclxv. figs. 4417 5 ad., 4418 juv.,

sub Centurus gTadatus.

ropipo

VOL, iVIlI.

258 piciD^.

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coyerts, and scapulars barred
black and white ; wings and their coverts brownish black, the latter
as well as both webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts brown ;
tail black narrowly barred with white, the bars on the central
feathers five in number and half the width of the interspaces ; shafts
black ; nasal plumes brownish white ; forehead and crown black
witli hair-like stri])es of white ; occiput scarlet ; nape and hind neck
black with a few white stripes ; sides of the face and neck white, the
car-coverts striped black and brown, with a black postauricular stripe
spotted -with white, and an elongated black malar stripe varied with
white anteriorly, the side of the neck striped with black; from the
chin to the under tail-coverts white, slightly fulvescent below, striped
with black, the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts with bar-like
spots and bars of black ; iinder wing-coverts and axillaries white,
the lower series of the former having a few rounded black spots.
Total length (r5 inches, culmen 0"95, wing 3'05, tail 2-3, tarsus 0'7 ;
toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0'45, outer posterior 0-5, inner
anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0'2.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red occipital band and the white stripes on the forehead and crown,
the forehead being brown with a few stripe-like spots of a paler
shade at its base, the entire crown, occiput, and nape being brownish
black. Total length G-3 inches, culmen 0-78, wing 3-55, tail 2'2,
tarsus (>7.

YoutKj {sex ?). Differs from the adult of both sexes in having the
whole of the feathers on the top of the head and on the occiput tipped
with dull red ; on the forehead a few stripe-like spots of white ; the
white on the face and neck dingy ; the under surface of the body
diugy white and very considerably varied with black, the chest and
breast having broad and irregular stripes, the abdomen being spotted,
and the sides of the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
barred with black ; the upper mandilile brownish black, the lower
mandible pale brown with a blackish-brown tip.

Huh. Peru (Tscliudi), Bolivia, the Argentine llepublic, and through
Chili south to the island of Chiloe.

</. cJad.sk. Chili. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].

b,c. $ ad. sk. Chili, Jan. 1837 (C. Danmi). Gould Coll.

d, e. d 2 ad. ; Chili. Sclater Coll.

/ Juv. sk.

f/, h. 1$ ad. ; ?'. Chili. Sahin-Godman Coll.

Juv. sk.

h. 5 ad. sk. Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. 1881 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A. H. Markham).

I. tS ad. sk. Chilian Andes. Tweeddale Coll.

m. f? ad. St. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and

Capt. Fitzroy [P.],

n. iS ad. sk. Island of Chiloe. Zoological Society.

0. c? ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].

p, q. $ ad. et Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., Sclater Coll.

imm. sk. Aug. {E. TV. White).

r. 5 ad. sk. Eiocour Coll.

15. DENDROCOPUS. 259

22. Dendrocopus mixtus.

L'Epeiclie ou Pic varie de la Encenada, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii.

p. 409 (1783).
Pic male de la Encenada, Dcmhent. PL Enl. 748. tig. 1.
Picus mixta?, Bodd. Tahl. PL EnL p. 47 (1783) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

AjJi). p. xxi (1849) ; Sclaf. Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1996 (1862) ;

Sundev. Consp. Av. Piciji. ]). 20 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mks. p. 48 (1868); Sclat.f Sale. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 138, 143;

Hudson, op. cit. 1870, p. 158 ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 185, no.

8608 (1870) ; Pch.Orn. Bras. p. 443 (1870) ; Mat. ^-Salv. NomencL

Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 62 ; White, P. Z. S.

1882, p. 617, 1883, p. 40 ; Barrows, Auh, 1884, p. 25 ; Withiny-

ton, Ibis, 1888, p. 467 ; Sclat. Sf Huds. Ary. Orn. ii. p. 19 (1889).
Picus bicolor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 438 (1788) ; Bp. Consp. Gen.Av.

i. p. 139 (1850) ; Beichenb. Scans. Picina>, p. 372, no. 860, pi.

dcxxxvii. fig. 4241, S (1854) ; Malh. Picid(e, i. p. 1-37, pi. xxxiv.

figs. 1-.3, cJ ? ad., S jiiv. (1861).
Picus vaiiegatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 233 (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool.

ix. p. 193 (1815) ; Bonn. S,- VieilL Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1318 (1823) ;

Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 225 (1856).
Caiiaintero chorreado, Axara, Apunt. ii. p. 324, no. 259 (1805).
Picus maculatus, VieiU. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 91 (1818) ;

id. Sf Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823) ; WayL Syst. Av. Picus,

sp. 58 (1827).
Chloronerpes maculatus, Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 17, no. 259 (1847) ;

Beichenb. Scans. Picitice, p. 355, no. 816 (1854).
Dyctiopicus bicolor, Bj>. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 29 (1854).
Dictyopipo mixta, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 76 (1863).
Deudrobates lignarius {non Moli^m), Burm. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 634.

Adult male, llesembles D. lignarius, but differs in having the top
of the head browner and entirely, as well as more broadly, striped
with white ; the red on the occiput confined to the sides ; the car-
covei'ts browner and with less black behind, the malar region spotted
with black, and behind it a broken stripe of black ; the upper parts
f'ulvescent and the transverse light markings broader ; the central
tail-feathers crossed by seven black bars : shafts of tail-feathers
brown ; chin and throat fulvescent white spotted with black ;
under surface of the body strongly fulvescent and covered with
drop-like spots of black ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts
also spotted. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3'5, tail 2,
tarsus 0'73 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer pos-
terior 0-52, inner anterior 0'3;3, inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occiput ; the feathers of the forehead and crown brown, with paler
tips, those of the forehead having buffy-white shaft-lines, the occiput
and nape being brownish black. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen
0'7, wing 3"3, tail 1*9, tarsus 0"G5.

Hah. Southern Brazil and Uruguay, south to Monte Video ;
Paraguay and the Argentine Eepublic, south to Buenos Ayres, and
in Chili.

s2

260 piciD^.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. c? juv. sk. Pampas Argeutiuas, Chili Saivin-Godmau Coll.

{Let/hold) .

d,e. J 9 ad. sk. Punta Lara, Arg. Rep., Oct. H.Durnford,Esq.[C.].

/. 2 ad. sk. Punta Lara, May. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

(/. 5 ad. sk. Buenos Ayres {Haslehusf). Sahin-Godman CoU.

h. 2 ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres, Sclater Coll.

Sept. ( W. II. Hudson),

i. S ad. sk. Meudoza ( JVeisshaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

A-, /. cJ ad. : ??i. J Chili. Zoological Society.

ad. .sk.

71. 2 ad. var. sk. Chili. Old Coll.

23. Dendrocopus cancellatiis.

Picus cancellatus, Wm/L Isis, 1829, p. 610, J ad. ( juv. ?),2(6 ad. ?) ;

Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. 138, juv. (1850); Sdat. P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 308 ; Sundev. Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 21 (1866) ; Grai/, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186, no.' 8611 (1870) ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 245, 443 (1870).
Dyctiopicus wagleri, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyr/od. p. 8, no. -33 (1854).
Dendrobates maculatus, Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 224 (1856).
Picus waglerii, Mulli. Picida, i. p. 112, pi. xxix. figs. 1-3, ($ ad.,

(5 juv., 2 ad (1861).
Uictyopipo cancel'.ata, Cah. et Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 78 (1863).

Adult female. Resembles D. muvtus 2 > l^ut differs in having the
whole of the top of the head umber-brown ; the dark barring above
as well as on the wings and tail browner ; the rump conspicuously
whiter, with small longitudinal and transverse blackish spots ; under
parts creamy white (not fulvescent), with extremely minute dusky
spots, slightlj' longitudinal ; the central tail-feathers crossed by live
black bars. Total length 5'7 inches, culmen O'T, wing 3'4, tail 1'62,
tarsus 0"58 ; toes (without claws ) — outer anterior 0'42, outer pos-
terior 0'48, inner anterior 0"3S, inner posterior 0'22.

I have only seen one example of the present species, and this has
the top of the head uniform umber-brown, and in this respect
resembles the uniform head possessed by the females of the allied
species D. mixtus and D. lignarius. I believe (judging bj' analogy)
that Wagler's adult male is the young bird, and that his female is
the adult male, the former having been described as having the top
of the head red, the latter as having the occiput (only) red, the
forehead and crown-feathers striped with white.

Hah. South BrazU (Province of San Paulo) *.

24. Dendrocopus macii.

Picus macei, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. xxvi. p. 80 (1818) ; id. ^•

* The exact range of this species is probably not known, as it is no doubt
often confounded with B. miaiiis. Wagler gives " Mexico " as the habitat of
I>. cancellat lis, but I apprehend tliere has been some mistake.

15. BEN^DROCOPTJS. 2G1

Bonn. Enn. Mm. iii. p. 1310 (1823) ; Tetnm. PI. Col. pi. lix.

fig. 2, S (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 159 (1S26) ; Less.

Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 113, S (1828) ; id. Traite, i. p. 220 (1831) ;

Gray, Hardw. Illustr. Ind. Zool. i. pi. xxxii., S 2 (1830-32) ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196 ;

Gray, Cat. Mamm. S)C. Nepal pres. Hodr/s. 1846, p. 115 ; S>(7idev.

Ann. Si- Mag. N. Hist. 1846, p. 309 ; Bh/'fh, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 62 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B. 1849, p. 804; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.

i. p. 135 (1850); Reichenh. Scans. PicincB, p. 369, no. 852

(1854); Horsf. 8> Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 672 (1856-

58) ; Malh. 'Picidce, i. p. 96, pi. xxiv. figs. 1-2, S ? (1861) :

Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 272 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. S,-c. Nepal

pres. Hodc/s. 1863, p. 6-3 ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 25

(1866); Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mms. p. 37 (1868); id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 183, no. 8563 (1870); Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7; Hu7ne,

Str. F. 1874, p. 471 ; Hume 8^ Davison, Sir. F. ri. p. 123 (1878) ;

Cripps, op. cit. vii. p. 261 (1878) ; Scully, op. cit. 1879, pp. 245,

367 ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410.
Dendrocopus macei, Sivaifis. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837).
Dendrocopus pyriceps, Hodgs. in Gray^s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85.
Picus -wagleri, Hartl. Cat. Brem. Mus. p. 91 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 435 (1845) ; Beichenh. Scans. PicincB, p. 368, no. 849, pi. dcxxxiv.

fig. 4223, d" (1854).
Yungipicus macei, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 72 (1854).
Deudrotypes macei. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 46 (1863);

Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 77 (1875).
Picus macii, Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 354 ; Layard, Ibis, 1868, p. 249;

Cock Sf Marshall, Str. F. 1873, p. 350 ; Hume, op. cit. 1880, p. 247 ;

Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 33 (1883) ; Hu)ne, Str. F. xi. p. 57

(18S8).
Picus westermani, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 163.

Adult male. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars black,
the upper tail-coverts and a broad zone across the upper back uni-
form, the remainder being barred with white ; wings and their
coverts black, the median and the greater coverts as well as both
webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts black ; tail black, the
two outer large feathers barred with white on more or less of the
apical portion ; shafts black ; nasal plumes and base of forehead
brownish buff ; crown and occiput crimson ; nape and hind neck
black ; sides of the face and neck uniform buffy white or pale buff;
the chin, throat, and fore neck also uniform, but of a pure buff : a
black malar stripe borders the throat and fore neck and terminates
on the side of the chest in a series of longitudinal spots or stripes ;
the underparts below the fore neck dusky buff, striped with
blackish, the stripes more intense on the sides of the body, the flanks
and thighs barred with black ; vent and under tail-coverts scarlet ;
under wing-coverts and axillarics white, the former barred with
black. Total length T'-t inches, culmen 1, wing 4-4, tail 2"55,
tarsus 0-7 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'5, outer pos-
terior 0-0, inner anterior 0"45, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire
crown and occiput black : " bill plumbeous dusky, grey horny at
base ; feet greenish plumbeous " {Sadly). Total length 7*5 inches,
culmen U'97, wing ^-2, tail 2-55, tarsus 0*75.

262

Young iiutJe. Has the underparts more dusky than the adult
male, and the flanks and thighs have dusky barring ; the under tail-
coverts are of a less brilliant red ; the red on the head not extending
on to the nuchal feathers ; the tips of the outer webs of the pri-
maries white : " bill horny ; legs dirty greenish ; iris brown " {J.
Cocl-hurn).

Hah. Himalayas west to MuiTee ; Assam, C'achar, Manipur,
Tipperah, and Eastern Bengal *.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk.

c. c? inim. sk.

d, e. 2 ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.
'h. 2 ad. sk.

i, k. (S ad. ; I, m. 2

ad. ; n, o, Imm. sk
p, q. S ad. ; r. $

ad. sk.
s-w. S ad. et imm, ;

X. 2 ad. sk.
y-e' (S ad. ; f'-i.

2 ad. sk. ■
1( , I'. S ? ad. sk.
tn , n'. S ad. sk.
o'. 2 ad. sk.
lj',q'. S ad. ; r'. 2

imm. sk.
s', t'. S 2 ad- sk.
u'. (S juv. sk.

v', id . (S ad. et

juv. sk.
x', y\ S ad. ; a'. 2

ad. sk.
a"-d". (S ad. et

imm.; e",f'. 2

ad. sk.
r/". 2 ad. sk.
h". 2 ad. sk.

i". 2 ad. sk.
h:'-.v". Jad.; y'-w^.
2 ad. etimm. sk.
n^, o\ (^ 2 fid. sk.

p\_ 2 ad.; q\_ c?
imm. ; r'. ij juv.

N.W. India.

Murree, June 2, 1872 (C. H. T.

Marshall).
Masuri.
Debra Dhoou.

Kaladoongee, Sept. 24, 1866.
Birmdeo, Kumaon Bhabur,

March 19, 1871 {G. Kim/).
Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).

Native Sikhim, April, July, Aug.

{L. Mandelli).
Sikhim, March, April, Nov., Dec.

(i. Maiulelli).
Darjeeling, March 187o.
Darjeeliug.

Khasia Hills {Grifth).
Assam (McClelland).

Assam.

Shillong, June 1875 (A. W.

Chenncll).
Shillong, Aug., Oct. (/. Cocklnrn).

Tippook, March 1877 (J.

Cockburn).
Dibrughur, ])ec., March, Mav,

June (,/. R. Cripps).

Sadhya.

Barak River, Cachar, Oct. 1878

(W. I)ai'iso7i).
Cachar, Jan. 29, 1881 (A. O. H).
Manipur, Feb., March, April

{A. O. H.).
Akyab, Pegu, March, April

( /. Anmtronn).
Tipperah.

s^ t\ (5 2 ad. sk. Dacca, March 1871.

Piuwill Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson CoD.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
India Museum.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hmue Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume C'oll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

* Ceylon has been giveu as a habitat of this species, but this is evidently
an error.

15. DENDEOCOPTTS. 263

^<^ S ad. sk. Calcutta. Plume Coll.

v\ (S juv. sk. Mudclapur, Oct 10, 1878 ( W. E. Hume Coll.

Brooks).

w\ $ ad. sk. Bhudeseu, Oct. 10, 187S ( W. E. Hume Coll.

Brooks),

x". Skeleton. India. Purchased.

25. Dendrocopus atratus.

Picus atratus, Blyt/i, J. A. S. B. 1849, p. 80;^ ; id. Cat. B. Mits. As.

Sue, App. i. p. 313 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B. 1859, p. 412 ; Malh.

Picidce, i. p. 72 (18G1) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 275 (1862); Sundev.

Consp. Ar. Picin. p. 25 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 38

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8567 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F.

1874, p. 471 ; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 343, pi. ix., cJ ? ; Ifiwie, Str. F.

1877, p. 113 ; id. Sf Davison, op. cit. vi. pp. 123, 500 (1878) ;

Wardl.-Rams. Tioeedd. Mem. p. 427 (1881); Oates, B. Brit.

Burm. ii. p. 34 (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 58 (1888).
Dendrotypes atratus. Cab. ^- Heine, 3Ius. Hein. iy. p. 49 (1863) ;

Bhjth ^- Wald. B. Burm.. p. 77 (1875).
Picus harmandi, Oustalet, Bull. Soe. Philom. 1879, pp. 214-5 ( ^J juv.).

Adult male. Resembles D. macii, but differs in having the face
aud side of the neek pure white ; the chiu and throat also white,
the lower throat, fore neck, and chest striped with black, the latter
very broadly so : the under surface of the body more fulvescent and
the black striations broader ; a broader frontal band of smoky white,
the upper feathers having dusky tips ; the dimensions are greater :
" legs and feet dusky leaden, soles yellowish hoary ; claws dark
brown ; bill horny black, bluish grey at gape and base of lower
mandible ; irides lac-red " {Hume). Total length 8-25 inches, cul-
men 1-12, wing 4-5, tail 2*7, tarsus 0-73; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-53, outer posterior 0*62, inner anterior 0*43, inner
posterior 0'28.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the top of the head ; the forehead (except at the extreme base),
crown, occiput, and nape being uniform deep black ; the under sur-
face of the body rather loss fulvescent. Total length 8"6 inches,
culmen 1*15, wing 4'8, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-82.

Young male. Resembles the adult male in having the top of the
head red, but it is of an orange-scarlet, not crimson ; the chin and
throat are purer white, and the underparts are much more dusky
and have scarcely any fulvescent tinge : the under tail-coverts are
pale brick-red.

Hah. British Burmah (and probably Xative Burmah), north to
Manipur ; in Tenasserim south to Mooleyit ; eastward ranging into
Laos *.

a, b. c? ad. ; c, d, Aimole, Manipur, April, May Hume Coll.

e. ? ad. sk. (A. O. H).

* P. harmandi of Oustalet, which I take to be the young of the present
species, is from the latter coimtry.

264 piciD^.

/. d ad.; (/,h. $ Karen Hills, Jan., April (E. G. Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk. IF. R.).

i. <S jiiv. sk. Karen-nee, April 3, 1874 {JR. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).
k,I. c?ad.; m,n,o. Tonphoo, March, April (R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

5ad.etjuv.8k. W. R.).

p,q. cS ad.; r. $ Pine Forests, Salween Distr., Hume Coll.

ad. sk. Feb. 1874 ( Jl'. Damson).

s,f. c? ? ad. sk. Mooleyit, Feb. 1877 ( W. Dam- Hume Coll.

son).
u. $ ad. sk. Paraduba, Jan. 27, 1877 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

26. Dendrocopus brunneifrons.

Picus auriceps, Viq. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 44; Less. Compl. Buff. ix.

p. ;307 (1837) ; Sunder. Vonsp. Av. Picm. p. 30 (1800).
Picus bruuni irons, Tig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 170; Gould, Cent. B.Himal.

Mts. pi. lii., J $ (1832) ; Gniy, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Bhjth,

J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196 ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. i^-e. Nepal pres.

Hodgs. 1846, p. 115 ; Bb/th, Cat. B. Mm. As. Son. p. (52 (184U) ;

Bp. Cons}}. Gen. Av. i. p. 135 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Pidncp,

p. 369, no. 851, pi. dcxxxv. figs. 4220-27, J? (1854); Malh.

Picidce, i. p. 107, pi. xviii. figs. 5-6, (^ 5 (IS'Jl); Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 183, no. 8569 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 7.
Dendrocopus briniifrons. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837); Hodgs.

in Grmfs Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85.
Picus (Leiopicus) brunneifrons, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 66

(1854).
Leiopicus brunnifrons, Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mns. E.I. Co. ii.

p. 674 (1856-58) : Gray, Cat. Mamm. S^-c. Nepal pres. Hodgs.

1803, p. 63.
Picus brunneifrons, Jerd. B. Ind. i. ]). 273 (1862) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1868); Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 320 ; Brooks, op. cit.

1869, p. 47 ; Beavan, t. c. p. 412 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 232 ;

Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 410.
Liopipo auriceps. Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 45 (1863).
Dryobates brunneifrons, Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 202.
Picus incognitus *, Scully, Str. F. 1879, pp. 240, 365.

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars barred black aud whito,
the upper back crossed by a broad baud of almost uniform black ;
upper tail-coverts black : wings and their coverts black, the median
and the greater series of the latter and both webs of the quills
spotted -with white ; shafts nearly black ; tail black, the four central
feathers uniform, the next one spotted with white on the apical
portion of the outer web, the two outer large feathers having the
apical half, or thereabouts, white irregularly barred with black, the
outer webs margined with white to the base ; shafts black ; nasal
plumes fulvcsccnt brown ; crown umber-brown, slightly olivaceous,
the hinder feathers having golden tips and the occipital feathers

* Not specifically distinct.

15. DENDROCOPUS.

265

scarlet ; nape and hind neck black : sides of the face and neck, chin
and throat white narrowly strii)ed with black, the ear-coverts smoky
brown ; malar region smoky brown, and behind this a black stripe
down the side of the throat and fore neck ; chest and under surface of
tlie body fulvescent white striped with black ; the lower part of the
abdomen, the vent, and under tail-coverts pale scarlet ; under wing-
coverts white, with varied spots of black : axiUaries fulvescent white :
" base of lower mandible pale plumbeous ; rest of bill bluish horny
brown ; legs and feet pale glaucous green ; irides deep brown " ( W.
Davison). Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-65, tail 3-1,
tarsus 0-75; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-5, outer poste-
rior 0-58, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Wants the red occipital feathers, the occiput being
only slightly yellower than the crown. lu other respects it re-
sembles the adult male. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4-5
tail 2-9, tarsus 0-78.

Young. The male has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky
brown, with stripe-like spots of pale yellowish brown, the occipital
feathers tipped with crimson. The female has the occipital feathers
more golden than those of the crown, but devoid of red.

Ifab. Nepal, Kumaon, and North-west Himalayas, also Cashmere
and Northern Afghanistan.

a,b. c? $ ad. sk.

c. (S ad, sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.
f,(j. 6 2 ad. sk.

/(. 2 ad. sk.
i. S ad. sk.
k. c?ad.; I, m. 2

ad. et juv. sk.
n-d'. cJad.; e'-tt! .

2 ad. sk.
i'',w'. ■S 2 ad.sk.
.r', (/'. S ad.; z ,

a". 2 ad. sk.
b", c". S 2 ad.

sk.
d", e". cJad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.

g". S ad.; h".

Juv. sk.
i". S ad. sk.
A;". 2 jwv. sk.
I", m",n". cJad.;

o". 2 ad. sk.
21''. d ad. sk.
q'yr'\(^ 2ad.sk.
s",t",u". ij ad.;

v". 2 ad.; to".

Juv. sk.

N.W. India.
Caslimere (Jerdon).
Pushut ( Griffith).
AgTore, May 6, 1870.
Chamba, Feb., March (C. H. T.

Marshall).
Kotegurh, Dec. 1870.
Murree, Aug. 1877.
Simla, April (R. C. Eearan).

Simla, March, Aug., Sept., Oct.,

Nov.
Simla (S. Pinwill).
Masuri.

Masiiri (.9. Pinwill).

Masuri.

Dhoon, May 11, 1SG8 (G. F. L.

Marshall).
Kumaon {Strachcy).

Kumaou.

Kalee, Almorah, June 19, 1868.

Naini Tal, Sept. 1866.

Naini Tal, Sept. 20, 1866.
Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).
N'epal.

Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Col. Way [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Pinwill CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

ludia Museum.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hodgson Coll.

266 piciDiE.

x". 2 ad. sk Nepal Valley, March ti, 1878 Hume Coll.

(/. SciiHy).
y". $ ad. sk. Dolaka, Nepal, Jau. 1876 (Z. Hiuue Coll.

Mandelli).

27. Dendrocopus analis.

Picus minor (non Linn.), Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 177 (1822) ;

liaffi. t. c. p. 290.
Picus analis, Horsf. Zool. Scsearch. Java (1824) ; Bli/t/t, J. A. S. B.

1849, p. 804;"i3>. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 137 "(1850); Lichf.

Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854) ; Horsf. Sf Moure, Cat. B. Mm. E.L

Co. ii. p. 672 (1856-58) ; Malh. Ticida, i. p. 99, pi. xxiv. figs. 5 c5' ,

6 $ (1861) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 275 (1862) ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 25 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8564 (1870) ; Hume Sf Gates, Str. F.

1875, pp. 14, 57 ; Armstr. op. cit. 1876, p. 309 ; Lhime S,- Davison,

Str.F. vi. p. 123 (1878) ; Tiraut, Ois. B. Cochin-Ch. p. 88 (1879) ;

Vorderm. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Lid. xlii. 2. p. 20 (1882) ;

Gates, Str. F. x. p. 190 (1882); id. B. Brit. Biirm. ii. p. 35

(188.3).
Picus macei {non VieilL), Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 26 (1827).
Dendrocopus macei, Hartl. Cat. Brem. Mus. p. 91 (1844).
Picus pectoialis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 15, 1849, p. 804 ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849).
Picus moluccensis (non Gm.), Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 371, no. 858,

pi. dcxxxvii. figs. 4239-40, S $ (1854).
Yungipicus analis, B]). Cons}). Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, uo. 73 (1854).
Dendrotvpes analis, Cah. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 47 (1863) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 40 (1874) ; Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 463 ; id. ^^

Blyth, B. Burni. p. 78 (1875) ; Tu-eedd. Ibis, 1877, pp. 285, 290;

N'icholso7i, op. cit. 1879, p. 165, 1881, p. 141 ; Wardl.-Rams.

Tweedd. Mem. p. 4S0 (1881) ; Vorderm. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl.
Lid. xliv. 3. p. 191, no. 51 (1884).

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, also the scapu-
lars, barred black and white ; wings and their coverts black or
slightly brownish, the coverts and both webs of the quills spotted
with white ; shafts blackish brown ; tail black, the central feathers
spotted, the lateral ones barred across with white : shafts black ;
nasal plumes brownish, with black tips; base of the forehead dusky
brown, spotted with smoky white ; crown aud occiput crimson, the
feathers having black bases : nape and hind neck black ; sides of
the face and neck almost uniform white, the latter with a few
blackish stripes ; chin aud upper throat uniform buffy white, the
chest and the underparts duller and more fulvescent ; a black malar
stripe borders the throat and fore neck, the latter, as well as the
chest and breast, being minutely spotted, the flanks and thighs
barred with brownish black; the under tail-coverts dull white,
barred and spotted with brownish black and tipped with pale red ;
under wing-coverts aud asillaries white, the former having bar-like
spots of black. Total length G'8 inches, culmeu 0-93, wing 4-1,
tail 2-15, tarsus 0-75; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-47,
outer posterior 0'6, inner anterior 0"4, inner posterior 0*28.

15. DENDEOCOPirs.

267

A(hdt female. Has the cro-^n and occiput black, but is otherwise
like the adult male. Total leugth ()-4 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4,
tail 2*1, tarsus 0"73.

Young. Have the under surface of the body smoky grey ; the
under tail- coverts devoid of red ; the primaries more or less white
at the tip ; the male has the red on the top of the head more con-
fined to the sinciput, while in the female this is wanting.

Hah. Pegu, Siam, and Cochin China ; south to Malacca and
South-east Sumatra, also the islands of Java, Madura, and Lom-
bock.

<i, b. (S 2 ^d. ; (•■

Juv. sk.
d-i. cJ ad. ; k, I,

m. 5 ad. ; n-s.

Juv. sk.
t. S ad. sk.
M. cJ ad. sk.
V. cJad.; ^c, x. $

ad. sk.
y. S ad. sk.

2. $ ad. sk.

a'. Juv. sk.
b', e'. 5 ad. sk.
d', e. 5 ad. sk.

/,^'. dad.;/;'. ?

ad. sk.
i'. (S imm. sk.
k'. S ad. ; /'. $

ad. sk.
m' . 5 ad. sk.

n' . Skeleton.

Java {Horsfield).
Java.

Java (^Leiden Museum).
E. Java.
"W. Java.

Madura, Nov. 1871 {A. B.

Meyer).
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra

{E. C. Budion).
Malacca.
Cochin China.
Bangkok, April 5, 1872

( Capt. Conrad).
Thaj'etinyo.

Thayetmyo.

Pegu.

Karen-nee, March 20, 1874

(li. a. W. E.).
Java.

India Museum.
(Types of the species.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Wallace Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Mens. E.Pierre [P.].
R. Bowdler Sharpe,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Purchased.

28. Dendrocopus andamanensis.

Picus andamanensis, BlyUi. J. A. S. B. LS59, p. 412, note; Jerd. B.

Ind. i. p. 275 (18(32) ; Bh/tli, App. Mouaffs Andani. pp. 357, 358

(1863); Sundev. Consp. Ao. I'icin. p. 25 (1806) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1866,

p. 221 ; Bcamn,op. cit. 1807, pp. 321, 334; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 38 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8566 (1870);

Wuhl. Ibis, 1873, p. 300 ; Bcdl, Sir. F. 1873, p. 62 ; Hume, op. cit.

1874, p. 187 ; Wcirdl-Eums. Tieeedd. Mem. p. 238 (1881).
Dendrotypes andamanensis, L'ab. 4'- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 48

(1863).

Adult male. Eesembles D. analis, but may be distinguished from
the latter by its smaller dimensions ; in having the face striped,
the side of the neck, chin, and throat spotted with black or blackish ;
with no distinct black stripe on the malar region itself, but only
indicated by a few spots, the stripe being more clearly marked

268

behind the malar region : the red feathers of the crown and occiput
having grej- bases ; the chest covered with large spots of black ;
below the chest fulvescent or olivescent brownish, the breast having
faint dusky-brown stripes ; the under tail-coverts tipped with bright
vermilion-red. In other respects similar to D. analis : " legs and
feet greenish plumbeous ; upper mandible blackish or horny brown,
bluish towards the base ; lower mandible plumbeous, darker at the
tip ; irides brown '' {Hume). Total length 7 inches, cidmen 0"8,
wing 3"75, tail 2"3, tarsus 0"6o : toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-45, outer posterior O'ST, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior
0-22.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown and
occiput black instead of I'ed. Total length 6'7o inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 3"7, tail 2, tarsus 0-6S.

Younfj male. Differs from the adult male in having the red on the
top of the head of a dull orange-scarlet, less extended, and more
confined to the crown ; the nape less black, as are also the spots on
the fore neck and chest ; the barring of the plumage more dusky ;
the underparts of a more smoky-grey colour ; the feathers of the vent
and the under tail-coverts tipped with a faint washed-out red.

Hah. South Andaman Islands *.

a-e. S ad. et

imm.; f,fj. 2

ad. sk.
h. 2 imm. sk.
i, k. (S ad. ; /,

m. 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
n, 0. 2 ^^- J P-

(^ juv. sk.
q, V, s. S ad.; t, u,

V. 2 ^<i- ; '") ^•

cJ juv. sk.
_y, z, a', c? ad. ;

b', c'. 2 ad. et

imm.; d'. Juv.

sk.
e'. 6 ad. ; /. 2

ad. sk.
ff'. 2 ad. sk.

/('. J ad. sk.

S. Andamans, Jan., Feb.,
May, Jidy (B. G. JV. Pi.).

S. Andamans.

Mt. Harriett, Dec, March,
1873 ( W. Damon).

Aberdeen, May 1873 (IF.

Davison).
Port Mouat, Jan., April 1873

{W. Davison).

Port Blair, Aug., Sept. ( W.
Davison).

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hiuue Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Port Blair, Julv 1873 (R. J. R. Bowdler Sharpe,

Wimherley).' Esq. [P.].

Stewart Sound, April 1873 Hume Coll.

( JF. Davison).

Macpherson's Straits, March 7, Hump Coll.

1873 ( iV. Davison).

29. Dendrocopus leuconotus.

Picus leucotos, Bechst. Orn. Tasckenb. i. p. 66, 2 (1802) ; Brehm,

Vdff. Deutschl. p. 190 (1831).
Picus leuconotus, Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 1034, pi. xxv. figs

* Blytb (Ibis, 1866, p. 221) states that this species inhabits Sumatra. It is
more probable that tlie bird referred to is D. analis, which is known to be
found in that island.

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 269

1 c?, 2 $ (1805); Meyer Sf Wolf, Taschcnb. Deutsch. i. p. 123
(1810) ; Meyer, Vdr/. Liv- ii. Esf'h.]}. GO (1815) ; Nilss. Orn. Siiec.
i. p. 107 (1817) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxvi. p. 73 (1818) ;
Temm. Mim. cVOrn. i. p. 396, iii. p. 282 (1820) ; Brehm, Natur-
gesch. eur. Vog. i. p. 138 (1823) ; Naum. Vog. DeutscM. v. p. 313,
pi. 135. fig-s. 1 d',2 2 (1826); Wagl. Syst. ylc. Picus, sp. 19
(1827) ; Werner, Atlas, pi. 204, S ad. (1827) ; Drap. Diet. Classif.
xiii. p. 501 (1828) ; Le.'is. Traite, i. p. 218 (1831) ; Glog. Handb.
Naturgesch. Voq. Eur. p. 460 (1834) ; Niks. Skand. Faun. i. p. 128
(1835); Bi). Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 39, no. 266
(1838); Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. 148 & xxxiv (1840);
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad.
itfef;:, 1848^9, p. 327; Bj). Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 1-35 (1850);
Reichenb. Scans. Pici?iee, p. 366, no. 846, pi. dcxxxiv. fig'. 4217, 5
(1854) ; Liclif. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854) ; Brehm, Vor/elf. p. 69
(1855); Sunder. Sv. Fogl. p. 141, pi. xxii. tigs. 4 J, 5 $ (1856);
M. Von Wright, Finl. Fogl. 1^.271 {18o9) ; Schrenck, Amur-Reise,
i. p. 262 (1859) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 89, pi. xxiii. figs. 1-2 S ?
(1861), ii. Add. p. 294 (1862); Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 142, pi. S
(1862); Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 3-33; Prev. ^- Lem. Hist. Nat.
Ois. d'Eur. p. 169 (1864) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 24 (1866) ;
Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 151 (1867) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.
Mus. p. 35 (1868) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 67 (1869) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8552 (1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital,
Ucc. p. 38 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 39, pi. cclxxix., S $ ad.
(1871) ; Ahum, Zool. Gart. 1872, pp. 369, 371 ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit.
iii. pi. Ixxi., cJ 2 ad. only (1873) ; Alst. ^- Harr.-Br. Ibis. 1873,
p. 59 ; Danf. i^- Harv.-Br. op. cit. 1875, p. 299; DHamo7iv. Cat.
Ois. d'Eur. p. 10 (1876) ; Taez. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 152;
Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 190 ; 3Iadar. Syst. Aufz. Ungarns, p. 23 (1881) ;
Collett,Norg. Fuglef. p. 309 (1881) ; Seeb. Ms, 1882, pp. 209, 374;
Carls. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl. 1882, i. p. 30 : Marsch. ^•
Pelz. Orn. Vindob. p. 91 (1882); Radde, Orn. Cave. p.'314 (1884);
Gigl. Ai'if. Ital. p. 201 (1886) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 466.

Picus leuconothus, Bonn.^- Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. I:i02 (1823).

Picns leuconotos, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 179 (1826) ; Schinz,
Eur. Faun. i. p. 262 (1840).

Deudromas leuconotus, Kaup, Natur. Syst. p. 136 (1829) ; Gray,
App. List Gen. B. 1842, p. 12 ; id. List Gen. 1855, p. 91 ; Cab. &f
Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 39 (1863).

Pipripicus leuconotus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 50
(18.54).

Picus polonicus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 69 (1855).

Dendrocopus leuconotus, Menzb. Rev. Comj). Faun. Orn. Gouv. Mosc.
Sf Toula, p. 7 (1883).

Adttlt male. Upper half of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
uniform black ; lower back white, crossed by a black bar anteriorly ;
scapulars black, the apical portion white ; wings and their coverts
black, the median and the greater series with a row of white spots,
forming a bar upon each, the quills having both webs spotted with
white : sliafts blackish brown ; the four central tail-feathers uni-
form black, the next feather black, barred at the tip with buffy
white, the two outer large feathers having the apical half or two-
thirds white barred with black ; shafts of the same colour as the

270

surrounding web ; nasal plumes and forehead bufFy white, the
former tipped with black ; crown and occiput red, the bases of the
feathers leaden grey ; nape and hind neck black ; sides of the face
and neck, chiu, throat and nnderparts white, the lower breast,
abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts washed with rose-red ; a black
malar stripe sends off a branch behind the ear-coverts, but does not
join the nape, and descending, borders the fore neck and runs on
to the chest, the sides of which as well as of the breast, together
with the flanks and thighs, are narrowly striped with black, the latter
parts slightly rosy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the
former having a few stripes and spots of dusky black. Total length
10 inches, culmen 1-38, wing 5-G2, tail 3-35, tarsus l-Oo ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-6G, outer posterior 0-72, inner
anterior O'oO, inner posteiior 0'4.

Yotiuij male. Differs from the adult male in having the feathers
of the crown and occiput tipped with dull reddish orange, and not
scarlet as in the old' male ; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
smoky in colour ; the striations on the side of the breast of a less
intense black, those on the flanks and thighs being very faint and
having a washed-out appearance ; the abdomen, vent, and under
tail-coverts with the faintest rosy tinge : the lateral tail-feathers
very much whiter and without the orange-brown tips, the two large
■ outer feathers on either side white, with transverse spots of black
on the inner webs, the innermost of these having the base black ;
the six central feathers black, the outermost of these having only
the apical margin of the outer web and the tip of the inner web
white; the primaries tipped with a Y-shaped marking of white.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the crown and occiput, these being black. Total length 9-S inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 5-G6, tail 3-45, tarsus 1-02.

Hab. North-western and Central Europe, south to the northern
part of Italy ; Dalmatia and Turkey, and extending through
Southern Eussia and Southern Siberia into Manchouria, Corea, and
Mongolia.

a, &. d ? imm.

sk.
c. d ad. ; d. 2

imm. sk.
e. _ ? ad. ; /. 6

imm. sk.
(/. (5 ad. sk.
L 2 •'id. sk.
i. J jnv. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
I, m, n. (5' ad. ;

o. 2 ad. ; p. (S

juv. sk.
q, r. (S 2 ad. sk.

Europe.

Sweden {H. TJIieelwriff/it).

Sweden, March, Dec.

Wermland, Dec.
Zabadagh, Turkey, Dec.
Onega, N. Russia (Meves).
Kandagatai, Mongolia.
S. Manchouria, June, July.

Purchased.

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould CoU.

Mr. Meves [C.].
Hume CoU.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Dr. Severtzoff [C.l.
Dr. James [P.].

Ussuri River, E. Siberia, Oct., Warsaw Museum.
Nov. 1873.

15. DENDEOCOPTJS. 271

Siibsp. a. Dendrocopus cirris.

Picus cirris, rail. Zoor/r. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 410 (1831); Brehm,VoUd
Vof/elf. p. 69 (1855J ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 24 (18(30).

Picus leucoiiotus {no7i Bechst), Gould, B. Eitr. pi. (1837) • Malh N
Clam/., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 327 (pt.); Middejul. Sib.
Seise, Zool. p. 132 (185]); Rewhenb. Scans. Pmn(s, p. 367, uo.
846, pi. dcxxxiv. fig. 4218, S (18-j4), pt. ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75
(18o4), pt. ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1870, p. 239, 1878, p. 139 :
Fmsch, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-bot. GeseUsch. Wien, 1879, n 2-'7 •
Bolau, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 337. ' F - >

Pipripiciis uralensis (Malh.), Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 51
(1854).

Picus uraleiLsis, Malli. Ficidce, i. p. 92, pi. xxiii. figs. 4, b,<S $(1801).

Dendrodromas cirris, Cab. et Hebie, Miis. Hein. iv. p. 39, Bote (1863).

Adult male. Differs from D. leiiconotiis in having a greater amouut
of white upon the wiug-coverts, scapular.?, back, aud innermost
secondaries, occupying upon some of the latter almost the apical
half of the feather ; the striations on the uuderparts are uaiTower,
and the lateral tail-feathers less distinctly barred, the outer webs
being nearly uniform, and having at most one or two small spots of
black ; the dimensions arc slightly greater. Total length 1 1 inches,
culmen 1-7, wing oS, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-05 ; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-6, outer posterior 0-7, inner anterior 0-5o, inner
posterior 0-38.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the crown and occiput, these being black, the partially exposed
white bases of the feathers of the fore part of the crown' showing
and producing a spotted appearance. Total length 10-5 inches'
culmen 1-5, wing 5-8, tail 3-55, tarsus 1.

Hah. Central and Eastern Siberia, and westward into Central
Russia. Exact limits of range not known.

a. S ad. sk. Upper Ural River, Ural 31ts., Dr. Severtzoff IC 1.

Oct. 5th. ^ ^

Subsp. /3. Dendrocopus subcirris.

Picus leuconotus (mom Bechst.), Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 325 : Swink
op. cit. 1875, p. 451 ; Blakist. ^- Fryer, op. cit. 1878, p. 229 ; iid
Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1880, p. 208, 1882, p. 133; Blakist. Chn/.^anth.
188.3, pp. 28, 77; Jouij, Free. U.S. Nat. Mus. 188-3, p. 307; Blakist
Amend. List B.Jap, p. 1.3, no. 169 (1884).

Picus uraleusis (non Malh.), White!;/, Ibis, 1867, p. 195 ; Gray, List
Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 35 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8553
(1870).

Diyobates subcirris, Stejneger, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 113.

Adult male. Differs from D. leuconotus in having the face, neck,
and the under surface of the body clear pale buff, and the black
striations rather broader, the uuderparts below the breast being
washed with brighter red ; there is also less white on the back, and
this has a yeUow tinge; the biU is longer and more powerful.

272 piciD^.

Total length 10-5 inches, culmeii 1-65, wing 5-85, tail 3"65, tarsus
1-08 ; toes (witliout claws) — outer anterior 0*72, outer posterior 0*9,
inner anterior 0'65, inner posterior 0"4.

Youmi male. Has the crown orange-red.

Adidt fenuile. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red on the crown and occiput, these being intense black. Total
length 11*5 inches, culmen 1-55, wing G-15, tail 8"8, tarsus I'l.

Hah. Japan (the northern half of the Main Island and Yezo).

«, J. c? $ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Dec. Gould Ooll.

(7/. Whiteb/).
c, d. 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov., Dec. H. Whitely [C.].

Subsp. y. Dendrocopus lilfordi.

Picas leuconotus {non Bechst.), v. d. Middc, Orn. Griechenl. p. 30
(1844); Lmdcrm. Vm/. Griechenl. p. 42 (1860); Poioys, Ibis,
1860, pp. 2:34, 341 ; Elw. Sf BticM. op. cit. 1870, p. 188.

Picus lilfoidi, S/uirpe S)- Dress. Ann. 4" Ma(/. Nat. Hist. 1871, p. 436 ;
Da7if. Ibis, 1877, p. 264, 1878, p. 6; Git/l. ojj. cit. 1881, p. 190;
id. Avif. Ital. p. 202 (1886).

Adult nude. Resembles D. leuconotus, but differs in having the
lower back entirely and broadly barred with black ; the black stripe
which runs down the side of the throat and chest much broader,
and the branch from it which runs behind the ear-coverts uniting
with the nape ; the striations on the sides of the body broader and
the thighs barred with black ; the under tail-coverts striped with
blackish brown ; the black bars on the lateral tail-feathers broader,
and the under wing-coverts very much more varied with black.
Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1'6, wing 5"85, tail 3*75, tarsus
I'Oo ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-65, outer posterior
0"75, inner anterior Q-O, inner posterior 0'38.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
and occiput black. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 5-75,
tail 3-5, tarsus 1.

Mr. Danford gives the soft parts of this species as follows : " Iris
red ; bill and legs slate-coloured."

Hub. Greece, Turkey, and the Ionian Islands, extending into
Dalmatia, and has occurred as far west as Ancona and Genoa. In
Asia Minor it is found in the Taurus range.

«. Ad. sk. Europe. Zoological Society.

b,c. (J 5 ad. sk. Asia Minor, March. Salvin-Godman Coll.

30. Deudrocopus insularis.

Picus insularis, Gonld, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 283 ; Stvinh. op. cit. 186:},
p. 333 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 390; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xvi., J $ ad.
(1864); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 24 (1866); Gray, List. Picid.
Brit. Mus. p. 35 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 182, no. 8554 (1870) :
Sxvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392 ; Ehves, op. cit. 1873, p. 667; David
S,- Oust. Ois. Chine, y- 49 (1877).

Dendrodromas insularis, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 38 (lS63).

15. DENDEOCOPUS. 273

Adult male. Upper aud middle back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
uniform black ; the lower back white, narrowly barred with black ;
scapulars black, tipped with white ; wings and their coverts black,
a few of the central median coverts aud both webs of the quills
spotted with white ; shafts black ; the four central tail-feathers
uuiform black, the next one black, spotted with white on the apical
portion of the outer web, the two outer large feathers on cither side
having their apical half barred M'ith white ; shafts black ; nasal
plumes huffy white, broadly tipped with black ; f routal band buff ;
crown and occiput crimson, bases of the feathers black ; nape and
hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore
neck white, the ear-coverts fulvescent, the remaining underparts
(except the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts, which are rose-
red) being fulvescent white ; a broad black malar stripe, after send-
ing off a branch behind the ear-coverts (but not joining the nape),
extends down the side of the fore neck and chest, uniting on the
latter with the corresponding stripe and sending off numerous broad
stripes of black, the remaining fulvescent white underparts being
broadly striped with black ; the under tail-coverts with a few
blackish stripes ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the
former with a few large black spots, the edge of the wing conspi-
cuously black : " iridcs red ; bill horny ; feet lead-colour " {David).
Total length 0 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 5-2o, tail 3'15, tarsus 1 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"65, outer posterior 0'78,
inner anterior 0'55, inner posterior 0-4.

Young male. Has the crown orange-red.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red on the crown and occiput, these being black. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 5-3, tail 3*15, tarsus 1.

Hah. The island of Formosa.

rt, &. cT $ ad. sk. N. Formosa. Purchased.

c. cJ ad. sk. Tamsui, Formosa, Dec. 1876 {R. Hume Coll.

Swinhoe).

d. $ ad. sk. Tamsui, Dec. 1866 {R. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll.

31. Dendrocopus namiyei.

Picus leucouotus {non Bechst.), Blakisf. ^- Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap.

X. p. 133 (1882).
Dryobates namiyei, Sfe/ii. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mug. 1886, p. 116.

Adult mcde. Resembles D. insularis of Gould, from Formosa, but
is larger (excepting the tail) and has less white upon the lower back,
this being contined to three bars across ; there is also more red on
the under surface of the body, this colour extending on to the breast;
the broad black stripe which borders the chin, tlu'oat, and fore neck,
and extends on to the side of the chest, docs not unite witli the
corresponding stripe aud form a distinct crescentic band, there being
only an approach to this in the form of a few stripe-like spots of
black on the central chest-feathers, a few of these being tinged

VOL. XVIII. T

274 i>icid.t:.

with dull carmine. Dimensions: "Wing 140 mm., tail-feathers
88 mm., exposed culmen 34 mm., ext. ant. toe (Avithout claw)
18 mm." {SteJHcr/er) *,

Hab. Japan, south-western portion of Main Island.

16, PICOIDES.

Type.

Picoides, Laccp. Mem. tie I'lnstitate, Paris, iii. p. 509

(IBOl) P. tridactylus.

Tridactylia, Shmv, Gen. Zool. ix. p. 218 (1815) P. americanus.

Apternus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 302 (18.j1). P. americanus.
Pipodes, Glog. Handb. Naturg. p. 198 (1842) P. tridactylus.

Hanr/e. Northern and Central Europe ; Siljeiia; south into China :
Kamtschatka ; Alaska and Xorthern Jv^ortli America to the border
of the United States, and on the west along the liocky Mountain
region south into New Mexico.

Kei/ to the Species t.

A. Back white, broadly striped with black.

a'. Lateral tail-feathers almost entirely barred
with black.
a". Sides of the chest broadly striped, the

sides of the body broadly barred with [p. 276.

black tridactylus ad.,

h''. Sides of the chest and breast with only a

few narrow striations, the Hanks and thighs [summer, pp. 277-8.

sparingly spotted with black crissoleucus ad.

b' . Lateral tail-feathers uiiiforui ; with scarcely

any white on the top of the head dorsalis ad., p. 278.

B. Back uniform white ; under surface of the body

uniform pure white ; lateral tail-feathers uni- [winter, p. 278.

form or partially barred crissoleucus ad.

C. Back barred.

c'. Back distinctly barred with white, the bars [p. 280.

narrower tliau the black interspaces americanus ad.,

(/'. Back irregularly barred with white, the bars
broader than the black interspaces and some-
times confluent in the centre and forming a [p. 281.
partial stripe alascensis ad.,

D. Back uniform blue-black arcticus ad.,

[pp. 282-3.

* Dr. Stejueger, in the ' Proceedings of the United States National Museum,'
1886, p. 116, has given a full description of the type specimen, which need not
here be repeated. In his diaguosis of the species he has been compelled (for
want of a. specimen of L. insidaris) to compare his bird with 1). leiwonotus.
I have founded my brief diagnosis upon Dr. Btejneger's description and plate,
compared with 1). insidaris.

t The males of all the species comprised in this genus may be known by
their yellow cruwus.

16. picoiDEs. 275

Back brownish black, witli a narrow and broken
median stripe of wliite ; under surface of tlie
body brownish black spotted with white ;
throat and fore neck, also two stripes across
the face and down the side of the neck, pale [p. 283.

buff funebris cJ J uv.*,

1. Picoides tridactylus.

Picus tridactylus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 177 (1706) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 439 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 243 (1790) ; Meyer, Voy.

Liv- u. EMh. p. 63 (1815) ; Meisn. &)• Schinz, Voy. Schweiz, 1815,

p. 42 ; Niks. Orn. Suec. i. p. 112 (1817) ; Ciur. Hey. Anim. 1817,

i. p. 423 ; Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 101 (1827) ; Lrelun, Natury.

Eur. Voy. i. p. 142 (1823) ; Naum. Voy. Beutsch. v. p. 346,

pi. cxxxvii. figs. 1 (5, 2 $ ad. (1826); Gloy. Handh. Natury esch.

Voy. Eur. p. 462 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 232, ^ $ ad.

(1837) ; Keys. <^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xxxv and 149 (1840) ;

Schinz, Enr. Faun. p. 263 (1840); Schley. Hei: Crit. p. 1 (1844) ;

Sundev. Sv. Foyl. p. 142, pi. xxiii. fig. 6, ^ (1856) ; Maynus v.

Wriyht, Finl. Foyl. p. 275 (1859); Dubois, Ois. Eur. p. 112,

pi. cxii., c? 2 ad. (18G2) ; Prev. S( Lemaire, Hist. Nat. Ois. Em:

p. 175 (1864) ; Sundev. Cons}). Av. Picin. p. 14 (1866) ; Boryyr.

Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 68 (1869) ; Fmsch, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-

bot. Gcselkch. Wien, 1879, p. 227 ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 374.
Picoides tridactylus, Lacep. Mem. de flnst. 1801, p. 509 ; Kaup,

Natury. Syst. 1829, p. 135; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 434 (1845);

Deyl. S) Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 154 (1867) ; Gray, List Picid.

Bnt. Mus. p. 30 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8531) (1870) ;

Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 39 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 69,

pi. cclxxxiv., d 2 ad. (1872) ; Danf. ^- Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1875,

p. 299 ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 320 ; d'Hamonv. Cat. Ois. d'Eur. p. 10

(1876) ; Harv.-Broivn, Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. p. 496;

Giyl. Ibis, 1881, p. 190; Madar. Voy. Uny. 1881, p. 23; B. 0. U.

List Brit. B. p. 78 (1883) ; Menzb. Bev. Cvmp. Faun. Orn. Gouv.

Mosc. 4- Toula, 1883, p. 7 ; Giyl. Arif. Ital. p. 205 (1886).
Tridactylia hirsuta, Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 219, pi. xxxviii., c?

(1816) ; Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 25 (1863).
Dendrocopos tridactylus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 74 (1816).
Picus hirsutus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 103 (1818), pt. ;

id. 8s- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1324 (1823), pt.
Picoides variegatus, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 191 (1826), pt.
Drycibates tridactj'lus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326.
Picoides europajus, ie.i\<. Traiie, i. p. 217 (1831) ; Malh. N. Classif.,

Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 329 ; id. Picidce, i. p. 170, pi. xxxviii.

figs. 1, 2, 3, 6 (1861).
Picoides alpinus, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 194 (1831) ; id. Vollst.

ToV/. p. 71 (1855).
Picoides montanus, Brehm, J'oy. Deutschl. p. 194, pi. xiv., J ad.

(1831) ; id. Vollst. Voy. p. 71 (1855).

* The type only is known, and exists in the Paris Museum. It is very
probable that the female vrill be foimd to want the yellow crown possessed by
die male.

t2

276 nciDj!:.

-J

Apternus tridactylus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amir. ii. p. 301 (1831) ;

id. Classif. B.'ii. p. 306 (1837); Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N.

Amer. p. "30, no. 270 (1838) ; id. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 13!J (1850) ;

id. Cotisp. Valuer. Zyr/od. p. 8, do. 81 (1854) ; Beichenb. Scans.

Picince, p. 316, no. 835, pi. dcxxxi., A. monianus, tigs. 4201-02,

A. septentrionalis, figs. 4195-96, A. ulpinus, figs. 4199-4200

(1854); Schrench, Amur-Beise, i. p. 264 (1859); Bussuw, Orn.

Ehst-, Liv- u. Choi. 1880, p. 115 ; Marsch. ^- Pelz. Orn. Vindub. 1882,

p. 91.
Picoides septentrionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 195 (1831) ; id.

Vulht. T'off. p. 71 (1855).
Picoides longiro.stiis, i>?v/r«(. Vol/st. Viit/. -p. 71 (1855).
Tridactylia tridactylus, Meves, Eur. Vog. 1886, p. 24.

Adult male. Back white, broadly striped with black ; scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform brownish black, or the rump
sometimes spotted with white ; wings and their coverts brownish
black, the quills (except on the outer webs of the inner secondaries)
spotted with white upon both M-ebs ; shafts brown ; tail black, the
two outer large feathers barred with white on the apical half ; shafts
black ; nasal plumes black varied with white ; forehead black
broadly striped with white ; the crown-feathers tipped with yellow
and having black bases with an intermediate \\ bite spot ; occiput
and nape blue-black, the occipital feathers tipped with white ; face
and neck, and the underparts from the chin to the vent (both
inclusive) white ; a broad blue-black stripe from behind the eye runs
down the side of the neck, and a black malar stripe borders the
throat and fore neck and branches out into a number of broad
stripes on the side of the chest and breast, the malar region spotted
with white ; the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs barred with
black ; under tail-coverts white on the aj^ieal portion, the bases
black and partly showing as a stripe-like spot ; under wing-coverts
white barred with black. Total length S-5 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 4-95, tail 3'3, tarsus 0'8 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0"4, inner anterior 0'25, posterior 0"45.

Touncf male. Has the dark portions of the plumage of a sooty
brown and totally devoid of any blue-black gloss, even on the head ;
there is very much less yellow and white on the top of the head,
the white having the character of distinct spots ; the underparts
are duller and there is more dusky black on the sides of the
body, and a few dusky crescentic markings in the middle of the
chest.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
yellow on the top of the head, the feathers of the forehead and
crown oeiug black at the base, the apical portion white, with a black
shaft-sfcripe. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4-65,
tail 3, tarsus 0*8.

Examples from Switzerland have the underparts (except the
middle of the breast and abdomen) very much varied with black,
and the white stripe down the back is also varied with sagittate and
transverse black markings, these, in some specimens, forming distinct
bars across the feathers. This peculiar form is deserving of recog-

16. PICOIDES.

277

nition, although, from its geographical position, it might be unwise
to separate it from P. tridactylus.

flab. The greater part of Europe, but rare in the south ; extending
east through Southern Siberia to the A moor, and into Mongolia.

a, h. (S 9 ad. St.
c, d. (S ad. ; e. (^

imm. sk.
/, (J. S ad. ; h. S

imm. sk.
i. S ad. sk.
k, /. c? 2 ad. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.
w, 0. (S 2 ad. sk.
p, q. 6 $ ad. sk.

r. tS ad. sk.

^<. Juv. sk.

t, n. c? ? ad. sk.

V. 2 ad. sk.

10. S ad. sk.

.V. Skull.
y. Sternum.

N. Bothnia. Purchased.

Sweden, Dec. ( Wheehuright). Tweeddale Coll.

Kopvand.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Stockholm, Jan. Mr. Meves [C.].

Wermland. Mr. Meves [C.].

Weriuland, Dec. (ScJdiiter). Hume Coll.

Archangel, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll.

Ursern, Switzerland, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.

{H. Saunders).

Nisamskaja, River Ob, Sept. Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

1876.

Lepsa Rivei', Turkestan, June. Moscow Museum.

Semiretchje, May 27th. Dr. Severtzoff [C.].

Kossogol, Mongolia, Sept. Dr. SevertzoiF [C.].

17th.

Teksa River, Mongolia, Dr. Severtzoff [0.1.

Aug. 19th.

S. Germany. Dr. Giinther.
Purchased.

Subsp. a. Picoides crissoleiicus.

Picus tridactylus (non Linn.), Fal/as, Zoor/r. Ilusso-Asiaf. i. p. 415

(1831) ; Middend. Sih.-Eeise, Zool. p. 132 (1851).
Apternus crissoleucos, Bp. Cvnsp). Volucr. Zijijod. p. 8, no. 82 (1854).
Tridactj'lia camtschatcensis, Lichf. Nomencl. Ar. 1854, p. 75 (pt.) ;

Cah. S)- Heme, Miis. Hein. iv. p. 25 (1863).
Apteruus crissoleucu.s, Reichenb. Scans. Picines, p. 362, no, 836,

pi. dcxxxi. tigs. 4197-98, S $ (1854).
Picoides crissoleucus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 180, pi. xl. figs. 1 J ad.,

2 2 ad., 5 c? juv. (1861); Grmj, Lid Picid. Brit. 3hts. p. 30

(1868); id. Hcmd-l. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8540 (1870); Tacz. Bull.

Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 240; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 396.
Picus crissoleucus, Siindev. Consp. An. Picin. p. 14 (18(>6).
Picoides tridactylus (non Linn.), Seeh. Ibis, 1878, p. 325.
Picoides albidior *, Stejn. BhU.'U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, 1885, pp. 321,

338, 342 ; id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 168.

Adult male, summer ijlumage. Resembles P. tridactylus, but
differs in the sides of the chest and breast having only a few narrow
striations of black, and the flanks and thighs being sparingly spotted
with black ; the lower scapulars tipped with white, and the wing-
coverts occasionally spotted with white ; upper series of upper tail-
coverts spotted with white ; the white on the back is less striped

* I have carefully examined the type of Stejneger's species, and cannot
separate it from P. cri.isolcucus.

278 TICIDM.

with black. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 4-9, tail 3-2,
tarsus 0"78 ; toes (without chiws)^outer anterior 0-4G, inner ante-
rior 0--1, posterior 0-54.

Adidt female, summer plumaye. Wants the yellow crown, the
feathers of this region having white tips and black bases. With
the exception of this sexual distinction, it resembles the adult male
in summer. Total length 8 2 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4*78, tail 3'1,
tarsus 0-78.

Aduli, luinter ])lumaije. The back and the under surface of the
bodj- arc pure wliite and uniform ; all the up})er tail-coverts tipped
with white or spotted with white on the tip ; the lateral tail-feathers
are less barred with black and sometimes without a trace of bar or
spot : axillaries pure white, and the under wing-coverts sometimes
unspotted ; the white spots on the quills occasionally contliient.

Hah. Central and Northern Siberia, and Kamtschatka.

a. S imm. sk. Siberia. Tweeddale Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Krasnoyarsk, Central Siberia, Tweeddale Coll.

Oct. \H. Seebohm).

2. Picoides dorsalis.

Picoides dorsalis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 100, pi. Ixxxv. fig. 1, cJ

(1858) ; Malh. Ficid(S, i. p. 179 (1861) ; Cass. Froc. Acad. Bhilad.

18G3, p. 20.3; Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Iits. p. 31 (18U8) ; id.

Havd-l. B. ii. p. 181, no. 85-38 (1870) ; Merriam, U. S, Geol. Sun:

Terr. 1872, p. 694.
Tridactylia dorsalis. Cab. Sr Heine, Mas. Hcin. iv. p. 26 (1863).
Picas dorsalis, Sundev. Consp. At. Ficin. p. 14 (1866).
Picoides americauus, var. dorsalis. Coop. B. Calif., ed. Baird, i.

p. 386, head figured (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 1872, p. 194 ;

Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii. p. 180 (1872) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 285

(1874) ; Hensh. U. 8. Geoyr. Surv. W. of 100th Merid. 1875, p. 391.
Picoides tridactyhis dorsalis, Ridyiv. Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,

p. 189 ; Drew, Auk, 1885, p. 17 ; Hensh. op. cit. 1886, p. 78.
Picoides americanus dorsaUs, Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2Dd ed.

p. 78 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 485 ; A. 0. U.

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 401 b (1886) ; Ridyw. Man.

N.Amer.B.-p. 287(1887).
Picoides americanus (non Brehm), Hartl. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 275.

Adidt male. Jlesembles P. tridactylus, but differs in having the
lateral tail-feathers uniform ; the rump is more spotted with white,
and there is also very much less Ijlack on the sides of the chest and
body, hanks and thighs ; the under tail-coverts have more of the apical
portion white, and the black on the basal portion does not show ;
the dimensions are also less. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*27,
wing 4'85, tail 2-8, tarsus 0*88 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0*4.5, inner anterior 0'4, posterior 0-53.

Adult female. Wants the yellow patch on the top of the head, the
crown being blue-black sparingly spotted with white; there is also

16, PicoiDEs. 279

less white on the top of the head than in P. tridaetylus. Total
length 8 inches, culmcn 1*1, wing I'T, tail 3, tarsus 0-8o.

Hah. llockj' Mountain region of the United States, north to
Alaska (south of the monntaius) and south into New Mexico.

a. ^ imni. sk. Fort Bridger, Wyoming, Sept. 'J

{Ilenshaw). \
i. [$ juv.] t<k. Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico,

Aug. 27, 1883 {Henshaw). \ y^^^^^^^^ q^^^

c-k. c? ad. et Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico, )•

]\w.;i,k. 2 Aug., Sept., Oct. (iif«s/i«?i'). j

ad. sk. I

/. (S imm. sk. IiioGrande,New Mexico, Sept. |

{H. mieeJer). I

[S.-G.]

3. Picoides americauus.

Picus tridactvlus (pt.), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 439 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. i. p. 243 (1790); Nutt. Man. Orn. 1832, p. 578; Peah.Bost.

Journ. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 175.
Picus tridaetylus {non Linn.), Bp. Sijn. B. U. S. p. 46, no. 46 (1826).
Picoides variegatus (pt.), Valenc. Did. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 191 (1826).
Picus hirsutus {7ion Steph.), WarjUr, Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 132 (1827) ;

And. B. Amer. iv. p. 268, pi. 269, c? $ ad. (1839) ; id. Orn. Biogr.

V. p. 184, pi. ccccxvii. figs. 3-4, S $ ad. (1839) ; De Kay, Nat. Hist.

N. York, pt. 2, p: 19] , pi. xvii. (1844) ; Putnam, Proc. Esse.v hist.

1856, p. 229.
Picoides americauus, Brehm, Tog. Deutschl. 1831, p. ]95; Math.

riam, Bull. Niitt. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 6; Coues, Check-list N.

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

1884, p. 485 ; Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 242 ; A. O. U.

Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 214, no. 401 (1886); Ridgiv. Man. N.

^mer. ^. p. 287(1887)._
Apteruus americauus. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837).
Aptemus hirsutus {non Steph.), Bp'. Comp. List B. Eur. S)- N. Amer.

p. 39, no. 259 (1838); id. Cvnsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 139 (1850); «a.

Consp. Volucr. Zy(iod. p. 8, no. 84 (1854); Reichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 361, no. 834, pi. dcxxx. figs. 4192-93, <S ? ad. (1854).
Picus arcticus {non Swains.), De Kay, Nut. Hist. N. York. pt. 2,

p. 190, pi. xvii. fig. 36, S (1844).
Picoides hirsutus {non Steph.), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 434 (1845) ;

Malh. N. Classif ., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 329; Baird, B.

N. Amer. p. 98 (1858) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. d'l ; Mayn. Bds. E.

N. Amer. p. 247 (1879).
Tridactylia undulata*, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 28 (1863).
Picus americanus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 15 (18(56).

* The species so named by Stephens, together with P. undatus of Temmiuck
and P. undums of Cuvier, may possibly be referred to Picoides americanus, but
liaving been founded upon Erisson's "Pic mrie do Cayenne" which iu itself
appears to be a coiubiiiatiun of two species (the male being evidently P. ameri-
canus and the female P. arcticus), I do not think these names can be accepted.

280

Picoidps americnnus, var. fasciatus, Coop. B. Calif., od. BairrJ, i.

p. ?.So, heiul iigd. p. ;i8n (1870).
Picoidos tridactylu.", var. aiuericanus, Jj., U., v-V R. Hisf. N. Amev. B.

ii. p. 532, pi. 1. %. l^ c? -id. (1874).
Picoides tridaflvlus iiiiu'ricanus, Buhjw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu.s. 1880,

p. isa

Adult male. Differs from /'. dvcticus in having the back distinctly
barred witli white, the bars being narrower tlian the black inter-
spaces ; the central tail-feat her.s occasionally having maiginal spots
of white, the lateral ones barred with black at the base ; the yellow
on the crown of a pale lemon- or straw-yellow ; the white stripe
which borders the nape uniting on the hind neck with the corre-
sponding stripe, the white only tipping the feathers ; the top of the
head spotted with white, and the white stripe which runs under the
ear-coverts and down the side of the neck narrower. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1'12, wing 4-5, tail 3, tarsus O'So ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0"46, inner anterior 0-4, posterior 0-54.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow
on the crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black,
the forehead and crown more or less spotted with white. Total
length S inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-35, tail 2-05, tarsus O'S.

Hah. Northern North America east of the Rocky Mountains,
north to about 60^ N. lat., south, in winter, to the Northern United
States.

a,b. S 9- ^^- sk.
c, d. d' $ ad. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.
f-k. c?ad.;;-o. $
ad. et inim. sk.

2). S ad.; q. ?
ionn. sk.

r, .s, t. § ad. sk.

n. V, w. (S ad. : x,
y, z. $ ad. sk.

a'. Skeleton.

Arctic America.

Labrador.

British Columbia.

Big Moose Lake, New York,

Feb., April, Way, July.

Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec.

{Hart Merriam).
Moose River, New York,

June (Hart Slerrioni).
7th Lake, Hamilton Co.,

N. Y., May, June (Hart

Merriam).

Sir J. Rae [P.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
.T.K.Lord,Esq.[P.].

Ilenshaw Coll.

[S.-G.]

Herkina Co.,
June, Oct.
riam).

N. America.

N.Y'., May,
{Hart Mer-

Subsp. a. Picoides alascensis.

Picoides americauus {non Brelwi), Hall 8)- Bann. Trans. Chic. Acad.
Sc. 1869, p. 274.

Brisson distinctly states that in the male the crown is red, and the habitat
" Cayenne " is apparently an error. 1 have therefore omitted all these
references in my synonymy. The Three-toed Woodpecker of Edwards,
'Gleanings,' iii. pi. csiy. (j' (1750), is probably Picoides americanus, but the
crown is said to be orange -red.

Ifi. ncoiDEs. 281

Apternus hirsutus (non Step],.), Fimch, Ahh. Nat. iii. p 61 m7'.i\
-Ficus tridactjlus {non Lmn.), Adams, Ibis, l87,s p. ^-Sj ''

Picoides tridactylus alascensis, Nelson, Auk, 1884 p 165
Picoides americanus alasceiisis, A. O. U. Check-U'st N. Amer B
p. 214, no. 401 a (1886) ; Itiihjiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 287 (1887)'.

AduU male, luinter plumage. Eesembles P. americaims in haviuo-
the back barred with white, but the black interspaces are inter"-
rupted in the middle of the back by a line of white, caused by the
apical portion of the central feathers being uniform white- the
white stripe above the ear-coverts, which borders the occiput and
nape, and joins, on the hind neck, the corresponding stripe is more
dehned : the yellow on the crown golden ; the upper tail-coverts
are barred with white, as are likewise the tips of tlie scapulars-
the tips of the primaries are also white. Total length 8 inches'
culmeu 1-2, wing 4-G, tail 3, tarsus 0-82; toes (without claws )J
outer anterior 0-4, inner anterior 0-35, posterior 0-5

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow
crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black, the fore-
head spotted and the crown striped with greyish white Total
length 8 inches, culmen 1-U5, wing 4-55, tail 3, tarsus 0-8
,./'"'!'«'"'•'•: Ifesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but
differ in having the central tail-feathers spotted more or less trans-
versely with white upon both webs. In the male the yellow on
the top x)f the head does not advance so far forward, and in the
female the foreliead and crown are spotted, rather than striped with
greyish white. ' '

In summer this species has much less Mhite upon the winox the
upper tail-coverts are not barred, and the upper series have at most
a few minute white spots ; the lateral tail-feathers are more or less
barred with black at the base ; there is a smaller amount of white
on the top of the head, and none, or merely a trace, on either the
wing-coverts or scapulars ; the barring on the sides of the ])odv
Hanks, and thighs is broader and blacker, and there is a less amount
of white on the under Ming-coverts and axillaries.

Hah. Alaska, north of the mountains, and eastward throuo-h
Arctic British America to Hudson's Bay. °

a 6 imm. sk. N. Land Expedition. Capt. Back \V.^

b. 2 ad. sk. Fort Halkett, Dec. (J. Lock- Salvin-Godman Coll

nart).

c. c? ad. sk. Unalaklut, Alaska (£. W. ")

Nvlson). I

(/, V. 6 ad. ; /. 5 Xulato, Alaska, Mair-li (E

"""• ®^- ^^'- A>&o«). Henshiw r„ll

y,h.6^A.:i-L2 Fort Reliance, Oct., Dec. h fs-S]
ad. sk. (E. W. Nelson). ^ ^

>«. c? imm. .sk. Shaktolik, Alaska, Dec. ( 7r. |

Nelson). i

n. d ad. sk. Mackenzie Rher(Kemucott). Sclater Coll

o. d ad. sk. Great Bear Lake. B R Ro.s Eso rp i

"'?d.1k''-' '■■ ^ ^-^s-p-- B.R.Ro5lSt?:j:

282

•i. Picoides arcticus.

Apternus arcticus, Swaim. Faun. Bor.-Aunr., Birds, ii. pp. xxvi
iatrod. & 313, pi. Ivii. (1S31) ; id. Vlassif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. i^- N. Amer. p. .39, no. 260 (1838) ; id. Consp. Gen.
Av. i. p. 131) (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zijcjod. p. 8, no. 83 (1854) ;
Licht. Xomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854) ; Reichenh. Semis. Picitice, p. 361,
no. 833, pi. dcxxx. figs. 4189-91, cJ d 2 fid- (1854) ; JVewb. P. R. R.
Rep. Ti. p. 91 (1857).

Picus tridactylus {noii Linn.), Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 423,
pi. xiv. fio-. -2, S (1832) ; And. Orn. Bioyr. ii. p. 197 (18-34), v.
p. 538, pi. exxxii. figs. 1, 2, cJ $ (1839) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 578
(1840).

Picus arcticus, Gloy. Handh. JVatun/esch. Vog. Eur. p. 402 note
(1834) ; And. Sijn. B. X. Amer. p.'l82 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo,
p. 206, pi. cclxviii. figs. 1,2 cJ, 3 $ (18.39) ; Putnam, Proc. Esse.v
Inst. 1856, p. 214 ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 15 (1866).

Picoides arcticus, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 434, pi. 108. tig. 7 (1845) ;
Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 98 (1858); Malli. Picidce, i. p. 174,
pi. xxxix. figs. 5, 6, S ad., 5 (1861); Boardm. Proc. Bust. Sac.
1802, p. 123; Verrill, Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1862, p. 143; Blakist.
Ibis, 1863, p. 51 ; Allen, Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1864, p. 52 ; Mcllwr.
op. cit. 1866, p. 83 ; Coues, op. cit. 1868, p. 262 ; Grmj, List Picid.
Brit. Mils. p. 31 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 181, no. 8539 (1870) ;
Coop. B. Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 384, head of S figd. (1870) ; Allen,
Amer. Nat. 1870, p. 572 ; Merr. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872,
p. 694 ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 1872, p. 194 ; Ridyw. Bull. Esse.v
List. 1874, pp. 13, 38 ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 284 (1874) ; B., B., ^
R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 530, pl.l. tig. 1, d ad. (1874) ; Ridffiv.
U. S. Geol. E.ipl. 40tk Par. pt. iii. Birds, p. 548 (1877) ; Beld.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 429 ; Merr. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
1879, p. 6; Roberts, t.c. p. 1-54; Mearns,t. c. p. 175; Mayn. Bds,
E. N. Amer. p. 245 (1879); Ridyw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,
p. 189 ; Merr. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 236 ; Coues, Check-
list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 78 (1882) ; Steariis, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 118 ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1884, p. 485 ;
Turner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 242 ; A. 0. U. Check-list
N. Amer. B. p. 21.3, no. 400 (1880) ; Ridqiv. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 287 (1887) ; Merrill, Auk, 1888, p. 254.

Tridactjlia arctica. Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 27 (1863).

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and
wiijg-coverts blue-black, the lower rump-feathers occasionally tipped
with white ; quills black, spotted with white upon both webs,
except upon the outer webs of the inner secondaries ; shafts black ;
tail black, the four central feathers uniform, the next having the
apical third birflfy white, the two outer large feathers on either side
having the apical half, or more, huffy white, and the basal half of
the inner web irregularly barred with white, the dwarf feather
white barred with black on the inner web ; shafts of the same
colour as the surrounding web ; nasal plumes black ; crown golden
yellow, the remainder of the head, side of the neck, and hind
neck blue-bluck, with the base of the forehead and a stripe thence
running under the eye and ear-coverts and down the side of the
neck white, and a very narrow white stripe running backwards

16. PICOIDES.

283

from the ej-e ; the black on the malar region spotted with white ;
from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, more
or less pure, the black malar stripe extending on to the side of the
chest; the entire sides of the body, lianks, and thighs barred with
black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred black and white :
" iris brown ; bill and feet black " {Cooptr). Total length 9 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 5-0-3, tail 3-35, tarsus 0"9o ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-45, inner anterior 0*3, posterior 0-5.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the yellow
on the crown, the whole of the top of the head being blue-black.
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 4-95, tail 3'35, tarsus 0-9.

Hah. Northern Xorth America from about 57^ N. lat. south to
the northern border of the United States, and, in the Western part of
the latter, extending along the mountain-ranges to the Sierra
Xevada, California, about 39° lat.

a. (5 ad. sk. Canada.

b. 2 ad. sk. Canada (C. Shelley).

c. 5 ad. sk. Fort Simpson, Sept.

d. e. cJ ad. ; f. British Columbia.
2 ad.sk.'

ff. S ad. sk. St. Lawrence River, Cauada,

Nov. (A. Lechevallier).
h. S ad. sk. Lake of the Woods, May

(i?. Kennicott).
i,k. cJ ad.; /, Big Moose Lake, New York,
m. 2 ad. sk. June, Aug. {Hart Mer-

riam).
n. (^ ad. ; 0, p. 7tli Lake, Hamilton Co.,
2 ad. sk. X.Y., June (Hart Mcr-

riam).
q. 2 ad. sk. Menomouee, Wisconsin, Oct.

{Nelson).
r. S ad. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, April

{C(tpt. Bendire).
s. 2 innn. .sk. Houev Lake, Nevada, June

{H. Wheeler).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
B. E. Ross, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq.

Henshaw Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.J

5. Picoides funebris.

Picoides funebris, Verreatu; X. Arch. 3Ius. vi. Bull. 33. no. 2 (1870) ;

op. cit. viii. pi. i. (1872) ; Ehves,
David

id. op. cit. vii. p. 27 (1871) ; id. op.

P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 601, 665, 689 ; Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 171

^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 49 (1877).

Male, i/ounr/. Above, including scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts brownish black, with a narrow and broken line of white
down the middle of the back ; wing- coverts uniform brownish
black ; quills brownish black, the primaries and some of the outer
secondaries spotted with white upon both webs, the former tipped
with white ; the inner secondaries having the outer webs uniform,
the inner webs spotted with white, and having near the tips of the
innermost a diagonal stripe of white upon each web ; shafts blackish

284 PICIDJ3.

brown ; tail black, the six central feathers uniform, the remainder
barred with white upon both webs, the dwarf feather spotted or
hnrred on the outer web onlj- ; sbafts black ; nasal plumes black,
with bufty- white bases ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape glossy
blue-black, the feathers of the forehead banded with white at the
tip, those of the crown being tipped with bright saft'rou-yellow and
having grey bases ; lores, a stripe from behind the eye passing
down the side of the neck, also one from the base of the upper
mandible and running under the car-coverts and down the side of
the neck, butty white ; ear-coverts and a broad stripe behind
blue-black : a broad blue-black malar stripe ; chin, throat, and
fore neck huffy white ; from the chest to the under tail-coverts
inclusive, partly black, partly brown, more or less spotted with
white, the brown portions being nearly uniform, the black more
clearly spotted with white ; under wing-coverts brownish black,
barred and varied with white : " iris brown ; bill brownish ; legs
blackish" (David). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1'17, wing 5,
tail 3' 15, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'5, inner
anterior ()'45, posterior 0-55.

Hab. Moupin, and the high wooded mountains of Western China.

17. XENOPICUS.

Type.

Xenopicus, Baircl, Rep. Expl. S)- Stirv. Missis. Pacif.

Railr. ix. Birds, p. 83 (1858) X. albolarvatus.

Xeuocraugus, Cah. i,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 74

(I8G3) X. albolarvatus.

Head of Xcnopirus albolarvatus.

Range, Pacific coast-region from British Columbia to Southern
California, including both slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

1. Xenopicus albolarvatus.

Leuconerpes albolarvatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. ISoO, p. 106;

Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zrjgod. p. 10, no. 204 (18o4).
Melanerpes albolarvatus, Cass. Journ. Acad. Philad. 1853, p. 257,

pi. xxii., cJ 5> ad. ; Neioherry, Zool. Cal. ^' Oreg. Route 9, Rep. P.

17. xENOPicrrs. 285

R. R. vi. pt. iv. p. 91 (1857) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 3 ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 201,
DO. 8821 (1870).

Picus (Xeuopicus) albolarvatiis, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 06 (1858) ;
Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 202 ; B., B., ^- R. Hist. N. Amer.
B. ii. p. 526, pi. 1. %. 7 <S , fig'. 8 2 ad. (1874).

Xeuopicus albolarvatiis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 221, pi. ci. figs. 3, 4,
(5 2 (1862) ; Elliot, New ^- Unfit/. B. N. Amer. i. pi. xxiv., c? $
ad. (1869); Ridffw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, pp. 6, 189 ; Cones,
Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. 1882, p. 78 ; id. Keij N. Amer. B.
2nd ed. 1884, p. 484 ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. 1886, p. 213 ;
Coop. Auk, 1887, p. 88; Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 286 (1887) ;
Merrill, Auk, 1888, p. 253.

Xeuocraiigus albolarvatiis, Cab. 8f Heine, 3Lis. Hein.'w. p. 74 (1863).

Picus albolarvatus. Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 29 (1866) ; Coop. B.
Calif, ed. Baird, i. p. 382 (1870) ; Ridgiv. Proc. Esse.v Inst. 1875,
p. 3'8 ; Ridgiv. U. S. Geol. ExpL 'kOth Par. pt. iii. Orn. pp. 388,
547 (1877) ; Beld. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1 S78, pp. 393, 428.

Adult male. Forehead and crown smoky white ; a bright scarlet
occipital band ; nasal plumes, lores, side of the face, chin, and
throat pure white ; the remainder of the plumage blue-black (except
the wings, these being slightly browner) ; dwart primary having a
white spot at the base of the inner web, the next feather having
the base of the inner web white, with a small spot at the base of
the outer web; the remaining primaries having their basal portion
white on both webs, that on the outer not extending to within an
inch of the tips : " iris brown " (A. Forrer). Total length 8'5
inches, culmen 1"25, wing 5"15, tail 3-45, tarsus 0-9: toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0'48,
inner posterior 0"3.

Adult female. Diflers from the adult male in the absence of the
red occipital band, the occiput being, like the hind neck, black :
" iris brown " {A. Forrer). Total length 8'5 inches, culmen 1-05,
wing 5"2, tail 3"6, tarsus 0'87.

Young. General colour of a more dusky black : the male has the
crown-feathers tipped with red, and no red on the occiput. A
young female examined resembles the adult of the same sex, but
has the forehead and crown smoky white ; there is more white on
the outer webs of the primaries, and they are barred with black on
the apical portion ; sometimes the white upon the inner webs is also
barred, the white appearing as a spot. I am not aware that the
female has an earlier stage of plumage.

Hab. Pacific coast-region from British Columbia to Southern
California, including both slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

a. d ad.; b, c. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

2 ad. sk.
d, e. c? ? ad. Fort Klamath, Oregon, Dec. Henshaw Coll.

sk. & Jan. (C. Bendire).

f. S ad. sk. Nevada, California, Sept. Salvin-Goduiau Coll.

{H. W. Hemhaiv) [Sm.
no. 72618].

286 PICIDJ5.

^. 5 imra. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. Hensluiw Coll.

(i\W«o/().
/). cf ad. sk. Lake Talioe, Nevada, Cal. Henshaw Coll.

(Henshcnc).
i. 2 imui. sk. Fort Crook, Cal., Nov. {B. Salviu-Godmau Coll.

F. Parkinson) [Sm. no.

22073].
k. 5 ad. sk. Fort Crook (Z». F. Parkin- Sclater Coll.

son).
I. 9 iuv. sk. BiK Trees, Cal., July (X. ]

BoMiwj).
m n S 9- fic^' 1^1^16 Canon, Cal., June, [ Henshaw Coll.

Oct. (Hens/uiw). ^ { [S.-G.]

o,n. cJ ad. sk. Walker's Ba.«in, Cal., Nov. |

( U^eeler). J

1/ r d 2 ad. Bear Valley, Cal., June G. Frean Morcon),

■" ■ {F. Stephens). Esq. [P.].

18. DENDROCOPTES.

Type.
Dendrocoptes, Cab. Si- Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 41 (186.3). D. medius.

llanijc. Europe (generally), north to Finland; Asia Minor and
east into Persia.

Keij to the Species.

A. The white bars on the lateral tall-feathers broader

than the black interspaces; the red occipital
feathers le.-^s elono-ated ; the breast less yellow,
and the striations on the sides of the body, flanks,
and thighs narrower.
a. The red on the occiput as bright as that of the

crown medius J ad.,

h'. The red on the occiput duller than that of the [p. 287.

crown medius $ ad.,

B. The white bars on the lateral tail-feathers nan-ow, [p. 288.

and less in width than the black interspace.s ;
the red occipital feathers more elongated ; the
breast deeply washed with yellow ; the striations
on the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
broader.
c'. The red on the occiput as bright r.s that of the

crown .mncti-johannis

d'. The red on the occiput duller than that of the [ (S ail., p. 288.

crown sancti-johanms

[$ ad., p. 288.

1. Dendrocoptes medius.

Le Pic varie, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 38, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1760).

Picus medius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 176 (1766) ; Scop. Ann. i. p. 48
(1760) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 436 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 229
(1790) ; Leicin, B. Gt. Brit. ii. p. 40, pi. xlix. (1796) ; Bechst.
Naturg. Leutschl. ii. p. 1029 (180o) ; Temm. Cat. Si/st. p. 65

18, DENDROCOPTES. 287

(1807) ; Meyer 8f Wolf, Taschenh. i. p. 122 (1810) ; Me!sn. S)-

Schinz, JUff. Schweiz, p. 41 (1815) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 110

(1817) ; Temm. Man. crOrn. i. p. 39S (1820) ; J3re/im, Xaturgesch.

Eur. Vof/. i. p. 140 (1823j ; Bonn. ^- Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1303

(1823) ; Roux, Orn. Frov. i. p. 98, pi. Ixi. (1825) ; Xaum. Vd(/.

Deutschl. V. p. 320, pi. csxxvi. tigs. 1, 2 (1826) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc.

Nat. xl. p. 180 (1826) ; Eisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. GO (1826) ; Wagl.

Sijst. Av. Picus, sp. 24 (1827); Sari, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 143 (1827);

Less. Man. d'Orn.u.^. 112 (1828); Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 510;

Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 191 ; Less. Traite, i. p. 218 (1831) ;

Glo(/. Handb. Naturgesch. Viig. Eur. p. 459 (1834) ; Bp. Comp. List

B. Eur. 4- N. Amer. p. 39 (1838) ; Kegs. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur.

pp. 148 & XXXV (1840) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 262 (1840) ;

Schleg. Ilev. Crit. p. 1(1844); Gray, Gen. i?. ii. p. 435 (1845);

Bj). Consj). Gen. Av. i. p. 1-34 (1850) ; Fteichenb. Scans. Ficince,

p. 368, no. 848, pi. dcxxxiv. tig. 422 (1854) : Licht. Nomencl.

Av. p, 75 (1854) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 70 (1855) ; Sunder. Sv. Foql.

p. 140, pi. xxiii. fig. 3 (1856); Von Wright, Finl. Fogl. 18.j9,

p. 274; Jcmb. S,- Barth.-Lapomm.Rich. Orn. p. 330 (18.59) ; Malh.

Picidce, i. p. 93, pi. xx. tigs. 6, 7 (1861) ; Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 146,

pi. cJ (1862) ; *>«■/. Ibis, 1864, p. 218 ; Prev. i^- Lem. Hist. Nat.

Ois. d'Eur. p. 169 (1864) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 30 (1866) ;

Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 152 (1867) ; Gray, List Ficid. Brit.

Mus.^. 35 (1868); Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 448; Borggr. Vogelf.

Norddeutschl. p. 68 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. l82, no. 8555

(1870); Elw. ^- Buckl. Ibis,lii70, p. 188; Saund. o/a r/^. 1871,

p. 66 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 37 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v.

p. 47, pi. cclxxxi. (1871) ; Ferini, Man. Orn. Veron. p. 404 (1874) ;

Danf. i)-I£arv.-Br.Ibis, 1875, p. 299 ; D'Hamonv. Cat. Ois. d'Eur.

p. 10 (1876); Saund. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 324; Tacz.

Bull. Soc. Zool. i-V. 1877, p. 152; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 40, pi. v.

tig. 11 (1878) ; Elw. Ibis, 1880, p. 395 ; Gigl. op. cit. 1881, p. 190 ;

Madar. Syst. Aufz. Fog. Ungnrns, p. 23 (1881) ; Carls. Kongl.

Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 18S2, no. 1, p. 30; Marsch. S; Felz. Orn.

Vindob. p. 92 (1882) ; Eadde, Orn. Cauc. p. 313, pi. xix. fig. 4

(1884); Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 203 (1886); Lorenz, Orn. Faun.

Kaukasus, p. 44 (1887).
Dendrocopos medius, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 73 (1816).
Picus variiis {non Linn.), J'ieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 94

(1818).
Dryobates medius, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326.
Picus cjaoffidus, Fall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. i.p. 413 (1831).
Picus quercuum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 191 (1831) ; id. Vollst.

TUgelf. 1855, p. 70.
Pipripicus medius, Bp. Cons]}. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 52 (1854).
■ Picus roseiventris, It,, t' j? j t— 7^ -\a~iz -/^
Picus meridionalis, [ ^'■'^""' ^ ''^^'*- ^'^'^"^- ^^"'^' P" '^-
Dendrocoptes medius, Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 41 (186-3).
Dendrocopus medius, Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 178; B. 0. U. List Brit. B.

p. 78 (1883) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 304.

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-covcrts black; scapulars
•svliite ; wing-coverts black, except the innermost of the median and of
the greater series, which are white, this forming a conspicuous patch ;
quills black, spotted with white upon both webs ; shafts black ; tail
black, the two outer large feathers on either side broadly barred

288 viciDiE.

witli white on the ai)ieal portion, the next inner feather tip|)ed
and spotted near the tip with white ; shafts black ; nasal plumes
dusky black ; forehead smoky or lirownish white ; crown and occiput
crimson ; nape and hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck, chin,
throat, fore neck, and chest white, the malar region smoky or brown-
ish, and behind this a very broad black stripe extending on to the
side of the chest, a branch from it running behind the ear-coverts
but not joining the nape ; the breast slightly yellow ; the abdomen,
vent, and under tail-coverts rose-red ; the sides of the body, flanks,
and thighs narrowly stiiped with black, the latter parts slightly pink ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Total length 8-3 inches,
culmen I'l, wing 4-83, tail 3-2, tarsus 0'8 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior O'oo, outer posterior U'o8, inner anterior 0-5, inner
posterior 0-25.

Younci male. Eesembles the adult, but has the red on the head,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts much paler, and the striations
on the nnderparts less black ; the primaries are tipped with white.

Adidt female. Has the red on the crown less brilliant than in
the adult" male, the red on the occiput more dusky and with a slight
yellowish tinge. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1, wing -i-O,
tail 3-32, tarsus 0-83.

Hah. Western and Southern Europe, north to Finland, east to
the Caucasus.

a. (S ad. St. Europe. Old Collection.

b,c. c? $ ad. sk. Sweden, Jan., Oct. C. Meves [CI.

d. d ad. sk. Skaue, Sweden, Aug. 17, 1873. C. Meves [C.].

e. Juv.sk. Tuvkey {T. Bohsoii). Tweeddale Coll.

Subsp. a. Dendrocoptes sancti-johannis.

Picua sancti-johauuis, Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 226 ; id. East. Pers. ii.

p. 138, pi. ix. (18713).
Pieus medius {non Linn.), Danford, Ibis, 1877, p. 264, 1878, p. 7 ;

Tristr. op. cit. 1882, p. 418; id. Cat. Coll. p. 101 (1889).
Pious medius, var. saucti-johanuis, Raddc, Oni. Cam. p. 313, pi. xix.

fig. 3 (1884).

Adult male. Eesembles D. medius, but diflers in being smaller,
and in having the underparts of a richer yellow and a deeper red,
also in the striations on the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs
beino- conspicuously broader and blacker, the black upon the latter
parts taking the form of transverse spots or bars. There is very
much more black on the lateral tail-feathers, these appearing as
though black barred with white, the white bars being narrower
than the black interspaces, the reverse being the case in D. medius.
Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-7, tail 3, tarsus 0-82 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0-6, inner
anterior 0-43, inner posterior 0-3.

Adult femcde. Differs from the adult of the opposite sex in having
the crown of a less brilliant crimson, and this colour upon the

19. LIOPICUS.

289

occiput having a washed-out appearance,
culmen 1, wing 4*75, tail 3, tarsus 0'83.
Hab. Asia Minor, east into Persia.

a. cf ad. sk. Xantbus.

h. c? ad. sk. Belgrade ( T. Robsori).

c. d' ad. sk. Asia Minor, March 6, 1866 (r.

Robson).

d. iS ad. sk. Asia Miaor, Oct. (T. Robso7i).

e. (S ad. sk. Asia Minor, Jan. 18, 1866 (T.

Robson).

f. S ad. sk. Petin-a-hore, Jan. 8, 1867 {T.

Robsori).

g. (S imm. ; h. Taurus, Asia Minor, Feb. 1876
$ ad. sk. (C. G. Danford).

i. j ad. sk. Oak Forest, near Shiraz, June,
1870.

Total length 8 inches,

C.Fellowes,Esq.[P.1.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Sbelley Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sir 0. St. John [C.].

19. LIOPICUS. ^^p^

Leiopicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/r/od. no. 65 (1854). . L. mabrattensis.
Liopipo, Cab. 4" Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 44 (1863) . . L. mabrattensis.

a. Foot of Liopicus mahrattcnsis.

h. Wing of Liopicus mahrattensis (reduced).

Ravge. India and Ceylon, Pegu, and into Cochin China. WiU
probably be found in the intervening countries, but specimens are
wanting.

290 nciD^.

1. Liopicus mahrattensis.

Picus mahrattensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. Siippl. p. xxxi, $ (1^01) »
Sfcjih. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 177,2 (181-j) ; Vieill. ]S\ Diet. <rnist. Nat.
xxvi. p. 94 (1818; ; id. c^ Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. K'.llt (18l':1);
!>;•«;>. Did. Class, xlii. p. -"jOJ, $ (1828) ; Franldin, R Z. S. l.s:)l,
p. 121 ; Si/kes, op. c.it. 1832, p. 97 ; Gra>/, Hardw. III. Ind. Zool.'
i. pi. xxxiii., (S ? ad. (1830-32); Gotdd, Cent. B. Himal Mts. pi. li.,
S 2 (18.32) : id. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 92; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435
(1845) ; Bh/th, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 196 ; id Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc.
p. 62 (1849) ; Bp. Cunsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 135 (1850) ; Lai/ard, Ann.
^- May. JS'af. Hist. xiii. p. 448 (1854) ; Licht. Novumcl. Av. p. 75
(1854); Eeithenh. Scans. Picince, p. 3(39, no. 853, pi. dcxxxv. (fip:s.
4230-31 6 2, incorrect) (1854); Leith- Adams, P. Z. 8. 1858,
p. 475; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 105, pi. xxviii. figs. 1-2, J 2 (1861) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 274 (18G2) ; Beavan, llns,'l8Q5, p. 410 ; Blyfli,
op. cit. 1866, p. 354; Snndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 31 (1866) ; Grat/,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 183,
no. 8570 (1870) ; Hold.no. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 426 ; E/wes, op. cit.
1873, p. 672; Hayes-Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 407 ; Adam, Str. F.
1873, p. 373 ; Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 390 ; Hnme S,- Gates, op. cit.
1875, p. 58; Bvtl. t. c. p. 458; Lrqqe, Ibis, 1875, p. 274: IVald.
Mis, 1876, p. 344; Fairb. Str. F.' 1876, p. 255; Blanf. op. cit.
1877, p. 245 ; Hume, t. c. p. 329 ; Fairb. t. c. p. 395 ; Hume ^
Eaviso?!, op. cit. vi. p. 124 (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. vii. p. 55 (1878);
Eavids. ^- Wend. t. c. p. 78 ; Murray, f. c. p. Ill ; Bidl. t. c. p. 181 ;
Bull, t. c. p. 205 ; Scr. T)oiq, op. cit. 1879, p. 370 ; Bidl. Cat. B.
Si.d lSc p. 18, no. 100 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Presid. p. 22,
no. 160 (1880) ; Leyye, B. Cei)!. i. p. 184 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F.
1880, p. 52; BittC t. c. p. 385 ; Eeid,op.cit. x. p. 24 (1881);
Gates, t. c. p. 190 (1882) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 297 (1882) ; W. Davi-
son, Str.F. X. p. 354 (1883); Gates, B. Brit. Biirm. ii. p. 37
(1883) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 410; Sivinh. S,- Barnes, op. cit. 1885,
p. 62; Parker, op. cit. 1886, p. 183.

Picns haemasoma, Waql. Syst. Av. Picns, sp. 30, 2 (1827).

Picns aurociistatus, Tick. J. A. S. B. 1833, p. 579.

Dendrocopns marattensis, Swai7is. Classif. B. ii. p. 307 (1837).

Leiopicus lualivattensis, Bp. Consp. Vulucr. Zi/yod. p. 8, no. 65 (1854) ;
Crray, Cat. Gen. B. 1855, p. 91 ; Hors/ <§• Moore, Cat. B. Mus.
E. i. Co. ii. p. 674 (1856-58) ; Gray, Cat. Mumm. 8)C. Nepal pres.
Hodffs. 180:;, p. 63.

Liopi])0 mahrattensis, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 44 (1863) ;
Bhjth i^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 78 (1875).

Picns lilanfordi, Bl>/th, J. A. S. B. 1863, p. 75 ; Grat/, List Picid.
Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8571 (1870) ;
Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 464.

Picus (Leiopicus) mahrattensis, var., Stoliczha, J. A. S. B. 1872,
p. 232.

Adult male. Back and scapulars -white, very broadly striped and
transversely varied Mith black ; rump and upper tail-coverts white,
the latter broadly striped with black : wino;s and their coverts black,
the median and the greater series of the latter and both webs of the
quills spotted with white ; shafts dark brown ; tail black, the central
feathers entirely spotted, the lateral ones entirely barred with white;
shafts black; uasal plumes, forehead, and crown pale golden yellow;

19. LIOPICUS.

291

occiput and nape scarlet ; hind neck black ; sides of the face and
neck white, the ear-coverts slight!}' brownish ; the malar region
smoky white, and behind it a broad brown stripe running on to
the side of the chest, a branch from it extending behind the ear-
coverts ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive)
white, the chin, throat, and fore neck uniform, the remaining jjarts
broadly striped with brown, except the abdomen which is brilliant
scarlet : " bill clear plumbeous, dark on the culmen and tip of both
mandibles ; inside of mouth bluish fleshy ; eyelids dark brown ;
irides deep red ; legs and feet bright plumbeous ; claws horny blue "
{E. W, Oates). Total length 6-8 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4, tail
2-3, tarsus O'S ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'5, outer
posterior 0'57, inner anterior 0'42, inner posterior 0'2S.

Adult female. Wants the red on the occiput and nape, these being
duU yellow, like the forehead and crown. Total length G'S inches,
culmen 0-93, wing 4, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-75.

Young. The males differ from the adult of the same sex in having
the sinciput of a very much didler yellow, and the red on the head
also duller and confined to the hinder part of the crown ; the under-
parts less white and more broadly striped ; the red on the abdomen
less intense ; the bill brown. The male nestling is similar, but
(together with the female) differs in having the chin and throat
faintly spotted with dusky brown ; the female has no red on the
head, the forehead and crown being smoky or brownish drab, with
scarcely any yellow tinge.

Hah. Throughout almost the whole of India to the foot of the
Himalayas, extending in the north-west up to Chamba ; Ceylon ;
ranging also into the northern part of Pegu. Has also been
obtained by Dr. Harmand in Cochin China, and will probably be
found to inhabit the intervening countries.

a. 5 ad. sk.

h,c. S 9. ad. sk.

d. cj ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk.

f-i. 5 ad. et imm.

sk.
k,l. c? $ ad. sk.
m, 71,0. <S ad. ; 7;,

q, r. $ ad. sk.
s, t. (^ ad. ; u, v.

2 ad. sk.
w, X. (5 2 ad. sk.
y. dad.; z, a'. $

ad. sk.
b'. (5 ad. ; r',d', e'.

$ ad. sk.
f,!/'. dad.;/*'. ?

ad. sk.
i', ^'. $ ad. sk.

Umarkoti, Sindh, Jan. 20, 1876

( Jf. T. Blanford).
Kutch.
Kattiawar.

Deesa, Feb. 18, 1876 (E. A.

Butler).
Mt. Aboo, Rajpiitana.

Mt. Aboo.

Sambhur, Feb., March, June,

Oct., Nov. {It. M. Adam).
Jodhpiu-, Jan. and Oct.

Tatghur, Oodeypur, Feb. 1878.
Delhi, March, Oct., Nov. (C. T.

Bin(/ham).
Sultanpur, GurfT.ion Dist., Dec,

Jan., Feb. (TF. N. Chill).
Umbala, March, July, Sept.

Umbala (Pimoill).

Hume Coll.

llume Coll.

Mai or Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

Major Butler [C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU,

Tweeddale CoU.
xj2

292

/'.(^ad.; m', n'. $

ad. sk.
o'. (f ad. sk.
p\ q'. cJad. ; r', s',

^'. $ ad. sk.
m'. (5 ad. sk.
v', w'. S 2 ad. sk.
'■i') y'- c? ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. sk.

»",!'". (S 5 ad. sk.
c", d''. (S ad. ; e" .

$ ad. sk.
/", g". 2 ad. sk.
A". $ ad. sk.

i". (5 ad. sk.
k". $ ad. sk.
Z". c? ad. sk.
m'. S ad. sk.

?i". 2 ad. sk.
o". S ad. St.
p'',q"- 6 $ad. sk.
r", c? ad. sk.

«'', t". (S 2 ad. sk.

•«'', d". cj ad. et
juv. ; zc"-z". 2
ad. et juv. sk.

a^, ¥. (S ad. ; c^.
2 imm. sk.

d^. J ad. sk.

e'. 2 ad. sk.

/',5''. c?2ad.sk.
A^ i*. c? $ ad. sk.

k\ P. S ad. ; m\

2 ad. sk.
n^ cJ ad. sk.

o', p^ c? 2 ad. ;

g''. Juv. sk.
1-^. 2 ad. sk.

s^, t^, u^. c? ad. ;

v^, 2 imm. sk.
w^, :v^, y^. S ad. ;

z^. 2 imm. sk.
«*. (5 ad. sk.

6*. (5 ad. sk.

c'. 2 ad. sk.

d\e\6^^-\f','A
o ad. sk.

Umbala, Nov. (-R. C. Beavan), Tweeddale Coll.

Saliarunpur, Dec. 2, 1872.
Simla.

Dehra Phoon.

N.W. India.

Etawah, Feb. and March.

Muttra, Jan. 14, 1868 [R. M.

Adam).
Futtebgurh, Sept. (A.Anderson).
Oudh, Jan., Feb., Nov.

Gondah, Oudh {Pbucill).
Mogul Serai, Oudh, Sept. 15,

1874 ( W. E. Brooks).
Luckuow, Oudh, May 10, 1879.
Nepal.

Darjeeling {Pearson).
Bhotan Dears, Jan. 1877 {L.

Mandelli) .
Behar.
Behar.

Saugor (Hooper).
Mhow, Dec. 19, 1881.

Khandeish.

Khandeish, Feb., March, May
(J. Davidson).

Khandeish.

Raipur,

Chauda, Feb. 1870 (W. T.

Blanford) .
Matterhan, Nov. 1875.
Mahabaleshwar, May 1874 (S.

B. Fairbank).
Ahmednuggur, Feb. and Sept.

(S. B. Fairbank).
Khandala, May 1876 (S. B.

Fairbank).
Deccan (Sykes).

Deccau (Lieut. Burgess).

S. Konkan, March and April

(G. Vidal).
"Wynaad, March, Nov., and Dec.

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, Dec. 1874

(Miss Cockhur7i).
Seegore, Nilghiris, Feb. 1881

( W. Davison).
Mudda, Mysore, May 1881

( TV. Daviso7i),
Malabar.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU,

Gould Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Colonel Way [P.].
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Colonel Swinhoe

[P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll

Tweeddale Coll.

20. DENBEOPICUS, 293

h\ i\ d" ? ad. sk. Calicut. Hume Coll.

k*, /•*, m*. (^ ad. ; n*. Anjango, Travancore, Dec. 1872, Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk.

0*. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll.

p*, q*. Ad. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.

r*. d ad. sk. Ceylon, Sept. 16, 1875. Colonel Legge[P.].

s\ t*. S 2 ad. sk. Aripo, N.W. Ceylon, Nov. and Tweeddale Coll.

Dec. 1869 (K JI. Holdsworth).

«<■», V*. S ad. ; 2V*. Madras. Rev. H. H. Baber

Juv. sk. [!"•]•

a'*. Juv. sk. Eajamundry, April 4, 1871. W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [P.].

y*, zK c? 2 ad. ; Maiinblioom, March 1865 {R. C. Tweeddale Coll.

a', b\ Juv. sk. Beavan).

c'. cJad.; d^,e^. 2 Tliayetmyo, Upper Burmali. Hume CoU.

ad. sk.

f'\ (S ad. sk. Palow, Thayetmyo, Sept. 18, Hume Coll.

1872.

g\ h\ c? 2 ad.sk. Pegu. Tweeddale Coll.

i^Ai'-cJad. ; P, ?/i5, Tonghoo, May, Oct. Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

n\ 2 ad. sk. {R. G. W. R.).

20. LENDROPICUS. t,

Type.

Dendropicus, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 5^2 D. cardinalia.

Erythronerpes, Reichenh. Scans. Ticinm, p. 356 (1854). D. abyssinicus.

Pardipicus, Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. no. 135 (1854). D. gabonensis.

Ipoctonus, Cab. i^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 114 (1863). D. hemprichi.

Ipopatis, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 129 (1863). D. gabonensis.

Range. Throughout the greater part of the Ethiopian Region (pro-
bably including the countries between Kordofan and Senegambia).

Key to the Species.

A. Shafts of quills and of tail-feathers golden
yellow above and below.
a'. Above distinctly barred in both adult
and young.
a". Upper parts olive or dusky olive
barred with yeUow or yellowish
white ; upper tail-coverts olive-golden
tinged with red ; underparts entirely
striped.
a'". Larger: length 6 inches, wing 3"75;
underparts dull white or slightly
yellowish, broadly striped with
black ; hind neck dusky black.
a*. Hind part of crown, occiput, and

nape red ; sinciput umber-brown cardinalis c? ad., p. 296.
h*. Entire top of the head, occiput,

and nape black cardinalis 2 ad., p. 296.

b"'. Smaller : length 5'5 inches, wing
3-6 ; underparts pale yellow nar-
rowly streaked with blackish ; hind
neck dusky, washed with olive,
c''. Hind part of crown, occiput, and

nape red ; sinciput uuiber-brown. zunzibari (S ad., p. 298.

294 • picid^t:.

d*. Entire top of the head, occiput,

and nape black zanzibari $ ad., p. 298.

b". Upper parts dusky brown barred with

■white ; upper tail-coverts red.

c'". Chiu and throat uniform, the chest

and uuderparts as well as the

under tail-coverts spotted with

brown, the thiyhs barred.

e*. With red occipital band minittus S ad., p. 290.

.Z"*. With no red on the occiput, this
being' pale umber-brown like the

forehead and crown miiudus 5 ad , p. 299.

d". Chin, throat, and chest striped, the
abdomen spotted ; the flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts barred.
ff*. Crown red ; forehead umber-
brown hemprichi S ad., p. 300.

h*. With no red on the crown ; hind
part of the crown, occiput, and

nape browni.sh black hempricJd $ ad., p. 300.

U. Above uniform in adult, with faint dusky
bars in young only,
c". Upper tail-coverts tipped with red.
e'". ilind part of crown, occiput, and

nape red lafresnayi J ad., p. 301.

f". With no red on the head, the fore-
head and crown dark brown, the

occiput and nape black lafresnmji $ ad., p. 301.

d!\ With no red on the upper tail-coverts.
y". With dark auricular stripe as well
as malar stripe.

^*'. Vertex and occiput red lepidus S -ic^-j P- 3*^2.

,/■'. Vertex and occiput smoky brown. lepidus 5 ad., p. 302.
h'" . With no auricular stripe.

k^, Ilind part of the crown and the
occiput red : sinciput umber-
brown sharpiii S fi*!-) P- 302.

l^. With no red on the crown or

occiput, these being black .... sharpii $ ad., p. 303.
B. Shafts of quiUs and of tail-feathers brown
above, yellow or whitish below.
c'. Upper tail-coverts and lower rump-
feathers brilliant scarlet ; the nape
nearly black, and the back with faint
dusky bars in the young.
e". Hind part of the crown and the occi-
put red alyssinicus J ad., p. 303.

f". With no red on the crown or occiput,
these being umber-brown like the

forehead abi/ssintcus 5 ad., p. 304.

d'. With no red on the upper tail-coverts

or rump.

ff". Face, including the ear-coverts,

.striped with- black ; malar stripe

black and short ; underparts spotted

with black.

i'". Hind part of the crown, occiput,

and nape red (/abonoisis c? fvd., p. 304,

20, DENDROPICUS. 295

.)' ' . ^ ith no red on the crown, occiput,
or nape, these, together -with the
forehead.being- dark brown washed

,„ ,,,.^i^^' oli^''^ ffctbonensis 9 ad., p. 305.

• A . \N ith no black strlations on the foce ;
the ear-coTerts and stripe behind,
also a broad malar stripe bordering
the chin, throat, and fure neck, uni-
form daric umber-brown ; underparts
^ broadly striped with deep olive.

^'.'n' ,V-'"-'"'P"* ^^^ "'''P*^ (onl.v) red luguhris J ad., p. 30o.

/ . >> ith no red on the ciowD, occiput,

,„ ",j;,"'''Pe hc/i(lrl>i 5 ad., p. C05.

on . The olive-brown feathers of the

crown and occiput tipped with

^^^li-ed h'ffiihris juv., p. SO-j.

1. Dendropicus cardinalis.

Le Pic Cardinal de I'lsle de Lucon, Soiui. Vou. Nonv. Guin. i n 72
pi. XXXV. (1776). '^' '

■ Le Grand Pic varie de ITsle de Lufon, Buff. Rid. Kat. Ois vii p 403
(1783).

Pieus guiueensis, Scop. Del. Fl. et Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 89 (178G ev
^ Sonv.) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845).

Cardinal Woodpecker,Z«^>^. Gen. Syn. i. p. 576, no. 22 (1788, exSonn )

Picus cardinalis, Gm. Syst. Sat. i. p. 4-38, no. 51 (1788, c.c Sonn.);
Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 233 ( 1790) ; Sfeph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 176 (1815) •
Bo7in. 4'- Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1308 (1823) ; Wayl Sysf. Av
Picas, sp. 9J ( 1827) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 42, no. 124 (18G6).

Le Petit Pic a baguettes d'or, Temm. Cat. Syst. Cabin. Orn. 1^07,
p. 212 ; Leiaiil. Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 25, pi. ccliii.' (1808) ; Sunder. Krit,
Framsf. Leraill. 1857, p. 52.

Picus fusce.cens, Tieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 86 (1818, e.v
Leraill.) ; Bonn. ^ Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1314 (1823).

Picus fulviscapus (111.), Licht. Verz. Douhl. 1823, p. 11 ; Wayl. Syst.
Ar. Picus, sp. 45 (1827) ; id. Isis,^. 513 (1829) ; Bi/pp. Keue Wirb
Vdy. p. 89 (1835) ; Licht. Verz. Siiugeth. und Vciy. Kaffernl. 184->
p. 18; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 11, 44 (1858) : Shet/e»(vt.), F. Z. .?
1881, p. 593. . •^^i' -"

Colaptes capensis, Stepk. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 171 (1826).

Picus chrvsopterus, Cur. in Mus. Paris; Less. Traite, i. p ''"'O (1^31) •
id. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 303 (1837). ' i k i,

Dendrobates fulviscapus, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) ; Gray,
List Gen. 1841, p. 70 : id. Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846) ; Boyiaj). Consp.
Gen. Ar. i. p. 124 (18.J0) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. 1867, p. 237.

Picus capensis, Forst. Descr. Aiiim. no. 47, p. 43 (1844).

Dendropicos hartjaubii *, Malh. Lev. de Zool. 1849, p. 532.

Dendropicus hartlaubii, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, ] 849, p. 3.39 ; Bonap.
Consp. Voluer. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 201, pi xliv'
figs. 1, 2 (1861); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 65: id'
Haiid'l. B. li. p. 189, no. 8651 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 18
(1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 219 (1872) ; Buckley
Ibis, 1874, p. 368 ; Sharpe, ed Layard' s B. S. Afi: p. 189 (1875) •
Gurney, Ibis, 1877, p. 342. ^ '

Only a very old bird.

296 piciDiE.

Clirysocolaptes cardinalis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850) ;

Heichenb. Scans. PicincB, p. 339 (1854).
Dendrobates hartlaubi, Bimap. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (1850), pt. ;

Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1880, p. 232.
Dendrobates fuscescens, Strickl. d,- Sdat. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 155.
Dendropicus fuscescens, Bonap. Cons}}. Volucr. Zi/ffod. p. 9 (1854).
Deiulropicus cardinalis, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zi/ffod. p. 9 (18o4) ;

Gray, List Picicl. Brit. Mus. 1808, p. 04 ; id. Hand-l. B. li. p. 189,

no. 8649 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871, p. 18; Gurnet/, in

Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 220(1872) ; Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard'sB. S. Afr.

1875, p. 190 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1870, p. 200; Sharpe, in Oates' Mutabele-

Land, App. p. 300 (1881) ; Butler, Feildcii, if Bcid, Zoologist, 1882,

p. 208 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 437 ; Symonds, op. cit. 1887, p. 330 ;

Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1889, p. 69.
Campethera fulviscapa, Reichenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 424, pi. dclxxiv.

figs. 4459-60.
Campethera hartlaubii, Reichenb. Scans. Picitia, p. 426 (1854).
Dendropicus fulviscapus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 196, pi. xliii. figs. 1-3

(1861); Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 298 ; Bolub ^- Pelz. Orn. Sudafr.

p. 163 (1882).
Ipoctonus cardinalis. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 119 (1863).
Ipoctonus hartlaubi, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 115 (1863).
Picus hartlaubi, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 43, no. 125 (1866) ;

Finsch 4- Hartl. Vdg. Ostafr. p. 512 (1870) ; Fischer 8f Eeichenotu,

J. f. O. 1877, p. 207 ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 254 ; Fischer, torn. at.

p. 292.
Dendrobates cardinalis, Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 368; Salvin, Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 392 (1882) ; Sousa, Jorn. Se. Lisb. 1886, p. 6.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump deep olive barred witli
yellow; upper tail-coverts olive-golden, with almost obsolete darker
bars and tinged with red ; wing-coverts brown, transversely spotted
with yellowish white, the forearm uniform olive ; quills brown, the
outer webs minutely spotted with yellow or yellowish white, the
inner webs with larger white spots ; shafts golden yellow ; tail
brownish black, narrow ly barred or tran.sversely spotted with buffy
white, the central pair of feathers washed with olive-golden ; shafts
golden yellow : nasal plumes and sinciput umber-brown ; hinder part
of crown, also the occiput and nape, scarlet ; hind neck dusky black ;
sides of the face and neck, chin, and throat white, the former with
a few narrow blackish striations ; malar stripe blackish brown, and
bordering the throat ; fore neck white, and all the underparts pale
yellow or yellowish white, the whole being striped with black or
blackish brown ; under tail-coverts like the underparts, but barred
as well as streaked with blackish brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries yellowish white, the former striped and barred with blackish
brown: "iris red ; bill lead-colour; legs dull green" (T. Ayres).
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"8, wing 3-75, tail 1"9, tarsus ()-63 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-45, outer posterior 0-o5 ;
inner anterior 0'35, inner posterior 0-25.

Aduhfemale. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red on the
head, the crown being dark sepia-brown, the occiput and nape black.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-73, wing 3-6, tail 1'8, tarsus 0-05.

20. DENDEOPICUS.

297

Hah. Cape Colony and north to the Zambesi ; on the west through
Great Namaqua-Land, Damara-Land, and in Angola north to the
Quauza River.

a. Ad. sk.

b. S ad- sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. J ad. sk.

/,^. cJad.; h. $

ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k. J ad. sk.

1. 2 ad. sk.

m, n. cJ 5 ad. sk.

0. S ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q, r. S $ ad. sk.

s. (S imm. sk.
t, u. (S 2 ad. sk.
V. S ad. sk.
w. (S ad. sk.

.r. J ad. sk.

y. 5 ad. sk.

2. c? ad. sk.

a . 5 ad. sk.

6', c'. J ad.
f^', e'. Ad. sk.

f,(/'.S2 ad.sk.
A', c? ad. ; i', A;',

r. 2 ad. sk.
jn'. 5 ad. sk.

w', o'. (5 5 ad. sk.

j^'. (5 imm. sk.

?', '■'•(:?? ad. sk.

s'. d" ad. sk.

South Africa.

Gape Colony.

Cape Colony.

Kino;williamstown.

Elands Post, April {T. C.

Atmore).
Elands Post {T. C. Atmore).

Rhinoceros River.

Natal.

Natal, May {T. E. Buckley).

Durban, Natal, Got. (T. L.

Ayres).
Pinetown {T. L. Ayres).
AVeenen, March {Gordye).
Newcastle, Natal, Nov. {E. A.

Butler).
Swaziland, July ( T. E. Buckley).
Zulu-Land, Julv {Gordfje).
Transvaal, July ( T. E. Buckley).
Transvaal, July.

Transvaal.

Between Pretoria and Baman-

gwato {F. Oates).
Bamaugwato, Nov. {T. E.

Buckley).
Tat), Matabele-Land, Oct. {F.

Oates).
Kariye {Dr. Exton).
Makalaka Country (Dr. Brad-

shaw).
Daniara-Land.
Otjinibinque, April, June, Oct.

(C. J. Andersson).
Otjimbiuque, June (C. J.

Andersson ).
Otjimbiuque, June, Sept. (C

J. Andersson).
Elephant Vley, Sept. (C J.

Andersson).
Swakop River, April (C J.

Andersson).
Beno-uella.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Sharpe Coll.
Major Trevel van [P.],
Shelley Coll.'

Sharpe Coll.

F. A. Barratt[C.].
Sharpie Coll.
SheUev Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley CoU.

Shelley CoU.
SheUev Coll.
ShelleV Coll.
T. E.' Buckley, Esq.

[P.].
A. Foresman, Esq.

[R].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Shelley CoU.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley CoU.

C. J. Andersson [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Shelley CoU.

Sharpe CoU.

Tweeddale CoU,

Tweeddale CoU.

Monteiro CoU.

Subsp. a. Dendropicus zanzibari.

Dendropicus zanzibari, Mcdh. Picidce, i. p. 201 (1861) ; Gurney,
Ibis, 1882, p. 73; Haryitt, torn. cit. p. 7-3 (note); id. Ibis, 1883,
p. 441 ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. Zeitsch. Syst. Geoyr. Biol. Thtere, 1887,
p. 307.

298 nciDiE.

Dendvopicns bartlaubi, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 201 (1861) (pt.) ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 569 (pt.) ; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Eoij. (THist. Nat.

Bel;/. 1886, p. 147.
Dt'iidiobates hartlaubii. Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 328 ; Bocage, Orn. Aug.,

A pp. p. 5:j5 (1881).
Dendrob.ites cardinnlis {)ion Gm.), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 135 ;

Bocct(/p, Orn. An</. 1877, p. 76.
Piciis iiartlaubi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 711 ; Fisch. ^- ReicJien.

J.f. O. 1878, p. 254 ; Biihm, J.f. O. 1883, p. 168.
Ipoctonus bartlaubi, t'abanis, J. f. O. 1878, p. 238.
Picus fiilviscapus (pt), ShMcg, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 593.
Dendropicus cardiualis (non Gm.), Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. (PTIist.

JSiut. Belg. 1886, p. 147 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 295.

Adult male. This ■well-defined subspecies or race may be dis-
tinguished from D. cardinalis hy its smaller size, with yellower
underparts and the striations on these very narrow, by its yellowish-
olive colour above, and also by the olive shading on the nape, which is
never so black as in D. enrdinalis. " Iris reddish brown ; bill and
feet leaden grey " (Fischer). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 3'4, tail 1"7, tarsus 0*6; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0'45, outer posterior 0-55, inner anterior 0-35, inner posterior 0-25.

Young male {\st year). Is more dusky above than the adult, and
has a somewhat spotted rather than a distinctly barred appearance ;
the shafts of the quills are white ; the tail more dnsky and the shafts
yellowish white ; the sides of the face and neck duller white ; under
surface of the body not tinged with yellow, and the underside of
the tail without any golden gloss. The nestling has the barring on
the back almost pure white.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but wants the scarlet on the
posterior portion of the crown and occiput, these parts being dull
brown ; under tail-coverts barred with dusky. Total length 5-8
inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-4, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. East Africa from the Zambesi north to Lamu, and on the
west from Loanda to the Congo.

a. cJ ad. sk.

Caconda, Angola (Anchieta).

Shaiiie Coll.

b,c. d $ ad. sk.

Loanda, Congo.

J. J. Mouteiro,
[C.].

Esq.

d. 2 ad. sk

Loanda, Sept. (Sala).

.Sharpe Coll.

e,f. S 2 ad. sk.

Sbupanga, Shire liiver, April.

Sir .1. Kirk [C.].

g. (S ad. sk.

Zanzibar, April {Dr. Fischer).

Shellev Coll.

h, i. (S 2 ad. sk.

Zambesi.

Sir J. 'Kirk [C.].

k. S ad. sk.

Zambesi, April (Dr. Miller).

Tweeddale Coll.

/. 2 imni. sk.

Ugogo {Sir J. Kirk).

Shellev Coll.

m, n. S 2 ad. sk.

Usambara Hills, Pangani R.
(Kirk).

Shelley Coll.

0. S ad. sk.

Dar-es-Salaam (Sir J. KirJi).

Shelley Coll.

p. 2 ad. sk.

Mombas.

R. B." Sharpe,

[P.].
Dr. Ilildebrandt

Esq.

g. c? ad. sk.

Ngele Kele, J uly.

[C.].

r. cJ ad.; s. Imm.
sk.

Rovuma River (J. Thoinpson).

Shelley Coll.

20. DENDEOPICUS. 299

t, u. 2 ad. sk. Lama. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

V, u\ (S <id. sk. Manda Island. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P-].

2. Lendropicus minutus.

Picus minutus, Temm. PI. Col. pi. 197. fig. 2 (1823); Steph. Gen. Zool.

xiv. p. 1G3 (1826) ; Wa(/l. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 28 (1827) ; Lesson,

Traite, i. p. 220 (1831); Siuidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 44 (1806);

Heiiyl. Oni. N.O.-Afr. p. 805 (1871).
Asthenunis minutus, Less. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 302 (1837).
DendiMpicos minutus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339.
Deudrobates minutus, 5/7. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1860) ; Harfl.

J.f. O. 1854, p. 199.
Campethera miuuta, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, it. 425, pi. dclxxiv.

fijr. 4463 (1854).
Dendropicus minutns, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 177 (1857) ; Malh. Picidte, i. p. 208, pi. xlv.

figs. 4, 5 (1861); Hartl. J. f. O 1861, p. 263; Grai,, List Pickl.

Brit. Mus. p. m (1868); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 190, uo. 8050

(1870) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 435.
Ipoctonus minutus. Cab. (^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 114 (1863).

Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, and rump dark umber-brown,
barred with white ; wing-coverts pale umber-brown, more or less
spotted with a darker brown and with whitish, the spotting having a
barred character on the greater series ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts dark umber- brown ; quills dark umber-brown, spotted with
white upon both webs ; shafts golden yellow ; upper tail-coverts
scarlet ; tail dark brown, the feathers deeply indented with bufty
white and having a barred appearance ; shafts golden yellow ; nasal
plumes, forehead, and crown light umber-brown ; a broad scarlet
occipital band ; hind neck light brown, with darker brown spotting ;
lores and sides of face pale umber-brown ; chin and throat white ;
sides of the neck, under surface of the body, and under tail-coverts
dull white, spotted with dark brown, the spotting on the chest and
breast being larger and strongly marked, that upon the thighs
having a barred character ; under wing-coverts huffy white,
minutely spotted with brown. Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0"(i5,
wing 2*9, tail 1-35, tarsus 0*55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-4, outer posterior 0-48, inner anterior 0"32, inner posterior 0-25.

Ad tdt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band, the occiput being of the same colour as the forehead
and crown, a pale umber-brown, witli almost obsolete darker stria-
tions. Total length 4-S inches, culmen 0 6, wing 2-95, tail 1'43,
tarsus O'oS.

Hah. Senegal.

a. S ad. sk. Senegambia. Tweeddale Coll.

3. Dendropicus henipricM.

Picus hempiichii, Hentpr. S; L//re/d>. Si/nib. P/iys. Arcs, fob r, p. 2
(1828); Riip2). Neue Wirb., J'iig. 183o, p. 59 ; 'Heiigl. J.f. O. 1864,

300 ricroj:.

p. 253 ; Siindev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 43, no. 126 (1866) ; Fiyisch
% Hm-tl. Voff. 0.stafr. p. 514 (1870) ; Blanf. Geol. &r Zool. Abyss.
1870, p. 306; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. 1870, p. 284; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. i. p. 804 (1871) ; Dressei- ^- Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 336.

Dendrobates heiuprichii, Eiipp. St/st. Uebers. 1854, p. 88, pi. xxxv. ;
£j). Consp. Gm. Av. i. p. 124 (1850) ; Ileiii/l. Sysf. Uebers. 1856,
p. 47 ; /(/. /iw, 1859. p. 343; Biaitc. Spec. Zuol. Mosanib. 1865,
p. 327.

Dendropiciis heinpricbii, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zipjod. p. 9 (18-54) ;
Malh. Picidte, i. p. 199, pi. xliii. tigs. 5, 6 (1861 ) ; Bre/im, Hahesch,
pp. 221, 336 (1863> ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. 1868, p. 65; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8650 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871,
p. 18 ; Heu(/I. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iv. App. p clxvi (1871) ; Fisch. i^-
Reichen. J.f. O. 1878, p. 254 ; Hnrgitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 433 ; Shelley,
op. cit. 1885, p. 393.

Campethera hemprichii, Reichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 424, pi. dclxxiv.
figs. 4461-4462 (1854).

Dendrobates abyssinicus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. 1854, p. 76.

Dendromus liempricbii, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiv. p. 299 (1855) ;
Spehe, Ibis, I860, p. 245 ; Sclat. Rep. Coll. Somali Country, 1869,
p. 11,

Ipoctouus bempvicbi. Cab. S; Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 114 (1863) ;
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. 1888, p. 211.

Adult male. Upper parts, together -with the wings and their
coverts, dusky brown, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper series of
upper tail-coverts barred with white, the lower series of the latter
being blood-red ; wing-coverts and quills on both webs spotted with
white, shafts of the latter golden yellow ; tail blackish brown,
narrowly barred with buff ; shafts golden yellow ; nasal plumes
brownish white ; forehead umber-brown, with paler brown spots ;
crown and occiput dull scarlet, the nape black ; hind neck like the
back ; sides of the face and neck, chin and throat pure white,
striped with dusky black ; malar stripe umber-brown ; underparts
below the throat, also the under tail-coverts, dull white ; the fore
neck, chest, and breast striped (more or less broadly), the abdomen
spotted, and the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with
brownish black ; under wing-coverts white, spotted with blackish
brown. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-GS, wing 3, tail 1-68,
tarsus 0-55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-45, outer poste-
rior 0-55, inner anterior 0-37, inner posterior 0-23.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, the sinciput being of a darker umber-brown and devoid
of lighter spotting, the posterior part of the crown and the occiput
brownish black. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-2,
tail 1-55, tarsus 0"o.5.

Hah. Abyssinia, Bogos-Land, and Adal ; south into Shoa and
Somali-Lanil, and west into Senaar and Kordofan. Possibly occurs
also in Senegal, as there is an example in the collection said to be
from this locality ( Verreaux).

a. 2 ad. ; b. S juv. sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

c r7 imm. sk. Mag^en, near Senate, Feb. W. T. Blauford, Esq.

[C.].

20. DENDROPICTJS.

301

d. (^ ad. ; e. 5 imm.

sk.
/, g. 2 ^^- ^^^
h. 5 ad.sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
k,l. c? $ ad. sk.
711. 5 ad. sk.

n. cJ juv. sk.

('. (S ad. sk.

p. Bones of trunk.

Ailat, Bogos (Esler).

Ailat (Bsler).

Ailat, June ( TV. Jesse).

Bairo, Bogos ( W. Jesse).

Bairo, Aug. ( W. Jesse).

Somali-Laud.

Ukambani, E. Africa.
Seuegambia ( Verreaux).
Abyssinia.

Sharps Coll.

Shelley CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
E.Lort Phillips, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. midebrandtrC.].
Sharpe Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

4. DendropicTis lafresnayi.

Dendi'opicos lafresnayi, Malh. Mev. de Zool. 1849, p. 533.
Dendrobates lafresnayi, Bonap. C'onsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850 j ;

J. 4" -E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1855, p. 272 ; Bocage,

Orn. Aug., App. p. 535 (1877).
Cauipethera lafresnayi, Reichenb. Scans. Picirue, p. 426, no. 1002

(1854).
Dendropicus lafresnayi, Bonap. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ;

Hartl. Orn. IV.-Afr. p. 177 (1857) ; Malh. I'kidm, i. p. 204,

pi. xliy. fig. 4 (1861); Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 263; Gray, List

Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192, no. 8654

(1870) ; Sharpe Sf Buuvier, Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 50 ;

Eeichenuw, Mitth. Afrik. Gesellsch. i. p. 3 ; Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sc.

Lisb. xxix. 1880, p. 49 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 425 ; Shelley, t. c.

p. 556.
Ipoctonus lafi-esnayi, Cab. 8,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 116 (1863).
Picus lafresnayi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 43, no. 127 (1866) ;

Giebel, Thes'. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1876).
Dendrocopus lafresnayi, Meichenow, J.f. O. 1877, p. 18.

Adult male. Has the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coyerts
uniform golden olive, the upper tail-coverts tinged with red ; the
lateral tail-feathers with bufFy-white marginal spots, not barred
across. In other respects this species closely resembles D. zanzi-
bari, but the dimension.s of B. lafresnayi are less. " Bill dark horn-
colour ; feet dark greenish : iris clear brown" {Falkenstein). Total
length b-b inches, culmen 0-73, wing 3-2, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-55 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer posterior O'o, inner
anterior 0-3, inner posterior 0-2.

Adult female. DiHers from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the forehead and crown being dark brown, the occiput
and nape black. Total length 5'5 inches, culmen 0-67, wing 3*2,
tail 1'65, tarsus 0*6.

Young (sex ?). The top of the head and the occiput are dark
brown, the feathers of the crown being tipped with red ; the face
and neck white, the underparts rather yellower, the former spotted,
the latter entirely covered with faint dusky stripes, these bein"
darker on the chest ; the back with only a trace of very indistinct
dusky olive and yellowish bars.

Bab. West Africa from the Congo (or further south, as it has
been recorded by Reichenow from Malange in Angola) to the Gold

302 . PICID^E.

Coast, and west to Casamanze {IIartlaul>) ; E(]uatoiial Africa (Tabbo,
Emin Pacha).

a, h. S 2 ^'^- sl^- Laiidana, Congo {Lucan ^ Shelley Coll.

Petit),

c, d. (5" 5 ad. sk. Congo. E. M. Sperling, Esq.

[P.].

e. $ ad. sk. Shonga, R. Niger. Forbes Coll.

^f. Juv. sk. limine (AlchinTi). Sharpe Coll.

g. S ad. sk. Tabbo, Equatorial Africa, Emiu I'acha [P.].

Way.

5. Dendropicus lepidus.

Ipoctonus lepidus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 118 (1863).
Picus lepidus, Smidev. Cansp. Av. Picin. p. 44 (ISGOj ; Ileuf/l. Orn.

A^.0.-.4/r. p. 807 (1871).
Dendropicus lepidus. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. G6 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 100, no. 8653 (1870); llaryitt, Ibis, 1883,

p. 4:28.

Adult male. From the description given by Cabanis and Heine,
tbis species would appear to bear a very close resemblance to both
D. lafresnaiji and D. sharpii in having the upper parts uniform,
and from there being no mention of any red upon the upper tail-
coverts it would come closer to the latter bird. The present species
differs, however, from both the above-mentioned in having a broad
■postocular stripe (not so dark as the malar one) which neither of
those possess, and agrees in this respect \\itb D. ahyssiincus, but
the brilliant red upper tail-coverts of the latter, combined with the
uniform back, clearly sejxirate it from all the other Dendropici.

Female. Very like the male, but distinguished by the vertex and
occiput being sraoky brown ; upper parts duller and somewhat varied
with paler and more obsolete spots. Total length 5", wing 3" 1'",
tail 1" 8'", culmcn 7'", tarsus G'", middle toe without claw 5'".
(^Ex Cabanis >^- Heine.)

JJah. Abyssinia.

6. Dendropicus sharpii.

Dendropicus sharpii* Oustalet, K. Arch. Mus. (2) ii. p. 62 (1879);
Haryitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 426.

Adult male. Eack, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uni-
form golden olive, the upper tail-coverts devoid of any red, and in
this respect difl'eiing from D. lafresnayi, with which it is otherwise
almost identical. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-G8, wing 3-15,
tail 1-8, tarsus 0-5 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer
posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0-35, inner posterior 0-22.

* I IwTe not seen any other examples of this species besides the types in the
Paris Museum, from which my descriptions are taken. I am under the im-
presiiiou that, when we have a series for comparison, D. sharpii will be found
to be the same as D. lafresnayi.

20. DENDROPICUS, 303

Toimff male. Resembles the adult of the same sex but is duller
above and has dusky bars ; the sinciput is darker, and the remainder
of the crown and the occiput black, the featliers of the posterior
half of the crown having scarlet tijis, this colour coming more
forward on the crown than in the adult.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting tlie red on
the head, the sinciput being darker brown, the remainder of the
crown and the occiput black. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6
wing 3-25, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-57.

Ilah. Upper Ogowe lliver, West Africa.

7. Dendropicus abyssinicus.

Pious abyssinicus, StanJei/ in Salt's Voi/. Ahijss. ii. App. p. Ivi (1814) ■
Riipp. Si/st Uebers. p. 95 (1845) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 44'
no. 129 (1866). '

Dendrobates abyssinicus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845).

Mesopicus desmursi, Malh. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, p. 537.

Cbloronerpes desmursi, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118 (1850, ex

Cyauopicus muvsii, Bp. Consp. Vohtcr. Zyc/ocl. p. 10 (1854, ex Malh.).
Oampetbera abyssiuica, Reichenb. Sea7is. 'Ficincp, p. 426 (1854).
Erytbronerpes desmursii, i?e/c/;e?i6. Scans. Pici7icp, -a. 337 ('18.34 ev

Malh.). ' ^ ^ '

Cbloronerpes (Erytbronerpes) desmursii, Reichenb. Sea7is. Picinee

p. 356 (1854, ex Malh.). '

Dendromus abyssinicus, Hem/l. Si/st. Uebers. 1856, p. 47.
Dendropicus desmursi, 3Ialh. Picickc, i. p. 202, pi. xlii.' fios. 5 & 6

(1801) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. 1808, p. 65. ' ° '
Ipoctonus abyssinicus. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 116 (1863) •

Salvacl. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. 1888, p. 210. '

Picus babessinicus, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 800 (1870, ex Cabanis)
Dendrojncus abvssinicus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189 no SG-r^

188?^ ' ^^"''^' ^''"' ^•^■'^'^■f''- '''• P- '^^•^''" ^^^"'^^ ' ^aryiit, Ibis,

Dendropicus melanaucben, Heunl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 808 nSTll-

Haryitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 430 {ex Heuyl.). v y ,

Adult male. Has the upper parts and scapulars uniform golden
olive, the lower feathers of the rump and the upper tail-coverts
scarlet, these two characters separating it from all the other members
of the genus. In other respects tbis species is almost identical \\-ith
D. cardinalis, except that the shafts of the quills and rectrices are
brown (not yellow) and the tail is entirely brownish black barred
with buffer brownish buff, none of the feathers having a trace of
the golden-olive colour found in that species : " iris bright chest-
nut; bill and feet plumbeous" (Anthiori). Total length 6 inches
culmen 0-8, wing 3-».5, tail 1-83, tarsus 0-G3 ; toes (without claws)
—outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0-57, inner anterior 0-35, inner
posterior 0"25.

Young male *. Eescmblcs the adult male, but is of a duller green

* The specimen from which this description is takeu is in the Leirlen Museum
and IS the type of Heuglin's V. melaimu'ckcn. '

304 piciD^.

above, and marked with indistinct dusky bars ; the nape brownish
black, this forming a conspicuous patch ; upper tail-coverts orange-
red ; the auricular and malar stripes darker and of a dusky brown
colour, and much more extended : " bill blackish-horn colour ; feet
dusky lead-colour ; iris red " {Heuglin).

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead, entire crown,
and occiput being uniform brown, and the nape dusky brown. In
other respects like the adult male. Total length 6 inches, culmen
0*7, wing 3-75, tail 1'9, tarsus 0"62.

Hah. Abyssinia and Shoa.

a. cJ ad. sk, Shoa, Aug. 1, 1879 (A. Antinori). Shelley Coll.

8. Dendropicus gabonensis.

Dendrobates gabonensis, J. Sf E. Verrcau.v, Rev. et Mag. de Zuol.

1851, p. 513 ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 198.
Dendrodromus nigriguttatus, Verr. MSS. (female).
Dendropicus gabouensis, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 429, no. 1012 f/ (1854) ; Hard. Orn.

W.-Afr.^. 178(1857); Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 141;

Heine, J.f. O. 1860, p. 191 ; Hartl. oj). cit. 1861, p. 263 ; Hargitt,

Ibis, 1883, p. 444, pi. xii. fig. 1.
Pardipicus nigriguttatus, Bonap. Consp. Volucr. Zggod. p. 9 (1854).
Scolecotheres nigriguttatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 429, no. 1012 c

(1854).
Dendromus (Pardipicus) uigTiguttatus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 182

(1857) ; id. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 264.
Dendropicus nigriguttatus, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 141.
Chrvsopicus gabonensis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 149, pi. xci. figs. 1, 2

(1862).
Ipopatis gabonensis. Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 129 (1863).
Picus gabonensis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 63 (1866).
Campethera gabonensis, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 326 ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 79 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 192,

no. 8690 (1870).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform
bright olive, the wing-coverts iiniform deeper olive ; quills blackish
brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and the margins of the
outer webs of inner primaries at the base bright olive, the outer
primaries having a few dull white spots on the outer webs, the inner
webs of all the quills with larger spots of white ; shafts dark brown ;
tail blackish brown, the central feathers margined with olive at the
base, the lateral ones having fulvescent whitish spots on both webs,
and the whole with a trace of blackish bars or transverse marginal
spots ; shafts clear brown ; nasal plumes brownish black ; forehead
greenish brown ; crown and occiput scarlet ; sides of the face and
neck greenish white striped with black ; a narrow black malar
stripe ; chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white, with triangular
spots and stripes of black ; the whole of the underparts and under
tail-coverts greenish yellow ; the chest and breast in realitj' strijjcd

20. DENDROPICUS. 305

with black, but having a spotted appearance, owing to the stripes
contracting in the centre, and also from the yellow tips of the
feathers concealing the basal part of those beneath ; the thighs are
barred, but all the remaining underparts as well as the under tail-
coverts are spotted with black : under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale j'ellow, the former having rounded spots of black, the latter
barred with the same. Total length 5 inches, culraen 0*8, wing 3"1,
tail 1"55, tarsus 0-57 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'42,
outer posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0"35, inner posterior (>2.

Female. From Malberbe's description of this sex, it would appear
to differ from the male mainly in the absence of red on the head, the
whole of the top of the head being brown slightly washed with olive.

Hab. Gaboon.

a. cJ ad. sk. Gaboon. Purchased.

9. Dendropicus lugubris.

Dendropicus lugubris, Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 178 (1857) : Harqitt,

Ibis, 1883, p. 445, pi. xii. fig. 2 ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885,

p. 220 ; id. op. cit. 1886, p. 203.
Campethera gabonensis {non Verr.), Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 17,

no. 156 (1S71) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 68 ; SJtellei/ Hf Buckley, torn. cit.

p. 287.

Adult male, llesembles D. gabonensis, but differs in having the
ear-coverts and a stripe behind uniform dark uniber-brown, and a
broad malar stripe bordering the throat and fore neck of the same
umber-brown colour ; the red confined to the occiput and nape and
not extending (in the adult) on to the dark brown crown ; the under-
parts and under tail-covcrts yellow, and (except the thighs which
are barred) very broadlj' striped with deep olive ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries pale yellow spotted with black : " iris carmineous ;
bill greyish black ; feet greyish green " (Biittikofer). Total length
5 3 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 3'2, tail 1'45, tarsus O'o8 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-42, outer posterior 0"5, inner
anterior 0*35, inner posterior 0*25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the occiput and nape, these, as well as the forehead and crown,
being brown. Total length 5'2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-2, tail
1-45, tarsus 0'6.

Yovni/ (se.v ?). In general plumage like the adult, but duller ; the
point in which it differs from the adult of either sex is in having the
olive-brown feathers of the crown as well as of the occiput tipped
with dull scarlet.

Ilab. Fantee ; Aguapim (Riis).

a. (J ad. sk.

Wassa Country.

Capt. Cameron & Sir
K. Burton [P.].

b. 2 ad. sk.

Fantee.

Mr. Aubinn [G.].

c. Juv. sk.

Fautee.

Sharpe Coll.

d. cJ ad. sk.

Fantee.

A. Swanzy, Esq. [P.].

VOL. XVIII.

X

306

PIClDJi.

e. 2 ad. ; /. Imiii. Fantee (II. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

sic.

//, h. 2 ad. 8lv. Abouri, Ap-uapim, Feb. Shelley Coll.

[G. E. .S".).
<■'■ 2 ad.; k. J imm. Abouri, Ap:iia]iim, Feb. Shelley Coll.

sk. [T. E. Biickleij).

21. THRIPIAS.

Ihripias, Cab. ^- Ilcuid, Miis. Hem. iv. p. 121 (iSCio). . T. namaquiLs.

Range. From Swazi-Land and the Transvaal extending westward
into Damara-Land and Angola as far as Galungo ; on the east
ranging north into Somali-Land and westward into Shea and the
Niam-N'iam Country.

Key to the Species.

A. Chest and breast ban-ed like the rest of

the underparts.

a. Occiput and nape red naviaquns cS ad., p. 307.

b' ^Yith no red ou the occiput or nape. . . . namaijuus 2 ad., p. 308.

B. Cliest and breast black, spotted with

white.

c . Occiput and nape red schoensis c? ad., p. 309.

d. With no red on the occiput or nape . . schoensis 2 ad., p. 309.

1. Thripias namaquus.

Picus namaquus, Licht. Cat. rer. Kaf. Ilamb. p. 17, no. 17'J (1703) ;

Sundev. Consp. Av. Piciti. p. 42, no. 122 (1866) ; Finsch ^ Hartl.

Voff. Ostafr. p. 507 (1870) ; Bohm, J.f. O. 1883, p. 186.
Pic a moustaches uoires, Tcmm. Cat. Syst. 1807, p. 213.
Le Pic a double moustache, Leraill. Ois. d^Afr. vi. p. 22, pis. 251,

252 (1808) ; Simdev. Krit. Framsf. Lemill. p. 52 (1857).
Picus mvstaceus, TieiU. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 73 (1818) ;

£o}m\$- Vieill. Enc. Mi-th. iii. p. 1307 (1823).
Picus puuctatus, Vieill. (non Cuv.) N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 89

(1818) ; Bonn. ^ Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1316 (1823) ; Wayl.

Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 37 (1827, ex Vieill.).
Picus biarmicus, Cuv. in 3Ius. Paris; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl.

p. 176 (1826) ; Waql. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 44 (1827) ; Less.

Traite, i. p. 220 (1831) ; tiupi). Syst. TJebers. 1845, p. 85.
Picus diophrys, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 161 (1826).
Dendromus punctatus, Stmins. (no7i Cuv.) Classif. B. ii. p. 307

(1837, e-r Wagl.) ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854).
Dendrobates namaquus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1849); Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 124 (1850) ; Strickl. ^- Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1852,

p. 155 ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 328 ; Bucage, Jorn. Lish. iv. 1867,

p. 336 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 236 (1867); Bocage, Jorn. Lish.

viii. 1870, p. 348; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 134; Layard, Ibis,

1871, p. 227; Ayres, torn. cit. p. 261; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. x\i.

p. 286(1873); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 368; Bocage, Jorn. Lisb.

xxii. 1877, p. 143 ; id. Orn. Angola, p. 75 (1877) ; id. Jorn.

21. THRIPIAS. 307

Lisb. 1880, p. 232 ; Suasa, op. cit. 1880, p. 43 ; Sctlviu, Cat. SfrickL

Coll. p. 392 (1882).
Dendropicus mystaceus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339.
Campethera namaqua, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 422, pi. dclxxii.

figs. 4451,4452 (1851).
Campethera punctata, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 425 (1851, e.V

Jleill.).
Dendropicus namaqims, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod.^. 9 (1854) ; Grai/,

(1881).
Dendropicus biarmicus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 193, pi. xlii. fio-s. 4-6

(1861).
Thripias naraaquus. Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 121 (1863).
Dendrobates schoensis {no7i Rlipp.), Shellei/, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 593.
Mesopicus schoensis (non Riipp.), Harr/. Ibis, 1883, p. 410.
Mesopicus decipieus *, Sharpe, Juurn. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884).
Mesopicus nauiaquus. Hare/. Ibis, 1883, p. 407 ; Fischer, Madar.

Zeitschr. gesamm. Orn. 1884, p. 368 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 53 ;

PiiUik. Notes Leyd. Mus. 1889, p. 69.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and rump dusky olive,
the upper tail-coverts more g-oldeu and tipped with yellow, the
whole being covered with narrow crescentic or bar-like markings
of dull white, the upper tail-coverts sometimes tinged with red ;
quills dusky brown, spotted with white on both webs ; the outer
webs of the secondaries aud of the primaries at the base washed
with golden olive, this colour tinging the white spots ; shafts golden
yellow ; tail dark brown, the feathers having narrow bar-like
spots of huffy white on both webs, the latter being washed down
each side of the shafts with golden olive; shafts golden yellow ;
nasal plumes dull white tipped with black ; sinciput black spotted
with white, posterior half of the crown and the occiput scarlet ;
nape and hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck, chin and
throat white, the side of the neck crossed by dusky bars ; a short
auricular stripe of black, and a second broad black stripe bordering
the throat and fore neck and quite separated from the former by a
stripe of white ; chest and entire underparts and under tail-coverts
dull white barred with dusky, with an olivaceous tinge, the under
tail-coverts tinged with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white or slightly yellowish, barred with dusky brown or black :
" bill dusky, with the under mandible lighter; irides bright garnet
colour ; tarsi and feet pale dingj- olive-green " {T. Ai/res). Total
length 8'5 inches, culmen l-4o, wing 5-2, tail 2-7, tarsus O'So ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'62, outer posterior 0-72, inner
anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0*35.

* Founded upon specimens of Tk. namaqiriis which have the auricular stripe
more or less bordering the ear-coverts posteriorly, and described by me in the
' Ibis,' lor 1883, p. 410, as Mcsapiciis schoensis. Further examination of specimens
shows me tliat M. decipieus is synonymous with Thripias namaquiis, as the
supposed difTerences are not constant, nor confined to any geographical area.

x2

308

Yoking male, llesemblcs the adult male, but. is duller in colour ;
the shafts of the quills arc ncarlj- white ; the barring on the tail
more distinct, and the duskj- bars on the linderparts narrower:
" iris pinkish brown " {on lahd).

Adult female. Has no red upon the posterior half of the crown
nor on the occiput, these parts being black, the forehead and crown
spotted with white. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5*4,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0-75.

Ifab. Southern and Central Africa ; on the east, from Swazi-Land
and the Transvaal north to Zanzibar and probablj* into Masai-Land,
and on the west, from Damara-Land north into Angola as far as
Galungo.

a. 2 ad. sk.

6, c. cJ ad. sk.

d, e. (S 2 ^d. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

ff, h. cJ 2 ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.

Tc. 2 ad. sk.
I, m. (S 2 ad. sk.

n. (S ad. sk.

0, p. (S 2 ad. sk.

q. cj ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

s. 5 iuam. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.

Zambesi {Dr. Miller).
Ugop'o, Zambesi {Sir J.

Kirk).
Tette, Zambesi.
MakaLika, Zambesi {Dr.

Bradshmv).
Ilamaqueban River, July

{F. Gates).
Motlontse River, nr. Tati,

Aug. (F. Oates).
Transvaal {Ayi-es).
Transvaal, July {T. E.

Buckley).
Swazi-Laod, July {T. E.

Buckley ).
Oudonga, Damara-Land, Jan.

( C. J. Andersson).
Otjimbiuque, March (C. J.

Anderssun).
River Okavango, Damara-
Land, May {C.J.Andersso7i).
Ombongo,Damara-Laud,J uly

{C. J. Andersson).
Rio Chimba, Benguella

{Anchieta).
Loanda, Sept.

Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Livingstone E.xped.
Shelley Coll.

C. G. & VV. E. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
C. G. & W. E. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

J. J. Monteiro, Esq.

[C.].

2. Tliripias schoensis.

Picas (Dendrobates) schoQWf'if,, Riipp. Mus. Sencken. iii. p. 124 (1842) ;

Finseh if Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 509 (1870).
Dendrobates schoeusis, Bi'ipp. Sy.-f. Uebers. 1845, p. 88, pi. xxxiii. ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. -i'-'u (1^4S)); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 124

(1850) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. 1856, p. 47.
Dendropicos schoensis, Mcdh. 3Iem. Acad. Metz, 1849, p. 339.
Deudropicus schoensis, Bp. Consp. Voliwr. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854) ; Malh.

Ficida, i. p. 195, pi. xlii. tig. 8 (1861) ; Grai/, List Field,. Brit.

Mus.^. 70 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. lUO,'no. 8665 (1870);

Dubois, Bull. Mus. R. eVHist. Nat. Bely. 1886, p. 147.
Canipetliera schoensis, Beichenb, Scatts. Ficince, p. 422, pi. dclxxii.

figs. 4447-4448(1854).
Thripias schoensis, Cab. S)- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 121 (1863).

22. ITNGinCTJS.

309

Picus schoensis, Sundev. Consp. Av. ricin. p. 42, no 19.3 nsfifi^ •

Picus schoauus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 809 (1871)

Mesopicus schoensis, Sharpe, Jouni. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884).

Adult male. Differs from Th. namaqmcs in havin- the chest and
upper part of the breast brownish black, spotted with white There
IS scarcely any olive tinge either above or below, the back being
much darker and the barnng below also blacker; the black stripe
wSr"? ^'f^'^l^' f™"^ ^^^ ^ye unites with the black stripe
which borders the throat and fore neck and encircles these by its
junction with he black chest. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-5

rinr?)^-9' ! ' ^•'"'. '^■^' ' ^''' (^^^t^°^t claws)-outer ante-
rior 0 t>2, outer posterior 0-7, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0-35.
Advlt female ^^ ants the red on the hind part of the crown and
on the occiput,_ these being uniform bhick, like the hind neck In
other respects it resembles the adult male. Total length 9 inches
culmen 1-42, w.ng 5-25, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-85.

ft'!^!'T'^^'^^''^^ ''^^^ ^^^ Ni^m-Mam Country (^oAHcZor#')
and Wakkala (Ernin Pacha), and east into Somali-Land. "^ ^

It. 2 ad. sk.
^, c. J 5 ad. sk.

Somali-Land.
Muscharek, Gazelle
River, Nov.

E. Lort Phillips, Esq. rP.l.

F. Bohndorff[C.].

22. lYNGIPICUS.

Yungipicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zijgod. no. 67 (1854) I hat'

Eseopipo, Cab. S,- Heine, 3Ius. Hein. iv. p. 64 (1863) ' ' I auri

Ipophilus, Cab ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 113 (1863)" ^" '

Type,
'dwiekii.
itus.
I. obsoletus.

Wiug of lyngipicm auritits.

Bange. Throughout India and Ceylon ; Assam ; the Burmese
Provinces, Siam, and Cochin China ; through the Malayan Peninsula

A ^"matra Java, Lombock, and Flores, Borneo, Celebes, the Sulu
and the Philippme Isles; north into China, Hainan, and Formosa •

31 U PlCID^li).

the Loo Choo Islands, Coroa, Eastern Siberia, apan, and into the
Ivurile Islands. Appearing again in Africa, from Senaar, through
Kordofan, south to Bongo and Laugomeri, and west into Seue-
gambia *.

Key to the Species f.

A. Above black and white, the white uniform
or barred.
«'. With red occipital band ; upper tail-
coverts and four central rectrices uniform [p. 312.

black sennco7-onatus cJ ad.,

b'. With a longitudinal red stripe on each
side of the occiput.
a". Upper tail-covortsand four central rec-
trices uniform black.
a'". White superciliary stripe united
with the white on the side of the
neck.
«*. Underparts striated.

«\ Lateral rectriceswith faint dusky
bars,
o". Smaller: upper back brownish
black ; the lower back as well
as the rump more or less
barred; with a less conspi-
cuous white patch on the side
of the neck and on the wing-
coverts scinfillireps (^ nd., p. 313.

¥. Larger : upper back intense
black ; remainder of back and
the rump white, the latter
more or less barred ; with very
conspicuous white patch on
the side of the neck and on

the wing-coverts doerriesi cJ ad., p. 314.

h^. Lateral rectrices distinctly barred

with black.

c^. Larger : length 6 inches, wing

3'7 ; middle back partially,

the lower back and rump

distinctly barred kaleensis S *id., p. 315.

d^. Smaller: length 5'2 inches,
wing 3-47 ; the whole of the
white of the back and rump

distinctly barred pi/fftncpiis cJ ad., p. 316.

6'. Underparts spotted ; middle and
lower back, also the rump, white,
the latter barred icattersi cS ad., p. 317.

* The range in Africa is that of I. ohsoletus, the generic characters of whicli
are those of an lyngipicus.

t The females of the species comprised in this genus differ only from the
males in the absence of red on tlie head, in the form of either a stripe on the side
of the occiput, or of an occipital band.

i

22. ITNGIPICUS. . 311

//". White superciliary stripe not joining;
the white on the side of the neclf.
c*. Top of the hvad brown ; outer webs
of the primaries with not more

than live spots kizuhi ^ ad., p. 318.

(IK Top of the head ashy grey ; with
six spots on the outer webs of

some of the primaries seehohmi S fid., p. 319.

e'. Top of the head nearly black ;
ground-colour of the underparts
fulvescent, contrasting witli the
pure wliite chin and throat ; with
not more than four spots on the

outer webs of the primaries .... nit/rescens cJ ad., p. 320.
fy. Upper tail-coverts barred witli white or
with white squamate markings,
c'". The four central rectrices uniform
black,
y. Chest and breast conspicuously

waslied with reddish orange ; outer [p. 320.

webs of primaries spotted aurunHiventris ^ ad.,

(/'. Chest and breast without any tinge

of orange pumilus ^ ad., p. 321.

d'". Central rectrices as well as the lateral
ones spotted.
h\ Underparts striated.

c'. Crown and occiput bordered with
black ; nape black.
e*. Crown ashy grey.

«^. Ear-coverts riifescent brown ;

malar stripe dusky cajiicapillus S ad., p. 322.

b' . \\"\t\\ blackish-brown ear-
coverts and a blackish stripe
bordering the throat and

fore neck picatus J ad., p. 324.

/*. Crown dark brown.

e'. Underparts clearly striated.
«*. Larger : with four spots

on the central rectrices . grandis cJ ad., p. 325.
b^. Smaller : with not more
than three spots on the

central rectrices auritus c? ad., p. 326.

d'. Underparts faintly striated . najius (S ad., p. 327.
rZ\ Crown and occiput not bordered
with black ; nape not black.
y*^. Top of the head, nape, and ear-
coverts cinuamon-brown .... hardicickii (S ad., p. 328.
A®. Top of the head, nape, and ear-
coverts dark brown ^jewj?2.<Mfor/sc?fid., p. 331,

i*. Underparts uniform, or nearly so, in

adult, more striated in the young . (lymnopMludmus ^7 ad.,
e'". Tail black, narrowly barred with [p. 330.

buffy white : rump white, spotted

with black; throat and chest spotted, maculatus (S ad., p. 333.
With a transverse spot of red on each side
of the occiput, but not forming a complete

band ; tail pale buffy brown, barred with [p. 333.

black ; rump uniform pale butt fidvifasciatus r? ad..

312 picid-t:.

B. Above olive-brown, striped or barred witli

■white.

d' . Larger : with complete occipital band of
red, this colour also borderiug the crown ;
a white superciliiiry stripe riinuing down
to the side of the nape which is dark olive-
brown ; back striped with white ; tail
uniform ramsayi J ad., p. 334.

e'. Smaller : with red occipital band inter-
rupted ill the middle, but extending- to
behind the ear-coverta ; superciliary stripe
not running backwards beyond the middle
of the ear-coverts ; nape white ; back and'
tail barred temmincld S ^^; P- 335.

C. Above, including scapulars, umber-brown,

the rump and upper tail-coverts ( only) barred

with dull white ; with red occipital band. . ohsolHus cJ ad., p. 336.

1. lyngipicus semicoronatus.

Picus pygmseus (old bird), Blyth, J. A. »S'. Beny. xiv. p. 197 (1845,

no7i Viyors).
Picus semicoronatus, Malhe7-ie, Bull. Soc. cVHist. Nat. Metz, 1848,

p. 21 ; id. Picidce, i. p. 148, pi. xxxiv. fig. 8 (1861) ; Sundev. Cmisp.

Av. Picin. p. 27, no. 76 (1866) ; Gray, List Picidce Brit. Mi<s.

p. 4U (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8584 (1870).
Picus rubricatus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xviii. p. 804 (1849) ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. (33, no. 299 (1849) ; lieichenb. Scans. Picin<e,

p. 373 (1854).
Yungipicus semicoronatus, Bp. Consp. Volua: Zygod. p. 8 (1854).
Picus meniscus*, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 151, pi. xxxv. figs. 2, 3, 4 (1861) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 184, no. 8586 (1870) ; Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 28 (1866).
Yungipicus rubricatus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 276 (1862) ; Bulger, Ibis,

1869, p. 156 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8; Hume Sf Oates, Sir. F. 1875,

p. CO ; Hime, Str. F. 1879, p. 87.
Bseopipo semicoronata. Cab. ^ Heine, 3Ius. Hein. Th. iv. p. 54

(1863).
Bfeopipo menisca. Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863).
lyngipicus meniscus, Harg. Ibis, 1882, p. 26 {ex Malh.).
lyngipicus semicoronatus, Harq. Ibis, 1882, p. 25 ; Gould, B. Asia,

vi. pi. xxvi., d" 2 (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 59 (1888).

Adult male. Upper parts and wings black, the middle and lower
back, rump, and scapulars barred with white, the greater wing-

* Picus meniscus of Malherbe was founded ii|3on a bird with a spotted
tail, but otherwise I'esembliiig /. semicoronatus. There are, however, in the
collection four specimens of the latter species, two from the K. Khasia Hills,
one from Sliillong, and one from Sikhim, which have the central tail-feathers
Diore or less spotted. In almost all the species or subspecies of lyiiyijmi there
are found individuals diiferiug slightly from typical examples (/. e. species
liaving, as a rule, the central tail-feathers imiform, have these occasionally
spotted, and vice ver>:d). It is therefore very pi-obable that it was from such
a specimen that Malherbe's P. meniscus wns c!escribed, and tlie above-mentioned
birds being undoubted I. semicoronatus, I cannot regard Malherbe's species as a
valid one.

22. lYNGIPICUS.

313

coverts and the quills on both webs spotted with the same : shafts
blackish brown ; upper tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers
uniform black, the lateral tail-feathers dusky brown, margined and
barred with huffy white ; shafts blackish brown ; forehead and
crown ashy brown ; occipital band scarlet ; nape and hind neck
black ; nasal plumes and lores huffy white ; face fulvescent, the side
of the neck and a superciliary stripe extending to it white, the
whole more or less streaked with blackish brown, the auricular
region having a broad stripe of this colour ; the malar region
dusky ; chin and upper throat white ; the whole of the under
surface of the body fulvescent, striated with blackish brown ; the
under tail-coverts fulvescent, with broader brown central stripes ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries fulvescent white, the former spotted
with black : " bill plumbeous ; irides red ; feet brown " {Jcrdoii).
Total length 4'9 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3-3, tail I'To, tarsus
055 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior U'5,
inner anterior 0"35, inner posterior 0-2.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-62, wing 3-3,
tail 1-65, tarsus 0-6.

Bab. Sikhim, Bhotan, Assam (Khasia and Naga Hills).

a. c? ad. ; 6, c. 5 ad.

sk.
(^-^>. cJad. et imm. ;

q-x. 5 ad. sk.
y. S ad._; z,a'. $

ad. et imni. sk.
b'. (S ad. sk.
c',d' . (S ad.; e',f',

ff'. 2 ad. sk.
h', {'. (5 $ ad. sk.
k', /'.cJad. etinim.;

m', n'. 5 ad. sk.
o'. 5 ad. sk.
p. c? ad. sk.
q". (5' iuim. sk.

Native Sikhim, March, Oct. (Z.

Mandelli).
Sikhim, Jan., Feb., March, June,

Aug., Oct., Nov. (L. Mandelli).
Darjeeliug, March.

Darjeeling.

Bhotan Doars, Jan., Feb., April

(i. Mandelli).
Khasia Hills {T. C. Jerdon).
N. Khasia Hills, Nov., Jan. {A.

W. Chennell).
Naga HiUs [H.H.Godwin-Austen).
Jevpore, Assam.
ShiUong, July 1877 (J.Cockburn).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

2. lyngipicus scintilliceps.

Picas sp., Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G1, p. 340.

Picas scintilliceps, Swin/ioe, Ibis, 1863, p. 96 ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 27 (1866) ; Graij, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8^77 (1870).
Bseopipo scintilliceps, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863).
Picas canifrons, Sundev. Consp, Av. Picin. p. 26 (1866).
Yungipicas scintilliceps, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392 ; David ^■

Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 50 (1878).
Ivngipicus scintilliceps, Huryitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 33 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi.
" pi. xxi. (1882) ; Styan, Ibis, 1887, p. 229.

Adult male. Upper back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts brownish
black, the middle and lower back as well as the rump white, the
two latter more or less barred with black ; wing-coverts and quills

314 PICID-E.

brownish black, the median and the greater coverts partly white,
tliis forming a conspicuous patch ; both webs of quills spotted with
white ; shatts brownish black ; the four central tail-feathers uniform
brownish black, the next feather externally margined with brownish
white; the two outer large feathers on either side more or less
brownish white, with indistinct dusky brown bars on the apical
portion ; shafts black; top of the head ashy grey, the occiput, nape,
and hind neck black ; on the side of the occiput a stripe of scarlet ;
nasal plumes, lores, sides of the face and neck huffy white, the ear-
coverts and a stripe behind pale umber-brown malar stripe dusky ;
chin and throat white ; entire under surface of the body brownish
white, slightly fulvescent, striped with black or brownish ; the under
tail-coverts brownish white with faint brown streaks ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries smoky white, the former with a conspicuous
black patch and a few small spots of black : " iris red ; bill horny
bluish ; feet bluish" (David). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"G7,
M'ing 3'9, tail 2*2, tarsus 0'65 ; toes (withoiit claws) — outer anterior
O'-i, outer posterior 0'47, inner anterior 0'3, inner posterior 0'2.

A<hdt female. Wants the red sti'ipe on the side of the occiput.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 073, wing 3-85, tail 2"3, tarsus OG7.

Examples from Ichang are intermediate between /. scintilUceps
and /. Icaleensis, having the tail resembling that of the former
species, and the lower back and rump distinctly barred with black
as in /. Icaleensis.

Hah. China, from Pekin south to Poochow and west to Southern
Kansu.

a. $ ad. sk. Pekin {A. David). Tweeddale Coll.

b,c. cJad.; d. $ ad. sk. Icliang, Jan. 1888. Mr. Pratt [C.].

Subsp. a. lyngipicus doerriesi.

Picus mitschelli {non Malh.), Radde, Eeis. Ost-Sihir. p. 140 (1802) ;

Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 240.
Picus scintilliceps, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1878, p. 139 ; Bolaii,

Journ.f. Orn. 1880, p. 131.
lyngipicus doerriesi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 398; id. op. cit. 1882,

p. 35 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxii., d 2 (1882) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1888, p. 466.

Adult male. Eesembles /. scintilliceps, but is larger and has the
white of the plumage more developed, the middle and lower back
being pure white ; the black of the plumage is also more intense ;
the forehead and crown greyer, and the underparts less fulvescent :
"iris brown" (Doerries). Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-8,
wing 4-15, tail 2-5, tarsus 0-65; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-4, outer posterior 0-48, inner anterior 0-32, inner pos-
terior 0-22.

Adidt female. Eesembles the adult male, but wants the scarlet
stripe on the side of the occiput : " iris brown " (Doerries). Total
length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 4-1, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-63.

22, ITNGIPICUS.

315

Hah. Island of Askold, East Siberia, aud the adjacent portion of
mainland, south into Corea.

a. iS ad. sk. Island of Askold, November Henry Seebohm, Esq,
(Donies). [P.].

(Type of species.)

Subsp. /3. lyngipicus kaleensis.

Pious kaleensis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 18G3, p. 390; Stmde>\ Consp. Av.

Picln. p. 2G (1866) ; Grcnj, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 38 (1868) ;

id. Iland-l. B.\\. p. 183, no. 8565 (1870).
Dendrotypes nesiotis, Cab. ^ Heine, Miis. Hein. Th. iv. p. 49 (1863).
Yuiigipicus kaleensis, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 392; Havid ^- Ous-

talet, Ois. Chine, p. 50 (1877).
lyngipicus kaleensis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 32.

Adult male. Resembles /, scintillictps, but is smaller, and the
white of the plumage is less developed ; the middle back is partially
and the lower back and rump are evenly and distinctly barred with
black ; the lateral tail-feathers are also very clearly barred with
black, and the underparts are more fulvescent and have broader
striations. " In October, bill light leaden grey, blackish towards
the tip, and tinged with greenish yellow at basal half of lower
mandible ; irides reddish brown ; legs greenish grey ; claws same
witli pale bases " (Swinhoe). Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-77,
wing 3'7, tail 2"05, tarsus 0*63 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'45, outer posterior 0'53, inner anterior U'35, inner
posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput,
but otherwise resembles the adult male. Total length 5*8 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3"S5, tail 2"15, tarsus 0'(i5.

Hah. The island of Formosa, and Eastern China, from Fokien
south into the island of Hainan.

a, b. (S ad. et imm. ;
c. 5 ad. sk.

d. $ ad. sk.

e. d' ad ; /. 5 imm.
sk.

g, h. <S ad. sk.
i. cJ ad. ; k. § imm.
sk.

Formosa.

Tamsui, Dec. 1866 {R.

Swinhoe).
Fungshan, Dec., Jan. (R.

Swinhoe).
Fokien.
Hainan, Feb. 1868 (R.

Swinhoe).

Purchased.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

C4ou]d Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

3. lyngipicus pygmseus,

Picus pyginseus *, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 44 ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beng.
xiv. p. 197 (1845) ; id. op. cit. xvi. p. 466 (1847) ; id. Ann. ^ Mag.
Nat. Hist. XX. p. 321 (1847) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 135 (1850); Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B.
E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 676 (1856-58) ; Reichenh. Scans. Picime, p. 369,

* A careful search has revealed the type, which stiU exists in the collection
{cf. Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 22).

316 piciD^.

Taf. dcxxxvi. figs. 4232-33 (1854) ; Malh. Picida;, i. p. 147,

pi. xxxiv. tigs. 5-7 (1861) ; Gray, List. Picicl. Brit. Miis. p. 41

(18(38) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183, no. 8576 (1870).
Dendrocopus moluccensis, Hodqs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres,

pi. 384, figs. 159, 160; id. in Grca/s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Picus moluccensis, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 435 (1845, 7ion Gm.).
Picus zizuld, Gray, Cat. Mamm. ire Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 116

(1846).
Picus mitclielli, Malh. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1849, p. 530; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 136 (1850) : Eeichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 173

(1854) ; 3Ialh. Picidce, i. p. 142, pi. xxxii. figs. 1, 2 (1861) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 27 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 40 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 183," no. 8574 (1870).
Picus trisulensis, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Picus nepalensis, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Yungipicus uiitchelli, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854).
Yungipicus scintilla, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854, ex Natt.

MSS. in Mus. Vindob.).
Yungipicus pygmseu?, i?^. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854) ; Jerd.

B. Lid. i. p. 277 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. i^c. Nepal pres.

Hodgs. p. 63 (1863) ; Brooks, 8tr. F. 1875, p. 232 ; Hume, op. cit.

1879, p. 87 ; Scully, torn. cit. 1879, p. 247.
Bseopipo pygmfeus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 56 (1803).
BcBopipo mitclielli. Cab. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 55 (1863).
lyugipicus pygmfeus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 30.

Adult male. Upper parts, also wings and their coverts, black, the
lower back and rump barred with white ; the median and the
greater wing-coverts and both webs of the quills spotted with
white, the shafts of the latter being bhack ; upper tail-coverts and
the four central tail-feathers uniform black, the lateral rectrices
browner and either barred or margined with buffy white ; shafts
brown with black tips ; forehead and crown smoky brown, the
outer edge of the crown, also the occiput and nape, black ; nasal
plumes and sides of the face and neck white, the ear-coverts sepia-
brown, with a black stripe behind, and a faint dusky malar stripe ;
chin and throat white ; the under surface of the body fulvescent,
narrowly striped with sepia-brown ; under tail-coverts slightly
fulvescent, broadly streaked and varied with brown ; under wing-
coverts huffy white spotted with black, the axillaries white. " In
December, bill horny-grey ; irides dark red ; feet dingy green "
{Scully). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0*67, wing 3-47, tail
rS, tarsus 0-6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-35, outer
posterior 0"45, inner anterior 0'3, inner posterior 0*22.

Adult female. Wants the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput.
Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-4, tail !•?, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. Himalayan Provinces, west to Masuri, and extending east-
ward into liengal.

a. 2 ad. sk. Himalayas. Zoological Society.

(Tvpe of species.)
6, c, d. (S ad. sk. N.W. India. Pinwill Coll.

e^f.(S ad. ; g, h. Masuri, Aug., Sept., Oct. Hume Coll.

* 2 ad. sk.

i.

k,
m

$ ad. sk.
I. <S2 ad. sk
. <S ad. sk.

n.

$ ad. sk.

0.

$ ad. sk.

5 ad. sk.

9-

(S ad. sk.

r,

w

z.
a

s, t. S ad. :

V. $ ad. .sk.
,x. S2 ad.;

5 iuiin. sk.

<$ imm. sk.
, 6'. c? ? ad.

sk.

22. ITNGIPICUS. 317

Debra Dhoon, Dec. 2, 1870. Hume Coll.

Kalsi, Sept., Jan. Hume Coll.

Patlee Dhoon, Gurhwal, Hume Coll.

Jan. 2.3, 1870.

Sansoo, May 29, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. E. Brooks).

Naini Tal, Sept. 25, 1866. Hume Coll.

Bursotee on Ramgunga, Hume Coll.

Jan. 28, 1870.

Nepal Valley, Dec. 24, 1877 Hume Coll.

{J. Scully).

Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). Gould Coll.

Bengal {Blacjrave). India Museum.

(Types of P. mitchelli. Of. Horstleld & Moore, Cat. B. Mus.
E.I. Co. p. 676.)

4. lyngipicus wattersi.

Ij'ngipicus wattersi, Salvad. i§- Gig.. Atti della R. Accad. Sc. Tor.
XX. p. 825 (1885).

Adult male. Upper back and scapulars black, with a few white
stripes ; the remainder of the back and rump white, the latter with
a trace of black barring ; wings and their coverts black, the median
and the greater series, likewise both webs of the quills, spotted with
white ; shafts of the latter black ; upper tail-coverts and the six
central rectrices black without spots ; the lateral rectrices black,
more or less barred with buffy white : shafts black, brownish at the
base ; nasal plumes buffy white, tipped with black ; forehead pale
smoky brown, the crown ashy grey ; outer edge of the crown, the
occiput, nape, and hind neck black ; upon the side of the occiput
an orange-scarlet stripe ; sides of the face and neck white, the
ear-coverts umber-brown, and behind these a broad brownish-
black stripe ; malar stripe dusky ; chin and throat dusky, striped
with whitish ; under surface of the body dull white, becoming
browner posteriorly and on the under tail-coverts ; the underparts
are apparently spotted with black, but the feathers are in reality
broadly striped, the stinpe being contracted in the centre and the
base hidden by the feathers above, the exposed part has the cha-
racter of a spot ; thighs barred ; under tail-coverts with an almost
obsolete subapical brown spot; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, the edge of the wing black. Total length 6 inches, culmen
O'T, wing 3-7, tail 1*9, tarsus 0*7; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'48, outer posterior 0*53, inner anterior 0'35, inner
posterior 0-28.

Hah. Island of Formosa, the exact locality not known.

318

5. Ijmgipicus Mzuki.

Picas kizuki, Tcmm. PL Col. iv. livr. 99, nee pi. 585 (1836) ; Up.

Co7isp. i. p. It35 (1850) ; Eeichenb. Sca?is. Picince, p. 870, Taf.

dcxxxvi. figs. 42.36-4i'38 (1854) : Gra?/, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 41 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8585 (1870).
Picus kisiilci, Tvvvn. Tahl. Meih. p. 64 (1836); id. ^- Schleff. Faun.

Japon.]). 74, Taf. xxxvii. (1850) ; Malli. Picidcc, i.p. 154, pi. xxxvi.

tigs. 1, 2 (1861) ; Sunder. Co/tsp. At: Piciit. p. 28 (1866) ; Wall.

Isl. Life, p. 370 (1880).
Picus zizuki, Grcnj, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845) ; Jenl. B. Ind. i. p. 279

(1862).
Yunsripicus kisuki, Bp. Consp. T'oliicr. Zyr/od. p. 8 (1854) ; Stejii.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 120.
Picus kogera, Malh. Picidd', i. p. 154 (1861, MSS. ex sjiec. olim in

Mus. Zool. Soc).
Ba?opipo kisuki, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 60 (1863).
lynsripicus kizuki, Haryitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 36 (pt.) ; id. op. cit. 1884,
' p!" 100.
Picus (l3'ngipicus) kizuki, Blak. Amend. List B. Jap. pp. 25 & 45

(1884).

Adult female. Above, also the wings and their coverts, blackish
brown, the middle and lower back, rump, and scapulars barred with
Avhitc ; the median and the greater coverts, likewise both w cbs of
the quills, spotted with white, the spots on the outer webs of the
latter not exceeding tive, the shafts of the quills dark brown ; upper
tail-coverts and the four central tail-feathers black, the next feather
having the inner web black and the outer web huffy white, the
remaining feathers barred black and butiy white ; shafts black :
nasal plumes smoky white, tipped with black : top of the head
ashy brown, tinged with rufous ; lores white ; sides of the face and
neck brown, with a white spot above the eye, a patch of white on
the side of the neck, and a white stripe separating the ear-coverts
from the black malar stripe ; the sides of the throat and fore
neck broadly striped with brown ; chin and throat jnire white ;
fore neck and middle of the chest, also the under surface of the
body and under tail-coverts, fulvescent white,more dusky posteriorly;
the body from the breast, inclusive, dow nwards striped with brown,
the under tail-coverts spotted with the same ; under -wing-coverts
■white, spotted with brownish black, the axillaries smoky white.
Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3'22, tail 1-82, tarsus
0-6; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-35, outer posterior
0-42, inner anterior 0-3, inner posterior 0-2.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having a red stripe
on the side of the occiput.

Immature female. Is browner above and on the wings; the top of
the head is browner, and the brown which borders the chest and
breast is less rufescent; the chin, throat, and under surface of the
body are duller, but similarly striped with brown, the flanks and
thighs, however, having confluent spots of brown, in the form of a
stripe.

22. lYKGirrcrs. 3^9

ffah. Japan (island of Kiushiu), and, according to Dr. Steiueo'er
the southern part of Hondo. " '

a, b c? ad. ; c. $ ad. sk. Japan. Goiild Coll.

'^- <? ^^- f • Kobe. Tweeddale Coll.

*'• ^ ^d- s^'- Nagasaki. Tweeddde Coll.

Suhsp. n. lyngipicus seebohmi.

Picus kizuki(«o« remm.), Swink. Ibis, l87o, p. 4ol ; Blakhton &■

tryer, op. at. 1878, p. 229; Seeboh/n, op. cif. 187!l p 09
I'lcuskisuki i?/a^-/,sY. Ibis, 1862, p. 325; id. ^- Pri/er,' Trans'. As. Soc.

Jap. X. p. l.'U (1882).
lyngipicus kizuki, Harf/iff, Ibis, 1882, p. 36.
lyngipicus seebohmi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 100; Tacz P Z S

1888, p. 467.
Picus (lyngipicus) seebolimi, Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. up 13 &

4o (1884). ^ ^^'

Yungipicus seebolimi, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Kat. Mus. 1886, p. 123.

Adult male. Resembles /. hiziiU, but may be distinguished by the
very much greater amount of white in the plumage ; the top of the
head being ashy grey instead of brown ; the ground of the entire
under surface of the body pure white, with a very distinct rufous-
brown gorget, and the outer webs of the outer jjrimaries having six
spots of white. Total length 5-3 inches, culmcu 0-65, wing°3-3,
tail 1-95, tarsus 0-62; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 04^
outer posterior 0-45, inner anterior 0-33, inner posterior 0-23.

Nestling, male. Has the top of the head bluish ashy, the forehead
spotted with smoky white ; the under surface of the body white,
without any yellow tinge on the chest, and the striations dense ; the
stripe on the side of the occiput exists, as in the adult male, but it
IS of a more orange-scarlet.

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput,
and has the chest and upper breast less rufous brown. Total lenoth
5-1 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-47, tail 2, tarsus 0-58. ^

Hah. Japan (the Main Island and Yczo) ; on the Continent in
Ussuri and Corea. '

a. 2 ad. sk. Ussuri. St. Petersburg Museum

rp.].

b. d ad sk Japan {Pri/er). Tweeddale Coll.

C) «• 6 S ad. sk. Yokohama. H. Pryer, Esq fCI

e,f. d imm. ; ff, Yokohama {H. Pryer). E. iWdler sliarpe, Esq

h. 5 ad. et rp/i_ ^ ^'

imm. sk.

Stibsp. /3. lyngipicus nigrescens. (Plate V.)
lyngipicus kizuki nigrescens, Seebohm,Ibis, 1887, p. 177.
Yungipicus nigi-escens, Stejn. Zeitsch. rjesaynm. Orn. 1887, p. 171.

Adult female. Differs from /. kizuki in being smaller and very
much blacker, having the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish
brown ; the car-coverts, band across the side of the neck, and

320 riciD.T5.

the extreme upper back very dark brown ; the malar stripe
blacker ; the white spots on the wings smaller, those on the outer
webs of the outer primaries four in number, and the bars on the
wings, also the bars on the back, narrower ; the striations on the
nnderparts blacker. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0"63, wing
3-2, tail 1-1)5, tarsus 0'55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior U'37,
outer posterior 0-45, inner anterior 0'3, inner posterior 0"22.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having a red
stripe on the side of the occiput. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen
0-62, wing 3-03, tail I'G, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Loo Choo Islands (N^aha).

a. 2ad.sk. Great Loo Choo Island (//. Henry Seebobm, Esq. [^P.].
Fri/er). (Type of species.)

6. lyngipicus aurantiiventris.

Picas (Bfeopipo) aurantiiventris, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino,

iii. p. 524 (1868).
Ij'ngipicus aurantiiventris, Salvad. Uccelli di Borneo, p. 41 , tav. iv.

fig. 2 (1874); Haryitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 29; Gould, £. Asia, vi.

pi. xxiii., c? 2 (1S82). _
Yungipieus aurantiiventris, Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 240.
lyngopicus aurantiiventris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792.

Achtlt male. Back and rump bi'oadly barred black and white ;
ujiper tail-coverts black, with a broad intermarginal squamate
marking of white ; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills black, the
scapulars barred with white at the tip, the greater coverts and
the quills on both webs spotted with white ; shafts black ; the
six central tail-feathers uniform and black or brownish, the lateral
ones dark brown, margined or barred with buffy white ; shafts
clear brown with black tips ; top of the head ashy grey, the outer
edge of the crown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck black ; u])on
the side of the occiput a streak of scarlet : sides of the face and
neck, throat, and fore neck white, the malar region and front of
neck broadly striped with dusky brown ; ear-coverts dark brown, with
a broad black stripe behind ; under surface of the body and under
tail-coverts fulvescent, the chest and breast washed with orange or
reddish, and the whole striped with brownish black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the former spotted and varied with
black: " irides bluish white'' {Doria). Total length 5-3 inches,
culmen 0*72, wing 3-15, tail 1"2, tarsus 0'57 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0"4, outer posterior 0'47, inner anterior 0*33, inner
posterior 0*2.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
scarlet feathers on the side of the occiput, and in having the under-
parts less rich in colour. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0'G7,
wing 3-1, tail 1'4, tarsus 0-57.

JJab. Borneo, probably confined to the northern pait of the
island.

22. lYNGIPlCtJS.

321

«• 6 iu^m. sL Sarawj^, Sept. 20, 1877 (II. Hume Coll.

6. d ad. sk. Samwak. ' w t^ x t.

c-$ad. sk. Matauo- AInv1«7n ^f- Everett, Esq. [C.l.

^A ^. c? $ ad. sk. pS)ci'lC Gould Coll. ^

f. ? ad. sk. Lumbidan!' ^- i^--ett,Esq. [C.].

Governor Ussher

9. $ ad. sk. Labuan. J-^''^' „ ,

Hon. Hugb Low
>'«. $ ad. sk. Elopura. p tC].

^ Kev.Il.F. Frere[P.].

7. lyngipicus pumilus.

Iyngipicuspumilus,-ff«r^t«,Z6/s,1881,p.599;*c?.o;, a^ 188-> i, S7 •
Salvad. Ann.Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva 1888 v 565 ^ '
Picus pumilus, Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p 37 (1883? '

with brown bases; nasal plumes bu% whitt : f thead am 'wn

black, Avith a scarlet stripe upon the side of the occiput • lores and
^dos 0 the face and neck white, the ear- coverts brow i with a broad
black stripe behind ; the malar region dusky with a hl-u.l-i 1, V
stripe on the side of the throat and fore neck Jhin and tbf"''
while, with a few dusky spots; fore n"el Vnl'Xst whT^Th:
remaining nnderparts more fulvescent, the whole (except the flank!
and tnghs which are spotted) being striped with blick under tail
covers dull ochreous white spotted with brown; under wn-^

Wttl'V^-^t^^T'"^^'^'^'"™"- «I-t^^d -th back TotS
length 4-b5 inches, culmen 0-52, wino- 'J-78 tnH t-q f n-^

toes (without claws)-outcr ^^i^^ O-^; o^^ ^^.^ ';;!p
inner anterior 0-28, inner posterior 0-17 postenor 0 42,

Tn^ff'-^l'^'^f-Q?'-'"'!' ^^"^ ''""'^'^ '^"1^^ °» ^^^ side of the occiput
Total length 4-85 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 278, tail 1-25 tTut

Hah Tenasserim and Malayan Peninsula south to Kossoum •
north to Rangoon, South Pegu. Jvossoum ,

a. S ad. sk. Elephant Point Rangoon, Dec. Hume Col
. , . , '3i> io/o {J. Armstromi).

b. S imm. sk. S. Tenasserim, March 24 1877 T,, . aa ^ r. .,

"f. r.ii£ "::^. -^''■■" '«^« '"-^ "^'"•■- "^""S '"'

tl. i ad. 8k Mer..,,i, Nov. (i, 1874 ( W. D„i- H„me Coll.

Son )

VOL. XVIII.

322

riCID-E.

h. S iiiHu. sk.

/. 2 ad. ; k.

(S iinm. bk.

]\Ialewoo)i, April 24, 1875 {W.

Daiisou).
Kossoimi, May 30, 1879 (J. Darl-

itiff).

Iliniie CViU,
Hume Coll.

8. lyngipicus canicapillus.

Picus canicapillus, B/ytk, J. A. S. Ben(/. xiv. p. 197 (1845), xv. p. 14

(1840), xvi. p. 4G7 (1847), xviii. p. 805 (1849) ; id. Cat. B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 64 (1849); Graij, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849);

Eeichenh. Scans. Bicm(P, -p. 373(1854); 3Ia/h. Pkuhc, i. p. 141

(1861) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 29 (1866) : Grui/, List I'icid.

Brit. 3I)(s. p. 43 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8581 (1870) ;

Gates, B. Brit. Biirm. ii. p. 36 (1883).
Yungipicus tiisulensis, Bp. Consp. Vohwr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854, non

Licht.).
Yungipicus canicapillus, Ilorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mxs. JS.I. Co. ii.

pp. 677, 992 (1856-58) ; Jer'd. B. Ind. i. p. 279 (1862) ; BI,/t/i, Uis,

1870, p. 163 ; Hume, Sfr. F. 1874, p. 471 ; Blyth ^- tVald. B.

Burm. p. 78 (1875) ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, pp. 14, 59; Armstront/,

Str. F. 1876, p. 309; ILmie, op. cit. 1877, pp. 25, 113; Himie'^

Davison, op. cit. 1878, vi. p. 125 ; iid. torn. cit. App. p. 500 ; Hume,

op. cit. 1879, p. 87.
Breopipo canicapilla. Cab. 8^ Heine, Mus. Hein. Tli. iv. p. 58 (1803).
Picus, sp., Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 413.
lyngipicus canica]iillus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 39 ; Gates, Str. F.

1882, p. 190 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxvii., c? $ (1883) ; Salvad.

Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 578 ; Hume, Str. F.

xi. p. 60 (1888).

Adult male. Above, including wings and tail and their coverts,
black, the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and the scapulars barred
with white ; the median and the greater wing-coverts, and the
quills, on both webs, spotted with white ; the central rectriccs
spotted, and the lateral ones barred M'ith white ; shafts of quills and
of rectrices black ; top of the head ashy grey, the occiput, nape, and
hind neck black ; upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe ; nasal
plumes and sides of the face and neck white, the ear-coverts sepia-
brown, with a broad black stripe behind ; malar region slightly
dusky ; chin and throat uniform pure white ; the under surface of
the body dull white, slightly fulvesceut, entirely striped with black ;
under tail-coverts dull white with a broad brown central stripe, or
other transverse and varied markings ; under wing-coverts white
spotted with black, the axillaries white : " bill dark plumbeous,
paler at gape and on the greater portion of the lower mandible :
iris reddish hazel ; eyelids purplish blue ; feet dusky green ; claws
horn-colour '" {Gates). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'67,
wing 3'2, tail 1"6.5, tarsus 0-5c5 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0"35, outer posterior 0'45, inner anterior 0'3, inner
posterior 0'2.

Adult female, llesembles the male, but lucks the red stripe on the

22. irNGii'jcDs. 090

c.,r: J^rt'jrSgS ?;;M';.;nn;!;:f '"'»«»'..».•-•

Island. " ^ialajan Icmnsula to Singapore

"limnLtk ^'^^^-('^•^«^''-^)- Hume Coll.

/. 6 ad. sk. IIi™l^ Mauipur, May 1881 {A. Hume Coll.

ff. ? imm. sk. Tipperaii.' „

h. 2 ad. sk. Tipjerali Hills, Jan 1870 h"'"' r " '

.^^.?ad. KA^ge, Wirier, (^. ?;:Si:i^eoll.

'^rmi?.?k. ''7"1T ''"■^'^ ^""^ (^- ^- TweeddaleColl

n,o,p. , ad. K..n^Hi,Is, Sept., Jan. (i?. G^. T.eeddale Coll.

't $1d: ^k. ^71'S'' Jthf '''''' ''''' ""''■ 'T^-d^^l^ Coll.
^•. c? ad. ; y. Thavetmyo. T .^j , r, „

Juv. sk. Tweeddale Coll.

-,«'. d" ad.sk. Thayetmyo. „

/ . (5 ad. st. Tenasserim. t , ,

•J- t. 1). raekuiaii,

ff. 2 ad. sk. K^ul^at, Jan. 30, 1874 (Jf. uS^i^

''Vdlf/^-Jj ^IrE)^^^-' '^" ^^"^ (^ HunieColl.
ad. L't imiu.
sk.

P'. 2 ad. sk. Beelino, Jan. 29, 1870 ( JV. Dan- Hun. Coll.

...ad.sk. «|r-8S)^(t^SX£5r^ — --•

'•i'"- ^^SS.VfeS;^rV^l5 HnnieColl.

ham). "^

-? ad.sk. Tl^ban,^j,,. 15, 1878 (^r; j ^ Coll.

''i:i:^:k. ''t:^'' ""'"' ''"• ^"- ^«^^- ^^-^con.

y.^^d i^nm. Moulmein ( ^r. Z/...-^). Tweeddale Coll.

"■ ^ "'^- '^'- ^^^^7^, Honngtbraw li., J^,. „,„,, Coll.
' ;d. ;if ^ ^i^:^^' '^"-1^' 1^-- ^ " • ^'-■'- Hume Coll.

y2

324

c" . (S ad. sk.
d". S ad. sk.
e". 2 ad. sk.

f",'j"- d2

ad. sk.
h". 2 ad. sk.

i". 2 ad. sk.
k". 5 ad. sk.

I", m". d' $

ad. sk.
n", o". S ?

ad. sk.
i>",9''V'"-c5'ad.;

s". 5 ad.sk.
t". (S ad. sk.

Epoo, Myawadee, Jan. 25, 1877 Hume Coll.

{W. Davison).
Yea, March 30, 1874 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son).
Moeta Myo, April 18, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Tavoy, April 13, 1878 (TF. DrtM- Hume Coll.

son).
Bankasoou, Juue 5, 1877 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Malewoon. Hume Coll.

Khotown, Victoria Point, Mai'cb Hume Coll.

2, 1875 ( W. Davison).
Klang, May 1879 ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

Gunnonw Pulai, Johore, July, Hume Coll.

Aug. ( IV. Davison) .
Johore, Aug., Sept. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

Singapore Island; Feb. 6, 1879 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

9. lyngipicus picatus. (Plate YI.)
lyngipicus picatus, Sargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 41.

Adult male. Above, including the wings and their coverts, jet-
black, the back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with
white, the median and the greater wing-coverts and both webs of
the quills spotted with white ; shafts of quills black ; tail black, the
six central feathers spotted with white upon both webs, the spots
not exceeding three in number, the two outer large feathers on
either side spotted with white on the outer web and barred on the
inner web ; shafts black ; nasal plumes black ; forehead and crown
smoky grey ; outer edge of the crown, the occiput, and hind neck
black ; upon the side of the occiput a stripe of scarlet ; lores, like-
wise the sides of the face and neck, white, the ear-coverts dark
brown, and behind these a large patch or broad stripe of black ;
malar region dusky, varied with light brown, and behind this a
blackish stripe bordering the throat and fore neck, and becoming
dark brown varied with rufous or ochreous brown on the side of the
chest ; chin, throat, and fore neck white, the latter striped with
brownish black ; under surface of the body and under tail-coverts
ochreous or yellowish white striped with black ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the former spotted, the latter striped with
black. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0"72, wing 3 •05, tail 1*35,
tarsus 0'6 ; toes (without claws)- — outer anterior 0'4, outer posterior
0-47, inner anterior 0-32, inner posterior 0-22.
Hah. N.W.Borneo.

a. (S ad. sk.

Sir Hugh Low [C.].

22. lYNGIPICTJS. 325

10. lyngipicus grandis. (Plato VI.)

Picus moluccensis, Wall, (non Gm.) in Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 43,

note (1874).
lyngipicus grandis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 45.
Yungipicus grandis, Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 503 ; id. Voy. March.

ii. p. 149 (1886).

Adult male. Resembles /. auritus in coloration and markings
generally, but is conspicuously larger, and the tail-feathers (except
the outer large one which is barred) have fottr buffy-white spots
upon each web : " iris reddish brown ; bill nearly black ; tarsus
dhty hl&ck" (GidJlemard). Total length 5-7 iuches, culmen 0"75,
wing 3-15, tail 1-7, tarsus 0'55 : toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0*37, outer posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0*35, inner
posterior 0'2.

Adidt female. Has no scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput.
Total length G inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3"25, tail 1'65, tarsus
0-55.

Average measurements of /. grandis and I. auritus : —

/. grandis Wing 3'22 ; culmen 0*77.

/. auritus „ 2-9 : „ 0-62.

Hah. The islands of Lombock and Flores.

a. $ ad. sk. Flores. Wallace Coll.

b,c. c? $ ad. Flores {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Cull.

sk.

d. c?ad. ; e,f. Lombock. Wallace Coll.

5 ad. sk. (Types of species.)

g, h. (S ad. ; i. Lombock (^A. H. Wallace). Gould Coll.

$ ad. sk.

11. lyngipicus auritus.

Le petit iilpeiche brun des Moluques, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii.

p. 68 (1783).
Petit Pic des Moluques, Daubent. Fl. Enl. pi. 748. fig. 2.
Picus moluccensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 439 (1788, ex Biff.) ; Sfeph. .

Gen. Zool. ix. -p. 178 (IS16); Tieill. N. Diet, d' Hist Nat. xxvi.

p. 86 (1818); Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 177 (18i'2) ; Bonn.

et Vieill. Enc. Mkh. iii. p. 1314 (1828) ; Vigors, JSIem. Raffi.

p. 669 (1830) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435 (1845, exclus. syn.) ; Bli/th,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 63 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. '137 (1850) ;

Temm. S^- Schl. Faun. Japon. p. 74 (1860) ; Cab. c^ Heine, Mus.

Hein. Th. iv. p. 01 (1863); Gray, List Ficid Brit. Mus. p. 42

(1868); id.Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8588 (1870); Vorderm.

Batav. Tog. p. 200 (1882).
Picus minor, Rajl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 290 (1822, non L.).
Picus variegatus, Wagl. Sijst. Av. Picus, no. 27 (1827, no7i Lath.) ;

Malh. Ficidce, i. p. 139, pi. xxxiii. figs. 8-10 (1861) ; Sioidev.

Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 28 (18U6) ; Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 43

(1808) ; id. Hand-l.B.\i. p. 184, no. 8580 (1870).
Tripsurus auritus, Eyton, Ann. &,- Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 229 (1845).
Yuiigipicus moluccensis, Bp. Consp. J'o/ucr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854) ;

Hor.^f. ^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 675 (1856-58).

326

yunpipicus auritus, Bp. Conxp. T'olucr. Zi/r/nd. p. 8 (18o4).
Breopipo variegata, Cab. ^- Heine, Mits. Hein. Th. iv. p. 54 (1863).
Bieopipo auiita, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 59 (186;J).
Yungipicus sondaicus, Blyth, Ibis, 1806, p. ;i54 ; id. op. cit. 1870,

p. 163.
ricu9 auritus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 183, no. 8575 (1870).

[yugipicT , ...

Ibis, 1879, p. 165; Sharpe, t. c. 1879, p. 240; Vorderm. List B.

Java, uo. 52 (1884).
Ymiui])icus caiiicapillua {non Blyth), Tiraut, Ois. B.-Cochinch. p. 88

(I87i)).
Ivn.npicus auritus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 42 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi.
" pi xxix., S S (1883) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1883, p. 242 ; Bias. Ver-

Imndl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, p. 29 (1883) ; id. J. f. O. 1884,

p. 223 ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 405.
lyuo-ipicus frater*, Salvad. ^ Giyl. Atti della R. Accad. Sc. Tor.

XX. p. 824 (1885).

Adult male. Above, including wings and tail and their coverts,
blackish brown, the entire back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
coverts barred with white; the median and the greater wing-
coverts and the quills npon both webs spotted with white ; the
central tail-feathers spotted, the lateral ones barred with white ;
shafts of quills and of rectrices brown, those of the latter paler at
the base ; top of the head brown, the outer edge of the crown, the
occiput, nape, and hind neck nearly black ; upon the side of the
occiput a scarlet stripe ; nasal plumes buffy white ; sides of the face
and neck, chin and throat white ; the ear-coverts and a broad
stripe behind, also the malar stripe, dark brown ; entire under
surface of the body and under tail-coverts dingy buffy white, broadly
striped with brown or dusky brown ; under wing-coverts white
spotted with brown ; axillarics white : " irides brownish red ; upper
mandible black, lower one on underside greyish white ; legs and feet
sepia-green " {H. 0. Forbes). Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-65,
wing 2-9.T, tail ]"3, tarsus 0-55; toes (without claws)— outer
anterior 0-35, outer posterior 0-45, inner anterior 0-27, inner pos-
terior 0-2.

Adult female. Wants the scarlet stripe on the side of the occiput.
Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-85, tail 1-35, tarsus
0-5.5.

Hah. Malayan Peninsula into Siam and Cochin China; Sumatra,
Java, and Borneo, including the island of Labuan.

* When Count Salvadori Isindlj' sent for my inspection the type of/, frater,
I expressed my belief that it was di.stinct from Ey ton's 1. auritus; but a further
examination of specimens of the latter species shows me that individuals occur
which have the six central tail-feathers unspotted, and others in which tlie outer
webs of the primaries are uniform, and I am now of opinion that /. /rater is
only an example of /. auritus in which these individual variations are com-
bined.

22. lYNGIPICUS.

32/

a. S ^^- sk.

Penang.

rnrchasc.d.

b-e. c? ad. ; /,

Klang, Jan., Feb. ( W. Davi-

Hume CoU.

g. $ ad. sk.

son).

h. i5 ad. sk.

Malacca.

Major Charlton [P.],
(Type of species.)

i. S ad. sk.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

India Museum.

h. 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

Purchased.

/, m. c? ad. sk.

Malacca {Dr. Maingay).

Tweeddale Coll.

n. 5 ad. sk.

Malacca, Aug. 22, 1873 {R. G.
W. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

0. (^ ad. sk.

Singapore.

Tweeddale Coll.

ly, q. S ad. et

Singapore, Aug., Dec. ( W.

Hume Coll.

j uv. sk.

Daoison).

r. 5 ad. sk.

Singapore Island, Dec. 12,
1<S7<J ( W. Duvisuii).

flume Coll.

s. 5 ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Purchased.

t. S ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Wallace Coll.

u. $ ad. sk.

Sumatra {Carl Bock).

Tweeddale Coll.

V. 5 ad. ; w. 2

West coast of Sumatra.

Dr. Von Faber [C.].

iram. sk.

■•»•, ?/• 6 2 ad. ;

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra {E.

Tweeddale Coll.

s, «'. (5 iiiim.

a Buxton).

sk.

6', c. $ imm. ;

Java {Horsfield).

India Museum.

rZ'. Juv. sk.

e'. c? ad. sk.

Java {Leiden Museum).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

f-k'. S ad. ; I'.

Java.

Tweeddale Coll.

$ ad. sk.

9?i'. S ad. sk.

W. Java.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].

w'. c? ad. sk.

E. Java.

WaUace Coll.

u. (S ad. sk.

E. Java {A. R. Wallace).

Tweeddale Coll.

2i. d ad. sk.

Borneo.

Purchased.

(/. 2 ad. St.

Borueo.

Gould Coll.

;■', s'. (5 ad. sk.

Sarawak {A. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

f', m'. S ad. sk.

Labuan {H. Loiu)

Tweeddale Coll.

d', ir'. 5 ad. sk.

Labuau {H. Low).

R. B. Sharpe, Esq,

[P.].
H. Veitch, Esq. [P.].

x'. c? ad. sk.

Lawas River.

12. lyngipicus nanus.

Picus nanus, Tigors, P. Z. ,S. 1831, p. 172; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 435

(1845).
Yungipicus nanus, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 8 (18-54).
Bajopipo nana, Cab. i^- Heine, Mas. Ilein. Th iv. p. 57 (1803, note),
lyngipicus nanus, Reid, Sfr. F. 1881, p. 24 ; Llargitt, Ibis, 1882,

p. 38 ; Gould, B. Asia, y\.-^\.xxid\., ^ c? (1883).

Male. Above, including rump, dusky brown barred with wbite ;
wing-coverts dusky brown spotted with white ; quills dusky brown,
spotted with white upon both webs, the spots upon the outer webs of
the oiiter primaries being mere specks ; shafts brown; ujjpcr tail-
coverts diisky brown, barred and edged with white ; tail dusky brown,

328 piciDji;.

the feathers spotted upon both webs with white, the dwarf feather
also tipped with the same ; sliafts brown, the tips black ; forehead
and crown browner than the back ; nape black ; lores, a broad
snpcrciliarj- stripe continued down the side of the neck, and checks
white ; from behind the eye, including the ear-coverts, and running
down the side of the neck, a broad stripe of brown ; a well-defined
brown malar stripe ; cbiii and throat white ; entire underparts,
including under tail-coverts, brownish white, broadly but faintly
streaked with dusky brown ; under wing-coverts white spotted
with dusky brown ; axillaries white. Total length 5 inches,
culmen 0*65, wing 2'05, tail l"3o, tarsus 0"62 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-42, outer posterior 0*48, inner anterior 0'35, inner
posterior 0*2.

Hah. North-west Himalayas (Dhurmsala &c.) *.

a. (S ad. sk. Dhurmsala. Pinwill Coll.

b, c. 6 ad. sk. N.W. India. Pinwill Coll.

13. Ijmgipicus hardwickii.

Picus moluccensis, Gray {non Gm.) in Ilardw. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 33.

figs, a, b (1830-32) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xiv. p. 197 (184.5).
Picus (Deudrocopus) hardwickii, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 138

(1844).
Picus hardwickii, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xv. p. 15 (1846) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 136 (1850).
Picus cinereigula, Malh. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1849, p. 531 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 136 (1850); Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 373 (1854).
Picus variegatus, Blyth {non Wayl.), Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 64

(1849).
Yungipicus variegatus, Horsf. ^ Moore (non Wayl.), Cat. B. E. 1.

Co. Mus. ii. p. 675 (1854).
Yungipicus hardwickii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/yod. p. 8 (1854) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. i. -p. 278 (lSG-2); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 354; Jerd. Ibis,

1872, p. 8 ; Butler, Str. F. 1876, p. 36 ; Fairb. to7n. cit. p. 255.
Picus (Yungipicus) hardwickii, Blcmf. J. A. S. B. 1869, p. 168.
Yungipicus nanus, Ball {)ion Viyors), Str. F. 1874, p. 390; Hume,

Str. F. 1875, p. 00 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind Sfc. p. 18 (1879) ;

Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 87 ; Butler, Cat. B. of the S. Portion of

Bombay Presidency, 1880, p. 22.
lyngipicus hardwickii, Harqitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 45 ; Goidd, B. Asia,

vi. pi. xxviii., 6 6 (1883).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump dusky brown, barred with
white ; upper tail-coverts white, striped with brownish black ; wing-
coverts and quills dusky brown, the median and the greater coverts
and both webs of quills spotted with white ; shafts dark brown ;
tail brownish black, the feathers spotted with white on both webs ;

* The occurrence in such a remote region of a species which is ahuost identical
•with the Malayan I. auritus, is very remarkable, but Captain Stackhoiise Pinwill
assures me that there is not a shadow of doubt as to the specimens in cpiestion
having been obtained by him in the region assigned to them.

22. lYNGIPICUS.

329

shafts black with brown bases ; nasal plumes buffy white ; top of
the head, occiput, and nape ciunamon-brown or pale umber-brown,
the hind neck darker brown; upon the side of the occiput an
orange-scarlet stripe ; lores, sides of the face and neck, chin, throat
and fore neck white, the ear-coverts and a stripe behind pale'brown •'
the malar region dusky, with a stripe of pale brown down the side
of the throat and fore neck, these latter with almost obsolete stripes
or spots of pale brown ; entire under surface of the body and under
tail-coverts dull buffy or browuish white, broadly striped with
umber-brown ; under wing-coverts white, spotted with sooty black •
axiUaries white, faintly streaked with brown : " bill and \e^s plum-
beous ; orbital skin lake ; irides pale yeUow " (Jerdon). Total Icn-th
4-3 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-9, tail 1-25, tarsus 0-55 ; toes (with-
out claws)— outer anterior 0-3S, outer posterior 0-47, inner anterior
0-3, inner posterior 0-2.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the scarlet stripe
on the side of the occiput. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-6
wing 3, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-55. '

Hub. Central India, from Oudh south to the Godaveri Valley and
west to Oodypore. '

a, b. cJ iiiim.;

c. 5 ad. sk.
d, e. (S ad. et

imm. ; /, c
2 ad. sk.
. § juv. sk.

S ad. sk.
, ? ad. sk.

m. c? ad. ei
imm. ; w. ^
ad. sk.

S ad. sk.

5 ad. sk.

§ ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. sk.
d $ ad.

Oodypore, Feb. 1878.
Saharunpur, Feb., March.

Hume Coll.

Kumaon Bhabur, March 20.
1871. '

Etawah, Oct. 20, 1865.
Cawnpore, Oct. 9, 1868.
Allahabad, Dec.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

sk.

, w.

sk.

sk.

S ad. sk

62

ad.

a', c? ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. sk.
c', d'. cJ ad. ;

2 ad. sk.
f-i. 6 ad. , ,

I'. 2 ad. sk.
77i', n. S 2 ad.

sk.
o'. S ad. ; p\ 2
imm. sk.

A'.

Sirguja, Jan. 1872.

Oudh.

Oudli, Jan. 1874.

Gondah (6'. Finidll).

Goudah.

Futtehgurh, March, Oct.

Mirzapur, March 1869

Thompson).
Lallgunj, Tirhoot, April

1869.
Behar.
N.E. India.
Sumbalpur, Dee., Jan.

Raipur, Jan., Feb.

Kamptee.

Khandeish.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Pinwill Coll.

Hume Coll.

{R. Hume Coll.

22, Hume Coll.

Hodgson CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Dr. E. B. Hinde [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

330 riciD.T..

([ . c? ad. sk. Khandeish, Dec. 14, 1879 Hume Coll.

{J. Davidson),

r. S ad. sk. Godaveri Valley, April 18, A^^ T. Blauford, Esq.

1871. [P.].

14. lyngipicus gymnophtlialmus.

Little Brown Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 109 (1787).
Piciis iiiolucceusis, var. (i, Lath. Lnd. Oni. i. p. :^-!4 (1790).
Pious miuor, Tar. y, Lath. lnd. Orn. i. p. 230 (1790).
Pious gvmuoplithalmos, Bli/th, J. A. S. Ben;/, xviii. p. 804 (1849) ;

id. Cat. B. Mu.<i. As. ISoc. p. 64 (1849) ; Lai/ard, Ann. ^- Mar/. Nat.

Hist. xiii. p. 448 (1854) ; Beichenb. S'cnny. Bicincp, p. o73 (1854) ;

Gnii/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8578 (1870).
Yunaipicus gviunophthalmos, Kelanrt, Prodr. Cat. p. 128 (1852) ;

J'm/. B. lnd. i. p. 279 (1802) ; Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 427 ;

Ler/f/e, Str. F. 1873, p. 433 ; id. Bns, 1874, p. 15 ; id. Str. F. 1875,

p. 305 ; Bourd. op. cit. 1876, p. 389, pt. ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon,

p. 186 (1879).
Yungipious gymnophthalnius, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8 (1854);

Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8 ; Parker, IIAs, 1886, p. 183.
Picus nanus, Malh. (non Vigors), Picidce, i. p. 145, pi. xxxiii. figs. 1-3

(1801), pt.
Picus gyuiuoplithalmus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 153 (1801); Sundev,

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 298 (1860) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 42 (1868).
Bseopipo gymnoplitlialma. Cab. 4" Heine, Mus. Hein. Tb. iv. p. 59

(1803).
lyngipicus gymnophtlialmus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 47 ; Gould, B.

Asia, vi. pi. xxxii., c? $ (1883).

Adult male. Back and scapulars barred brownish black and white;
rump and upper tail-coverts white, the feathers more or less mar-
gined with black, the rump transversely vai'ied, and the coverts with
a broad stripe-like spot of black ; wings and their coverts brownish
black, the median and the greater coverts as well as both webs of
the quills spotted with white ; shafts of the latter dark brown ;
tail blackish brown, spotted with white upon both webs ; shafts
black, with brown bases ; nasal plumes brown ; top of the head
very dark brown, the occiput, nape, and hind neck nearly black ;
upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe ; lores, sides of the face
and neck, chin and throat white, the ear-coverts dark brown with
a broad stripe behind, the malar region only slightly dusky ; entire
under surface of the body and under tail-coverts buffy white,
the body-feathers nearly uniform, with almost obsolete brown
striations, the under tail-coverts more distinctly striped with brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having a few
dusky brown spots. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0 53, wing
2'8o, tail 1"3, tarsi;s 0-.52 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-4, outer posterior 0-47, inner anterior 0-28, inner posterior 0'22.

Adult female, llesembles the adult of the opposite sex, but wants
the scarlet stripe on the side ef the occiput: "iris white; bill
brownish green ; legs and feet greenish plumbeous " ( W. V. Lei/<je).

22. lYNGipicrs.

331

Total length 4-7 inches, ciilmen 0-55, wing 2-9, tail 1-25, tarsus

The young have the underparts striated, and in the male the red
6tn])e on the side of the occiput is more of an orano-e-scarlet.

Hah. Ceylon, and the extreme southern portion of the peninsula
of India.

a, h. cj' ad. sk.
c. S imm. ; d. $
ad. sk.

2 ad. sk.
L (S ad. sk.
m. (S ad. sk.
n. (S ad. sk.

o. d' ad. sk.

;'. c? imm. sk.

q. d ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
s. d ad. ; t. 5
imm. sk.

Ce^ylon.
Ceylon.

Ceylon (H. XeviU).

Ceylon.

Ceylon, Sept. 9, 1875.

Ceylon, Jan. 26, 1872 ( W.

V.Leijc/e).
Colombo.

Kandy, July 19, 1877

( W'hi/te).
Colta, i'eb. 1,1877 (Hart^.
Anjaugo, Travancore.
Anjango, Dec. 1872.

H.Cuming, Esq. rC.].
Gould Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Colouel Legge TP.].
Hume Co]l.

Philip Green, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Subsp. a. lyngipicus peninsularis.

Picus nanus, Malherbe (non Vie/ors), Picklre, p. 14o, pi. xxxiii fie-^ 4
o (1861) pt. ; Sundei: Consp. Av. Picin. p. 28 (1866) ; G,ra/ Cat

am) '^"'' ^" ^^ ^^^^^^ ' ''^" ^"'""" ^- "• P-^^^' no. 8579

Yungipicus gymnophtbalmos, Boiird. Sir. F. 1876 p 389 pt
lyngipicus peninsularis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 48 ; Gould, B. Asia, ri

VI. pi. xxxiii., c? $ (1883). J , .

''^ /i^llSx'^"® g}nmophtbalmus {non Blyth), Davison, Sir. F. x. p. 354
(lo83). '

Adult male. Eaek and scapulars blacldsh brown barred with
white ; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with stripe-like spots
of dark brown; wings and their coverts, also the tail-feathers
bhickish brown, the median and the greater coverts and both webs'
of the quills and tail-feathers spotted with white ; shafts of quiUs
dark brown, tliose of the rectriccs darker and nearly black at the
tip ; nasal plumes brownish wliite ; top of the head and occiput
dark brown, rufescent anteriorly, the nape and hind neck darker
than the crown ; upon the side of the occiput a scarlet stripe • lores
sides of the face and neck, chin and throat white ; ear-coverts of
the same colour as the crown, and behind them a broad darker
brown stripe down the side of the neck ; fore neck and the whole
of the underparts huffy white, more or less narrowly striped with
rufescent brown ; under tail-coverts dull white, striped with umber
brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaiies white, the former with
conspicuous blackish-brown spots : " bill and legs plumbeous ;
irides yellow-ochre; the bare orbital skin duU lake-red "' {F Bow

332

(IlHou). Total length 4-5 inches, cnlmen 0-6, wing 2-9, tail 1-45,
tarsus 0'55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'33, outer
l^osterior 0-42, inner anterior 0-32. inner posterior 0"2.

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput.
Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0'6, wing 2-9, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-5.

Hab. The Peninsula of India, north to Eelgaum.

«. $ ad. sk.

b. cj ad. ak.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.
e-h. (S ad. ; t.

Juv. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.

/, m. (5'imm.: w,o,p.
5 ad. et imm. sk.
q, r. 5 imm. .sk.

8. c? imm. sk.

t. 5 ad. sk.

u. (S ad. sk.

Madras (T. C. Jenlon).

Madras.

Belgaum (E. A. Butler).

Malabar Coast.

Malabar Coast.

Malabar Coast, Dec. 1868

{Col. Sturt).
Baudapur, Mysore, May 1881

( W. Dav/son).
Muddur, Mysore, May 22,

1881 (W. Davison).
Seegore, Nilgbiris, Feb. 21,

1881 [W. Davison).
Mynall, Travancore, Feb. 18,

'1876 (F. W. Bourdillon).
Macbin-, Lower Palani Hills,

June 14, 1877 (S.B. Fair-
bank).

Gould Coll.
Rev.lI.II.Baber[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

15. lyngipicus maculatus.

Petit Pic d'Autigiie, So7m. Voij. Nouv. Guin. p. 118, pi. 77 (1776).
Le petit fipeicbe (pt.), Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 64 (1780, ex

iSonn.).
Picus maculatus, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. p. 89 (1 780, e.v

So?m.) ; Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 279 (1863).
Picus minor, var. b, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 230 (1790).
Picus moluccensis, Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831, wow Gm.) ; Mal-

herbe, Picida, i. p. 143, pi. xxxii. (1861).
Picus nanus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bene/, xiv. p. 197 (1845, non Vif/ors).
Picus validirostris, Blyth, Cat. B. Miis. As. Sac. p. 64 (1849) ; id.

J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 805 (1849) ; JHeichenb. Scans. PicincB,

p. 373 (1854); Svndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 29 (1866); Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 43 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184,

no. 8582 (1870).
Picus flavinotus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 144 (1861 , e.v spec, in Mvs.

Brit.).
Baiopipo validirostris. Cab. «§• Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 60

(1863).
Picus (Yungipicus) validirostris, Martens, J.f. O. 1866, p. 20.
Yungipicus maculatus, Waldeti, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 148 (1875) ; Sharps,

Tr. Lhm. Soe. 1877, Zool. i. p. 350 ; Kiitter, J.f. O. 1883, p. 295.
lyngipicus maculatus, Ilaryitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 26; Gould, B.Asia, vi.

pi. xxx., cJ ? (1883).

Adult male. Upper parts, together with the wings and tail, also
their coverts, brownish black, the back and scapulars narrowly
barred, the rump and upper tail-coverts more broadly barred with

22. lyNGiPicus. 333

white ; the wing-coverts and the quills on hoth webs spotted with
white ; the central rectrices barred, the lateral ones spotted more
or less transverscl)' with white ; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers
blackish brown, those of the central rectrices pale ochreous brown
at the base ; forehead and crown dark brown ; occiput, nape, and
hind neck nearly black ; upon the side of the occiput a narrow
scarlet stripe ; nasal plumes ochreous white, with black tips ; sides
of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck white, a very broad
brownish-black auricular stripe, the malar region, sides of the throat,
and the fore neck with large spots of black ; under surface of the
body fulvescent, broadly striped with black; the under tail- coverts
fulvescent, with dusky-brown centres ; iinder wing-coverbs and
axillaries white, the former spotted with black : " iris brown ; bill
black ; legs greenish " (A. H. Everett). Total length 5-2 inches,
culmenO-7, wing 3'05, tail 1"35, tarsus 0'6 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0'35, inner
posterior (>2.

Adult female. Wants the red stripe on the side of the occiput,
but is otherwise like the male. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0'7,
wing 3, tail 1'45, tarsus 0'6.

Hub. Philippine Islands : Luzon, Panay, and Guimaras.

(I, fj. 6 2 ^d- sk. Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].

c,f/. cJ ad.; e. 5ad.sk. Manila. Gould Coll.

f,p. S ? ad. sk. Manila {Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll.

'h,'i. d" $ ad. ; k. $ Monte Alban, Feb. 1877 (A. Tweeddale Coll.
imm. sk. Everett).

16. lyngipicus fulvifasciatus.

lyngipicus fulvifasciatus, ZTar^i^^, Ibis, li?81, p. 698 ; id. op. cit. 1882,
p. 28 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xxxi., c? ? (1883).

Adult male. Above, including axillaries, deep black barred with
pale buff ; rump and upper tail- coverts pale buff, a few of the latter
having a black shaft-stripe ; wing-coverts deep black, with large
spots and bars of buffy white ; quills black, spotted upon both webs
with huffy white, giving a barred appearance to the wing, the spots
upon the outer webs of the primaries very minute ; a few of the
innermost secondaries barred with white upon both webs ; shafts
black ; tail pale buffy brown barred with black ; dwarf feather
blackish brown, tipped and barred with white ; shafts of the central
pair of feathers buffy white, black at the tip, those of the remainder
dark brown ; base of the forehead rufous, the remainder and the
crown dark brown, the edge of the latter, likewise the occiiiut and
hind neck, black ; upon the outer part of the occiput a tuft of scarlet
feathers, but not uniting with the corresponding one ; from above
the eye and running down the side of the neck a broad stripe of
buffy white ; lores and cheeks also buffy white ; from behind the
eye, including the ear-coverts, and running down the side of the
neck a broad black stripe ; chin and throat buffy white, the latter
having a few spots of black ; a black malar stripe, composed

334 piciD-E.

of numerous spots ; chest pale buff, largely spotted with black ;
uii(ler])art.s dull saffron-vellow striped with black ; under tail-coverts
buti'v brown with darker centres ; under wing-coverts white, spotted
and varied with intense black; axillaries white : "iris crimson"
(^■1. H. Everett). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-25,
tail 1-45, tarsus 0-6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer
posterior 0"5, inner anterior U-35, inner posterior 0'2.

A younger male has the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform ;
the white on the sides of the face and neck, chin and throat jrarer ;
the spots on the chest and breast smaller, and the breast not so
yellow ; the under wing-coverts less spotted with black, and the
primaries tipped with white.

Adult female, llesembles the male, but wants the scarlet feathers
on the side of the occiput. Total length 5-5 inches, culraeu 0-8,
wing 3-35, tail 1-55, tarsus 0-6.

Hah. Philippines : Mindanao (Zamboanga) and Basilan.

a. 5 ad. sk. Zamboanga, May 1878 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

Ecerctt). (? type of species.)

b. ? imm. sk. Zamboanga, May 1878 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).

c. (S ad. sk. Basilan, May 1878 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett). (Type of s])ecies.)

d. d ad. sk. Basilan, May 1878 (A. Tweeddale Coll.

Eve7-ett).

17. lyngipicus ramsayi.

lyngipicus ramsayi, Ilanjitt, Ibis, 18S1, p. 598 ; id. op. cit. 1882,
p. 49 ; Guukl, ii. Asia, vi. pi. xxiv., S 6 (1882) ; Guillem. P. Z. S.
1885, p. 254.

Adult male (type of species). U[)per and middle back dingy olive-
brown varied with white, the bases of the feathers being white
and giving the back a striped appearance ; lower back, rump, and
up])er tail-coverts white, striped with brown ; scapulars and wing-
coverts uniform brown ; quills blacker, but edged externally with
brown, the inner webs only spotted with white, except a few of the
innermost secondaries, which have both webs spotted as well as the
tips white ; shafts dark brown, in some quills black ; tail uniform
brown, dwarf feather (only) tipped and spotted on the outer web with
white ; shafts of the central rectrices brown, lighter at the base,
those of the remainder being black ; nasal plumes brownish black ;
forehead, crown, nape, and hind neck dingy olive-brown ; edge of
the posterior half of the crown and occiput bright scarlet, the
feathers being elongated ; lores brownish white ; a broad super-
ciliary stripe continued down the side of the neck Avhite, as are like-
wise the cheeks ; from behind the e} e, including the ear-coverts,
and running down the side of the neck a broad stripe of brown ;
chin and throat white, the latter spotted with dusky brown ; a
broad dusky brown malar stripe uniting on the fore neck with the
corresponding one; chest rich saffron-yellow, faintly striped with

I

22. iTNGiPicus. 335

dusky ; underparts dull yellowish white, faintly streaked with dusky
brown ; under tail-coverts j^ale dusky Lrown, edged with dingy
yellowish white; under wing-coverts brown varied with white:
axillaries white : " iris indian red ; bill slate ; tarsus dull blue-
black" (GuiUemard). Total length 5*5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing
3-2, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*4,
outer posterior 0-5, inner anterior 0'33, inner posterior 0"22.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the scarlet
feathers bordering the hinder portion of the crown and on the
occiput, these parts being dark brown : " iris indian red ; bill
brownish; tarsus brownish black" (GuiUemard). Total length
5-6 inches, culmen 0"8, wing 3'-i, tail Iw, tarsus 0-6.

The younger female has some indistinct spots of pale brown upon
the inner webs of the four central rectrices : "iris brown ; bill slate-
black ; tarsus olive-green " (GuiUemard).

Hah. Sulu Islands.

a. cS ad. sk. [Sulu Islands] (A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

(T^-pe of species.)

b. S ad. sk. [Sulu Islands] (A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

IS. lyngipicus temmincki.

Picus temmincki, Mallterhe, Rev. et Mar), de Zool. 1849, p. 529 ;

Bj). Confp. i. p. 137 (1850) ; Malh. Picidce, i. p. 15-3, pi. xxxvi.

fig. 3 (1801) ; tSundev. Cons^p. Av. Picin. p. 29 (1806) ; Gray, Li<t

Field. Brit. Mus. p. 43 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 184, no. 8583

(1870).
Yungipicus tenmiincki, Bonap. Cotisp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 8 (1854) ;

Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. pp. 41, 111 (1872); Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civic. Genov. vii. p. 647 (1875) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 57 ; Bias.

J. f. O. 1883, p. 135.
Bseopipo temmincki, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 60 (1863).
Yungiceps temmincki, Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, p. 405 (laps. cal.).
lyngipicus temmincki, Harr/itt, Ibis, 18S2, p. 49 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi.

pi. XXV., cJ 2 (1882) ; Guillem. P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 540.

Adult male. Back and scapulars pale dusky olive, barred with
pale buff ; rump aud upper tail-coverts buff, the latter having a
reddish-brown tinge and barred with dark brown ; wing-coverts
olive-brown, the quills brown, the median and greater coverts, as
well as outer webs of the quills, spotted with buffy white, the spots on
the inner webs of the latter pure white ; shafts of quills dark brown ;
central pair of tail-feathers of the same colour as the coverts, the
rest rather darker, and the whole barred with umber-brown ; shafts
brown, yellow at the base ; forehead and crown olive-dusky ; a band
of scarlet spreads across the occiput on to the side of the neck •
nape buffy white ; lores white ; sides of the face aud neck olive-
dusky, with a white superciliary stripe, and another white stripe
from the lores passing under the ear-coverts and down the side of
the neck ; malar region dusky, mixed with white ; chin aud throat
dusky, crossed by whitish markings, aud a median stripe of buffy

336 PICIDyE.

white on the fore ueck ; underparts dingy huffy white, broadly
striped with brown, the chest and breast washed with yellow ;
nndcr tail-coverts pale ochreous brown, with iiinber-brown stria-
tions ; under wing-coverts white, with a few large dusky-brown
spots : " iris brown ; bill greyish brown ; tarsus dull olive" (Guilh-
mard). Total length 5-2 inches, culmcn 0-72, wing 3-05, tail 1-55,
tarsus 0-57 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-45, outer pos-
terior 0-52, inner anterior 0-37, inner posterior 0-22.

Adult female. Wants the scarlet occipital feathers. Total length
5"2 inches, culmeu 0'7, wing 3'05, tail VQ, tarsus 0"6.

Hah. Confined to Celebes.

a. 2 ad. sk. Celebes. Purchased.

b,c.S2 ad. sk. L'elebes. Gould Coll.

d. S imm. sk. Celebes. Wallace Coll.

e,f. c? $ ad. sk. N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

g. S ad. sk. Menado. Gould Coll.

/(, i. 6 $ ad. .sk. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

19. lyngipicus obsoletus *.

Picus obsoletus, Wagl. Isis, 18:19, p. 510; Eiipp. Si/st. Uehers. 1854,

p. SB; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 485 (1846) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picmcp,

p. 378, pi. dcxl. figs. 4271, 4272 (1854) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 31 (1866); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 803 (1871).
Dendrobates hemprichii, juv., liiipp. Si/st. Uehers. 1845, p. 88 {teste

M(dherbe).
Picus DUirinus {non Malh.), Sundev. (Efo. Konc/l. Vet.-Akad. Fnr-

handl. Stockli. 1850, p. 131 ; Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Brem. 1882,

p. 207.
Dendromus obsoletus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zijgod. p. 9 (1854).
Dendrobates obsoletus, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 199.
Dendropicus obsoletus, Hartl. Or7i. W.-Afr. p. 178 (1857) ; Malh.

Picklce, i. p. 206, pi. xlv. figs. 1, 2 (1861) ; Jlartl. J. f. 0. 1861,

p. 263 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 69 (1868) ; id. Hand-t.

B. ii. p. 190, no. 8662 (1870); Harqitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 431; Hartl.

Zool. Jlihrh. Zeitsch. Sijst. Gcog. Biol. Thieve, 1887, p. 308.^
Ipophilus obsoletus. Cab. l^ Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 113 (1863).
Ipophilus niurinus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mies. Hein. iv. p. 113, note

(1863).
Picus hedenborgi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 31 (1866).
Dendropicus nuuiinis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mvs. p. 60 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8663 (1870).

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and
lesser wing-coverts umber-brown, the rump and upper tail-coverts
barred with white ; median and greater M'ing-coverts and the quills
blackish brown, the former, as Avell as both webs of the latter,
spotted with white ; shafts of quills clear brown; tail brownish
black, barred or transversely spotted with creamy white : shafts
pale brown ; nasal plumes, forehead, and crown umber-brown ;

* I think this is without doubt a true lyngipicvs, and the occurrence of tliis
ludian genus in the Ethiopian Region is remarkable.

23. BENDROBATES.

337

occipital band scarlet ; nape rather darker than the crown ; sides
of the face and neck, chin, throat, and fore neck white, with a broad
umber-brown auricular stripe, and a broad malar one, of the same
colour, bordering the throat and fore neck ; under surface of the
body and under tail-coverts dull white, striped with um1)er-brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the former having dusky-
brown spots. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-15, tail
1'3, tarsus 0"58 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"46, outer
posterior 0"5, inner anterior 0-37, inner posterior 0*25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
occipital band. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3'2, tail
1"55, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. In North-eastern Africa it ranges from Senaar through Kor-
dofan south to Eongo and Langomeri ; westward into Senegambia.

a, &. c? 2 ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

c, d. S ^ ad. sk. Senegambia. Old Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. LaDgomeri, Equatorial Africa, Aug. Shelley Coll.

{Emiii Pacha).

23. DENDROBATES. ^^ ^

Deudrobates, Sjoains. Faun. Bor.-Amcr. p. 300 (1831) . D. atfinis.
Eleopicus, B}). Consp. Vulucr. Zygud. p. 10 (1854) .... D. olivinus.
Capnopicus, Bjt. Consp. Vohia:' Zygod. p. 10 (1854) . . D. funiigatus.
Callipiciis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10 (1854) . . D. callonotus.
Campias, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 145 (1863) . D. tepln-odops
Pha30uerpes, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Heiii. iv. p. 139(1863) D. fumigatus.

Bill and foot of Dcndrohafes uffinis.

Bange. Sonth America as far soutli as the northern provinces of
the Argentine Kepublic ; through Central America, north to Jalapa
in Southern Mexico.

VOL. XVIII. 2

338 riciDJi.

Keij to ilie Sjiecies.

A. With no yellow nuchal band.
a'. Upper wiuji-coverts not spotted.
a" . IJniforni above and below.

a'". Above and below brown tinj,^ed
with olive, the back-feathers some-
times tipped with rusty red.
a^. Face light brown.

a'. Larger : length G'3 inches, wing
3*85 ; upper tail-coverts in adult,
as well as in young, nearly
black, rarely tipped with olive
in the adult.

a''. Crown and occiput red fumiyatus ^ ad., p. 343.

b''. Top of the head and the occi-
put brown, without any red . fumiyatus 5 ad., p. 343.
6'. Smaller : length 6 inches, culmen
3'53 ; upper tail-coverts in adult
generally tinged with olive,
c". Top of the head and the occi-
put red cah(iti(S ad., p. 344.

fZ°. Top of the head and the occi-
put blackish brown cahuti^^^-, p- 344.

hK Anterior half of face white, shading
into brown posteriorly.
c\ Crown and occiput dull red .... oleciffmits c^ ad., p. 345.
fp. A^'itll no red ou the cro^^■u or

occiput oleuijinus 5 ad., p. 345.

b'" . Above gulden brown, conspicuously
washed with red, this colour also
extending on to the wing-coverts,

side of the neck, and the chest ; top [p. .'JJO,

of the head and tlie occiput crimson. sunyninok'ntKs ,^ aA.,
c"'. Above bright red ; below uniform
white or buffy white ; the face and
side of the neck posteriorly pale
buffy brown.
c\ Top of the head, occiput, and nape

red caUunotusS'^d.., p. 347.

d^. Top of the head, occiput, and nape

dusky or brownish black caUonotus^nd., p. 347.

b" . Below barred ; unil'omi or slightly
spotted above.
iV" . Underparts white, with verj' narrow
dusky b;U's.
e'. Orbital region and upper part of the
face, including the ear-coverts,
dusky brown, this colour not sepa-
rated from the crown and occiput
by white ; underparts with only a

few faint dusky bars callouotns juv., p. 347.

/'. Orbital region and auricular stripe
blackish brown, the latter sepa-
rated from the crown and occiput
by white ; underparts entirely
barred in adult (the barring more
obsolete in young).

23. DENDKOHATES. 339

e'. Feathers of tlie crown, occiput,
and nape black, tipped with

red peruvianus cJ ad., p. 348.

/'. With no red on the black feathers

of the top of the head or naje. . 2'e?7fy/«rt«A- 2 ad., p. 3d8.
e". Underparts dusky olive, with narrow
whitish bars.
(/^, Crown, occiput, and nape red .... sanffuim'us(^ ad., p. 348,
/<■*. Crown, occiput, and nape blackish

brown, .spotted A\^th diunry white, sanc/umeus 5 ad., p. 349.
f". Above entirely olive, golden olive,
or brownish olive.
i*. Chin, throat, and entire underparts
barred.
ff^. Underparts white or yellowish,
barred with black or oh ve-black.
e**. Rump spotted with yellow ;
no red on the back ; central
tail-feathers spotted at the
base.
cf. Feathers of the crown and
occiput black, tipped with

red kirtlandi (S &d., p. 350.

d''. Crown and occiput olive,

without any red kirllandi'^ ad., p. 349.

f^. Rump not spotted ; back
spotted with dull red ; central
tail-feathers not .spotted.
c'. Top of the head, occiput,

and nape red niyriceps cj Ad., p. 350.

cr . Top of the head, occiput,

and nape black nigriceps J ad., p. 351.

A'. Underparts mo use-grey, narrowly
barred with pale brown ; rump
barred with 3'eliow.

^". Top of the head red mwinusSa.d., p. 351.

/*". Top of the head diusky olive,

striped with yellowish white. muri7ius'^a.d., p. 351.
j*. Chin and throat striped ; chest and
breast barred ; the remainder of
underparts uniform ; top of the

head, occiput, and nape red .... diynusS^d., p. 351.
Upper wing-coverts spotted with yellow

or white.
;" . Chin and throat as well as underparts
barred.
(/'". Face umber-brown, with no white
on malar region ; underparts dark
olivaceous dusky or brownish, nar-
rowly barred with dingv white ;
back with almost obsolete yellowish
shaft-stripes.
Z;'. Top of the head and the occiput

red tcjihrodiijhs- cj ad., p. 353.

I*. Top of the head and the occiput
dusky brown, with pale buffy

brown spots tephrodops 5 ad., p. 353.

z2

340

/*'". Face olivaceous, the eav-covevts
uniform, the remainder spotted or
barred with white ; nnderparts
equally barred fulvescent white aud
pale olive-brow^n ; back with trans-
verse yellow spots.
m*. Top of the head, occiput, and nape

scarlet tanmiotits cj ad., p. 353.

nK Top of the head, occiput, and nape
dusky brown, minutely spotted

with'duU -n hite tmnionotus $ ad., p. 354.

I" . Chin aud throat spotted or striped.
i". Entire uuderparts barred.

o'. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
spotted with yellow, the back
transversely so ; spots on wing-
coverts white ; underparts oUva^
ceous dusky, naiTOwly barred with
dull white.
z\ Crown and occiput red, forehead

spotted with white frontalis (^hd., p. 355.

j'. Crown and occiput not red, but

spotted like the forehead frontalis $ ad., p. 354.

p*. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
with faint yellow shaft-stripes;
spots on wing-coverts yellow ;
underparts barred olive aud ful-
vescent white.
A;'. Crown and occiput red, the fore-
head spotted with smoky white, dt/ilis S ad., p. 356.
P. Top of the head, occiput, and uape
dusky brown, spotted with

white affilis § ad., p. 355.

q'*. Back and upper tail-coverts uni-
form, the rump narrowly barred
with yellow ; underparts olive
dusljy or brown, narrowly barred
with dull white.
»«'. Occiput and nape red, the fore-
head and crown umber-brown . olivinus (^ ad., p. 356.
m'. With no red on occiput or nape,
these, together witli the fore-
head and crown, being dusky
ohve-brown, the feathers having
lighter tips aud on the occiput
a somewhat spotted appear-
ance olivinus J ad., p. 357.

/". Chest and upper breast olivaceous

brown, not barred, but wnth spots

and shaft-stripes of dull whitish ;

central tail-feathers uniform.

H. Top of the head, occiput, and nape

red fidelis S ad., p. 357.

s^. With no red on the top of the head
or nape, these being dusky brown
with hair-like streaks of yellowish
or whitish posteriorly fchiis $ ad., p. 357.

ad., p. 358.

spiloff aster § ad., p. 359.

23. DENDROBATES.

A-'". Underparts spotted with dull yel-
lowish white ; above entirely spotted
with yellow.
t*. Top of the head and the occiput
brownish black, the forehead with
longitudinal spots of white, the
crown and occiput striped with

**- ^ , SDiloodstcr r7

u\ With no red on the head, the fea-
thers of the entire top of the head
and occiput having white shaft-
stripes terminating in a spot ....
B. With yellow nuchal band, alwavs distinct in
the female, but more or less washed with
red in the old male.
c'. With no red on rump or upper tail-coverts.
e". With no red on back or wings.
I'". Upper parts and outer webs of quills
spotted.
vK Top of the head dusky black, the
forehead and greater part of the
crown striped with white, the fea-
thers of the hind part of crown
and of the occiput tipped with red.
IV*. With no red on the top of the head
or occiput, the whole being striped

with white macuUfrom9&A\

m . Upper parts and outer webs of ■ + >

quills uniform.
a;^ Top of the head and the occiput

4 T^^'*'^ ■ i':," ' "i" ■•:;■•• V ; ccmhuc^ad., p. 360.

y'. lop of the head and the occiput

blackish brown, with no red ....
/". With red on back or wings.

w'". Malar region miiform ochreous buff,
like the face.
z\ Wing-coverts almost entirely blood-
red, with large triangular pinkish-
white spots ; the back conspicu-
ously washed with red ; the dark
barring on underparts nearly
black.
0°. Top of the head and the occiput

, J[f^- ; • rujcepsc^tid., p. 361

p\ With no red on the top of the
head or occiput, these being
dusky brown, olive posteriorly,
the forehead with a few minute

brownish-white spots riijiceps^ad., p. 362.

«a*. Wing-coverts and upper parts only
slightly tinged with red, the spot-
ting on the coverts more of a buff;
the dark barring on underparts
olivaceous dusky or brown.
g*. Top of the head and the occiput

^^^ "Jinis<Sa.d., p. 363.

341

[p. 360.
maculifrom cS a.d.,

[p. 360.

cassini^&d., p. 361.

342

?■*. Top of the head and the occiput

dusky brown, with no red .... f/^/ii'sJ ad., p. 303.

o'". Makr region .spotted like the chiu

and upper throat.

bb'^. Wing-coverts spotted with huff,

the spots sometimes washed with

red ; sexual diflereuces as in the

adult affinis jiiv., p. 363.

cc*. Wing-coverts margined with red
and not spotted, the median series
with (at most) a yellowish shaft-
stripe.
fiS. Top of the head and the occiput [p. 3(!4.

red hcematostigma c? ad.,

t^. Top of the head and the occiput [p. 3"4.

olivaceous dusky, with no red . hfeonatostigma 5 ad.,
d'. Eump and upper tail-coverts crimson.
g". Wing-coverts spotted ; malar region,
chin, and upper tliroat covered with
dusky spots on a white ground.
p". Top of the head and the occiput red. kirkiSAA., p. 3Go.
q'". Top of the head and the occiput
almost uniform dusky brown, with

no red /twVa'J ad., p. 365.

h". Wing-coverts not spotted ; the malar
region, chin, and upper throat less
spotted and conspicuously whiter.
r'". Top of the head and the occiput red. cecilicB^&A., p. 366.
s'". Top of the head and the occiput
brownish duslrv, with conspicuously
lighter tips to the feathers, but with
no red cecilia: J ad., p. 366.

1. Dendrobates fumigatus.

Picus fumigatus, Lafr. ^- cVOrb. Voij. Ainir. Merid. iv. p. 380,

pi. Ixv. fig. 1, S (1835-44) ; Tsch. Av. Consp. Rep. Peruan. in Arch.

fur Naturg. 1844, p. 303, no. '2'A ; Cub. in Tschudis Faun. Peruan.,

'Orn. pp. 43, 267 ( 1845^6) ; Su7idev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 35 (18G6).

Mesopicos fumigatus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 341.
Dendrobates fumigatus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Chloronerpes fumigatus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118 (1850);

Reiclienh. Scans. Picints, p. 356, no. 822, pi. dcxxvi. lig. 4170, S

(1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161 ; id. op. cit. 1859, p. 146 ; id.

Cat. A7ner. B. p. 337, no. 2000 (1862) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mns.

p. 112 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8807 (1870) ; Sclat. Sf

Salv. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1873); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546; id.

op. cit. 1879, p. 240 ; Sclat. i^ Salv. t. c. pp. 533, 631 ; Tacz. op.

cit. 1880, p. 209 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 394, no. 1927 (1882);

Berl. ^ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 307 ; iid. op. cit. 1885, p. 106 ;

Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 79 (1886).
Capnopicus fumigatus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyc/od. p. 10, no. 168

(1854).
Mesopicus fumigatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 51, pi. Ivii. figs. 3, 4, J 5

(18G2).
Phseonerpes fumigatus. Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 139 (1863).

23. DENDEOBATES. 343

A(J>dt male. Back, scapulars, and rump olive-brown, the feathers
having j-ellower tips, those of the back being slightly tinged with
rusty red ; upper tail-coverts black ; wing-coverts, bastard-wing,
primary-coverts and (juills brown, the wing-coverts and outer webs
of the secondaries narrowly margined with brownish olive, the
inner webs of the quills (except at the tips of the primaries) having
marginal quadrate spots of white ; shafts brown, slightly reddish ;
central tail-feathers almost black, the lateral ones browner : shafts
of central feathers black, brown at the base, those of the lateral
feathers brown ; nasal plumes and forehead brown ; crown, occiput,
and nape crimson, the bases of the feathers duskj- black ; hind neck
like the back, but slightly lighter; sides of the face and neck
brown with a fulvescent gloss, the lores and under the eye lighter ;
the malar region dusky, the feathers having pale brown tips ; the
whole of the under surface of the body brown, the feathers more or
less with fulvescent tips, the partly exposed bases of those of the
chin and upper throat dusky white ; under tail-coverts of the same
colour as the underparts ; under wing-coverts dull Avhite, striped
and transversely spotted with brown. Total length G-3 inches,
culmen 0-84, wing 3-85, tail 2, tarsus 0-7 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"48, outer posterior 0"o2, inner anterior 0'43, inner
posterior 0-2.5.

The younger male, although resembling generally the adult, is
more dusky in colour, and the red on the head and nape is very much
duller, this being ])articularly the case with the nuchal feathers.

Adult feni ale. Has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dark
brown, the feathers having lighter brown tips. In other respects it
resembles the adult male. Total length 0 inches, culmen 0"85,
wing 3-72, tail 1'8H, tarsus 0'72.

JIah. Bolivia, and south into the Province of Corrientes, Argentine
Bepublic ; north into Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.

a, b. S ad. sk. U.S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll.

c, f/. c? $ imm. sk. Bogota, U.S. Colombia. Purchased.

e. S ad. sk. Bogotfi. Gould Coll.

/. 2 ad. ; g. ^ Bogota. Sclater Coll.

juv. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk. Medelhn, Antioquia (T. K. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salmon).
i. (S ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia {T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salmon).
k. 2 ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Purchased.

/. 2 ad. sk. Quito. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. S i^d. sk. Maraviuo, Ecuador {Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gomez).
n. S ad. sk. Sau Jose, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

leg^.
0. S iium. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. Buckley).

344

PICID^.

2. Dendrobates caboti.

Chloronei'pes oleagiueus (n<m Licht.), Sclat. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1800,
p. 400; Zeled. Cat. Av. Cvsta Mica, 1882, p. 23, no. 487 ; Boucard,
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 452 J Zeled. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885,
p. 111.

Mesopicus caboti, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 53, pi. Ivii. fig. 1, 6 (18G2).

Chloronerpe? caboti, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no. 2011 (1802) ;
Salv. IbLs 1800, p. 200 ; id. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 157 ; Grat/, List
Picid. Brit. Mils. p. 113 (1808) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8809
(1870) ; Salo. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212 ; id. ^- Sclat. Nomencl. Av.
Nevtr. p. 9'J (1873) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Pica, 1882, p. 23,
no. 489; id. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 111.

PhEeonerpes caboti, Cah. ij Heiiie, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 1.39 (1803).

Picas caboti, Sundev. Consj). Av. Pivin. p. 35 (1800).

Achdt male. Similar to D. fumigatus, but is considerably less in
size, and has the upper tail-coverts, in the adult, generally tinged
with olive. It also resembles B. oleaijinus, but may be distinguished
by not having the anterior part of the face white, the fore part of
the face being only of a lighter shade of brown than the hinder
part. The dimensions of the present species are also less than
those of D. oleaginus. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-87, wing
3"53, tail 2, tarsus 0"75 ; toes (without claws)- — outer anterior 0-48,
outer posterior 0-58, inner anterior 0'43, inner posterior 0'26.

Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish
brown, but is in other respects like the adult male. Total length
6 inches, culmen 075, wing 3'27, tail 1*83, tarsus 0"64.

Hab. Vcragua, Costa Kica, Guatemala, British Honduras, and
Yucatan, and extending into Southern Mexico to Teapa.

a. S juv. sk. Teapa, Mexico, Feb. {D. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Smith).

b. (S ad. sk. Guatemala.

c. (S ad. sk. Savaua Grande, Guatemala

(0. 6'.)._

d. (S imm. sk. Sources Rio de la Pasion, Vera
Paz {O.S.).

Choctum, Vera Paz, Jan.

(O. ,S'.).
Choctum, Vera Paz (O. <S'.).
Retaluleu, Guatemala ( O. S.).
British Hondm'as {F. Blancan-

eaii.r).
Orange Walk, British Hondm'as, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dec. {G. F. Gaumer).
m. (S juv. sk, Costa Rica {A. R. Endres). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. tS ad. sk. Costa Rica. Tweeddale Coll.

o,p. cJ ad. sk. Veragua (£ ^/'ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e,f. c? imm. ; g.
2 ad. sk.
(S imm. sk.
2 ad. sk.
(J ad. sk.

h
i.
k

I. 2 ad. sk

0. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Dendrobates oleaginus.

Picas oleaginus, LicJtt. Preis- Verz. Me.r. Thicr. ges. v. Deppe S,- Schiede,
i .no. 22 C1830); id. J. f. 0. 1803, p. 55; Sundev. Consp. Av.
Picin. p. 35 (1800).

23. DENDEOBATES. QIC

Capn^Jcus oleaginus, Bj,. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 170

Chloronerpes oleaginus, Rdchenb. Beans. Fldnce p 356 no 8->^
pi. dclxxv hgs. 4467-08, $ ^ ad. (1854); ^S.^'r'^ t S&

Hht N York' \r(£' t li, V?- ^^^' ^''""■- ^««- -^i/'^- ^'«<
n 119 ns,i^t. '-^ ??^' ,P; i-^1.5 ^'-"i/. ^'«^ I'idd. Brit. Mus
p. 11^ (•lo()&) id. Hand-l. B. i o ''OO no >s>^n^ norn- c. ; 1 t

'''It?862t"'''""' ^''"'- '''"■''"' "■ P- '^^' P^- 1-i- fio-. 6, 7, ^ 5

Pha^onerpes oleagineus, Cah. ^ mine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. I4O (18G3).

Mult male. Eack, scapulars, and rump brown tin<.ed with

goden ohve; npper tail-coverts brownish black ; w Xvrrts

bastard-wing pnmary-coverts and yuiUs brown, the ba"al hllTof

the inner webs of the primaries and nearly the whcL nt fi «

r 1: i;i;:irt.r "^-^k^ ''-■—') JoriiSrss

on tne mai gin , shafts orange-brown ; tail uniform blackish brown

malar region, chm, and throat dusky, some of the feXrs
having dull whitish tips; the whole of the unde surfie n ■
the body uniform brown, the feathers tipped with a br'htcr 0
mure golden brown; under tail-coverts blackish brown 1

wing-coverts white striped with brown, the ed^of th wi J b^:^"
of X'fl"";"/?/^^f '^^"-n ^°^^^ l-gth6-S inchii 1^

posterior 0-26. ^ ^ ^^' '''""'' ''^'^t"'^*'^ ^-JS, inner

Adult female Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
crown, and occiput brownish black, the feathers beinVtippedS
brown, this producing a somewhat spotted appearance^ S

//«6. feouthern Mexico, north to Jalapa and City of Mexico and
ranging into Northern Yucatan (Tizimin) *. '

^. 6 juv. sk. Orizaba (^o^.r/). 8ciate Rn^'

d. d ad. ; e. ^ Near the City of Mexico (G Sah- Tni n „

imm.sk. B White) ' ^'-''^^^'^ K^- '^AlMu-CTodmau Coll.

I cmool .qrnMe .n e»ampl. from Hi, lo<^UI^him^Z^,7ll^^,^,

346

4. Dendrobates sanguinolentus.

Chloronorpes sanguinolentus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. GO, pi. cli. ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 112 (18G8) ; id. llandX B. ii.

p. 1^00, no. 880G (1870) ; Svlat. i!)- Sail). Nuiiieiwl. Av. Neotr.

p. 91) (1873).
Mesopicus sanguinolentus, Malh. Picida, ii. p. 76, pi. xliii. bis. fig. 6,

6 (18G2).
Pha;onerpes sanguinolentus, Cah. S,- Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 140

(18G3).
Phseonerpes reiclienbaclii *, Cah. 4'- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 141

(1863).
Picus sanguinolentus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 35 (1866).
Pious rubidust, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 35 (1866).
Chloioneipes reiclienbaclii. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mies. p. 112 (1868);

id. Uand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8805 (1870).

Adult male. Resembles D. cahoti, but differs iu having the back,
scapulars, and hind neck conspicuously washed with blood-red, the
feathers of the rump, the upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, the
feathers of the lower side of the neck and of the chest, also the
under tail-coverts, margined or tipped with the same blood-red
colour. The present species also bears a strong resemblance to both
I), ulear/inus and D. famirjatus, but its dimensions are considerably
less, and in addition to the characters which separate it from
D. cahoti, it differs from D. olecir/imis in not having the anterior
half of face white, and from D. fumi(/ati(s in having olive-tinged
upper tail-coverts. Total length (! inches, culmen 0%S7, wing S'^S,
tail 1-72, tarsus 0*7 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"4S,
outer posterior 0*54, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0'2S.

Hub. Honduras (Omoa) ; Venezuela (Caraccas +).

5. Dendrobates callonotus.

Picus callonotus, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1840, p. 182, 2 ad. ; Lafr. Eev.
Zool. 1847, p. 77, S ; l^es Murs, Iconoyr. Orn. livr. 10, p. 4," pi. lix..

* I cannot see any specific difference between this and the present species.
The wide extent of country between the habitats of the two birds may at first
sight seem not to favour this view, but it is not more surprising than to find
Ficumniis olivacms from Bogota reappearing in Honduras, the intervening
country being tenanted by the yellow-crowned P. granadensis. Cabanis and
Heine's species may be only a very red-backed D. fumigatus, of which I have
seen an example from Medellin.

+ 1 have already expressed my belief that this bird is no other than D. san-
guinolentus. Sundevall has been completely misled by the figure of the
latter species, and places it in a section separate from his P. ruhidus, on account
of the former having (according to the figure) the lateral tail-feathers barred
externally. The tail, on tlie contrary, is perfectly uniform, tluis correspond-
ing with Sundevall's P. riibidics, and there are none of the bar-like markings on
the outer webs of the quills, as represented in the figure. I have the type of
D. sunyiiinolcnfiis before me as I write this.

J I give this as a habitat, presuming that Sundevall's P. rubidus is
identical with Chloroncrpes sanguinolentus of Sclater.

23. DKNDKOBATES. 347

c? ad. (1849) ; Malh. Picida; i. p. 129, pi. xxx. figrs. 1, 2, rj 2

(18G1); Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 334, no. 1995 (1862) ; Simdev.

Omsp. Ao. Ficin. p. 35 (1800).
Dendrobates callonotus, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.')7 (1815).
Chloronerpos cardiiialis (nun Gm.), Less. Echo Mond. Sav. 1845,

p. 920, 2 ; id. Uescr. Ois. Rcc. decouv. 1847, p. 201, 2 •
Venilia callonotus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850).
Callipicus callonotus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 202

(1854).
Chloronerpes callonotus, Scl(d.. P. Z. S. ISliO, pp. 286, 297 ; Grai/, List

Pieid. Brit. Mus. p. 114 (1808) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8813

(1870); Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99(1873); Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 570 ; id. l^- Bed. op. cit. 1885, p. 100.

Adult male. The whole of the top of the head, hind neck, back,
rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and -sving-coverts, and mar-
gins of outer webs of secondaries scarlet, the remaining portion of
the (]uills brown, the outer webs having a j-ellowish tinge, tlie inner
webs more dusky, the basal half being margined with white and
barred with duskj' browu, except on the innermost secondaries,
which want the dark bars ; shafts reddish browu; the six central
tail-feathers uniform brownish black, the lateral ones blackish brown
barred with brownish buff, shafts blackish browu ; nasal plumes
blackish brown ; sides of the face and neck buffy brown ; from the
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, white with a slight
buffy tinge, the under tail-coverts having a few narrow dusky bars ;
iindcr wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing browu. Total length
5-5 inches, culmen 085, wing 2-S, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-6 ; toes (withoiit
claws) — outer anterior 0"52, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0'4,
inner posterior 0*25.

Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape black,
but is otherwise like the adult male. Total length 5-3 inches, cul-
men 0'7, wing 295, tail 1'7, tarsus 0"57.

Youiiij. Maj' be distinguished from the adult by the very narrow
dusky l)arring on the underparts, and also on the lower side of the
neck ; also in having the face, onl}', dusky brown, this colour not
extending down the side of the neck, and not separated from the
crown by a white stripe.
Hah. Western Ecuador.

a. 2 ^^- st- Guayaquil, Ecuador. Zoological Society.

(Type of species.)

b. S 'T-d. sk. Guavaquil. Capt. Kellett and

Lieut. Wood [P.].

c. d. c? ad. sk. Puna Island, Gulf of G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].

Guavaquil.
e. 2 '"^d. sk. Piuia Island. Sclater Coll.

/', g. 2 '^cl. ; h. Puna Island. Salviu-Godman Coll.

(5 inini. sk.
i. cJ ad. sk. V>iiha\\o\o {L. Fraser). St-later Coll.

348 P1C1D7E.

6. Dendrobates peruvianus.

Eiythroiicrpes callonotus {tion Waterh.), lieichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 4o0, no. 1014 (821 b), pi. dcxxvi. %. 4169 c?, pi. dclxxxi. iigs.

4499-4500 d $ ad. (1854) ; Cab. t^ Heine, Miis. Hein. iv. p. 142

(18(33).
Picus callonotus (pt.), Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 146 (1876).
Chloriiuerpes callonotus («om Waterh.), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 327 ;

1880, p. 209.
Chloi'ouerpes callonotus major, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 570, 571.
Chloionei'pes callonotus peruvianus, Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 80

(1886).

Adult male. Resembles D. callonotus, but differs in having the
loral and orbital region and a short auricular stripe blackish brown,
the white of the neck running above the latter stripe almost to the
eye, and clearly separating it from the occiput aud nape ; the side
of the neck, fore neck, and entire underparts and under tail-coverts
crossed by extremely narrow and faint dusky bars ; the dimensions
are also greater. Total length 5-7 inches, culmeu 0-9, wing 3-05,
tail 1'77, tarsus 0-66 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-52,
outer posterior 0'62, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior 0-26.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence
of red on the top of the head or nape, these being uniform black.
Total length 5*7 inches, culmen 0-77, wing 3-25, tail 1"9, tarsus
0-G6.

Hab. Northern Peru.

7. Dendroliates sanguineus.

Picus sanguineus, Licht. Cat. Her. Ihmih. p. 17 (1793) ; Wacjl. Syst.

Av. Picus, sp. 97 (1827) ; id. Ms, 1829, p. 519; Sundev. Consp.

Av. Picin. p. 36 (1866) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 394, no. 1928

(1882).
Picus rubescens, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxvi. p. 90 (1818) ; id.

8f Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823).
Chloronerpes sanguineus, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Mus. Brem. p. 92 (1844) ;

Reichenb. Scatis. Picinte, p. 356, no. 821, pi. dcxxvi. figs. 4167-68

(1854) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2020 (1862) ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8810

(1870) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv.

Ibis, 1886, p. 58.
Dendrobates sanguineus. Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 710

(1848) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Mesopicos sanguineus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 341.
Venilia albertuli, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ; Beiclienb.

Scans. Picinte, p. 360, no. 832.
Venilia sanguineus, Bj). Consp. Volncr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 158 (1854).
Mesopicus sanguineus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 74, pi. Ix. figs. 4-5, S 2 ^d.

a862).
Erythronerpes sanguineus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 143

(1863).

Adult male. The crown and hind neck, back, rump, and upper

23. UENDROBATES. 349

tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-coverts, and the margins of the outer
webs of the secondaries vermilion-red; quills brown, the inner
webs spotted with white, the outer webs of the primaries dingy
yellowish with one or two whitish spots ; shafts brownish black ;
tail brown, the lateral feathers having bar-like spots of brownish
white on both webs ; shafts brown with black tips ; nasal plumes,
forehead, and face umber-brown, the forehead spotted, the ear-
coverts streaked with pale huffy brown ; malar region and chin
dusky brown, transversely varied with dull buify white ; side of the
neck, throat, and fore neck, the whole under surface of the body, and
under tail-coverts dusky olive-brown, very narrowly barred with
dull white ; under wing-coverts creamy white, barred with dusky
brown. Total length 5"3 inches, culmen 0*8, wing 2*9, tail 1*55,
tarsus 0*65 ; toes (without claws)- — outer anterior 0-42, outer poste-
rior U'5, inner anterior O-'So, inner posterior 0"22.

Adult female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape brown
tinged with olive, the forehead and crown having pale buffy-brown
spots. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 2-9, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0*6o.

Hah. Guiana and Venezuela,

(I, &. J 5 ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Guiana. Tweeddale Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

8. Dendrobates kirtlandi.

Mesopicus kirtlandi, Malh. Picidee, ii. p. 54, pi. Iviii. fig. 1, S (18G2).
Campias kirtlandi, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Heiu.iv. p. 150 (1863).
Picus kirtlandi, Sundev. Co7isp. Av. Picin. p. 39 (1866).
Chloronerpes kivtlandii, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8797 (1870).

Female. Entire upper parts, wing-coverts, outer webs of secon-
daries, and those of the primaries at the base golden-olive, the
back almost uniform, with only a few nearly obsolete stripes of
yellow ; the rump spotted and the tail-coverts narrowly barred with
yellow ; outer webs of primaries spotted with dingy white, the
ground-colour of the apical portion being brown ; inner webs of quills
spotted with white ; shafts brownish black ; tail brownish black,
the four central feathers with almost obsolete buffy-brown spots at
the base, the remaining feathers barred with huffy brown ; shafts
black ; forehead, crown, and occiput olivaceous brown, the two
latter spotted with yellowish brown ; nape olive, with dull yellow
spots ; sides of the face and neck brownish or grejdsh white, the
ear-coverts dusky, the malar region and side of the neck barred
with dusky black ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both
inclusive, dull white, the chest washed with rufous, the whole
being barred with black : under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
yellow, the former transversely spotted and otherwise varied with
olive-black, the latter having only one or two dusky olive spots.

350 riciD.E.

Total length G-2 inches, culracn 0-83, wing 3-6, tail !•!), tarsus Q-iM :
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*4G, outer posterior U-5(j,
inner anterior 0"4, inner posterior 0'25.

Adult male. Prom Malherbe's description of the male bird, it
differs from the female in having the feathers of the top of the
head and the occiput more or less red. The dimensions given equal
the following : — Total length 6-2G inches, bill from gape 0-78,
■wing 3-82, tail 2-22.

Hah. Erazil {MaVierhc), probably the extreme north, and
Surinam.

a. 5 '"id. sk. Maroni Eiver, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Kappler).

9. Dendro^bates nigriceps.

Picus nigriceps, Lafr. &,- d'Orl>. Toy. Amer. Mirid. iv. p. 380,

pi. Ixv. tig. 2, 5 (1835-44) ; Sundev. Co)isp. Av. Picm. p. 40

(1806).
Eleopicus nigriceps, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyc/od. p. 10, no. 163 (1854).
Colaptes nigriceps, Heicheub. Scans. Picince, p. 417, no. 981, pi. dclxix.

fig. 4436, 2 (1854).
Mesopicus nigriceps, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 68, pi. lix. figs. 1, 2, cJ 5 ad.

(1862).
Chlorouerpes malherbii, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2016 (1862) ;

id. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99(1873); id. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 631 ; Berl. Sf Tacz. op. cit. 1884, p. 307 ; iid. op. cit. 1885,

p. 106.
Cauipias malherbei, C'al/. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 155 (1863).
Chlorouerpes nigriceps, Gray, Li$t Picid. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8802 (1870).

Adult male. Back and rump golden olive, the former having
dull red spots, the latter s])otted with yellow ; upper tail-coverts
dusky olive, barred and spotted with yellow ; scapulars, wing-coverts,
outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at their base olive ;
remaining portion of the quills brownish black, the inner webs
spotted with pure white ; the outer webs of the primaries with a
few dull huffy- white spots ; shafts dark brown ; tail brownish
black, the central feathers margined with golden olive at the base,
the lateral feathers narrowly barred with brownish buff; shafts
black ; nasal plumes brown ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape
vermilion-red ; a white superciliary stripe and another white stripe
below the ear-coverts, and between these an olive-brown auricular
patch or stripe ; remainder of the face white and the side of the
neck yellow, the whole transversely varied or barred with blackish
olive ; chin dull white, spotted with dusky olive ; throat and the
■whole under surface of the body and under tail-coverts barred
yellowish white and blackish olive ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laiies yellowish -white with blackish bars : lower mandible more or
less white. Total length 6-8 inches, culmcn O'D, wing 4, tail 2-4,

23. DENDROCATES. 351

tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior
U-G3, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0-8.

Adah feinah.. Has tlie top of the head devoid of red, the crown
and occiput heiug black, the forehead browner, the feathers of the
latter having- butfy-brown shaft-stripes. Total length O'S inches,
culmeu 0-S3, wing ^'UO, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-6.

The younger female has the top of the head more of a sooty-
brown, with no pale shaft-stripes on the forehead.

Hah. Bolivia, Eastern Peru, and Ecuador,

a, h. S ad. ; c. Ecuador. Salviu-Godmau Coll.

2 imm. sk.
cl. S ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

ley).

e. c? ad. sk. Sau Jose, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

HurJih'i/).

f. S ad. sk. Mates, Ecuador (L. Fru- Sclater Coll.

ser).
(J. cT ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

h. S ad. sk. lluasampilla, Peru, Mar. Sclater Coll.

1872 {H. J^niUely).

10. Dendrobates murinus.

Picus murinus, Mcdh. Mem. Soc. Roy. So. Lieye, 1845, p. 67 ; Simdeu

Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (18G(J).
Eleopicus muriuus, Bp. Consp. T'olucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 167 (1854).
Mesopicus murinus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. Q-2, pi. Iviii. tigs. 5 cJ ad

6 6 juv., 7$ (18(32).
Campias murinus, Cab. Sj- Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. lol (1863) ; Peh.

Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870) ; id. ^- Lorcnz, Aim. k. k. Nuturh. Ilofm.

iii. Th. iv. p. 44 (1888).'
Chlorouerpes murinus, Grm/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1868);

id. Rand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8801 (1870).

According to Malherbe, the present species differs from D. oli-
vinus as follows : — In the male the forehead, crown, and half of
the sinciput (occiput ?) are red, this colour not extending on to the
nape ; whilst in I). oNvinus the reverse is the case — that is to say,
the red is found only on the nape. The undorparts are pale brown
barred with whitish grey, instead of being olivaceous. The olive
colour of the back, rump, and wings is less bright, with scarcely a
trace of yellow on these parts. The female scarcely differs from
2). oJivimis, it has some small spots of yellowish white on the olive-
brown of the head. The measurements in inches are : — length
6-2, culmen 0-8, wing 3-G2, tail 1-72, tarsus 0-67.

Hab. Provinces of Bahia and Goyaz, Brazil.

11. Dendrobates dignus

uis, -SV/«^ .y ^(dc. p. Z. 'S. 1<
Adult male. Koscmblcs D. ni(jricej}s, but presents the fuUowin

Chlorouerpes dignus, Scl(d. .y S(dr. P. Z. S. I'^'l , p. 20, pi. 1, J ; iid.
op. eit. 1870, p. o-V.j.

352 piciDJ!).

differences : — The median scries of wing-coverts arc striped with
yellow ; the buff bars on the lateral tail-feathers much broader :
the malar region, chin, and upper throat more dusky black, and the
auricular patch blacker ; the red extending from the nape on to the
side of the neck ; the under surface of the body and under tail-
coverts yellow, the lower abdomen, vent, thighs, and under tail-
coverts uniform, the barring on the remainder deep olive ; under
wing-coverts pale golden buff, the edge of the wing varied with
blackish olive ; axillarics golden yellow ; bill eutirely black. Total
length 7 inches, cidmcn 0-9, wing 3-*J5, tail 2-2, tarsus 0*72 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0'5(5, outer posterior 0'62, inner
anterior 0"-i5, inner posterior O'S.

Hah. Province of Antioquia, Colombia.

a. S ad. sk. Remedies, Antioqma, U.S. Colombia Sclater Coll.

(T. K. Salmon). (Type of species.)

12. Dendrobates tephrodops.

Le petit Pic de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 75, pi. iv. Mg. 2
(1700).

(1815) ; Viet'll. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 87 (1818) ; ul. Sf

Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1315 (1823); Wcujl. Syst. Av. Picas,

sp. 60, ad. (wo/j juv.) (1827).
Le petit Pic raye du Sdiic^gal, Bziff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 25 (1780).
Petit Pic du Senegal, Daubent. PL Enl. 345. fig. 2.
Picus senegalensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

i. J). 237 (1790J; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 198(1815); Vieill. N.

Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 88 (1818) ; id. 8f Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii.

p. 1315.
Picus tephrodops, Waql. Syst. An. Picus, sp. 48 (1827) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 39 (l"866).
Picus striolatus, Less. Traite, i. p. 226 (1831).
Dendrobates passerinus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Cah. in

Schomh. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 7l6 (1848).
Dendrobates senegalensis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Bp.

Cumi). Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850).
Mesopicus passerinus, MaUi. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 341,
Chloronerpes passerinus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850) ;

lieichenb. Scam. l'icin<p, p. 354, no. 814, pi. dcxxiv. figs. 4161-

62, c5' 2 ad. (1854) ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8803 (1870).
Eleopicus passerinus, Bp. Consj). Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 165

(1854).
Eleopicus tephrodops, Bp. Cunsp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 166

(1854).
Mesopicus passerinus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 59, pi. Ixii. figs. 4, 5, cJ 2

ad. (1862).
Chloronerpes tephrodops, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B, p. 337, no. 2013

(1862); t'-clat. &,- Sulv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 587; Gray, List Picid.
Brit. Mus. p. 110 (1868); id. Hand-l, B. ii. p. 199, no. 8792

23. DINDKOBATES. 353

(1870); Sclat. 8f Salv. Nommicl. Av. Neotr. p. 99(1873); Salv

Cat. Strickl. Coll p. 395, no. 1931 (188:?).
Campias passerinus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 147 (1863).
Campias teplirodops, Cab. S) Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 145 (1863) ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts golden
olive, -with a few very faint spots of )-ellow, the upper back slightly
tinged with reddish ; vring-coverts olive, with white sagittate spots ;
bastard-wing and primary-coverts dusky brown ; quills dusky brown,
the outer webs of the primaries, at the base, and those of the
secondaries along their whole length more or less golden olive, the
outer webs of the primaries spotted with buff, those of the secon-
daries having dull yellow spots ; the inner webs of the quills with
large marginal spots of white ; shafts brown ; tail blackish brown,
the feathers spotted with bi'ownish white on both webs, and having
a barred appearance, shafts brown ; base of forehead umber-brown
with dull whitish spots, the remainder of the forehead, the crown,
and occiput crimson ; nasal plumes brown ; sides of the face and
neck umber-brown, the lores and a stripe above the malar region
whiter ; the whole of the under surface of the body from the chin
to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, olive-brown, very narrowly
barred with dull white ; under wing-coverts white, transversely
varied with olive-dusky. Total length 5--1 inches, culmen 0-75,
wing 3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0'62; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0"46, outer posterior 0-56, inner anterior 0*4, inner posterior
0-23.

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and crown
being brown with dull whitish spots, the occiput and nape washed
with golden olive and spotted with yellow. Total length 5-4 inches,
culmen 0-75, wing 3'05, tail 1"55, tarsus 0-6.

Hab. Guiana and Northern Brazil, east into the island of
Mexiana.

(^ ad. St.

Berbice, British Guiana.

Mrs. Atkins [P.].

(^ ad. sk.

Cayeime.

M. Verreaux.

$ ad. sk.

Cayenne.

Sclater CoU.

S ad. sk.

Island of Mexiana {A. H.
Wallace).

Sclater Coll.

(S ad. sk.

Island of Mexiana, Dec.
{A. R. Wallace).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J ad. St.

Brazil.

Purchased.

13. Dendrobates taenionotus.

Chloronerpes tsenionotu.s, lieichi nb. Scaiix. Ficince, p. 354, no. 813,
pi. dcxxv. figs. 41G4-65, d S «id. (1854) : Crray, List Picid.
Brit. Mus. p. 110 (18(i8); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. ie.9, no. 8798
(1870) ; Sdat. ^- Sah\ Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873).

Mesopicus tt-enionotus, Malh. Pieidee, ii. p. 58 (1862).

Campias taenionotus, Cub. Sf Heine, Mk.^. Hein. iv. p. 149 (1863).

Pious taenionotus, Svndev. Cvnsj). Av. Picin. p. 40 (1866).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump bright olive golden with
VOL. xvni. 2 A

354 piciD^.

faint narrow yellow bars, the iipper tail-coverts rather duller in
colour aud having transverse spots of yellow ; wing-covcrts olive,
with transverse yellowish-white spots ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts blackish brown ; primaries dusky brown, the outer webs
spotted with dull white and margined with golden olive at the base,
the inner webs having large marginal spots of pure white ; outer webs
of the secondaries golden olive with dull yellow transverse spots, the
inner webs dusky brown with marginal white spots ; shafts brown ;
tail blackish brown, the six central feathers slightly margined with
olive at the base, but otherwise uniform, the lateral feathers nar-
rowly barred across with brownish white, shafts black with brown
bases ; forehead umber-brown with a few minute dull white spots ;
crown, occiput, and nape deep scarlet, the bases of the feathers
dusky grey ; lores, a stripe above the eye, and another under the
ear-coverts dull white ; ear-coverts umber-brown ; side of the neck
golden, rather whiter near the ear-coverts, barred with dusky olive ;
from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, olive-dusky
(slightly glossed with golden on the chest), narrowly barred with
dull white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, transversely
spotted and barred with blackish olive. Total length 5"7 inches,
culmen 0-8, wing 3-2.5, tail 1-8, tarsus 0'65 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0"5, outer posterior 0'6, inner anterior 0-38, inner
posterior 0-22.

The younger male has the red on the head of a paler scarlet ;
the golden olive of the back and wings brighter : the back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts more tinged with red and with partly exposed
transverse markings of dull white ; the spots on the wing-coverts
are also larger, and the tail-feathers are more distinctly spotted and
barred.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the crown and occiput being dusky brown, inclining to
rusty brown at the base of the forehead, the whole being minutely
spotted with dingy white. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-7,
wing 3"15, tail 1"75, tarsus 0-67.

Bah. Eastern Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco).

a. 5 ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil {W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forhes).

b. c? ad. sk. Pernambuco. Sclater Coll.

c. (5 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Tfuchcrer). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

d. (S ad. .sk. Babia. Sclater Coll.

14. Dendrobates frontalis.

Campias frontalis, Cah. J.f. 0. 188.3, p. 110.

Cbloronerpes frontalis, Sclat. ^- Huds. Ary. Orn. ii. p. 20 (1889).

Adult female. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts golden
olive spotted with yellow ; wing-coverts olive, with yellowish-white
sagittate spots ; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the second-
aries and the external basal margin of the primaries golden olive ;
outer webs of the primaries spotted with dull huffy white, those of

23. DENDKOIiATES. 355

the secondaries spotted with yellow, the inner webs of the quills
having large marginal spots of white ; shafts very dark brown ; tail
blackish brown, the central feathers margined with olive at the base,
the central pair having marginal spots of pale brown on the basal
half, the remaining feathers narrowly barred with buffy brown ;
shafts black in the middle feathers, brown in the lateral ones ; nasal
plumes brown ; forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown, spotted
with dull white ; the nape and hind neck golden olive spotted with
dull yellow ; lores, a stripe above the eye, and one under the ear-
coverts white, transversely spotted with black posteriorly, the ear-
coverts brown, striped with paler brown ; malar region dusky, spotted
with white ; chin and upper throat white, with a few dusk}- spots ;
side of the neck, fore neck, and the entire underparts and under tail-
coverts olive-dusky, narrowly barred with dull white ; under wing-
coverts white, the axillaries yellower, the whole being barred with
olive-dusky: "iris brown" (Schuh). Total length 6-3 inches,
culmen U-S5, wing 3-65, tail 2-18, tarsus U'7 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0'48, outer posterior 0*56, inner anterior 0'4,
inner posterior 0-27.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the forehead
brown, spotted with brownish white ; the crown and occiput dull
crimson, the bases of the feathers being duskj- black, the nape of the
same olive as the hind neck, but slightly tinged with red, and instead
of being spotted both of these are striped with dull yellow. Total
length 6'5 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3'7, tail 2*2, tarsus 0'66.

Hab. Tucuman.

a, b. (5 2 ad. sk. Tucuman, Arg. Kep., Julv iScIater Coll.

c. (5 ad. sk. Tucuman (Schulz). Salviu-Godman Coll.

15. Dendrobates agilis.

Campias agilis, Cab. t^- Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 147 (1863).
Picus agilis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 40 (1S(J6).
Chloronerpes agilis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 110 (1868) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, uo. 8799 (1870).

Adult female. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-eoverts golden
olive, the rump barred, the remainder having stripe-like spots of
yellow, the spots on the median coverts partly surrounded with red ;
upper tail- coverts barred blackish olive and golden olive, with red-
dish tips, and having yellow shaft-stripes ; quills dusky brown, the
outer webs of the secondaries and those of the inner primaries on
more or less of their basal margin golden olive spotted with yellow,
the apical portion of the outer webs of the primaries spotted with
fulvescent white ; inner ^. ebs of the quills spotted with white, and
the shafts black ; tail blackish brown, barred with brownish buff,
shafts black ; nasal plumes bviiwn : the forehead, crown, and occiput
also brown and spotted with dull white ; nape and hind neck like
the back, with longitudinal spots of yellow ; lores and face yellowish

2a 2

356 piciD^.

white, the malar region with transverse markings of olive, the ear-
coverts yellowish olive, striped with dusky black ; chin and upper
throat white, spotted with olive, the remainder of the neck and the
■whole of the underparts and under tail-coverts fulvescent white,
barred with olive ; under -wing-coverts creamy white, with a few
olive spots. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3'27,
tail 1-68, tarsus 0-63 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-38,
outer posterior 0-55, inner anterior 0-32, inner posterior 0*23.

Adult male. Differs from the adult female in having the feathers
of the upper part of the forehead, crown, and occiput tipped with
scarlet, the base of the forehead spotted with smoky white. Total
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-86, wing 3-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-72.

Hah. North-eastern Peru and Eastern Ecuador, north to Santa Ee
de Bogota, Colombia.

a. (S juv. sk. Yquitos, Peru, Oct. (H. TJ^itely). Sclater Coll.

16. Dendrobates olivinus.

Picus olivinus, Malh. Mem. Soc. Roy. Sc. Lieye, 1845, p. 67 ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Pidn. p. 40 (1866).
Eleopicus olivinus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 161 (1854).
Mesopicus olivinus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 65, pi. lix. figs. 4, 5, c? 5

(1862).
Phseonerpes olivinus, Cab. S,~ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 140 (1863).
Chloronerpes olivinus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. Ill (1868);

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8804 (1870); Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 395, no. 1932

(1882).
Campias olivinus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870) ; id. ^ Lorenz, Ann.

k. k. Natitrh. Hoftn. iii. Th. iv. p. 44 (1888).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-
golden, the rump having faint and narrow yellow bars ; wing-coverts
golden olive, spotted with white or yellowish white ; bastard-wing
and primary-coverts brown ; quills brown, the outer webs of the
primaries at the base and those of the secondaries along their
whole length margined with golden olive ; the outer webs of the
primaries spotted with dull white, the inner webs with larger and
whiter spots on the basal half, the outer webs of the secondaries
spotted with dull yellow, the inner webs having transverse spots of
pure white ; shafts orange-brown ; tail dark brown, both webs of
the feathers having marginal spots of brownish white, giving the
tail a barred appearance ; shafts blackish brown : forehead and crown
pale umber-brown, with dull whitish spots ; occiput and nape
brilliant scarlet ; hind neck like the back ; face pale umber-brown,
shading into golden olive on the side of the neck, the latter being
crossed by a few indistinct whitish bars ; lores and a stripe above
the malar region dull white ; malar stripe brownish dusky ; chin dull
white, striped with pale brown ; throat, fore neck, and the whole of
the under surface of the body pale brown with an olivaceous tinge,
and narrowly barred with white, more or less fulvescent; under

23. BENDEOBATES. 357

tail-coverts darker brown, barred witli dull -white ; under wing-
coverts white, the edge of the wing and the axillaries pale olivaceous
brown, crossed by dull white bars or transverse spots. Total length
5-8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-4.5, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-GS ; toes
(without claws)— outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0-57, inner
anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-20.

Adult female. Wants the red upon the occiput and nape, the fore-
head and crown being dusky brown, becoming more olive on the
occiput and nape, the w^hole being faintly spotted with dusky white
or posteriorly with yellowish. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-78,
wing 3-6, tail 2, tarsus 0'67.

Hah. Interior of Brazil (Provinces of Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and
Amazonas) ; extending into Bolivia and south into the Province of
Corrientes, Argentine Republic.

a. 2 ad. sk. Corrientes. Sclater Coll.

b. cj ad. sk. Engenho do Gama, Matto Sclater Coll.

Grosso, Sept. (J. Natterer).
c-f. (S ad. ; ff-i. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Mar., Salvin-Godman Coll.

2 ad. et juv. sk. May, July, Aug. (H. Smith).

k. j ad. sk. Cai9ara, Brazil, Dec. (J. Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll.

tere}-),
I. 2 ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

17. Dendrobates fidelis. (Plate VII.)
Dendrobates fidelis. Hare/. Ibis, 1889, p. 59.

Adult male. Back, rump, and i;pper tail-coverts, scapulars and
wing-coverts bright golden olive, narrowly striped with yellow, the
median series of the wing-coverts and the upper tail-coverts tipped
with dull red, and the rump having concealed transverse spots or
bars of white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown,
externally margined with olive ; quills blackish brown, the entire
outer webs of the secondaries and those of the primaries at their
base bright golden olive; inner webs of the quills spotted with white;
shafts black ; tail brownish black, the central pair of feathers uni-
form, tlie remainder having whitish bar-like spots on the inner webs,
shafts black ; nasal plumes and forehead brown, the latter with
a few minute buffy-white stripes ; crown, occiput, and nape scarlet ;
lores, a stripe above the eye and another below the eye white, the
remainder of the face olive-brown, with hair-like stripes of white ;
side of the neck olive, spotted with yellow ; malar region, chin, and
throat olive-dusky, spotted with dull white ; from the fore neck to
the under tail-eovcrts, both inclusive, olive, the fore neck, chest, and
upper breast with stripes or longitudinal spots of dull fulvcscent
white, the remainder narrowly barred with dull fulvescent white ;
under wing-coverts white, with a few olive spots. Total length
5'3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-68 ; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0-47, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior
0-4, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown,

a.

S ad. sk.

Bogota.

b.

(S imm. sk.

15og-ota.

c.

$ ad. sk.

Bogota.

358 piciD.?:.

the two latter having short hair-liko stripes of yellowish white, the
nape with broader and yellower stripe-like spots. Total length
5'2 inches, culmen 0-72, wing 3-15, tail 1-9, tarsus 0-65.
Hub. U.S. Colombia (Santa Fe de Bogotfi).

Purchased. (Type of species.)
Siilvin-Godman Coll.
"<clater Coll.

18. Dendrobates spilogaster.

? Picus squamosus*, Tieill. N. Diet. tTHist. Nat. xxvi. p. 74 (1818) ;

id. .*)• Bonn. Enc. MM. iii. p. 1307 (1823) ; Wm/l. Syst. Av. Picus,

sp. 57 (1827).
Picus spilogaster, Waql. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 59 (1827) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 41 (1866).
Chloronevpes spilogaster, Gra;/, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zyuod. p. 9,

no. 157 (1854) ; Reichenh. Scans. Picina, p. 355, no. 818 (1854) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 110 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 200, no. 8800 (1870) ; Selat. ^- Salv. Nomenel. Ai\ Neotr. p. 99

(1873).
? Cbloronerpes squamosus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846); Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850); Reichenh. Scans. Pieince, p. 355,

no. 817 (1854).
Cbloronerpes ruficeps (nan Spix), Reichenh. Scans. Pieince, p. 353,

no. 812, pi. dcxxii. tigs. 4146-47 (1854).
Eleopicus adspersus, Bp. Consp. Voluer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 162 (1854).
Mesopicus spilogaster, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 62 (1862) {ex Wagl.).
Me.sopicus adspersus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 64, pi. Ix. tigs. 7, 8 (1862).
Cbloronerpes adspersus, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 337, no. 2014 (1862).
Campias spilogaster, Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 150 (1863);

Pvh. Orn. Bras. p. 247 (1870) ; Deri. J.f. O. 1873, p. 281.

Adult mctle. Back, rump, scapulars, wing-coverts, outer webs of
primaries at the base, and almost entire outer webs of secondaries
olive, the upper parts barred and spotted with yellow and having
brighter yellow shaft-stripes, the wing-coverts and outer webs of
quills spotted with yellow ; inner webs of quills spotted with white ;
shafts blackish brown ; upper series of upper tail-coverts olive, the
lower series barred black and brownish white and margined with
olive, the whole being spotted with yellow ; tail brownish black barred
with buff, the shafts brownish black; nasal plumes rufous buff;
forehead, crown, and occiput brownish black, the forehead having
longitudinal spots of huffy white, the crown and occiput striped
with red, and the feathers with yellow shaft-stripes, the nape and
hind neck olive, also with yellow shaft -stripes ; lores and a stripe
above the eye and runuing down the side of the neck and another
passing under the ear-coverts and down the side of tlie neck white,
and between these a broad stripe of dusky olive ; malar region
dusky striped with greyish white, and behind this a dusky-olive
stripe : lower side of the neck dusky olive, spotted and striped with

* This 13 possibly the present species, but the description is inaccurate and
the habitat wrong. I therefore adopt the title of D. spilogaster (Wagl.).

23. DENDEOliATES, 359

yellowish white; chin and throat white striped with olive-dusky;
entire iinderparts, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts dusky
olive ; the chest, breast, sides of the body, flanks, and under wing-
coverts spotted with yellowish white, the remainder barred with the
same. Total length 6-8 inches, ciilmen O'DT, wing 3-9, tail 2-27,
tarsus 0-7o ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-52, outer
posterior 0"6, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0"25.

Immature male. Resembles the adult of the same sex, but has
the underparts less fulvescent, and the ground of the face and
neck white, the superciliary stripe as well as the stripe below the
ear-coverts showing very conspicuously ; the spots on the forehead
whiter, and the crown-feathers, in addition to their red tips, having
very distinct white shaft-stripes ; the bacli presents a more barred
appearance, and the yellow transverse markings are narrower, as
are also the light bars and transverse spots on the wings and tail.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the ahsence of red
on the head, the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape being brownish
black, each feather having a white shaft-stripe terminating in a
spot. Total length 0-4 inches, culmen 0"97, wing 3-75, tail 1'75,
tarsus 0"7.

Hah. Sao Paulo and the more southerly provinces of Brazil ;
Uruguay, south to Jlonte Video, and the eastern part of the
Argentine Republic (Misiones).

a. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

b. 5 ad. sk. Ypauema, S.E. Brazil, June Sclater Coll.

(/. Natter er).

c. d. c? ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joi/ner)
e. (S imm. sk. Paysandu, August. Alan Peel, Esq. [P.].

^. cJ ad. sk. San Javier, Misiones, Arg. Sclater Coll.

Rep., June (£. W. White).

19. Dendrobates maculifrons.

Picus affinis, J nee S , Swains. Zool. III. ii. (nee pi. 78), (1821-22) ;
War/l. Si/sf. Av. Picus, sp. 61, 2 0"lj (1827) ; Sundev. Consp.

Av. Picin. p. 37 (18GG).
Picus maculifrons, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 62, pi. Ivi. figs. 1, $ (1824).
Picus passerinus, cJ juv., Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. CO (J ad.)

(1827).
Chloronerpes affinis {non Sicains.), Sclat. Cat. Anier. B. p. 3.37,

no. 2012 (1862); id. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873);

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 394, no. 1929 (1882) ; Sclat. Sf Huds. Arr,.

0/-71. ii. p. 20(1889).
Mesopicus affinis (tion Stoains.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. .50, pi. ixi.

figs. 6 cJ , 7 5 (1862).
Campias maculifrons, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. W. p. 148 (1863 ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 245 (1870).
Picus albipes, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 37 (1866).
Chloronerpes maculifrons, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 108

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8787 (1870).
Chloronerpes albipes, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 108 (1S6S) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8793 (1870).

Adiilt male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and
wing-covcrts light golden olive, covered with longitudinal spots of
yellow : outer webs of secondaries and of primai'ies at the base
light golden olive, the remaining portion of the quills blackish
brown, the outer webs spotted with yellowish, the spots being
almost obsolete on the secondaries ; shafts blackish brown ; tail
blackish brown, the central feathers spotted with greenish buff, the
lateral ones transversely spotted and barred with buff, shafts brown
with black tips : nasal plumes brown ; sinciput blackish brown
striped with huffy white, the feathers of the hind crown and
occiput tipped with scarlet, the outer edge of the occiput and
the nape golden yellow, this colour spreading on to the side of
the neck ; lores white ; face olive-dusky striped with white ; chin
and throat white, with olive-dusky longitudinal spots : sides of the
neck and the whole under surface of the body aud under tail-
coverts olive-dusky barred with fulvescent white ; under wing-
coverts yellowish white with a few dusky-olive spots, the edge
of the wing varied with blackish olive. Total length 6-3 inches,
culmen 0-86, wing 3-5o, tail 1'9, tarsus 0-7 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0'5, outer posterior 0-63, inner anterior 0'4, iuuer
posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and occiput blackish brown with short stripes of dull white.
Total length 6-3 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-72, tail 2*05, tarsus
0-7.

Bab. Brazil (Eahia) *.

M. Claussen [P.].
M. Claussen [P.].
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Gould Coll.

20. Dendrobates cassini.

Mesopicus cassini, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 55, pi. Iviii. figs. 2, 3, d' c?

(I8r,2).

Campias sedulus, Cah. Sf Heine, Mjis. Hem. iv. p. 153 (1863).
Campias cassini, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 149 (1863).
Picus cassini, Sundev. Consp. Av. Ptctn. p. 39 (186(5).
Picus sedulus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 39 (18G6).
CLloronerpes cassini, Gray, Lid Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8791 (1870).
Chloronerpes sedulus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, iio. 8790 (1870) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Numcncl.

Av.Neotr. p. 99 (1873); Salv. Lbis, 1886, p. 58.

Adult male. Back, rump and upper tail-coverts, scapulars and
"wing-coverts, outer webs of secondaries and of primaries at the

* Messrs. Sclater and Hudson include this species in their ' Argentine Orni-
thology ' relying upon the identification by Mr. White of a pair obtained by
him at Canipo Santo in Salta. The authors, however, say that Mr. White's
determination requires confirmation.

a. cJ ad. St.

Brazil.

b. c? ad. sk.

Brazil.

c, d. c? ad. ; e. $ ad. sk.

Brazil.

f, ff. 6 2 ad. sk.

Brazil.

h, i. cJ ad. ; k. ^ ad. sk.

Buhia.

23. DENDROBATES. 361

base golden olive, the wing-coverts with longitudinal spots of
yellow ; remaining portion of quills brownish black, the inner webs
having large rounded spots of white ; shafts brown ; tail brownish
black, the central feathers margined at the base with olive and
spotted on both webs with greenish brown, the remaining feathers
spotted with brown on the outer webs and with buif or brownish
white on the inner webs; shafts black; nasal plumes and forehead
brown, the latter with brownish-white spots ; crown and occiput
crimson, the bases of the feathers nearly black ; nuchal band yellow,
this colour extending on to the side of the neck in stripes ; face,
chin, and throat drabby white, the ear-coverts and above broadly
striped with blackish brown ; the malar region, chin, and throat
spotted with black : side of the neck, fore neck, entire underparts,
and under tail-coverts huffy white barred with black, the light inter-
spaces on the chest more huffy in colour ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries huffy white or slightly yellowish, with transverse and
varied markings of olive-black. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen
0-85, wing 3-8, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-7 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-47, outer posterior 0-57, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior
0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being blackish brown,
the feathers faintly tipped with dull olive. Total length 6-3 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 3*65, tail 2-05, tarsus O'Go.

Eab. Guiana.

a, h. c? ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sept., Nov. {H. Whitely).

c. c? ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Nov. {H. W.) Sclater Coll.

d. cS ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J/. Wlutehj).

e. 2 imm. sk. Meriime Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June {H. Whitely).

/'>5'- c^ 2 ad. sk. Takutu R., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Feb., jMarch (//. TMntehi.).

h. 5 ad. sk. Guiana (Brotvn). Sclater Coll.

i. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

k. cJ ad. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

21. Dendrobates ruficeps.

Picus ruficeps, Sjn.r, Av. Jims. i. p. 63, pi. hi. figs. 2, 3, c? 2 (1824).
Campias ruficeps, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 153 (1863).
Chloronerpes ha?matostigma (non MaJh.), Sclat. ^-Sah: P. Z. S. 1867,

pp. 587, 595; Sdat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2017 (1862).
Chloronerpes ruficeps, Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 109 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8796 (1870) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neofr. p. 99 (1873) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390.
Campias ruficeps, var. «, Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 245 (1870).

Adxdt nude. Back and scapulars deep golden olive, the feathers
washed with blood-red on the tip ; rump of the same olive colour as
the back, but spotted with yellow and slightly tinged with red ;

362 piciDiE.

upper tail-coverts dusky olive, with yellower bars and an indica-
tion of a lighter shaft-spot ; wing-coverts deep golden olive tipped
with blood-red, the outermost having pinkish-buff sagittate spots,
these forming two rows ; bastard-wing and primary- coverts brownish
black, margined externally with olive ; (luills blackish brown,
the outer webs of the secondaries and the inner webs at the tip,
also the outer webs of the primaries at the base golden olive, the
outer webs of the outer primaries having one or two buffy spots on
the apical portion ; the inner webs of the quills with large marginal
spots of white ; shafts dark brown ; tail-feathers black, with bar-like
spots of buif on both webs, the lateral feathers being more distinctly
barred across both webs ; shafts black, brown at the base ; nasal
tufts and base of forehead brown ; the coronal and occipital feathers
crimson with black bases, the nuchal feathers crimson with ochrcous
golden bases ; hind neck bke the back ; lores and sides of the face
and neck ochreous yellow, becoming more golden on the side of the
neck, the ear-coverts brown ; chin and throat pale ochrcous,
spotted, more or less transversely, with dusky black ; the whole of
the under surface of the body and under tail-coverts ochreous white
barred with black slightly tinged with olive ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries yellowish white spotted with olive-black. Total
length 6-3 inches, culmen 0"S5, wing 3'6, tail 2-05, tarsus 0"68;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*53, outer posterior 0-6, inner
anterior 0-44, inner posterior 0'23.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, and occiput dusky brown,
slightly olive posteriorly, the forehead having a few minute brownish-
white spots. Total length 6 inches, culraeu 0'87, wing 3'5, tail 1'76,
tarsus 0-68.

Hob. Northern and Xorth-eastern Brazil.

a, b. S ? imm. Para, Lower Amazons, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. (-£'. L. Lai/ard).

c. S inim. ; d. Rio Tocantius, Brazil {A. li. Sclater Coll.

5 ad. sk. Walliice).

e. cJad.sk. Pernambuco, Brazil {W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forbes).

22. Dendrobates aflBinis.

Carpiutero pardo dorado, Azara, Ajni/if. IIif:f. Nat. PcLvar. Parne/. ii.

p. 321, no. 258 (1805).
Picus affinis, Siuains. Zool. III. ii. descr. of S , pb 78, not 5 (1821-

22) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 167 (1826) ; S & pidl- WV/(/Z. Sijst.

Av. Picus, sp. 61, c? $ ad. (1827); Sxcains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii.

p. 301 (1831).
Picus passerinus {no7i Linn.), Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10 (1823) ;

Nemvied, Beitr. Nature/. Breis. iv. p. 431 (1832).
CLloronerpes affinis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1846) ; Bj). Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (ISoO) ; Beiehenb. Secins. Ficince, p. 353, no. 811,

pi. dcxxiv. figs. 4159-60, c? $ ad. (1854); Grni/, List Field.

Brit. Mus. p. 108 (1808) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8794

(1870).

23. DENDROBATES. 3fi.'3

Dendrobates passerinus {7wn Limi.), Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 17, no. 258

(1847).
Eleopicus affinis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 164 (1854).
Chloronerpes selvsii {Malh.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 3-37, no."2015 (1802) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 108

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8788 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv.
■ Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. .•]95,

no. 1930 (1882).
Mesopicus selvsii, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 67, pi. Ixii. fij^s. 1, 2, r? 9 ad.

(1862).
C'ampias affinis, Cuh. Sf- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 151 (1863).
Pious selysii, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 38 (1866).
Campias selysii, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 245 (1870).

Adult male. Eack, rump, and upper tail-coverts, scapulars, wing-
coverts, outer webs' of secondaries and of primaries at the base
golden olive, the back slightly tinged with red, the rump and upper
tail-coverts with a few longitudinal spots of yellow, and the wing-
coverts with sagittate spots of yellow occasionally washed with rod ;
outer webs of primaries spotted with buff, those of the secondaries
having almost obsolete yellow spots, the inner webs of the quills
spotted with buffy white ; shafts brown ; tail brownish black, the
central feathers olive ou the basal margin and transversely spotted
with brownish buff, the lateral feathers barred with the same, but
lighter on the inner webs, shafts brown with black tips ; nasal
plumes brown; forehead, crown, and occiput crimson, the bases of
the feathers nearly black ; face and upper side of the neck ochreous,
the ear-coverts with lighter shaft-stripes, the nuchal band golden ;
chin and upper throat dull buff spotted with brown ; lower side of
the neck, throat, fore neck, and the entire underparts and under
tail-coverts buff, barred with dusky brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries bulfy wliite or yellowish, with transverse spots of blackish
olive. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-92, wing 3-65, tail 2-15,
tarsus 0'6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0 '4, outer posterior
0-55, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-23.

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the feathers of the fore-
head and crown being dusky brown faintly tipped with olive, those
of the occiput being also dusky brown but having bright golden tips.
Total length G-o inches, culmen 0-87, wing 3-67, tail 2-25,
tarsus 0-68.

Young. Have the malar region spotted, like the chin and throat.
Hah. Eastern Erazil (Provinces of Bahia, Rio Janeiro, and
Goyaz).

Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a,b. c? $ imm. ;

Brazil.

c. 5 ad. sk.

d, e. (S ad. et

Brazil.

imm. ; f. 5

ad. sk.

g, h. 5 3d. sk.

Bahia, Brazil.

i-l. cJ ad. et

Bahia (Dr. Wucherer).

imm. ; m-o.

5 ad. et imm.

304

p, q. c? 2 fid. sk.
r. (S inim. sk.

Bahia {Berlepsck).
llio Claro, Prov. Goyaz, S.E.
Brazil (Joyner).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

23. Dendrobates hsBinatostigma.

Picus passeriniis (non Linn.), Tschudi, Av. Consp. Rep. Peruan. in

Arch, fiir Naturg. 1844, p. 303, uo. 249 ; Cab. in Tschudi's Faun.

Penian., Aves, pp. 43, 265 (1845-46).
Mesopicus hiBiuatostig-ma, Malh. Ficidm, ii. p. 72, pi. Ixi. figs. 2-5,

cJ 2 $ d (18G2).
Campias hilaris. Cab. &• Heme, Mm. Hem. iv. p. 154 (1863).
Picus haematostigma, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 38 (1866).
Cbloronerpes hsematostigma, Sc/at. i^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 197,

1867, p. 753; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 109 (1868); id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199, no. 8789 (1870) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 42.
Cbloronerpes hilaris, Grat/, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 109 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199,* no. 8795 (1870); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873,

p. 780 ; id. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. N<:otr. p. 99 (1873) ; Tacz. Orn.

Perov, iii. p. 81 (1886).
Campias ruficeps, var. b, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 246 (1870).
Cbloronerpes ruiiceps {7ion Spiv), Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 632.

AduU male. Very much resembles D. rvjiceps, but differs in the
back and scapulars having only a just perceptible red tinge ; the
wing-coverts without spots, but with a yellowish shaft^line showing
through the red on the tip ; a pale ochreous stripe from the
nostrils passes under the ear-coverts ; sides of the face and neck
dusky olive striped with ochreous white or yellowish ; the malar
region spotted like the chin and ujiper throat, the lower throat
being barred like the underparts. Total length 6-3 inches, culmen
0-82, wing 3-65, tail 2-05, tarsus 0-66 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-48, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0-42, inner
posterior 0"25.

AduU female. Differs from the adult male in having the crown
and occiput olive-brown, shading into rusty brown on the forehead.
Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-9, tail 2, tarsus 0-68.

Nab. Eastern Ecuador and Peru ; Bolivia, and ranging into West
Brazil (llio Madeira),

a. c? ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador. Purchased.

6. (5 ad. ; e. 2 Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

inim. sk. ley).

d. 2 imm. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck- Sclater Coll.

ley).

e. (5 iinm. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll.

f. J imm. sk. Yquitos, E. Peru, Aug. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitely).

g. S ad. sk. Chamicuros, Peruvian Ama- E. Bartlett [C.].

zons, Sept.
h. S ad. sk. Xeberos, E. Peru, June {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bartlett).
i. 2 imui. .sk. Saravacu, E. Peru, June .3rd, E. Bartlett [C.].

1865.

23. DENDROBATES, 365

k,l. S 9- ^^- sk. Simacu, Eolivia {C. Bvckhnj). Salviu-Godman Coll.
m, (S ad. sk. Destacamento do Ribeiroa, W. Sclater Coll.

Brazil, Sept. {J. Natterer).

24. Dendrobates kirki.

Chloi-opicus kirkii, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 400.

Chloronerpes kirkii, Oray, Gen. B. ii. p. 443 (1840) ; Bi). Comp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850); Reichenh. Scans. Pici/ice, p. 352, no.

808, pi. dcxxv. tig. 4163, cJ (1854) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338,

no. 2018 (1862) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 339 (1866) ; Sclat. .y Salv.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 029 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 113 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8811 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomend.

Av. Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58.
Chrysoptilus kirkii, Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 333 ; id. Contr.

Orn. pi. 2, S (1848-52).
Mesoplcos kirkii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, p. 341

(1848-49).
Venilia kirkii, Bp. Consp. Volurr. Zyyud. p. 10, no. 159 (1854).
Mesopicus kirkii, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 70, pi. lis. figs, 7, 8, c? 9 ad.

(1862).
Erythronerpes kirki, Cub. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 144 (1863).
Picus kirkii, Sundev. Comp. Av. Picin. p. 36 (1866).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and Nying-coverts rich golden olive,
sometimes tinged with red, the median series of the coverts spotted
•with yellow and frequently having their apical portion red ; rump
and upper tail-coverts vermilion-red ; quills blackish brown, the
outer webs of the secondaries and of the primaries at the base golden
olive, the inner webs spotted with white ; shafts black ; tail brown-
ish black, the central pair of feathers margined with golden olive
at the base and unspotted, the remainder with brownish-white or
obscure brown spots on the inner or upon both webs : shafts black,
with brown bases ; nasal plumes brown ; forehead, crown, and
occiput vermilion ; nape varied with yellow ; lores and face white,
striped with olive-black, the ear-coverts dusky brown ; side of the
neck blackish olive, striped with yellow ; chin and throat white,
spotted with olive-black ; entire underparts, from the throat down-
wards, and the under tail-coverts blackish olive barred with ful-
vescent white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellowish or buffy
white, transversely spotted with blackish olive. Total length 6-3
inches, culmen 0*93, wing 3'43, tail 2-1, tarsus 0'67 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0*45, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0-37,
inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Has the feathers of the forehead, crown, and occiput
brownish black with lighter brown tips, the outer edge of the occiput
striped with yellow, the nuchal feathers having golden-yellow tips
and brownish-black bases. Total length 6"3 inches, culmen 0'9,
wing 3'5, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-65.

Hab. Venezuela and British Guiana ; also the islands of Trinidad
and Tobago.

3(j6 nciD^.

a. Ad. St. Island of Tobago. Purchased.

b. (S ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclator Coll.

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 imm. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Sclater Coll.

(^■1. Goennff).

f, I/. 2 fd- sk. Eoraima, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug., Sept. (iZ.7r7((V(V//J.

25. Dendrobates cecilis.

Mepopicos cecilii, Molh. liev. et 3Iaq. dc Zonl. 1849, p. 538 ; id. N.

Vhtssif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-9, p. 341.
Chloionerpes cecilii, Bp. Consj). Gen. Av. i. p. 117 (1850) ; lieichcnh.

Semis. Picince, p. 352, no. .829 (1864) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 101,

1856, p. 143, 1800, pp. 280,297; Gray, List. Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 114 (1808) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 200, no. 8812 (1870).
Venilia cecilii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 160 (1854).
Mesopicus cecilite, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 71, pi. Ix. figs. 1 c:J,2 ?

(1802).
Chloronerpea ceciliffi, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 338, no. 2019 (1862) ;

Salv. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 157, 1870, p. 213 ; id. ir Sclat. Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 99 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 633 ; Berl. ^ Tacz. op.

eit. 1883, p. 571.
Erythronerpes cecilise, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 143 (1863).
Picus cecilise, Sundev. Consp. At: Picin. p. 36 (1866).

Adult male. Has the rump and upper tail-coverts red, and the
colour, generally, as in D. kirki, but diflers from the latter species
in having the wing-coverts devoid of yellow spots ; the malar region,
chin, and upper throat conspicuously whiter and with only a few
dusky spots ; the bill much lighter at the tip, and the entire dimen-
sions considerably less: "iris brown " (SiemiraclsJci). Total length
55 inches, culmen 0*82, wing 3*35, tail 1-78, tarsus 0-67 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer posterior 0'58, inner
anterior 0"4, inner posterior 0-28.

Immature male. In addition to its less brilliant coloration, it differs
from the adult in the rump having a mottled appearance, caused by
the feathers having, as well as the red tip, a dusky-olive cres-
centic marking and a yellowish spot, the latter being more or less
exposed.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and occiput blackish brown, the feathers of the forehead and
crown with paler umber-brown tips, those of the occiput having
minute whitish stripe-like spots. Total length 5"5 inches, culmen
0-68, wing 3-26, tail 1-96, tarsus 0-57.

Hab. Colombia and Western Ecuador ; north into the Province of
Chiriqui.

a. c? ad. sk. Mina de Chorcha, Chiriqui, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Veragua (P. Arcc).

b. S ad. sk. Bibalaz, Chiriqui {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. New Granada. Purchased.

d. S ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.
c,/. cJ ad.; ^. $ ad.sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

24. MESOPICUS.

367

h. S ad. sk. Bof,'ota. Sclater Coll.

*. cJ iuim. ; k. $ Autioquia, U. S. Colombia Salvin-Godoiau Coll.

ad. sk. (T. K. Sahnoii).

I, m. Jjad. sk. Autioquia (T. A". <S'a//HWi). Sclater Coll.

24. MESOPICUS.

Type.
MesoiDicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. y40 M. goertau.

Scolecotheres, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 427

(1854) M. griseocephalus.

Camponomus, Cah. ^' Heine, Miis. Hein. iv.

p. 137 (1863) M. p3'iThogaBter.

Polipicus, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, p. 1 96. M. ellioti.

Bill of Mesopicm goertan.

Range. Senegambia to Angola and east through Equatorial
Africa to Abyssinia and Massai-Land. Prom Angola ranges in a
south-easterl}- direction into the Transvaal and extreme south of
Cape Colony,

Key to the Species*.

A. Eump and upper tail-coverts red.

a'. Underparts uniform, or with only a trace of
dusky bars posteriorly ; with no auricular or
malar stripes.
a". Head and neck silver-grey or bluish grey,
the underparts yellowish grey ; one or
more of the lateral tail-feathers always
spotted or partially barred oo both webs.
a'". Middle of the abdomen yellow, orange,
or reddish.

«*. Crown and occiput red f/oertan c^aA.,-p. 360.

h''. With no red on the crown or occiput r/oertan 2 ad., p. 369.
b'". Entire abdomen and middle of the lower

breast bright scarlet. [p. 371.

c*. Crown and occiput red spoducephalus (^ a,i.,

* I have not included Gray's Picus africanus in this or any other of my
genera. The type no longer exists, and there is so much reason to doubt its
being a good species that I prefer to leave it out. If such a species do exist,
I should say, from the description, that it will be found to belong to the present
genus and to be nearly allied to M. pyrrhoyaster.

368 nciD^.

d\ With no red on the crown or occiput . spoducephulm $ ad.,
b" . Head slate-gre}' ; iiuderparts olive, more [p. ^J?!.

golden on the neck and chest ; lateral tail-
feathers always uniform on the outer
webs. [p- 372.

c'". Crown and occiput red (/riseocep/ialus (^ ai.,

d'". With no red on the crown or occiput . . griseocephalus $ ad.,
6'. Underparts from the chest downwards spotted [p. 372.

or varied with white ; with a median stripe
of red on the chest, breast, and abdomen. [p. 373.

c". Crown and occiput red pi/rrhoffcister (J a.d.,

d". With no red on the crown or occiput, these [p. 374.

being- black _ pi/ rrhnff aster ? ad.,

B. With no red on rump or upper tail-coverts.
c'. Underparts more or less striped; with no
black auricular or malar stripes ; with red
on the head in the male.
e". Underparts and under tail-coverts dull
yellow, and together with the chin and
throat broadly striped with blackish ; face
brownish butt'.
e'". With red occipital and nuchal band . . eUioticS ad., p. 374.
/'". With no red on the occiput or nape,

these being black Uke the crown ellioti 5 ad., p. 375.

/■". Underparts bright yellow, the chin and
throat whiter, and, together with the breast
and abdomen, uniform ; the chest and re-
maining parts below with very narrow and
faint striations of dusky brown ; face
greenish ; with red occipital and nuchal [p. 37''5 .

band johnstoni (S ad.,

d. Undeq)arls spotted ; with black auricular and
malar stripes ; face white ; with yellow on
the crown iu the male.
g". Feathers of the posterior part of the crown [p. 376.

tipped with yellow amitholophus^ad.,

h". With no yellow on the crown .mntJiolop/ms^i^d;

[p. 3715.

1. Mesopicus goertan.

Picus goertan, P. L. S. Midi. Nutursyst. Suppl. 1776, p. 91.

Le Goertan on Pic vert du Senegal, £uf. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 25

(1780) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. pi. 320.
Crimson-rumped W' oodpecker. Lath. Gen. Sgn. i. pt. 2, p. 583, no. 29

(1782).
Picus goertan, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

1790, p. 236; l^teph. Gen. Zool. ix. pt. 1, p. 179 (1815) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. d'Mist. Nat. xxvi. p. 75 (1818); Bonn, et Vieill. Enc. Meth.

p. 1321, no. 71 (1823) ; Wayl. Syst. Av. sp. 34 (1827) ; id. Isis,

1829, p. 611; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 133 6 (1866) ;

HeiKjl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 814 (1871).
Dendrobates poicephakis, Sioains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 154 (1837).
Dendrobates immaculatus, Stvaim. £. W. Afr. ii. p. 152(1837);

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125

(1850); Sharpe Sf B Olivier, Bidl. Sac. Zool. J?-««ce, 1876, p. 16;

Bocaye, Orn. Any. 1877, p. 74.

24. JiKsoPictJS. 369

Dendrobates poliocephalus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846) ; Bp.

Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. l-'o (1850).
Dendrobates goertan, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1846) ; Bp. Consp,

Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 199 ; Bocaye,

Orn. Any., App. p. 535 (1877).
Gecinus goertan, Bhjth, Cut. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 57 (1849).
Mesopicus goertan, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 340 ; Bp.

Consp. J'olwcr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 45,

pi. Ixiii. tigs. 1, 2 '(1862) ; Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 324;

Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 412 ; Skarjie, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 431

(1884).
Picus poliocephalus, Ciw. in Mus. Paris ; PucJier. Rev. et Mag. ZooL

1852, p. 479; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 47 (1866).
Picus spodocephalus {non Bp.), Brehm, J.f. O. 1854, p. 78; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 133 a (1866); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

ii. p. 813 (1871).
Scolecotheres goertan, Peichenh, Scans. Picinee, p. 428, pi. dclxxvi,

figs. 4475-76 (1854) ; Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 136

(1863). '

Scolecotheres poliocephalus, Peichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 427,

pi. dclxxvi. figs. 4473-74 (1854).
Scolecotheres immaculatus, Peichenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 428 (1854)

Cab. S)- Heine, Mns. Hein. iv. p. 135 (1863).
Dendropicus goertan, Hartl. Orn, W.-A/r. p. 179 (1857) ; Sharpe,

Pris, 1869, p. 386.
Dendropicus imni.iculatus, ^«r^/. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180(1857) ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 67 ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no.

8659 (1870) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 717.
Dendropicus poliocephalus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 179 (1857).
Mesopicus spodocephalus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 49, pi. Ixiii. figs. 4, 5

(1862).
Mesopicus poicephalus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 48 (1862).
Mesopicus immaculatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 47 (1862) ; Cass. Proc.

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 324.
Dendropicus goertse, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8658 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. 1871,

p. 18 ; Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 131.
Dendrocopus poliocephalus, Reichenoio, J.f. 0. 1877, p. 18.

Adult male. Back and scapulars pale golden olive ; rump and
upper tail-coverts scarlet ; wing-coverts pale golden olive, the greater
series having whitish spots ; quills dusky brown spotted with white
on both webs, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the inner
j)riraaries at the base washed with golden olive, and this tinting the
white spots ; shafts brown ; tail dark brown, the outer large feather
with transverse marginal spots of bufly white; shafts brownish
black ; crown, occiput, and nape scarlet ; nasal plumes, forehead,
entire face and neck silvery grey, grading into drabby grey on the
underparts, with a yellow, orange, or reddish tinge on the alsdomen;
under tail-coverts yellowish drab ; under wing-coverts and axil-
]aries slightly yellowish white, barred with brownish dusky, the bars
on the axillaries very faint. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 1*14,
wing 4-45, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-77 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0*62, outer posterior 0"68, inner anterior 0-48, inner posterior
0-28.

VOL. xviir. 2 B

370 piciD.*:.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the crown, occiput, and nape, these being silver-grey like the rest of
the head. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 1, wing 4"2, tail 2*45,
tarsus 0'73.

Some adult birds, as well as immature specimens, have the under-
parts, below the breast, and the under tail-eovcrts faintly barred
with dusky, and some examples have all the tail-feathers trans-
versely spotted, or the central ones narrowly barred, with buffy
white or brownish white ; others from the same locality, and iden-
tical in other respects, having these feathers almost entirely uni-
form. Undoubtedly young birds have the tail almost without spots ;
the back and wings of a dusky brown, with very little olive tinge,
and the upper tail-coverts of a washed-out scarlet ; the underparts
are darker and more smoky brown or dusky, and with no more
distinct bars below the breast than in fully adult specimens.

Hab. AYest Africa from Senegambia to Angola, eastward into
Niam-Niam Country, and north into Kordofau, Senaar, and Abys-
sinia *.

a. 5 <id. sk.

b, c. cJad. et imm. ;
d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cJad. sk.

f,ff. c?$ad.;;i. c?

imm. sk.
{. Ad. sk.

k. c? ad. ; I. Imm. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Imm. sk.
o. cJimm. sk.

p. (5 imm. sk.
q. cJad. sk.

r. Imm. sk.

«. cJad. sk.

t. Imm. sk.

West Africa.

St. Louis, Senegal (Z. La-

l/laize).
St. Louis, Senegal.
St. Louis, Senegal (L. La-

ffkdze).
Senegal.
Eiver Gambia.
River Gambia.
Fantee.
Amamoah, Cape Coast,

April {Blissett).
Amamoah, April {Blissett).
Abeokuta.

Congo.

Semmio, Niam-Niam

Country, Aug.
East Africa.

Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

L. Laglaize [C.].
Shelley Coll.

Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Purchased.
Sharpe Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
K. B. Sperling Esq

[P-]-
F. Bohndorff[C.].

Sharpe Coll.

2. Mesopicus spodocephalus.

Dendrobates poiocephalus, Siipp. (rion Stc), Beschr. neuer abyss.

Klettervngel, in 3Jus. Sencletib., Extra-Band iii. p. 119 (1842); id.

Syst. Uebers. p. 80, pi. xxxiv. (1845) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 47,

no. 485 (1856).
Dendrobates spodocephalus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850).
Mesopicus spodocephalus, Bj). Consp. Vohta-. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ;

* Heufrlin (Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 813, 1871) gives the three last-n;imed
countries as the habitat of his Fiats spodocephalus, whiob I take to be nothing

n-»r>>.Q f nan \f fim^^tn^y

more than id. yoertan.

24. jiEsopicus. 371

Hartl. Oni. W.-Afr. p. 180 (note) (1857) ; Salvud. Anii. Mus.

Civ. fStor. Nat. Genova, 1884, p. 88 ; id. op. cit. 1888, p. 211.
Scolecotheres spodocepbalus, Reichenb. Scans. Piciiice, p. 427,

pi. dclxxvi. figs. 4471-72 (1854) {ex Riqjp.).
Dendropicus spodocepbalus, Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 68

(1868) (pt.) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, n. 8660 (1870) (pt.) ; Pelz.

Verhandl. k. k. zool.-hot. Gesellsch. xxxi. p. 615 (1881).
Picus (Mesopicus) rhodeogaster, Fisch. ^ Beicheiunv, J.f. O. 1884,
p. 180; Fisck. in Madardsz, Zeitsch. gesamm. Orn. 1884, p. 369.

Adult female. Back and scapulars uniform golden olive, the
feathers having brighter golden margins ; wing-coverts browner
than the back and more or less margined with golden olive : quills
brown, the outer webs of the inner primaries margined with golden
olive, those of the secondaries partiallj' or entirely olive-brown,
similarlj- margined ; a few minute and almost obsolete j-ellowish
spots on the outer webs of some of the primaries ; the inner webs of
the primaries at their base, and those of the secondaries along their
whole length, spotted with white; the innermost secondaries washed
with olive on the inner webs, shafts dark brown : rump and upper
tail-coverts scarlet ; tail brown, the lateral feathers with a few
indistinct spots of yellowish brown, shafts dark brown ; nasal
plumes, entire head and neck, also the under surface of the bodj',
bluish grey, the breast having a slight tinge of olive ; the abdomen
scarlet-vermilion ; under tail-coverts uniform, and rather browner
than the under surface of the body ; under wing-coverts dull white,
with a shght tinge of yellow, and having dusky barring : " irides
chestnut ; bill plumbeous black ; feet dusky bluish " (Antinori).
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"9, wing 4-37, tail 2*3, tarsus 0-7 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*56, outer posterior 0"62,
inner anterior 0'45, inner posterior 0"3.

Adult male. " Differs from the female in the Antinori Collection
in having the ashy-grey feathers of the crown and occiput tipped
with red ; the forehead is ashy grey and without red " {Salvadori).
" Irides dusky ; bill and feet bluish " (Eagazzi).

Bah. Shoa and south-west to Lado, and ranging into Massai-
Land.

3. Mesopicus griseocephalus.

Le Pic verd de I'lsle de Luyon, Sonn. Toy. Nouv. Guiii. 1776,

p. 73, pi. xxxvi.
Le Pic a tete grite du Cap de Bonne Efpi'rance, Btiff'. Hist. Nat. Ois.

vii. p. 26 (1780) ; Faid). PL Enl. 786. fig. 2.
Cape Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syyi. ii. p. 586, pi. 2 (1782).
Manilla Green Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 583, no. 28

(1782).
Picus griseocephalus, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Fnl. p. 49 (1783).
Picus meustruus. Scop. Del. Fl. ct Favn. Insutir. ii. p. 89, no. 50

(1786) ; Sunder. Consp. Av.Picin. p. 45, no. 132 (1866).
Picus capensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i.

2b2

372 nciD^.

p. 237, no. 37 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Rvr. Nat. Hnmh. p. 16, nos.

175, 176 (1793) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 92 (1818) ;

Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 194 (1826) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 219 (1831) ;

Riipih St/sf. Uebers. p. 87(1845).
Picas maiiillensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 434(1788, ex Sonn.) ; Latham,

Ind. Orn. i. p. 236, no. 31 (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 189. _
Le Pic Olive, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. vi. p. 16, pis. ccxlviii., ccxlix.

(1808); Sundev. Krit. Framsi. Levaill. p. 52 (1857).
Picus caniceps, Wacjl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 46 (1827).
Picus obscurus, Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 90 (1827).
Dendrobates capens'is, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 154 (1837) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 125 (1850).
Dendrobates griseocepbalus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1849) ; Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 236 (1867).
Cbrysocolaptes menstruus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. A pp. p. 21 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 122 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 10

(1854); Reiehenb. Scans. Picina, p. 400, pi. dcliv. fig. 4-356

(1854).
Mesopicus capensis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/qod. p. 9 (1854) ; Malh.

Picid(e, ii. p. 42, pi. xlii. figs. 7, 8 (1862)".
Mesopicus griseocepbalus, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 324;

Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 417 ; Soitsa, Jam. Sc. Lish. 1889,_p. 43.
Scolecotheres menstruus, Cab. S( Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 134

(1863).
Dendropicus menstruus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 67 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8657 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B.

p. 18 (1871) ; id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 191 (1875) ; Barratt,

Ibis, 1876, p. 200 ; Butler, Feilden, 8)- Reid, Zoologist, 1882,

p. 208.
Mesopicus menstruus, Ayres, Ibis, 1876, p. 432.
Dendrobates menstruus, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 393 (1882).

Adult male. Upper parts, including scapulars and wing-coverts,
uniform golden olive ; quills blackish brown, the outer webs edged
with golden olive, this colour being more developed on the second-
aries ; inner webs spotted with white ; shafts brownish black ; rump
and upper tail-coverts crimson ; tail uniform blackish brown, shafts
black ; crown and occipital crest crimson ; forehead, lores, and
entire side of the face, also chin and throat, ashy grey : fore neck
and chest golden olive, tinged with dull red ; underparts olive
mixed with grey, the bases of the feathers being of the latter colour ;
the centre of the abdomen tinged with scarlet; under wing-coverts
and axillaries yellowish white crossed by dusky bars : " upper
mandible dusky, the under one pule ashy ; tarsi and feet greenish
ashy; iris dusky" (F. A. Barratt); "iris reddish hazel" (T. 0.
Atmore). Total length 7'6 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 4-4, tail 3,
tarsus 0'8 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-55, outer
posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0"4, inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head
entirely grey. Total length 7"o inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-2, tail
2-75, tarsus 0-8.

Hab. Cape Colony, Natal, and into Zulu-Land and Eastern
Transvaal ; extending on the west to Huilla in Angola.

24. MESOPICTJS.

373

a. J ad. sk.

b,c. c? 5" ad. ; d.

Imm. sk.
e. cf imm. sk.
/, (?. 2 ad. sk.
A. 2 ad. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.
k, I. (J ad. sk.

m. (S ad. sk.
n, 0. 2 ad. ; p.

c? imm. sk.
y, r. c? 2 ^<^l- sk.

s. o ad. sk.

^ M. c5' 2 ^^- slf-
r. cJ ad. sk.

Cape Colony.

Cape Colony.

Cape Colony.

Cape Colony.

Knysna, Jan. (C J. Andersson).

Kuysna, Dec. ( C. J. Andersson).

Elands Post, May, June {T.

C. Atmore).
George {T. C. Atmore).
Kingwilliamstown.

Drakensberg, Aug. (.E". A. But-
ler).

Newcastle, Aug. (R A. But-
ler).

Zulu-Land (Gordye).

Macamac, Jun^.

w, .V. c? 2 ad. sk. Macamac (F. A. Bar rati).

F. Thackeray, Esq.

[P-]-
Sharps Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sharpe Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Major Trevelyan [P.].

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoU.

F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.J.
Shelley Coll.

4. Mesopicus pyrrhogaster.

Picus (Chloropicus) pyrrhogaster, Alalh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 399.
Dendrobates pyrrhogaster, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849) :

Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, pp. 201, 4.33.
Chloropicus pyrrhogaster, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850).
Scolecotheres pyrrhogastei", Reichenb. Seems. Picince, p. 428 (1854).
Mesopicus pyrrhogaster, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854) ;

Malh. FicidcB, ii. p. 41, pi. viii. figs. 9, 10 (1862); Harqitt,

Ibis, 1883, p. 419; Bilttikofer, Notes Leyd. Mus. 1885, p. 219;

id. op. cit. 1886, p. 263, 1888, p. 96.
Dendropicus (Mesopicus) pyrrhogaster, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 180

(1857).
Dendropicus pyrrhogaster, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. P/ulad.

1859, p. 141 ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 263; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 08 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8861 (1870);

Sharpe, Ms, 1870, p. 486 ; id. Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 (1871) ; Ussher,

Ibis, 1874, p. 55.
Camponomus pvrrhogaster, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 137

(1863).
Picus pyrrhogaster, Sundev. Consp). Av. Picin. p. 45, no. 131 (1866).

Adult nude. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverfcs deep golden olive
the outermost of the median wing-coverts spotted with buff; rump
and upper tail-coverts crimson ; quills blackish broAvn, the outer
webs of the secondaries and the external margin of the inner
primaries deep golden olive ; the outer webs of the primaries spotted
with wliite or yellowish, the inner webs of all the quills spotted
with white ; shafts black ; tail uniform blackish brown, the shafts
black ; upper nasal plumes and the forehead brown, the latter
spotted with paler brown ; crown and occiput crimson ; nape and
hind neck black ; lower nasal plumes, sides of the face and neck.

374 piciD^,

chin, throat, and fore neck bufFy or yellowish white, with a black
auricular stripe and another black stripe bordering the throat and
fore neck ; undcrparts blackish olive, the median feathers of the
chest and breast, as well as those of the abdomen, tipped with
crimson, this colour forming a broad stripe ; the sides of the chest
striped, the sides of the breast, the Hanks, and thighs spotted
with yellowish white ; under tail-coverts olive, slightly striped with
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden white, the former
spotted with black. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1-3, wing •4"4,
tail 2-7, tarsus 0'75 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"6, outer
posterior 0'()7, inner anterior O'o, inner posterior 0-3.

Young male. Similar to the adult of the same sex, but having
the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts dingy olive : the red on the
underparts confined to the tips of a few of the central feathers of
the chest and breast, and of a very dull crimson.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the head, the crown and occiput being black. Total length 7*5
inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-6, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. West Africa, between Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast.

a. 5 ad. St. Gold Coast. Capt. Moloney [P.].

h, c. (S fid. ; d, e. Fantee. Shaipe Coll.

Imm. sk.

/. $ ad. sk. Fantee {H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

g. $ ad. sk. Fantee. Tweeddale Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Denkera, Jan. (Slissett). Sharpe Cull.

i. 5 ad. sk. Coramendah, June (Blissett). Shelley Coll.

k. S ad. sk, Aguapim, Feb. (6-'. £. 6'.). Shelley Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. Eniniill, Wassaw, March Shelley Coll.
(Blissett),

5. Mesopicus ellioti.

Polipicus elliotii, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 197 ; id. Journ.

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 457, pi. li. fig. 1, ? .
Pious ellioti, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 63 (1866).
Canipethera ellioti, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8703 (1870).
Poliopicus ellioti, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 448.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts uni-
form olive ; the wing-coverts also uniform olive but with a golden-
brown tinge ; quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the second-
aries and the margins of those of the primaries at their base olive,
the inner webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts brown ; tail
brownish black, the inner webs spotted with dull white at the
extreme base, and the central feathers partially margined with
olive, shafts brown ; nasal plumes, forehead, and most of the crown
black, the hinder part of the crown and the occiput scarlet ; nape
black ; lores and face buffy brown ; side of the neck and the liind
neck yellowish olive ; chin and throat white, the fore neck, chest,
and the remaining underparts and under tail-coverts dull yellow,
the whole being striped with black anteriorly, as far as and in-

24. MEsopicus. 375

eluding the chest, and with deep olive posteriorly, except on the
thighs which are barred, the under tail-coverts having, in addition
to the striations, blackish-olive bars ; under wing-coverts yellowish
white, striped and spotted with dusky olive; upper mandible black,
the tip pale horny ; lower mandible pale horny. Total length 7'5
inches, culmen 0'92, wing 3"8, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*7 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-5, outer posterior 0'53, inner anterior 0'4,
inner posterior 0*25.

Adult female. With Cassin's figure before me, the adult of this
sex differs from the adult male in wanting the broad red occipital
band. The measurements are given as follows : — " Total length
about 7 inches, wing 3|, taU 3 " {Cassin).

Hab. Western Africa (lliver Muni to Landana).

6. Mesopicus johnstoni, (Plate IX.)
Poliopicus johnstoni, Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 122.

Adult male. Entire upper par^s and tail-coverts, wing-coverts,
and outer webs of the secondaries, also those of the primaries at
their base, yellowish olive ; remaining portion of the quills dusky
black, or brownish oii the outer webs of the primaries, the inner webs
of the quills being spotted with white ; shafts brown ; tail dusky
brown, the central feathers margined at the base with j^ellowish
olive ; shafts brown ; forehead and crown black, the occiput and
nape scarlet : nasal plumes black ; lores and face buffy green,
brighter yellowish olive on the side of the neck ; chin and throat
yellowish white, grading into brilliant yellow on the whole of the
underparts and under tail-coverts, the sides of the fore neck, body,
flanks, thighs, and the under tail-coverts having only a few almost
obsolete dusky striations; under wing-coverts and axillaries yel-
lowish white ; bill yellowish white, darker at the base of tlie upper
mandible. Total length G'5 inches, culmen 0-82, wing 3-.55, tail
2*45, tarsus 0*68 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"57, outer
posterior 0'62, inner anterior 0'45, inner posterior 0-26.

Huh. Cameroon Mountains, 6000 feet.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Canieroons, W. Africa (if. //. British Association [P.].
Johnston). (T-Jpes of the species.)

7. Mesopicus xantholophus. (Plate VIII.)

Dendromus africanus {non Gray), Cassin, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859

p. 141 ; Heme, J.f. O. 1860, p. 192.
Dendropicus africanus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 2G3 ; Cassin, Prcc.

Acad. Phi/ad. 18G3, p. 322 ; Sharpe ^- Bouvier, Hidl. Soc. Zocl

France, 1876, p. 312.
Picus africanus, Bocage, Jam. Lisb. n. xx. 1876, p. 259.
Dendrobates africanus, Bocage, Orn. Ang. 1877, App. p. 536.
Dendropicus xantholophus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 173.
Mesopicus xantholophus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 421 ; Sharpe, Journ.

Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 430 (1884).
Dendropicus pecilei, Oiist. Le Katuraliste, 1886, p. 299.

376

Adult male. Back, scapulars, niinp, and upper tail-coTcrts olive,
the rump-feathers tipped witli _vellow; wing-coverts olive, the lesser
and the mediau series sparingly spotted with white ; quills black,
the outer webs of the primaries partially or entirely margined with
olive and spotted with white, those of the secondaries entirely olive ;
inner webs of the quills (except the innermost) spotted with white ;
shafts black ; tail and the shafts black ; nasal plumes dusky brown
mixed with white ; forehead and crown brown, the feathers of the
hind crown tipped with golden yellow ; occiput and nape black
hind neck like the back, the sides transversely spotted with white
face, chin, and throat white, the supercilium striped with black
an auricular stripe of black, and bordering the throat and fore neck
another black stripe, the tips of many of the feathers of the latter
white ; sides of the neck and chest olive-black, and, with the
remainder of the underparts which are dusky olive, spotted with
white (except upon the abdomen, which is uniform or sometimes
transversely varied with yellowish), some of the abdominal feathers
tipped with dull golden yellow ; under tail-coverts dusky olive,
spotted with white ; under wing-coverts black, spotted and barred
with white ; axillaries barred black and white. Total length 8-5
inches, culmen 1-23, wing 4-5, tail 2-66, tarsus 0-87 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-62, outer posterior 0-75, inner anterior
0"5, inner posterior 0'32.

Adult female. Kesembles the adult male, but wants the yellow on
the crown. Total length 8*5 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 4-46, tail
2-66, tarsus 0-8.

Bab. Gaboon and the Congo, east to the northern part of the
Congo Free State (Aruwimi River), and in the Niam-Niam Country.

h. Gaboon. A. Marche [C.].

a. d' imm.

2 ad. sk

c. j ad. sk

N'doruma, Niam-Niaui Country,
Aug-.

F. Bohndoi'ff[C.].

25. XIPHIDIOPICUS.

Xiphidiopicus, £p. Co7isp. Valuer. Zygocl. no. 213 (1854).

Type.
X. percussus.

Wing of A'iphidiopiciis 'percussus (reduced).
Range. Confined to the island of Cuba.

25. xiPHiDiopicus. 377

1. Xiphidiopicus percussus.

Picus percussus, Temm. PL Col. 66* livr. 390 ^ , 424 $ (1826) ;

Vig. Zuol. Journ. iii. p. 444 (1828) ; Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis.

^•c. Cuba, ii.p. 109 (1838); d'Orb. in Sacp-aJs Hist. Phys. Sfc. Cuba,

ii. p. 143 (1839) ; Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 ; Lenibeije, Av. Isl.

Cuba, Supl. p. 131 (1850) ; Sundev. Coiisp. Av. Picin. p. 48 (1866).
Picus ruppellii, Wagl. Si/st. Av. Picus, sp. 29 (1827) ; id. /sw, 1829,

p. 509.
Dendrobates percussus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845).
Chloropicos percussus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 352.
Chloronerpes percussus, B]}. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 118 (1850) ; Reichenb.

Scans. Picince, p. 407, no. 957, pi. dclxii. figs. 4398-99, c? ? (1854) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 107 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 199,

no. 8786 (1870) ; Gundl. Contr. Orn. Cuba, pp. 115, 273 (1876).
Xiphidiopicus percussus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/r/od. p. 11, no. 213

(1854) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 339, no. 2028 (1862) ; id. Sf Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 100 (1873); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 20

(1885) ; id. Auk, 1886, p. 376.
Chloropicus percussus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 147, pi. Ixxxvi. figs. 1, 2,

cJ $ ad. (1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper series of upper
tail-coverts yellowish olive, the lower series of the latter bluish grey
tinged with olive, the tail-coverts more or less barred with dusky
and at the base with whitish, and having shaft-spots or stripes of
white ; wing-coverts olive ; quills brownish black, the outer webs
of the primaries spotted with white, those of the secondaries (except
the innermost which are uniform) spotted with green, the inner
webs of the quills spotted with white ; shafts black ; tail bluish or
slaty grey with the faintest trace of blackish bars, the lateral feathers
having minute marginal spots of butfy white ; shafts black ; nasal
plumes, frontal band, sides of the face and neck white, with a
black auricular stripe ; crown, also occipital and nuchal crest, crimson ;
chin and upper throat black ; fore neck crimson ; chest, breast,
and abdomen golden yellow, the remaining underparts and the under
tail-coverts whiter, the chest and upper breast striped with black,
the lower breast and abdomen uniform, the sides of the body, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries yellowish white barred with black ; the underside of
the lateral tail-feathers conspicuously barred and the central feathers
having distinct marginal spots of grey. Total length 10 inches,
culmen I'lo, wing 4"75, tail 3*75, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"82, outer posterior 0-86, inner anterior 0-56, inner
posterior 0'43.

Adult femcde. Resembles the male, but has the crown black striped
with white. Total length 9 inches, culmen 0'S3, wing 4-65, tail 3-45,
tarsus 0-92.

Toung, sex ? Wants the crimson on the throat and fore neck,
these, together with the chin, being brownish dusky ; there is a
very narrow median Une of lemon -yellow on the breast and abdomen,
and the remainder of the underparts (except the thighs) and the

378

under tail-coverts are striped, the thighs alone having dusky bars ;
the chest is less yellow than in the adult ; the white on the face
and neck not so pure, and the auricular stripe of a paler dusky
brown ; the upper part of the forehead and the crown are blackish
brown, the former having a few stripe-like spots of white, the coronal
feathers tipped with crimson, the occiput and nape entirely crimson ;
the back and the wing-coverts are less green than in the adult.
Hah. Cuba,

a. ? ad. sk.

Cuba.

b, c. <S ad. at imm. ;

Cuba.

d, e. $ ad. sk.

/. S ad.sk.

Mout€

Verde, Cuba (C.
Wright) [Sm. no. 17746].

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

2(i. SAPHEOPIPO.

Type ;S'. nor/uchii.

Wing of Sapheopipo noguchii (reduced).
Ranrje. Loo Choo Islands.

1. Sapheopipo noguchii.

Picus noguchii, Seeb. Ibis, 1S87, p. 178, pi. vii.

Blythipicus noguchii, Stejn. Zeitsch. yesamm. Orn. 1887, p. 172,

Young, sc.r? Back, scapulars, rump, and iipper tail-coverts sooty
brown, the feathers tipped with dull brick-red, the underparts from
the chest to the vent (both inclusive) as well as the under tail-coverts
rather browner than the back, especially on the chest ; the breast,
abdomen, and under tail-coverts tipped with brighter brick-red;
■wings and their coverts brownish black, the outer primary long,
measuring 1-95 inch ; some of the primaries having one exposed
and one concealed white spot on the outer webs, the inner webs
having two or three spots of white, most of the secondaries having
a concealed white spot at the extreme base of each web, shafts
black ; tail and the shafts black ; nasal plumes buffy brown tipped

27. LEPOCESTES. 379

with black ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape dull crimson, the
bases of the feathers sooty brown ; hind neck sooty brown ; lores
face, and upper part of the side of the neck buffy brown, the malar
region and lower side of the neck darl^er brown ; chin, throat, and
fore neck buffy brown, the feathers having creamy-white bases ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries brownish black, the former having
one or two longitudinal spots of white near the edge of the wing.
Amongst the body-feathers, both above and below, are one or two
of a rich maroon-colour, more or less tipped with crimson, appearing,
evidently those of the adult plumage ; the bill is whitish, horny or
bluish at the base ; legs and feet plumbeous blue ; claws blackish
brown. Total length 10-3 inches, culmen 1-32, wing 5-76, tail 3-8,
tarsus 1-1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer posterior
0-86, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0-38.
Ifah. Loo Choo Islands,

a. Juv. sk. Great Loo Choo Island, Aug. Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.].
1886 (H. Fryer). (Type of species.)

27. LEPOCESTES.

Blythipicus, 5;j. Consp. Vohwr. Zijgod. no. 98(1854) L. porphyromelas.
Pyrrhopicus, Malh. Introd. 3[onoi/r. Picid. p. liii.

,C1^1>1 ) .' L. pyrrhotis.

Plmthopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii.

^ (I'^'Jl) " L. porphyromelas.

Lepocestes, Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 1 10

(1S63; L. pyrrhotis.

Bill of Lepccestes pyrrhotis.

Range. Eastern Himalayan Provinces, into Cachar and Manipur ;
through Burmah and the Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra and Eorneo.'

Key to the Species.

A. Larger : length 10-5 inches, culmen 2, win»
5"5 ; barred above. "

a'. With red on the sides of the nape.

a". Top of the head nearly uniform ; the
red on the side of the nape very brilliant
and forming a conspicuous patch .... pyrrhotis ^ ad., p. 380.

380 piciD^.

b". Top of the head striped ; the red on the

side of the nape forming- a narrow band, pyrrhotis cJ juv., p. 381.
U . With no red on the sides of the nape.

c". Top of the head uniform pyrrhotis 5 ad., p. 381.

d". Top of the head striped jn/rrhotis j juv., p. 381.

B. Smaller: length 8'5 inches, culmen 1'55,
wing 4'8 ; uniform above.
c. Wings spotted ; tail uniform.

e". With a patch of red on the side of the [p. 382.

nape jwrphyromelas c? ad.,

/". With no red on the side of the nape . . poriihyromelas 5 ad.,
d' . Wings aud tail narrowly barred with dusky [p. 383.

white porphyromelas c? juv.,

[p. 383.

1. Lepocestes pyrrhotis.

Picus pyi-rhotis, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 108, c? ; Sundev. Co7isp.

Av. Picin. p. 47 (1806).
Chloronerpes pyrrhotis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 8o.
Meig'lyptes pyrrhotis. Gray, Cat. Mamm. S^c. Nepal pres. Hodgs.

1840, p. 117; id. Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849); Reichenb.

Scans. Picinee, p. 404, no. 943, pi. dclix. %s. 4378-79, cJ S (1854).
Celeopicos pyrrhotis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 335.
(xecinus pyrrhotis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 59, no. 271

(1849).
Blythipicus pyrrhotis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 99 (1854) ;

Hmne, Str. F. vii. p. 520 (1878) ; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 176;

Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 63 (1888).
Venilia pyrrhotis, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 666,

no. 972 (1856-58); Jerd. B. hid. i. p. 291 (1862); Gray, Cat.

Mamm. Sfc. Nepal pres. Hodi/s. p. 64, no. 487 (1863) ; Beacan,

Ibis, 1865, p. 411 ; Bah/, op.'cit. 1869, p. 157 ; Jerd. op. cit. 1872,

p. 9 ; Hmne, Str. F. 1874, p. 472 ; Bhjth Sf Wald. B. Burm. 1875,

p. 77 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 26 ; id. Sf Davison, op. cit. 1878,

vi. p. 142 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 39 (1883).
Celeopicus pyrrhotis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 37, pi. xlix. figs. 4 cJ , 5 $

(1862).
Lepocestes pyrrhotis, Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 110 (1863) ;

Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279.
Canapephilus pyrrhotis. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8633 (1870).

Adult male. Above, together with the wings, tail, and their
coverts, barred rufous and black, the back washed with dull reddish ;
shafts of quills and of rectrices orange-reddish; head aud neck
brown, paler aud more buff anteriorly, with a few pale brown
striations on the fore part of the crown ; on each side of the nape
a large patch of scarlet, the central nuchal feathers only tinged with
red ; fore neck and chest reddish brown, grading into dusk)' brown
on the remainder of the underparts ; under tail-coverts barred rufous
and black ; under wing-coverts rufous, barred with black. Total
length 10-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 5-5, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-05; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0'85, outer posterior 0-87, inner
anterior 0-6, inner posterior O'o.

^i. LEPOCESTES.

381

In verj' old males there is a complete nuchal band of scarlet.

Immature male. Has the head more or less striped with nifescent
buff; the red patch on the side of the nape smaller in extent and
less vivid ; the back less washed with dull red, consequently the bars
showing more distinctly ; the underparts dusky black, the feathers
tipped with dull reddish rufous, which produces an appearance of
barring.

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but lacks the brilliant
red feathers on the side of the nape, there being only a trace of this
colour. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 5-05, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1*15.

Young female. Is striped on the head like the young male, ^^■hich
it resembles, but the red on the side of the nape is wanting.

Hah. Nepal and Sikhim, eastward into the Khasia Hills, Cachar,
and Manipur ; south into Pegu (Tonghoo Hills and Karen-nee), and
Tenasserim, and ranging as far as the mountains of Perak, Malayan
Peninsula.

a. S ad. sk.

b, c. cJ ad. ; d, e.
d juv. sk.

f,ff.(Ja.d. etimm.;

k, I. 2 ad. sk.
fc-y. c? ad. et juv. ;

z-h'. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
i'. 5 ad. sk.
k'. (^ ad. sk.

I'. cJ ad. sk.
m', n' . 2 ad. sk.

o'. S juv. .sk.

p . S juv. sk.

(f. tS ad. sk.

/•'. c? juv. sk.

«'. 2 juv. sk.

a, u'. S ad. .'^k.

v'. cS ad. sk.

to'. cT inim. sk.

.!■'. (5 imm. sk.

y'. Skeleton.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).

Sikhim, Feb., March, April, June,
Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. (Z.
Mandelli).
Darieeliug.
N. khasia Hills, April 1876 (A.

W. Chennell).
Cachar.
Machi, Manipur, May 7, 1881

{A. 0. H.).
Karen-nee, Jan. 1876 {R. G.

W. S.).
Karen Hills, April 22, 1875

(H. G. W. R.).
Tonghoo Hills, March 9, 1874

{R. G. W. R.).
Tenasserim, April 11, 1877 {W.

Limhorg).
Kollidoo, Feb. 2, 1874 (W.

Harison).
Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 1874 ( W.

Davkoii).
Pahpoon, Jan. 8, 1874 ( W.

iJavison).
Mooleyit, Feb. 3, 1877 {W.

Davison).
Mts. of Perak.

[Java.]

Hodgson Coll.

(Type of species.)

Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

L. Wrav, Esq.
[P.]. ^

Purchafied.

382

2. Lepocestes porphyromelas.

Picus porphjTomt'las, Loic, Briefe geschr. cms Ostind. p. 143 (1832) ;

Snndei). Cv7isp. Av. Pic/'n. p. 47 (1866).
Picus (lieniicircus) rubiginosus, Sicains. Classif. B. ii. p. 150

(1837).
Picus melanogaster, Hay, Madr. Jmirn. 1844, p. 153 ; Tweedd. Metn.

ed. W.-Banmnj, p. 7 "(1881).
Ilemicercus rubiginosus, Hartl. Bev. Zool. 1844, p. 402, S ; Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 104.
Picus rubiginosus, Eyton, Ann. <^- Mac/. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 229

(1845).
Geciuus mbigiuosus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 52 ; id. Cat.B. Mus.

As. Sac. p. 59, no. 272 (1849).
Celeopicos rubiginosiis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 336.
Dendrobates rubiginosu.'?, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 126 (1850).
Venilia porphvi'omelas, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 128 (1850); Reichenh.

Scans. Pic'incp, p. 359, uo. 831, pi. dcxxix. figs. 4187-88 (1854) ;

Hume S,- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 143 (1878) ; Gates, B. Brit. Bur7n.

ii. p_. 40 (1883).
Blytbipicus rubiginosus, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 98 (1854) ;

Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Brit. Mus. p. 94 (1855).
Scolecotheres rubiginosus, Reichetib. Scans. Picina, p. 428, no. 1011

(1854).
■^'enilia melanogaster, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.

p. 665 (1856-58).
Venilia melanogastra, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 457.
Venilia rubiginosa, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 292 (1862).
Celeopicus poi-pbyromelas, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 39, pi. xlix. figs. 1

c?,2$(1862). _ _

Lepocestes rubiginosus, Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. Ill

(1863).
Campepbilus rubiginosus. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no.' 8632 (1870).
Lepocestes porpbyromelas, Suhad. Ucc. Born. p. 48 (1874) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1875, p". 319 ; Sliarje, Ibis, 1877, p. 9 ; id. op. cit. 1879,

p. 242 : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Genova, 1879, p. 181 ; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1887, p. 443 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279.
Blytbipicus porphyromelas, Hnme, Str.F. \ii. p. 520 (1878) ; id. op.

hit. 1879, pp. 52', 88, no. 176 bis.

Adult male. Upper parts and wing-coverts uniform purplish rcrl,
the upper tail-covcrts dusky black, margined with the same purplish
red : quills brownish black, the outer webs of the secondaries and of
the inner primaries at the base margined with red, the quills having
dusky-greyish spots or narrow bars ; shafts black ; tail and the shafts
black ; head brown anteriorly, becoming blacker posteriorly and on
the neck, some of the feathers on the side of the nape tipped with
bright crimson, the malar feathers slightly tinged with dull red ;
under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts b]acl<ish
brown, with a reddish tinge on the chest ; under wing-coverts
blackish brown mixed with dull red. Total length 8-5 inches,
culmen 1-55, wing 4-8, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-95; toes (without claws) —

27. LEPOCESTES.

383

outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0-96, inner anterior 0-6, inner
posterior 0"38.

Young male. Has the upper parts more of a dull brick-red, the
rump and upper tail-coverts being devoid of this colour ; the wings
and their coverts more distinctly barred with brownish grey, and the
tail entirely barred with the same ; head brown, huffy brown ante-
riorly, the feathers of the crown, occiput, and sides of the nape dull
brick-red ; chin and throat brownish, the under surface of the body
dusky black, with no red tiuge on the chest and none on the malar
region ; under wing-coverts barred with dusky grey.

Adult fimale. AVants the bright crimson feathers on the side of the
nape, and the malar region is not tinged with red. Total length 8'5
inches, culmen 1'32, wing 4"7o, tail 2-8, tarsus 0"87.

Hah. Tenasserim, south of Bopyin ; Malayan Peninsula to Singa-
pore ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

«. c? ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

c-i. (S ad. ; k-s. 5

ad. at juv. sk.
t, u. cJ ad. ; v.

2 ad. sk.
to. Juv. sk.
X. (S ad. sk.
y,z. cJad. ; a ,b',c'.

2 ad. et juv. sk.
d' . S fid. St.
e',/'. d 2 ad.; g\

K . Imm. sk.
i' . (5 ad. sk.

k', t , m'. cJ ad. et
imm.; n . 2 ad. sk.

o', p'. c? ad. ; q.
Juv. sk.

r'.S ad. ; s' . S
juv. sk.
(S ad. sk.

t'

(5 ad. : v' , xo',
x'. 2 ad. et juv. sk.
Juv. sk.

Juv. sk.
. 2 ad. sk.
. 2 imm. sk.

Bopyin, Dec. 20, 1874 (W.

Davison).
Palaw-ton-ton, Dec. 29, 1874

( IV. Davison).
Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., March,

Apr.,May, June( W.Davison).
Malewoon, Dec, April ( W.

Daviso7i).
Penaug.
JNlts. of Perak.
Klang, Feb., March, April

( JF. Davison).
Malacca.
Malacca, July ( W. Davison).

Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

Malacca (J?. G. W. E.).

Malacca {Dr. Maingay).

Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 2, 1875

( W. Daiison).
Johore, Aug. 1875 ( W. Daviswi).

Singapore.

Singapore.

Sumatra {Carl Bock).

Lawas River, Boi-neo.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
L.Wray,Esq.[P.].
Hume Coll.

Purchased.
Hume Coll.

W. Harvev, Esq.

[P.]. •
India Museum.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Lord Ellenbo-

roiigh [P.].
Gould CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
H.Veitch,Esq.[P.].

384

28. MIGLYPTES.

Meiglyptes, Swaim. Vlaxsif. B. ii. p. aOO ( I8;i7) M teis'tis

btug-nopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (18G1) . . M. tristis.

Head of Miglyptes tristis.

Range. Eurmah, Siam, and Cochin China, and through the Malayan
Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Nias, Java, and Borneo.

Key to the Species.
A. Upper back barred.

a'. Lower back and rump bufty -white.
a". Centre of breast and abdomen uni-
form bhxck.

«'". With red malar stripe tristis f{ , p. 385.

h'". Makar region barred like the chin

and throat , tristis $ , p. 385.

b . Breast and abdomen barred with
bufty white.

e'". With red malar stripe grammithorax c? , p. 386

d . Malar region barred like tlie chin

and throat grammithora.v 9 , p. 386.

0 . Lower back and rump barred like the
upper back,
c". Head dusky brown or olivaceous
dusky.

e". With red malar stripe tiikki S , p. 389.

/". Malar region barred like the chin

j„ TT 5"? *^"'°'''* *^^^^ 2 , P- 389.

a . Head brownish black ; malar region

^ „ ,. uniform brown . infuscatus (^ on label),

J), iintire back umiomi black ; rump creamy Pp. 390.

white; breast and abdomen uniform

black.

c'. Feathers of the malar region tipped

with red ...... . jngidavis S, p. 391.

d . Malar region devoid of red juyularis $ , p. 391.

1. Miglyptes tristis.

Picus tristis, Horsf. Trajis. Linn. 80c. xiii. p. 177 (I82:i) • Giehd
(pt.), Thes. Orn. iii. p. 183 (ISIQ). ^ J '

Picus poicilolophus, Tetnm. PL Col. iv. pl. cxcvii. fi"-. l (1823)
Waaler (pt.),St/st.Av.Ficu!i,s^.Q8 (1827),

28. MIGLTPTES. 385

Meiglyptes poiciloplius, S^mim. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837).

Meiglyptes tristis, Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 55 ; id. Gen. B. ii. p. 447
(]84(j); Bhjth (pt.) Cat. B. Mus. As. Sue. 1849, p. 60; Bp. (pt.)
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 112 (1850); id. Consj). Volitcr. Zyyod. p. 9
(1854) ; Reichenb. (])t.) Scans. Picince, p. 402, pi. dclvii. figs. 4370-
4371 (1854) ; Horsf. ^ Moore (pt.), Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii.
p. 668 (1856-58) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 123 (1868);
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8838 (1870); Mcholson, Ibis,
1879, p. 164 ; id, op. cit. 1881, p. 141 ; Vorderm. List B. Java,
no. 64 (1884).

Phaiopicos tristis, Malh, N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 338.

Phaiopicus tristis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 10, pi. xlviii.figs. 1, 2 (1862).

Picus tristis, var. a, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 91 (1860).

Miglyptes tristis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 497 (note) ; Hargitt, Ibis,
1884, p. 189.

Adult male. Upper and middle back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
black, narrowly barred with bufFy white ; bastard-wing and primary-
coverts black, spotted with biiffy white ; quills black, spotted with
bufFy white upon both webs, the innermost being barred with the
same across both webs ; shafts black ; lower back and rump bufiy
white, the former with a few dusky cross-markings ; upper tail-
coverts black, narrowly barred with buffy white ; tail black, with
bufFy white spots upon both webs, shafts black ; lores, entire head
and crest, sides of the neck, chin, and throat black, finely vermicu-
lated with bufiy white ; a small red malar patch : under surface of
the body black, the sides of the bodj-, flanks, and thighs barred with
buffy white ; under tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with buffy
white; under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3"7, tail 1'95, tarsus 0"7 ; toes (with-
out claws)^outer anterior 0"6, outer posterior 0'55, inner anterior
0"4, inner posterior 0-28.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the red malar
patch. Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3"6, tail 1'7,
tarsus 0'65.

Hah. Confined to the Island of Java.

a. 5 imm. sk. Java (Hors/ield). India Museum. (Tyjie

of spocies.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Java {Horsfield). India IMuseum.
c,d.S2 ad. sk. W. Java. F. Nicholson, Esq. [P.].
e. Skull. Java. Purchased.

2. Miglyptes grammithorax.

Picus poicilolophus (mm Temvi.), Le.<s. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831).

Ileniicircus tristis, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106.

Meiglyptes tristis (pt.), Bh/f/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 00 (1849) ;

Bp. Consp. Gen. A v. i. p. 112 (1850); id. Consp. T'olua: Zyyod.

p. 9 (1854) ; Beickenb. Scans. Picince, p. 402, pi. dclvii, figs. 4370-

4371 (1854).
TOL. XVIII. 2 c

3S(3 I'lciD^.

Meifrlyptes tristis (non Horsf.), Stoliczha, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 294 ;
WuM. Ilm, 1872, p. mr,;'Salvad. ZTcc.Born. p.5G(1874) ; Hume,
Sfr. F. 1874, p. 471 ; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 324; Bli/tk (ij- Wald. B.
Burm. p. 77 (1875) ; Shmye, F. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; id. Ibis, 1876,
p. 30 ; Tweedd. op. cit. 1877, p. 290 ; Briigg. Ahhmidl. nat. Ver,
Bremen, v. p. 455 (1877) ; Hume. ^ Davison, Str. F. 1878, vi.
pp. 131, 501 : Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 52 ; SJiarpe, P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 327; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 243; Tivaut, Ois. B. Cochinchine, p. 88
(1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 184 (1879) ; Kelham,
Ibis, 1881, p. 388 ; Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792 ; Nicholson, Ibis,
1882, p. 65 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 402 (1882) ; Miiller,
Orn. Salanga, p. 72 (1882) ; Bias. Verhandl. sool.-bot. Gesellsch.
Wien, 1883, p. 31 ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 405 ; Trist. Cat.
Coll. p. 105 (1889).

riiaiopicus grammitliorax, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 12, ]il. xlviii. figs. 4, 5
(18(j2).

Picus tristis, var. b, Sundev. Cotisp. Av. Picin. p. 92 (1866).

Meiglyptes graramithorax, Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 124
(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8839 (1870) ; Oates, B. Brit.
Bur7n.i\. p. 59 (1883).

Miglyptes tristis {non Horsf.), Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 87.

Miglyptes graramithorax, Hinte, Str. F. 1879, p. 497 (note) ;
Harff. Ibis, 1884, p. 191 ; Sliarpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 443; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genov. 1887, pp. 519, 530.

Adult male. Mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts black narrowly
barred with white ; lower back and rump buffy white ; upper tail-
covcrts black narrowly barred with white ; quills black, spotted
with white on both webs, the innermost of all being barred right
across ; shafts black ; tail black, spotted, more or less transversely,
on both webs with white, shafts black ; head, neck, and chest
black, closely and finely vermiculated with M'hite, or, on the chin,
with buff; the lores and anterior half of orbital region buff; malar
stripe crimson ; underparts below the chest and the under tail-
coverts black barred with buffy white, the bars less defined in the
middle of the abdomen ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform
buffy white. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0"75, wing 3'5.5, tail
1"75, tarsus 0"7 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-52, outer
posterior 0"55, inner anterior 0-35, inner posterior 0-22.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the red malar
stripe. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0'75, wing 3-47, tail l"6o,
tarsus 0-7.

Flech/lina female. In the grey phase ; diflfers from the adult
female in having the top of the head and the occiput dusky, with
smoky white cresccntic markings ; the rum]) is even lighter buffy
white than an adult grey-phased female; the underparts are not
entirely barred below and quite as uniform on the middle of the
breast and abdomen as in some adult birds. The general character,
however, of the immature is to bo browner in colour and entirely
barred below.

Exam]>les of this species from Nwalabo have the breast and
abdomen darker and more uniform than from any other locality,
and very much resemble M. tristis, but differ from it in having
these parts brown instead of black, and the chest is always

28. MI6LTPTES.

387

barred. A very rufous male from Malacca, in which the top of the
head has crcscentic black markings on a brownish-white or buffy
ground, is tinged with red on the forehead.

Hah. Tenasserim, from Nwalabo southward ; entire Malayan
Peninsula, including the islands of Salanga and Singapore ; Sumatra
and the island of Nias ; throughout Borneo, but not in Labuan.

ii. J ad.; b, c. 5 ad.

sk.
d, e. (S fid. sk.

f-l. (S ad. ; m-q. §

ad. sk.
;■. (S ad. sk.

s, t, ti. (S ad. et

imni. sic.
V, w. cJ 5 ad. ; .?•.

2 juv. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.
z. (S ad. sk.

a'-l'. S ad. et imm. ;

m'-v . 5 ad. et

iuim. sk.
lo'. S ad. sk.

.f', y'. d 2 ad. sk.

z'. 2 ad. sk.

a", h" , c", d" . S
ad. et iuv. ; e".
2 ad. sk.

/', (f. i ad sk.

/t", r.Jad. ; k" ,1".

5 ad. etimm.sk.
m". <S ad. ; n" , o'' .

(S 5 imm. sk.
p" . (5 ad. sk.
(j". S ad. sk.
>-",s".cTad. ; t', 2i".

5 ad. sk.
v'', w". 2 ad. sk.

'!-■ ,!/

(S ad. sk.
J imm. sk.

Foot of Nwalabo, April 5, 1878

(J. Darlinr/).
Ilankacbin, "Feb. 6, 1875 ( W.

Davison).
Bankasoon, Dec, April, May,

June ( W. Davison).
Coppah, Nov. 8, 1879 (J.

Darlimj).
Kossoum, May, July, Sept. {J.

Darliny).
Tapraw, April 5, 1870 {J.

Darlimj).
Penang {Dr. Cantor).
Dingding Iliver, Feb. 28, 1870

( W. Davison).
Klaug, Salaugore, Jan, Feb.,

March, April, July, Sept. ( W,

Davison).
Qiialla Lampah, Salaugore,

March 18, 1870 ( W.Davison).
Laiighat, April 1879 (TF.

Daviso7i).
Salangore, Nov. 1879 [W.

Davison).
Malacca, July 1877 ( W. Davi-
son).

Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Mainyay).

6^-e'. cTad.etimm.;

f^'hK 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
Z^,?»^. (5' 2 imm. sk. Joliore, March,
Davison)

Mt. Ophir. Malacca, Aug.

{R. G. W. JR.).
Malacca {A. E. Wallace).

Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

Pulo Seban, Malacca, Nov.

1875 ( W. Davison).
Chohong, Malacca, Oct. 1875

(jr. Davison).
Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875 ( W.

Davison).
Foot of GuDnong Pulai, Joliore,

March, July, Aug. ( W.

Davison).

Aug. ( W.

Ilume Coll.

Hume Cull.

Ilume Coll.

Hume Cell.

Hume Coll.

Ilume Coll.

India Mu.'-eum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Cull.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

W. Harvey, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

1873 Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
lucUa Museimi.

Ilume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume. Col!.

Hume Coll.
2c2

388

0^. d ad. sk.
p^. 2 ad. sk.

gr3. (iJ ad. sk.
r^, (5 ad. sk.
s^. S ad.; /■'. d.

juv. sk.
M^. 2 ad. sk.
^J^ zo^ d' 2 ad. sk.
.r^. cJ ad. sk.
«/'. d imui- sk.
c^ «*. d ? ad. sk.
6^ 2 ad.sk.
c% dK 6 2 ad. sk.

e^ d ad. sk.

d imiu. sk.
i*. cS ad. sk.

Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore Island, Feb. 6, 1879

( W. Davison).
Sumatra.

Sumatra {A. R. Wallace).
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra (E. C.

Buxton).
[Java.]
Borneo.
Sarawak.

Sarawak {A. Everett).
Marup, Sarawak {A. Everett).
Simunjon, Sarawak(^. Everett).
Borneo {H. Loiv).

Teffora, N.E. Borneo {H.

Everett).
Lawas River, Borneo.

Banjarmassing {J. Motley).

Gonkl Coll.
Bajah Brooke [P.].
Hume Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Rajah Brooke [P.].
Wallace Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
R. Bowdler

Sharpe, Esq.[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

H. Veitch

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll

Esq.

3. Miglyptes tukki.

Picus tukki, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 167.
Hemicercus brunneus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106.
Picus luridus, Nitzsch, Pteryl. p. 137 (1840).

Meiglyptes brunuevis, Hartl. Sijst. Verz. Mm. Hamh. p. 93 (1844) ;
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 447 (1846) ; Bonap. Consj). Gen. Av. i.
p. 113 (ISrjO) ; Hursf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 668,
no. 976 (1856-58); iSclat. P. Z. IS. 1863, p. 210; Gray, List
Picirl. Brit. Mus. p. 125 (1868) ; id.Hand-l. B.W. p. 203, no. 8842
(1870).
Meiolyptes fuscus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. viii. p. 131, pi. xxxvi.

fig. 1 (1848).
Phaiopicos pectoralis (non Latham), Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad.

Mctz, 1848-49, p. 338.
Meiglyptes pectoralis (non Lath.), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 60
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyqod. p. 9 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans.
Picince, p. 402, no. 938, pi. dclvii. fig. 4372 (1854).
Phaiopicus pectoralis (jion Lath.), Malh. Picidce, ii, p. 8, pi. xlvii.

figs. 5, 6 (1862).
Picus brunneus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 91 (1866).
Mei"lyptes marginatus, Reiniv. MS. (1821) ; StoUczka, J. A. S. B.

xxxix. p. 295 (1870).
Meiglyptes tukki, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 57 (1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1875, p. 103 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 319 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876,
p. 36 ; Tweedd. op. cit. 1877, p. 290 ; Hume Sf Davison, Str.
F. 1878, vi. p. 132 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 52 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879,
p. 243; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. .327, 1881, p. 792; Nicholson, Ibis,
1882, p. 55; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 61 (1883); Bias. Ver-
hundl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1883, p. 31 ; Gvillcm. P. Z. S.
1885, p. 406.

2S. MIGLYPTES. ggg

Picus tukki, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 183 (1876)
^^^ig^yft^s tnc^i, Briiffff. AhkancU.nat Ver. Bremen v r, 455n877->
Miglyptes tukki, Hume, Str. F. 1879 d 87 TTrLnJ/n- ^^IIl'
p. 193; Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279/' ' ^ "' ^*''' ^^^^'

^c?«Zi,„aj,. General colour olive-duskj, browner below upper
parts including wing-coverts and tail-coverts, more or Tess ver
miculated with pale buff; quills and tail-feathers brownish bllek"
the former having marginal spots of buff on the outir webs and
wh.te spot^ uj)on the inner webs, the rectrices spotted wTth buff on
both webs; shafts of quills and of tail-feathe/s b ac J h b own
heaa uniform dusky olive, with scarlet malar stripe ; the chin^nd
throat narrowly barred buff and dusky black ; neck a^d ches almost
black, and upon the side of the neck a conspicuous patch orbuff
some of the lower feathers of the chest narrowly vermicuHtcd with
buff; middle of the breast and of the abdomen unifo m he des of
the body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and of a
dusky ohve narrowly barred with buff or yellowish; unde win.-
coverts and a^illanes yellowish white or buffy white the Tatter
S-rfai?'..4^'"" o^f V"^^^'^ "-^ inches, Llmenl-ot^Jil'g
ii: f ' n r"'- *^" ' ^ ' *°'' ^^^*^^°"t claws)-outer anteri^or 0-6
outer posterior 0-G, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior O-^r

YomigmaU B.^^ the plumage less olive and more ""of' a duskv
brown ; t^e feathers on the top of the head and on the o ciput ai-e
f^hl h ^^'^b"«k-?•^d -^d have a subapical dusky T t^e
eathers of the malar region are also tipped with red; the ches and
he entire under surface of the body a/e barred, and the innermost
secondaries are also barred across both webs; under wing coverts
buffy or rufescent white, but without any yellow tino-e

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male, but want" the red malar
patch, the cheeks being brown barred with buffy white ^' ir^s

^1?^^ ^^r ""^ ^''' '^^'^ "^'"'^ g^^^^' lower mandibie pale
plumbeous olive ; upper mandible black ; claws pale horny brown »

2^l-t.Zrok ''' '■' "^'^^' -1-- 0-95, wing 4, taU

ffab. Extreme southern portion of Tenasserim ; entire Malayan
Peninsula to Singapore Island; Sumatra; EornJo, including Se
island of Banguey (but not in Labuan Island). ^

"td'lk'^'' ^'^' ^ ^\f "'°r' ^.T.V ^''^•' ^P"l' Hume CoU.
^^- ^^: - May, June ( W. Davison).

m. d ad. sk. Dii^gding River, Feb. 25, 1879 Hume Coll.

( // . JJavison).
n. c? ad. sk. Mts. of Perak. j w„_ -p,„ r^, n

o^r c? ; ad. et iuun. ; Klang Salangore, Feb., March, Hume Coll ^'^ '^'
S--JC. 2 ad. etimm. April, May, Jidy (JF,
sk. Davison).

.r. dad.sk. UIu What, April 6, 1879 Hume Coll.

(, n . Danson).

^'.ad^^eUilnm sk.^ ^"'''''' "^"^^ ^ ^^ " ^"''''''^- Hume Coll.

390

c'-f. S fid. ; g'-k'-

$ ad. sk.
v. (S ad. sk.
m'. S <id. sk.
n'. Juv. sk.
o'-q'. (S ad. ; r'-u .

2 ad. sk.
V. S *>d. ; 2v' , x'.

(5 2 imm. sk.
?/'. J imm. sk.

z . (S ad. sk.

a", b", c". cj ad. ;
d"-h". 2 ad. sk.
i". cJ ad. sk.

k", I". 6 $ ad. sk.

m",n".S 2 ad.sk.
o". c? ad. sk.

;/'. 2 ad. sk.

q", r". d 2 ad. sk.

s". 2 ■''-d. sk.

t", u". c? 2 ad.sk.

v". S ad. sk.
w", 2 iuim. sk.

Malacca, Aug. 1873 (i?. G.

fr. R.).

Malacca {Dr. Mahiffay).

Malacca.

Malacca.

Malacca (Di: Canto?-).

rulo Seban, Malacca, Nov. 1.3,

1875 ( W. Damon).
Kuroo, Malacca, Oct. 31, 1875

( W. Darison).
Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1.3, 1875

( W. Davison).
Gumiong Piilai, Joliore, March,

Sept. ( W. Davison).
Jatluria, Johoie, March 20, 1880

( W. Davison).
Joliore, Aug., Sept. (W.

Davison).
Singapore.
Singapore Island, Aug. 1, 1875

( W. Davison).
Sumatra.
Lampong, S.E. Sumatra {E. C.

Buxton).
Sarawak (IT. Everett).
N.W. Borneo {H. Loio).

Sandakan.
Lawas River.

.r", y". Skeletons. [Java.]

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Old Coll.
India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
R.BowdlerSharpe,

Esq. [P.].
Dr.Mcl£inlay[P.].
II. Veitch, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.

4. Miglyptes infuscatus.

Miglyptes infuscatus, Salvud. Ann. Mm. Civ
ser. 2, iv. p. 531 (1887).

Stor. Nat. Genov.

Adult ( 2 ?), seoeed male. In markings the present bird is almost a
oouuterpart of M. tul-Jci ; therefore a detailed description is not
necessar}'. M. infuscatus is an extremely dark form, the head being
nearly black, and all the light markings on the plumage are rich
buff or rufous buff, biit its chief point of difference consists in its
having the malar region \iniform brown. The type sjjecimeu is
sexed male, and, if this be correct, it is not only a very interesting
feature, but adds to the specific value of the bird. The probability,
however, is that the true male will be found to have a red malar
stripe. Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 3-65, tail 2-5,
tarsus 0'83 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*G2, outer poste-
rior 0"62, inner anterior 0"4, inner posterior 0"25.

Ilab. Island of Nias, west of Sumatra, whence the type specimen
was obtained by Signer Elio Modigliani.

28. MIGLYPTES. 391

5. Miglyptes jugularis.

Meiglyptes jugularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 195 (184o) ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Sue. p. (50 ( 1849) ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat. B. Miis.

E.I. Co. ii. p. 069, uo. 977 (185(J-58) ; ^Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 471 ;

id. ^- Gates, op. cit. 1875, p. 14; Hume ^- JDavison, op. cit. 1878,

vi. pp. 132, 501 ; Oafes, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 00 (1883).
Pbaiopicus jugularis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 11 (1862).
Hemicircus jugularis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1808) ; id,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 191, no. 8070 (1870).
Miglyptes jugularis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 87; Bingham, op. cit.

1880, p. 161; Gates, op. cit. 1882, p. 190; Haryitt, Ibis, 1884,

p. 197 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genova, 1888, p. 568.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, tail and the shafts
black, the rump buffy white ; a very coDspicuous patch of buffy
white extends along the forearm and comprises some of the median
and the greater wing-coverts, the remainder of the coverts black,
with a few transverse white spots ; quills black, with minute white
spots on the outer webs and larger spots on the inner webs, the
innermost feathers barred with white right across ; shafts black ;
head black, the lores spotted, the remainder finely vermiculated
with buffy white ; occipital crest viniform black ; a small dull red
malar patch ; side of the neck and hind neck buffy white, this form-
ing a distinct collar, and a branch from it, on the side of the neck,
running on to the side of the chest ; from the chin to the under
tail-coverts, inclusive, black, the chin and throat spotted with
white, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs transversely varied
with white; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform huffy white:
" bill and claws black ; legs and feet dirty dull green ; irides dark
brown " {J. Darling). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0'93, wing
4"05, tail 1"8, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'55,
outer posterior 0"55, inner anterior 0'35, inner posterior 0"28.

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, but otherwise resembles
the male. Total leugth G-5 inches, culmen 0"S5, wing 4, tail 1'8,
tarsus 0"7S.

In this species, as in the other members of the genus, the light
portions of the plumage vary from buffy white, sometimes tinged
with yellow, to buff' or rufous buff. It does not appear to be a
question of age, as male birds thus differing have the red malar
stripe equally bright in colour.

Hah. British Burmah (Arrakan and Pegu Hills, and Tenasserim
south to Toungyah) ; Siam ; Cochin China *.

a. cJad. sk. E. Tegu Hills, April 27, 1873 Hume Coll.

(E. W. Gates).

b. Jimui.sk. Tonglioo. Tweeddale Coll.

c. Jad. sk. Tjaloba,Tenasserim, April 1877 Tweeddale CoU.

(^Limborff).

* An example from tliis country (coUtcted by Dr. Ilarmand) is in the Paris
Museum.

392

d. 5 ad. sk.
e,f- 6 ?ad. sk.

g. c? ad. sk.

h, i. (S ad. sk.

k, I, m. (S ad. ; n,

2 ad. sk.
0. 5 ad. sk.

p, $imin. sk,

y, »•. (5 $ imm, sk.

s. cS ad. sk.

t-y. (S ad. et. imm. ;

z. 2 ad. sk.
a'. 5 ad. sk.

h', c'. fj ad. ; d'. J ad.

sk.
e'. cJad. sk.

Pahpoon, Jan. 8, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Meplaychoun;?, Thoungyeen Hume Coll.

Valley, Feb. 1880 {C. T.

Bin/jham).
Kappa Village, Zamee River, Hume Coll.

March 6, 1878 (C. T. Bing-

hani).
Assoon, March 3, 1877 (IF. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Meetan, Feb. 1877 ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son).
Amherst, Jan. 24, 1877 {W. Hume Coll.

Davison').
Lemyne, near Yea, March 28, Hume Coll.

1874 ( W. Davison).
Yea, April 22, 1874 ( W. Da- Hume Coll.

vison).
Kya Yoo, Jan. 5, 1878 (TT^. Hume Coll.

Davison^.
Tavoy, March, April (TF. Da- Hume Coll.

vison).
Foot of Nwalabo, April 8 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Thoungyah, Nov. 28 {J. Dar- Hume Coll.

Ii7ig).
Siam. Gould Coll.

29. MICROPTERNUS.

Type.

Micropternus, Bli/fh, J. A. S. B. 184-5, p. 194 M. brachyurus.

Phaiopicos, Malh. Mmi. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 336. M. brachyurus.

Foot of Micropternus phaoceps.

'Range. Indian Region ; China and the countries south ; Malayan
Peninsula, and into the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

29. MlCROPTEENtrS. 393

Key to the Species *.

A. Above rufous, more or less barred with black.
a'. Shafts of quills clear orauge-reddi.'^h ; fea-
thers of the chin and throat unicolorous with
the underparts, but with paler margins ;

tail narrowly barred with black ; with red [p. 394.

spot under the eye ^j/iteoce/JScJad.,

b'. Shafts of quills dark brown, dusky, or red-
dish brown.
a". Feathers of the chin and throat darker
than the underparts ; the red on the face
confined to a spot under the ej^e.
a'". Feathers of the chin and throat en-
tirely margined with white or bufty
white ; tail barred equally rufous and [p. 396.

black Irachyurus^ S ad.,

b'". Feathers of the chin and throat mar-
gined with white only on the apical
portion ; tail narrowly barred with [p. 3C9.

black gularis cS fid.,

b". Feathers of the chin and throat unicolor-
ous with the undei'parts ; apical third (or

more) of the tail-feathers black ; eye en- [p. 401.

tirely sun-ounded with red badioszis cJ ad.,

B. Above dark brown, narrowly barred with rufous,

with red spot under the eye.
c'. Larger: length 83 inches, culmen l'l,wing

5 ; the central stripe on the feathers of the

chin and throat darker than the underparts ;

head and neck much lighter than the body; [p. 402.

upper parts distinctly barred . foh'etisis J ad.,

d'. Smaller: length 7'5 inches, culmen 1, wing

4"5 ; centres of the feathers of the chin and

throat unicolorous with the underparts ;

head and neck only slightly lighter than the

body ; the rufous barring on the back and [p. 403.

rump almost obsolete huJroydicS fd.,

1. Micropternus phseoceps.

Picus rufus {lion GrneL), Gray, Hardw. 111. Ind. Zool. pi. xxix. fig. 2

(1821-22).
Meiglyptes badius {non Raffl.), Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. 3Iisc. 1844,

p. 85.
Micropternus phaioceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. pp. 195, 551 (1845);

id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 60 (1849) ; B2). Consp. Vohm: Zyyod.

p. 9 (1854); Tytler, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 307 5

Beichenb. Scazis. Picince, p. 403, no. 939, jjl. dclvii. fig. 4373 5 j

* I have not entered the females of the species in tlie Key. They differ
from the males solely in the absence of red on the face.

t In the extreme north of Tenasserim where this species meets M. phaoceps,
it is very probable that they interbreed, individuals occurring -which possess
the characters of both species. It is almost an impossibility to determine these
birds, and I have included them in the species to which I think they are
most nearly related.

394 riciDA-.

pi. dclviii. fig:. 4377 2(1 S-W); Jlorsf. Sf Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co.

Mus. ii. p. GU7 (185G-58) ; Jenl. B. Ind. i. p. 294 (1862) ; Gray,

Cat. Mnmm. S)-c. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. G4, no. 488 (186-3); Jerd.

Ibis, 1872, p. 10 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xliii. p. 17G (1874) ;

Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 392 ; Hume, t. c. p. 472; id. Sf Oates, op. cit.

1875, p. 72 ; Btyth Sf Wald. B. Burnt, p. 77 (1875) ; Gammie,

Str. F. 1876, p. 511; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 480; id. op. cit. 1878,

vi. pp. 145, 501 ; Ball, op. cit. 1878, vii. p. 200 , Crij)ps, t. c. p. 262 ;

Sculli/, op. cit. 1879, pp. 249, 365.
Meiglyptes bracliyunis (non Vieill.), Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sj-c. Nepal

pres. Hod(/s. p. 117 (1840).
Phaiopicos blytliii, Malh. Bev. et May. Zool. 1849, p. 534.
Meiglyptes phaioceps. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; id. List

Field. Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8840

(1870).
Meiglyptes rufiuotus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850).
Phaiopicus rufinotus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 1, pi. xlvi. iigs. 1, 2 (1862).
Micropterniis plipeoceps, Beavati, Ibis, 1865, p. 411 ; Bulger, op. cit.

18C.9, p. 157 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 88 ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 112 ;

Bingham, t. c. p. 104 ; Oates, op. cit. 1882, x. p. 192 ; id. B. Brit.

Burm. ii. p. 57 (1883); Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 3; Saluad. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 580, 1888, p. 568 ; Hzime,

Str. F. xi. p. 64 (1888).
Picas rufinotus, Sundev. Consj). Av. Picin. p. 88 (1866) ; Giebel, Thes.

Orn. iii. p. 178 (1876).
Micropternus burmauicus, Hume, P. A. S. B. 1872, pp. 70, 71.
Micropterniis rufinotus, Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1876, p. 70.
Micropternus bracliyunis (non Vieill.), Tiraid, Ois. Basse Cochin-
chine, p. 90 (1879).

Adult male. General colour rufous, the top of the head dusky
brown ; above, including wings and tail and their coverts, entirely
and narrowly barred with black, the bars on the tail much narrower
than the interspaces ; the tips of the primaries and of the central
tail-feathers black ; shafts of quills clear orange-brown, those of the
tail-feathers darker and of a dusky-reddish colour ; immediately
below the eye a crimson spot ; feathers of the chin, throat, and
malar region of the same colour as the underparts, each web mar-
gined with pale ochreous ; underparts with only a few black bars
on the flanks and thighs, and the under tail-coverts having some
almost obsolete bars of black : under wing-covcrts with ouly a few
transverse black spots. Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-18, wing
4-9, tail 2"5, tarsus 0*9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-72,
outer posterior 0-68, inner anterior 0-5, inner posterior 0'28.

Adult female. E-esembles the adult male, but wants the red spot
below the eye. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1*07, wing 4-75, tail
2'G, tarsus O'So.

Younger birds have the underparts considerably varied with black
cresccntic markings. The soft parts in this species are as follows: —
" irides brown ; eyelids plumbeous ; bill dark brown, nearly black,
plumbeous at base of lower mandible ; iuside of mouth rosy fleshy;
legs and feet greyish brown ; claws horn-colour " {E. W. Oate.s).

Hah. North-eastern India (extending west to Dehra Dhoon) and

29. MICEOPTEENUF.

395

Central India ; Assam ; Cachar and Manipur ; southwards through
the Burmese Provinces as far as Moulmeiu ; Siam, Cambodia, and
Cochin China.

a. cJad. sk.

b, e. cj'ad. sk.
(I. cS fid. sk.
e. c? ad. sk.

/. J ad. sk.

ff. (J ad. sk.
h. (5' ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.
k, I, m. J ad.; fi-q.
2 ad. at juv. sk.

r, s. S 2 ^'■^- '^^^■
t. cJad. sk.
u. 5 ad. sk.
r. $ ad. St.
IV. (5 ad. sk.

X. 2 ad. sk.

y,z. (5 ad.; «',&'.$
ad. et imm. sk.
c'. (S ad. ; d'. $

juv. sk.
e'-h'. cJad. ; i'-n'.

2 ad. sk.
o . 2 ad. sk.
p'-s'. (S ad. et imm. ;

t' , 2<'.2ad.et imm.

sk.
v'. (fad. sk.

w'. S ad. sk.

x', y'. 6 2 ad. sk.

z'. J ad. sk.

a", 6". cJimm. sk.

c". cj'ad. sk.

<^"> «">/"• d' ad. et

imm.; g" . 2 ad.sk.
7t", i" . cJad. sk.

Z;". 2iii^iii- ^'^•
r , in", n". S ad. ;

o",p",(l"- 2 ad.

et imm. sk.
r". (5 ad. sk.

s", <".c? 2ad.sk.

ludia (Jerdon).

Dehra Dhoou, Nov. 1870.

Eastern Uhoou.

Mugdagnee Kivev, Gurhwal,

March 1, 1870 {J. L'iuckett).
Kumaou Ehabur, March 18,

1871.
Kumaou.

Kumaou (Stracfici/).
Naiui Tal.
Nepal.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Pinwill Coll.
Hodjisou Coll.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum,

Ikliar. Hodgson Coll.

Tirhoot Dist., Apil 23, 1869. Hume Coll.

Bengal. India Museum.

Bengal. India Museum.

(Type of P. rufmAus, Malh.)

Kashargur, Maunbhoom, April Tweeddale Coll.

18U4 [R. C. Beavan).
Dacca.

Native Sikhim, July 1874 (Z.

MandeUi).
Sikhim, Dec, Jan., Feb., April,

May (i. MandeUi).
Sikhim (/. Biddulph).
Darjeeling, Feb., March.

Buxa Dears, Feb. 1878 [L.

MandeUi).
Bhotan Dears, Feb. 1873 (i.

MandeUi).
N. Khasia Hills, Feb. 1876

{A. W. ChenneU).
Assam.
Tippook, March, April (J.

Cuckhurn).
Dollah, April 20, 1877 (J.

Cockhurn).
Dibrughur, Maj', June, Sept.

(,/. R. Cripps).
Manipur, Feb., March {A.

0. IL).
Tipperah, Jan. 1871.
Tonghoo, Nov., Feb. {R. G.

il'.R.).

Hume Coll.

Hume Cull.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Thayetmyo.

Hume Coll.
(Type of M. burmanicus, Hume.)
Pegu Hills, April 1873 {E. Hume Coll.
W. Oates).

396 picid.t:.

u". cJad. sk. Pegu, Dec. 24, 1873 {H. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. JR.).
v". c? ad. ; w", x". Basseiii, Pegu. W. T. Blanford,

$ ad. sk. Esq. [P.].

y". d'ad. sk. Tonasseiim, Jar. 17, 1877 ( W. Tweeddale Coll.

Liitihorff).
s", a^. d $ ad sk. Thoungyeen River, Oct., Feb. Hume Coll.

(C. T. Bincjham).
6''-(?\c?ad.et imm.; Kaukaryit, June, July, Aug., Hume Coll.

/^ $ad. sk. Sept. (J. Darliny).

g". 2ad.sk. Thatone, Jan. ( J7^. Z)aw«OM). Hume Coll.

h''. 2ad.sk. Moulmein, Dec. (IF. i'auisoM). Hume Coll.

P. Bones of trunk.

Subsp. a. Micropternus trachyurus.

Picus brachyurus, Vieill N. Diet, crillst. Nat. xxvi. p. 103 (1818) ;

Bonn. Sf Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1324 (1823) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus,

sp. 71 (1827) ; Draiy. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 505 (1828) ;

Siindev. Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 89 (1866).
Picus badius, liaffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 289 (1822) ; Simdev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 90 (1866).
Hemicircus badius, Et/fon, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106.
Micropternus badius, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 551 (1845) ; id. Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 61 (1849) ; Eeichenh. Scans. PicincB, p. 403,

no. 940, pi. dclviii. fig. 4374 (1854) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. E.l.

Co. Mvs. p. 666 (1856-58); Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 319; Tiveedd.

His, 1877, p. 289; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 184

(1879) ; Nicholson, Ibis, 1881, p. 141 ; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 55.
Meiglyptes bracbyurus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 125 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8843 (1870).
Phaiopicos brachyurus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 337 ; id. Eev. Zool. 1849, p. 536.
Micropternus gularis (pt.), Eeichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 403, no. 941,

pi. dclviii. tigs. 4375-4376, $ S (1854).
Micropternus brachyurus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854) ;

Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 94 ; Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. 1870, p. 293 ;

Hume, Str. F. 1877, pp. 480, 481 ; id. Sf Davison, op. cit. 1878, vi.

p. 145 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 88 ; Midler, Orn. Ins. Salanga,

p. 72 (1882); Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 58 (1883); Hargitt,

Ibis, 1885, p. 10 ; Shmpe, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 279.
Phaiopicus brachyurus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 5, pi. xlvi. figs. 4, 5

(1862).
Picus squamigularis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Piciti. p. 89 (1866).
Meiglyptes badius. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 12(5 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8845 (1870).
Meiglyptes squamigularis. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1868) ;

id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8844 (1870).

Adult male. General colour rufous, the back and rumj) with
crescentic markings or bars of black, the upper tail-coverts, scapu-
lars, wing-covcrts, and quills barred ■with black ; shafts of quills
brown ; tail entirely and narrowly barred with black, the bars
well defined and rather less in width than the interspaces ; shafts

29. MICEOPTERNUS.

397

blankish brown ; feathers of the forehead and crown centred with
dusky brown ; immediately below the eye a patch of crimson ;
feathers of the chin, throat, and malar region very dark brown,
entirely margined with dull buffy white, some of the feathers
having a pale rufescent basal shaft-streak ; under surface of the
body with a few almost obsolete black bars on the flanks and thighs,
the under tail-coverts similarlj^ marked ; under wing-coverts
transversely spotted with black : " irides reddish brown ; upper
mandible black ; lower mandible black at tip, and behind dirty
white ; legs and feet grey '' {H. 0. Forbes). Total length 7-5
inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-25, tail 2-2.5, tarsus 0-83 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-62, outer posterior 0*57, inner
anterior 0*47, inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult 'male in wanting the red
patch under the eye. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 4*2,
tail 2-05, tarsiis 0"S.

Immature birds have the head lighter, and the feathers of the
chin and throat of a less dark brown. In very young specimens the
dark centres to these feathers are of a still paler brown, and the
dark centres of the occipital feathers have a spotted character.
I have seen an example of a young female in which the rufous
nuchal feathers were tinged with red ; but this would appear to be
of very unusual occurrence, and I regard it as purely accidental.

Hah. Tenasserim Province * ; Malayan Peninsula, including the
island of Salanga, south to Singapore ; Sumatra, £angka, and
Java.

a. ,5 ad. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. $ ad.; d. d"
imm. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/, ff, h. S ad. ; i,
k, I. 2 ad. et
imm. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.

71. 2 ad. sk.

0. S inmi. sk.

2>. 2 ad. ; q. 2

imm. sk.
r. S ad. sk.

Tenasserim.

Tenasserim, March 28, 1877

( W. Lwiborc/).
Pahpoon, Jan. 13, 1874 (TF.

Davison).
Beeling, Feb. 11, 1876 {W.

UavisoH).
Kaukaryit, Jan., Aug., Sept.

Wimpong, Dec. 9, 1876 (Tf,

Davison).
Thatoue, Dec. 17, 1876 {TV.

Davison).
Houngtbraw E,., Jan. 8, 1877

( W. Davison).
Myawadee, Jan. 20, 1877 ( IV.

Davison).
Moulmein, Nov. 27, 1876 ( W.

Davison).

J. C. D. Packma

Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Cull.

* In the extreme north the species probably interbreeds with M. j)Jt(eoceps,
which also occurs there, birds possessing intermediate characters being often
found.

398 piciDJE,

K, t. (i ad. ; H- Amherst, Dec, Jan., March, Ilume Ooll.

1/. 5 iitl' sk. Jiino {JF. Davimn).

2, «'. fj ad. et Meeta Myo, April 1874 {W. Tlume Coll.

juv. ; b', c . Davison).

2 imm. sk.

d'-k'. S ad. et Tavoj', March, April, May ( W. Hume Cull.

imm. ; I'-r' . Damson).

5 ad. et imm.

sk.

s. 6 imm. sk. Nwalabo, March 27, 1878 ( W. Hume Coll.

Dainson).

t'. $ ad. sk. Merfi-ui, Dec. 2, 187-4 ( W. Hume Coll.

Da^^ison).

n', v'. J ? ad. sk. Pakchan, Jan. 1875 ( TV. Davi- Hume Coll.

S07i).

io'-~. S ad.; a", Bankasoon, April, June {W. Hume Coll.

h'\ c". 2 ad. Davison).

et imm. sk.

d". c? ad.; e". Malewoon, April 1877 (W. Hume Coll.

cJ imm. sk. Daviso7i).

f", y". J ad. sk. Kossoum, April, May (J. Darl- Hume Coll.

K'. S ad. sk. Taroar, Feb. 7, 1879 (/. Darl- Hume Coll.

imj).

i", ^^"- d JLiv. sk. Tapraw, April 4, 1879 (/. Darl- Hume Coll.

inff).

I'', m". 2 ad. et Penang, Dec. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

n" . S imm. sk. liillan, Salangore, Jan. 29, Hume Cull.

1880 ( W. Davison),

o'-r". S ad. ; s"- Klang, Jan., Feb., March, April, Hume Coll.

y". 5 ad. sk. July ( W. Davison).

s". c? ad. ; a^ S Salangore, ISTov. 1879 ( W. Hume Coll.

imm. sk. Davison).

b^-e^. S ad. et Malacca, Jan., July, Aug. (TF. Hume Coll.

imm. \f^-i^. 5 Davison).

ad. sk.

A^-n^ S ad. et Malacca, Aug. 1873 {R. G. Tweeddale Cidl.

imm. ; o^, p'^. W. Jt.).

2 ad. et imm.

sk.

q^,r^. cJ 2 ad. .sk. Malacca (Dr. Mai^igay). Tweeddale Cull.

s^-v^. (S ad. ; w'- Malacca (Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

bK 2 ad. et

imm. sk.

c'. 2 ad. ; dK Malacca (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

(5 imm. sk.

e*. 2 ad. sk. Pulo Seban, Malacca, Dec. 13, Hume Coll.

1875 (W. Davison).

f^,q^. i ad. ; ^■', Gunnong Pulai, Johore, Aug. Hume Coll.

«i. 2 ad. sk. 1879 ( W. Davison').

A;', l^. (S 2 ad. sk. Singapore Island, Feb., Aug. Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

m\ 2 ad. sk. Sumatra (Raffles). India Museuiu.

M*. 2 ad. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll.

o^, p\ 2 ad. et Sumatra, Aug. (Ca;V Z)'oc7,;). Tweeddale Cull.

imm. sk.

29. MicRoriERNus. 399

q\ )-\ sK 2 ad. Lampongr, S.E. Sumatra (E. Twt-eddale Cull.

slv. C. Buxtoji).

t\ 2 ad. sk. Billiton. Tweeddale Coll.

M'. J ad. sk. [Java.] Tweeddale Coll.

2. Micropternus gularis.

Micropternus gularis, Jerd. Marh: Jow-n. xiii. p. 130 (1844) ; Bb/th,

J. A. S. B. 1846, p. 17 ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 61 (1849) ;

Bp. Cunsp. Vohicr. Zt/ffod. p. 9 (1854, pt.) ; Reuhenh. Scans.

Picince, p. 403, no. 941, pi. dclviii. figs. 4375-4376, J S (1854) ;

Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 294 (1862) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297 ; Hume,

Str. F. 1873, p. 434 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1874, p. 92 ; Ler/ffe, Str. F.

1875, p. 201 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 283 : Fairbank, iSir. F. 1876,

pp. 255, 265 ; Hmne, op. cit. 1877, pp. 480, 481 ; id. op. cit. 1879,

p. 88; Legge, B. Ceijl. p. 200 (1880); Biitl. Cat. B. S. Bomb.

Presid. p. 24 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 53 ; Btitl. t. c. p. 386 ;

Davison, Str. F. x. p. 356 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 7.
Pliaiopicos jerdoni, Malh. N. C/assif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 338 ; td. Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 5.35.
Meiglyptes gularis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 22 (1849) ; Bp.

Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 113 (1850) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 125 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8841 (1870).
Micropternus phaioceps (mom Blyth), Layard, An7i. c^ May. Nat.

Hist. 2nd ser. xiii. p. 450 (1854).
Phaiopicus jerdoni, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 3, pi. xlvii. figs. 1, 2, 3

(1862).
Picus gularis (mow Wayl.), pt., Sundev. Cansp. Av. Pic

(1866).

Adult male. General colour rufous, the top of the head, also the
chin and throat, browner, the feathers of the chin and throat having
a dark brown crescent-shaped subapical marking, the apical margin
being whitish ; immediately below the eye a patch of crimson ;
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with almost obsolete narrow
black bars, the wings narrowly but distinctly barred with black,
the tips of the outermost quills black ; shafts of quills reddish brown ;
tail with narrow and iiicomplete bars of black, the shafts brown ;
entire under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts uniform,
with the exception of some almost obsolete black bars on the flanks
and thighs ; under wing-coverts barred with black. Total length
9 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5, tail 2-G, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-7, outer posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0'55,
inner posterior 0-23.

Adult female. Differs fi'om the adult male in wanting the red
spot under the eye : " bill dull black ; legs, feet, and claws the
same, but tinged with plumbeous ; irides deep brown " ( W. Davi-
son). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 4-8, tail 2-4,
tarsus 0"88.

Hah. The Peninsula of India and Ceylon ; the most northerly
range appears to be South Konkan.

400

a. $ ad. sk.

b. 5 iiuni. sk,

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. $ ad. sk.

e. J ad. sk.
f,fj. 6 9- ad. sk.

/«. (^ ad. sk.
I. $ ad. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.

1, m. S ad. ; n,
o. $ ad. sk.

p,q. d ? ad. sk.
r, s. c? imui. sk.

t. (S ad. sk.
?«. 5 ad. sk.
V. c? ad. sk.
to. 2 ad. sk.

.r. c? ad. sk.

y. cT ad. sk.

2. 5 ad. sk.

a', h' , c. S ad. ;

d'~y'. 2 ad. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
i', k'. d ad. ; /'.

2 ad. ; m', n'.

Juv. sk.
o'. c5 ad. sk.
p'. J ad. sk.
q', )•'. 6 ad. ; s.

Juv. sk.

[Assam] {McClelland).
Hatuaghui, April 17, 1878 (J.

Goliagar, S. Koukan, March 18,

1879 ((?. Vidal).
Pewe, S. Konkau, April '2,

1879 (G. F<(ZaZ).
Purdaria, N. Canara, May 3,

1877 (If. C. James).
Madras.

T»Iadras. '

Madras.

Seegore Gliat.

Wyaaad, April, May ( W. Davi-
son).

IMaliljar

Caunano're, Oct. 1882 {R. G.
W. R.).

Calicut, Jan. 9, 1883 {Haines).

Calicut.

Nilg-hiris, June 9, 1874.

Ootacamiind, Feb. 7, 1881 ( W.
Davison).

Tippokardu, foot of Nilghiris,
May 25, 1881 ( W. Davison).

Burliar, July.

Kullar.

Anjango, Travancore, Dec.

Cevlon.

Ceylou {H. Nevill).

Ceylon, Feb. 1872.
Ceylon, June 29, 1876.
Ceylon, April, Nov. {S. Chap-
man).

India Museum *.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Eev. H. H. Baber

[P.]
India Museum.
W. Elliott, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Col. Legge [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

3, Micropternus l)adiosus.

Melglyptes badiosus, 'Temm. Mus. Lur/d. ; Rp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.

p. 113 (1850) ; Sclatei; P. Z. S. 1863, p. 210 ; Gray, List Picid.

Rrit. Mus. p. 126 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. R. ii. p. 203, no. 8646

(1870).
Micropternus badiosus, Rp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ;

Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 404, no. 942 (1854) ; Salvad. Ucc. Rom.

p 58 (1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103; Hume, Str. P: 1877,

pp. 480, 481 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792 ;

id. Ibis, 1883, p. 89 ; Rlas. Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien,

1883, p. 32 ; Haryitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 6.

* I cannot place this specimen anywhere but under the present species. If
the labelling be correct, I am unable to account for tlie species reappearing in
Assam ; for my own part I rather doubt it, and think there has been some
mistake. The Assam species is M. phteoceps.

29. MICROPTEENXJS. 401

Phaiopiciis badiosus, Malh. Picida, ii. p. 6 (1882).
Picus badiosus, Sundev. Co7^sp. Av. Ptcin. p. 91 (186G) : Giebel, TJics.
Orn. iii. p. 143 (1876).

Adult male. General colour rufous, slight]}- dusky ou the top of
tho head; back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts sometimes
nearly uniform, but more often considerably barred with black ; quills
narrowly barred with black, the tips of the primaries black ; shafts
brown ; upper tail-coverts distinctly barred across both webs, but
in extremely old birds there exists a broken intermarginal line on the
apical half, the basal half having an irregular and broad shaft-stripe
or broken bars of black ; tail black, the basal half narrowly barred
with rufous, shafts black ; the feathers of the entire orbital region
tipped with crimson ; the feathers of the chin, throat, and malar
region of the same colour as the underparts, but margined (except
at the tip) with whitish ; underparts almost entirely uniform, with
only the faintest trace of blackish transverse markings on the Jianks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts : under wing-coverts and axillaries
unspotted: "iris dull red" (Doria). Total length 7*5 inches,
culmen 1-03, wing 4-25, tail 2-15, tarsus 0-83; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-63, outer posterior 0-57, inner anterior
0-55, inner posterior 0-15.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but wants the red on the
orbital region. Total length 7-2 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-23,
tail 2-25, tarsus 0-83.

The young are duller on the underparts as well as upon the chin
and throat, and the white edging to tho feathers of the latter parts
is not so well defined ; the upper parts are almost entirely uniform,
as in the adult.

Labuan examples of this species are very dark. A male in the
Collection has the occipital feathers tipped with dull crimson, but
this is apparently only individual variation.

Hab. Borneo *.

a. 2 ad. sk. [Sumatra] {Mus. Lu(/d.). Salviu-Godman Coll.

/.». Juv. sk. Borneo. Wallace Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Sarawak. Wallace Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Simuujon, Sarawak {A. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).

e,f. J $ ad. sk. Labuan (if. Zo?t;). R. Bowdler Sharpe,

Esq. [P.].

//. S ad. sk. Labuan. Tweeddale Coll.

/(. $ ad. sk. Tegora, N.E. Borneo {H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett),

i. 2 ad. sk. Elopura. Eev. H. Frere [P.].

A. 2ad.sk. Banjarmassiug (J. i5/o</e^). Tweeddale Coll.

* The Collection contains an example, from the Leiden Museum, said to
have been obtained in Sumatra. I have examined the Smnatran Micropterni in
the above Museum, and they are all M. br achy urns. I think there has been
some mistake in labelling the above-mentioned specimen.

VOL. XVIII. 2 n

402 PICIBiE.

4. Micropternus fokiensis.

Bracliyptemus badius [non liajft.), SwhiJi. Ibis, 1861, p. 267.
Brachypteruus fokiensis, Swhih. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 87 : id. Ibis, 1868,

p. 63.
Micropternus fokiensis, Switik. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 267; id. op. cit.

1871, p. 393; David ^ Oust. Ois. Clmie, p. 54 (1877); Hargitt,

Ibis, 1885, p. 12 ; Styan, op. cit. 1887, p. 229.
Picus fokiensis, Sundev. Coni^p. Av. Picin. p. 91 (1866) ; Giebel,

T/ics. Oni. ili. p. 154 (1876).
Meic^lvptes fokiensis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 126 (1868) ; id.

Ilaml-l. B. ii. p. 203, no. 8847 (1870).
Micropternus brachyurus (pt.), Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 481.

Adult male. Ui)per back uniform dark brown ; middle and lower
back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts blackish brown, narrowly
barred with rufous ; bastard-M'iug and primary-coverts blackish
brown, barred with rufous ; quills barred brownish black and
rufous on both webs ; shafts reddish orange on the rufous portion
of the web, and blackish where the feather is crossed by a black
bar ; the shafts of the inner quills blackish brown ; upper tail-
coverts barred black and rufous ; tail rufous, crossed by five bars of
black, these bars being rather narrower than the rufous inter-
spaces ; shafts reddish or purplish brown ; lores, forehead, crown
and occiput, sides of the face, and iipper neck brownish buff, the
feathers having dark-brown central stripes ; below the eye a patch
of crimson ; hind neck and lower side of the neck more rufous than
the head, the feathers having similar central stripes ; chin and
throat buff, each feather centred with a very dark brown stripe ;
fore neck and chest rufous ; entire under surface of the body dark
brown, the flanks and thighs barred with rufous ; under tail-coverts
dull rufous, with either an intermarginal blackish line or transverse
and other varied blackish markings ; under wing-coverts rufous
varied wilh black. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-12, wing 5-1,
tail 2-8, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*7, outer
posterior 0'7, inner anterior 0-55, inner posterior 0'23.

Swinhoe's type of the male is apparently a bird not fully adult,
and the soft parts are given as follows : — " bill bluish grey, with
more or less greenish yellow on the lower mandible ; iris reddish
brown ; legs and claws greenish slaty" {SwinJioe).

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
patch under the eye. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-15, wing
4-95, tail 2-95, tarsus 0-85.

Nestlinri. In general coloration and marking almost identical with
the adult, but differing in having the upper back barred black and
dull rufous, the striations on the throat of a less dark brown, and
the under wing-coverts almost uniform pale rufous.

Hah. Eastern China (Fokien), and possibly south into the northern
part of Cochin China *.

* A specimen of M. fokiensis, said to be from Cochin China (I'crreatLv), is
iu the Leiden Museum. It is probably confined to the north.

30. BEACHYPTERNUS. 403

", h. (S acl. ; c, d. Fokieo, China. Gould Coll.

2 ad. et juv. sk.
e. S ad. sk. FuugaD, China. Tweeddale Coll.

5. Micropternus holroydi.

Micro])ternus holroydi, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 95 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 393 ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 64 (1877) ; Haryitt, Ihis,
1885, p. 15.

Picus holroydi, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 159 (1876).

Adult male. General colour brown or rufous brown, the upper
parts dark brown with narrow and almost obsolete lighter rufous
barring ; wings and their coverts barred with black, the shafts
reddish to dark brown ; tail and the coverts barred with black, the
bars on the former not exceeding six, and slightly narrower than
the rufous interspaces ; shafts reddish brown ; the feathers of the
head and neck dark brown with paler margins, those under and
behind the eye tipped with crimson ; the centres of the throat-
feathers unicolorous with the underparts ; the underparts almost
entirely uniform rufous brown, the thighs and the under tail-coverts
barred rufous and black : under wing-coverts with bar-like spots of
black, the axillaries striped with black : " irides ochreous white ;
bill deep bluish grey, with the greater part of the lower mandible
and edge of the upper mandible greenish yellow ; legs and claws
slate-colour tinged with green " (Swhihoe). Total length 7-5
inches, culmen 1, wing 4-5, tail 2-4, tarsus 0-8o ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-65, outer posterior 0-62, inner anterior 0-47,
inner posterior 0"2.

Adult female. Differs from the male in wanting the crimson spot
under the eye. Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-75,
tail 2-45, tarsus 0-87.

Hah. Lsland of Hainan.

a. cJad. .sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868. Consul Swinhoe [C.].

b. S ad. sk. Hainan, Feb. 1868 {R. Sioiu- Tweeddale Coll.

hoe).

30. BEACHYPTERNUS.

Type.

Brachypternus, Strickl. Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841,
p. 35 B. aurantius.

Brachypternopicus, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 404 .... B. puncticollis.

Brahmapicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 334 B. aurantius.

Range. Throughout India and Ceylon.

Key to the Species.

A. Above golden yellow or orange, sometimes
tinged with red.
a'. Chin, throat, fore neck, and malar
region black, striped with white.

a". Top of the head and crest red aurantius S ad., p. 405.

2d2

404 piciD^.

h". Crest (only) red.

«'". Forehead and crown with rather

elongatedtriangular spots of white. «i/rrtHfws $ ad., p. 40(3.
b'" . Forehead and crown uniform

black aurantius $ juv., p. 406.

b' . Chin, throat, fore neck, and malar region
black spotted with white, the feathers
of the chin and throat having a basal
bar of white.

c" . Top of the head and crest red j^^Mwrf/co///*- S ad., p. 408.

d". Crest (only) red ; forehead and
crown black, ■uith rounded spots of

white jMHcticollis $ ad., p. 408.

B. Above entirely bright red.

c'. Crown and cre.st red cri/thronotiis S i^d., p. 410.

d'. Crest (only) red ; forehead and crown

black, spotted with white erythronotus $ ad., p. 411.

1. Brachypternus aurantius.

Le Pic du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Oni. iv. p. 8, pi. vi.

fig. 1, J (1700).
Le Pic verd de Bengal, ^/'/ss. Orn. iv. p. 14, § (1760) ; Dauberit. PL

EhI. 695, § .
Picus aurantius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174, S (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

i. p. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 237 (1790) ; Stejjh. Gen.

Zool. ix. p. 195, S (1815) ; Bonn. S, Vieill. Enc. Meih. iii. p. 1305,

6 (1823).
Picus bengaleusis, i/«>?. Syst. Nat. i. p. 175, 5 (1766); Gm. Syst.

Nat.i. p. 433, 2 (1788) • Lat.'i. lnd. Orn. i. p. 235 (1790) ; Steph.

Gen. Zool. ix. p. 185, pi. xxxv. $ (1815) ; Vieill. N. Did. d'Rist.

Nat. xxvi. p. 97 (1818) ; id. <§- Bo7in. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1320, $

(1823) ; Vaknc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 174, ^ (1826) : Cuv. Beyne

Aiiim. 1829, i. p. 450 ; Sundev. Sal/sk. Ph/sioyr. Tidskrift, p. 162

(1837); id. Ami. ^- May. Nat. Hist. 1846, p. 309; id. Consjj.

Ai: Picin. p. 81 (1866).
The Orange Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 585, no. 32 (1782).
Picus psarodes, Licht. Cat. Per. Ned. Heimb. p. 18, nos. 189, 190, J

$ (1793).
Picus nuchalis, Jfayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 94, (J $ (1827).
Picus chrvsonotus, Less. Traite, i. p. 220, 5 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. Gen,

Av. i. p. 121 (1850).
Brachylophus hemipodius, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308, note

(18.37).
Malacolophus juelanochrysos, Hodys. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 109.
Brachylophus bengalensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 214.
Brachypternus aurantius, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 : Blyth, J. A.

S. B. 184.5, p. 194; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846); id. Cat.

Mamm. i^-c. Nepal. 2}res. Hodys. 1846, p. 117; Blyth, Cat.B. Mm.

As. Soc. p. 56 (1849) ; Reichenb. Seam. Picina;, p. 397, no. 922,

pi. dcliii. fig. 4348, 2 (1854); Bj). Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. -p. 10,

no. 178 (1854) ; Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 654

(1856-58) ; Philipps, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 100 ; Leiih-Aclams, op. cit.

1858, p. 475, 1859, p. 174; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 229; Jerd. B. lnd.

i. p. 295 (1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Hodys. 186-3,

p. 64, Ul.. 486 ; Cab, ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 169" (1863) ;

30. BEACHYPTEENUS. 405

Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 411 ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p, 95

(1868) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 415 ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196,

no. 8744 (1870) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 267 ; Holdsw.

P. Z. S. 1872, p. 428; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 407; Hume, Str. F.

1873, p. 92 ; Adam, t. c. p. 373 ; Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 392 ; Bntl.

op. cit. 1875, p. 458, 1876, p. 34 ; Ball, op. cit. vii. p. 206 (1878) ;

Cripps, t. c. p. 263 ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 180; Bvil. Cat.

B. Sind Src, nos. 180, 182 (1879) ; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 25 (1881) ;

J. Davidson, t. c. 1882, p. 298; TV. Davison, Str. F. 1883, x.

p. 356 ; Swinh. 4- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 02.
Brachypternus igniceps, Hodi/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85, no. 172

(1844).
Brachypternus dilutus *, Blytk, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 550 ; Jerd. B.

Lid. i. p. 297; Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 170 (1863);

Bhith, Ibis, 1866, p. 356; Gratj, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 95

(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8749 (1870); Jerd. Ibis,

1872, p. 10; Hume, t. c. p. 468; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 675;

Murray, Str. F. vii. p. Ill (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88,

no. 182 ; Scrope Doiy, t. c. p. 370.
Brahmapicus aiirantius, Malh. N. Classif., Metn. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 345.
Brachypternus aurantius, yar. dilutus, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.

p. 56 (1849).
Brachypternus chrysouotus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 179

(1854).
Brahmapicus bengalensis, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 93, pi. Ixix. figs. 5 ^

6? (1802).

Adult male. Middle back and scapulars deep golden yellow, the
extreme upper back and hind neck, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coyerts brownish black ; lesser and median wing-coyerts black,
the latter washed with golden oliye, the greater series golden oliye,
the whole (except along the forearm) being spotted with buffy
white or golden white ; quills brownish black, the outer webs of
the secondaries uniform oliye-golden, the primaries sj)otted with
white upon both webs, the secondaries (except the innermost)
haying the inner webs spotted with white ; shafts blackish brown ;
tail-feathers and the shafts black ; upper half of loral region and
the supercilium black, striped with white ; forehead and crown
crimson, the feathers haying black bases, the occipital feathers
crimson, with a white shaft-stripe ; sides of the face and neck
creamy white, behind the eye, and the auricular region striped with
black ; the malar region, chin, throat, and fore neck black broadly
striped with white ; the whole of the under surface of the body
buffy white, the feathers margined with black, yery broadly so on
the chest ; the upper series of under tail-coyerts buffy white
margined with black, the lower series black with large and irregular
spots of white ; under wing-coverts and axillarics buffy white, the
former margined with black, the latter barred with the same.
Total length 11 inches, culmen 165, wing 5-6, tail 3-45, tarsus 1-03 ;

* Founded on the Scindean bird, which is generally somewhat whiter, but
not specifically distinct.

406 PICIDiE.

toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-70,iuuer
anterior 0"6, inner posterior 0*28.

Adult female. Differs from tlie adult male in having the forehead
and crown black, with small and rather elons;ated triangular spots
of white, the hinder feathers of tne crown having a median stripe.
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-58, wing 5"73, tail 3-63, tarsus
0-96.

Mah,jlcdging. Resembles the adult of the same sex in having
the crown and crest red, but differs in the chin, throat, and fore
neck being covered with drop-like spots of dull white on a dusky
black ground.

Female, fledging. Differs from the male of the same age in
having the forehead and crown brownish black, the crest alone
being red. The uniform feathers of the forehead and crown are
replaced by others of a deep black with an apical triangular spot of
white, when the moult takes place.

Hah. Northern and North-western Provinces of India, westward
extending from Cashmere into Khandeish, eastward through Bengal
and into Cachar.

a, b. (S ad. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

d. ? ad.; e. S
imm. sk.

/. (5 ad. sk.

g,h. (S ad. ; i, k,

I. 2 ad. sk.
711. c? ad. sk.

n, 0. cJ ad. ; ^^ $

ad. sk.
g. cJ ad. sk.

r, s. (S 2 ad. sk.

t. c? ad. sk.

u, V. c? juv. sk.
to, X. S ? ad. sk.
y. $ ad. sk.
a, a'. S ad. sk.
&', c'. S $ ad. sk.
d'. cj ad. sk.
e',f. S ?ad. sk.
ff'. 2 ad. sk.
/*'. (5 ad. ; i', k'.

2 ad. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.

m'. c? ad. sk.

Dera Ghazi Klian, March 1872.
Meeauee, .Sindh, .Jan. 1855 (Dr.

H. Gould).
Sbikarpur, 8indh {GriffitK).

Shikarpur, Jan. 3, 1872 (A.

0. H.).
Sukhur, Dec. 1871 {A. O. H.).

Jhelum, Nov. 21, 1871 {A.

O. H.).
Larkhana, Jan. 1872 {A. O.

H.).
Jacobabad, Dec. 22, 1871 {A.

O. H.).
Hyderabad, Jan. 1878 {E. A.

'Butler).
N. Guzerat, Dec. 1877 {H. E.

M. James).
Mount Aboo, May 22, 1868.
Meerut.
Delhi.

Saharunpur, April.
Unibala, Feb., Oct.
Umbala, Feb. 25, 1874.
Umbala, Feb., March 27, 1874.
Gurhwal Bhabur, Jan. 3, 1870.
Dehra Dhoou.

Siwalik Hills, Marcli 1867

(Dr. Scott).
Kuuiaon (Strackei/).

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.

30. BRACHYPTERNTTS.

40<

n'-s'. (S ad. et
juv. ; t'~w'. 2
ad. et j Liv. sk.

X''. cJ ad. sk.

y',z'. cJ ad.; a",
b". $ ad. sk.

c". 2 ad. ; d", e" .
<S ? juv. sk.

/". 6 ad. sk.

(j\ ?ad. ;/(". J

iuiin. sk.
i" . 2 ad. sk.

k", I", c? ad. ;

m'' . 2 ad. sk.
h". c? ad. ; o".

2 inim. sk,
p", q". d ad. ; )•".

2 ad. sk.
s",t". c? 2ad.sk.
u". (^ ad. sk.
u". 2 ad. sk.
w". 2 juv. sk.
.1-". 2 ad. sk.
>/". 2 ad. sk.

z", (1^. S 2 ad. sk.
P, c\ S $ ad. sk.
d\ e\ S ad. ; f,

f. 2 ad. "et

juv. sk.
hj^. (S ad. sk.
i\k\ S 2 ad.sk.
P. S ad. sk.
m^, M^. c? $ ad.

sk.
o^. ^ ad. sk.
p^. cJ juv.;g'y■^•
2 ad. et juv.

Etawah, Jan., Marcli.

Jhansei, May 9, 1868.
Allahabad, Dec. 13, 1879.

Oudh.

Gondah, Oudli {Stackhouse Piu-

ivill).
Luclaiow, May 1879.

Lucknow, Dec. 21, 1879 (G.

Reid).
Behai'.

Nepal.

Sikhiin, Sept., Nov. (i. Man-

delli).
Darjeeliug-.
Bhotaii {Peinberton).
Cachar, March 1871.
Bengal (Falconer).
Dacca.
Maunbhoom, Jan. 1865 {R. C.

Beavan).
Calcutta, Feb.
Calcutta, Feb., May.
Raipur, Jan., March.

Jubbnlpiu' Dist.
Seoni.
Kamptee.
Depalpur, Jan. 1882.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Colonel Way [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
(Types of B. iffniceps.)
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
India Mu.?eum.
Hume CoD.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hnme Coll.
Dr.H.B.HindeTP.l,

Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Khandeish. India Museum.

Khandeish, Dec, March (J. Hnme Coll.
Davidson).

s^, f. (S ad. ; u^. Khandeish.
2 imm. sk.

Tweeddale Coll.

2. Brachypternus puncticoUis.

Brachypternopicus puncticoUis, 3JalJt. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 405.
Brachypternus micropus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1845, p. 194 ; Jerd. Madi:

Jox'ni. 1845, p. 1.39; Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hei». iv. p. 170 (1863).
Brachypternopicus chrysonotus \non Less.), Math. Rev. Zool. 1845,

p. 404.
Brachypternus aurantins (non Linn.), Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 128

(1852); Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 448 ; Taylor,

Sir. F. X. p. 458 (1887).
Brachypternus chrysonotus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 398, no. 924,

pi. dchii. tig. 4350, S (1854) ; Horsf. Sr Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I.

Co. ii. p. 656 (1856-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 296 (1862); Gray,

408 PICIBiE.

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 95 (1868) ; id. Hand-I. B. n. p. 196,

no. 8740 (1870) ; Fairb. Sir. F. 187G, pp. 255, 265.
Brahmapicus piincticoUi, Malh. Ficidce, ii. p. 92, pi. Ixx. figs'. 1 d ,

2 2 (18G2).
Picus chrysonotus, Sitndev. Consp. Ar. Picin. p. 81 (1866).
Picus puiicticollis, Sunder. Consp. Ai\ Picin. p. 82 (1866).
Brachy|)tenuis puncticollis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 95

(1868) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8746 (1870) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 428; Hinno, Str. F. 1876, p. 457; Fairh. op. cit. 1877,

p. 896; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 181 ; Ler/ffc, B. Ceyhn,

p. 205, S 6 figcl- (1880): Vidnl, Str. F. 1880, p.' 5:3; Butl. t. c.

p. 386 ; id. Cut. B. S. Bomb. Prcsid. no. 181 (1880) : W. Davison,

Str. F. X. p. 356 (1883).
Brachypternus intermedins *, if^i/^', <Sy;-. F. 1876, p. 242; White,

op. cit. 1877, p. 201 : Parker, ojj. cit. 1880, p. 479 : id. H,is, 1886,

p. 184.

Adidt male, llescmbles B. aurantiiis, but maybe distinguished by
having the malar region, chin, throat, fore neck, and chest spotted, in-
stead of striped, the feathers of the chin and throat having, in addi-
tion to the apical triangular white spot, a basal white bar, the two not
being connected by a white shaft-stripe ; the auricular stripe which
runs on to the nape is blacker and more marked, and the feathers
of the rump are margined at the tip with dull olive-golden : " iris
red ; bill blackish, or very dark plumbeous, edges of upper mandible
paler ; legs and feet dull sap-greenish, claws blackish leaden ''
{W. V. Legge). Total length 11 inches, culmeu 1-62, wing 5-8,
tail 3-35, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-8, outer
posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0"18.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the feathers
of the forehead and crown black, with an apical rounded spot of
white. Total length 11 inches, culmcn l-fi2, wing 5-82, tail 3"45,
tarsus 1'02.

Younq mule. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black, the base of the forehead with a few specks of
brownish white, the occipital crest (only) scarlet ; the chin and
throat want the transverse white markings, and, together with the
fore neck, have more or less ronnded spots of dull white ; the
feathers of the underparts entirely margined with dusky black.
The feathers of the forehead and crown next assume their red tips.

Young female. Kesembles the young male, but has the forehead
and crowu rather browner, and the forehead more distinctly spotted
with white. In the next stage, the sinciput becomes deep black and
the feathers have a white apical spot.

Hah. Southern portion of India, in the west extending up to
Khandeish. Northern part of Ceylon, south to Trincomalie, and
west into Eamisserum Island.

* The reddish-backed Ceylonese forest form, but which, in my opinion,
cannot be separated either from the yellow-backed Ceylonese bird or from
B. punctieollis of Southern India. It seems to be the connecting-link between
B. cryfhronotus and the species from Southern India.

30. BRACHTPTEENUS.

409

a. c7 ad. sk.

b. c? juv. ; c, d.
2 <ad. ak.

e,f. S $ ad. sk.

(J,h. S2 acl. sk.

i. d ad. sk.

A-. c? ad. sk.

/. (S juv. sk.
7)1. $ ad. ; «. 5

inim. St.
0. cj juv. sk.
2>. 2 ad. sk.
q. $ ad. sk.

r. $ ad. sk.
s. _cJ ad. ; t. S

juv. sk.
u. (5 imm. sk.

i\ (S ad. ; !(', ,r.

$ ad. sk.
y, s. d 2 ad. sk.
«'. 5 ad. sk.

h'. d ad. ; c', <T.

2 ad. sk.
e'-h'. d ad. ; ("'.

§ ad. sk.
A', I', d 2 ^d. sk.
7n',n',o'. d ad.;

i'', y'. 2 ad. sk.
?•', s'. d ad. ; f',

m'. 5 ad. sk.
v', %o'. d 2 ad.

sk.
x' . d ad. sk.
y' . 2 ad. sk.

z . d iuiiii. ; «".

§ ad. sk.
h" . d ad. sk.
e". d juv. sk.
(^", e". d 2 ad.

sk.

W. Khandeish, May 1877 (//. E. Hume Coll.

M. James).
Khandala, Jan., April (.S'. B. Tweeddale Coll

Fairhcmli).
Kelsi, S. Konkau, March 7, l."-78 Iluiue Coll.

{G. Vidal).
Guhagra, S. Konkan, Marcli 4, Hume Coll.

1879 {G. Vklal).
Ilatnagiri, S. Konkan, Dec. 5,1878 Hume Coll.

(G. Vklal).
Chiplun, 8. Konkan, Dec. 14,1878 Hume Coll.

{G. Vidal).
Madras {E. G. TV. E.).
Madras.

N. Canara, April 15, 1876.
Belgaiim {E. A. Bidkr).
Segore, Feb. 20, 1881 ( W. Davi-
son) .
Mysore, May ( W. Davison).
Mysore, Aug. 1878 {E. G. IV. E.)

Tweeddale Coll.
l!ev. H. H. Baber

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Manantoddy, AVynaad, April 6, Hume CoU.

1881 {W. Daviso?7).

Wynaad, Dec, May ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

Burliar, Nilgliiris, Sept. 1807. Hume Coll.

KuUar, Sept. 15, 1876 {R. G. W. Tweeddale Coll.

E.).

Coonoor Ghat, April, Sept. {E. Tweeddale Coll.

G. TV. E.).

Calicut [Haines). Tweeddale Coll.

Calicut.
Malabar.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Aujango, Travancore, Dec. 1872. Hume Coll.

S. India.

S. India.

Pauniben, Ramisserum Isl.,

March 17, 1875 [A. 0. H.).
Ceylon.

Ceylon.

Ceylon {H. NeviU).

Jaffna, Ceylon [F. TV. Gordon).

India Museum.
(Types of the species.)
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Col. W. V. Legge

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

3. Brachypternus erythronotus.

Bengal Woodpecker, var. A, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. p. 580 (1782).
Picus bengalensis, var. 0, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 433 (1788) ; Lath.

Lid. Orn. i. p. 235 (17U0).
Picus erythronothos, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 73 (1818) ;

id. 4- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1307 (1823).

410 PICIDiE.

Picus neglectus, Wayl Syst. Av. Piciis, sp. 99 (1827).

Picus erythrouotos, Drap. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 498 (1828).

Picus ceylonus, Ciiv. Eegne Anim. 1829, i. p. 451.

Picus sonneratii, Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831).

Brachyptermis erythronotiis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 ; Grai/,
Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846); Bp. Consp. Geji. Av. i. p. 121 (1850) ;
id. Consp. Valuer. Zt/god. p. 10, no. 180 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans.
Picina, p. 398, no. 923, pi. dcliii. fig. 4349, $ (1854) ; Graxj, List
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8747
(1870).

Brahmapicus ei'Tthronotus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz,
1848-49, p. 345 ; id. Picida, ii. p. 90, pi. Ixix. figs. 1 J ad., 2 S
jiiv., 3 $ ad. (1862).

Brachvptemus ceylonus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 56, no. 251
(1849) ; Layard, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 449 ; Horsf. (^
Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. L Co. ii. p. 656 (1856-58) ; Cab. ^- Heine,
3Ius. Hein. iv. p. 171 (1863) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 297 ; Holdsw.
P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 405, 428 ; Laijard, op. cit. 1873, p. 204 : Legge,
Ibis, 1874, p. 15, 1875, p. 284; id. Sir. F. 1875, p. 202 ; Hume,
op. cit. vii. p. 369 (1878), 1879, p. 88, no. 182 bis ; Legge, B. Cey-
lon, p. 202, J & 2 %d. (1880) ; Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 183.

Picus erythronotus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 82 (1866).

Adult male. Back and scapulars crimson, the extreme upper part
of the back and the hind neck black ; rump and upper tail-coverts
brownish black, the rump-feathers tipped with dull crimson ; lesser
and median wing-coverts brownish black, tipped with dull crimson
and spotted with pinkish bufFy white, the greater series almost
entirely crimson ; quills brownish black, the outer webs of the
secondaries dull red, those of the primaries spotted with white at
the base, the inner webs of the quills, except the innermost of aU,
spotted with white ; shafts black ; tail-feathers and the shafts
black ; the feathers of the forehead and crown and the elongated
occipital feathers crimson, with black bases ; sides of the face and
neck black, with two buffy-white stripes, one from above the pos-
terior half of the eye and running down the side of the hind neck,
the other from the base of the upper mandible and passing under
and to the end of the ear-coverts ; the supercilium, loral and malar
regions spotted with white, the postorbital region being striped with
the same ; the car-coverts striped with dull white ; chin, throat,
and fore neck black, the feathers of the chin and throat having an
apical spot and the base white, those of the fore neck having a
central white spot ; entire under surface of the body and under
tail-coverts bufJy or rufeseent white, the feathers of the chest and
breast broadly margined with black, which sometimes coalesces in
the middle of the feather and forms a bar ; the feathers of the abdo-
men with triangular marginal spots and concealed basal bars of
black; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred with black;
under wing-coverts black, spotted with white or bufty white, the
axillaries barred black and buffy white : " iris red ; upper mandible
dark horn-colour, lower mandible light bluish horn-colour ; legs and
feet dull sap-green" {W. V. Ler/r/e). Total length 11-5 inches,
culmen 1-6, wing 5-45, tail 3-7, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) —

31. TIGA. 411

outer anterior O'S, outer posterior 0'77, inner anterior 0'55, inner
posterior 0'3.

Younci male. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the
forehead and crown black, a few only of the hinder feathers of
the crown tipped with duU red, the crest (alone) being scarlet.
There is also a greater amount of black upon the chin, throat, fore
neck, and chest, and these parts are covered with more rounded
spots of white ; the feathers of the underparts are entirelj^ margined
with black.

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black, the feathers
having bufFj-white apical spots, the red on the head being confined
to the occipital crest. Total lengih 11 inches, culmen 1-46, wing
5-3, tail 3-6, tarsus 0-9S.

Hub. Ceylon, found throughout almost the entire island.

a, b. S ad. ; c. Cevlon. Gould Coll.

$ ad. sk.
d-k. (S ad. et Ceylon, Dec, March, April, July. Tweeddale Coll.

imm. ; l-p. $

ad. et imm. sk.
q-io. c? ad. et Ceylon, July, Sept., Oct., Nov. Hume Coll.

imm.; x-b'. 5

ad. et imm. sk.
c'. cj' juv. sk. N.W. Province of Ceylon. Colonel Legge [P.].

31. TIGA.

Type.
Tiga, Kaiip, llderreich, 4'c. Band 2, Th. i. p. 38 (18-36) . T. javauensis.

Chrysonotus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837) T. javanensis.

Chloropicoides, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 345 T. shorii.

liange. India (locally) ; Burmah, Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin
China ; through the Malayan Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra,
Java, Bali, Borneo, and Palawan.

Key to the Species.

A. Feathers of the fore neck and chest bufly' or
rufescent white edged with black.
«'. Chin and throat white, with one row of
black spots down the middle ; the red
tips of the feathers on the top of the
head, in the male, separated from the
dusky base by black.
a". Top of the head and the crest ver-
milion javanensis <5 ad., p. 413.

b". Top of the head and the cre.st black

striped with white javanensis 5 ad., p. 414.

b'. Chin and throat with two rows of black
spots arranged longitudinally, the space
between these being buti' or pale di-ab ;
the red tips of the feathers on the top of
the head, in the male, separated from

412 riciDji!.

the pale iimbur-Liowu bases bj- creamy
white,
c". Top of the head and the crest scarlet. . sJion'i c? ad., p. 417.
d". Top of the head and the crest black

striped with white s/iurii 5 fid-, P- 417.

Ji. Feathers of the fore ueck aud chest uuiforni

olivaceous or ochreous brown; chin aud

throat buff, more or less closely spotted

with black.

c'. Top of the head and the crest vermilion ;

malar feathers tipped with red everetti cJ ad., p. 418.

d'. Top of the head and occiput black, the
former with longitudinal specks of white,
the latter having' hair-like stripes of the
same ; the nuchal feathers, only, red ;
malar region spotted with black and

devoid of red everetti $ ad., p. 418.

e'. Forehead brownish buff; crown and occi-
put uniform black ; the nuchal feathers
also black, but occasionally tipped with
red everetti $ juv., p. 418.

1. Tiga javanensis.

Picus javanensis, Ljumj, Man. Acad. Jioi/. Stochh. 1797, p. 134,

pi. vi. § ; Sundev. Consji.Av.Picin. p. 83 (1866).
Picus tiga, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 177 (1822) ; RaJ/l. t. c.

p. 290 (1822) ; Horsf. Zool. Eesearch. Java {Gen. Cat.) p. 4 (1824) ;

Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 100 (1827) ; Graij, Hardw. III. Ind.

Zool. pi. 30. figs. 2 d', 2«, head of § (1830-32); Vig. Api).

Mem. Raffl. p. 609 (1831).
Chrysonotus tridactylus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837) ; Jerd.

Ibis, 1872, p. 10.
Chrysonotus tiga, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106 ; Horsf. ^- Moore,

Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 657 (1856-58).
Tiga tridactyla, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 193 ; Strichl. P. Z. S.

1846, p. 104; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 441, pi. cix. fig. 7 (1846);

Blyt/i, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 56 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.

i. p. 120 (1850) ; lieichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 390, pi. dclii. figs.

4344-4485, c? 2 (1854); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 150, 151;

Sclat. op. cit. 1863, p. 210 ; Vord. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. hid.

xlii. p. 17 (1882).
Picus (Tiga) intermedids, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p, 193.
Picus (Brachypternopicus) rubropygialis, Malk. Rev. de Zool. 1845,

p. 400.
Chloropicoides tiga, Malh. N. Class//., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 347 : id. Picidee, ii. p. 97, pi. Ixxi. figs. 5 cJ , 6 5 (1862).
Tiga intermedia, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 56 (1849) ; Reichenb.

Scans. Picitiee, p. 396, no. 918 b (1854); Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 257;

Blyth, op. cit. 1865, p. 30 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 97

(1808) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8752 (1870) ; Armstr. Str.

F. 1876, p. 311: Salvad. Atin. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887,

p. 580, 1888, p. 567.
Tiga rubropygialis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Volucr. Zyyod. p. 10, no. 183 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 397, no. 921 (1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 97

31. TIGA. 413

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8753 (1870) : Kume, 8tr.

F. 1879, p. 88, no. 185.
Chrysonotua iutermedius, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.

p. 657 (1856-58) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 456 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i.

p. 299 (1862) ; Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 172 (1863) ; Bea-

van, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 4 ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 415 : Hume &• Oates,

«r. i^. 1875, p. 74.
Chloropicoides intermedia, Malk. Picidce, ii. p. 99 (1862).
Cliiysonotus mbropygialis, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 299 (1862) ; Hume,

Str. F. 1876, p. 390.
Chloropicoides rubropygialis, Alalh. Picidce, ii. p. 100, pi. Ixx. fig. 5,

juv. (1862).
Chi-Ysonotus javanensis. Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 172 (1863);

Mull. Dm. Lis. Salanr/a, p. 64 (1882).
Chrysonotus erythropygius, Cab. &• Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. i). 173

(186.3).
Pious javanensis, var. B, Siindev. Consj). Av. Picin. p. 83 (18G6).
Picus javanensis, var. C, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 83 (1866).
Tiga javanensis, Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 97 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8751 C1870) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 54

(1874) ; Blyth S,- Wald. B. Burm. p. 75 (1875) ; Hume ^-Davison,

Binf/h. op. cit. 1880, p. 164; Tiveedd. Mem. ed. W.-Eamsay,
p. 479 (1881) ; Kelh. Ibis, 1881, p. 388 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 792 ; Oates, Str. F. x. 1882, p. 192 ; Davisoti, t. c. p. 357 (1883);
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 65 (1883) ; Vord. Over. Nat. Tijds.
Nederl. Lid. xliv. p. 191 (1884) : Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 405 j
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova. 1887, p. 518.
Tiga rufa, Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 289 (1870).

AduU male. Upper and middle back and scapulars deep golden
or orange ; lower back and rump crimson ; upper tail-coverts
brownish black ; wing-coverts olive-golden with brighter margins ;
quills blackj the outer webs of the secondaries olive-golden, the
inner feathers almost entirely of this colour, the tips of the pri-
maries brownish white ; inner webs of quills spotted with white ;
shafts black ; tail-feathers and the shafts black ; forehead, crown,
and occipital crest crimson, the feathers having dusky blackish
bases ; hind neck black ; sides of the face and neck, and from the
chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, huffy white or slightly
rufescent ; a broad black stripe runs from behind the eye to the
hind neck, the malar region is encircled by black, and a stripe runs
from behind and borders the throat and fore neck, down. the
middle of which is a row of black stripe-like spots ; the chest-
feathers very broadly margined with black, those of the breast and
abdomen tipped and partially margined with black, the thighs and
under tail-coverts barred with the same ; under wiug-eoverts
brownish black spotted with buffy white, the axiUaries barred
huffy white and black. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-3,
wing 5'IS, tail 3-35, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws)— outer ante-
rior 0*72, inner anterior 0'o2, posterior 0-65.

414 piciB^.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
brown at the base, the remainder, as weD as the crown and occiput,
black ; the whole (except the lower feathers of the occipital crest)
being striped with white. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-22,
wing 5"1, tail 3'2, tarsus 0-95.

Young. The male in first plumage has the sinciput uniform brown,
the remainder of the crown and the crest being scarlet, the sincipital
feathers next assume stripe-like spots of white. The female has
the top of the head and the crest black striped with white, the
stripes having their tips enlarged in the form of a drop. The under-
parts of the young have a spotted character, and down the throat
there is a broad stripe of duskj- black with large rounded spots of
duU white.

Ifab. The islands of Java, Bali, Borneo, and Sumatra, through
the Malayan peninsula into Tenasserim ; eastward into Siam, Cam-
bodia, and Cochin China ; northward through British Burmah into
Bengal *. In Southern India it occurs in the Wynnad and Travan-
core. I have no record of the species being found between the
latter countries and Bengal.

a. Juv. st.

b. 5 ad. sk.
c,d. c? 5 ^-d- sk.
e. S ad. ;/,(/. 5

ad. sk.
h, i. (S ad. ; k. $

ad. sk.
I. 2 juv.; m. (S

ad. sk.
n. 2 imm. sk.

o-t. d'ad. et juv. ;

u-y. $ ad. et

juv. sk.
z. c? ad. sk.
a', h' . c? ad. ; c'.

2 ad. sk.
d! . cS ad. sk.

e'. (5 ad. sk.

/, ff'. 6 9 ad. sk.

/(', {. <S ad. ; k',

r. 2 ad. sk.
m'. 2 juv. sk.

n', o'. c? ad. sk.

p',q\r'. 2 ad.sk.
s , t' . c? ad. ; 11,

v', w'. 2 ad. sk.
x'. (^ imm. sk.

Java,

Java.

E. Java.

Java (Mus. Liujd.).

Java [HofKjield).

Java {Horsfield).

W. Java {E. C. Buxton).

Java.

Bali.

Lawas River, Borneo.

Sarawak, Sept. 20, 1877 {A.

Everett).
liumhidan {H, Low).
Limibidan (S. Low).

Sumatra {Carl Bock).

Sumatra.

Lampong, Sumatra {E. C.

Bu.rton).
Malacca {Dr. Muingay).
Penang {Dr. Cantor).

Wellesley Prov., Nov. 1869
{F. Stoliczka).

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
WaUace Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

India Museum.

India Museum.
(Types of Pints tir/a.)
F. Nicholson, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

WaUace Coll.

H. Yeitch, Esq. [P.].

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.

Hiune Coll.

* The type of Malherbe's B. rubropygialis was from this Presidency.

y' , (S imm. ; z'.

2 ad. sk.
o"-e". (S ad. ; /",

ff",h". 5ad.sk.

i". c? ad. ; k", I".

2 ad. sk.
771". 5 ad. sk.

n", o". cS ad. ; p".

2 ad. sk.
q". c? ad. sk.

r"-u' . (S ad. ; v" ,
w" , .%■". $ ad.
sk.

y", z". S 2 ad.
sk.

«^. 2 ^^- sk.

b\ S ad. sk.
c\ 2 ad. sk.

d', e\ S ad. ; /'.
2 ad. sk.

f. 6 ad. ; h\ 2
imm. sk.

i^-iiT^. S ad. et
imm. ; n^, 0^,
p^. 2 ad. sk.

q^. 2 ad. sk.

r-'\ 2 ad. sk.

s^-j;^ c? ad. ; ?6'^,

.r^. 5 ad. sk.

y^. 2 ad. sk.

z^. cJ ad. sk.

«', 6^, c^. cJ ad. et

imm. sk.
d^. (S ad. sk.

e*. S ad. sk.
fSffK d? ad.sk.
h\ iK S 2 ad. sk.

k^, I*, d ad. ; m\
2 ad. sk.

n*-t*. S ad. et
imm.; u*-a'. 2
ad. et imm. sk.

31. TIGA. 415

Jaram, Salangore, Dec. 21, Hume Coll.

1879 (J. Barlhiff).
Klang, Salaug'ore,Feb.,Mar., Hume Cull.

April, May, Oct. (fr.Da-

vison).
Salaug, March 1879 (/. Hume Coll.

Darlhn/).
Tonka, Jan. 22, 1879 {J. Hume Coll.

Darling) .
Wippitaii, Dec. 1878 {J. Hume Coll.

Darling).
Malewoon, April 12, 1875 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., Hume Coll.

April, May, June ( W.

Davison).
Pakchau, Jan. 187o [W. Hume Coll.

Damson).
Usheetherrpone, Nov. 23, Hume Coil.

1874 ( W. Davison).
Tenasserim Town, Nov. 26, Hume Coll.

1874 ( W. Davison).
Mergui, Dec. 7, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Daviso7i).
Nwalabo, April ( W. Da- Hume Coll.

visoyi).
Sbymotee, May 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Tavoy, April, May, June Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

Meeta Myo, AprU 20, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
South of Yea, March 26, Hume CoU.

ISI-k {W.Davison).
Amherst, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Yeaboo, Dec. (/. Darlin;/). Hume Coll.

Moidmein, March 21, 1874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Thoungyah, Sept., Oct. Nov. Hume Coll.

(J. Darling).
Kohbaing, Attaran Dist., Hume Coll.

March 15, 1874 ( W. Da-
vison).
Mophasoo-Choung, Jan. (C. Hume Coll.

T. Binghani).
Pabyouk, March 13, 3874 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).
Thamban, Nov. 29, 1877 Hume Coll,

( W. Davison).
Thatone, Dec, Jan. ( JV. Hume Coll.

Davison).
Kaukaryit, Jan., May, June, Hume Coll.

July, Aug., Sept., Oct.

416

i'. S ad. sk.

<■'-/■'. J ad. ; //"'-

k'\ 2 ad. sk.
r. d ad. sk.
?«'. 5 ad. sk.

71^, o'. {J $ ad. sk.

p\ q\ d ? ad. sk.

r%s\ J 2 ad.; tK

2 imm. sk.
«'. cJ ad. sk.

t'', t(}'\ S 2 ad. sk.

.(,■^-6". (^ ad. et
imm. ; c^-A"^. 5
ad. sk.

i'^. cJ ad. sk.

A:^ 2 ad. sk.

Z'\ $ ad. sk.

m". 5 ad. sk.
w", o". (5' $ ad. sk.

jf. 2 ad. sk.

5''. cJ ad. sk.

r'\ 2 ad. sk.

s", f^ c? ad. ; «t-.

2 juv. sk.
f". (f ad. sk.
iv^. d ad. sk.

x\ 2 ad. sk.

y'\ 2 ad. sk.

z". (S ad. sk.

«''. c? ad. sk.

b''. S ad. ; c', (f,
e'. 2 ad. sk.

f, f/\ 6 ad. ; h',
i'', k'. 2 ad. sk.

I', Skeleton.

Phaya, Nov. 27, 1877 ( W.

Dai-igon).
Pahpoon, Dec, Jan., Feb.

( W. Davison).
K^'ouk-nj-at ( W. Davison).
Borongho Island, Eiinp-oou,

March 27, 1876 (/. Arm-
strong).
Syriam, Jan. 187G (/. Arm-

stromi).
China Ba-keer, Dec. 187i)

{J. Armstrong).
Rangoon, June 1876 {R. G.

W. R.).
Rangoon, July 7, 1873 {R.

G. W. R.).
Tonghoo, Oct. 1874 {E. W.

Oates).
Tonghoo, Nov., Dec, Jan.,

Feb., April (7?. 6^. If. i?.).

Shuay-g-yeen,Bui'mah, Jan.

2, 1873 {R. G. W. R.).
San-g-veen, Dec 21, 1873

{R. G. W. R.).
Yay-tho, June 11, 1872 {R.

G. W. R.).
Thayetmyo {E. W. Oates).
Pegu.

Karen-nee, March 19, 1874

{R. G. W. R.).
Meklong, Siam.

Bangkok, April 2, 1872

{Conrad).
Siam.

Cambodia.
[Burmah ?J.

Bengal.

Braehyptcniopkw

Nellacotta, Wvnaad, March
29, 1881 {W. Davison).

Manantoddy, Wynaad,

April 23, 1881 ( W. Davi-
son).

Assamboo Hills, Jan. 13,
1872.

Mvnall, Travancore, July,
Oct.

Mvnall, Oct., Nov. {F. W.
Bourdillo}i).

Java,

Hume Coll.

Iliune Coll.

Hume Coll.
llume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

H. 0. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Mons. E. Pierre [P.].

Mous. E. Pierre [P.].
IndiaMuseum. (Type

of T. intermedia.)
Old Coll. (T^-pe of
rubropygialis, Malh.)
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hi;

Coll.

F. AY. Bourdillon,

Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

Purchased.

31. TiGA. 4i:

2. Tiga shorii.

Picus shorii, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 175 ; Gould, Cent. B. Himal.
Mts. pi. 49, S (1832); Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 83 (1806).

Bracbjpternus shorii, Hodqs. in Grai/\s Zool. Mixc. 1844, p. 85.

Tiga shorii, Bhjth, J. A.'S. B. 184o, p. 19.3, 1846, p. 282; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 441 (1846) ; id. Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Nepal pres. Hodgs.
1846, p. 117; Blytk, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 56(1849); Bp.
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 120, cj (1850) ; id. Consp. Tolucr. Zyc/od.
p. 10, no. 181 (1854); Beichenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 396, no. 918
pi. dclii. fig. 4-345, cJ (1854) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. 6(C. Nepal pres.
Hodgs. 1863, p. 63, no. 484 ; id. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 98
(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8754 (1870) ; Hume 8; Oates,
Sfr. F. 1875, p. 73 ; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 497 ; Ball, op. cit.
vii. p. 206 (1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 88, no. 183; W. Davi-
son, op. cit. X. p. 357 (1883).

Chloropicoides shorii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 347 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 101, pi. Ixxi. figs. Id", 2$ (^1802).

Brachypternus striaticeps, Beichenb. Scatis. Picitue, p. 398, no. 925
pl. dcliii. fig. 4351, 5 (1854)

Chrvsouotu? shorei, Horsf. ^- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. JE.I. Co. ii. p. 658
(i8o6-.58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 298 (1862) ; Cab. ^- Heine, Mus.
Hein. iv. p. 172 (1863).

Tiga javanensis (pt.), Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 55 (1883).

Adult male. Eesembles Tiga javanensis, but differs in having two
rows of black spots down the throat and fore neck, the space between
being drab, as is also the malar region ; the red on the head more of
a scai'let, and the bases of the feathers pale umber-brown, with a
whitish spot ; the rump more scarlet ; the underparts very much less
varied with black : the dimensions are also greater. Total length
ll-;3 inches, culmen l-o, wing 6, tail 3'S. tarsus 1'02 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-85, inner anterior 0-65, posterior 0"72.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the top of the head, the forehead being brown ; the crown, occiput,
and nape black striped with white, the stripes on the forehead
short and brownish. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1"42, wing 6'25,
tail 3'S5, tarsus 1.

Young. The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having
no red on the feathers of the forehead, these being dusky umber-
brown with a white central stripe ; the tips of the feathers of the
back and of the scapulars and wing-coverts washed with red ; the
malar region of the same colour as the forehead, and similarly
striped, as well as broadly bordered with black above ; the chin,
the stripes down each side of the throat, and the two across the
face white, without any buft' tinge ; underparts whiter and the
margins of the feathers less black, the thighs being faintly barred ;
the female has the crown and occiput black striped with white ; the
forehead browner, with stripe-like spots of dull white.

JIab. Xepal and west to Kaladoongi, Dhoon, east into Sikhim and
Bhotan. In Eastern India it has been recorded from Gumsur, and
in the south from Nedivuttum, Nilgbiris ; but I have no record

VOL. XVIII. 2 E

4] 8 riciDJc.

of its occurrence between these localities, llanges in the Burmese
Territory into Pegu.

(I, i. J 5 ad. sk. Kiiladoongi, Dhoon, Sept. 29, Hume Coll.

1866.
c. d ad. \ d,e. 2 Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

ad. sk.
/. 2 .i^"'- ^^- Nepal (B. H. Hodyson). India Museum.

(J. S "imm. sk. Sikhim Terai, April 20, 1870 Hume Coll.

(Z. Mandelli).
h. 5 ad. sk. Sikhim, Dec. 1875 (L. Man- Hume Coll.

delli) .
i-l. S fith ; wi> "• Bhotau Doars, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll.

5 ad. sk. {L. Mandelli).

0, p. cJ 5 ad. ; q, Thayetmyo, May. Hume Coll.

r. tS juv. sk.
s. $ ad. sk. Burmah {H. Feilden). T^Yeeddale Coll.

t. c? juv. sk. Arakan Hills, Pegu, June 1873 Hume Coll.

{E. W. Oates).

3. Tiga everetti.

Tiga javanensis {no7i Ljunr/), S/uirpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2ud ser. i.

p. 315 (1877); Tweedd. Mem. ed. n'.-liainsai/, pp. G07, G55, 670

(1881).
Tiga everetti, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 612, pi. xxxvii. J $ ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1884, p. 317, 1888, p. 197.

Adult male, llesembles Tiga javanensis above, but wants the
distinct black collar at the base of the hind neck. It, however,
difters mainly in having the fore neck and chest olivaceous brown ;
the chin and throat rufescent buff, spotted with black ; the feathers
of the malar region tipped with red : the feathers of the upper
breast margined at the tip with black, and having a broad black
squamate marking in the centre ; the remaining underparts trans-
versely spotted and barred with black ; under tail-coverts like the
under surface of the body, but the lower series are uniform blackish
brown, faintly margined with olive ; under wing-coverts olivaceous
buff, with black bars and some whitish spots, the axillaries yellowish,
barred with black : " iris dark brown ; bill black, basal half of
mandible grey ; feet greenish, nails grey " (Everett). Total length
10 inches, cnlmen 1''3, wing 5-4, tail 3-5, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior O'OS, inner anterior 0'58, posterior 0'63.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
buflfy brown varied with black, the crown and occiput black, the
feathers of the forehead and crown with longitudinal specks of white,
the occiput having hair- like stripes of the same, the nuchal crest
(only) scarlet; malar region spotted with black and devoid of red.
Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1'25, wing 5-2, tail 3-3, tarsus 0*9.

Youwj female. Differs from the adult female in having the fore-
head more distinctly brownish buff, the crown and occiput uniform
black, the nuchal feathers also black, but a few are tipped with red ;

32. NKSOCELETJS. 4jg

the chin and throat darker and almost without .spot : the chest
darker and rather more olive.
]Iab. Pahiwau.

«, b S2 -id. ; c. Puerto Piincesa, Palawan, Tweeddale Coll

6 mmi sk. Nov. 1877 (A. Ercrett). (Types of the species )

d. <S ad. sk. Puerto Pnncesa, Palawan. E. Lemprieil Esq

[C.].

'32. NESOCELEUS

Nesoceleus, Scl. et Salv. NomencL At. Neotr Ann ^^'^'

P- 155(1873) ■[,}]■_ N. fernandina^.

Ramje. Confined to the island of Cuba.

1. Nesoceleus fernandinaB.

Colaptes fernandime, Viy. Zool. Journ. iii. p 445 (1828) ; liammi de
la Sagra HiM lis. ^-c. Cuba, ii. p. 112, pi. xxiv. (1838) ; d'Orb. in
Sagras Hist Aat. Cuba, p. 148, pi. xxiv. (1839j ; Wa,pi. Arch,
fur Aafurg. 1841, p. 100 ; Denm/, F. Z. S. 1847, p. 39: Bp. Comp.
Gen. Av. i. p. 114 (1850j ; Lembeye, Av. Isl. Cuba, p. 131 (1850) •
bp. Comp Volucr.Zygod. p. 11, no. 234 (1854) ; Licld. NomencL
Av. p / 1 (1854) ; Cab. J. f. O. 185G, p. 104 ; Brewer, Proc. Bost
Soc. A at. Hist. 1860, p. 307; Gray, List I'ieid. Brit. Mus p 102
(186b) ; id.Hand-l. B. ii. p. 202, no. 8833 (1870) ; Gimdl. J. f~0.
18/4, p. lo5. •'

Picus fernandinae, Wagl. Ms, 1829, p. 517.

Geopicos fernandina;, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz 1^48-49
p. 359. ' '

Colaptes feruandiffi, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 415, no. 975 nl dclxvii
fig-. 4427, 2 (1854). ^ ' '^ •tt^-^^u-

Geopicus fernandinffi, Malh.Picidce., ii. p. 273, pi. cxiii. figs. 4, 5, rf ?

Picus fernandi, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 78 (1866).

Nesoceleus fernandinaj, Scl. Sj- Sa/c. Nonmicl. Av. Neotr p 101
(1873); Cory, List B. W. Lid. p. 20 (1885); id. Auk, 188Q,
p. 380. '

Adiilt male. Entire Lack, rump, upjier tail-eovcrts, tail, scapulars,
and wing-coverts olive-black, narrowly barred with pale yellow ;'
bastard-wing and prin:ar3'-covcrts brownish black, spotted with
yellowish ; quills brownish black, with yellow or whitish transverse
spots on the outer webs and pure white spots on the inner webs
the innermost feathers barred with whitish right across both webs •'
shafts yellowish brown, darker at the base ; shafts of the tail-
feathers clear brown ; top of the head, occiput, and nape rufous,
narrowly striped with black ; lores, face, and upper half of the side
of the neck uniform rufous ; hind neck and lower side of the neck
like the back ; malar strijie black; feathers of the chin, throat, and
side of the neck immediately behind the malar region with a black
central strijie and white margin ; entiie under surface of the body
and under tail-coverts yellow, narrowly barred with black ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries clear golden buflF, with a few dusky

2e2

420 PICID.T!.

black bar-like spots ; nnderside of qiiill-shafte and of tail-shafts;
golden yellow, and the feathers themselves also deeply washed with
yellow. Total length 12 inches, culmen l-Go, wing 5-8, tail 4-8,
tarsus 1-15 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-82, outer pos-
terior 0-73, inner anterior 0-(), inner posterior 0-38.

Adidt female. Differs from the male in having the malar region
striped like the chin and throat. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen
1-55, wing 5-8, tail 4-G5, tarsus 1-15.

Hab. Cuba.

a. c? ad. sk. Cuba (W. S. Maclewj). Zoological Society.

(Type of species.)

b. $ ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll.
cJ ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c.

33. CELEUS. T^p^

Celeus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 C. flavescens.

Celeopicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 332 . . C. flavescens.
Xanthopicus, Malh. Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii. (1861) C. flavescens.

Bill of Celeus flavescens.

Ranrje. From Southern Mexico, through Central and South
America into South Brazil.

Key to the Species.

A. Under surface of the body uniform, or with,
at most, only a few almost obsolete paler
markings.
a'. Head and more or less of the neck yellow
or buff, contrasting with the rest of the
plumage.
a". Back barred.

a'" . Back, wings and their coverts barred
black and yellow ; underparts deep
black.

«'. With red malar patch Jlaoescens (^ &&. , p. 423.

h*. With no red on malar region, this

being yellow striped with black . . flavescens 2 ad., p. 423.
h'". Back, wings and their coverts brown,
barred with dull yellow or with
rufous ; underparts, fore neck, and
part of orbital region brown

c*. With red malar stripe hif/iibris(^ nd., p. 424.

d''. With no red on malar region, this

being brown hujubris 5 ad., p. 424.

33. CEiiETjs. 421

h". Back with longitudinal or heart-shaped
spots of black, not barred; imderparts
blackish brown.

^ru ^^l}^^^ ^"^ '"^'''^^" ■''^'■^P'^ ochmceus ^ ad., p. 425.

M . V\ ith no red on malar region, the

feathers ha^•ing blackish-brown cen-

».- -c ^^^? ^"^ ^^* margins ochrcweus^^^., p. 4-^5

o. I' ace and neck of the same rufous colour
as the body.
c". Crown and crest lighter than the face
and neck ; back, scapulars, and wing-
coverts with yellowish spots, more or
less transverse,
e'". Inner webs of quills uniform

yellow immaculatus 9 , p. 426.

/ . Inner webs of quills barred and
spotted with black.
el Smaller: length 9-3 inches, wing
5"0u, tail 3-5. General colour more
rufous (not brown) ; upper parts,
wing-coverts, and outer webs of
quills not barred.

aK With red malar stripe eleqansSii^., p. 4-^6

6 A\ ith no malar stripe eleyans $ ad., p 427.

/*. Larger: length 11 inches, wing
665, tail 4 ; back and underparts
dark, more rufous brown ; upper
parts, wing-coverts, and more or
less of the outer webs of the quills

barred with blackish. Tp 407

c=. With red malar stripe reicJmibachi S &A.,'

v, r, . "° "'^^^^" ®*"P^ reichenhachi9.iiA.,

d . Grown and crest of the same dark r,' 407

chocolate-brown as the face aud neck ;
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts not
spotted with yellow.
ff'". Inner webs of quills barred ; the yel-
low on the sides of the body show-
ing when the wing is closed'; upper
tail-coverts as well as rump
yellow.

ff*. With red malar stripe )U7nanfi cS &d., p. 428.

k* W Ith no malar stripe ' fmnana 9 ad., p 429

h . Inner webs of quills not barred, the '
yellow on the sides of the body not
showing_ when the wing is closed ;

upper tail-coverts rufous. Tv, 499

i\ With red malar stripe citreojn/gius S ».d '

TT J -^ ; ' 'f Z"^,''" '^'■'P'' citrenpygim 9 ad.,

Under surface of the body not uniform. r . 100

V. Tail barred. ' ^P- "*-^'-

e". Tail rufous at the base and barred with
black.
i" . Head and neck transversely spotted
witli black, or with crown uniform.

^n ^^-^}' ^""^ "J*"''"' '''"P'^ 'V'« 6 ad., p. 430.

/ . \N Ith no red on malar region rufus $ ad., p. 430

422

/'". Head and neck striped witli black.

7n*. With red malar stripe muhttusS fid., p. 431.

«'. With no red on malar region .... imdatits^^d., p. 432.
/". Tail blackjbarredwith pale buff; under-
parts pale buff, with squamate and
crescentic marking:* of black ; head
and neck almost uniform rufous.
k'". Malar re<iion, chin, and upper throat

red loricafus (^ ad., p. 43"2.

/'". With no red on the riialar region,

chin, or throat lovivatus $ ad., p. 433.

d' . Tail not barred.
g". Plumage above and below rich rufous ;
chest not black.
m". Head and crest uniform rufescent
buff and much lighter than the back ;
' secondaries uniform, or nearly so ;

the rump scarcely lighter than the
back.

0^. With red malar stripe caHtmmin S ^^-i P- 433.

p''. With no malar stripe castaneu^'^iid.., p. 434.

n'" . Head and crest chocolate-brown
and darker than the back, thefeathers
of the crown and crest more or less
centred with black ; secondaries nar-
rowly barred with black ; rump con-
spicuously lighter than the back.

g*. With red malar stripe (7ra?H9MU7/Sc?ad.,p.435.

>•*. With no malar stripe c/rammicKs 5 ad., p. 43o.

h". Plumage above and below fulvescent
buff, contrasting with the uniform
rufous head and neck ; the back, sca-
pulars, wing-coverts, and breast with
bars or bar-like spots of black ; entire
chest and the tail-feathers rmiform
black spectahilis $ ad., p. 435.

1. Celeus flavescens.

Picus flavescens, Gm. Si/st. Nnf. i. p. 427 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

cPHist. Nat. xxvi.p.79 (1818); Neuwied,Iteis. i?;-ffs. i. p. 72 (1820);

Bonn. Sf Vieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1310 (1823) ; Licht. Verz. Douhl.

p. 10 (182.3) ; Spi.v, Av. Bras. i. p. 58, pi. xlix. figs. 1 d' , 2 $ (1824) ;

Valenc. Diet. So. Nat. xl. p. 175 (1826) ; Neutcied, Beitr. Naturg.

Bras. iv. p. 390 (1832) ; Smidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 84 (1806). _
Carpintero gorro pajizo, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pd.var. Paray. ii.

p. 303, no. 251 (1805).
Celeus flavescens, Boie, Ms, 1831, p. 542 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440

(1846) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 16, no. 251 '(1847) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 130 ( 1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 8, no. 86

(1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picincp, p. 406, no. 952, pi. dclxi. figs.

4380-81, c? ? (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 231 (1856); Sclat.

Cat. Amer. B. p. 336, no. 2003 (1862) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mm. -p. 86 (18C8); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, 'no. 8711 (1870);

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 2-50 (1870) ; Sclat. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1873, p. 280; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 403, no. 1970 (1882)".

33. CELEUS.

423

Malacolophus flavescens, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837).
Celeopicos flavescens, 3Ialh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49
p. 334. '

Celeopiciis flavescens, Malh. Picid. ii. p. 21, pi. liii fio-s 1 o ?. n
ad., 3, 4, S vars. (1862). o ■ , , 0 ¥

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, narrowly barred with
yellow ; rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts black, some of the upper
series partially margined with yellow ; wing-coverts black, the
lesser series margined with yellow, the median and the greater
series margined with yellow at the tip and barred with yellowish
white ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, spotted with yel-
lowish white ; quills brownish black or black, the outer webs of the
inner primaries sparingly spotted with buify or yellowish white
at the base, the inner webs barred with yellowish white ; the
secondaries narrowly barred across both webs with yellowish white
tinged with buff; shafts blackish brown; tail brownish black, the
two outer large feathers spotted with white on the apical portion of
the inner web, the dwarf feather spotted on the apical portion of
both webs, shafts black ; head and crest, posterior half of the neck,
chin and throat yellow, tinged with buff, the lores spotted with
black; a very large malar patch of crimson; fore neck and under
surface of the body, likewise the under tail-coverts, black, the
feathers on the upper part of the fore neck margined with yellow,
, the black appearing as a stripe ; some of the feathers of the lower
fore neck and of the thighs, and also some of the under tail-coverts,
l)arti ally and narrowly margined with dull buffy white: the sides of
the body barred with yellow ; tibial plumes uniform yellow, with a
buff tinge ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform lemon-yellow.
Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-42, wing 6, tail 3-.55, tarsus l-l ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1-02, outer posterior U-98, inner
anterior 0-72, inner posterior 0-4r).

Adnlt female. Has the malar region of the same colour as the
head, but it is striped with black. In other respects it resembles the
adult male. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 6-1, tail
3"6, tarsus I'Oo.

Hah. Eastern and Southern Brazil, extending north to Bahia.

a. cJ ad. sk.

h. c? ad. ; c. $
imm. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.
f-k. c? imm. ; I,

m. 2 imm. sk.
n, o. (^ 2 imm.

sk.
p, q. S ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.

s. S ad. ; t. 2
imm. sk.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Brazil.
Brazil.
Brazil.

Bahia, Brazil [Dr. Wu-

cherer).
Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner).
Novo Fribourgo, Brazil (J.

Toitds).
Rio Grande, Brazil.

Lord Stuart

Rothesay [P.].
M. Clausseu [P.].

de

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

424

2. Celeus lugubris.

Picus lugubris, Mctlh. Mem. 8oc. d' Hist. Nat. Metz, 1851, p. 77;

Simdev. Omsp. Av. Ficln. p. 85 (1866).
Celeus lugubiis, Bjh Consp. Vulucr. Zyc/orf. p. 8, no. 87 (1854); Sclaf.

Cat. Amer. B. p. 335, no. 2002 (1862); Grai/, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 87 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8717 (1870) ;

Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 250 (1870) ; Sclat. S^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873).
Celeopicus lugubris, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 19, pi. liv. figs. 1 cJ > 2 2 ,

3 ^,4 $ var. (1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts brown, the former
with a strong fulvescent tinge, the whole being irregularly barred
with yellow ; rump and upper tail-coverts yellow, the latter tinged
with rufous ; outer webs of primaries brownish black, the innermost
irregularly spotted with rufous ; the inner webs black on their apical
portion, the base yellow, rufous near the shaft, barred with black ;
outer webs, likewise the tips of the inner webs of the secondaries,
rufous, the base of the inner webs yellow, the whole being barred
with black or brown ; shafts of primaries brownish black, those of
the secondaries reddish brown ; tail (except the dwarf feather, which
is uniform rufous) uniform black, and the shafts black ; head and
crest, hind neck, chin, and throat yellow, more or less ochreous, the
malar stripe crimson, the loral region and the feathers immediately
below the eye varied with brown ; stripe behind the malar region
brown, the feathers having yellowish margins ; fore neck and the
under surface of the body brown, the feathers margined with rufous
at the tip ; sides of the body, flanks, and thighs yellow, the two
latter with bars and heart-shaped spots of brown ; short tibial
plumes uniform yellow ; under tail-coverts rufesceut buff, spotted
with brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform yellow.
Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-07, wing 5-85, tail 3-45, tarsus 1 ;
toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0'95, outer posterior 0'87,
inner anterior 0'72, inner posterior 0*42.

Adult female. Kesembles the adult male, but differs in the absence
of red on the malar region, this being dark brown ; the dimensions
are much the same.

Immature. Have a greater amount of brown on the orbital I'egion;
the lower series of upper tail-coverts and the under tail-coverts
rufous, barred with black, and the dwarf tail-feather also barred
■with black ; the short tibial plumes less yellow and considerably
varied with brown ; the under wing-coverts and axillaries less
yellow, the latter barred with dusky brown ; the underparts have a
few longitudinal spots of buff" or rufous; the male has a crimson
malar stripe, and in the female this is replaced by brown.

A specimen of a female which I take to be immature (judging
by its pale under wing-coverts and brown-spotted tibial plumes) has
the lower series of the upper and under tail-coverts, and also the
dwarf tail-feather, uniform rich rufous.

33. CKLKus. 425

Uah. Bolivia, and the southern part of Matte Grosso and Go3'az,
Brazil.

«,^- c? 2ii"m-8k. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

e. $ imm. sk. Piedra Blanca, Bolivia, April Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{H. H. Smith).
d. (S ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Jan. SalvLa-Godman Coll.

{H. H. Smith).

3. Celeus ochraceus.

Picus ochraceus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 59, pi. li. fig. 1, S (1824);

Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 451 (18:29) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 85 (1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 171 (1876).
Celeus ochraceus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 440

(1846) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Ar. i. p. 130 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer.

Zygod. p. 8, uo. 92 (1854) ; Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 77 (1854) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 406, no. 953, pi. dclxi. figs. 4382-83,

cJ $ (1854); Graij, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1868); id.

Hand-l. B.n. p. 194, no. 8718 (1870); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 250

(1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.y. 101 (1873).
Malacolophus ochraceus, Szoains. Classif. B. ii. p. 300 (1837).
Celeopicus ochraceus, 3Ialh. Picidce, ii. p. 23, pi. hv. figs. 5, 6, c? ?

(1862).

Adult male. Back and scapulars rufescent buff, with heart-shaped
and longitudinal spots of blackish brown ; rump uniform yellowish
buff; irpper tail-coverts blackish brown, transversely spotted and
margined at the tip with buff; wing-coverts and secondary quiUs
buff, the former having large heart-shaped spots, or a broad stripe
down the outer web and bars on the inner web, or other varied
markings of brownish black, the secondaries being completely barred
with the same ; the primaries blackish brown, with a few rufous
spots at the base of the outer webs, the inner webs buff, except at
the tip, and barred or transversely spotted with blackish brown ;
shafts of primaries dark brown, those of the secondaries more orange-
yellow ; tail blackish brown, the dwarf featlier having bar-like
spots of buff on the inner web, the shafts black ; head and ci-est,
hind neck, chin, and throat buff, with a large crimson malar stripe,
and behind this a few blackish-brown stripes ; fore neck, under
surface of the body, and under tail-coverts blackish brown, the sides
of the body, flanks, and thighs pale yellow, barred and spotted with
dark brown ; short tibial plumes uniform clear buff ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries uniform pale golden buff. Total length 10-5
inches, culmen 1-03, wing 5-6, tail 3-15, tarsus 1; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0-9, inner anterior 0-65,
inner posterior 0'4:5.

Adult ft-male. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the malar region, the feathers having blackish-brown centres and
buff margins. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5-6, tail
3-2, tarsus 0-92.

42G piciD-E.

Ilab. The Provinces of Pcrnambueo and Ceard, North-east
Brazil, ranging west to the Tapajoz liiver.

rt. 5 ad. sk. Ceara, N. Brazil (If. Jesse). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

b. (J ad. sk. Pemambuco, Brazil {Craven). Sclater Coll.

4. Celeus immaculatus.
Celens immaculatus, Bei-l. Ibis, 1880, p. llo.

Female. " Allied to C. elegans, from which it seems only to differ
in liaving the inner webs of the wing-feathers plain yellow, without
the black bands or spots to be seen in that species." {Berlepsch.)

IJdb. Panama?

5. Celeus elegans.

Picus elegans, Mull. Si/st. Nat., Auhang, p. 1)2 (1770).
Pic iaune tachete de Cayenne, Uauhent. PI. Eril, no. 524, ^ .
Picus fusco-fulvus, Bodd. Tuhl. PI. Enl. p. 30, no 524 (1783).
Picus cinnnmomeus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 428 (1788) ; Vieill. Hist.

Nat. d'Ois. Amer. Sept. ii. p. 69 (male only), pi. iii. S (1807) ; id.

N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 82 (1818) ; id. ^ Bonn. Enc. Meth.

iii. p. 1312 (1823); Valenc. Diet. So. Nat. xl. p. 174 (1826) ; Less.

Trade, i. p. 223 (1831); Sundev. Consp. Av. Piein. p. 85 (18C6) ;

Einsc/i, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 587 ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 150 (1876).
Celeus cinnnmomeus, Buie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 440 (1846) ; Cab. in Sehomb. Peis. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ;

Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zye/od.

p. 8, no. 91 (1854), pt. ; Reiehcnb. Scans. Pici7ice, p. 406, no. 950,

pi. delx. figs. 4378-79 (1864) ; Sclut. Cat. Amer. B. p. 336, no.

2007 (1862); Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 93; Zeot. Ois. Trinid.

p. 3.38 (1866) ; Sclat. | Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 251 (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 118; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59.
Malacolophus cinnamomeus. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837).
Celeopicos cinnamomeus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 334.
Celeopicus cinnamomeus, 3IalJi. Picida, ii. p. 32, pi. Ivi. figs. 1, 2,

6 2 (1'562).
Celeus elegans. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B ii p. 194, no. 8712 (1870); Silat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. StricJd. Coll. p. 403, no. 1971 (1882).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rich rufous, with
diamond-shaped or transverse spots of yellow; rump and upper
tail-coverts yellow ; primary-coverts rufous, with, at most, indis-
tinct black bars ; primaries black, the outer webs rufous on
more or less of their basal portion, the inner webs barred with
yellow tinged with rufous ; secondaries rufous, the inner webs
barred with black, the rufoiis interspaces being centred with yellow ;
shafts of primaries black, those of the secondaries reddish or brown ;
tail and the shafts black, except the dwarf feather, which is rufous
and has an orange shaft, the bases of the black shafts being yellow ;
entire top of the head and the crest rufous buff, much paler than

33. CELEus. 427

the general rufous colour of the bird ; entire face and neck, under
surface of the body, and under tail-coverts uniform deep rufous, the
malar region crimson, and the sides of the body, as well as the short
tibial plumes yellow ; under v\ing-coverts and axillaries uniform
yellow. Total length D-3 inches, culmen l-2o, wing 5-53, tail 3" 35,
tarsus 0'96 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*95, outer pos-
terior 0"7o, inner anterior 0-65, inner posterior 0'42.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson
malar stripe. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 5-75, tail
3'(j, tarsus 0'97.

Younf/. Eesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but differ in
having the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts uniform (or nearly so),
the spots being generally concealed ; the top of the head and the
crest are slightly lighter.

Hab. Venezuela and the island of Trinidad, and in North Brazil.

a. cJ imni. sk. Sdiith America. .T. Gould, Esq.

b, c. S ad. ; d. $ ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. S imm. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

/. S ad. sk. - Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

6. Celeus reichenbachi.

Coleopicus reicheubachii, Mdlh. Pickl(e, ii. p. iIS, pi. Ivi. figs. 4, 5,
cJ $ ad. (1862).

Picus reicheubachii, Siindev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8.5 (1866).

Celeus reiclienbachii, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1868) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8713 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 251
(1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Noviencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873).

Celeus cinnamomeus (pt.), Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59.

Adult male. Ecsembles G. elegans, but may be distinguished by its
very much larger dimensions, and dark brown back and uuder-
parts, and in having the crown and crest more rufous ; the black bars
on the inner webs of the secondaries more numerous and broader,
and showing on more or less of the outer webs, and also on the rufous
outer web of the primaries ; the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts
are more or less distinctly barred with blackish brown ; the primary-
coverts more distinctly barred black and rufous ; the sides of the
body and the under wing-coverts are of a deeper yellow, and occa-
sionally tinged with rufous. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1 25,
wing 6-65, tail 4, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws)^outer anterior
0'95, outer posterior 0*77, inner anterior O-H, inner posterior 0-38.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red malar stripe. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-3S, wing G'45,
tail 3"85, tarsus 1.

Yoking. Eesemble the adult of their respective sexes, but may be
distinguished by having the primary-coverts and outer webs of the
primaries less barred with black ; the rump, upper tail-coverts, and
the under wing-coverts less yellow.

428

Obs. There is a very great variety in the colour of the top of the
head and crest, rump, and upper tail-coverts, and also in the under
wing-coverts ; typical specimens are more rufous and yellow, whereas
examples from the Quonga have these parts extremely light, the
rump aud upper tail-coverts, r.s likewise the under wing-coverts
being occasionally almost white with only a tinge of yeDow.

Bah. Guiana, and ranging into Venezuela.

a. (S ad. St.
I). 5 imni. sk.
c. cj ad. sk.

(I. d" ad. sk.

e. _d ad. ; /. $

imm. sk.
ff, h. ,$ 2 ad. sk.

i. S ad.; k. 5 imm.

sk.
/. S ad. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.
n. S imm. sk.
0. 5 ad. sk.

S. America.

S. America.

Gaaraimo, N. Andalucia, Vene-
zuela, Marcli {A. Goerimi).

Camacusa, 15rit. Guiana, March
{11. Whitely).

Takutu 11., 13ritisli Guiana,
March, May {H. Whitely).

Bartica Grove, British Guiana,
Sept., Oct. {H. Whitebj).

Quonga, British Guiana, Oct.
(//. Whitely).

Maroui R., Surinam {Kajjpler).

Cayenne.

Cayenne.

Cayenne.

J. Gould, Esq.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.

7. Celeus jumana.

Picus jumana. Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 57, pi. xlvii. figs. 1 c?, 2 5 (1824) ;

Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1866).
Malacolophus castaneus (non Waal.), Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309

(1837).
Celeus jumana. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440(1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.

i, p. 130 (1850) ; Beichenb. Sca7is. Picincs, p. 406, no. 951, pi. dcl.'s.

figs. 4376-77 (1854) ; Sclat. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 586, 695;

Grat/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 87 (1808) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 194, no. 8714 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 251 (1870) ; Sclat. Sr

Salv. No7nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873); Layard, Ibis, 1873,

p. 390.
Celeus cinnamomeus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Volitcr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 91

(1854).
Celeopicus jumana, il/ffW. Picida, ii. p. 27, pi. Iv. figs. IJ, 2$

(1862), pt.

Adult male. Back rufous brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
yellow with a slight rufous tinge ; scapulars rufous, the basal por-
tion yellow barred with dusky ; wing-coverts brown, edged with
rufous, the greater series spotted with rufous externally, the inner
webs barred with yellow ; outer webs of primaries brown, with a
few buff spots at the base ; the inner webs black, more or less barred
with pale yellow, slightly rufescent ; outer webs of secondaries
rufous, with faint dusky bars, the inner webs black tipped with
rufous and narrowly barred with yellow ; shafts of quills dark
brown, those of the secondaries rufous at the tip ; tail black, the
shafts also black, with the base of the central ones yellow ; head,

33. CELEtrs. 429

neck, and nnderparts chocolate-brown, the malar region crimson,
and the sides of the body yellow, this colour showing when the
wing is closed ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-covorts yellow
washed with rufous, the latter colour stronger on the coverts ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow. Total length 11 inches, cul-
men 1-25, wing 6-1, tail 3-9, tarsus 0-95; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0"95, outer posterior 0"8, inner anterior 0-62, inner
posterior 0"38.

Adult female. Wants the red malar patch, but otherwise resembles
the adult male. Total length 10 inches, culmen 1-15, wing 6,
tail 3"35, tarsus 1.

Hah. North Brazil, from Para and the Capim lliver west to Mara-
bitanas, and south to Salto do Girao on the Rio Madeira.

a. S ad. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Para, March {A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Para, Dec. {J. Natterer). Sclater Coll.

d. cS ad. sk. Para, Sept. {K L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll.

e. 2 imm. sk. Capim River, Brazil {A. R. Sclater Coll.

Wallace),
f. 2 ^^- sk. Marabitanas, Brazil, May {J. Sclater Coll.

Natterer).

8. Celeus citreopygius.

Celeopicus jumana (pt.), ilfatt. Z?it//. Soc. d'lTtst. Nat. Metz, 1851,

p. 73_; id. Picidce, ii. p. 27, pi. Iv. figs. 1, 2 (1862).
Celeus jumana (non Spiv), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74; id. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 336, no. 2005 (1862) ; id. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196 ; iid.

op. cit. 1873, p. 291 ; Tacz. op. cit. 1882, p. 43 ; id. Orn. Perou, iii.

p. 97 (1886).
Celeus citreopvgius, Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp 753, 758 ; Grai/,

List Picid. 'Brit. Mm. p. 88 (1868) ; id. Ifand-l. B. ii. p. 194,

no. 8719 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. No^nencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) ;

tid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 98 (1886).

Adult male. Resembles C. jumana, but differs in having the inner
webs of the primaries black, with rufous-buff bases, the latter colour
running obliquely from the base of the shaft towards the margin of
the web ; the secondaries rufous, lighter on the basal margin of the
inner webs ; the flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts darker and
more rufous, and the yellow on the sides of the body not showing
when the wing is closed ; the upper tail-coverts also deep rufous.
Sometimes the quills have a trace of black spotting (more or less
transverse) at the base. The dimensions are also greater. Total
length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-23, wing 6-15, tail 3-8, tarsus 1 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-S.5, outer posterior 0-78, inner
anterior O'GS, inner posterior 0'4.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson
malar stripe. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1'18, wing 6-6,
tail 4'1, tarsus 1.

Hah. North-eastern Peru (Yquitos, Santa Cruz, Yurimaguas,
Sarayacu), and ranging north to Sarayacu in Ecuador.

430 riciD.E.

a-c. c? fid.; Sai"a3^acu, Ecuador (C. i>«<p/i;/«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. $ ad. sk.

c. (S ad. sk. Peruviau Amazons (ii'. Bartlett). Sclater Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Yurimaguas, E. Peru {E. Bart- Sclater Coll.

lett).

g. cj imm. sk. Chamicuros, E. Peru, Oct. E. Bartlett [C.J.

h. c? ad. sk. Sarayacu, E. Peru {E. Bartlett). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Samiria, E. Peru, Oct. {J. Hau.v- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

well) .

k. 2ad.sk. Yquitos, Peru, Aug. (//. J^F/hM^). Salvin-Godman Coll.

y. Celeus rufus.

Pic roux de Cayenne, Dauhent. PI. Enl. 604. Hg. 1, 5 .

Picus rufus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 4-32 (1788) ; I'emm. Cat. Syst. p. 15

(1807) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 91 (1818) ; id. Sf

Bomi, Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1317 (1823) ; JFac/l. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 72

(1827) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 223 (1831) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin.

p. 87 (1866).
Celeus rufus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846) ; Cah. in Schomb. Reis.

Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; Bj). Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ;

Sclat. Cat.Amer. B.-p. 335, no. 1999 (1862); Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mtis. p. 90 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8722 (1870) ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 253 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873) ; Salr. Ibis, 1886, p. 69.
Meighi)tes rufus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 404, no. 945, pi. dclix.

tigs. 4370-71, <S 2 (1854).
Celeopicus rufus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 13, pi. 1. figs. 6, 7, c? $ (1862).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, wiug-coverts, secondaries on both
webs, and upper tail- coverts rufous barred with black, the rump
yellower and more narrowly barred with black ; primaries on lioth
webs barred rufous and black, with more or less of the apical portion
uniform black ; shafts of primaries black, those of the secondaries
brown where crossed by the black bar, otherwise orange-reddish ;
tail rufous, barred with black on the basal portion of the feathers,
the apical portion black, except on the lateral feathers which are
barred entirely with black ; shafts black ; head and neck paler
rufous than tlie back, and transversely spotted with black ; the
malar region crimson, this colour extending upwards to the eye ;
fore neck and chest black, the feathers narrowly margined with
rufous and having a scaly appearance : remainder of tlie under-
parts rufous, yellower posteriorly, the under tail-coverts also rufous,
and the whole crossed by bars or bar-like spots of black ; uuder
wing-coverts and axillaries yellow ; on the edge of the wing a
few blackish spots ; bill white at the tip. Total length 7"8 inches,
culmen 0-86, wing 4-3, tail 2-6, tarsus 0-73 ; toes (without claws)- —
outer anterior 0-65, outer posterior 0'58, inner anterior 0"48, inner
posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
upon the malar region and cheeks, these being rufous, and the malar
region spotted with black. Total length 7"G inches, culmen 0'88,
wing 4'3, tail 2-55, tarsus 0-7.

33. cELEus. 431

Young. In both sexes the top of the head and tlie crest are uni-
form ; the chest and breast less black, the former being spotted
with rufous ; the barring on the undeiparts is very much narrower
and of a less intense black. The male has a red malar strn)e, and
in the female this is absent.

Obs. The adult appear to possess two phases of plumage ; one in
which the top of the head and tlie crest are spotted, the other in which
these are more or less uniform, in which respect tluy resemble the
young. I have, however, never seen the young with the crowu and
crest other than uniform.

Hab. Guiana, and the northern part of Erazil, south t > Barra do
Eio Negro.

a. $ ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

b. cJ ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

c. d. c^ 2 ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Albiua, Surinam (C. Bar/left). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

/. c? ad. sk. Maroni R., Surinam {Kcqjpler). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

//. S ad.sk. Camacusa, British Gidana, May Sal viu-Godman Coll.

{H. Whitehj).

h. 2 ad. sk. Camacusa, March {H. Whitely). Sclater Coll.

i. c? imm. ; A-. Takutu R., British Guiana, May Salviu-Godman Coll.

$ad. sk. {H. Whitely).

I, m. cJ 5 ad. sk. Merume Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July (H. Whitelij).

n, 0. cS 9 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug., Nov. {H. Whitehj).

10. Celeus undatus *.

Red-cheeked Woodpecker, Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. iii. nl. 332. A

(1764). *

Pious undatus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 175 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 432 (1788) ; TVai//. Syst. Av. Picas, sp. 73 (1827) ; Sundev. Const).

Av. I'icin. p. 87 (1866).
Malacolophus undatus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837).
Picas multifasciatus, Malh. Mem. Sue. Sci. Lieye, 1845, p. 69.
Celeus undatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (184G) ; B^). Consp. Gen.

Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1868) :

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 19.5, no. 8727 (1870).
Cerclnieijiicus undatus, Bp. Consp. T'o/itcr. Zyt/od. p. 9, no. 9o (18o4).
Cerchneipicus multifasciatus, Bp. Consp. Vohicr. Zmiod. p. 9, no. 96

(1854).
Ceieopicus multifasciatus, Malh. Vividce, ii. p. 16, pi. 1. fio-g 4 rT 5

2 (1862). "^ o o,

Celeus multifasciatus, Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 586, 595 : Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 253 (1870); Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr'

p. 101 (1873).

Adult male. Resembles C. riifus, but differs in having the top of
the head and the crest darker rufous, and, together with the sides
of the face and neck, chin and throat, narrowly striped with black ;
the fore neck and chest less black, the former being rufous with

* Eeicbenbach's Meighjpfes undatus cannot be referred to Ibis species, as
neither the descri^jtion nur the plate are correct.

432 riciDJ5.

heart-shaped spots of black, the latter barred rufous and black like the
underparts ; the innermost (only) of the primaries barred with rufous
on the inner web, the inner webs of the others having more or less
of the basal margin uniform buff or buffy white ; tail rufous at the
base, with only a trace of transverse black markings, the apical
portion of the feathers black ; bill horny brown, with a dark tip.
Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 0-93, wiug 4-5, tail 2'6, tarsus 0'8 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'65, outer posterior 0"55,
inner anterior 0'43, inner posterior 0"27.

Adult female. "Differs from the adult male in wanting the red
on the malar region. The dimensions are very similar to those of
the male." (Malherbe.)

Hab. Para and the Lower Amazon region.

a. cf ad. sk. Amazons (^A. R. Wallace). Sclater Coll.

b. c? ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.J.

11. Celeus loricatus.

Meiglyptes loricatus, Eeichenh. Scatis. Picince, p. 405, no. 947,

pi. dclxxxi. figs. 4495-96 (1854).
Celeus undatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 286.
Celeus mentalis, Cass. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860, p. 137 ; id. Journ.

Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 461, pi. lii. figs. 2, 3, c? 2 ; Sclat. ^ Salv.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 367 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 195, no. 8729 (1870) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa

iJ^w, 1882, p. 283, no. 46.
Celeopicus fraseri, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 16, pi. xliii. bis. fig. 5 (1862).
Celeus fraseri, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 335, no. 2000 (1862).
Celeus squamatus, Laior. Ibis, 1863, p. 184 ; id. Ann. Lye. N. York,

1867, p. 11.
Pious loricatus, Sundev. Consp.Av. Picin. p. 87 (1866).
Picus pholidotus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 87 (1866).
Celeus loricatus, Grm/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1868); id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 195, no. 8728 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neutr.

p. 101 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 533, 549 ; Tacz. Sf Berl. op.

cit. 1885, pp. 118, 123.

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts rufous, narrowly
barred with black, the rump and upper tail-coverts paler, the former
barred, the latter having crescentic markings and spots of black ;
quills rufous, barred with black, the apical portion of the primaries
uniform black ; shafts reddish, those of the outer primaries brownish
black : tail black, broadly barred with rufous buff, the shafts black ;
head and neck rufous, the malar region, chin, and upper throat
crimson ; the feathers of the forehead and crown having black centres,
the hind neck transversely spotted with black, and the throat and
fore neck also spotted with black ; entire underparts from below the
fore neck to (and including) the under tail-coverts pale buff, the
feathers of the chest margined with rufous, and, together with those
of the upper breast, having a broad intermarginalsquamate marking
of black, the remaining underparts having crescentic markings of

33. CELEus. 433

black, the under tail-coverts having somewhat similar markings or
heart-shaped spots, at the tip, and on the basal portion transverse
spots ot black ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries rufous, with a few
black spots on the edge of the wing. Total length 8-2 inches, culmen
U-yo,_wing 4-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 0-75; toes (without claws)— outer
anterior U-68, outer posterior 0-62, inner anterior 0-5 inner nos-
terior 0-30. '■

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the malar region, chin, and throat, these being uniform rufous,
iotal length 8-2 inches, culmen 0-92, wing 4-8, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Central America, north into Costa Eica, south into Antioquia
and the western parts of Colombia and Ecuador, and extending into
l-eru (probably only the extreme north-west), Reichenbach's type
being from the latter country.

a. S ad. sk. Veragua {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.

J ''• V ad- sk. Panama (J. McLemman). Salvin-Godman Coll.

rf.cJad.sk. Remedios, Antioquia (r. Salvin-Godman Coll.

K. Salmon).

e. dad. sk. Nicbi, Antiociuia (T. K. Sclater Coll.

Salmon).

f. ? ad. sk. Babahojo, Ecuador (Z. Sclater Coll. (Type

Fraser). of C.fraseri Malh.).

12. Celeus castaneus.

Picus castaneus, Wagl. Ms, 1820, p. 515 ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin.
p. 86 (1866).

Picus badiodes, Less. Cent, de Zuol. pi. xiv. $ (1830)

Celeus badiodes, £o{e, Isis, 1831, p. 542 : Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 440
(1846); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr.
/.yrjod. p. 8, no. 90 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 229.

Celeopicos badiodes, Malh. A'. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49
p. 334. '

Celeus castaneus, Licht. Nomencl. Ac p. 77 (1854) ; Sclat P Z S
1858, p. 359 ; Moore, op. cit. 1859, p. 60 ; Selat. t. c. p. 388 •" id &■
Salv. Ihs, 1859, p. 137 ; Cav.-Tayl. op. cit. 1860, p. 119: Sclat
Cut. Amer. B. p. 336, no. 2004 (1862) ; Laicr. Ann.Ujc. Nat. Hist.
N. Jork, 1868, p. 130 ; Gray, List Picid. BHt. Mus. p. 88 (1868)
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8716 (1870) ; Sclat. S,- Salv. P Z S
1870, p. 837 ; Salv. Ibis, 1872, p. 320; id. c^- Sclat. Nomencl. Av
Neotr. p. 101 (1873) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa-Rica, p. 23, no 485
(1882) ; Boucard, P. Z. S 1883, p. J 52. ' V , ■ o

Meiglyptes castaneus, Beichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 405, no 946
pi. dclix. fig. 4372, ? (1854).

Celeopicus castaneus, Malh. Picid<e, ii. p. 25, pi. 1 fios ^ "2 a O
(1862). ^ ^ o • , , d ¥

Adult male. Head and upper part of neck rufescent buff, the malar
region and the feathers more or less round the eye crimson ; the
remainder of the plumage (except the apical portion of the quills
and of the tail-feathers) rich rufous, tlie back, scapulars, and wino--
covcrts with transverse black markings, the rump uniform, the
ujipcr tail-coverts with bar-like and sagittate spots of black • the

VOL. XVIII. 2 J '

434

lower i)iu"t of the neck with heart-shaped or V-shaped black spots ;
the under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts with broad
V-shaped black markings ; shafts of outer quills blackish brown,
those of the inner feathers reddish ; shafts of tail-feathers black ;
under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellowish or huffy white. Total
length 'J inches, culmen 1'03, wing 5'05, tail 3'1, tarsus I'Oo ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior O'S, outer posterior 0'7, inner an-
terior 0'57, inner posterior 0-4.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the malar region and round the eye. Total length 8"S inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 4-95, tail 2-9, tarsus I'OS.

llah. South Mexico, States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba) and Oaxaca,
extending into Yucatan, and through Guatemala, Honduras, Nica-
ragua, and Costa Kica.

n. 2 ad. sk.

b. 5 ad. sk.

c, d. 2 ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk.

/. ? ad. sk.

(/ 2 ad. sk.

h,i. c?ad. ; k, I. $

ad. sk.
m. (S ad. sk.
n,o. c? 5 ad. sk.
p. cJ imm. ; q. J

ad. sk.
r. S ad. sk.
s. cJ inim. sk.

t. S ad. sk.

M. 5 ad. sk.

Central America.

Atoyac, Vera Cruz, April
{Mrs. H. H. Smith).

Orizaba, Mexico.

Tizimiu, Northern Yucatan,
May (G. F. Gaumer).

Orange Walk, British Hon-
duras, Dec. (G.F. Gaumer).

Guatemala.

Guatemala.

Teleman, Vera Paz (0. S.).
Ghoctum, Vera Paz (O. S.).
Honduras.

Honduras.

Julian, Honduras (G. M.

Whitely).
San Pedro, Honduras (G.

M. Whitehj).
Chontales, Nicaragua {T.

Belt).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Goll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

O. Salvin, Esq. [C.].
Tvveeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mr. Dyson [P.].

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. Celeus grammicus.

Picus grammicus, Malh. Mem. Soc. Roy. Lieye, 1845, p. 69 ; Sundev.

Cuusp. Av. Picin. p. 86 (18G6).
Cerchneipicus grammicus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 97

(1854).
Celeopicus \evve.&vom, Malh. Rev. Zool. 1858, p. 8; id. Picidte, ii.

p. 14, pi. 11. figs. 1, 2, c? 2 (1862).
Celeus grammicus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 3.35, no. 2001 (1862) ; id. Sf Salv. P. Z. <S. 1866, p. 197 ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194,

no. 8725 (1870) ; Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 252 (1870) ; Sclaf. ^ Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 297 ;

Tacz. op. cit. 1882, p. 43; id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 96 (1886).
Celeus verreauxii, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 74 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 89 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8724 (1870).

33. CKLtDs. 435

Picus verreauxi, Bundeo. Cojisp. Ao. ricin. p. 86 (18G6).

Adult male. Differs from C. castaneus in being darker rufous
above, and m haying the greater part of the back, the scapulars
wing-covcrts and both webs of the secondaries (generally) barred
Aith black, the rump and upper tail-coverts (alone) being uniform •
the rufous on the outer webs of the primaries sometimes barred with
black, the iimer webs black, but with more or less of the basal mar-
gin dull yellowish buff ; head and neck deep chocolate-brown, the
feathers more or less centred with black ; the abdomen, flanks and
under tail-coverts uniform ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale
rufescent brown. Total length 8-3 inches, culmen O'i), wing -t-8o
tail 3, tarsus 0-8 ; toes (without claws)- outer anterior 0-65^ outer
posterior 0-6, inner anterior 0-40, inner posterior 0-32

AduUfenuile. Has no red on the malar region, this being dark
rutous with a few almost obsolete spots of black. Total leno-fh 8
inches, culmen 085, wing 4-8, tail 2-85, tarsus 076

ro««r/. Resemble the adult, but have more rufous at the base of
the central tail-feathers ; the head and crest, as well as the neck,
are uniform, or very slightly varied witli black which centres the
leathers.

Hah. Cayenne and west through the Upper Amazon region into
Jliastern Ecuador and North-east Peru.

^' *^ i?f' '^- Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. d aa. si£. Oyapock. Sclater Coll

'^' «H '^l'"'^' ' -^ ^ Sai^yacu, Ecuador ( C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

^^- sii- Buckley).

(/. 5 ad. sk Upper Amazons (Bates). Sclater Coll.

". 6 juv. sk. Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett rC.l.

June. -'

14. Celeus spectabilis. (Plate X.)
Celeus spectabilis, Sdaf. c^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 161.

^Adult female.-] (Type of species.) Back, scapulars, and win--
coverts fulvous, with a tinge of buff, each feather having broad bars
and a large subapical spot of deep black; rump and upper tail-
coverts fulvescent buff; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish
brown, the latter margined with rufous ; primaries deep rufous on
more or less of their basal portion, this colour increasing in extent
on the inner feathers and prolonged upon the outer webs, the apical
portion o the primaries blackish brown ; secondaries deep rufous
tipped with blackish brown, the innermost of these feathers more or
less fulvescent, broadly barred and spotted with black ; shafts of
primaries dark brown, those of the secondaries orange-reddish • tail
b ack, the dwarf feather tipped and barred with fulvescent buff shafts
black ; entire head and neck deep rufous ; chest black ; the under
surface of the body and under tail-coverts fulvescent buff, the breast

436 picidj:.

abdomen, vent, and upper series of under tail-coverts having more
or less cordate spots of deep black, these being very large upon the
upper breast ; the flanks and thighs having only a icw spots or
stripes of black ; under wing-coverts and asillaries fulvescent buff,
the former having rounded spots of black. Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1-18, wing 5-95, tail 3-85, tarsus 0-8G ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0-76, inner anterior 0*66,
inner posterior 0'4.

Hab. Sarayacu, Ecuador.

a. 2 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of species.)

34. CERCHNEIPICUS. ™

Type.
Cerchneipicus, Bj). Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 9, no. 9.3

(1854) 0. tinnunculus.

Bill of Cerchneipicus torqiiatus.

Range. Guiana, and throughout the greater part of Brazil, east
to Pernambuco, south to the Paraguay and Guapore Hivers, and
into North-east Peru.

Key to the Species.

A. Not barred either above or below ; the

lower part of the hind neck and the

extreme upper part of the back black,

this forming a broad collar.

a'. With red malar suripe torqiiatus (J ad., p. 437.

b'. "With no malar stripe torquatus 5 ad., p. 437.

B. Barred above and below ; with no black

collar on the lower hind neck and upper
part of the back.
c . Upper parts, wings and their coverts

broadly barred with black, the bars

(genej-ally) very much broader than

the interspaces ; the three outer large

tail-feathers black and not barred,

but with buif or rufous spots at the

base of the inner webs.

«". With red malar stripe tinmmculus S ad., p. 438.

b' . With no malar stripe tinnunculus $ ad., p. 438.

34. CEKCHNEIPICUS. 437

d! . Upper parts, wings and their coverts
narrowly barred with black, the bars
very much narrower than the inter-
spaces ; the whole of the tail-feathers
barred rufous and black.

c". With red malar stripe occidentalis S ad., p. 439.

d". With no malar stripe occidentalis $ ad., p. 439.

1. Cerchneipicus torquatus.

Le Pic a cravate noire, £uff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 35 (1780).

Pic a cravate noire de Cayenne, Dauhent. PI. Enl. no. 86-3, 5 ad.

Picus torquatus, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Eid. p. 52, no. 863 (1783).

Picus multicolor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 429 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 71 (1818) ; id. Sf Bonn. Enc. MM. iii,

p. 1306 (1823) ; Valenc. Bict. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 175 (1826) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 84 (1866).
Picus scutatus, Wagl. Sysi. Av. Picus, no. 77 (1827).
Picus thoracinus. Less. Traite, i. p. 223 (1831).
Celeus torquatus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846) ; id. List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 89 (18(38) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8723 (1870)

Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873).
Celeus multicolor. Cab. in Schu7nb. Beis. Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848)

Bjh Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ; Beichenb. Scans. Picincs.

p. 406, no. 949, pi. dcLx. figs. 4374-75, $ $ (1854) ; Pelz. Ibis

1873, p. 118 ; Salv. op. cit. 1886, p. 59.
Celeopicos multicolor, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 335.
Cerchneipicus multicolor, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 94

(1854).
Celeopicus multicolor, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 34, pi. Iii. figs. 1, 2, c? 9

(1862).

Adult male. Above, together with the wings and tail and their
coverts rufous, a broad black band across the extreme upper back,
the outer wing-coverts margined at the tip and with an occasional
spot of black ; the primaries and outer secondaries narrowly barred
with black, the outer primaries having their apical portion black,
the others only tipped with the same ; shafts of outer primaries
brown, those of inner primaries and secondaries reddish ; tail-
feathers tipped and narrowly barred with black, the shafts black ;
head and crest rufous, paler on the chin and throat ; a very large
crimson malar stripe ; the whole of the neck in a line with the hind
part of the malar stripe, chest and upper breast uniform black, and
uniting with the black zone on the upper back ; the remainder of
the underparts and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and
axillaries uniform pale rufous or rufous buff. Total length ID'S
inches, culmen 1 "35, wing 5-85, tail 3-85, tarsus 0"95 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0'85, outer posterior 0*75, inner anterior
0'62, inner posterior 0"35.

Adult female. May be distinguished from the adult male by the

438 . picid.t;.

absence of the red malar stripe. Total length lU-5 inches, culmen
1-32, wing 6, tail 3-7, tarsus 0-92.

Hah. Guiana, and Northern Brazil from Barra do Hio Negro to
Pernambuco.

«, b. cS2 fid. sk. Guiana (H. Whhely). Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Takutu R., British Guiana Salviu-Godiuan Coll.

(//. Whiteltj).

d. S ad.sk. liupununi lUver, British Salvin-Godman Coll.

G iiiana, July 12 (H. Whifelij).

e. (S ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil {Craven). Sclater Coll.

2. Cerchneipicus tinnunculus.

Picus tinnunculus, Way I. Isis, 1829, p. 516; Neuivied, Beit r. Nature/.

Bras. iv. p. 401, cS' (1832) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 84

(1866).
Celeus tiuuunculus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i.

p. 130 (1850); Eeichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 405, no. 948, pi. dclx.

lig. 4373, 2 (1854) ; Biirm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 232 (1856) ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194,

no. 8721 (1870) ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 250 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873).
Celeopicos tinnunculus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. 334.
Cerchneipicus tinnunculus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 9, no. 93

(1854).
Celeopicus tinnuncidus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 36, pi. lii. figs. 4, 5, cJ J

(1862).

Adult male. Differs from C. torquatus in having the hind neck
and entire back, rump and upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and the
whole rufous of the quills clearly and broadly barred with black,
the ground-colour above is also paler ; the apical half of the four
central rectrices black, the basal half narrowly barred with rufous
and more broadly with black, the remaining tail-feathers black, with
buff or rufous spots at the base of the inner webs ; the head, chin,
and throat very much paler ; the side of the neck, fore neck, chest,
and upper breast black as in C. torquatus, but the entire under-
parts below the black, also the under tail-coverts are pale buff or
buffy white barred with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
bufP, the latter as well as the outermost of the former spotted with
black. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-65, wing G, tail 3-75,
tarsus 0-92 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-95, outer
posterior 0-82, inner anterior 0"68, inner posterior 0-42.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red malar stripe. Total length 11-5 inches, cnliueu 1-4, wing G-25,
tail 3-95, tarsus 1-07.

Hab. Eastern Brazil (Bahia), and westward in Matto Grosso to
the Paraguay and Guapore Bivers.

a. 2 ad. st. Brazil. Zoological Society.

b. 2 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wncherer). Sclater Coll.

35. CRocoiioRPnus.
3. Cerchneipicus occidentalis. (Plate XI.)

439

Celeus tiimunculus {non Wcujl.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 3.36, no. 2008
(1862) ; id. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196, 1873, p. 291 ; Tacz. Orn.
Perou, iii. p. 96 (1886).

Cerchneipicus occidentalis, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 230.

Adult male. Resembles O. tinnunculus below, the underparts,
from the lower breast downwards, being barred with black, but
differs in having the entire upper parts and upper tail-coverts, also
the wings and their coverts, more rufous and very narrowlj- barred
with black, the bars being sometimes only a third the width of the
rufous interspaces : occasionally the bars on the back are reduced
to transverse spots, and the wing-coverts only slightly spotted with
black ; the lateral tail-feathers as well as the basal poition of the
others are barred rufous and black ; the hind neck is uniform rufous
like the top of the head, and the head, chin, and throat are rather
darker than in C. tinnunculus, and the under wing-coverts are also
more rufous. Total length 10'7 inches, culmen 1'33, wing 642,
tail 3"7o, tarsus 0"9o ; toes (without claws)- — outer anterior 1-05,
outer posterior 0-92, inner anterior 0'67, inner posterior 0*46.

Adult female. Wants the crimson malar stripe possessed by the
male, which it in other respects resembles. Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 6-05, tail 3-75, tarsus 1.

Hab. Korth-east Peru (Upper Ucayali) ; Brazil, probably con-
fined to the western part, but precise range in that country not
known.

a. 5 ad. sk. Brazil.

b. S ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, Peruvian Ama-

zons, Jul)''.

c. (S ad. sk. Samiria, E. Peru, Sept. (J.

Hauxwell).

Sclater Coll.
E. Bartlett [C].

(Type of species.)
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

35. CEOCOMORPHUS.

Type, (j.fiavus.

Bill of Crocvnvrrphm flavus

Eanqe. The northern portion of South America ; Guiana, Vene-
zuela, and Trinidad ; westward into North-east Pem, and east to
Bahia.

440

Key to the Species.

A. Head, neck, and body, above and

below, nniform yellow.
a'. Winof-coverts dusky brown or ru-
fous-brown, tipped only with dull
pale yellow ; secondaries deep
rufous.

a" . With red malar stripe Jlanis c? ad., p. 440.

h" . "With no malar stripe JJavus $ ad., p. 441.

b'. "Wing-coverts aliuo.st entirely pale
yellow ; secondaries more or less
pale sandy rufous.

c". With red malar stripe semicinnamomeus c? ad., p. 441.

d" . With no malar stripe semicinnamomeus 5 ad., p. 442.

B. Head, neck, and body not uniform ;

the crown, chest, upper back, and
upper tail-coverts spotted and varied
with dark brown ; with a red malar
stripe in the male Jiamis juv., p. 441.

1. Crocomorphus flavus.

Picus flavus, Miill. Si/st. Xaf. 1776, p. 01.

Pic jaune de Cavenue, Buff. Hist. Xaf. Ois. vii. p. 32 (1780) ;

Daubent. PI. Enl no. 509, S ad.
Picus citrinus, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl. p. 30, no. 509 (1783).
Picus exalbidus, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 4:28 (1788) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc.

Nat.x\.-p. 174 (1826); Less. Traite,\.^. 223 (1831); Nmivied,

Beitr. Natitrg. Bi-as. iv. p. 404 (1832) ; Sundev. Cunsp. Av. Picin.

p. 85 (1866).
Picus flavicans. Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 240 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78 (1818) ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 60, pi. 11.

fig. 2, 2 (1824).
Celeus exalbidus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Cab. in Sehomb. Iteis.

Guian. iii. p. 715 (1848) ; Bp. Cmisp. Gen. Av. i. p. 130 (1850) ;

id. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 88 (1854) ; EeicJienb. Scans.

Picince, p. 407, no. 954, pi. dclxi. figs. 4384-85, cJ ad. & juv.

(1854).
Malacolophus flavicans. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837).
Celeus citrinus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 440 (1846) : Sclat. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 336, no. 2006 (1862) ; id. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 196, 1867,

p. 753 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 252 (1870) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390 ;

Sclat. <^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291 : Tucz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 99

(1880) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 59.
Celeopicus exalbidus, Malh. Picid^s, ii. p. 30, pi. Iv. figs. 4-6, cJ 5

ad., d" juv. (1862).
Celeus flavus. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 88 (1868) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 194, no. 8715 (1870) ; Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 101 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 403, no. 1969(1882),

Pt- . . . ,

Celeus semicinnamomeus (non Reichenb.), Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 88 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8720 (1870).

Celeus subflavus, Sclat. 8)- Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 21.

Adult male. Head, neck, and entire body above and below, also
the scapulars and upper ttiil-coverts, canary-yellow ; wing-coverts

35. cRocoMORPnus.

441

dusky brown tipped with dingy yellow ; primaries brownish black,
with more or less of the outer web rufous, slightly dusky, and the
basal portion of the inner web also rufous or sometimes inclin-
ing to pale yellow, the secondaries rufous, sometimes uniform, at
other times having the inner webs with yellowish margins and a
blackish-brown stripe next to the shaft and spreading out on the
tip of the feather, the rufous colour on these feathers occasionally
dingy; the innermost of all the secondaries yellovr ; shafts of pri-
maries brownish black, those of the rufous secondaries rufous or
reddish, shading into brown at the base, the shafts of the innermost
secondaries yellowish white ; tail brownish black, the shafts of the
central feathers black, those of the lateral ones brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries canary-yellow. Total length 9"8 inches,
culmen I'Oo, wing 5"7, tail 3-2, tarsus 1"1 : toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-83, outer posterior 0-83, inner anterior 0"G, inner
posterior 0*3.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male, but wants the crimson
malar stripe. Total length lOo inches, culmen 1'02, wing 5-75,
tail 3"65, tarsus 1'02.

Young. Both sexes differ considerably from the adult in having
the top of the head, the chest, upper part of the back, and the upper
tail-coverts spotted and varied with dark brown, this colour gener-
ally forming a central spot on the feather. The male has a red malar
stripe, and in the female this is wanting.

ifab. Guiana and the northern part of Brazil, extending westward
into North-east Peru, and eastward to Bahia.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. c? ad. ; d. 5
imm. sk.

e,f. d2 ad. St.
ff. (S imm. sk.
A. 5 juv. sk.
i. d" inuu. sk.
k. J ad. ; I.
Inun. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.
n,o. c? 2 ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.

Guiana.

British Guiana.
Cayenne.

Cayenne.

Para, Sept. (E. L. Layard).

Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Wucherer).

Brazil.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buck-
ley).

Sarayacu (C. Buckley).

Samiria, E. Peru {J. HaK.ncell).

Cbavavetas, E. Peru, Julv {E.
B'artlett).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.

Zoological Society.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Crocomorplius semiciimainomeus.

Celeus semicinnamomeus, Heichenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 407, no. 956,

pi. dclxi. tig. 4386,(5' (J8o4).
Celeopicus semicinnamomeus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 26 (1862).
Picus exalbidus (pt.), Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 85 (1866).
Celeus tiavus (non MitlL), Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 169 ; iid.

(pt.) Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 101 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 403, no. 1969 (1882), pt.

Adult male. Kesembles C.flavus, but differs in having the wing-

442 piciD^.

coverts almost entirel}' yellow, and the secondaries of a more sandy
rufous. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 5-4, tail 3-2,
tarsus 0-98 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-85, outer pos-
terior 0-78, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0"32.

Adult female. Wants the red malar stripe, but is otherwise like
the adult male. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1, wing 5-15,
tail 3"1, tarsus 0-95.

J/ab. Venezuela and Trinidad.

(I. 5 ad. sk. VeTiezuela.
b. cJ ad. sk. N. Andalucia, Venezuela, March
(A. Qoeri7ig).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

36. CHRYSOCOLAPTES.

Type.
C. strictus.
C. guttacristatua.

Chrysocolaptes, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004 .
Indopicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 342
Reinwardtipiciis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7,

no. 14 (1854) C. validus

Xylolepes, Cab.Sj- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 108 (18G3). C. validus.

Head of Chrysocolaptes stricius.

Hange. Throughout India and Ceylon ; Assnm, Cachar, the
Burmese Provinces, into Siam and Lower Cochin China ; south
through the Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and liorneo ;
also occurrii:g in many of the Philippine Islands.

36. CHRVSOCOLAPTES. 44-^

Key to the Species,

A. p]ntire underpnrts from the throat
downwards varied with black.
a . Back (except the extreme upper
part), rump, upper tail-coverts,
and scapulars black, contrasting
with the golden wing-coverts.
a". Top of the head and the crest
red, the base (only) of the fore-
head spotted with white .... fesiiims S ad., p. 446.
b''. Crown and crest golden yellow,
the entire forehead spotted with

white festivus 5 ad., p. 446.

b'. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts

olive-golden, contrasting with the

red rump.

c". Ground-colour of the face and

neck pale golden buff or huffy

white.

a'". Top of the head and the crest

red strictus J ad., p. 447.

b'". Top of the head and the crest

yellow strictus J ad., p. 448.

d''. Ground of the face and neck
white,
c'". Top of the head and the crest

red ; cJ .juv. resembles c? ad. guttacristatus c? ad., p. 449.
d'" . Top of the head and the crest
black, spotted with white ;

5 juv. resembles 5 ad ffiittacrisfafiis 2 ad., p. 449.

e". Face and upper part of the side

of the neck almost entirely

crimson, tlie chin and throat

pinkish butf.

e'". Top of the head and the

crest red erythrocephab(s S ad., p. 452.

f '. Top of the head and the occi-
pital crest golden olive,
tinged with red and spotted

with golden white erythroce'phcdus 5 ad., p. 452.

c'. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-
coverts red.
/". With a broad black stripe from
behind the eye extending down
the side of the neck.
g". Underparts creamy white, the
feathers of the fore neck and
cliest entirely margined with
black and hai'iug a squamate
appearance ; the remaining
under feathers margined,
but not tipped, with black,
and having a striated cliarac-
ter.
«*. Top of the head and the

crest red Strickland! (S ad., p. 453.

444

b*. Top of the head and the crest

black, spotted with white, stricklandi $ ad., p. 454.
'". Underparts strongly fulves-
cent white or huffy white,
with narrow transverse mark-
ings of black or olive-brown,
the chest-feathers broadly
maroined with olive, the ful-
vescent poi-tion being reduced
to spots.
c*. Top of the head and the

crest red hcematrihon S fid., p. 454.

f/*. Middle of crown and the
crest red, the remainder of
crown and the forehead
blackish brown, spotted

with dull white hcBmatrihon S juv., p. 455.

e^. Top of the head and the
crest black, spotted with

pure white hcematrihon 5 ad., p. 455.

With no black stripe running
from behind the eye down the
side of the neck.
". The bases of the feathers of
the back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, and that portion of
the secondaries which is not
red, olive ; face golden yel-
low, the orbital region (only)
with stripe-like spots of
black ; the malar region with
a median black line in addi-
tion to the upper and lower
black margins ; ground-colour
of upper tail-coverts olive.
/*. Fore neck, chest, and breast
with butilongitudinal spots
on a ground of blackish
brown, only slightly olive ;
top of the head and the

crest red lucidus S ad., p. 456.

gK Fore neck, chest, and breast

with heart-shaped spots of

fulvescent white on an

olive ground.

a°. Top of the head and the

crest red liicidm S imm., p. 456.

b^. Top of the head and the
crest olive-golden, tinged
with red and spotted

with golden white .... lucidus $ imm., p. 456.
'". The bases of the feathers of
the back, scapulars, wing-
coverts, and that portion of
the secondaries not red,
brown ; ground of upper tail-
coverts brownish black ; face

36. CHRVSOCOLAPTES, 445

yellowish buff", entirely varied
with black striations; the
rufous-bufFmalar region with-
out any black median line ;
top of the head and the crest
blackish brown, washed with
red, the feathers having a
triangular apical spot of ru-
fescent bufl' rufopimctatus 9 ad., p. 457.

B. Fore neck and chest (only) varied

with black ; the remaining under-

parts uniform yellow ; upper parts,

scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer

webs of secondaries deep red.
d\ Top of the head and the crest red. xanthocephalm ^ ad., p. 457
e . Top of the head and the crest yel-

low, like the face xanthocephalus 9 ad., p. 458

C. Fore neck and chest, as well as the

underparts, uniform, red in the male
and dusky brown in the female ;
scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills
blackish brown (the latter barred
with rufous), contrasting with the
back.

f. Top of the head and the occiput

red ; lower part of the back and
the rump varying from bright red
, to orange validus <S ad., p. 459.

g . Top of the head and the occiput

blackish brown ; entire back and

rump white validus $ ad., p. 459.

1. Chrysocolaptes festivus.

Pic yerd de Goa, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 22 (1780) ; Dauhent.

PI. E7il. G96, (S ■ r \ / !

Goa Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 582 (1782).
Picus festivus, Bodd. Tabl. PL EiiL. p. 43, no. 696 (1783) : Sundeo.

Consp. Av. Piciji. p. 80 (1866).
Picus goensis, Gvi. Syst. Nat. i. p. 434 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i

p. 235 (1790) ; Stepk. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 187, pi. 35'*, cS (1815);

Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 98, ^ (1818) ; id. i^- Bonn.

Bnc Meth. ui. p. 1321, c? (182.3) ; Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl.

p. 174 (1826) ; Drop. Diet. Class, xiii. p. 499 (1828).
Picus humeralis, Wagl. Syst. A v. Picus, sp. 93 (1827).
Dendrocopus elliotti, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1840, p. 212 9 .
Brachypternus goensis, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31. '
Picus (Chrysocolaptes) melanotus, Btyfh, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1005.
Chrysocolaptes goensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; B/yth, Cat

B. Mus. As. Soe. p. 55 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p 121

(1850) ; id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 10, no. 173 (1854) ; Reichenb.

Scans. Picina, p. 400, no. 931, pi. dclv. fig. 4359, S (1854) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. 1. p. 282 (1862).
ludopicus goensis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz 1848-49

p. 343 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 82, pi. Ixvi. figs. 1, 2, c? $ (1862).
Chrysocolaptes festivus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. xxi (1849) ; Cab

^- Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 168 (1803); Blyth, Ibis, 186(3, p. Soo;
Grmi, List. Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1868) ; Blanf. J. A. S. B.
IStiO, p. 168; Gray, Hand-l. B.n. p. 189, no. "8647 (1870);
Haldsw. P. Z. S. 18t2, p. 427 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8; Adam, Sir.
F. 1873, p. 373; Ball, op. cit. 1874, p. 391 ; Leqqe, Ibis, 1875,
p. 283 ; Biifl. Str. F. 1875, p. 458, 1876, p. 37 ; Ball, op. dt. vii.
p. 206 (1878); Hume, op. cit. 1879, p. 87, no. 167 ; Butl. Cat. B.
Sind lS-c. no. 167 (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 52; Hume, t. c.
p. 191 ; Butl. t. c. p. 385 ; J. Davidson, op. cit. x. p. 297 (1882) ;
W. Dacison, Str. F. x. p. 355 (1883) ; Swinh. {>)■ Barnes, Ibis,
1885, p. 62.

Adult male. The middle feathers of the upper hack and the hind
neck white, the former edged externally with black ; the remainder
of the back, the rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and the forearm
uniform brownish black ; wing-coverts bright golden yellow on the
margins, the remaining part olive, and the bases black ; quills
brownish black, the secondaries golden olive externally, the outer
webs spotted Avith dull brownish or olivaceous white, the inner webs
having larger and whiter spots ; shafts blackish brown ; tail-feathers
and the shafts black ; base of the forehead black, spotted with white,
the remainder of the forehead, crown, and crest crimson ; sides of
the face and neck, and the whole of the uuderparts from the chin to
the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white or slightly huffy, varied
with black in the following manner : — a stripe borders the crown
and occiput, a broad stripe from behind the eye, including the ear-
coverts, runs down the side of the neck ; the malar region is mar-
gined below and has a narrow longitudinal stripe running across it,
and on the chin and throat there is a median line ; from and in-
cluding the fore neck downwards all the feathers are more or less
broadly margined with black, except at the tip, and the whole has
a striped appearance ; under wing-coverts black, transversely spotted
with w hite ; the axillaries white, with large black spots. Total
length 11'8 inches, culmen 2-15, wing 6-OS, tail 3-25, tarsus 1-15 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-95, outer posteroir 1-1, inner
anterior 0'73, inner posterior 0'5.

Adult female *. Has the whole of the forehead as well as the
feathers bordering the crown brownish, spotted with creamy white,
the crown and crest brilliant golden yellow. In other respects it
resembles the adult male. Total length ll'S inches, culmen 2, wing
6'05, tail 3'2, tarsus 1-12.

Younrj. The male resembles the adult of the same sex in having
the crown and occiput red, but they are more scarlet. The fore-
head is sparingly spotted with white, but the ground-colour is
smoky grey. The female is like the male, but the feathers of the
crown and crest are more or less yellow between the black bases
and the red tips.

Hah. iTidia (generally), from the Aravalli range in the west to

* Sometimes confounded with the female of the Javan C. stridus, on account
of its yellow crown and crest.

36. CUKYSOCOLAPXJiS.

447

Chota Nagpur in the east, north to Xaini-Tal and southward into
the ishmd ol Cejlon. Not found in the South-east Himalayan
rrovinces. •'

Sambhur, May 5, 1873. Hume Coll.

Khyree G hur, Naini-Tal (S. Tweeddale Coll,

Pmwill).
Oudh Terai {S. Pmivill)
Oudh Terai.

Bhuudara district, March.

a. S ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. 2 imm. sk.

d. e. S 2 ad. sk.

/. S ad. ; y, h. 2

ad. sk.
i, k. S 2 ad. St.
I, »i. tS ad. ; w. 2

juv. sk.

o. d' ad. sk. Sumbalpur, April 9, 1875.

p-s. S ad. et imm.; Raipur, Dec, Jan., Feb.

a'-k'. 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.
m'. (S ad. sk.

Tweeddale Coll.
Capt. Stackhou.se Pin-
will [P.].
Hume Coll.

Behar.
Behar.

Hodgson Coll.
Hodg.son Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

«'. 2 ad. ; o'. 2

imm. sk.
p'. S ad. sk.

q. (S ad. .sk.

'■', «'. 6 2 ad. sk.

Manpur, May 26, 1882. Col. Swinhoe fP.l

laloda, Khandeish, Dec. 10, Hume Coll
^ 1879 (J: Bavidson).
Khandeish.

Ratnagiri, Sept. 15, 1878

(&. Vidcd).
Coonoor Ghat, Sept. 1876

(ff. G. W. H.).
Ceylon.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll,

2. Chrysocolaptes strictus.

Picas strictus, ^0/-*/. Trans. Linn. Sor. xiii. p. 176 (1822) ; Less
Compl. Buff. IX. p. .314 (18.37) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 283 (1862)

Pious goensis {non Gm.), Horsf. Zoul. Research. Java (1824).

Picus peralaimus, Wagl. Syst. At: Pious, sp. 93, non syn. (1827)

Chrysocolaptes strictus, Blijth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004; Grau
Gen B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850)'
'f; (-"l^P-Jolucr. Zyffod. p. 10, no. 172 (1854) ; Horsf. ^■3Ioore,
Cat. B. Mm E.I. Co. ii. p. 654 (1856-58) ; Cab. ^- Heim, Mm.
Hern ly. p 167 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 63 (1868) •

1^""^;/- f "• P- ^^^' ""• ^^'^^ (1*"0); ^^yth, Ibis, 1870,
Fnoi.x' '^'''•'^^'■'»- Oix'r. Nat. Ti/ds. Nederl. hid. xliv. p. 191
(loh4). '

Pious (Chrysocolaptes) strictus, Blifth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p 191
Indopicus strictus, Malh. N. dassif., Mem. Acad. Met- 1848-49
p. 343 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 80, pi. Ixv. figs. 1 S ad., 3 9 ad. (1862) '
±^icus sultaueus/3, Snndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 80 (1866)
Picus sultaneus (pt.), ff/e6. 77ies. Orn. iii. p. 181 (1876).

Achat male. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverts golden olive
the leathers having golden margins, those of the rump being ed-ed
at the tip with red; quills blackish brown, the outer webs of the
primaries having more or less of the margin golden olive, those of
the secondaries entirely of this colour; inner webs of the nuills
having rounded spots of white; shafts clear brown; upper tail-

4-iS riciD^.

coverts blackish brown, some being slightly margined with dull
olive ; tail-feathers and the shafts black ; forehead, crown, and
occiput crimson, the bases of the feathers sootj' black, those of the
crown having a central speck of white, the occipital feathers having
a larger spot of white ; upper nasal plumes and upper half of lores
dark brown ; the lower nasal plumes, lower half of loral region,
sides of the face and neck, throat and chest pale golden buff or
buffj' white, becoming dull white on the underparts and under tail-
coverts : behind the eye a broad black stripe runs backwards down
the side of the neck, becoming slightly olive posteriorly ; the malar
region is partly encircled by black, and there is a narrow black
median stripe on the cnin and throat ; the feathers of the foi'e neck,
side of the neck (outside the black stripe), and chest margined with
black, the remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts
transversely varied aud barred with black, the tips of the body-
feathers being occasionally black ; under wing-coverts white, mar-
gined with dusky black, the edge of the wing olive. Total length
10 iuchcs, culmeu 1"72, wing 5-55, tail 2-6, tarsus 1'15 ; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0-82, outer p'osterior 0-95, inner anterior
0-68, inner posterior 0'43.

Adult female. Has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape golden
yellow, with a slight ochreous or buff tinge, the bases of the feathers
being black. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Total
length 10-7 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 5'6, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-1.

Immature female. Differs from the adult of the same sex in being
less golden above, and in having the forehead and crown spotted
with golden white ; the ground of the face and throat is whiter ;
the fore neck and chest blacker, the white on the feathers appearing
as a central spot ; the ground of the underparts whiter ; the tips
of the feathers of the rump of a washed-out red.

Huh. Confined to the island of Java.

a, 6. c? 2 ad. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum. (Types

of species.)

c. (5' ad. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum.

d, e. (S 2 f'd- sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.
/. (5" ad. ; (/. $ juv. E. Java {A. E. Wul- Tweeddale Coll.

sk. lace).

h. Skeleton. Java. Purchased.

3. Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus.

Picus guttacristatus, Tich. J. A. S. B. 183.3, p. 578, ? .

Picus sultaueus, Hodi/s. J. A. S. B. 1837, p. 105 ; Blyth, op. cit.

1842, p. 105; Hodr/'s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85.
Picus strenuus, Gould, teste M'Clell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 165.
Picus strictus {-non Horsf.), Jerd. 3Iadr. Jouni. 1840, p. 210 ; Bli/th,

J.A.S. B. 1842, p. 970.
Picus (Chrysocolaptes) strictus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 191.
Chrysocolaptes sultaneus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4-36 (1845) ; id. Cat.

Mamm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Ifodys. 1846, p. 116; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas.

As. Soc. p. 55 (1849) ; Bj). Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850) ; id.

Cons]}. Valuer. Zyyvd. p. 10, no. 171 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans.

36. CHRTSOCOLAPTES. -J 40

Picina;, p. 399, no. 926, pi. dcliv. fig. 4352, $ (18-54) ; Gray, Cat.
Gen. B. Brit. Mus. 1855, p. 92, no. 1566 ; Horsf. Sf Moore, Cat.
B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 653 (1856-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 281
(1862) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Neqml prex. Hod;/.". 1863, p. 63,
no. 480; Cab. 4- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 166 (1863); Gray, List
Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1868) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 413 ;
Blanf. op. cit. 1870, p. 464 ; Elwes, t. c. p. 527 ; Gray, Ha/id-l. B.
ii. p. 189, DO. 8643 (1870) ; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8 ; BalJ, Str. F. 1874,
p. 391 ; Hume, t. c. p. 471 ; id. S^- Oates, op. cit. 1875, p. 64 ; Armstr.
op. cit. 1876, p. 310; Hume, op. cit. 1877, p. 26; id. ^- Davison,
op. cit. vi. p. 133 (1878) ; Hum-e, op. cit. 1879, p. 52 ; Tiraut, Ois.
B.-Cochinchine, p. 89 (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 52; Bimjh.
t. c. p. 162; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 90 (1882); Sahad. Ann. Mus.
Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 579, 1888, p. 567 ; Hume, Str.F.
xi. p. 61 (1888).

Indopicus sultaneus, MalJi. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 343; id. Picidce, ii. p. 77, pl.lxiv. figs. 1 J, 2$ (1861^).

Indopicus delesserti, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,
p. 343 ; id. Picidce, ii. p. 79, pi. Lsiv. figs. 4 $ , 6 J , pi. Ixv. fig. 3 $
(not $ of C. strictus) (1862).

Chrysocolaptes bacclia, Beickenb. Scans. Picince, p. 399, no. 927,
pi. dcliv. figs. 4.353-54, c? 6 (1854).

Chrysocolaptes delesserti, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 10, no. 174
(1854) ; Cab. 4'- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 107 (1863j ; Gray, List
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1868) ; id. Hayid-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8644
(1870) ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 437 ; Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 8 ; Hume,
Str.F. 1876, p. 389; Fairb. op. cit. 1877, p. 396; Davidson^-
Wend. op. cit. vii. p. 78 (1878) ; Ball, t. c. p. 205 ; Hume, op. cit.
1879, p. 87, no. 166 bis.

Picus sultaneus, a, Sundev. Consp. Ar. Picin. p. 79 (1866).

Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus, Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 8 ; Blyth ^- Wald.
B. Burm. p. 75 ( 1875) ; Fairb. Str. F. 1876, pp. 2-')^), 265.

Chrysocolaptes strictus {jion Horsf.), Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 87,
154 ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 107 ; Butl. t. c. pp. 238, 385 ; W. Davison,
op. cit. X. p. 354 (1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Bur>n. ii. p. 53 (1883).

Indopicus strictus, Mal/i. Picidce, ii. p. 80, pi. Lxv. fig. 2, 5 (1862)
(pt.) ; Mini. Orn. Ins. Salanya, p. 61 (1882).

Adult male. Resembles C. strictus, but differs in having the
ground of face and side of the ueck white, but with similar black
markings ; also in having the entire rump red ; the broad black
stripe down the side of the neck not olive posteriorly ; the hind
neck conspicuously white. The dimensions are greater, very con-
spicuously so in Northern examples. Total length 12 inches, ciil-
meu 23, wing 6-7, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-33 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 1-03, outer posterior 1'17, inner anterior OS, inner
posterior 0-56.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the fore-
head, crown, and elongated occipital and nuchal feathers brownish
black, with more or less rounded spots of white, some of the spots
being slightly tinged with buff. Total length 12 inches, culmen 2,
wing 6-7c^, tail 3"55, tarsus 1'23.

Sonthern examples of this species rtin small, and are deeper-
coloured than those from the north.

VOL. XVIII. 2 e

450

Hah. Throughout India ; Assam ; Cachar aud Manipur ; south
through British Burmah aud the Malayan Peninsula to Singapore ;
also ranging through Siam into Lower Cochin China.

$ ad. sk.
5 imm. sk.

c. S fl'd. sk.

d, e. 6 9- fid. sk.

/,(/. 6 2 ad. sk.
A, i. 2 ad. sk.

k, I. S ad. ; m-p.

$ ad. sk.
q, 5 ad. sk.

r, s. (S ad. sk.

t, u. J ad. ; V. 2

juv. sk.
tv. c? ad. sk.

a; y. 5 ad. sk.
s, c5 ad. sk.
a', b'. (S 2 ad. sk.
c'. (5 ad. sk.

d'. (5 ad. sk.

f/

(6 imui. ;
2 ad.sk.
, (J iuini- sk.

/'•

/*'. 2 ad. sk.

i', k'. cS 2 ad. sk.
r, m'. cS 2 ad. sk.
n'. (S ad. sk.
o'.fS ad.; p. 2

juv. sk.
(J. (J ad. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.
s'. cj ad. sk.
i', u'. cJ ? ad. sk.
v', w' . (5 2 ad. sk.

x' , y'. (S ad. et

juv.; z',a",b".

2 ad. et juv. sk.
c", «?". c? 2 ad. sk.
e",/'. c? ad.; g",

h'. 2 ad. sk.
i"-n". (S ad. et

iniin. ; o''-r".

2 ad. f ]i.

INIyuall, Travancore.

Lower Palani Hills, June 18,

1877 (S.Ii.Fnirba/ik).
Sisparah, Nilgliiri Hills, May

25,18(37 (ir. -Da mow).
Cooiioor, Nilgbiris, Jau. 1881

( W. Davison).
Coouoor Ghat, May, Sept.
Ivotagherry, Nilghiris, Jan.,

March (W. Davison).
Ootacamuud, April, May, Sept.

{W. Davison).
Nellacotta, AVynaad, March 29,

1881 ( W. Damson).
AVynaad, April, Oct. ( IF. Davi-
son) .
Mysore.

Madras.

Malabar.
Malabar Coast.

Moolus,\V.Coast(Co/owe/.S'^!<r<).
Kbandala, March 10, 187G (<S'.

B. Fairbank).
Goa Frontier, April 24, 1875

(.S'. B. Fairbank).
Khaudeisb, May.

Maunbboom, Feh. 18(35 {R. C.

Beava?i).
Sunnve, Gurhwal Bhabur, Feb.

5, 1870.
Debra Dboon.
KaM, Jan., Feb., 1868.
Eastern Dhoon.
Kumaou (Strackey).

Almorab, Oct. 2:
Almorab.
Naini Tal.
Fyzabad, Oudb.
Nepal.

Nepal.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

T. C. Jerdon,

Esq. [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
TwL'eddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Cull.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
India Museum.

1868. Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
(Types of P. stiltaneus.)
Hodgson Coll.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson). India Museum.

Native Sikhim, Feb. 1875 (Z. Hume Coll.
Manddli).

Sikbim, Jan., Feb., March, Hume CoU.
April, Aug., Nov. (i. Man-
ddli) .

s", t", u". J ad.

et juv.; v". 2

ad. sk.
w'', .v". 2 ad. ; y".

2- juv. sk.
z". 2 ju^- sk.
«', 6^ c\ 2 ad. sk.

d', e\ 2 ad. sk.

f\ 2 ad. sk.
^^. cJ ad. sk.

A''. J ad. sk.

«■', >t'. d 2 ad. sk.

^'. d' imm. sk.
ni^. c? ad. sk.
n^. (S ad. sk.

0^. 2 ad. sk.

^j^-s^. c? ad. et juv.;
i'-.r^ 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
f. d ad.; z\ (5

juv. sk.
rt*. c? ad. sk.
&S f^ d ad. ; fZ'.

2 ad. sk.
e*. 2 ad. sk.

/',!/'■ d2ad.sk.

A\ d ad. sk.

i^. 2 ad. sk.
kK 2 ad. sk.

i\ mK S 2 ad. sk.
n*. d ad. sk.

o'. d ad. sk.

y, qK S ad. ; r^

2 ad. sk.
s^ d ad. sk.

t*, u*, v^. d ad. ;
10*. 2 ad. sk.

.f*. 2 ad. ; ,/\ z\
dad. et juv. sk.
«'. 2 ad. sk.

b\ 2 ad. sk.

36. CHRTSOCOLAPTES.

Darjeeling.

451

Hume Coll

Buxa Doars, Jau. 1878 (L. Hume Coll.

Mandelli).
Bhotan (Fcmberton). India Museum.

Bliotan Doars, Dec, Jan., Feb. Hume Coll.

(Z. Mandelli).
Assam {M'Clelland). India Museum.

(Tvpes of P. sfrenuus.)
Assam (A. W. Chennell). " Tweeddale Coll

Tippook, Assam, March 25, Hume Coll.

1877 {J. Cockburn).
Dibnig-lmr, March 1, 1880 {J. Hume Coll.

li. Cripps).
N. Khasia Hills, Feb. 1876 {A. Tweeddale Coll.

W. Chennell).
Cachar (/. Inylis). Hume Coll.

Comilla, Tipperah. Hume Coll.

San-g-va-wa, British Burmah, Tweeddale Coll,

Dec.'il, 1873 {R. G. W. R. ).
Yavtho, Aug. 8, 1873 {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).
Tonghoo, Jan., Feb. (R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).

Pegu.

Pegu, Nov. 1875 (E. W. Gates).
Thayetmyo, Aug. (E. W. Gates).

China Ba-keer, Rangoon, Feb.
20, 1875 (J. Armstrow/).

Borongho, March 29, 1876 {J.
Armstrong) .

Elephant Point, Dec. 13, 1875
(J. AnnstroiKj).

Rangoon, April (J. Ar^nstrong).

Irrawady Delta, July 1874 {E.
W. Gates).

Siam (Mouliot).

Kollidoo, Tenasserim, Feb 3,
1874 ( W. Daviso7i).

Kyouk-nyat, Jan. 26, 1872 ( W.
Davison).

Pahpoon, Dec, Jan. ( W. Da-
vison).

Younzaleen, Dec 20, 1873 ( W.
Davison).

Thatoue, Nov., Jan. ( IF. Davi-
son).

Tavoy, Feb., March, May ( W.
Davison).

Nwalabo, April 6, 1878 (If.
Davison).

Yeaboo, Atteran River, March
11, 1874(Tr. D«moH).

W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [P.l.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

2g2

452

c'. cJ fid. sk.
d\ 2 ad. sk.

e',/'. dad.;/,
A'. $ ad. sk.

i^,k^, I'. (S ad. et
juv. ; »i', »j'. 5
ad. et juv. sk.

o\ 5 ad. sk.

p\ cS ad. sk.
g^. 5 ad. sk.

r% s'. c? ad. ; t%

m', i!^ $ ad. et

juv. sk.
iv^-z^. d" ad. et

imm. ; a", 6''. $

ad. sk.
c'. (S ad.; d\ S

juv. sk.
e^ 5 ad. sk.

f\ d ad. sk.

/. c^ ad. sk.

h^, «**. c? ad. sk.
)fc% /". d 2 ad. sk.
m^, n^. d $ ad. sk.

0^, ^''. Bones of
trunks.

Nedoiig, Atteran River, Dec.
11, 1873 {W.Davison).

Zahdee, April 5, 1874 ( W. Da-
vison).

Kaukarjit, Sept., Oct. (/. Dar-
ling) .

Amherst, Jan., Feb., March,
June.

Moulmein, March 22, 1874 ( W.
Davison).

Thounganee Sakan, Jan. 17,
1877 {W.Davison).

Mergui, Dec. 8, 1874 {W. Da-
vison).

Pakchan, Jan., Feb., March
{W. Davison).

Bankasoon, Dec, April, June
( W. Davison).

Malewoon, Feb. 21, 1875 ( W.

Davismi) .
Wippitan, Dec. 10, 1878 {J.

Darlinq).
Tonka Island, Jan. 28, 1879 {J.

Darlinq).
Salang, tonka, Feb. 16, 1879

{J. Darling).
Penang {Dr. Cantor).
Penaug.
Singapore.

Nepal.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Wallace Coll.
Dr. Mclnlay

[P.].
Hodgson Coll.

4. Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus.

Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, xxx.
pp. 315, 350, pi. xlvi. fig. 1 ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 612 ;
Wardl.-Rams. Tioeedd. Mem. pp. 607, 655 (1881) ; Sharpe, Ibis,
1884, p. 317, 1888, p. 197.

Adult male. Eesembles 0. strictus, but may be distinguisbed by
having the face and the upper part of the side of the neck crimson,
the ear-coverts alone being black ; the feathers of the lower side of
the neck blackish olive tipped with olive-yellow ; the chin and
ii]iper throat pink ; the rump entirely scarlet : " iris crimson ;
bill pale j^ellow tinged with greenish ; feet and claws grey-
green " {Everett). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1'75, wing
5-7, tail 3-25, tarsus 1'18 ; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0-85, outer posterior 1-05, inner anterior 0'58, inner posterior
0-48.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the fore-

36. CHRYSOCOLAPIES. 453

head, crown, and occipital crest olive tinged with red, the feathers
being tipped with a golden-white spot ; the outer edge of the crown
and occiput and the nuchal feathers crimson. There is rather less
red on the face and upper part of the side of the neck, and the chin
and upper throat are of a paler pinkish buff.

Young [female}. Resembles the adult male in having the top of the
head and the crest entirely red, but the colour is scarlet (not crim-
son) and the feathers are extremely soft ; there is less red on the
face and upper part of the side of the neck, and only a tinge of this
colour on the chin and throat ; the general colour above and on the
wings is more olive, and the feathers of the back, the scapulars,
and the lesser and median wing-coverts are margined with reddish
orange ; the scapulars and the feathers of the back and rump have
the partially exposed black bases spotted with white ; on the
outer primaries there is a subapical spot of dull white. Described
from a specimen sexed J by Mr. John Whitehead.

JIab. The island of Palawan.

a. d' imm. sk. Palawan. E. Lempriere, Esq.

[C.].

b. 2 ad. sk. P. Princesa, Palawan. Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

27, 1877 {A. Everett).

c. (S ad. sk. P. Princesa, Palawan, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

2, 1877 (A. Everett).

5. Chrysocolaptes stricklandi.

Picus ceyloDus {tion Forst.), Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 47.
Brachypternus stricklandi, Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1854,

xiii. p. 449.
ludopicus carlotta, Malh. Rev. de Zool. 1854, p. 379 ; id. Picidce, ii.

p. 87, pi. Ixvii. figs. 1 S ad., 2 S imm., 3 S juv., 4 2 ad. (1862).
Bracliypternus erythronotus (pt.), Reichenb. Scans. Ricince, p. 398,

sub Lo. 923, pi. dcxxix. tig. 4186, d" (1854).
Brachypternus ceylonus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 298 (1862).

p. 204; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 15; Holdsw. t. c. p. 123; Legge,
op. cit. 1875, pp. 283, 410 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 368 (1878), 1879,
p. 87, no. 166 ter; Legge, B. Ceijl. p. 188, S ? tigd. (1880).

Chrysocolaptes carlotta, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 31.

Picus carlotta, Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 80 (1866).

Brachypternus carlotta. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1868) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 196, no. 8748 (1870); Legge, Str. F. 1875,
p. 200.

Adult male. Differs from G. guttacristatus in having the entire back
as well as the rump, the scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs of
the secondary quills deep crimson ; the top of the head and the
crest are of a deep crimson ; the head, neck, and underparts present
the following differences — instead of the white stripe whicli runs
backwards from the supcrcilium to the nape, there is a row of white

454 nciDiE.

spots, and the hmd neck is black with a median row of white spots ;
the light centres to the feathers of the upper breast have a less
spotted character ; the dimensions are less than in typical C. <jutta-
crisfcttxs, which species it very much resembles except in the colour
of the upper parts ; " iris golden white ; bill brownish olive at base,
changing into greenish white, then into brownish white at tip;
legs and feet greenish slate" (W. V. Legrjc). Total length 10-5
inches, culmcn 1-75, wing 5-6, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-1 : toes (without
claws)— outer anterior 0-85, outer posterior 0-96, inner anterior
0'66, inner posterior 0'46.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and occiput intense black, each feather with a rounded spot
of white near the tip. Total length 10-8 inches, culmen 1-77,
wing 5-83, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-1.

Young. The male has the whole of the top of the head and the
crest blackish brown, the forehead having a few white spots, the
feathers of the crown and crest being tipped with dull scarlet. Tbe
female has the whole of the top of the head and tbe crest black
spotted with white and devoid of red.

Hah. Confined to Ceylon.

a. S ad. St. Ceylou. Purchased.

b. $ ad. sk. Ceylou, Jan. 7, 1873 ( W. V. Hume Coll.

Legge) .

c. (I. S ad.; e. $ Ceylon, Jan., July, 18G6 (.S'. Tweeddale Coll.
juv. sk. Chapman).

f. S ad. ; (/, h, i. 2 Ceylon, Jau., March, Oct. W. Vincent Legge,

ad.etjuv.sk. Esq. [P.].

6. Chrysocolaptes hsematribon.

Picas hffimatribon, Wayl. Syst.Av.VicviS, s^.Qb, $ (1827); Sundev.

Comp. Av. Picin. p. 80 (1866).
Picas spilolophus, Viij. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 98, $; Less. Compl. Buff.

ix. p. 310, 5 (1837).
Picus philippinarum (mom Lath.), Less. Traite, i. p. 222, § (1831).
Brachypternus hsemati-ibon, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31.
Chrysocolaptes hasmatribou, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1843, p. 1004; Graij,

Gen. B. ii. p. 4-36 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55

(1849); Bj). Comp. Gen. Av.\. p. 121 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr.

Zijgod. p. 10, no. 175 (1854); Eeichenh. Scans. Picitue, p. 400;

no. 9.30, pi. dclv. iigs. 4357-58, $ $ (1854) ; Jerd. B. Lnd. i.

p. 283 (1862) ; Cah. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 169 (1863) ; Gray,

LJst Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 63 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189,

no. 8646 (1870) ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 526 ; Tweedd. op. cit.

1877, p. 689 ; Wardl.-Rams. Ticeedd. Mem. pp. 299, 314, 410, 515,

655 (1881).
ludopiciis hajmatribon, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 84, pi. Ixvui. figs. 1 S,

2 6 juv., 3 ? (1862).

Adult male. Ilesembles C. stricUamli in the upper parts, wings
and tail, except that the white spots on the inner webs of the quills
are rather smaller in the present species. It differs from C.

36. CnRTSOCOLATTES. 455

■"fricMandi mainly in having the underparts below the chest pale
fiilvescent buff with narrow blackish transverse markings, the
feathers of the breast having olive margins, the fulvcsccnt white
being reduced to spots ; the malar region, chin, and throat are
nifescent buff, the black edging to the former and the median line
down the latter formed of a series of crescentic markings ; the
whole of the orbital region spotted with white : " bill greenish
black; iris deep crimson; feet greenish grey" (Everett). Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 5'6, tail 3"25, tarsus 1*1;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'8, outer posterior 1"1, inner
anterior 0'65, inner posterior 0-5.

Younr/ male. Has the sinciput and supercilium brownish black
spotted with white, the remaining feathers of the crown and crest
having scarlet tips and concealed white spots.

Adult female. Differs from the adult of the opposite sex in having
the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape black, each feather with a
subapical rounded spot of white, those of the occiput having, as in
the male, a concealed central spot of white. Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1-6, wing 5-57, tail 3-4, tarsus 0-98.

ffab. Philippine Islands, Luzon and north into Calayan.

a, b. c? ad. ; c, d.2 Philippines. Purchased.

ad. St.

e,/- d 2 ad. sk. Philippines. Gould Coll.

(/, h. J ad. etjuv. ; Luzuu, Jan., Feb., April, 1872 Tweeddale Coll.

t. 2 ad. sk. (A. JJ. Meyer),

h. cS ad. sk. Manila. Gould CoU.

/. 2 ad. sk. Manila {Maitlnnd Heriot). Tweeddale Coll.

m, n. (S ad. sk. Monte Alban, Feb., March [A. Tweeddale Coll.
Everett).

7. Chrysocolaptes lucidus.

Pic grivel6 ou Grand Pic de I'islo de Lujou, Sonn. I'otj. Nonv. Guin.

1776, p. 73, pi. xxxvii.
Le Palalaca ou Pic vert tachetiS des Philijipiues, Buff. Hist. Nat.

Ois. vii. p. 21 (1780).
Pic verd des Philippines, Dmibent. PL Enl. 691.
Bengal Woodpecker, var. B, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 581 (1782).
Picus aurantius (non Linn.), Bodd. Tail. I'l. J2nl. p. 43 (1783).
Piciis lucidus, Scoj). Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 89 (1786).
Picus bengalensis, var. y, Gin. Syst. Nut. i. p. 433 (1788).
Picus philippinaruni, Lath. Lnd. Orn. i. p. 236 (1790) ; Steph. Gen.

Zool. ix. p. 190 (181-5) ; I'ieUl. N. Diet. d'lL'st. Nat. xxvi. p. 6q

(1818) ; id. Sf Bonn. Enc. Mefh. iii. p. 1314 (1823) ; Talenc. Diet.

Sc. Nuf. xl. p. 175 (1826) ; -Snndev. Consp. Ao. Picin. p. 80 (186(i).
Picus palalaca, Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 92 (1827).
Picus squainosus, J^ess. Traite, i. p. 230 (1831).
Brachypternus philippinaruni, Strield. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31.
Chrysocolaptes philippiuarum, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ;

Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/f/od. p. 10, no. 176 (1851) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 63 (18(is).
Chrysocolaptes aurantius, Gray, Gen. B. iii App. p. xxi (1849) ;

45G riciD^.

Cab. 4- Heine, Mus. Hem. iv. p. 168 (1863) ; Grmj, Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 189, no. 8048 (1870).
Chrysocolaptes palalaca, Bp. Cvnsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 121 (1850) ;

Heic/ienb. Scans. Picina, p. 400, no. 932, pi. dclv. fig. 4360 (1854).
Indopicus philippiuarum, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 85, pi. Ixvi. figs. 3 cJ ,

4 2 (1862).
Chi-vsocolaptes lucidus, Tweedd. P. Z. ,S. 1877, pp. 537, 539, 822,

1878, p. 942 ; Wardl.-Rains. Tweedd. Mem. pp. 314, 410, 461, 462,

463, 548, 633, 655 (1881) ; Kiitter, J.f. O. 1883, p. 295.
Chrysocolaptes niaculiceps, Sharpe, Trans. Linn. <S'oc. 1877, xxx.

pp. 314, 350, pi. xlvi. fig. 2, $ .

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and wing-coverts crimson, the tips
of the featliers being of this colour, the partially concealed portion
being dull golden olive, the rump bright crimson, most of the
feathers having concealed white spots, but these showing through
the red on the rump ; upper tail-coverts olive, margined with dull red
at the tip and having fulvescent white spots and a black shaft-stripe ;
outer webs of the primaries olivaceous greyish brown, more or less
washed with golden olive and spotted with dull yellowish white,
those of the secondaries golden olive washed with dull crimson ;
inner webs of the quills brownish black with large marginal spots
of white ; shafts brown ; tail brown, the central feathers margined
with golden olive at the base, the outer webs of the feathers having
oue basal spot of white, the inner webs having two spots, shafts
brownish black ; forehead, crown, and occipital crest crimson ;
face golden yellow, the orbital region varied with short black
stripes ; nape and hind neck golden buff, the feathers margined
(except at the tip) with black, the nuchal feathers tipped with
crimson ; malar region, side of the neck, and from the chin to the
under tail-coverts, both inclusive, buff, paler posteriorly, the malar
region tinged with red, margined above and below with black and
having a median stripe of the same, the chin and throat also with a
median black stripe ; the remaining feathers of the neck, chest, and
breast margined with brownish black, slightly olive on the latter
parts, and having a squamate appearance, the side of the neck tinged
■with red ; the feathers of the underparts below the breast and also
the itnder tail-coverts having a central stripe and bars of black ; under
■wing-coverts blackish olive spotted with golden bufi' and white : " bill
black, mandible green-yellow ; feet dull brownish green " (Everett).
"Eyes red" (/. Murray). Total length 9-8 inches, culmen 1-6,
■wing 5-1, tail 2-55. tarsus 1'03 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'8, outer posterior 1'12, inner anterior 0'53, inner pos-
terior 0"3o.

Young. The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having
less red on the feathers of the back, which, together with the scapu-
lars, are more spotted with white, some of these spots being exposed ;
face duller yellow ; chest and upper breast dusky olive, the feathers
having close to the tip a large heart-shaped spot of pale golden
buff, with a concealed spot of pure white separated from it by a
dusky bar. The female has the feathers of the forehead, crown,
cciput, and nape oiive-golden, with dusky olive bases, the crown-

36. CHEYSOCOLAPTES. 457

feathers slightly tinged with red, those of the occiput and nape
more so, the whole being covered with small rounded spots of golden
white ; the chin, throat, and malar region whiter, the latter without
any tinge of red.

Hab. The following of the Philippine Islands :— Mindanao (Butuan
and Zamboanga), Easilan *, and JS'egros (iSibulan).

a. S ad. sk. Zamboanga. ' Challenger ' Ex-

pedition.
(0,c. cJad. ;f/. 2ad. Zamboanga, March, May {A. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. Everett),

e. d ad. sk. Butuan, May 1877 (A. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

8. Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus. (Plate XII.)

Chrysocolaptes lucidus {non Scop.), Ttveedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 379;

Wardl.-Ramsmj, ed. Tweedd. Mem. p. 603 (1881).
Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus, Harg. Ibis, 1889, p. 231.

Adult female. Has the back, scapulars, rump, wing-coverts, and
outer webs of secondaries crimson, without any admixture of olive-
golden; the bases of the rump-feathers blackish brown, without spot;
upper tail-coverts brownish black, the lower series unspotted, the
outer of the upper series having a subapical buffy-white spot ; tail
brownish black, the central feathers not margined with golden olive
at the base ; top of the head and the crest blackish brown slightly
tinged with dull red, each feather having a triangular spot of reddish
buff close to the tip ; face buff and, including the ear-coverts, striped
with black ; malar region, chin, and throat yellowish white ; the
black on the feathers of the fore neck, chest, and underparts very
intense ; bill entirely black. Total length 9-8 inches, culmen 1-68,
wing 5-35, tail 2-75, tarsus 1-12; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-85, outer posterior 1-08, inner anterior 0-68, inner
posterior 0'4.5.

Hab. The island of Panaon, Philippines.

a. 5 ad. sk. Panaou, Philippines, Oct. 1877 Tweeddale Coll.

{A. Everett). (Type of species.)

9. Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus.

Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus, Wald. <§- Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 99,
pi. iv. ; Wald. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 526 ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877,
XXX. p. 314; Guidd. B. As. \i. -pi. xxxvii. c? $ (1877); Wardl.-
Rams. Tiveedd. Mem. pp. 118, 299, 314, 410, O.J5, 664 (1881).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and wing-coverts crimson,
the margins of the feathers more vermilion, and the bases dusky

* It was in this island that C. mactdiceps of Sharpe (which I cannot
separate fi-om the present species) was obtained by ])r. Steere. I take the bird
to be a young female.

458 piCTD^.

brown ; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, margined at the tip with
dull red ; outer webs of primaries brown with more or less of the
base dull golden olive, the outer webs of the secondaries deep
crimson ; inner webs of the quills blackish brown, with large rounded
marginal spots of white, those upon the outer primaries being con-
fluent and forming a longitudinal stripe ; shafts brown ; tail
blackish brown, the shafts black; forehead, crown, occiput, and
sides of the nape bright crimson, the feathers having black bases
and concealed white spots ; nasal plumes and face golden jellow, the
snpercilium striped with black, the malar region dull golden buff;
chin, throat, and entire neck and the chest pale golden buff, with
a iilack line bordering the lower part of the jaw, and a median line
of black on the chin ; the feathers of the throat, fore neck, and sides
of the neck partially margined with black, those of the chest entirely
so and having a squamate appearance ; underparts below the chest,
also the upper series of the under tail-coverts, buffy golden yellow, the
sides of the body striped with olive-brown, the lower series of under
tail-coverts dusky olive; under wing-coverts having yellowish-white
centres and olive-dusky margins, the edge of the wing being olive,
slightly dusky, and tinged with red. Total length 10 inches,
culmen 1"55, wing 5'6, tail 3-lo, tarsus 1"07 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0*76, outer posterior 1, inner anterior 0-67, inner
posterior 0"46.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire
top of the head and the crest golden yellow : " eye white (?) ; beak
and feet horn-colour" (E. L. Layard). Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1*63, wing 5-83, tail 3-4o, tarsus 1-15.

Hah. Island of Negros, Philippines.

a. 2 ad. sk. Negros, March 1871 {E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll.

(Type of species.)

10. Chrysocolaptes validus.

Picus validus, Temm. PI. Col. 378 J, 402 $ (1825); Wagl.

Sijst. Av. Picus, sp. 13(1827); Drap. Diet. Class. cT Hist. Nat.

xiii. p. 508 (1828); Cnv. Begne Anim. 1829, p. 450; Less, in

Belang. Voij. p. 242, 2 (1834) ; id. Compl. Bnf. ix. p. 313

(1837) ; Eytmi, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 100; Jerd. B. ' Ind. i. p. 283

(1862) ; Siindev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 7 (1806).
Campephilus validus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 430 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat.

£. Mas. As. Soc.T^. 54, no. 240(1849); G ray, List Picid. Brit.

Mvs. p. 57 (1868) : id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8631 (1870).
Megapicos vahdus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 319.
Hemilophus validus, Bj). Corisp. Gen.Av. i. p. 131 (1850); Peichenh.

Scans. Picina, p. 380, jio. 893, pi. dc^liv. figs. 4304-05, <S ?

(1854) ; Sclat.P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 6. ^
Eeinwaidtipicus validus, Bp. Cotisp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 14

(1854) ; Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Mtis. 1855, p. 92 ; Bursf. ^ Moore,

Cat. B. Mus. £. I. Co. ii. p. 650, no. 944 (1856-58); Moore, P.

Z. S. 1859, p. 455 ; Hume, &tr. F. 1879, p. 52.

36. CHRTSOCOLAPTES. 459

Megapicus validus, 3Ialh. Picidce, i. p. 28, pi. ix. figs. 5, 6 c?, 7 5

(1861).
Xylolepes validus, Cab. (^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 108 (1803) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Horn. p. 43 (1874) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 30, 1877,

p. 9, 1879, p. 240 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 320 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Civ. Stor.Nat. 6^e«oy«,1879,p. 181 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 792 ;

Nicholson, Ibis, 1882, p. 54, 1883, pp. 87, 242 ; Bias. Verhundl. k.

k. zool.-buf. Gesellsch. Wien, 1SS3, p. 27 ; Vord. Ocer. Nut.

Tijds. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 191 (lt;84J ; Guillemard, P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 405.

Adult male. Upper back yellowish white, grading into brilliant
orange or even scarlet on the lower back and rump ; upper tail-
coverts brownish black ; scapulars, wings and their coverts brownish
black, the quills barred with rufous on both webs ; tail and the
shafts brownish black ; nasal plumes golden buff tinged with red;
top of the head, occiput, and nape crimson ; lores and anterior part
of face golden, becoming brown posteriorly and down the side of the
neck, the hind neck white; malar region, chin, and upper throat
golden yellow more or less washed with red, the latter having a
dark median line of brownish red ; fore neck and the whole of the
under surface of the bod)' crimson, the bases of the feathers olivaceous
brown ; under tail-coverts of the latter colour, fringed with red ;
under wing-coverts brownish white with dusky brown transverse
spots : " irides light yellow or yellow-ochre colour : legs and feet
faded yellow-ochre" (//. 0. Forbes). Total length 11 inches,
culmen 1'8, wing 6-1, tail 3"15, tarsus 1'15 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior O'S, outer posterior 0'88, inner anterior U"68,
inner posterior 0"37.

Very old males have the back and rump extremely red.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the back and rump
white ; the head and neck (except the hind neck), as well as the
whole of the under surface of the body, being almost entirely drabby
brown ; the top of the head, occiput, and nape blackish brown ;
the malar region, chin, and throat ding}' white, with a dark
brownish median line, the throat and chest slightly fulvescent or
rufescent ; under tail-coverts dusky brown with greyish tips. Total
length 10'5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 5-8, tail 3-25, tarsus I'l.

Young. Probably both sexes resemble the adult female, examples
(evidently males) just acquiring the red tips to the feathers of the
underparts and top of the head are otherwise in the female garb.

Ohs. Adult males from Java have the upper parts extremely
red, much more so than examples from other localities.

Hah. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malayan Peninsula, north
to the Province of Wellesley.

a, b. 2 ad. sk. Ding-Ding River, Feb. 1879 Hume Coll.

(ir. Davison).

c. dad.sk. Klang, Feb. 19, 1879 {W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

d. 2 ad. sk. Salaugore, Jidy 31, 1879 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

4 GO

e-h. S ^^- ; «-w.

2 ad. sk.
o,p. f^ $ ad. ; q.

cJ juv. sk.
r-u. c?ad.; v,w,.v.

5 ad. sk.
J/, c? imm. sk.

2. 2 ad. sk.

a', h' , c . S ad. et
imm. ; d' , e' ,f .
5 ad. sk.

^'. J ad. sk.

/i', i'. d ? ad. sk.

k' . 5 ad. sk.

t. $ ad. sk.

m . 5 ad. sk.

w'-f/. ?ad. ; r',s .S
ad. et imm. sk.

t', It. S 2 ad. sk.

I''. S ad. ; tv. S

juv. sk.
x'. $ ad. sk.

y'. Skeleton.

Malacca, Jan., July, Aug. [W.

Davison).
Malacca [Dr. Cantor).

Malacca, Aug. {E. G. W. li.).

Pulo Seban, Nov. 12, 1875

( W. Davison).
Kuroo, Nov. 5, 1875 {W.

Davison).
Gunnoug Pulai, Johore, March,

July {TF. Davison).

Singapore.

Singapore.

Sumatra.

Sumatra {A. M. Wallace).

Sumatra.

Sumatra, Oct. {Carl Bock).

Borneo.

Sarawak {H. Everett).

Jambusan, Sarawak.

Java.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Wallace Coll.
Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Old Collection.
Tweeddale Coll.

Rajah Brooke

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

A. Everett, Esq.

[C ].
Purchased.

37. CAMPOPHILUS.

Type.

Campephilus, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1840, p. 54 . . C. principalis.
Megapicos, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 317 C, imperialis.

Phlreoceastes, Cab. J.f. O. 1862, p. 176 C. robustus.

Cniparchus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 98

(iy63) C. hsomatogaster.

Scapaneus, Cab. §■ Hei7ie, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 90

(1863) C. melanoleucus.

Part of central tail-feather of Campephilus imperialis (underside).

Range. Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley ; Mexico (except
the North-east, above Tauipico) ; through Central and South
America into the Argentine llepublic and Uruguay. Also the
; sland of Cuba.

37. CAMPOPHILUS. 461

Key to the Species.

"With no red on the rump.
:'. Quills not barred.
a" , Underparts uniform.

a'" . Under surface of the body black.
a*. Upper parts black.

a'. With a white stripe down the
side of the neck uniting- with
the stripe on the side of the
mantle ; nasal plumes white.
a". The white stripe across the face
not extending to the nostril,
but stopping below the an-
terior ear-coverts.
a'. Outer edge of crown and
elongated occipital crest

scarlet princiimlis J ad., p. 464,

b''. With no red on the head or
crest, these being glossy

blue-black. p-mc/pa^w $ ad., p. 464.

b^. The white stripe across the
face extending right up to the
nostril.
c'. With red occipital crest . . bai?-fli cj' ad., p. 46.5.
fP. With the crest entirely black bairdi § ad., p. 465.
6'. With no white stripe down the
side of the neck ; nasal plumes
black.
c^. Outer edge of crown and elon-
gated occipital crest scarlet . itnpenalis cf ad., p. 466.
d^. With no red on the head or
crest, these being entirely

glossy blue-black imj)erialis $ ad., p. 466.

b*. Upper parts buffy white.
c°. Entire head (except auricular
black and white spotj, chin, and

throat crimson leucoiwgon (S ad., p. 467.

d'. Forehead and elongated coronal
feathers black ; nasal plumes,
anterior part of lores, and the
malar region white, almost en-
tirely encircled by black leucopogon 5 ad., p. 467.

h'" . Under surface of the body rufous,
c*. Outer webs of quills black.

c\ Nasal plumes and malar region

red like the rest of the head . . rubricoUis cj' ad., p. 468.
f\ Nasal plumes, anterior part of
lores, and malar region white,

almost encircled by black .... rubricoUis 5 ad., p. 468.
dK Outer webs of quills rufous on more
or less of the base, this on the
primaries not being edged exter-
nally with black.
^. Entire head (except the auricular [p. 4t)9_

spot) and neck crimson trachehpyrus ^ ad.,

462

h!*. Nasal plumes, Lires, and malar
region white, the feathers cover-
ing chin-angle and bordering [p. 469.

lower jaw black trachelopynus 2 ad.,

h". Underpiirts barred.

c". Rump uniform black ; with black on

the top of the head in the female.

e*. With white on the face in both

sexes, ill addition to the auricular

spot.

i^. Orbital region not red anteriorly :

underparts buHy cream-colour,

narrowly barred with black, the

bars being much narrower than

the interspaces ; bill whitish

horny.

e^. Top of the head, crest, and

face crimson, excepting the

lores, anterior part of malar

region, and the auricular

spot ?;ie/awcifeMc2<A'cJad.,p.470.

y". Forehead and elongated sinci-
pital feathers black ; malar
region and behind it entirely
white, this uniting with the

white neck-stripe ??ie/anoto/cKs 5 ad., p. 471.

j'\ Eyes entirely surrounded with
red ; underparts rufesceut but!',
the black bars nearly equal in
width to the interspaces ; biU
horny-blackish.
(/^. Top of the head, crest and face
crimson, excepting the an-
terior portion of the loral and
malar regions, as well as im-
mediately behind the latter,
which is white, and the auri-
cular spot malherhii c? ad., p. 472.

h!'\ Forehead and elongated fea-
thers of the sinciput black;

the entire malar region white, malherbii 5 ad., p. 472.
_/'■*. "With BO clear white on the face in
either sex, the lower feathers of
the auricular spot being fidvesceut
or brownish white ; biU ivory-
white.
k^. Entire head and crest, chin, and , [p. 473.

throat crimson ffiiatemalensis cJ ad.,

/■'. Forehead and elongated coronal

feathers, chin (except at angle), [p. 474.

and throat black guatemalensis 5 ad.,

d'" . Eump barred black and rufescent
buff: with no black on the top of
the head in the female ; with an
indication of a red throat-band in
the male.

37. CAMl'OPHILUS.

403

(/*. Tup of the head, crest, and face-
crimson, with an auricular spot
which is brown above and vel- [p 475

lowish white below f . . . i/uui/aqmlcmis /ad,

n*. Malar region and immediately be-
hind it white, and uniting- with r,, 47(3

f. Qnmsutt''' ""'"'■''" .'/«"i/-y-V.«/. ? ad., '

c". Quills barred with white ; upper tail-
coverts black, contrasting with the
light back and rump ; bill black.
i',',; 9,^'^'''^ ^""^ "^^'^st scarlet ^w//e«s cj ad, n. 47(i

J n S'T" """/ "■''f * ^^^''^^ P'^"^"' 2 ad., p. 477.

a . Quills barred with rulous; upper tail-

coverts uniform buff like the back and
rump.
(/'". Nasal plumes and malar region

crimson like the rest of the head .. robustu.s J ad., p 478
A . iNasal plumes, anterior part of lores,
and the malar region white, almost

encircled by black robustm 9 ad., p. 478.

B. Kump red. ^ ' ^

c'. Fore neck in both sexes entirely black like
the chin and throat ; the bariing on the
wings white and less broad ; bas'es of the
feathers of the hind neck white,
e". The buff stripe from the lores not [",, 479

.„ J;^^!!"!^ Kyoiid the ear-coverts . . . . hamafo</aster J ild ,
/ . Ihe butt stripe which crosses the face ' fp 479

extending down the side of the neck . hmmatoaastcr 9 ad
ri. fore neck m the adult male entirelvcrim-
son, this colour ascending to the posterior
partof the malar region and on to it ; the
barring on the wings yellow and broader ;
bases of the feathers of the hind neck
black.
<j". The buff stripe from the lores not

, „ ,nT''"^^^"p b^y'-^'id the ear-coverts .... splendens S ad., p. 480
h . Ihe butt stripe which crosses the face

extending down the side of the neck . splendens 5 ad p 480

1. Campophilus principalis.

The Largest White-billed Woodpecker, Catesh. Nat. Hist. Carol i
p. 16, c? ad. (17yi-4:5).

Picus principalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (1766) ; Bodd. Tabl PI
Enl ^ 4a, no. UUO (1783) ; Gm. Syd. Nat. i. p. 425 (1788) ; Latli
Ind. Orn. 1. p. 22o (1700); Vieill. 0!s. Amer.Sept. ii. p. 56 pi cLx
d (1807) ; Wih. Amer. Om. iv. p. 20, pi. xxix. hg. 1, ^ ad"

A^ r7 i !%■ ^X"- ^°"'- •■''• P- ^'^°' P^- ^-^^- ^ ^'i- (1815) ; Vieill.
"■• ^'f;S-^''*;.^"*- ''''^''- P- ''^ (1818' ; "^- ^- Bonn. Enc. Meth
111. p. 130^ (1823); Up. Syn. p. 44 (1826) ; Valenc. Diet. So. Nat'

T>'- ?■ A" ^.r.^^'^ ""•y''- ''^>^- ^"- Picus, sp. 1 (1827) ; Dran
Diet. Class, xiii. p. 405 (1828) ; Less. Traite, i. p '•>-\) (1831) '•

464: piciDiE.

Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, ii. p. 301 (1831); And. Orn.

Bioijr. i. p. 341 (1831) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 5(34 (1832) ; Jard.

ed. Wik. ^- Bp. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 8, pi. xxix. ti<^. 1, ^ ad. (1832) ;

Swairui. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) ; Aud. Orn. Bioqr. v. App.

p. o25, pi. Ixvi. tigs. 1 J ad., 2, 3 $ ad. (1839) ; id. 'Syn. B. N.

Amer. p. 175, no. 257 (1839) ; id. B. N. Amer. 8vo, iv. p. 214,

pi. cclvi., c? 2 $ ad. (1839); Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 4

(1860).
Dryocopus principalis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.

i. p. 132 (1850).
Dendrocopus principalis, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 39,

no. 251 (1838).
Campepliilus principalis, Gray, List Gen. 1840, p. 54, 1841, p. 70 ;

id. Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picincs, p. 390,

no. 898, pi. dcxlvi. figs. 4315-16, J $ (1854) ; Baird, B. N. Am.

p. 81 (1858); Cav.-layl. Ibis, ISG2, p. 128; Dress, op. cit. 1865,

p. 468 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 53 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 187, no. 8620 (1870) ; Ridg^o. Ann. Lye. N. York, 1874,

p. 377 ; Mayn. Bds. E. N. Amer. p. 237, pi. xix. (1879) ; Ridgiv.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. 1880, p. 188; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B.

2nd ed. 1882, p. 76 ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 479, pi.

p. 478, fig. 329 (1884); A.O.U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 210

(1886) ; Ridi^^o. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887) ; Scott, Auk,

1889, p. 251.
Megapicos principalis, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 318.
JNlegapicus principalis, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 2 (1854) ;

Malh. Picidce, i. p. 4, pi. i. figs. 4, o, d 2 ad- (1861).
Campophilus principalis. Cab. ^ Heine, Mtis. Hein. iv. p. 100

(1863).

Adult male. Plumage black glossed with greenish blue, with the
following exceptions : — a patch of brilliant scarlet arising above
the posterior part of the eye, bordering the ear-coverts, and above
running parallel with the elongated coronal feathers and covering
the occiput and nape, the occipital feathers very much elongated,
but rather shorter than the black feathers above ; the feathers com-
posing this patch having the extreme base black, with an interme-
diate spot of white ; nasal plumes and a line thence to the gape
white ; a white lino from under the ear-coverts running down the
side of the neck and of the back, but not uniting with the corre-
sponding stripe ; the exposed portion of the secondaries white ; the
innermost primaries having the tip of the outer web and a large
marginal patch on the apical portion of the inner web white ; under
wiug-coverls and axillaries white, and on the side of the bi'east a
patch of white concealed by the closed wings ; shafts of the quills
and of the tail-feathers black, except on the white portion of the
primaries and secondaries, on this the shafts being white. Total
length 19 inches, culmen 2-85, wing 10-l,tail 6-25, tarsus 1-8 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1-25, outer posterior 1-55, inner
anterior 1"17, inner posterior 0-85.

Adult female. Difiers from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, those parts which are of this colour in the male being of

37. CAMropHiLus. 465

a deep blue-black in the present sex. Total length 18-5 inches,
ciilmen 2-7, wing lO'l, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-7.

Hab. Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley.

a. J ad. sk. N. America. General Hardwicke.

b. c? ad. sk. ¥\oY\Aa.{E. R. Sa7ne,Hensh.Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c-ff- d $ ad. De Soto County, Florida, Feb., Salvin-Godmau Coll.

sk. May, Dec. ( W. E. D. Scott).

h. 2 ad. ,sk. Argo,' Florida, Mar. ( W. E. D. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i 2 pull. sk. Tarpon Springs. Florida, Mar. Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. E. D. s.y

2. Campophilus bairdi.

Pious principalis {non Linn.), Ramon de la Sagra, Hist. Fis. ^-c. Isl.
Cuba, ii. p. 107 (1838); d'Orb. in Sayims Hist. Pkt/s. ^v. Id. Cuba,
p. 140 (18.39) ; Lembeye,Av. Isl. Cuba, p. 131 (1850).

Campephilus principalis [yion Linn.), Cab. J. f. O. 1850, p 102-
Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 19 (1885).

Campephilus bairdii, Cass. Prov. Acad. Philad. 1863, p. 322 ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mtis. p. 53 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187,
no. 8622 (1870) ; Gundl. Contr. Orn. Cuba, pp. 113, 273 (1876).

Picus principalis, var. b, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866).

PicLis bairdi (pt.), Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 144 (1876).

Campephilus principalis bairdi, Cory, Auk, 1886, p. 373; Ridqw.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887).

AduU male. Eesembles C. 'principalis in having white nasal tufts
and a white neck-stripe, but differs in the latter being continued to
the base of the bill ; the black feathers of the crown not reaching
to the tip of the scarlet crest.

AduJt female. Differs from the adult male in having the crest
entirely glossy blue-black.

Never having seen this species, I have extracted the above
descriptions from Eidgway's Manual. The measurements are given as
follows:-— \ying9-50-9- 70, tail 6-50-7-00, exposed culmen 2-30-2-40.
Cassin, in his original description of the i)resent bird, states the length
to be about 18^ inches. This author's observation that the black
anterior feathers of the crest are longer than those succeeding, which
are scarlet, is, however, at variance with Dr. llidgway's statement.

Hah. Cuba.

3. Campephilus imperialis.

Picus imperialis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 140 ; Less. Compl. Buff.ix.

p. 317 (1837); And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 313 (1839) ; id. Syn. B. N.

Amer. p. 175 (1839); id. B. N. Amer. 8vo, iv. p. 213 (1839);

Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 4 (1866).
Campe ' " • . -. — - -^

Scai

Baircl, ±f. A. Amer. p. ^ _, , , „..,.

p. 53 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p'- 187,'no. 8621 (1870) ; Scht7i-
Salv. Nomencl. A v. Neotr. p. 98 (1873); Ridyic. Auk, 1887
p. 161 ; id. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 281 (1887).
VOL. xviir. 2h

466 piciDji;.

Megapicos iniperialis, Malh. N. CUtssif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-

49, p. ;J18.
Drvocopus impei'ialis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Ai\ i. p. 132 (1850).
MefrapicLis im])enalis, lip. Consp. T'oluci: Zi/(/od. p. 7, no. 1 (1854) ;

Mn/Ji. Picidce, i. p. 2, pi. i. figs. 1, 2, d $ ad., 3 bill of 2 (1861),
Drvotomus iniperialis, Cass. Ill, B. Calif, p. 285, pi. xlix., tS ad.

(1855).
Campophilus iin])erlalis, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 101 (1863).

Adult male. Ecscmbles C. principaUs, but may be distinguished
by its black nasal plumes and in having the head and neck devoid
of any white stripe, the red crest much exceeding the elongated
black crown-feathers, a greater number of the inner secondaries
tipped with white, and this much more extended on these feathers ;
the dimensions are also very much greater. Total length 22 inches,
culmen 3'5, wing 12, tail 7'8, tarsus 1'9 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 1-42, outer posterior 1*7, inner anterior 1-1, inner
posterior 0"8.

Adult female. Has no red upon the head, this as well as the
crest being entirely blue-black, and the latter very long and curled
upwards at the tip. In other respects the two sexes are alike.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 3-1, wing 12, tail 7"8, tarsus 1-9.

Hah. Western Mexico, south to Ciudad Durango, north along the
Sierra Madre to within 50 miles of the Arizona boundary.

a. 2 ad. St. Mexico. Zoological Society.

b. S ad. St. Mexico.

c. c? ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Coll.

d. e. (5 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Salrin-Godman Coll.

(Type.* of the species.)
/, g. d 2 ad. sk. Ciudad Durango, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Forrer).
h. 2 skeleton. Ciudad Durango. A. Forrer [C.].

4. Campophilus leucopogon *.

Picus leucopogon, J'alenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 178, 2 (1826).
Picus boiei, War/I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 3, 2 (1827) ; Sundev. Consp.

Ar. Picin. p. 6 (1806).
Picus boieri, Less. Traite, i. p. 225 (1831).
Picus atriventris, d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois. iv. p. 378, pi. Ixiii.

fig. 1, d'ad. (1835-44).
Campephilus boiei, Girty, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.

Voliici: Zyyod. p. 7, no. 12 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince,

p. 394, no. 913, pl. del. fig. 4338, S (1854) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mus. p. 66 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8629

(1870) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 133 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 98 (1873) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 185 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 63 ; Sale. Ibis, 1880, p. 360 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882,

p. 617 ; Bai-roirs, Auk, 1884, p. 25 ; Sclat. Sf Huds. Arg. Orti. ii.

p. 17 (18b9).

* Valencieimes's title has priority, and iu addition to tbi.s his description of
the species is correct, whereas Wagler's description of his P. boiei does not
correspond with the type wliicli is iu the Paris Museum.

37. CAMPOPHII.US. 467

Picus corrientes, Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 21 (1849).
Dryocopus boiei, Bp. ConsjK Gen. Aik i. p. 134, $ onW (]8o0).
DryocopLis atriventris, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 244; id. Reise La-

Plata-St. ii. p. 444(1861).
Megapicus boiei, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 10, pi. iii. figs. 1, 2, cJ $ ad. (1861 ).
PhlcEoceastes boiei, Cah. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 97 (1863).
Dendroeopus atriventri.s, White, Cam. Silv.-Land, ii. pp. 247, 307

(1882).

Adult male *. Upper and middle back uniform buffy white, the
remainder of the upper parts, the wings and tail, as well as their
coverts, the whole of the underparts and under tail-coverts, axil-
laries and under wing-coverts black, except the inner webs of the
primaries on more or less of their length and the inner portion of
the outer webs of these feathers, at the base, which are rufous,
the inner webs of the secondaries having a basal spot of rufous ;
shafts of quills ochreous yellow on the rufous web, but otherwise
black, the shafts of the tail-feathers black ; nasal plumes, entire
head, chin, throat, and fore neck crimson, with a spot (the upper
part black, the lower part white) over the ears ; sides of the neck
and hind neck black, the feathers lining the edge of the wing below
rufescent buif, with a black spot or patch where they cover the
bases of the primaries. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-95, wing
7' 15, tail 3 9-5, tarsus 1-32; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-93, outer posterior 1-06, inner anterior OS, inner posterior 0"6.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male inliaving the forehead,
crown, space in front of and under the eye, a line on the lower
part of the malar region, and the chin black ; the nasal plumes and
a stripe uniting with the white of the lower ear-coverts, also the
malar region, white. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1*72, wing
6-8, tail 3-8, tarsus 1 25.

Hah. Bolivia; Argentine llcpublic, south into the Province of
Buenos Ayres ; Lower Uruguay ; Southern Brazil, probably onlj- in
the part adjacent to the above countries.

a. S ad. St. South America. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.l

b. 2 ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

c. S ad. sk. Carrapari, Bolivia, May (i?. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Pearce).
<?, f . c? ad. sk. Salta, Arg. Rep., June. H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].
/. S ad. sk. Salta (E. W. White). Sclater Coll.

.</. 5 ad. sk. Gualeguaycbu. Sclater Coll.

'/(. (S ad. ,sk. Uruguay.' Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

5. CampopMlus rubricollis.

Grand pic huppe a la tete rouge de Cavenue, Daubent. PL Enl.

612, 2 .
Picus rubricollis, Bodd. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 37, no. 612 (1783) ; Gin.

* Mr. W. B. Lee (Ibis, 1873, p. 134) states th;it he found on dissection that
it is the female which has the head entirely red. There must surely be some

mistake.

2h2

468 I'lciDj^.

Sijsi. Nat. i. p. 426 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Oni. i. p. 226 (1790) ;

Stepk. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 159 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.

xxvi. p. 71 (1818) ; id. 8,- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1306 (1823) ;

Bp. Journ. Acad. Naf. Sc. Philad. v. p. 137 (1825) ; Wagl. Syst.

Av. Picus, sp. 12, $ (1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 509; Less. Traite,

i. p. 225, 5 (1831) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 6 (1866).
Campephilus rubricollis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Cab. in

Schumb. Reis. Guiun. iii. p. 716 (1848) ; lleichenb. Scans. Picincs,

p. 395, no. 915, pi. deli. iigs. 4341-42, $ ? (1854) ; Bp. Consp.

Volucr. Zyqod. p. 7, no. 13 (1854) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 332,

no. 1978 (1862) ; Gray. List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 56 (1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8028 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 242

(1870) ; Sclat. C^ Salv. Nometwl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; Salv.Ibis,

1886, p. 58. _

DiTocopus rubricollis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (1850).
INIegapicus rubricolli.«, Malh. Picida, i. p. 25, pi. viii. figs. 6, 7, (^ $

ad. (1861).
Phloeoceastes rubricollis, Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 176; id. ^' Heine,

Mus. Hein. iv. p. 96 (1863).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts,
wing-coverts, outer webs of the quills and the apical portion (more
or less) of the inner webs brownish black, the remaining portion of
the inner webs of the quills being rufous, this colour on most of the
primaries occupying two thirds of their length and decreasing in
extent upon the secondaries, the innermost of all having only a
small spot of dusky rufous at the base, and this confined to the
margin ; at the base of the quills the outer webs are more or less
striped with rufous next to the shaft ; shafts of quills orange-red
upon the rufous web and black upon the remaining part; tail-
feathers and the shafts black ; nasal plumes and entire head and
neck crimson, with a small spot (the upper half dusky brown, the
lower half bufty white) on the auricular region ; entire underparts
and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and axillaries rich rufous,
the feathers of the chest more or less tipped with crimson. Total
length 13 inches, culmen 1-85, wing 7'4, tail 4-0, tarsus 1*45 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-9, outer posterior 1-22, inner
anterior O'T, inner posterior 0'55.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal
plumes, lores, space under the eye, and the malar region huffy white,
and uniting with the bristly white feathers covering the ears ; at
the base of the forehead, and along the upper edge of this white
patch, a black line ; the feathers covering the chin-angle and a line
separating the white malar region from the red throat also black.
Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-75, wing 7'15, tail 4-35, tarsus
1-4.

Hah. Guiana, and south-west through the Upper Amazon Region
(between Barra do Rio Negro and Marabitanas) into Eastern
Ecuador.

a. 2 ad. sk. S. America. Sclater Coll.

b. c? ad. sk. GinanK (Brown). Sclater Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll

37. CAMPOPHILUS. 469

d,e. d" $ ad. sk. B.artica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll
Oct., Nov. (H. Whifeh/).

f. c? imra. sk. Maroni R., Surinam (Aw/j/jfer). Salvin-Godnian Coll.

g. $ ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C i>««Afcy). Salvin-Godraau Coll.
h. cJad. sk. San Jost5, Ecuador (C'.^i<cZ;/<>_(/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. Campophilus trachelopyrus.

Megapicus trachelopyi-us, Malh. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Iloselle, ] 8-57,
p. 1 ; id. Picidce, i. p. 26, pi. viii. figs. 2cj', SJad. (1861).

Campephilus trachelopvrus, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 332, no. 1979
(1862) : id. 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 18G7, pp. .586, 595, 753; Peh. Orn.
Bras. p. 242 (1870); Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291; iid.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p 390 •
Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 631 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 73
(1886).

Dryocopus trachelopyrus, Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 698.

Campephilus rubricoUis (non Bodd.), Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546.

Adult male. Back, rnmp, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and -wing-
coverts black ; primaries, except the bastard one, rufous on more or
less of the basal half, not externally margined with black, the
secondai'ies on more or less of the base rufous, externallj- margined
with black, the remaining portion of the quills and the whole of the
inner secondaries black ; shafts blackish brown on the black webs,
orange on the rufous webs ; tail and tail-shafts black ; entire head
and neck crimson, with a spot (the upper half black, the lower half
white) on the auricular region ; the whole of the underparts and
under tail-coverts rufous, the feathers of the chest and breast more
or less tipped with crimson ; under wing-coverts rufous : " beak
almost white ; legs verditer ; iris yellow " {E. L. Layard). Total
length 13"5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 7'3, tail 4-1, tarsus 1'45; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 1*3, inner ante-
rior 0-8, inner posterior 0-6.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal
plumes, lores, and malar region white ; the feathers covering the
chin-angle and bordering the lower jaw black. Total length 13-5
inches, culmen 1"75, wing 7'2, tail -t'G, tarsus 1"25.

Hah. Lower and Upper Amazonian regions, from Para (Capim
Eiver) into Northern and Central Peru; Northern Eolivia and
South Matto Grosso.

a. 5 ad. sk. S. America. R. Graham, Esq.

[P.].
h. $ ad. sk. Brazil {A. B. Wallace). Salvin-(4odmau Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazons {A. R. Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Wallace).

d. (5 ad. sk. Para, Feb. {E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll.
e,f. d 2 fid. sk. Capim River {A. B. Wallace). Sclat er Coll.

ff. c? ad. sk. Marauham, N. Brazil {B. Weti- Salvin-Godman CoU.

deliorn).
h. <S ad. sk. Wuimaguas, E. Peru (J5^. ^ar<- Salvin-Godman Coll.

left).

470 PICID-E.

i. c? ad. sk. Cos\ii])iitei, Vnri\, Oct. (11. TV/n'teh/). Tweeddale Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Bolivia. ' T. Bridges [C.].

/. (S imm. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

m. c? ad. sk. Apollo, Bolivia (C -BMc/c/e;/). Salviu-tiodinan Coll.

n. $ ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godinan Cull.

(C. Buckley).

o,p. d 2 ad. Chapada, Matto Grosso, May, Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Dec. (//. H. Smith).

7. Campophilus melanoleucus.

Buff-crested Woodpecker, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. p. .558, pi. xxv. J

(1782).
Piciis iiielanoleucos, Gni. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 42(3 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. i. p. 22U (1790).
Carpintero lomo bianco, Azara, Apunt. Hixt. Nat. Pdxar. Parac/. ii.

p. 297, no. 249 (1805).
Picus melanoleucus, Steph. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 155, pi. xxxi. (1815);

Lath. Gen. Hist. B. iii. p. 37.^, pi. lix. $ad. (1822); Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 58(5.
Picus albirostris, Vieill. N Diet. cV Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 69, S (1818);

id. ^- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1-304 (182.3) ; Sin.v, Av. Bras. i.

p. 56, pi. xlv. figs. 1, 2, J 2 (1824) ; Wayl. Syst. Av. Picus, .sp. 9

(1827); id. Ms, 1829, p. 509; Tsch. Av. Consp. Rep. Peman. in

Arch, fur Naturq. 1844, p. 802 ; Cuh. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan.,

Aves, p. 43 (1845-46).
Dryocopus albirostris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326; Gray, Gen. B. ii.

p. 4.36 (1845) ; Hartl. Lul. Azara, p. 16 (1847) ; Cab. in Schomb.

Reis. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 1.32

(1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 221 (1856) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid.

p. 336 (1866).
Picus comatus, Neuwied, Beitr. Natury. Bras. iv. p. 39.3 (1832).
Megapicos albirostris, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 319.
Campepliilus albirostris, Reichenb. Scans. PicincB, p. 392, no. 905,

pi. dcxlviii. fig. 4326, J (1854) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331,

p 1974 (1862) ; id. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 106, 1867, pp. 586,

595, 7.53, 1873, pp. 186, 291.
Dryocopus comatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).
Dryotomus albirostris, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 5 (1854).
Megapiciis albirostris, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 17, pi. iv. figs. 1, 3,(5 ? ad,

(1861).
Pbloeoceastes albirostris, Cab. J. f. O. 1862, p. 176.
Scapaueus melanoleucus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 90 (1863).
Campepliilus melanoleucus, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 55

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8625 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 242 (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 33 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av.

Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546, 1879, p. 240;

id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 71 (1886) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58.

Adult male. Above, including the wings and tail, as well as their
coverts, black, and down each side of the U])per part of the back
a broad white stripe, the two uniting in the middle of the back,
some of the lower feathers with bar-like spots of black, the inner
webs of the quills having at their base a marginal patch of white ;
shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black ; nasal plumes, entire lores,

37. CAJIPOPUILUS.

471

and the anterior part of the malar region huffy white ; the remainder
of the face and the whole of the top of the head and crest crimson,
with a spot (the upper half black, the lower half huffy white) covering
the ears, and a narrow line of black separating the loral region and
nasal plumes from the red of the forehead ; chin, throat, and neck
black, with a white stripe down the side of the latter uniting with
the white on the back, and a branch from it extending as far as the
chest ; entire underparts and under tail-coverts huffy or brownish
white, barred with black, the chest more broadly barred, and some-
times almost entirely black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
uniform white with a slight yellow tinge. Total length 13*5 inches,
eulmen 1-8, wing 7"6-5, tail 4-25, tarsus 1'4; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 1-02, outer posterior 1"28, inner anterior O'So,
inner posterior 0-63.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and central elongated feathers of the crown blue-black ; the space
below the eye black, this being continued in a narrow line back-
wards and uniting with the upper ear-coverts, which are black ;
the malar region and as high up as the black line, the lower half
of the ear-coverts, and the feathers immediately behind them white,
and uniting with the white stripe which runs down the side of the
neck. Total length 13"5 inches, eulmen 1-88, wing 7 "5, tail 4"25,
tarsus 1'23.

Bab. Guiana, north into the island of Trinidad ; Brazil, west of
the Ilio Tocantins, extending south-east to Ilio Janeiro, and ranging
into Bahia ; westward into Colombia (Bogota), Ecuador, and Peru,
south to Monterico.

a. (5 ad.; b, c.

ad. sk.
d. $ ad. sk.
e,f. d2 ad.;
ff. cJ ad. sk.
h. J ad. sk.

i. (S ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m, 71. (^ 2 ^^- sk.

o. 2 fid. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.

r. cj imm. sk.
s, t. J 5 ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.
V, w. cJ 2 imm. sk.
.1- c? ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.

2 New Granada.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Venezuela.

San Esteban, Venezuela, May

(A. Goering).
Trinidad.
British Guiana.
Bartica Grove, British Guiana,

Dec. (//. Whitehj).
Takutu K., British Guiaua,

Feb. {H. Whitehi).
Cayenne.
Cayenne.
Rio Tocantins, Brazil, Sept.

{A. Ji. Wallace).
Sarayacu, Ecuador ( C.Buchley).
Yquitos, Peru, Aug. {H.

Whiteh/).
Saravacu, Peru {H. Whitehj).
Elvira, E. Peru (/. Hau.cwell).
Peru (C. Barclai/).
Chapada, Matto CTrosso, Dec.

(7/. H. Snut/i).

Purchased.

Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Zoological Society.
Zoological Society.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sahnn-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
S>ilvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

472 PICID.E,

s. d" ad.; a' ,h' . $ Baliia, Brazil (Z>;-. JfKf/fwe;-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk.
c' . 5 ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq.

8, Campophilus malherbii.

Campephilus malherbii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.36, pi. cviii. J ad.

(1845) ; Reielwnh. Scans. Plcina;, p. 392, no. 903, pi. dcxlviii.

figs. 4323-24, cT 2 , 4325 c? (1854); Svlat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331,

no. 1973 (1862) ; id. .Sj- Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 3U6; Salv. op. cit.

1867, p. 157; Sdat. op. cit. 18(18, p. 029; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 54 (1808); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 187, no. 8623 (1870);

Salo. P.Z. S. 1870, p. 212; Wyatt, Ihis, 1871, p. 380; Sclat. Sf

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; iid. P.Z. S. 1875, p. 235,

1879, p. 532 ; Salv. iSf Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 205.
Picus anais. Less. Descr. Mavim. Sj- Ois. rec. decouv. p. 203, J (1847).
Megapicos malherbii, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 319.
Megapicus malherbii, Malh. Bidl. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, 1849, p. 17;

id. Picid(e, i. p. 15, pi. vi. figs. 1, 2, 4, c? $ ad., $ juv. (1861).
Dryocopus pollens, Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850), pt. ; Sclat.

P.Z.S. 1855, p. 101.
Dryotomus malherbii, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 8 (1854).
Dryotomus verreauxi, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. p. 85, note

(1854).
Scapeneus malherbei, Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Kein. iv. p. 93 (1863).
Picus malherbei, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866).

Adult male. Differs from C. melanoleuats in having the posterior
part of the loral region red, this colour entirely surrounding the
eye ; the under surface of the body much more rufescent ; the lower
feathers of the black stripe down the middle of the upper back
barred Avith buff ; the primaries tipped with brownish white ; the
bill blacker and much more powerful. Total length 13-5 inches,
culmen 2-05, wing 7"65, tail 4-6, tarsus 1*42 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-9, outer posterior 1-3, inner anterior 0-8, inner
posterior 0'6.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and the central and elongated feathers of the crown black ; the
■whole of the malar region white, this forming a broad stripe which
includes the lower half of the ear-coverts and unites with the white
stripe down the side of the neck. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen
1-9, wing 7-25, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-4.

Toung femcde. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having
the eye encircled by black, and a broad black stripe behind it
including the upper ear-coverts and running on to the hind neck,
this being separated from the red occiput and nape by a buffy-white
stripe ; the red on the head more scarlet and confined to the occiput
and nape ; the underparts duller, and the bars less deep black.

Hah. U.S. Colombia, north to Veragua ; and Western Venezuela.

a. $ ad. sk. [Mexico.] Purchased.

h. cj imm. sk. Carthagena. Purchased,

c. (5 ad.sk. Calovevora, Veragua (is'.^4/-(-e'). Salvin-Godman Coll,

37. CAMPOPHILUS. 473

d. $ ad. sk. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{E. Arce).

e.- $ ad. sk. Santiago de Veraguas. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

f. d ad. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua. Capts. Kellett &

Wood [P.].

ff. cJ ad. sk. Panama (/. McLeamian). Sclater Coll.

h. (S ad. ; i. $ Lion Hill Station, Panama Salviu-Godman Coll.

juv. sk. {J. McLeannan).

k. tS ad. sk. Cauca, U.S. Colombia {T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salmon) .

I. S 'id. sk. Atauques, Santa Marta, Co- Salvin-Godman Coll.

lombia i^F. Simons).

7)1. 5 ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.

0. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

p, q. <S 2 ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

r. 2 ad. sk. (?) jNI. ^lalherbe.

9. Campophilus guatemalensis.

Pious guatimaleusis, Hcnil. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. :il4, $ ; Sundev.

C'onsj). Av. Picin. p. 5 (1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 156 (1876).

Campephilus guatemalensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Reichenb.

Sca7is. Picinte, p. 392, no. 904 (1854) ; Gray, Cat. Gen. Brit. Mus.

1855, p. 92 ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 3.31, no. 1975 (1862) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 177 ; Salv. op. cit. 1867, p. 157; Later. Ann. Lye.

Nat. Bist. N. York, 16()8, p. 130; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 57 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. l87, no. 8630 (1870); Sclat. ^

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; Laivr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

iv. 1876, p. 34 ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, 1882, p. 23 ; Nutting,

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 398, 1883, pp. 387, 406 ; Boucard,

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 452 ; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mt(s. 1886,

p. 168.
Pious lessonii, Less. Echo Mond. Sav. 184.5, p. 920 ( S ad.) ; id.

Descr. Mamm. Ois. ^-c. rec. decoiiv. 1847, p. 203 (c? ad.).
Dryocopus guatimalensis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133, J (1850);

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 229, 1858, p. 359, 1859, pp. 367, 388 ; id.

^- Salv. Lbis, 18-59, p. 135 ; Cav.-Tayl. op. cit. 1860, p. 119.
Dryotomus odoardus, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. pp. 85, 86

(1854).
Dryocopus regius, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).
Campephilus regius, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 393, no. 908,

pi. dcxlix. figs. 4.331-32, ^ 6 (1854).
Uryotomus guatemalensis, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 4

(1854).
Briopicus regius, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 25 (1854).
Dryocopus erythrops (non Valenc), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 306.
Megapicus guatemalensis, Malh. Picidai, i. p. 19, pi. vii. figs. 1, 5 (^

ad., 2, 3 § ad., 4 S juv. (1861).
PlilcBoceastes guatemalensis, Cab. J.f. O. 1862, p. 175.
Scnpaneus guatimalensis, Cab. iif Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 92 (1863).

Adult mule. May be distinguished from C. meJanoleucus by having
the nasal plumes, entire head and crest, chin and throat crimson,
with only a brownish spot over the ears; the white stripes down
each side of the back just uniting, the middle of the back devoid

474

of any white patch; the black bars on the underparts broader ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale yellowish buff ; bill very
powerful. Total length 13 inches, culmen 2, wing 7"35, tail 42,
tarsus 1"3 ; toes (witliout claws)- — outer anterior 085, outer pos-
terior 1-12, inner anterior 0-75, inner posterior 0 5.

Achtlt fmiale. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and central feathers of the crown, chin (except at the angle, which
is red), and the throat black ; the black featliers of the crown very
much elongated ; the white stripe which runs down the side of the
ueck commencing behind the malar region. Total length 13 inches,
culmen 1"9, wing 7'2o, tail 4-45, tarsus 1-32.

Young female. Resembles the adult of the same sex, but has a
less amount of red on the face, the black bases of the feathers
showing ; the nasal plumes only assuming their red colour ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries less yellow and more of a buffy white ;
the bill darker.

Hah. Southern half of Mexico, north to Mazatlan and Tampico,
about 23° N. lat. : throughout Central America into Yeragua.

a, b. S 2 ^d. St.

c. 2 imm. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/. (S ad. sk.

ff. S ad. sk.

/(, c? ad. sk.

i. $ ad. sk.

k. S imm. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

VI. S ad. sk.

n, 0. cJ ad. ; p, q.

2 ad. ; r. Juv. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.

t.

2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.

S ad. sk.

w. S ad. sk.

.r, y. cS 2 ad. sk.

s. J ad. sk.

a\h' .(^ 2'^vcnn. sk.

e'. 2 ad. sk.

Central America.

Mexico.

Mexico.

Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec.

{A. Forrer).
Presidio, Mexico, Dec. {A.

Forrer).
Tepic, Jalisco, May ( W. B.

HicJiardson).
Touila, Jalisco, June ( W.

Lloyd).
Sautiago, Colima, June ( W.

Lloyd).
Cualata, Colima, June ( W.

Lloyd).
Jacolapa, Colima, 1000 ft.,

Mav ( W. Llmid).
Mexico ( W. Lloyd).
Tampico, Mexico, Feb., Jime

(IF. B. Richardson).
Tamesi, near Tampico, March

( W. B. Richardson).
Mizantla, Vera Cruz, Nov.
Laguua Verde, Vera Cruz,

Sept. {M. Trujillo).
Santana, Jalapa, Nov. {Me.v.

E.vpl. F.vped.).
Jalapa {de Oca).
Colipa, Mexico, March {F.

n. G.).

Teapa, Mexico, Feb. {J^rs.

H. H. Smith).
Northern Yucatan {G. F.

Gainner).
Buctzotz, Y'ucatan, April

{G. F. Gaumer).

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

37. CAiiPoPHiLrs.

475

d'. 2 ad. sk.

e'. $ ad. .sk.

/'. 2 ad. sk.

g\ h'. cJ ? ad. .sk.
*'» k'- d 9 ad. sk.
/'. d ad. sk.

vi', d ad. .sk.

n', o'. (5 ad. sk.

p:2 *«i.; y'. 2

juv. sk.
r'. 2 3d. sk.
s', t'. (J ad. ; u'.

2 ad. sk.
i^'. (S ad. sk.

w'. 2 ad. sk.

a:', cf ad. sk.
1/'. 2 ad. sk.

Orange Walk, British Hon-
duras, Dec.(G.J^. Gaumer).

Cayo,\Vestftrn Dist., British
llimdura.s(F.Blancaneau.v).

I^elize, British Honduras {F.
Blancaneaiu).

Guatemala.

Savana Grande, Guatemala.

^^'oods near ^'irgin Bay,
Nicaragua.

Medio Monte, Guatemala,
Oct. (O. S.).

Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala,
Oct., Nov. (0. S.).

Pacitic Coast-Region, Gua-
temala, Nov., Dec, (O. S.).

Honduras.

Costa Rica.

Bebedero, Costa Rica (J?.

Arce).
San Juse, Costa Rica (^4.

von Frantziit^).
Dota, Costa Rica (J.Carmio/).
Central America.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mr. Dvson [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.
Gould Coll.

10. Campophilus guayaquilensis.

Picus guayaquilensis, Less. Echo Moncl. Sav. 184.5, p. 920, J ; id.

Descr. Mamm. Ois. •^-c. rec.decouv. 1847, p. 202, (S .
Drvocopus albirostris {non Vieill.), Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 75, 4C0,

18.59, p. 146.
Megapicus sclateri, Malh. 1859 ; id. Picidce, i. pp. 22, lo6 (note), 165,

pi. viii. fig. 1 ( 2 ad.), pi. xxxv. tig. S(S) (1861)
Dryocopus sclateri * Scht. P. Z. S. 1800, pp. 71, 286.
Campephilus sclateri, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1976 (1802) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mns. p. 54 (1808) ; id. Hund-l. B. ii. p. 187,

no. 8626 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Xumencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ;

Bert. Sj- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 570, 1884, p. 307, 1885, p. 122 ;

Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 72 (1886).
Scapaneus sclateri, Cab. ^- Heine, Mies. Hein. iv. p. 92 (1863).
Picus sclateri, Sttndev. Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 5 (I860).

Adult male. Upper and middle back centred with black and having
a broad white stripe on either side ; lower back and rump brownish
black, more or less barred with buff ; scapulars, wing-coverts, and
quills brownish black, the inner webs of the latter broadly margined
with buft' on more or less of their basal portion ; shafts brown ;
upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown, the shafts brown ; nasal

* Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 286) says he suspects this will turn out to be
Picus gtia>/aquUcnsis of Lesson, and I hare not the slightest doubt that he is
correct in this supposition. The red " cravatte " mentioned by Les.son is in-
dicated in the male bird in the Sclater Collection, and it may be a striking
feature iu the very old male.

476 iciD^.

plumes buffy white, with crimson tips ; face and top of the head
and the crest crimson, with a spot (the upper half brownish black,
the loM'er halt white) on the auricular region ; chin, throat, and
neck black, some of the feathers of the lower throat tipped with red :
a broad white stripe from a little way behind the malar region runs
down the side of the neck and joins the white stripe on the side of
the back : under surface of the body and the under tail-coverts buff,
barred with black ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellowish
white ; bill horn-colour. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1*9,
wing 7'1, tail 4-25, tarsus 1-33; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0-98, outer posterior 1"18, inner anterior 0-83, inner
posterior 0-6.

Adah female. Has the lower nasal plumes and the lower half of
the face white, uniting with the white stripe down the side of the
neck ; upper nasal plumes blackish brown. In other respects it
resembles the adult male. Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1"85,
wing 7*05, tail 4-4, tarsus 1'4.

Hah. Western Ecuador and North-western Peru.

a. S ad. sk. Ecuador. Tweeddale Coll.

h. 2 ad.sk. Santa Rita, Ecuador ( n7/wr/o?«(?c). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Z. Fraser). \ Sclater Coll. (T_^'])es

d. (5 ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Z. Fraser). \ of 31. sclateri, Malh.)

11. CampopMlus pollens.

Picus pollens, Bp. Atti Sest. Riun. Sci. Ital. 1845, p. 406, cS ;

Sundev. Consj). Av. Picin. p. 6 (1866).
Megapicus grayii, Malh. Bull. Sac. Hist. Nat. Metz, 1849, p. 17 ; id.

Picidff^, i. p. 13, pi. V. figs. 1, 3, 4, d2 ad., 6 .juv. (1861).
Diyocopus pollens (pt.), Bp. C'o7isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850).
Dryotomus pollens, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 9 (1854).
Caimpephilus mesoleucus, Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 393, no. 907,

pi. dcxhs. figs. 4329-30, $ 2 (1854).
Campepbilus albifreuatus, Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 431, no. 902 b,

& p. 434, (J (1854).
Dryocopus mesoleucus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).
Dryocopus grayi, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161, 1859, p. 146.
Campepbilus gravii, Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1972 (1802);

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 380.
Scapaneus pollens, Cab. ^- Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 94 (1863).
Campepbilus pollens. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 55 (1868) ; id.

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 1«7, no. 8624 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 532 ; Pelz. Verhandl.

zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1882, p. 448 ; Bert. <^- Tacz. P. Z. S.

1884, p. 307.

AduU male. Differs from C. melanoleucus in having no red what-
ever on the face, this, together with a distinct band at the base of
the forehead, being black ; nasal plumes white, and a white stripe
from these (including the upper part of the malar region), crossing
the face and running down the side of the neck, then dividing, one
branch uniting with the stripe down the side of the back, the other
extending as far as the side of the chest ; back white, centred with

dl. CAMPOPHILUS.

477

blaeli on the upper part, some of the feathers of the middle of the
back having their inner webs buff barred with black ; rump and
upper tail-coverts rufescent buff barred with black ; upper tail-
coverts more or less margined at the tip with rufescent buff ; the
quills tipped with white : underparts rich rufous buff. Total
length 13'5 inches, culmeu 1"8, wing 6-85, tail 4-6, tarsus 1 "25 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'9, outer posterior 1'03,
inner auterior 0*77, inner posterior 0*5.

Immature male. Resembles the adult of the same sex, but has the
back -whiter and the rump also white with only a tinge of buff, and
uniform ; some of the feathers above the ear-coverts are ti[>ped with
white ; the red nuchal feathers are considerablj' shorter. Young
birds have always less white ou the tips of the quills and upon the
inner webs of the innermost secondaries.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence
of red on the head, the top of the head, occiput, and nape being
black, the feathers of the latter less elongated than in the male.
Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-78, wing 7'2, tail -±"8, tarsus 1'32.

Hah. Northern and Western States of Colombia, and Western
Ecuador.

a. cJ ad. St.

b. 5 juv. sk.

c. (S ad. ; d. $
imm. 8k.

e. (S ad. sk.

/. (S ad. sk.
g. 5 imm. sk.
h, i, k, c? ad. ; /.

ad. sk.
m, n. c? $ ad. sk.
0. Juv. sk.
p,q. cJ 5 ad. sk.

?

New Granada.
New Grauada.
New Granada.

Santa Elena, Antioquia ( T.

K. Salmo7i).
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogrota.

Bogota.

Popayan, Colombia.
Churuco, Ecuador
Buckley).

{C.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.

SclaterCoU.
Zoological Society.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

12. CampopMlus robustus.

Carpintero gorro y cuello roxos, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Pdxar.

Parag. ii. p. 301 (1805).
Picus robustus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 10(1823); Spi.v, Av. Bras.

i. p. 56, pi. xliv. c? (1824); Valcnc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 179, c^,

nee 2 (1826) ; Wac/l. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 11 (1827) ; Drap. Diet.

Class. Hist. Nat. x'iii. p. 503, d (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 225

(1831) ; Nemvied, Beifr. Natury. Bras. iv. p. 385 (1832) ; Sivains.

Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Piciti. p. 6

(1866).
Campephilus robustus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Hartl. Lid.

Azara, j). 16 (1847) ; Beiehenb. Scans. PiciiKs, p. 3U5, no. 914,

pi. dcxlix. figs. 4333-34, d d',pl. deli. figs. 4339-40, $ $ (1854) ;

B]}. Consp. Valuer. Zi/yod. p. 7, no. 11 (]So4) ; Burm. Th. Bras.

ii. p. 217 (1856); Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 332, no. 1977 (1862) ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mtis. p. 56 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 187, no. 8627 (1870); Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 308; Pelz.

478 piciD.i?.

Om. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ; Berl. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 280 ; Sclat. 8r Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 ( 1873).
Dryocopus robustus, Bj). Consp. Gen. Ac. i. p. 133 (1850).
Dryocopus percocciueus, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 134, c? (1850).
Megapifus robustus, Malh. Picida, i. p. 23, pi. iii. figs. 4(^,5 $

(1861).
Phloeoceastes robustus, Cab. J.f. O. 1862, p. 176 ; id. ^- Heine, Mus.

Hein. iv. p. 95 (1863).

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform buff ;
scapulars, -wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills
brownish black, the inner webs of the quills crossed by broad bar-
like spots or bars of rufous or rufous buff, some of the outer webs
of the secondaries having a concealed rufous spot at the base ; shafts
black ; tail and the shafts black : nasal plumes buff tipped with
crimson ; entire head and neck (except the base of the hind neck)
crimson, with a spot (the upper half of which is dusky brown, the
lower half buffy white) of bristly feathers covering the ears ; base
of the hind neck buff barred with black ; entire under surface of
the body and under tail-coverts buiiy white barred with black :
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale buff, a few of the lower
coverts with dusky black barring. Total length 14-5 inches,
culmen 2'15, wing 7-7, tail 4-85, tarsus lo; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 1, outer posterior 1*36, inner anterior 0*82,
inner posterior 0"62.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the nasal
plumes, lower part of the lores, and the malar region buffy white,
and uniting w ith the feathers covering the ears ; base of the fore-
head, upper half of the lores, and a broad stripe bordering the upper
part of the white patch, black ; the feathers covering the chin-angle,
and a stripe behind separating the white malar region from the red
throat, black. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 7'85,
tail 4-7, tarsus 1'5.

In immature birds the feathers of the neck have less red on their
tips, and the bases, which are barred buff and dusky black, show
through more or less.

Hab. Southern and Eastern Brazil, north into Bahia ; Para-
guay.

a, b. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Lord Stuart de

Rothesay [P.].

c,d.S2 «id. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

e,f.d2 fid. sk. Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

ff. 2 ad. sk. Rio Grande, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

h. c? imm. ; i. 5 Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Wu- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. cherer).

13. Campophiliis hsematogaster.

Pious hsematogaster, Tschiali, Av. Consp. Bcp. Fei-nan. in Arch, fur
Natiirg. 1844, p. 302, pi. xxv. ; Cab. in Tschiidi's Faun. Peruan.,
Om. p. 43, pi. xxv. c? (1845-46) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 6
(1866).

Dryocopus hsematogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Bp.

37. CAMPorniLus. 479

ConsiJ. Gen. Av. i. p. 134 (1850) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 161 ;

Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 188, no. 8636 (1870) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 546.
Megapicus hasmogaster, Malh. Bev. et Mar/, de Zuol. 1852, p. 552* ;

id. Picidce, i. p. 27, pi. ix. figs. 1 c? ad., 2 $ imm., 3 (S ad. (1861).
Campephilus haematogastei', Meichenh. Scans. Picina, p. 395, no. 916,

pi. deli. fig. 4343, S (1854) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 3.32, no. 1980

(1862) ; id. ^ Sulv. Nomenol. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (187:)) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1882, p. 42 ; id. Sf Berl. op. cit. 1885, p. 106 ; Tacz. Orn. Peruu,

iii. p. 74 (1886).
Drvotomus lisematogaster, Bp. Co7isp. Vohicr. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 10

(1854).
Cniparchus hrematogaster, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 98 (1863).

Adult male. Upper and middle back pale buffy yellow, the outer
and the lower feathers barred with dusky black ; lower back and
rump crimson ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers, as well as the
shafts of the latter, black; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills black,
the latter having large, more or less bar-like spots of white upon
the inner webs, and the outer webs of the outer primaries being
tipped with dull white ; shafts of quills black ; face and a narrow
band at the base of the forehead, chin, throat, and fore neck black ;
the nasal plumes and a broad stripe from the nostrils running
between the ear-coverts and the malar region a little beyond the
end of the former, as well as a narrow stripe running backwards
from the eye, buff ; entire top of the head and the crest, sides of
the neck and hind neck crimson, the bases of the feathers of the
hind neck white ; entire underparts and under tail-coverts crimson,
the feathers having brownish-black bases ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries pale buff. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2•2•^,
wing 7"6, tail 4*6, tarsus 1*52 ; toes (without claws) — outer an-
terior 0"92, outer posterior 1"18, inner anterior 0"78, inner pos-
terior 0-52.

Adult female. May be distinguished from the adult male by
having the buff stripe, which commences at the nostril and passes
between the malar region and the ear-coverts, continued down the
entire side of the neck ; sometimes this stripe on the side of the
neck has a slight tinge of red. In other respects the adults of both
sexes are alike. Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 7"33,
tail 4-3o, tarsus 1"4.

Immature birds have less red on the underparts, and the bases
of the feathers are barred with dingy buff.

Hah. Colombia (Bogota), Ecuador, and south into Central Peru.

a. 2 ad. st. Colombia. Purcliased.

h. 5 ad. sk. New Granada. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

<^, e,/. 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.

(/,h. $ ad.sk. Rosario, Ecuador (C. A' »rA7«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

* Malherbe describes the back of this species as " bluish black," which it is
not. I can only account for this mistake bj the author having before him a
Bogota skiu in which the wings were, as usual, drawn together so as to conceal
the back.

480

14. Campophilus splendens.

Campephilus haematogaster {non Tuchudi), Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 157 ;

id. op. cii. 1870, p. 212 ; id. ^- Sclat. op. cit. 1879, p. 532.
Campephilus hsematogaster (pt.), Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av. Neotr.

p. 98 (1873).
Campophilus splendens, Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 58.

Adult male. Resembles G. Ticematocj aster, but differs in having the
whole of the fore neck and the throat on a lino with the end of
the malar region (or even higher) crimson, this colour also tipping
the posterior malar feathers ; the light bars on the quills are yellow
and much broader, and approach nearer to the tips of the feathers ;
the bases of the feathers of the hind neck black ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries yellow, with a slight tinge of buff. Total length
12-5 inches, culmeu 2-05, wing 7"3, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-4 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0*95, outer posterior 1-15, inner
anterior 0*74, inner posterior 0"48.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the buffy-
yellow stripe running right down the side of the neck ; the chin,
throat, and fore neck uniform black ; the bases of the featliers of
the underparts barred black and dingy buff, and showing through
the red colour of the tips. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-75,
wing 6'S, tail 3"65, tarsus 1*47.

Hab. Antioquia, and north into Veragua.

a. 5 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua {E. Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

b, c. 5 ad.sk. Santiago de Veraguas (£. ^rce)- Salvin-Godman CoU.
d. S ad. : e. 5 Antioquia, U. S. Colombia ( T. Sclater Coll.

imni. sk. K. Salmon).

38. IPOCRANTOR. ^^

Type.
Ipocrantor,C'«6. Sf Heine, Mus. Ilein. iv. p. 99 (1863) . . I. magellanicus.

Eange. Chili and Patagonia, to the extreme south.
1. Ipocrantor magellanicus.

Pious magellanicus. King, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 430 (1828); Wagl.

Isis, 1829, p. 509 ; Jard. Sf Selby, III. Orn. li. pi. cv. c? ad. (circa

1829) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 94; Lafr. Pev. et Mag. de Zool.

1843, p. 3, pi. xxxi. 5; Gay, Fawi. Chil., Zool. i. p. .372; Sundev.

Consp. An. Picin. p. o (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 186,

no. 8619 (1870).
Picus jubatus, Lafr. Per. de Zool. 1841, p. 242, $ . ^
Camp("pbilus magellanicus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Peichmb.

Scafis. Picrnce, p. 391, no. 899, pi. dcxlv. figs. 4312-13, S 2 (1854) ;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 338 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 54

(1868); Sclat. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 187; Ctmningh. Str. Magell.

1871, p. 81 ; Sclat. S^ Salv. Nonmicl. Av. Neotr. p. 98 (1873) ; iid.

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 434.

38. IPOCRANTOE. 481

Drvocopiis mfigelLauiciis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850).
Megapicus niagellanicus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 3 (1854) ;

Malh. Bicida, i. p. 8, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2, d' ? ad. (1861).
Ipocrantor magellanicus, Cah. (§r Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 99 (1863).

Adult male. The whole of the plumage black, more or less
glossed with blue, with the following exceptions : the entire head
and crest, chin and throat scarlet, most of the feathers having
a white transverse spot about their middle ; the inner webs of
most of the quills on more or less of their basal portion, and of the
innermost secondaries entirel)', the under wing-coverts (except on
the edge of the wing) and the axiUaries white ; the upper tail-
coverts with a stripe of white down each side of the shaft at the
base ; shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black. Total length
15-5 inches, culmcn 2-3, wing 8-3, tail 5-9, tarsus 1*3 ; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 1-03, outer posterior 1-16, inner anterior
0'88, inner posterior 0'G5.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the head
and crest blue-black, with only the nasal plumes, base of the fore-
head, lores, front half of the malar region, and the chin red. Total
length 15-5 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 8*5, tail 6'3, tarsus 1'4,
The soft parts in this species are as follows : — " irides yellow, bill
and legs black " (Kii)r/).

Toung. A male, with the whole of the top of the head and the
short crest scarlet, the feathers having black bases and a white
central spot, has the lores, face, posterior portion of malar region,
chin, except at the angle, and the throat black, only a few of the
feathers being tipped with red, the red-tipped feathers on the hinder
part of the malar region having a white central spot ; the quills
spotted with white at the tip ; the inner webs of the innermost
secondaries barred with black at the tip : the female is like the
adult of the same sex, but has no red on the lores, and this colour
on the anterior portion of the malar region and on the chin is less
in extent ; the quills (as in the young male) are tipped with white,
and the inner secondaries have the inner webs barred with black
at the tip.

Hah. Chili and Patagonia, south to the Straits of Magellan
(Sandy Point).

a. c? imm. ; b, c. Straits of Magellan. Antarctic Expedi-

5 ad. sk. tion.

d,e. S 2 ad. sk. Sandy Point, Straits of Ma- Sclater Coll.

gellan {Cu7iningham).

f, 9- 6 '2 ad. sk. Porto Bueno. ' Challenger ' Expe-

dition.

h, i. c? 2 ad. ; k. Chili (Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d juv. .sk.

I, m. (S 2 ad. sk. Valdivia, Chili ( Weisshaupt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

VOL. XVIII. 2 1

482 piciDiE.

39. HEMICERCUS. „,

Type.

Ileniicircus, Sivains. Classif. B. ii. p. 30G (18.37) H. concretus.

Mieropicos, Malh. Mem. Acad, llctz, 1848-49, p. 830. . H. concretus.

Eanr/e. From Cachar in the north, through Bvirmah (locally) and
into Siam, Cambodia, and South Cochin China ; through the Ma-
layan Peninsula into Sumatra, Bangka, Java, and Borneo. To the
west appearing again in Southern India.

Key to the Species.

A. With the top of the head red or with a red

crest.
«'. Forehead and crown red.

a". Forehead and crown vermilion-red;

occipital crest olive-grey sordidus (^ ad., p. 484.

b". Forehead and crown, as well as entire

crest, scarlet concretus cJ ad., p. 483.

b' . Forehead and crown rufous buif.

c". Occipital crest orange-red, varied and

transversely spotted with dusky . . sordidus tj juv.,p. 484.
d" . Occipital crest uniform bright flame-red concretus cJ juv., p. 483.

B. With no red on the head.

c'. Forehead and crown of the same colour as

the crest, and uniform or minutely spotted.

„ TP 1 J J i 1- \ sordidus 9 ad., p. 484.

e . Forehead, crown, and crest olive-grey, j .^^.^..^^/j jfp. 48.3.

/". Top of the head, as well as the crest,

black, the forehead and crown mi- I eanente ^ ad., p. 486.

uutely speckled with white ( cordatus cJ ad., p. 488.

d'. With a frontal patch of huffy white or
dingy buff.
y". Forehead and crown buffj' white, occi- \ eanente 2 ad., p. 487.

pital crest black j cordatus 5 ad., p. 489.

h" . Forehead and crown dingy buff, occi- ) eanente ]viy., p. 487.
pital crest black ] cordatus juv., p. 489.

1. Hemicercus concretus.

Picus concretus, Temm. PL Col. pi. xc. figs. 1, 2 (1824) ; StejjJi. Gen.

Zool. xiv. p. 160 (1826); Wagl. (pt.) Syst. Av. Pious, sp. 70

(1827) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 221 (1831) ; Simdev. Cotisj). Av. Pidn.

p. 11, no 26 6 (1866).
Ilemicercus concretus, Swahis. Classif. B. ii. p. 306 (1837); Gray,

Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (184.5); Bj}. (pt.) Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129

(1850) ; id. Consp. Voliicr. Zygod. p. 9 (1854) ; Reichenh. Scans.

Picince, p. 401, pi. dclvi. figs. 4361-63 (juv.) (1854); Blyth, Ibis,

1866, p. 354; Cab. S,- Heine (pt.), Mus. Hein. iv. p. 178 (1863) ;

Gratj (pt.), Hand-l.B. ii. p. 190, no. 8667 (1870) ; Gould, B. Asia,

vi. pi. xix. figs. iS juv. and 5 f-d. (1876) ; Haryitt, Ibis, 1884,

p, 250 ; Vorderm. List B. Java, no. 55 (1884).
Micropicos concretus, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 331.
Micropicus concretus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 187, pi. xli. fig. 1 c? juv.,

fig. 3 $ ad. (1861).
Micropicus hartlaubi, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 189, pi. xli. fig. 5 J ad.,

fig. 6 2 juv. (1861).
Hemicercus hartlaubi, Gotdd,B. Asia,yi.\)\..xx. figs, c? $ ad. (1876).

3i). HEMICKRCUS. 483

Adult male. Ujiper back and scapulars covered with very large
rounded or slightly heart-shaped spots of black surrounded by butfy
white, these being on the apical and exposed part of the feather,
the base being black barred with white ; lower back purplish slate-
colour ; rump bufty white ; upper tail-coverts black tipped with
white ; wing-coverts black margined with huffy white ; quills black,
the inner webs of the primaries margined at the base with white,
those of the secondaries margined and notched along their whole
length, the outer webs of the secondaries spotted with white, the
innermost of these feathers barred with huffy white across both
webs ; shafts black ; tail-featJiers and shafts black ; forehead, crown,
and elongated ci'cst brilliant scarlet, the latter composed of very
soft feathers ; hind neck buffy white ; nasal plumes, sides of the
face and neck, and from the chin to the vent, both inclusive, dark
slate-grey, with a slight tinge of olive, chiefly on the underparts ;
a faint trace of a whitish stripe runs down the side of the neck, but
this is almost obsolete ; the thigh-feathers are black margined with
huffy white, the black forming a heart-shaped spot, the feathers of
the abdomen and vent tipped with dull buffy white ; under tail-
coverts black with whitish tips ; under wing- coverts buffy white.
Total length 5*5 inches, culmen O'S, wing 3-35, tail 1*15, tarsus
065 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior U'6, outer jjosterior 0'05,
inner anterior 0'4, inner posterior 0"28.

Yoiimj male. Has the forehead and crown bright rufous buff;
the entire crest flame-red ; the feathers of the underparts tipped
with greyish white ; the buffj'-white stripe down the side of the
neck well marked ; a greater amount of white on the upper back,
wings, and wing-coverts ; the feathers of the lower back broadly
tipped with buffy white.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead,
crown, and entire crest olive-grey. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen
0-8, wing 3-35, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-(")5.

Hah. Confined to the island of Java.

a b. S 9- fid. sk. Java. Gould Coll.

c, d. S 2 ad. sk. E. Java. Wallace Coll.

e. $ ad. sk. E. Java (A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

/. c? ad. sk. E. Java (Mus. Luyd.). ?alvin-Godman Coll.

V/. c? jiiv. sk. Batang, Java. Gould Coll.

h. Juv. sk. Java. Purchased.

i. Skeleton. Java. Purchased.

2. Hemicercus sordidus.*

Picas concretus (pt.), Waijl. Si/.d. Av. Picas, sp. 70 (1827). _
Dendropicus snrdidus, Eijtoii, Ann. Sj- Maij. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 229
(1845).

* Under the title of Meigh/ptes sordidus, Eeichenbach describes a bird from
Tenasserim ; but from the description given it is impossible to assign it to any
known species, and it is equally puzzling to know iu which genus it should be
placed.

2i2

484 I'icid-t:.

Hemicercus concretus {7iec Temm.), Bh/th, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. l!)o ;

id. Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 54 (184i») ; Hor^^f. ^ Moore, Vat. B.

Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 650 (1S5G-58) ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 281 (18112) ;

Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 70 (1808) ; Salvad. U<-c. Born.

p. 47 (1874).
Heruicercus coucretus (pt.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ;

id. Consp. Vobicr. Zijyod. p. 9 (1854) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 190,

no, 8667 (1870).
Hemicercus coccometopus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 401, pi. dclvi.

tios. 43(;4-4.3(j5, S 2 aJ. (1854); Sclat. P. Z. S. 186^, p. 211;

BIyt/i, Ibis, 186(), p. ;J54 (note).
Hemicercus sordidus, Blylh, J. A. S. B. 1855, p. 272 ; Cab. Sj- Heine,

Mus. Hein. iv. p. 177 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 70

(18G8) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8GG(3 (1870) ; Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. 46 (1874) ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 291 ; Hume ^ Davison,

Str. F. 1878, vi. p. 128; Hujne, op. cit. 1879, p. 62; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1879, p. 240; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Cii). Star. Nat. Genov. xiv.

p. 181 (1879) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 338 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884,

p. 247.
Micropicus concretus (pt.), Malh. Picidce, i. p. 187, pi. xli. fig. 2,

d juv. (18G1).
Picus sordidus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 10 (1866) ; Giebel, Thes

Orn. iii. p. 180 (1876).
Hemicercus brookeanus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 44 (1874).

Adult male, llesembles H. concretus, but differs in having the
occipital crest olive slate-grey ; the forehead and crown vermilion-
red, the feathers, with the exception of the posterior and elongated
ones, more rigid ; the underparts more tinged with olive. Total
length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-35, tail 1, tarsus 0-65 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0'6, outer posterior 0'7, inner
anterior 0'4, inner posterior 0'28.

Adult female. Has the entire top of the head, as well as the
crest, slaty grey, the latter slightly olive. It is almost identical
with the female of H. concretus, but has the crest perhaps a trifle
longer. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-3, tail 1,
tarsus 0'6.

The following are the various plumages possessed by the present
species which have come under my notice : —

1st stage. — Male, nestling. Forehead, crown, and crest rufous
buff, the latter with only a trace of flame-red, and varied with
dusky, as well as having dusky tips to the feathers, those of the
forehead and crown having their tips alone dusky.

2nd stage. — Forehead and crown rufous buff, the feathers having
dusky tips, a few red feathers appearing on the crown ; the crest a
mixture of flame-red and rufous buft", the feathers having dusky
tips.

3rd stage. — Forehead and crown as in the latter stage, with
numerous red feathers appearing ; crest olive-grey mixed with
reddish buff.

4th stage. — Forehead and crown vermilion-red ; crest olive-grey,
barred with dull buff.

5th stage. — Forehead and crown vermilion-red, the hinder feathers

39. HEMICERCrS.

485

of the crown elongated ; occipital crest olive-grey. This is the
fully adult male.

1st stage--!— Female, young. Forehead and crown pale rufous
butt, the crest more rufous, the feathers of the latter having dusky
tips. This is the first stage of plumage in which I have seen the
female ; but there is very probably an earlier one, in which the
feathers of the forehead and crown will have dusky tips.

2nd sto/e.— Forehead, crown, and crest olive-grey, some of the
feathers of the crest being barred with butfy whitish.

'Srd stage. — Forehead, crown, and crest entirely olive-o'rev Tlii^
is the fully adult female. "" ^'

Hah. Malayan Peninsula and straggling into South Tenasserim ;
Sumatra, Bangka, and Borneo.

a. c? juv. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. ; y. ^

imm. sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
^-??.d'ad.etimm.;

o. § juv. sk.
23-11. cjad. etjuv. ;

w, X, y. 2 ad. sk.
z, a'.cJad. etimm.

sk.
6', c', d' . cf ad. et

juv.; e'.$ ad.sk.
/'. J ad. sk.

y, h'. (f 2 ad. sk.

i', k'. cJ 2 ad. sk.

/'-?«'. (^ad.etimm.;

n'-q'. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
»■', s. c? 2 ad. sk.
t' . (J juv. sk.
u', v'.d 2ad. ; w'.

d juv. sk.
.v', ?/', z'. c? ad. et

juv. ; a", b". 2

ad. sk.
c". d juv. sk.
d",e".S 2ad.sk.
/". S juv. sk.
<;". 2 ad. sk.
/'", i". d 2 ad. ;

k", I". S 2

juv. sk.

Bankasoou, June 10, 1877

( W. Davison).
Penang (Dr. Cantor).
Klang, Salangore, Feb. 13,

1880 ( W. Davison).
Salangore, Nov. 10, 1879

( W. Davison).
Malacca.
Malacca.

Malacca [Dr. Cantor).
Malacca, Aug. [E.G. W.R.).

Malacca, Jan., Julv, Aug.

( W. Davison).
Nealys, Malacca, Oct. 1875

( W. Davison).
Pulo Seban, Malacca, Oct.,

Nov. { W. Davison).
Knroo, Malacca, Nov. 2,

1875 ( W. Davison).
Johore, Feb., Aug. ( W.

Davison).
JaflParia, Johore, March 18,

1880 ( W. Davisun).
Gunnong Pulai, Johore,

March, July, Aug., Sept.

( W. Davison).
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore.

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra
(K C. Bmton).

Sumatra.

Labuan, Borneo.

Lumbidau.

Sarawak.

Sarawak {H. Everett).

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

W. Harvev, Esq. [P.].
Ma;jor Charlton [P.].
(Types of the species.)
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Hon. Hugh Low [C.l.
Elon. Hugh Low [C.t
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

480 PICID.E.

m",ii". cS ^ii(\.ii^<.. Sarawak. H. Everett [0.].

o". (S ad. sk. Baujarmassing (J. Motley). Wallace Coll.

P"i^'' c? $ i^d- Borneo. llajah Brooke [P.].

r" . 5 juv. sk. Borneo. Purchased.

3. Hemicercus canente.

Picus canente, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 215, pi. Ixxiii. c? (18;!0) ; id.

Belmuj. Voy. iii. p. 240 (1834), <S ■
Hemicercus canente, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 437 (1845) ; Blyth, J. A. S.

B. XV. p. 282 (1846) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 54 (1840);

Horsf. ii- Moorp, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 650 (1856-58), pt. ;

Jerd\ (pt.) B. Ind. i. p. 280 (1862) ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1863, p. 75 ;

Cah. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 176 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1866,

pp. 349, 354; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1868); id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 190, no. 8668 (1870) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 169 ;

Blanford, t. c. p. 464 ; Ehves, t. c. p. 527 ; IlumeSf Darison, Sir. F.

1874, p. 471 ; id. ^- Oates, op. eit. 1875, pp. 14, 60; Bli/th S,- Wald.

B. Burm. 1875, p. 74; Wald. Ibis, 1876, p. 344; Hume, Str. F.

1877, p. 25 ; id. l^ Davison, op. cit. 1878, vi. pp. 127, 500 ; Hmne,

op. cit. 1880, p. 112; Binr/ham, t. c. p. 1(31 ; Oates, op. cit. 1882,

p. 190 ; id. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 30 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1884,

p. 252 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. (Jenova, 1888, p. 564 ;

Hvme, Str. F. xi. p. 61 (1888).
Micropicos canente, Malh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 331.
Hemicercus canens, Bp. Co>isp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Volucr. Zyyod. p. 9 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picina, p. 401,

pi. dclvi. tigs. 4366-4367, c? $ ad. (1854).
Micropicus canente (pt.), Malh. Picidce, i. p. 190, pi. xlii. figs. 1, 2

(1861).
Picus canente, vctr. orientalis, Sundev. Consji. Av. Picin.'^. 11 (1866).

Adult male. Back and scapulars black, with a broad median stripe
of bnffy white on the upper back ; rump pale buff, the lower
feathers barred with black at the tip; upper tail-coverts, tail, and
the shafts black; a very conspicuous patch of pale bufi' extending
along the whole of the forearm, the remaining wing-coverts black
narrowly margined at the tip with bufly white ; the innermost of the
sccondarj' quills huffy white with a large heart-shaped subapical
spot of black, and sometimes a concealed spot or bar, the remainder of
the quills black, the base of the inner webs margined with white ;
shafts black ; nasal plumes, top of the head and crest, upper half of
the face, and the hind neck black ; the forehead and almost the
entire crown minutely speckled with white ; chin and throat dull
buffy white, the malar region slightly dusky ; fore neck and under
surface of the body olive dusky ; from under the ear-coverts a pale
buff stripe runs backwards down the side of the neck on to the side
of the chest, and separated from the fore neck and chest by a row
of black spots ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts black, the latter,
as well as the feathers of the vent, narrowly tipped with whitish ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries bulfy white or slightly yellowish.
Total length 6'8 inches, culmcn 1'05, wing 3*85, tail 1'4, tarsus
0"78 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'65, outer posterior
0*72, inner anterior 0-45, inner posterior 0-35.

39. HEMICERCTJS.

487

Adult female. Ma)- be distinguished from the adult male bj' its
pale buff forehead and crown. Total length Cr3 inches, culmen O'S,
wing 3-85, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-7.

Young. Both sexes resemble the adult female, but differ in having
the forehead and crown deeper buff ; a dusky black stripe from the
lower mandible bordering the throat; the greater wing-coverts with
broader huffy margins ; the under surface of the body black. The
change from the buff crown of the young male to the black crown of
the adult is apparently not the result of a moult, as the black com-
mences at the tip of the feather and by degrees replaces the buff.

The soft parts in this species are as follows : "legs and feet dark
greenish horny, dark greenish plumbeous, or very dark sap-green,
often appearing all but black ; the claws blackish plumbeous or
black ; bill black ; iridcs dark brown or dark reddish brown "
{E. W. Ontes).

Hab. Throughout British Burmah (locally), and ranges north into
Cachar and Manipur ; south through Tenasserim, and into the
Malayan Peninsula as far as Kossoom ; eastward into Siam, Cam-
bodia, and South Cochin China. Probably occurs also in Native
Burmah.

a, h, c. (S ad. sk.
d,e. d2 ad.;/,

f/. (S imm. sk.
h. '$ ad. ; i. ^

imm. sk.
A-. 2 ad. sk.

/. cJ imm. sk.

?«, n. cj ad. etjuv. ;

o,p. 2 ad. etjuv.

sk.
q. 5 ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

u. S

s, t. 2 ad. ;

imm. sk.

V. (S imm. sk.

IV. (S ad. sk.

x-a . S ad. ; b'-e' .
2 ad. etjuv. sk,
/'. <S imm. sk.

//', /*'. <S 2 ad. sk.

i'-m . cJ ad. et
juv. ; 11 -r . 2
ad. etjuv. sk.

s . S ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.

Cachar {J. Inglis).

Karen Hills, Burmah, Jan. 1875

(R. G. W. li.).
Burmah (Hvuyhton).

Tonghoo, Oct. 7, 1875 (R. O.

W. R.).
Bassein, Pegu.

Pahpoon, Dec, Jan., Feb. ( W.
Davison).

Salween River, Dec. 17, 1873
( W. Davison).

Beeling, Feb. 11, 1876 ( IF. Davi-
son).

Thutoue, Jan. 1878 ( If. Davison).

Thatone, Dec. 29, 1877 ( W. Davi-
son).

Wimpong, Dec. 15, 1876 {W.
Davison).

Kaukaryit, Jan., May, June, July,
Aug., Sept. (J. Darlinq).

Khyin, March 5, 1877 ( W. Davi-
son).

Meetan, Feb. 1877 ( W. Davison).

Amherst, Dec, July ( TV. Davi-
son).

Zadee, April 5, 1874 ( JF. Davison).
Meeta Myo, April 19, 1874 ( W.
Davison).

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

W. T. Blanford,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

JIume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

488

u' . S ad. sk.
v'. 5 fid. sk.
«(7'. 5 fid. sk.
•r'. 5 jiiv. sk.

y'-z', a" . c? ad. ;

b"-e". $ ad.;/"-

juv. sk.
()". (S juv. sk.

h", t". 2 ad. ; k",
I", m". (S ad. et
imm. sk.

n". Juv. sk.

o". Skeleton.

Mergui, Jan. 7,1879 (W. Davi-
son).

Zadawoon, Mergui Islands, Nov.
21, 1874 ( IF. Davison).

Tenasserim Town, Nov. 25, 1874
(W. Davison).

Laynah, May 17, 1875 ( W. Davi-
son).

Tavoy, March, April, 1878 (W.
Davison).

Pakchan, Jan. 22, 1875 (W.

Daviso7i).
Bankasoon, Dec, April ( IP. Davi-

S07l).

Mts. of Luang, Siam, Aug. 1868.
[Java.]
Subsp. o. Hemicercus cordatus.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Mons. E. Pierre

[P.].
Purchased.

Hemicercus cordatus, Jcrd. Madr. Jouni. xi. p. 211 (1840); Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 4.37 (1845) ; Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. xl. (1847) ; Bp.
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 129 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 401,
pi. dclvi. figs. 4368-4.369, S 2 ad. (1854) ; Cab. l^ Heine, Mus.
Hein. iv. p. 175(1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, pp. 249, 254; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1868); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 191,
no. 8669 (1870) ; B/yth, Ibis, 1870, p. 169; Hume, Str. F. 1876,
p. 389; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. xviii. figs. S ? ad. (1876) ; David-
son (^ Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vii. p. 95 ; Butler, op. cit. 1880, p. 385 ;
Davison, op. cit. x. p. 354 (1883) ; Haryitt, Ibis, 1884, p. 257.

Hemicercus canente (pt.), Horsf. Sj- Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii.
p. 650 (1856-58).

Micro picus canente (pt.), Malh. Picidce, i. p. 190, pi. xhi. figs. 1, 2
(1861).

Hemicercus canente [non Less.), Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 280 (1862) ; Salv.
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 401 (1882).

Picus canente, var. occidentalis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 11
(1866).

Picus cordatus, Giehel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 151 (1876).

Hemicirens canente (? lapsu), Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 503.

Adult male. Although so closely allied to H. catwnte as to render
a detailed description unnecessary, still the conspicuously smaller
size of the present subspecies precludes the possibility of mistaking
one bird for the other, and this, together with the isolated geographical
position of //. cordatus, is sufficient to warrant a separation of the
Indian from the Burmese bird. The measurements of the toes
are nearly the same in both, but in //. cordatus they are much more
slender, H. canente having the tarsi and toes very stout: "bill
black ; legs and feet blackish, tinged with plumbeous ; irides deep
brown " ( W. Davison). Total length 5'7 inches, culmen 0-85,
wing 3-7, tail 1*35, tarsus 0"7; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'63, outer posterior 0*72, inner anterior 0-45, inner pos-
terior 0-32.

40. MICROSTICTUS.

489

Adult female. Resembles the female of H. canente. Total length
5-5 inches, ciilmen 0-75, wing 3-45, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-63.

Young. Eoth sexes resemble the adult female, but have the
forehead and crown dingy buff.

Hab. Southern part of India.
a. 5 ad. sk.

b. 5 ad. sk.

c, d. (^ imm. sk.

e. (J ad.;/. S juv.

sk.
ff, h, i. S ad. ; k,

I, m. 5 ad. sk.
n. cJ ad. sk.
o, p. cj ad. ; q. §

ad. sk.
r. (S juv. sk.
s, t. ^ 2 ad. sk.

M, V. 2 ad. sk.

w. S ad. ; .v-a'. J"
juv. sk.

Nellacotta, Wynaad, March Hume Coll

1881 ( TV. Davison).
Charmbadv, AVynaad, April 2, Hume Coll.

1881 (W.DavisoH).
VVyuaad, July, Sept. 19, 1877 Hume Coll.

(J. Darling).
Malabar.

Malabar.

Malabar.
Calicut.

Travancore.

Mynall, Travancore, Dec. 3

1874 (F. W. Bom-dillon).
MynaU, December.

Anjango, Travancore.

40. MICROSTICTUS.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

F. W. Bourdillon,

Esq. [C.J.
Hume Coll.

Type.

Lichteusteinipicus, Bp. C'onsp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7 (1854). M. fjuebris.

Bill of Microstictusfidviis.
Range. Celebes and Philippine Islands.

Key to the Species.
A. Dark slaty grey above, sandy buff below.
a'. With red ou the bead.
a". Forehead and anterior two thirds of
crown and face, including malar region,

.„ n?a""T; ■ •;• ; >^''«* ^ ad., p. 490.

6 . the whole of the top of the head and the
occiput, as well as almost the entire face,

r, ^T "''"^*°'i ; ^mllacii<Sa.A., p. 491.

b . VV ith no red on the head, this being dark
slaty grey speckled with white.
c". Tail brown above and below, the under-
side more sandy ; shafts of tail-feathers
brown above, the underside white with
the apical portion dusky brown fulvus 5 ad., p. 491.

490 PICID^E.

d" . Tail dark brownish dusky above and
below, the shafts nearly black above,
their underside dusky, with smoky-
white bases loallacii $ ad., p. 492.

V). Unicolorous above and below.

c . Above and below slaty smoke-grey, the
featliers of the head and neck -with a termi-
nal linear white marking ; malar region [p. 492.

crimson fidujinums ^ ad. *,

d' . Above and below almost black, more or
less glossed with blue ; chin, throat, and
fore neck browner, and together with the
side of the neuk covered with rounded
specks of white, the occiput with more
linear markings of white,
e". Forehead and fore part of crown, anterior
two thirds of face, and entire malar

region mulberry-red funehris S ad., p. 493.

f. "With no red on the head, this being almost
uniform slaty black, the malar region,
(only) being" distinctly speckled with
white ". funebris 5 ad., p. 493.

1. Microstictus fulvus.

Picas fulvus, Quoy ^ Gaim. Voy. VAstrol., Zool. p. 228, Atlas,

pi. xvii. fig. 2, c? (1833) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 10 (18G6).
Hemilophus fulvus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846) ; Bj). Consp. Gen.

Av. i. p. 131 (18-50) ; id. Consp. Voliicr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 17 (1854);

Ueichenb. Scans. PicincE, p. ^^^So, no. 891, pi. dcxliv. figs. 4302-

03, <S S (1854) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1S(J8).
Dryopicos fulvus. Math. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. Aletz, 1848-49,

p. 323.
Dryopicus fulvus, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 53, pi. xiv. figs. 1 c?, 2 $

(1861).
Campethera fulvus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8705 (1870).
Alophonerpes fulvus, Tweedd. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1872, p, 41 (pt.) ;

Bias. J.f. O. 1883, p. 135 ; id. Zeitsch.fiir firn. 1886, p. 87.
MuUeripicus fulvus, Meyer, Ibis, 1879, pp. 57, 145 ; Wardl.-Rams.

Ticeedd. Mem. p. 144 (1881), pt. ; GuiUem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 546.

Adult male. Entire back, rump, wings and their coverts, tail, and
upper tail-coverts slaty black, the featlacrs of the rump spotted on
their tips -with greyish white ; shafts of quills black, those of the
tail-feathers browner; nasal plumes brown; lores, forehead and
crown, side of the face to the middle of the ear-coverts (except im-
mediately behind the eye, this being rod in very old birds only)
crimson, the feathers very close and shoit ; the remainder of the
face, occiput, nape, and entire hind neck slaty black, the feathers
having white specks on their tips ; ear-coverts tipped with greyish
white ; chin and throat ashy brown, slightly rufescent on the fore
neck, the whole being covered with white specks ; entire under-
parts and under tail-coverts sandy brown ; under wing-coverts and

* The female is unknovMi.

40. MicRosTicrrs.

491

axlllaries slaty black ; under surface of the tail brownish. Total
length 14 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 7'1, tail Gl, tarsus 1-25; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0'8, inner an-
terior 0"75, inner posterior 0-4.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, those parts which are red in the male being slaty black
covered with very minute whitish specks, these being less marked
on the ear-coverts. Total length 13'5 inclies, culmen 1-6, wing G-5,
tail 5-6, tarsus 1*22.

Young, probably fi-male. Resembles the adult female, but has the
feathers of the upper portion of the forehead and greater part of the
crown tipped with crimson ; uudcrparts sandy brown, the chest
having whilish spotting.

Fledglinr/ male. Differs from the young bird above described in
having the red patch on the forehead and crown more marked and
richer in colour ; the underparts more of a sandy grey ; the tail-
shafts lighter, and the under surface of the tail greyer.

JJab. North Celebes.

(', b- d 2 ad. St.

c. (5 imm. St.

d, e. cJ imm. J
ad. sk.

f. $ imm. sk.

(/. (S ad. sk.

'/(, i. S $ ad. sk.

A-, /. J ad. ; m. J

ad. sk.
n. Skeleton.

Celebes.
Celebes.
Celebes.

Celebes, Sept. 12, 1803 {Von

Rosenberg).
Menado, N. Celebes.
Menado.

Menado.

Menado.

Purchased.

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Cnll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

2. Microstictus wallacii.

Alophonerpes fulvus (nun (iuoij Sf Gaim.), Cub. ^- Heine, Mus.

Hein. iv. p. 107 (1863) ; Tristr. Cat. Cull. p. 102 (1889).
MuUeripicus wallacei, Ttveedd. Ann. ^ May. Nat. Hist. 1877, xx.

p. 533 ; Wardl.-Rams. Tiveedd. Mem. pp. 5()2, Ap2}. 667 (1881).
Alophonerpes wallacei, Bias, in Madar. Zeitsch. fur gesamm. Orn.

l88o, p. 236, pi. xi. cf ? •

Adult male. Differs from M. fulvus in having the occiput and
nape, as well as the top of the head, red, and this colour covering
the whole of the face except a small space between the j^ostcrior
part of the malar region and the occiput ; the tail, both above and
below, dusky or slaty black, and the shafts nearly black above and
dusky below, especially at the tip. Total length 15 inches, culmen
1-9, wing 7"05, tail (rOi3, tarsus I'l ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 1-02, outer posterior O'O, inner anterior 0-83, inner
posterior 0-42.

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having less red on
the side of the face, the red of the malar stripe clearly separated
from this colour on the top of the head, the lores, orbital region, and

492 piciujE.

fore part of the ear-coverts being unspotted dusky grey, with a few
of the feathers under the eye tinged with crimson ; the spots on the
hinder part of the face, side of the neck, and the hind neck slaty
white, those upon the chin, throat, and fore neck more rounded and
very minute, being reduced to mere specks ; the ground-colour of
the chin and throat is more dusky, as are also the sides of the
body and the under tail-coverts ; the chest and breast are likewise
of a more dingy buff colour, and many of the feathers have dusky
shaft-streaks ; the shafts of the tail-feathers browner, and their
bases very much paler.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the entire absence
of red on the head, the whole of the head being dark slaty grey, the
orbital region uniform, the remainder very minutely speckled with
slaty white, and with larger and whiter longitudinal s]3ots on the
posterior part of the head. Total length 14-7 inches, culmen 1-55,
wing 6'85, tail 5-85, tarsus 1'28.

Hah. South Celebes.

(I, b. (^ 2 ^^- ^k. Makassar. Wallace Coll.

c, d. (S2 ad. ; e. Makassar (A. R. Wallace). Gould Coll.

c? juv. sk.
.f, (/■ 6 2 ad. sk. Makassar {A. R. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

(Types of the species.)

3. Microstictus fuliginosus.

Mulleripicus fuliginosus, Tu-eedd. An?i. Sf- Mag. Kat. Hist. 1877, xx.
p. 534 ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 817, 821, pi. Ixxxiii. d' ; Wardl.-
Eams. Tu-eedd. Mem. pp. 543, 548, 502, App. (i65, 667 (1881).

Adult male (type of species). Plumage slaty grey, the whole of
the body, wings, and tail uniform, the head (except the loral and
orbital region) and neck spotted with white, the spots on the top of
the head and on the nape having a striped character, those on the
chin and throat larger and more or less triangular in shape ; a large
patch of brilliant scarlet covers the entire malar region and extends
upwards nearly to the eye ; shafts of the quills and of the tail-
feathers dusky black : " iris naples-yellow " (Everett). Total length
12 inches, culmen 1*6, wing G-3, tail 4'35, tarsus 1'2; toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0*98, outer posterior 0*86, inner anterior
0"7, inner posterior 0-46.

Hah. N. Mindanao, Philippines.

a. cJ ad. sk. Butuan, Philippines, May {A. Tweeddale Coll.

H. Everett). (Type of species.)

b. ,5 ad. sk. Surigao, May (A. H. Everett). Tweeddale Coll.

4. Microstictus funebris.

Picus funebris, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Xat. xl. p. 179, 2 (1826) ; Drop.

Diet. Class. fV Hist. Kat. xiii. p. 497 (1828); Sundev. Consp. Av.

Eicin. p. 10 (1866).
Picus lichteusteiui, Waff I. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 31, $ (1827).

40. MICKOSTICTUS. 493

Picus modestus, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 98; Less. Coinnl. Bnf. ix.

p. 310, S (1837).
Picus punctatus, Less. Traite, i. p. 230, ? (1831).
Hemilophus lichtensteini, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1840) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 131 (1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. Ficince, p. 386, no. 892,

pi. dclxxix. figs. 4485-4486, J $ (1854).
Herailoplnis fimebris, Bh/fh, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55, no. 247

(1849) ; Grat/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 84 (1868).
Lichtensteinipicus modestus, Bj}. Consp. Valuer. Zi/yod. p. 7, no. 16

(1854).
Lichtensteinipicus lichensteini, Gray, List Gen. 1855, p. 93, ex Bp.
Drvopieus funebris, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 54, pi. xv. tigs. 1 cJ, 2 J

(1861).
Alophonei'pes funebris, Cab. ^- Heine, ULis. Hein. iv. p. 107 (1863).
Caiupethera funebris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 2158 (1870).
Mulleripicus funebris, Tweedd. Trans. Zool. Soc. 1875, pp. 146, 249;

Sharps, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877, p. 350, tab. no. 29 ; Tweedd. Mem.

ed. Wardl.-Ramsay, pp. 313, 410, App. 655 (1881).

Adult male. General colour slaty black glossed with greenish
blue ; nasal plumes dusky black ; forehead and fore part of the
crown, loral and orbital regions, also the cheeks, duU crimson, this
colour forming a complete mask ; chin and throat brownish, and
these, together with the whole of the neck, having minute rounded
spots or specks of white, the hinder part of the head also minutely
spotted with white, but the spots ha^^ng a more pointed or
elongated character ; ear-coverts uniform ; the breast and abdomen
blackish brown without any gloss ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries of the same colour as the wings ; shafts of quills and of tail-
feathers slaty black. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-55, wing
6'0, tail 5, tarsus I'lo ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0'93,
outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 0-73, inner posterior 0-45.

Young male. More dusky in colour than the adult male, but
similar in plumage, the spotting on the throat and side of the neck
less distinct, these markings being almost obsolete on the nape and
hind neck.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, those parts which are red in the male being uniform
black glossed -with bluish, except the malar region, which is minutely
speckled with white. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1-5, wing
6-2.5, tail 4-9.5, tarsus 1-12.

Hah. Philippine Islands (Luzon and Calayan).

a, b. (^ 2 ^^- st- Philippines. Purchased.

c. 2 ad. sk. Philippines. Purchased.

d, e. S 2 ^d. sk. Philippines. Tweeddale Coll.
/, ff- d ad. sk. Philippines. Gould Coll.

/(.cTad. ; i,k.2 Luzon, Jan., April (A. B. Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk. Meyer).

I, m. d 2 ad. sk. Manila {3Iai/land Heriut). Tweeddale Coll.

»(. c? ad. sk. Manila. Zoolo^zical Societv.

4U-i

41. HEMILOPHUS.

Type.
TI. pulverulent us.

lleniilojilius, Swains. Claxsif. B. 'A. p. 309 (18-'>7). ... TI

^luUeiipicus, Bp. C'o72.-p. Vo/iicr. Z;/f/od. p. 7 (1854) . . H. pulveruleatu

Aloplioiieipes, Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 385 (1854) H. pulverulent u.s

Macropicus, Malh.Introd. Monogr. Picid. p. liii (1861) H. pulverulentu.'<

Bill of Hemlloplms ■pulvcruhntus.

liaiKje. Himalayan Provinces, west to Kumaon, east into Assam ;
through Burmah and into Cochin China, and south through the
Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Occurring also
in the Island of Palawan.

1. Hemilophus pulverulentus.

I^icus javensis $ , Horsf. Tirnis. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 17(5, cJ (18:^2) ;

Lat/i. Hist. B. iii. p. 35-3, ^ (1822); Steph. Gen. ZooL xiv. p. 159,

6 (1^26).
Pious pulverulentus, Tetnm. PL Col. 380,(5 (1B26); Vi(j. Mem.lioffl.

p. 669 (1830) ; Less. Traite, i. p. 222, S (1831) ; Sundev. Co7isp.

Av. Picin. p. 10 (1866).
Picus gutturalis, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Kat. xl. p. 178 (1826).
Picus Uiacldoti, Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 4 $ add., sp. 1 J ad., 5

imm. (1827) ; id. Isis, 1829, p. 608.
Picus horsfieldii, ? , Wagl. Sgd. Av. Picus, sp. 5, ^ (1827).
lleuiilophus pulverulentus, Swains. C/assif. B. ii. p. 309 (1837);

Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 54, no. 244 (1849) ; id. J. A. S. B.

1854, p. 215; Bla??/. Ibis,1870, p. 464.
Hemilophus mackloti, Grag, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.39 (1846) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 131 (IS-lO'i ; Beichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 385, no. 889,

pi. dcxliv. tigs. 4300-01 ', c? ? (1854).
Hemilophus miilleri, Bp. Consp. Gen. An. i. p. 131 (1850).
Mulleripicus pulverulentus, i)';;. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7, no. 15

(1854); Gray, Cat. Gen. B. Brit. Mas. 1855, p. 03, no. 1576;

Horsf. L§- Moore, Cat. B. Mas. E. J. Co. ii. p. 651 (1856-58) ;

Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 455 ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 284 (ls(;i>) ;

^/j,'f/(, 7/!<w, 1866, p. 355; Jerd. op. cit. 1872, p. 9; Godw.-AxiM.

J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 155 ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 133

(1878) ; Hume, op. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 87, no. 168 ; Tiraut, Ois. B.-

Cochinchim, p. 89 (1879) ; Bingh. Str. F. 1880, pp. 141, 162, 472 ;

Kelh. Lbis, 1881, p. 388; Gates, Str. F. x. p. 190 (1882; ; Sharpe,

Ibis, 1888, p. 197.

41. HEMILOPHUS. 405

Dryopicus gutturalis, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 51, pi. xv. figs. 4 S ad.,

•5 2 ad., Bjiiv. (1861).
Alophouerpes guttiiralis, Cab. Sf Heine, Mm. Hein. \\. p. lOlJ (1863) ;

Blyth ^- Wald. B. Bunn. p. 75 (1875).
Ilemilophus gutturalis, Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1868).
Campethera gutturalis, Gray, Sand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8704 (1870).
Mulleiipicus gutturalis, Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 471 ; id. ^- Oates, oj/.

cit. 1875, pp. li, C)6.
Alophoiiei-pes pulverulentu.s, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 51 (1S74); Wurdl.-
Ra7ns. Ibis, 1877, p. 457 ; Sharpe, op. cit. 1879, p. :?42 ; id. P. Z. tS.
1879, p. 326, 1881, p. 792 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 29 (1883) ;
Vorderm. Over. Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 191 (1884).
Hemilophus iischeri, Briifig. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Breni. 1877, p. 454
(juv.)-
Adult male. Entire upper parts, wings, and tail uniform blackish
slate-colour ; shafts of quills and of rectrices black : nasal plumes,
entire head, hind neck, and sides of the neck of a lighter slate-colour
than the upper parts, the forehead and sides of the face uniform,
the feathers of the crown, hind neck, and sides of the neck covered
M'ith greyish-white spots and having a powdered appearance; a pale
red malar patch ; chin, throat, and fore neck ochreous saffron-yellow,
the feathers having reddish tips, the latter colour increasing in in-
tensity on the fore neck ; the lower feathers of the fore neck ashy
at the base, the tips pale reddish ; under surface of the body and
under tail-coverts blackish slate-colour, the feathers having a paler
spot at the tip ; the lower abdominal, as well as the vent-feathers,
varied with buffy-whitish tips ; under wing-coverts aud axillaries
dark slate-colour : " bill bluish white, blackish along culmen and
at the tips of both mandil)les ; the inside of the mouth bluish black ;
eyelids dusky plumbeous ; iris very dark hazel-brown ; legs a deep
dull blue ; claws bluish horny" (Oates). Total length 17'5 inches,
culmen 2-S, wing 9-05, tail 5-S, tarsus 1*52 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 1-2, outer posterior 0'95, inner anterior 0'9, inner
posterior 0'62.

Young male. Differs from the adult male in having the entire
malar region, forehead, and greater part of the crown washed with
pale crimson, this colour being very faint upon the crown ; the head
darker slaty grey and the tips of the feathers less white ; upper parts
rather browner ; the under surface of the body unspotted ; the ab-
domen, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts more of a dusky
brown, but assuming the dark slaty-gre)- plumage ; chin, throat,
and fore neck light buff, the latter washed with pale red. It has
also a pale crimson stripe, rather than a spot, on the hinder part
of the malar region, as in the adult.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of the
red malar patch ; the feathers of the chin and throat bright ochreous
saffron-yellow, without reddish tips ; the fore neck slightly washed
with reddish. "The soft parts the same as in the male." (Gates.)
Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 8-8, tail 5-9, tarsus 1-52.
JJab. Sub-Himalayan Provinces, west to Kumaon (probably
further), east iuto Assam, south through British and 2^ative Burmah,

496

and ranging into Lower Cochin China; the Malayan Peninsula,
Sumatra *, Java, and Borneo.

a. S ad. ; h,c. 2

imm. sk.
rl, e. d ad. sk.
/: 2 ad. sk.
I/. 2 ad. sk.

h. 2 ai^l- sk.
L _c? ad. ; k. 2

imm. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
711, n. 2 ad. sk.
o. <S ad. sk.
;m, q, r. S ad. ; s,

t. 2 ad. sk.
u, V. (S 2 ad. sk.

w. (S ad. sk.

X. S ad. sk.
y, K. 6 2 ad. sk.

a'. $ ad. sk.
b'. (S ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
e'. S ad. ; /', «;'.

5 ad. sk.
h', i', k'. S ad.sk.
/'. S ad. sk.

m. (S ad. sk.
n',o'. (S 5ad.sk.

p . 2 ad. sk.
q , /•'. S ad. ; s .

2 ad. sk.
t'. (S ad. sk.
u . (S ad. St.

v'. 2 ad. St.
w', x'. (S 2 ad. sk.
y'. S jiiv. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.
a" . (S inim. sk.
h", c'. S 2 ad. sk.
d". S ad. sk.
e". 2 ad sk.
f'\(j"' 6 ad. sk.
A", «'". (5 2 ad. sk.
li' . S ad. sk.
Z". <S ad. sk.

Oudli Terai.

Oudh Terai, Jan., Feb.
Fyzabad, Oudh, .tune 4, 1872.
Raiigeet River, Native Sikhim,

June (i. Mnndelli).
Assam {A. W, Chennell).
A ssam.

Arakan Hills, Pegu, Jan. 1872.
Tonghoo, Feb. {li. G. W. H.).
Tenasseiim, ,Tan. ( If'. Limborf/).
Pahpoon, Jan., Feb., June ( TF.

Davison).
Younzaleeu Creek, Feb. ( W.

Davison).
Lathorgee, Myawadee, Jan. ( JF.

Davison ).
Tbatone, Jan. (W. Davison).
Tboungyeeu Valley, Feb., Oct.

(C. T. Bingham).
Amherst, March (.7. Armstrong).
Yeaboo, Dec. {J. Darling).
Tavoy ( If. Davison).
Pakcban, Jan. ( fV. Davison).
Bankasoon, March, June ( W.

Davison).
Malewoou, Jan. {W. Davison).
Katoung, Victoria Point, March

( JF. Davison).
Cochin China.
Tapra-sv,lsland of Salanga, April

{J. Darling).
Penang (Dr. Cantor).
Klang, Salaugore, May, July

( W. Davison).
Ulu Langh.at, June ( Tf. Davison).
Malacca.

Malacca.

Malacca.

Malacca.

Malacca, Jidy ( W. Davison).

Malacca (Dr. Canto)-).

Malacca, Aug. (B. G. W. i?.).

Johore, Aug. {W. Davison).

Sumatra.

Java {Hors field).

E. Java.

Sarawak, Sept. (A. H. Everett).

Labuan {H. T. Ussher).

Pinwill Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Earl of Ellen-
borough [P.].

Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Twededale Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Wallace Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

* A specimen in the Collection bears this locality, but no authority is given.

42. THRIPONAX. 497

42. THRIPONAX.

Type.

Thriponax, Cab. ^ Heme, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863) . . T. javensis.

Range. Burmese Provinces, Siam and Cochin China ; through the
Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra, Eangka, Java, Borneo, and the
Philippines ; north into Corea and the island of Tzus Sima. To the
westward, occurring in the southern part of India and in the
Andaman Islands.

Key to the Species.

A. With red on the head.

a' . With no white on the upper parts.

a" . With more or less white on the underparts.

«'". Chest and upper breast black ; throat

• and fore neck black, striped with white.

a*. Top of the head, crest, and malar

stripe red javensis ^ ad., p. 499.

6*. Crest (only) red ; no red malar stripe, javensis $ ad., p. 499.
b'" . Chest-feathers with black centres and
broad white margins ; throat and fore
neck white, striped with black,
c^. Top of the head, crest, and malar

stripe red pectoralis cS ad., p. 500.

d^. Crest (only) red; no red malar stripe i)ectoralis^&di.,\>. 501.
c'". Breast having a lunulate patch of slate-
colour, with small dark waves ; top of
the head and crest red ; no red malar

stripe crawfurdi, p. 501.

h". With no white on the underparts.

d'" . Top of the head, crest, and malar stripe

red hodyii c? ad., p. 502.

e". Crest (only) red ; no red malar stripe. . hodgii 9 ad., p. 502.
h' . With white on the upper parts.

c" . With a belt of white across the middle of

the underparts; throat and fore neck

uniform black ; the primaries not tipped

with white.

/' '. Top of the head, crest, and malar

stripe red hodgsoni S ad., p. 503.

g'". Crest (only) red; no red malar stripe . hodgsoni $ ad., p. 503.
d". The white on the undeii^arts extending
from below the chest to the vent ; throat
varied with white ; outer primaries tipped
with white.
h'". Inner webs of the primaries, as well as
of the secondaries, white at the base
for a third (more or less) of their
length,
e'. Outer primai'ies with only a small
apical spot of white.
a". Top of the head, crest, and malar

stiipe red feddeni S ad., p. 504.

VOL. xviii. 2 K

498 nciD.E.

b'\ Crest (only) red ; no red malar

stripe. . . .' feddeni J ad., p. 504.

f^. Outer primaries ■with a conspicuous
apical white patch, the extent on the
outer web of the tliird feather being
O'Oo inch ; top of the head, crest, [p. 505.

and malar stripe red kalinoicskii J ad.,

i'" . Primaries not white at the base.
g*. Top of the head, crest, and malar

stripe red hargitti <S ad., p. 505.

Ti^. Cre.st (only) red; no red malar stripe, hargitti $ ad., p. 500.
B. With no red on the head.

c . Outer primaries with only a small spot of

white at the tip richardsi $ ad., p. 506.

d' . Outer primaries with a conspicuous apical

patch of white, the extent on the outer web [p. 505.

of the third feather being about an inch .. lialinowskii 5 ad..

1. Thriponax javensis.

Picus javensis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc.jlui. p. 175 (1822), c?; Steph.

Gen. Zuol. xiv. p.'l59 ( 182(3), c?; Viy. Mem. Eaffl. •^. 668 (1830).
Picus leucogaster, VnU-nc. Diet. So. Nat. xl. p. 178 (1826),$; Wagl.

Sijst. Av. Picus, sp. 7, 2 (1827) ; id. I.sis, 1829, p. 509, d"; Temm.

PL Col. iv. pi. 501, S (1838) ; Sunder. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 9

(1866).
Picus horsfieldii, Waul. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 5, cJ (1827).
Dryocopus javensis, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326.
Dryocopus leucogaster, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326.

Picus fulvigaster, Drap. Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 503 (1828) *.
Picus maximus malayensis, Bland, J. A. S. B. vi. p. 952 (1837).
Hemilophus leucogaster, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), 5 .
Ilemilophus javensis. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 439 (1846), c?; Blyth, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 131

(1850) ; id. Consp. Volvcr. Ziigod. p. 7 (1854) ; Reichenb. Scans.

Picinee, p. 386, no. 894, pi. dcxlv. figs. 4306-4307, c? 2 (1B54) ;

Motley Sj- Dilhc. Contr. Nat. Hist. Labuan, p. 29 (1855); Sclat.

P. Z. S. 1863, p. 211 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 85 (1868) ;

Stoliczka, J. A. S. B. 1870, p. 290; Briigg. Ahhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, 1878, p. 531.
Dryopicos leucogaster, Malh. Mem. Aead. Metz, 1848-49, p. 322.
Midleripicus javensis, Horsf. ^' Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii,

p. 652, no. 946 (1856-58; ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 285 (1862).
Dryopicus leucogaster, Malh. Picida, i. p. 47, pi. xiii. figs. 4, 5, cJ $

(l'^61). ^ .

Thriponax javensis. Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 52 (1874) ; Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 103 ;

Ihime, Str. F. 1875, p. 319 ; Ticeedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 288 ; id. P. Z. S.

1877, pp. 689, 821 ; Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 135 (1878);

Hume, 0]}. cit. 1879, pp. 52, 87 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243 ; Tweedd.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 69 ; Sharj^e, torn. cit. p. 326 ; Nicholson, Ibis,

1881, p. 141; Kelham, torn. cit. p. 388; Shariye, P. Z. S. 1881,

p. 792 ; Mull. Orn. Ins. Sulanga, p. 72 (1882) ; Nicholson, Ibis,

* Evidently the present species, but with a mistake in the measurement.

42. THKll'OXAX. 49!)

1882, p. 54 ; id. ojK cit. 1883, p. 89 ; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn. ii. p. 27
(1883) ; KiUter, J. f. O. 1883, p. 295 ; Bias. Verhandl. zool-bot.
GeseJlsch. Wien, 1883, p. 30 ; Vordenn. List B. Java, no. 61 (1884) ;
Harc/itt, Ibis, 1885, p. 146.
Campethera javensis, Grai/, Hand-L B. ii. p. 193, no. 8707 (1870).

Adult male. Entire back, scapulars, wings, rump and upper tail-
coverts, tail, likewise the shafts of quills and of tail-feathers, black,
the outermost primaries with only a spot of white at the extreme
base of the inner webs, the secondaries having their inner webs
white at the base for about an inch of their length ; nasal plumes
black ; forehead, crown, occipital crest, and broad malar patch
crimson, tlie feathers of the forehead and crown having greyish bases,
those of the occipital crest being white at the extreme base ; face
and entire neck, chin, throat, chest, and breast black ; under and
behind the ear-coverts, also the chin and upper throat, varied with
narrow and short white striations ; abdomen, sides of the body,
flanks, and thighs huffy white or pale buff, the thigh-feathers having
a broad subterminal black band ; veut and under tail-coverts black;
outer under wing-coverts black, the inner ones huffy white ; axillaries
butfy white. Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-^*, wing 8-7, tail 6-3,
tarsus 1"3 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1-0.5, outer pos-
terior 0'95, inner anterior 0'7S, inner posterior 0'52.

Immature male. Has the bases of the feathers of the forehead and
crown sooty black ; the red on the malar region duller, and the
feathers of the chin and throat and behind the ear-coverts conspi-
cuously white. Jn other respects it resembles the adult of the
same sex.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black, the occipital and nuchal crest, alone, being crimson.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 8-75, tail 6-2, tarsus 1-22.

FIedgli»r/ female. Eesembles the adult of the same sex in the dis-
position of the red on the head, but it is bright scarlet, not crimson.
As in the immature male, there is also more white on the chin and
throat and behind the ear-coverts.

The soft parts in this species are as follows: — "Legs and feet
pale plumbeous to leaden blue ; iris creamy white, creamy yellow,
clear yellow ; orbital skin very dark plumbeous : bill black, lower
mandible plumbeous blue to duskj' plumbeous " (TF. Davison).

This species probably interbreeds with Th. feddeid, as I have seen
an adult bird from Malewoon having the rump-feathers white with
a subterminal band of black.

Ilaf). South Tcnasserim : Malayan Peninsula ; the islands of Su-
matra, Bangka, Java, Borneo, and the following of the l^hilippiue
islands : — Luzon, Negros, Surigao, Mindanao, and Basilan.

a. 2 ad. sk. Lavnah, Tenasserim, May 27, Hume Coll.

1875 ( jr. Davinm).
h, c. c? ad. ; d, e. Bankasoon, Dec, Feb., May Humo Coll.

2 ad. sk. ( W. Davison).

/. $ ad. sk. Malewoon,Dec. 10, 1875(jr. Hume Coll.

Davison).

2e2

500

g, h. 6 2 ad. sk.

i, h. S 9- ad- ; I-
S jiiv. sk.

m. 2 ad. St.

n. tS ad. st.

0. c? ad. ; /), q.
2 ad. sk.

r, s. d ad. ; i. 2
ad. sk,

ti. 2 ad. sk.

V, IV. (S 2 ad. sk.

X. 2 ad. sk.

y. S juv. sk,

s-e'. S ad. ; /',
5 cad. sk.

g' . cJ ad. ; h' ,i' .

2 ad. sk.
k'. S ad. sk.

Z'. S ad. sk.
m'. cJ ad. sk.
n' . S ad. sk.
o'. cJ ad. sk.
p'. S ad. sk.
g''. cJ iniui. sk.
r'. (5 imiu. sk.
s' , t'. S ad. sk.

u',v'. c? 2 ad. sk.

lo'. 2 jiiv. sk.

x'. 2 ad. sk.
y'. (S ad. sk.

s', «". c? ad.; 6".

2 ad. sk.
c". 2 ad. sk.
d" ,e".S 2ad.sk.

Dingding Islands, March

1879 ( W. Davison).
Klang, Salaugore, Aug. 1879

( W. Davison).
[Malacca.]
Malacca.
Malacca, July, Aug. ( IV.

Daviso?i).
Malacca, Aug.

Malacca (Dr. Cantor).
Piilo Seban, Malacca, Nov.

12, 1875 ( W. Davison).
Kuroo, Malacca, Nov. 5,

1875 ( W. Davison).
Jaffixria, Joliore, March 17,

1880 {W. Davisu7i).
Gunnoug, Pulai, Johore,

March, July, Aug. (W.

Davison).
Lampoug, Sumatra {E. C.

Buxton).
Java (Ilorsfield).

Java.

E. Java.

E. Java (A. R. Wallace).

Borneo.

Saravi^ak.

Sarawak.

Labuan.

Zamboanga, Mindanao, Mar.,

April 1878 (A. Everett).
Surigao, March 1877 {A.

Everett).
Basilan, May 1873 {A.

Everett).
Negros.
Monte Alban, Luzon, March

1877 (A. Everett).
Luzon, Jan., April (A. B,

Meyer).
Manila (Maitland Heriot).
Manila.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Earl of EUeuborough.
J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.],
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum. (Type

of species.)
Purchased.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Rajah ]3rooke. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Prof. J. B. Steere [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.

2, Thriponax pectoralis. (Plate XIII.)

Thi-iponax pectoralis, Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 340, 379 ; Wardl.-
Jia»i.say, Txveedd. Metn. p. 696, ^ App. pp. 655, 670 (1881) ;
Harg. Ibis, 1885, p. 143.

Adult male. Resembles Th. javensis in having the upper parts
entirely black, but differs from that species in having the chin,
throat, fore neck, the feathers above and behind the eai'-coverts and
also behind the malar region white striped with intense black ; the

42. THRIPONAX. 501

feathers of the chest very broadly margined with creamy white,
the centres alone being black, which produces a squamate appear-
ance ; some of the breast-feathers are striped with black ; the under
wing-coverts are similar to those of Th. javensis, but the black edge
of the wing is covered with rounded spots of white. Total length
16-5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 7-9, tail 6-05, tarsus 1-35; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1-1, outer posterior 0-95, inner
anterior 0-82, inner posterior 0-53.

Yoxmci male. Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the
white of the throat and fore neck duller, and the striations less
intense black ; the feathers of the malar region white, with dusky
bases, a few assuming the red tips.

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown black ; the malar
region white striped with black. In other respects like the adult
male. Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 7"8o, tail 0-G5,
tarsus 1-35.

Bah. The islands of Leyte and Panaon, Philippine group.

«, 6. d $ ad. sk. South Leyte, Philippines, Sept. Tweeddale Coll.

1877 (a. H. Everett). (Types of species.)

c. S juv. sk. Leyte, July 1877 {A. II. Ever- Tweeddale Coll.

ett).

d. cS ad. sk. Panaon, Oct. 1877 {A. H. Ever- Tweeddale Coll.

ett).

3. Thriponax crawfurdi.

Picus crawfurdii, Gray in Griffitli's Cuv. Anim. Kingd., Birdie, ii.

p. 513, fig. (1829).
Dryopicus leucogaster (pt.), Malh. FieidcB, i. p. 47 (1861).
Thriponax javensis (pt.), Cah. Sj- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105

(1803).
Ileniilophiis javensis (pt.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 85

(1808).
Picus leucogaster (pt.), Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1870).
Thriponax crawfurdi, Hu7ne, Str. F. 1879, pp. 87 and 409, 410

(note) ; Haryitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 149.

The following is the description given by Gray in Griffith's
edition of ' Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,' Birds, ii. p. 513 (1829),
along with a figure : —

" Crawfurd's Woodpecker is from an Indian drawing brought to
this country by Mr. Crawfurd, jun. The whole upper part (except
the crest) is deep dark brown, sprinkled with grey on the sides of
the neck ; across the breast is a large lunule patch of slate-colour,
with small dark waves : the belly is yellow, with the like crescent-
shaped spots, and the crest is deep red."

The present species is only known from Gray's description, and
the figure (above referred to) which was taken from nature by an
Indian artist for Mr. Crawfurd, jun. Many authors have con-
founded Th. craivfnrdi -with Th. javensis, and also with Th.feddeni;
but as the bird described and figured by Gray is evidently a male,

502 picTD^ii:.

the slate-coloured patch on the breast, as well as the absence of the
red malar stripe, clearly distinguish it from Th. jauensis, while
the black rump alone would show that it was not Th. feddi'iii.
Hah. Probably Ava *, Native Rurmah.

4. Thriponax hodgii.

MuUeripicus liodgei, Blylh, J. A. S. B. 1800, p. 105; Jenl. B. Ind.

i. p. 285 (1862) ; Beavan, Ibi^, 1867, pp. 320, 334 ; Ball, J. A. S. B.

xxxix. pt. 2, p. 241 (1870) ; id. op. cit. xli. pt. 2, p. 270 (1872) ; id.

Sir. F. 1873, p. 63.
Thriponax hodgei, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 106 (1863) ;
Wald. His, 1873, p. 301 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 189, 1870,

p. 87 ; HargiU, His, 1885, p. 142.
Picus hodgei, Sunder. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 9 (1866).
Hemilophus liodgei, Grmj, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1868).
Cauipethera hodgei, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8710 (1870).

Adult male. Forehead, crown, and elongated occipital crest
bright scarlet ; the malar stripe also scarlet, but duller in colour ;
the remainder of the plumage dull black ; shafts of quills and of
tail-feathers black. Total length 1.5 inches, culmen ] -87, wing 7*2,
tail 5'65, tarsus 1-3 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*95,
outer posterior 0'85, inner anterior 0-72, inner posterior 0"4.5.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and crown black, the occipital crest alone being scarlet, and also in
the absence of the red malar patch. Total length 15 inches, culmen
1-75, wing 7'2, tail 5*4, tarsus 1'2.

Mr. Hume gives the soft parts of this species as follows : — " Legs,
feet, and claws blackish plumbeous ; bill black in some specimens,
but not in all, whitish and semitransparent at the tip ; irides
yellowish white to pale yellow."

Hah. Confined to the Andaman Islands.

a, b, c. (S P-d. et
imm. ; d~h. 5
ad.etimm. sk.

i, k, I. 2 ad. sk.

m., n, o. (S ad. et

imm. ; p, q.

2 imm. sk.
r. (S ad. ; s, t.

2 ad. sk.
M, V. (S ad. et

imm. ; w. $

ad. sk.
a: S ad. sk.
y. (S ad. sk.

S. Andamans, Dec, Jan., Feb.,
March {R. G. W. P.).

S. Andamans, Aug., Sept. (P.

J. Wimberley).
Mt. Harriet, S. Andamans,

Jan., March ( W. Davison).

Port Moiiat, S. Andamans,

Jan. {TV. Davison).
Aberdeen, S. Andamans, Dec,

May, Sept. ( W. Davison).

Port Blair, S. Andamans, Aug.

[Nicobar.]

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

* Mr. Crawfurd, for whom tbe drawing of this species was made, was
resident in this city.

42. THEIPOXAX.' 503

5. Thriponax hodgsoni.

Hemilophus hodgsoni, Jerd. Madr. Journ. ser. 1, xi. p. 215 (1840) ;

Graij, Gen. B. ii. p. 432 (1846) ; Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xy. p. 283

(1840) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 55; no. 245 (1849) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 131 (1850); id. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 7 (1854) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Bicina, p. 386, no. 895, pi. dcxlv. tig. 4308, J

(1854) ; Gray, List Bicid. Brit. Mus. p. 85 (1868).
? Picus leucogaster, Blyt^, J. A. S. B. 1842, p. 464.
Picus hodgsouii, Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. v. S (1847) ; Stindev. Consp.

Av. Picin. p. 9 (1866).
Dryopicos bodgsonii, MalTi. Mem. Acad. Met::, 1848-49, p. 322.
Dryopicus hodgsoni, Malh. Bicidce, i. p. 49, pi. xiii. figs. 1, 2, c? 5

(1861).
Mulleripicus hodgsoni, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 284 (1862).
Thriponax hodgsoni, Cub. c^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863) ;

Hume, Str. F. ] 876, p. 390, 1879, p. 87 ; Butler, op. cit. 1880,

p. 386 ; id. Cat. Birds Bomb. Pres. p. 23 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F.

1883, X. p. 355 ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 150.
Campethera hodgsonii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 193, no. 8708 (1870).

Adult male. Plumage black, -with the folio-wing exceptions: — the
rump Tvhite ; breast and upper part of abdomen, as -well as the
sides of the body, buft'y white ; the feathers of the lower part of the
abdomen margined at the tip with bnffy white ; forehead, crown,
occipital and nuchal crest, likewise the malar stripe, crimson, the
bases of the feathers of the occiput and nape creamy white ; a few
white streaks behind the ear-coverts ; primaries with a concealed
white spot at the base, the secondaries having their basal portion
white for an inch or an inch and a half, at most, of their length ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries buffy white ; shafts of quills and
of tail-feathers black : " bill black ; legs dark plumbeous : irides
crimson " (Jerdon). Total length 18 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 8-7,
tail 7"2, tarsus 1"42 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer
posterior 0'8, inner anterior 0-8, inner posterior 0*5.

Adult femcde. Diifers from the adult male in the absence of red
on the forehead, crown, and malar region, the occipital and nuchal
feathers alone being crimson. Total length 17'5 inches, culmen
2*35, wing 8-55, tail 0-7, tarsus 1*35.

Hab. Southern India, extending as far north as Belgaum.

a. 2 ad. sk. S. India. Zool. Soc.

b, c. S 2 '^d. sk. Mynall, Travancore, Dec. 8, Hume Coll.

1874 (F. Bourdillon).

d. 9 ad. sk. Mvnall, Travancore, Nov. 26, F. Bourdillon, Esq.

"1879. [C.l.

e. cJ ad. sk. Madras. Sir \V. Elliott [P.].

f. g. $ imm. sk. "Wynaad. Hume Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll.

604 ricin^.

6. Thriponax feddeni.

Mulleripicus feddeni, Blanf. J. A. S. B. 186;3, p. 75; BIyth, Ibis,

1870, p. 1G3.
Thriponax jerdoni, Cah. Sj- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 105 (1863).
Picusjei'doui (ex Cab.S,- Heine), Sioidev. Consp. Av. Pi'cjrt. p. 9(1866).
Ileniiliiphus feddeni. Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1868).
Campethera crawfurdi, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 194, no. 8709 (1870).
Thriponax feddeni, Wald. Ibis, 1871, p. 164; Bingham, Str. F. 1879,

p. 194 ; Hume, tom. cit. pp. 87 & 409 ; Binyham, op. cit. 1880,

p. 162; Oates, op. cit. x. p. 190 (1882); id. B. Brit. Bicrm. ii.

p. 28 (1883) ; Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. 152 ; Salvad. An7i. Mm. Civ.

Sfor. Nat. Genova, 1887, p. 578.
Thriponax crawfurdi {non Gray), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 471 ; id. 8f

Oates, op. cit. 1875, pp. 14, 66 ; Blyth i^ Wald. B. Burm. p. 75

(1875) ; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 134 (1878).

Adult male. Resembles Th. hodgsoni, but diifers in having a
considerable amonnt of white on the base of the inner webs of all
the quills, this on the outer primaries and on the secondaries
extending for about two inches, and on the inner primaries
occupying a space of about three and a half inches ; the outer
primaries tipped with a white spot ; the white on the underparts
more extended : the red on the top of the head and on the malar
region more scarlet ; the chin and throat as well as behind the ear-
coverts striped with white. Total length 15 inches, culmen 205,
wing 8*45, tail 5-7, tarsus 1"25 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0'95, outer posterior 0-85, inner anterior 0'72, inner
posterior 0-5.

Adidt female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and the greater part of the crown, also the malar region, black.
Total length 15 inches, culmen 1"85, wing 8*2, tail 6, tarsus 1-25.

Young. Resemble the adult of their respective sexes, except that
in the early stage of the male the malar region is devoid of red, the
feathers next assume dull red tips ; the chin and throat are
conspicuously white, with dusky black stripe-like spots.

The soft parts in this species are as follows : " iris yellow ;
eyelids lavender-brown ; legs plumbeous ; claws horny-grey ; bill
bluish black, darkest on the upper mandible and palest on the lower
near the base " (E. W. Oates).

Hub. British Burmah, as far south as Lathorgee, Tenasserim ;
Siam, and extending into Cochin China.

a. c? ad. sk. Pegu, Burmah. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].

b. $ ad. sk. Thavetmyo, Sept. 1874 (H. G. Tweeddale Coll.

iv. B.).
c,d.(S2 ad. sk. Thayetmyo, Feb. 1873 (F. W. Hume Coll.
Oates).

e. S ad. sk. Arakan Hills, June 1873 {E. Hume Coll.

W. Oates).

f, q. 6 ad. ; h, i. Tonghoo, Oct., Nov., Dec. {R. Tweeddale Coll.

2 ad. sk. G. W. E).

k. $ ad. sk. Meetan, Tenasserim, Feb. 2, Tweeddale CoU.

1877 {Limborg).

42. THRIPONAX. 505

I. 2 ad. sk. Meklouo-, Siaiu. H. C. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.].
m, n. S $ ad. sk. Kaukaryit, Houngthraw R., Hume Coll.

Aug. 1879 (C. f. Binqham).
0. $ ad. sk. Kyouk-uyat, Feb. 1,' 1874 Hume Coll.

( TV. Davison).
p. 5 ad. sk. Pahpoon, Jan. 17, 1874 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
q, 2 ad. sk. Pymina-ban, Jan. 2, 1878 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).
r,s. (S ad. ; t. 2 Tliaiiiban, Thatone, Nov., Jan. Hume Coll.

ad. sk. 18, 1878 {W. Damson).

u. (J ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. 23, 1876 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davisoyi).
V. cJ ad. sk. Lathorgee, Jan. 22, 1877 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

7. Thriponax kalinowskii.

Thriponax kalinowskii, Tacz. P. Z. S. 18S7, p. 607, 1888, p. 467.

Adult male. Eesembles Th. feddeni, but naay be distinguished by
the conspicuous white tips to some of the primaries. According to
Dr. Taczanowski, the live outer quills are tipped with white, the
bastard quill having only a small terminal spot, while the third has
the outer web white to the extent of 0-95 inch and the inner web to
about 0-4 ; on the fourth quill the white does not attain an extent
of more than 0"7. There is rather less white at the base of the
quills : " in the 1st and 2nd it occupies more than the basal g, in
the 3rd the basal | is white, and in the secondaries the white is
equally distributed " (TaczanoivsJci, MS.). The measurements re-
duced to inches are: "Total length lU-5 inches, wing 9-65, tail 6-8,
bill to gape 2'53, tarsus 1'2 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
1'07, outer posterior 0-66 ; tail exceeding the end of the wing by
3'5" (Taczanowski). The soft parts are as follows: "bill black;
feet blackish : iris pale yellow " (Kalinowsli).

Adult female. " Differs from the adult male in the complete
absence of red on the head. Total length 17"S5 inches, wing 9-85,
tail (2)?, bill 2-68, tarsus 1-22" {Taczanowsld). « Iris yellowish
white " (Kalinoivski).

Hah. Corea (Seoul and Siongno).

8. Thriponax hargitti.

Thriponax javensis (pt.), Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2nd ser. Zool. i.

p. ,314 (1«76).
Thriponax hargitti, Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. .317, pi. viii. ; Harg. op. cit.

1885, p. llo ; Sharpe, op. cit. 1888, p. 197.

Adult male. Resembles Th. feddeni, but may be distinguished by
the absence of white at the base of the primaries ; the apical white
spot is either very much smaller or entirely wanting. Total length
15-5 inches, culmen 2- 15, Aving 8-4, tail 6-4, tarsus 1-35 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 1-05, outer posterior (J-95, inner
anterior 0*82, inner posterior 0'53.

•'06 PICIDJE.

Adult female. Has the forehead and greater part of the crowii,
also the malar region, black, the occipital and nuchal crest alone
being scarlet. Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 8-2, tail
(rl, tarsns 1'3.

Hub. Palawan.

'■', '''• d" 2 ''I'^l- "l^- Palawan. E. Lempriere [C.].

(Types of species.)
c. 2 ad. sk. Palawan. Prof. J. B. Steere fC.].

*(/, e. cS 2 ad. sk. [Manila.] Gonld Coll.

9. Thriponax richardsi.

Dryocopus richardsi, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 386, pi. xxxi. ;

Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188G, p. 124.
MiiUeripicus richardsi, Wall. Isl. Life, p. 870 (1880).
Thriponax richardsi, Hargitt, Ibis, 1885, p. lr>Q.

Adult female, (type of species). Brownish black, having a blue-
black gloss, with the following exceptions : — the lower back and
rump white, a few of the feathers of the lower rump having a small
black spot near the tip ; the two central feathers of the upper series
of upper tail-coverts white, with a large heart-shaped spot of black
on their apical portion, but, when the feathers of the ramp are not
raised, having the appearance of being black feathers margined with
white ; most of the primaries broadly tipped with white, and their
bases to the extent of more than an inch, as well as the bases of the
secondaries for at least two inches, also white ; the chin and upper
throat dark smoky grey ; the sides of the upper throat, also the tips
of the post-malar feathers and of the ear-coverts, finely streaked
with white ; the feathers of the upper breast narrowly margined at
the tip with buify white ; lower breast, greater part of the abdo-
men, and the sides of the body bulfy white, the thigh- feathers
having a large spot of black on their apical portion ; tibial plumes
whitish at the base ; lower abdominal feathers black, margined with
buffy white ; under wing-coverts (except on the edge of the wing)
and axillaries white, with a yellowish tinge ; shafts of quills and of
tail-feathers brownish black : " iris, feet, and beak black " (Ilicliards).
Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 9'8, tail 7"25, tarsus 1'3;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0-85, inner
anterior 0'72, inner posterior 0'55.

JIab. Island of Tzus Sima, between Japan and Corea.

43. CEOPHLffiUS.

Type.
Ceophloeus, Cab. et Seine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 85 (1865). . C. scapularis.

Range. Mexico (north into the province of ISTuevo Leon, and on
the west to Mazatlan), through Central and the greater part of
South America as far as the eastern portion of the Argentine
Republic (Misiones).

* There is doubtless some mistake respecting the locality of these specimens.

43. CEOPflL(EUS. 507

Ki'ii to the Species.

A. With white scapular stripe.

a' . Above black, or slightly brt)wni8h, parti-
cularly on the quills and rectrices, the
shafts of the quills black or darker than
the web ; the clear yellowish or buffy
white of the inner webs of the quills
cutting' sharply against the dark portion
of the web, on the under side ; under-
parts below the upper breast buffy or
rufescent white, distinctly barred with
black.
a". Larger: length 13'o-14 inches, wing
7"55 ; bill horny black ; with a clear
broad white stripe from the nostril
uniting with the white stripe down the
side of the neck ; chin and throat
striped with deep black.
«'". Forehead as well as the crown and

crest, also the malar stripe, crimson, lineaf us (^Rd., p. 509.
b'". Sinciput slaty black; no red malar

stripe Imeiitiis $ ad., p. •WO.

b". Smaller: length 11 'o-l^ inches ; wing
6v5 ; bill ivory-white ; with, at most,
a narrow ill-defined white stripe from
the nostril running backwacks under
the ear-coverts and uniting with the
white stripe on the side of the neck ;
chin and throat with dusky (not deep
black) striations.
c'". Forehead as well as the crown, crest,

and malar stripe crimson scapidaris tS ai., p. oil.

d'". Forehead and greater part of the
crown, except laterally, slaty black ;

no red malar stripe scapidaris 2 ad., p. 51 1.

b'. Above, including wings and tail and their
coverts, brown, the dull white at the base
of the quills blending gradually into the
pale dusky brown portion of the web on
the undi'rside ; the shafts of the quills
paler brown than the webs ; underparts
below the upper breast pale umber-
brown, with darker brown transverse
spots.
c". Forehead as well as crown and crest, [p. 512.

also malar stripe, crimson fuxcipemiis (^ a.d.,

d" . Sinciput black ; no red malar stripe .. fiiscipennis^^d.,

B. With no white scapular stripe. [p. 512.
c'. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black.

e". Forehead as well as the crown and

crest, also the malar stripe, crimson . . erythrops S ^d., p. 513.
/". Sinciput black ; no red malar stripe . . erythrops 5 ad., p. 513.
d' . Upper back (onl}-) black, the remainder
as well as the rump and upper tail-
coverts buff, some of the latter spotted
with black.

508

(/". Forehead as well as the crowu and

crest, also malar stripe, crimson ijdleatus <S ad., p. 514.

h" . Forehead rufons buff,thefeathers tipped

with red ; no red malar stripe galeatus $ ad., p. 014.

1. Ceophlceus lineatus.

Le Pic noir hup6 de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 31, pi. i. tig. 2, c?

(1760).
Picus lineatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 174 (1766) ; Bodd. Tuhl. PI.

E)il. p. 45, no. 717 (1783) ; Gm. Syst. Kaf. i. p. 4:25 (1788) ; Lath.

Lid. Orn. i. p. 226 (1790) ; Molina, .Star. Nat. Chili, 2ud ed. p. 215

( 1810) ; Stqjh. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 152 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist.

Nat. xxvi. p. 85 (1818) : id. ^ Bonn. Ejic. Meth. iii. p. 1313

(1823); Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 9, nos. 54, 55 (1823); Spiv, Av.

Bras. i. p. 58, pi. xlviii. figs. Ic?, 2$? {<S juv.) (1824) ; Vulmc.

Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 178, $ (1826) ; Waff I. St/st. A v. Picus, sp. 8

(1827) ; Nemcied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 389 (1832) ; Tschudi,

Av. C'onsp. Rep. Peruan., in Arch.fiir Naturg. 1844, p. 302, no. 247 ;

Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan., Orn. p. 43 (1845-46) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Picin. p. 7 (18G6) ; Fiiiseh, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 586.
Carpintero negro, Azara, Apunt. Mist. Nat. Pdxar. Parag. ii. p. 294,

no. 248 (1805).
Dryocopus lineatus, Boie, Lsis, 1828, p. 326; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436

(1845) ; Hartl. Lid. Azara, p. 16, no. 248 (1847) ; Cah. in Schomb.

Reis. Guian. iii. p. 716 (1848) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132

(1850); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 219 (1856) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B.

p. 332, no. 1982 (1862) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 330 (1866) ; Sclat. ^

Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 366, 1806, p. 196, 1868, p. 629 ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 60 ( 1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8637

(1870) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. .380 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ;

Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 390 ; Sclat. et Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99

(1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291; Tacz. op. cit. 1874, p. 546;

Svlat. op. cit. 1879, p. 632 ; Tacz. op. cit. 1882, p. 42 ; id. Orn. Perou,

iii. p. 75 (1886) (pt.) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 58.
Dryotomus lineatus. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 308 (1837) ; Bp. Consp.

Valuer. Zygod. p. 7, no. 6 (1854).
Campephilus lineatus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 391 , no. 901,

pi. dfxlvii. figs. 4321-22, $ S (1854).
Dryotomus yerreauxi, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Delattr. p. 85, note

(1854).
Campephilus lineatus, var. leucopterylus, Reichenb. Scam. Picinee,

p. 392, no. 902, pi. dcxlyii. figs. 4319-20 (1854).
Megapicos lineatus, Casteln. E.vped. Ayner. Slid, Ois. Des Murs, p. 17

(1855).
Dryocopus scapularis {non Vig.), Laur. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1861, p. 333,

1868, p. 130 ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 23 (1882).
Dryopicus lineatus, Malh. Picida, i. p. 39, pi. xii. figs. 4, 6c?, 5$,

7$ juv. (1861).
Megapicus lineatus, Hartl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 176.
Ceophlceus lineatus, Cah. J. f. 0. 1862, p. 176; id. Sj- Heine, Mus.

Hein. iv. p. 86 (1863).
Ceophlceus scapvdaris (non Vig.), Cab. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 170.
Ceophlceus mesorhynchus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 86

(1863).

43. CEoruL(Eus. 509

Diyocopus ei'ytlirops (??ort Valenc.'), Cav.-Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 03.
Pious lineatus, var. occideutalis, Sundev. Cons}). Av. Picin. p. 8

(1866).
Dryocopus mesorhynchus, Gray, List Ficid. Brit. Mus. p. 60 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8641 (1870).

Adult male. Above, including wings and tail, as well as their
coverts, black, the outer webs of the upper scapulars being white
and forming a conspicuous patch, and the margin of the inner webs
of the quills at the extreme base also white ; shafts of quills and of
tail-feathers black ; upper nasal plumes black ; forehead, crown,
crest, and malar stripe crimson ; chin and throat white, striped with
black ; neck and chest black ; face dark slaty grey ; lower nasal
plumes yellowish white ; a buffy-white stripe from the nostril cross-
ing the face under the ear-covcrts, then becoming broader and
running down the side of the neck on to the side of the chest ; the
lower feathers of the chest margined with buff; under surface of the
body buffy white, more or less rufescent, barred with black ; the
under tail-coverts similar in colour, but the feathers having a broad
black intermarginal line and a black shaft-streak, the former giving
to the feathers a scaly appearance ; under wing-coverts and axil-
laries uniform yellowish white ; bill horny black. Total length 14
inches, culmen 1-65, wing 7'6, tail 5, tarsus 1-1 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior O'SS, outer posterior 0-8, inner anterior 0-7,
inner posterior 0*45.

Adult female. Has the sinciput and the malar region black, but is
otherwise like the adult male. Total length 13"5 inches, culmen
1*4, wing 7'5, tail o, tarsus l-l.

Young, Differ from the adult in having the underparts below the
upper breast greyish white, with bar-like spots of dusky black ; the
chin and throat in the very young birds being brownish white, with
dusky brown striations, or, in rather older birds, pure white, with
stripe-like spots of dusky black, but sometimes uniform. The malar
region, in both sexes, slaty black, some of the feathers in the male
being tipped with dull crimson. In the male, the forehead, crown,
and occiput are crimson-scarlet, and in the female this colour is
confined to the hinder part of the crown and the occiput, the fore-
head and fore part of the crown being dusky black.

Examples of this species from Costa liica differ slightly from
typical birds, being less distinctly barred below, but I do not
think it advisable to separate them.

Hah. Guiana, north into Trinidad ; throughout the greater part of
Brazil, westward to Monterico in Peru, and through the eastern part
of Peru and Ecuador into New Granada, and north to Costa Rica.

a. S ad.sk. Santa Fe,Veragua (£■. ^;y(?). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. c? juv. sk. Chiriqui, Veragua. Capt. Kellett and

Lieut. Wood [P.].

c. d. 2 ad.sk. Faunmsb (J. llcZeannan). Salviu-Godman Coll.
e. c? ad. sk. Chepo, Panama (JE. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. 5 ad. sk. Santa Marta, U. S. Colombia. Tweeddale Coll.

510

//. (J ad. sk.

h. cJ ad. sk.
i. cf ad. sk.
k, I, m. (^ ad. ;
n. 5 ad. sk.
o. c? ad. sk.
;). (5 ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
i\ cj ad. sk.
s. (5 ad. sk.

<. (^ imni. sk.

u. c? jiiv. sk.
V. c? ad. sk.
IV. $ ad. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
y. (5 ad. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.
a'.cJ'ad. ; b',c'.

(5 2 inim. sk.
<^', e'. d 2 ad.

,sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

,7', A'. <^2 ad.';
i'. c? jiiv. sk.
k'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.

Santa Elena, Antioquia (7'. A'.

Salmon).
Antioquia (T. K. Salmon).
Bogota.
Bogota.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley).

Monji, Ecuador (C Buckley).

Venezuela.

Trinidad.

Camacusa, British Guiana, April

{H. Wlutely).
Bavtica Grove, Aug'. {H.

Whitehj).
Cote Ferme, French Guiana.
Cayenne.

Para, Dec. (E. L. Layard).
Mexiana, Nov. (.4. Ji. Wallace).
Mexiaua, Dec. {A. R. Wallace).
Maranliam {R. Wendehorn).
Bahia {Dr. Wucherer).

Chapada, Matto Grosso, Jan.,

May {H. H. Smith).
Corumba, Matto Grosso, April

{H. H. Smith).
Brazil.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Salvin-Godnian Cull.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Zoological Society.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. Verreaux.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.

2. CeopMceus scapularis.

Picus scapularis, Viy. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 3-54, S (1829) ; Wayl. Ixis,
1829, p. 509, d"; Viy. Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 23 (1839); Sunder.
Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1800).

Dryocopus scapularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Bp. Consj).
Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 306 ; Cai\-
Taylor, op. cit. 1858, p. 359 ; Moore, op. cit. 1859, p. 60 ; Sclat.
t. c. p. 367 ; id. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 135 ; Cav.-Taylor, op. cit.
1800, p. 119 ; Sclat. Cat.Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1985 (1862) ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1868); Lawr. Atin. Lye. N. York,
ix. p. 205 (1809) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 118, no. 8638 (1870) ;
Sclat. &f Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 837 ; iid. Nome?icl. Av. Neotr. p. 99
(1873) ; Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. iv. p. 34 (1876).

Picus similis. Less. Descr. Mamm. Ois. rec. decouv. p. 204 (1847).

Campephilus leucorhamphus, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 393, no. 906,
pi. dcxlviii. figs. 4327-28, S 2 (1854).

Canipe])hilus scapularis, Reichenb. Scans. PicincB, p. 394, no. 911
(1854).

Picus leucoramphus, Licht. Nomencl. Ar. p. 75 (1854).

Driopicus scapularis, Bj). Con.'ip. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 24 (1854).

Dryotomus delattrii, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. Belattr. p. 85 (1854) ;
Id. Consp. Volucr. Zyyod. p. 7, no. 7 (1854).

Dryopicus scapularis, Malh. Picidce, i. p. 44, pi. x. figs. I, ^ S ad.,
3 2 ad. (1861).

43. CEOPELCEDS.

oil

Ceophloeus scapularis, Cah. S^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 85 (1863) ;

Ferrari-Perez, Froc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1836, p. 159.
Hylotomus scapularis, Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 387.

Adult male. Resembles C. Zi)!.ecr<»s, but may be distinguished bj' its
very much smaller dimensions and its light or ivory-white bill, and also
by the narrow and ill-detined (and sometimes almost obsolete) white
stripe which crosses the face from the nostril to the side of the
neck ; the striations on the chin and throat are less intense black ;
the general colour above, as well as on the wings and tail, is of a
browner shade. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 6-52,
tail 4-2, tarsus O'fo ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-72,
outer posterior O'T, inner anterior 0-6, inner posterior 0'4.

Adult female. Ditfers from the adult of the opposite sex in having
the forehead, crown, and malar region slaty black. Total length
11-5 inches, culmen 1-3, wing (ro, tail 4-15, tarsus 1.

In Jalisco this species is small, and has the bill darker ; the face
is also blacker.

Hah. Mexico, extending on the east as far as the Province of
Nuevo Leon, and on the west ranging into Sonora ; Central America,
south into Costa Ilica.

a. J ad. ; b. Juv. sk

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. (S ad. s]{.

e.2 ad.;/,//. cJ?

imm. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.

i. [ c? ] ad. sk.

k-n. (S ad. etimra. ;

0, p. 2 ad. sk.
q. S juv.sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t, II. S ad. ; I'. 2 ad.

sk.
to. 2 ad. sk.
.r. S imm. sk.

i/,z. (S 2 i"i"i- *li-

a'-d'. (S ad.; e',f,

(/'. 2 ad. sk.
h'. d ad. sk.
i' 2 ad. sk.
k', I'. 2 ad. sk.

Mexico.
Mexico.
Mexico.

ISuevo Leon, Mexico, May,

June (F. B. Armstrong).

Aldama, Tamaulipas,Mavch

(W. B. Itichardson).

Sierra Madre above Ciudad

Victoria, Tamaulipas,

May ( W.B. Pichardson).

Tampico, Feb., March, June

( W. B. Richardso7i).
Yalles San Luis Potosi,
May ( W.B. Richardson).
R. Juan Martin, Mizantla,

Vera Cruz, Nov.
Zantla, Huatuseo, Vera
Cruz, Aug. (3Iis. Geoqr.
Mex.).
Atovac, Vera Cruz, May

(llrs. H. H. Smith).
Jalapa (rfe Oca).
Sierra de Alamos, Souora,
2500 ft., May ( W.Lloyd).
Mazatlan,W. Mexico, Dec,

Jan. {A. Forrer).
San Bias. Tepic, A]iril,
May ( W.B.Richardson).
Mexico ( W. Lloyd).
Putia, W. Mexico ( Rebornh ) .
Tonala, Chiapas, Dec, Jan.
(F. Sumichrast).

Purcliased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godniau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Cull.
Salvin-Gudnum Coll.

Salvin-Godujan Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godraan Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

512

)ii'. (5 ad. sk.
>?'. 5 (id. sk.

</• [d] ad. sk.
»•'. c? ad. sk.

s', t'. d 2 ^^- sk.

u'. 2 fid. sk.
v'. cj ad. sk.

2t;'. $ ad. sk.

Buctzotz, Yucatan, April

(O. F. Gaumer).
Belize, British Honduras

( F. BImi ca7ieaua) .
Guatemala.

VeraPaz, Guatemala (0.*S'.).
Rio Grande, Guatemala

(0. S.). _
San Geronimo, Guatemala

(O. S).
Duenas, Guatemala (O. S.).
Retalhuleu, Guatemala (0.

S.).
Costa Eica [J. CarmtoT).

Salvin-Godnian Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Ceophlceus fuscipennis.

Dryocopus fuscipennis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 286, 297 ; id. Cat.

Atner. B. p. 333, no. 1983 (1862) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 61 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8642 (1870).
Dryopicus fuscipennis, Malh. Picidce, i. pp. 165, 186, pi. Ixi. fig. 1,

d" ad. (1861).
Ceophlosus fuscipennis, Cab. <^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 87 (1863).
Picus fuscipennis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866).
Drvocopus lineatiis {non Linn.), Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425 ; Tacz. i^

Levi. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 118.
Dryocopus lineatus (pt.), Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. pp. 75, 76 (1886).

Adult male. Resembles G. lineatus, but differs in having the
upper parts, also the wings, tail, and their coverts brown ; the
shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers pale brown and lighter
than the webs ; the white at the base of the quills blending gradually
into the pale dusky-brown web on the underside of the wing ;
under parts pale brown, with darker brown transverse spots ; under
tail-coverts pale smoky brown, with whiter tips, and having a faint
subapical bar and a shaft-stripe of darker brown. Total length
13 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 7'25, tail 4-6, tarsus 1-2: toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 1, outer posterior 0"86, inner anterior
0"72, inner posterior 0-48.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
and the malar region black instead of red. Total length 12-5 inches,
culmen 1-42, wing 6'6, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-1.

Ilab. Western Ecuador and the adjoining coast-region of North
Peru.

a. 2 ad. sk.
b,c. S 2 ad.

sk.
d. ? ad. sk.

[Mexico.]

Babahoyo, Ecuador {L. Fraser).

Payta, Peru, Jan. {A.H. Marh-
ham).

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

(Types of species.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Ceophlceus erythrops.

Pieus erythrops, Valenc. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 178 (1826) ; Less.
Traite, i. p. 225 (1831) ; id. Compl. Buff. ix. p. 323 (1837) ; Gerbe,

43. CEOPHLCEUS. 513

Diet. Unio. x. p. 142 (1848) ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. xxvii., 9

(1849).
Picus liueatus (wo« Linn.), Nemcied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 389

(1832).
Di'j'ocopus erythrops, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845); Bp. Cvnsp.

Gen. Av. i. p. 133 (1850) ; Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 333, no. 1984

(1862) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1868) ; id. Uand-l. B.

ii. p. 188, no. 8639 (1870) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 554 ; Pek.

Orn. Bras. p. 243 (1870) ; Sclat. 6r Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 99

(1873) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 617; Sclat. ^- Suds. Ary. Orn.

ii. p. 18 (1889).
Dryopicos erythrops, Mulh. N. Classif., Mem. Acad. 3Ietz, 1848-49,

p. 322.
Campephilus erj'throps, Reichenh. Scans. Picince, p. 394, no. 910,

pi. del. figs. 4.335-36, ^ $ ad. (1854).
Picus semitorquatus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854).
Driopicus erj'throps, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zi/yod. p. 8, no. 23 (1854).
Drvopicus eiy thvoT^s, Malh. Picidts, i. p. 42, pi. xii. figs. 1, 2, c? ?ad.

(1861).
Ceopbloeus erythrops. Cab. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 176; id. Sc Heine, Mus.

Hein. iv. p. 88 (1863).
Picus melanotis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866).

Adult male. Resembles G. lineatiis, but may be at once recognized
by the entirely black scapulars ; the underparts differ slightly, the
bars ou the feathers of the middle of the breast and abdomen being
paler laterally, the black central portion appearing as a spot. Total
length 13 inches, culmen 1'62, wing 7'3, tail 4-9, tarsus 1-08; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0-88, outer posterior 0-75, inner
anterior 0-67, inner posterior 0"4.

Adah female. Has the forehead and fore part of the crown black;
the malar region anteriorly black, posteriorly slaty grey like the
face. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-65, wing 7-35, tail 5'2,
tarsus 1-05.

Hub. Eastern Brazil north to Pernambuco, Southern Brazil and
the eastern part of the Argentine Eepublic (Misiones).

a. (5 ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

b. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

c. $ ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater CoU.
d,e. (S 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.
/. 5 ad.sk. I'emambuco, Brazil (Cmrrti). Sclater Coll.

'ff. S ad. ; h. $ Eio Grande, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

imm. sk.
i. (S ad.sk. Sapitiva,Brazil, May (J". iV«^<w<r). Sclater Coll.

5. Ceophlceus galeatus.

Picus galeatus, Tem7n. PI. Col. 171, cJ (1823); Sfepii. Gen. Zool.

xiv. p. 166 (1826) ; Wae/l. Si/.>it. Av. Picus, sp. 10 (1827) ; Bwm.

Th. Bras. ii. p. 222, note (1850) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 8

(1866).
Dryocopus galeatus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.

Gen. Av. i. \\ l^'^ (1850); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus.

p. 62 (1868) : id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 189, no. 8640 (1870) ; Peh.

VOL. XYIII. 2 L

514 IICID.E.

Oni. Bras. p. 243 (1870); Sdat. ^- Salv. Nomencl Ar. Neotr.

]i. 99 (1873) ; Bed. Ibis, 1834, p. 442 ; Pelz. ^- Loroiz, Ann. k.-k.

Katurh. Ilofm. iii. Th. iv. p. 43 (1888).
DiNopicus gaieatus, Malh. N. C/as.vf., Mem. Jcml Mefz, 1848-49,

p. 3i'2; id.Ficidcc, i. p. 38, pi. xi. fig-s. 1 d ad., 2 $ ad., 3 S juv.

(1861).
Caiupephihis galeatus, Reichenh. Scans. Picin(e, p. 394, no. 912, pi. del.

lig. 4337, c? (1854).
Driopicus galeatus, Bj). Consp. Volucr. Zi/f/od. p. 8, no. 22 (1854).
Ceophloeiis galeatus. Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 89 (1863).

Adult female. Extreme upper back black, the lower feathers
barred "with pale buif ; middle aud lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts buff, the upper series of the latter with a few transverse
black spots or bars, more or less concealed by the feathers of the
rump ; scapulars, wings, and tail black, the quills having the basal
half of the inner webs rufous-buff: shafts of quills brown, those of
the tail-feathers black ; forehead rufous or rufous-buff, the feathers
tipped with crimson ; crown, occipital and nuchal crest, and nearly
the whole of the hind neck crimson ; lores, face, chin, and throat
rufous-buff, slightly greyer on the posterior part of the face, the
lores and fore part of the cheeks, also the chin and throat, being
uniform, the remainder narrowly baiTcd with black ; fore neck and
fore ])art of the side of the neck black, the former spotted with
buff, a buff stripe running down the side of the neck ; imder
surface of the body and under tail-coverts buff, narrowly barred
with black, the barring broader on the chest and breast ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries deep buff. Total length 11-5 inches,
culmen 1-47, wing 6-7, tail 4-25, tarsus 1 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-8, outer posterior 0-72, inner anterior 0-62, inner
posterior 0"38.

Adult male. Ecsembles the adult female, but may be distinguished
by its long red malar stripe. Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-4,
wing 6-5, tail 4-3, tarsus TOo.

Hab. Southern Brazil, Province of llio Grande do Sul, north to
Ypanema, Province of Sao Paulo.

a,b. 2.ad. sk. Brazil. Zoological Society.

c. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

44. DRYOTOMUS. „

Type.

Prvotonnis, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. p. 304 (1831) .... D. pileatus.

Hvlatonuis, Baird, Bep. E.xpl. ^- Suit. Mississ. Pacif. Bail.

'Boute, ix. p. 107 (18.58) D. pileatus.

Phloeotomus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 102 (1803) . . 1). pUeatus.

Range. Wooded region of Xorth America (generally), north to
63° lat., and reappearing in Tucuraan, Argentine Piepublic *.

* The latter locality is the habitat of Dr. Cabanis's TJilixotomus schulzi,
which is placed by this author iu the same gemis as the northern B. pileatus.

44. DRroTOJius. 515

Keij to the Species.

A. Larger : leiig-th 15'15 to 19 inches; -win?

8'9 to 10 ; geueval colour less black ; witH
a greater amouut of white ou the bases of the
qiiiUs.
«'. Chin and throat uniform white.

a". Entire top of the head, the crest, and

malar stripe crimson pileatus S ad., p. olB.

b". Hinder part of the crown and the crest

(onlj') red ; the forehead and fore part of

the crown, also the mahxr region, slaty

black jnleatus ? ad., p. ol6.

b'. Chin and throat with dusky striations .... pileatus d ]\ix.,-^.51Q.

B. Conspicuously smaller and of a deeper black ;

with less white on the bases of the quills . . schuhi, p. .517.

1. Dryotomus pileatus.

The larger red-crested Woodpecker, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i.

p. 17, pi. 17 (1731).
Le Pic noir hupe de Virginie, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 29 (1760).
Picus pileatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 42-5 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 225 (1790) ; Vieill. Ois.

Ainer. Sept. ii. p. oS, pi. ex. (1807) ; TVils. Amer. Orn. iv. p. 27,

... p.

(1823) ; Valetic. Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 177 (1826) ; Bp. Si/n. B. U.

S. p. 44, no. 38 (1826) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. Picus, sp. 2 (1827) ; Brap.

Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p.' 500 (1828); Less. Traite, i. p. 229

(1831) ; Jard. ed. JVils. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 19, pi. xxix. fig. 2 (1832) ;

Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 567 (1832) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 74.

pi cxi. figs. Id', 2 5, 3-4 cJjuv. (1834), v. p. 533 (1839); id. B.

Amer. 8vo, iv. p. 226, pi. cclvii. J,? ad., d c? juv. (1839); id.

Sijn. B. N. Amer. p. 176 (1839) ; Peab. Bep. Nat. Hist. Mass.,

Aves, 1839, p. 334 ; id. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1841, p. 170; De

Eaij, Nat. Hist. N. York, Ares, p. 184, pi. xviii. fig. 39, cJ (1844);

Simdev. Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 8 (1866).
Dryocopus pileatus, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 326 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 436

(1845) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132 (1850) ; Licht. Notnencl. Av.

p. 75 (1854); Barry, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1854, p. 8;

Bridges, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 2 ; Sclat. Cat. Ainer. B. p. 332, no. 1981

(1862); Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mns. p. 59 (1868); id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 188, no. 8635 (1870) ; Bidgw. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.

York, 1874, p. 377.
Drvotomus pileatus, Swaitis. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, ii. p. xxvi

introd. and p. 304 (1831); id. Classif. B. ii. p. .308 (1837); Bp.

Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Ainer. p. 39, no. 252 (1838).
Campephilus pileatus, Beichent). Scans. Picina, p. 391, no. 900,

pL dcxlvii. tigs. 4317-18, S 2 (1854).
Dryopicus pileatus, Bp. Notes Orn. Collect. DeUittr. p. 85 (1854) ;

Malh. Picida, i. p. 34, pi. xi. figs. 5cf , 6$ , ad. (18G1).
Driopicus pileatus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 8, no. 21 (1854).
Hylatomus pileatus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 107 (1858) ; VerriU,

'Proc. Essex List. 1862, p. 144 ; Blakist. Tbis, 1862, p. 3 ; Cav.-Tayl.

2l2

516 PICIDiE.

t. c. p. 128 ; JDress. op. cit. 1865, p. 469 ; Brown, op. cit. 1868, p. 419 ;

Merriam, Bull. Nuft. Orn. Club, 1879, p. 6 ; Mai/n. Bds. E. N.

Amor. p. 234, pi. xlx. (1879).
Piiteotomus pileatus, Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 102 (1863).
Ilylotomiis pileatus, Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 52 ; Mclltvr. Proc. Essex

List. 1866, p. 83 ; Coues, op. cit. 1867, p. 262 ; Coop. B. Calif, ed.

Baird, p. 396 (1870) ; Allen, Am. Nat. 1870, p. 572 ; Coues, B.

N.-West, p. 278 (1874) ; B., B., S,- R. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 550,

pi. Ivi. %3. 4 2,5 c? (1874); Brewsf. Ami. Lye. N. York, xi.

p. 144 (1875) ; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 151 ; Beld.

i.e. IX 429; Ridgw. op. cit. 1879, p. 189; Merriam, Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, 1882, p. 236 ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

1882, p. 76; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 425; Cooke ^ Widm. Ridyio.

Orn. Club Bull. i. 1883, p. 37 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2Dd ed.

1884, p. 480; Ayersb. Auk, 1885, p. 283.
CeophlcEus pileatus, A. O. U. CJieck-list N. Amer. B. 1886, p. 215 ;
• Brewst. Auk, 1886, p. 104 ; Warreii, B. Pe?m. p. 132 (1888).

Adult male. Entire plumage sooty black, with the following ex-
ceptions : — the forehead, crown, elongated occipital and nuchal
feathers, and the malar stripe crimson ; a narrow white super-
ciliary stripe running backwards to the occiput ; the lower nasal
plumes and a broad stripe from the nostril crossing the face, and
extending down the side of the neck on to the side of the chest,
white ; chin and throat white ; the edge of the wing white, trans-
versely spotted with black ; the bases of both webs of the quills
white, this being concealed by the greater wing-coverts, and only
showing on the outer primaries a little way below the primar}'-
coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; the outer Avebs
of the outer primaries have an apical spot of dirty white ; the
sides of the body and the flanks are faintly and narrowly barred
with greyish white : shafts of quills and of tail-feathers black :
" bill blackish, grey above, pale horn-colour beneath ; irides golden
yellow ; legs bluish black " (Bichardson). Total length 16-5 inches,
culmen 2-2, wing 9"15, tail 6-3, tarsus 1'35 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-98, outer posterior 0"8, inner anterior O'T, inner
posterior 0-48.

Young male. Has the red on the forehead, crown, and crest of a
brick colour, and there is only a slight trace of a white stripe behind
the eye ; the chin and throat are faintly striped with sooty black,
and the breast and abdomen are more sooty black than in the adult ;
the malar stripe is dusky black, one or two of the feathers having
red tips. Older, but still immature, males have the malar stripe
entirely red, while still retaining the striated throat.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the malar
region entirely black ; the margins of the feathers of the forehead
and of the greater part of the crown dark brown, the remaining por-
tion of the feathers being black, and giving a mottled appearance to
the top of the head, the hind part of crown and occipital crest alone
being crimson. Total length 16 inches, cnlmcn 1"9, wing 8'8o,
tail G'05, tarstis 1-28.

Examples of this species from Florida have the white at the base

44. DETOTOJIUS.

517

of the primaries showing upon both webs, below the primary- coverts,
and forming a patch. This is also well-marked in a specimen from
Washington, D.C.

Hah. Formerly the whole wooded region of North America up to
G3° N. lat. Now rare or extirpated in the more thickly settled
parts of the Eastern States.

a. (S ad. St. North America. Purchased.

l>,c. cJ ad. ; cl,c. North America. Purchased.

? ad. sk.
f, (I- S 2 imui. ; British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P."].

h. 2 ad. sk.
i. cS iium. sk. Esquimalt, British Columbia Salviu-Godman Coll.

(A. H. Marhhani).
h. S fid. sk. Maine, Oct. (Henshaic). ~]

/. c? ad. sk. 1st Lake, Herkimer Co.,

New York, June {Hart

Merriam).
m, n. J ad. sk. Big Otter Lake, N. Y., Dec.

{A. Jenings Dayan).
0. c? ad.; jo, q. 5 Big Moose Lake, N. Y., April, '^

ad. sk. Nov. {Hart Merriam).

r. S ad. sk. Watson, N. Y., Dec. {A.

Jenings Dayan).
s. c?ad. sk. West Virginia, Jan. {Hen-

shaui).
t. S ad. sk. Washington, D.C. {J. R.

Pomsell).
u. $ ad. sk. Florida (.S'. Taijhr).

V. S ad. sk. Aliami, Florida, March.

w. c? ad. sk. Green Cove Spring, Florida,^^

April {Hart Merriam). I
x,y. 2 ad.sk. Southern Missouri, Dec, Jan. [ Henshaw Coll.

{E. W. Nelson). f [S.-G.].

z. c? ad. sk. L^nion Co., Illinois (i?..firf«?u- j

cotf). J

a'~d'. cJ imm. sk. California. Tweeddale Coll.

e'. 2 imm. sk. Hollisters, California, Nov. Salviu-Godman Coll,

{He7ishaw) .
f . 2 ad. sk. Nevada, California, Oct. {E.

TV. Nelson),
g , li . S 2ii^ni. sk. San Patricia, Texas, Dec. {F.

B. Armstrong).

[ Henshaw Coll.

■ [S.-G.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Henshaw Coll.

[S.-G.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.

2. Dryotomus scliulzi.

Drvocopus atriventris, juv. {non TVagl.), Burm. Beis. La-Flata, ii.

Auhang, p. 444 (1801).
Phloeotomus schulzi, i'ah. J.f. O. 1883, p. 102. __
Campephilus schulzi, Sclat. if Huds. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 18 (1889).

According to Dr. Cabanis, this species is a diminutive form of the
Northern D. pileaius. The general coloration is blacker, and the
white markings shown in D. piJeatus also exist in the present bird,
only the extension of the white on tlie underside of the wings and

518 PICTDiE.

on the bend of the wing is perceptibly smaller than in the large
northern species.

The occurrence of a second species of Dri/otomus at so remote a
distance from the only known one is remarkable, and it is to be
regretted that Dr. Cabanis in his description has not supplied us
with more details.

Ilab. Tucuman.

45. PICUS. ^yp^

Picus, Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. p. 173 (17GC)) P- martins.

Dryocopus, Buie, Isis, 1826, p. 997 P. martius.

Carbonarias, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 131 (1829) P. martius.

Dryopicos, 3Ialh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49, p. 320 P. martius.

Tarsus and foot of Picus martius.

Range. Palsearctic Eegion, between 40^ and GO" N. lat. East
into Kamtschatka, and into the island of Yezo, Japan.

1. Picus martius.

Picrxs martius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 173 (176G); Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 424 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Oni. i. p. 224 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Her.
Nat. Mariss. Hamb. p. 16 (1793) ; LeiL-in, B. Gt. Brit. ii. p. 32,
pi. xlv., cJ (1796) ; Steph. Gen. ZooUx. p. 148, pi. xxix., $ (1815);
Meyer, Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 58 (1815); Meisn. ^ Schinz, Vog.
Sckweiz, p. 38 (1815); Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. i. p. 71 (1816);
Niks. Orn. Suec. i. p. 102 (1817); Cuv. Regne Anim. i. p. 422
(1817) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 83 (1818) ; id. 8r
Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1302 (1823) ; Brehm, Naturgesch. Eur.

45. picus. 519

(1831) ; Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 407 (1831); Glog. Handb.
Naturyesch. Vog. Em: p. 457 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 225,
c? ? ad. (1837); Macyill. Br. B. iii. p. 77 (1840) ; Benoit, Orn.
Sicil. p. 31 (1840) ; Schinx, Eur. Faun. p. 2(J0 (1840) ; Keys. S,-
Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xxxiv iiitrod. and 148 (1840) ; Yarr. Hist.
Brit. B. ii. p. 127 (1843) ; Von der Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 30
(1844) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. xlix (1844) ; Middend. Reis.

Prei). 8f Lemaire, Hist. Nat. Ois. d'Eur. p. IGG (1804) ; Sundev.

Cunsp. Av. Picin. p. 9 (1806) ; Bory(/r. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 67

(1869) ; Hartiny, Handb. Br. B. 1872, p. 120; Perini, Man. Orn.

Veron. pt. 1, p. 398 (1874); Schley. Voy. Nederl. p. 38, pi. v.

tipfs. 1,2, S 2 (1878) ; Finsch, Ver'handl. k.-k. zool.-hot. Geselkch.

Wien, 1879, p. 227 ; Stcjn. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. no. 29, 1885,

p. 354.

Diyocopus martins, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 977 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur.

^ N. Amer. p. 39, no. 265 (1838) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 430, pi. 108.

fio'. 5 (1845) ; Bp. C'onsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 132 (1850) ; id. Consp.

Valuer. Zyyod. p. 8, no. 20 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 75 (1854);

Reichenb. Scans. PicincK, p. '.^Sii, no. 896, pi. dcxlv. tig's. 4309-11,

S 2 ad. & juv. (1854) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Cab. (^ Heine,

Mus. Hein. iv. p. 103 (1863) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 59

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 188, no. 8634 (1870); Salvad. Faun.

Hal, Ucc. p. 36 (1871) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 3, pi. ccl.xxiv., ^

2 (1871); Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 171 ; Harv.-Br. Ann. .*(• Maq.

Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. p. 496; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 369 (1878) ; Boyd.

B. Cauc. p. 119 (1879) ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap.

1880, p. 208, no. 171; Madardsz, Voy. Unyarns, p. 23(1881);

Marsch. S^- Pelz. Orn. Vindob. 1882, p. 93 ; Blakist. ^- Pryer,

Trans. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 135 ; Blakist. Chn/santh. iii. p. 28

(1883) ; A. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 76 (1883) ; Russou-, Orn. Esth-

Liv- u. Kurl. in Arch.fur Naturk. 1884, p. 115; Blakist. Amend.

List B. Jap. 1884, p. 28 ; Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 199 (1886) ; iMeves,

Eur. Voy. 1886, p. 23 ; Stejn. P-oc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 124.

Dendrocopus martius, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1274; id. Vo(j. Deutschl.

p. 185 (1831) ; id. Vollst. Voyelf. p. 67 (1855).
Carbonaiius mai-tius, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. Eur. Thier.-p. 131 (1829).
Dryotomus martius, Swaitis. Faun. Bar.- Amer., Birds, p. 301 (1831) ;

Jard. Nat. Lib. x. p. 349 (1839).
Dendrocopus pinetorum, Brehm, Vot/. Deutschl. p. 185, pi. xiii fio- 3

d (1831) ; id. Vollst. Voyelf. p. 67 (1855).
Dryopicos martius, 31alh. N. Classif, Mem. Acad. Metz, 1848-49,

p. 322.
Dendrocopus alpinus, Brehm, Vollst. Voyelf. p. 67 (1855).
Dendrocopus niger, Brehm, Vollst. Voyelf. p. 67 (1855).
Dryopicus martius, Jaub. •^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 329
(1859); Malh. Picidce, i. p. 32, pi. x. tius. 5-7, S ? ad. & juv.
(1861) ; Deyl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 148 (1867) ; Tacz. Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 2;Yd ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p 49
(1877).
Picus nio-er, Dubois, Ois. Eur. p. 109, pi. cix., S $ (1862).
Driopicus martius, d'Hamonv. Cat. Ois. France, 1876, p. 10,

520 PICID.I:.

Adult male. Forehead, crown, and middle of occiput crimson, this
colour tapering to a point upon the latter part, the bases of the
leathers dusky black ; the remainder of the plumage black, more
intense and glossy on the sides of the head; shafts of primaries
dusky brown, those of the secondaries blacker ; shafts of tail-feathers
black, with grey bases ; tarsus clothed in front for about two-tliirds
of its length with dusky black feathers. 'J.'otal length 17 inches,
culmen 2-45, wing 9, tail G, tarsus 1*4 ; toes (without claws) —
outer anterior 0-85, outer posterior 0-85, inner anterior U"67, inner
posterior 0*47.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the red on
the head confined to the occiput, and forming a triangular patch
tapering to a point as it approaches the nape. Total length 17
inches, culmen 2-35, wing 9-4, tail 6-8, tarsus 1-43.

Young mcde. General colour dusky, the new feathers appearing
(on the back particularly) being black, as are likewise the nasal
plumes ; the feathers i]i the middle of the upper part of the forehead,
crown, and occiput tipped with scarlet more or less brilliant ; the
bases of the feathers of the forehead being paler and browner than
the supcrcilium, and at the base of the forehead there are a few
new crimson-tipped feathers with black bases : " iris yellow ; feet
dusky " {Dr. H. M. James).

Hah. Palajarctic Region between about 38° and 60° N. lat.,
ranging east into Kamtschatka, and into the island of Yezo,
Japan *.

a,h. J 2 ad. st. Europe. Purchased.

c. S ad. sk. Europe. Purchased.

d. S ad. st. Northern Europe. Purchased.

e,f. (S 2 ad. sk. South Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ff. cJ ad. sk. Sweden, Dec. (H. Wheelwright). Tweeddale Coll.

h, i. (S $ ad. sk. Wermland, Feb., April. Mr. Meves [C.].

h. (S ad. sk. Wermland {Meves). Tweeddale Coll.

I, m. S 2 ad. sk.. Switzerland. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. 2 ad. sk. Turkey, Jan. {T. Eobson). Shelley Coll.

0. S ad. sk. Ismiett, Asia Minor, March {T. Tweeddale Coll.

Itobso7i).

p. S jnv. sk. South Manchuria, July. Dr. James [P.].

^. 2 ad. sk. South Yezo, Japan "(T. W. Tweeddale Coll.

Blakistoii).

r. dad. sk. Hakodadi, April ( r. TF. J5faA-- Tweeddale Coll.

iston).

s. Skeleton. Old CoU.

t. Sternum. Lapland. Purchased.

* Mr. Hume (Str. F. 1873, p. 91) mentions the occurrence, in the hills divid-
ing Sind from Khelat, of a huge black Woodpecker, with a crimsoa head, and
thinks it will most probably prove to be P. martins. If so, it will considerably
extend the known range of this species.

4G. PICXTMNUS.

521

Subfamily II. PICUMNIN^.

46. PICUMNUS. „

Type.

Picumnus, Temm. Fl. Col. livr. 02 (1825) P. minutus.

Asthenurus, Swaim. Zool. Journ. ili. p. 35.3 (1828). P. minutus.
Piculus, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Nouv. Ann. du Mus. 1832,

p. .396 P- minutus.

Vivia, Ho'd^'s. J. A. 's. B. 1837, p. 107 P. iimominatus.

Microcokptes, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zi/ffod. p. 11

(1854) P. orbignyauus.

Pipiscus, Ca'f). i^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 9 (1803). P. innoniinatus.
Crangiscus, Cah. Sf Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 10

(1803) : P. ciunamomeus.

Head and tail of a Pieumnus {minutus).

Eange. South and Central America, from the northern part of the
Argentine Eepublic to Honduras ; India and China, and through
Burmah and the Malayan Peninsula into Sumatra.

Keij to the Species.

A. Uuderparts entirely uniform in adult; some-
times with faint bars on the chest in young.
a . Under surface of the body deep rufous.
a" . Above olive.

a'". Feathers of the forehead and crown

tipped with red rufirentrisS ad., p. 527.

U" . With no red on the head rit/iventris 5 ad., p. 527.

h". Above rufous.

c'". Crown broadly striped with golden [p. 528.

yellow cinnamomeus cS ad.,

d'". With no yellow on the crown .... cinnamomeus $ ad.,
b'. Under surface of the body white, or [p. 528.

slightly yellowish, or ochreous.
c". With no rufous on the sides of the
head and neck ; underparts white or
yellowish.
e" . Above olive ; secondaries externally
yellow ; sides of the chest oliva-
ceous ; ear-coverts, sides of the neck,
and hind neck yellowish white
barred with olive.
«'. Crown-feathers tipped witli red ;

occiput almost uniform black. . . . castelnani S ad., p. 528.

osj. piciDji;.

?>'. Crown and occiput uniform black, castelnaui J ad., p. 529.
c'. Crown and occiput dusky, the
latter with a lew almost obsolete
greyish-white spots ; the chest

witli pale dusky bars castelnaui juv. *,

f". Above brown ; secondaries bulFy [p. 529.
brown external h' ; sides of the chest
not olivaceous ; ear-coverts pale
brown, and, together with the sides
of the neck, barred with dusky
brown.
d*. Crown-feathers tipped with red . . leucot/aster ij ad., p. o29.
e'. With no red on the crown, the top
of the head and the occiput being-
black spotted with white leucogaster $ ad., p. OoO,

/*. Top of the head dusky with
whitish .spots ; the chest with

irregular brown bars leucogaster juv., p. 500.

d". Sides of the head and neck pale rufous ;
underparts ochreous white; crown
dusky, uniform in front, the posterior

feathers having the middle rufescent. fuscus 5 juv., p. 530.
B. Underparts not uniform either in adult or
young,
c'. Upper parts dusky grey, brown, or rufes-
cent brown (not olive).
e" . Entire underparts barred.
g" . Sides of the face and neck rufous.
^'. Feathers of the forehead and

crown tipped with red temmincki S ad., p. 530.

/*'. With no red on the top of the
head, this being, like the occiput,

black spotted with white temminchi'^ ad., p. 531.

Ji" . With no rufous on the face and
neck.
i*. Feathers of the forehead and crown

tipped with red cirrhatus S ad., p. 531.

J*. Top of the head entirely black,

spotted with white cirrhatus 5 ad., p. 532.

/". The barring on the underparts confined
to the throat and chest.
i'". Underparts below the chest spotted,
sometimes transversely, but not
distinctly barred.
k*. Back with transverse whitish and
dusky spots, sometimes almost
obsolete.
a^. Feathers of the forehead and

crown tipped with red spilogaster cJ ad.,

6\ Entire top of the head black, [p. 533.

spotted with white spilogaster 2 ad.,

V'. Back with rounded spots of white. [p. 532.

c''. Feathers of the forehead and [p. 533.

crown tipped with red orbignganus cJ ad.,

* The type, which is an immature male, has the top of the head dusky, with
a few flame-tipped feathers, the hinder part of the crown and occiput being
distinctly spotted with white.

4(3. picrjiNus. 523

(P. Top of the head entirely black,

spotted with white ..."'. orMc/mjanm 9 ad ,

.7 . Underparts below the chest striped. fp 533

?rt\ Sincipital feathers tipped with
sulphur-yellow; hinder crown and

occiput black, with white spots. . sclateri ^ ad., p. .534
«'. With no yellow on the white-
spotted feathers on the top of the

. _^^^*^.- • sclateri § ad., p. o34

0 . Top of the head and occiput dusky

^^ black, striped with white sclateri ]ix\., -a. 'jU

g . Chest with sagittate markings, the •> ^ r

remaining uuderparts with stripe-like
spots of black; back and wing-coverts
spotted with white.
k'". Feathers on the top of the head

;,„ ^^T'^ Y'^^ f'\ ■:■■■■ sarjitfatHs S ad., p. 535.

/ . J^ntire top ot the head black, .spot-

,„ r,, ^""'^ ^'^^} T^'^^ sa^i/tatus 2 ad., p. 534

/t . Lhest and breast black, with longi-
tudiual spots of white; below tlie
breast barred.
»«'". Feathers of the forehead and fore

__ part of crown tipped with red .... steindachneri S ad
n . lop of the head black, spotted with [p 535

.„ -p ;^liite. stei7idachneri 9 ad., ' ' "

I . Fntire underparts spotted. r ro-

o'". Upper parts not spotted with white. '^'^'^'

p*. Sides of foce and neck white, the
feathers having duskv margins;
auricular .stripe brownish; the
black spots on the white under-
parts somewhat sagittate or heart-
shaped ; crown-feathers tipped

4 ^Z'^^ ''fx--; ; >^-^'^-" c? ad., p. 535.

q\ Sides of the (ace and neck black, ^ > f

spotted with white; with no
am'icular stripe ; the black spots
on the fulvesceut underparts
slightly longitudinal ; top of the
^^^ head dusky, spotted with white, nebulosus 9,p .536
p . Upper parts with rounded spots of
white.
?■*. Underparts brown with rounded
spots of white.
e\ Sincipital feathers tipped with

red.
f. Top of- the; head bfa.!-; VpottJd '''""''"' ^ ''"^•' P" ''''■

sK Und";;LTslLckV with' -rouncied '''""'"'' ^ ''''■' ^^ '''■
spots of white.
/. Sincipital feathers tipped with

A\ 1^ of Ihe' head- biajk -spotted "'™ ^ ^^■' P" ^^^-

■with white asteria^ 9 d 'oo

i". Entire underparts with squamate markl " ' ^'

ings of black.
q". Above spotted with white.

524

f.'. Face and nock black, spotted with
white ; leathers of the underparts
with a central black stripe ; crown-
feathers tipped with red guttifer (S >id., p. 538,

?«'. Face and neck white, the feathers

with blackish margins.

i'. Feathers of the chest and breast

long and pointed, white, and

broadly n:argined with black ;

remaining underparts ochreous

buff, with narrow squamate

markings or stripes of black ;

spots upon the back entirely

white.

«". Feathers of the forehead and

crown tipped with red .... allosquaviatus J ad.,
J". Top of the head entirely black, [p. 539.

spotted with white alhosqiiamatus J ad.,

f. The feathers of the entire under- [p. 5.39.

parts from the chin to the
under tail-coverts short and
rounded and narrowly edged
with blackish ; spots on the
back partly black, partly white,
e^. Feathers of the forehead and

crovv-n tipped with red .... lepidotus S ad., p. 540.
cT'. Top of the head entirely black

spotted -R-ith white lepidotus 5 ad., p. 540.

r'"' Above fidvescent brown with
squamate black markings, not
spotted with white.
v^. Feathers of the forehead and crown

tipped with orange-red squamulatus S ^id.,

w^. Top of the head entirely black, [p. 540.

spotted with white squamuJatus 5 ad.,

.r^. Top of the head dusky, the [p. 541.

feathers having brownish-grey

tips squamulatus juv.,

k". Entire undei-parts below the fore neck [p. 541.

broadly striped with black, the groiuid-
colour being buff or rufescent white ;
the anterior feathers on the top of the
head red, the posterior feathers black,

elongated, and spotted with white . . ihei'inyi S ad., p. 541.
d' . Upper parts olive.

I". Entire underparts barred.

s'". Ground-colour of the top of the
head black in the adult, dusky in
the young.
y^. With red on the top of the head
in male.
k^. Back bright in colour and
spotted with black, the tips of
the feathers yellow ; wing-
coverts with an apical spot of
yellowish white, and adjoining
it a spot of black ; underparts
very yellow.

46. PicujiNus. 525

e". Sincipital feathers tipped with

orange-red vtimdus cJ ad., p. 542.

f^. Top of the head entirely

spotted with pure white .... viinutus 5 ad., p. 542.
</". Crown and occiput dusky, the
crown spotted, the occiput

striped with dull white .... ?«;'««<«<« juv., p. 543.
V"' Back duUer, and with dusky har-
like or wavy spots; the .spots
on the wing-coverts less dis-
tinct ; underparts yellowish
white.
If. Feathers of the forehead and
greater part of the crown

tipped with red nndulafus (^ ad., p. 543.

i'^. Top of the head spotted with

pure white unduhdus 5 ad., p. 543.

j'^. Top of the head duskj', the
crown spotted, the occiput

striped with dull white .... undulatus juv., p. 543.

■Hi'. Back with yellowish-white

spots, and adjoining these a

blackish spot ; wing-coverts

with a triangular white spot at

the tip, and no adjoining black

spot ; underparts very yellow.

k''. Feathers of the forehead and

greater part of the crown

tipped with red buffoni (S ad., p. 544.

l*^. Top of the head entirely

spotted with pure white .... buffoni 5 ad., p. 544.
m!^. Top of the head dusky, the
crown spotted with greyish,
the occiput .striped with dull

white buffuni]\x\., p. 544.

z*. With yellow on the top of the
head in male.
w°. Sincipital feathers tipped with

yellow punctifrons cJ ad.,

o'. Top of the head entirely spotted [p. 544.

with white intnctifrons 5 ad.,

t'" . Ground-colour of the top of the [p. 545.

head umber-brown in the adult,
brownish dusky in the young.
«rt^ Sinciput minutely speckled with

red hfres7iayi c? ad., p. 545.

bb^. Top of the head entirely spotted

with white lafresnayi § ad., p. 546.

cc*'. Hinder part of the crown and the

occiput striped with white lafresnayi ]\x\., p. 546.

;". The barring on the underparts contined

to the chest.
u'" . Below the chest strijied.
dd\ With yellow on the top of the
head in the male, both adult and
young.
p". The posterior feathers of the

526

crown and the occiput spotted
with wliite.
71*^. Sincipital feathers tipped witli

yellow aurifruns J ad., ]>. 546.

o''. With no yellow on the top of
the head, the sinciput spotted

with white aurifruns 5 , P- 546.

y\ The posterior feathers of the

crown and the occiput striped [p. 546.

with white (lurifnms ^ imm.,

ee'. With red on the top of the head
in tlie ujale.
?•'. Sincipital feathers speckled with

red horlxe c5 fi^h, p. 547.

s\ Entire top of the head blackish

brown spotted with white .... horb<c 2 ad., p. 547.
v'". Below the cliest spotted.
ff*. Ground-colour of the top of the
head and of the occiput black in
the adult, dusky in the young.
t^. Sincipital feathers tipped with
yellow, the posterior feathers

spotted with white Jluvifrons J ad., p. 547.

M". Crown and occiput striped with

white fiavifrons juv., p. 547.

gg^. Ground-colour of the top of the
head and of the occiput umber-
brown, the sincipital feathers
tipped with yellow, the remainder

spotted with white icallacii c? ad., p. 547.

". Chest uniform olivaceous in the adult ;

below the chest striped.
lo'". With red on the top of the head in
male.
hh^. Feathers of the forehead and
crown tipped with orange-
scarlet vlivaceus cJ ad., p. 548.

uK Entire top of tlie head black,

spotted with white ulivacvus 5 'id., p. 548.

a;'". \Nith yellow on the top of the
head in male.
jjK The feathers of the crown tipped

with golden yellow granadcnsis cJ ad.,

kk^. Entire top of the head spotted [p. 549.

with white grunadensis 5 ad.,

". Chest and below Avith large rounded [p. 549.

or heart-shaped spots of black, the
thighs barred ; with broad auricular
and malar stripes.
y'" . Top of the head olive in adult,
dusky in young ; auricular and
malar stripes tinged with olive.
II*-. Sincipital feathers black, mar- [p. 550.

gined with reddish orange mmimmulns S ad.,

mmK Top of the head entirely olive . innovdiiatus 5 ad.,
;:'". Top of the head rufous; aiu-icular [p. 550.

and malar stripes tinged with this
colour.

46. ricuMNus. 527

nn*. Sincipital featlieis black, with

dull orange-red tips chincmsis (^ ad., p. 551.

ooK vSincipital feathers entirely rufous,

like those of the remainder of the

crown and occiput ckinensin J ad., p. 552.

1. Picumnus nifiventris.

Asthenurus rufiventris, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 120 ; i'l. Consj). Vvlucr.

Zygod. p. 11, no. 252 (1854).
ricuninus rufiventris, Lnfr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 366; Gray, Gen. B.

ii. p. 4.32 (1845); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 141 (1850); Mnlh.

Picidee, ii. p. 283, pi. cxviii. fig. 2, ? (1862) ; Sclat. ^- Salo. P. Z. S.

1866, p. 1<J6 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 27 ( 1868) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8526 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442

(1870) ; Sclat. cf Salt. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291 ; Tacz. Orn. Pervu,

iii. p. 63 (1886).
Picumnus rufiveuter, Reichenb. Sca7is. Picincp, p. 345, no. 791 (1854) ;

Simdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 96 (1866).
Craugiscus rufiventer, Cab. <$• Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 11 (1863).

Adult male. Back, rump, scapulars, aud wing-coverts olive,
slightly rufescent ; upper tail-coverts rufous ; quills dusky brown,
the primaries externally margined with olive, the secondaries ex-
ternally maigined with olivaceous rufous ; inner webs of the quills
margined with buff, shafts dark brown ; tail typical, the white webs
tinged with rufous ; nasal plumes rufescent, tipped with black ;
top of the head and occiput black, the feathers of the forehead and
crown tipped with scarlet, the occipital feathers spotted with rufous
buff; hind neck rufescent olive ; lores rufescent, spotted with white ;
sides of the face and neck, and entire underparts from the chin to
the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, uniform rich rufous ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries pale rufous, with a dusky spot near the
base of the primaries. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-3,
tail 1'07, tarsus 0"6 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior O'o, outer
posterior 0"54, inner anterior 0'32, inner posterior 0-25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the red on
the head, the forehead, crown, and occiput being entirely spotted
with white. Total length 4-2 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 23, tail
1-2, tarsus 0-G5.

Hah. Eastern Ecuador, North-east Peru, and the adjoining part
of Brazil.

a. $ ad. sk. Rio Napo. Salvin-Gndman Coll.

h, c. c? $ ad.sk. Sarayacu,Ecuador (C.i);<r^-^'?/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {C.BucIdey). Sclater Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. Saravacu, E. Peru, Aug. {IJ. Sclater Coll.

Bartktt).

2. Picumnus cinnamomeus.

Picumnus cinnamom('u.s, IJ'cu/l. Isis, 182;t. p. 646; Lafr. Rer. Zool.
1845, pp._7, 8, 111 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 4.32 (1845) ; Bp. Consp.
Gcn.Av. i. p. 141 (1860); Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 787,

528 nciD,!!:.

pi. dclxxviii. figs. 4483-84 (1854) ; Malh. Picidfe, ii. p. 277, pi. cxix.
fifis. 4(5', 5 5 (1862); Sundev. Co7isp. Av. Picin. p. 96 (1866);
(Irmi, List Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 27 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii.
p. ISO, no. 8525 (1870) ; Sdat. ^~ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 98

Asthenurus cinnamomeus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 253

(1854).
Craugiscus cinnamomeus, Cab. Sf Heine, Mxis. Hein. iv. p. 10 (1863).

Adult male. Entire plumage rich rufous, with the following ex-
ceptions : — nasal plumes and frontal band buffy white, the feathers
having dusky tips ; the top of the head intense black, broadly striped
with golden yellow, except on the extreme hinder part of the crown,
which has a band formed of large white spots ; wing-covcrts and
quills brownish dusky, the coverts edged with rufous ; the inner
Avebs of the primaries margined with greyish or brownish white,
the inner webs of the secondaries edged with buff and the outer
webs with rufous ; shafts brown ; tail typical, the white webs with
a buff or rufous tinge ; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total
length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-58, wing 2-22, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-58 ;
toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-42, outer posterior 0-42,
inner anterior 0-26, inner posterior 0-23.

Adult female. Resembles the adult male generally, but differs in
the absence of the yellow tips to the feathers of the crown, this
region being black and the hinder half spotted with pure white, the
spots being large and forming almost a complete band between the
crown and the occiput. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing
2-25, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-55.

Hah. The extreme northern States of Colombia, in the neighbour-
hood of Carthagena, Valle Dupar, and Santa Marta.

a,h. S 2 ad. sk. Santa Marta, U.S. Colombia. M. Verreaux.
c. $ imm. sk. Valle Dupar, U.S. Colombia, Salvin-CTodman Coll.

Sept. 24 {F. Simons).

3. Picxunnus castelnaui.

Picumuus castelnaui, Ilalh. Picidce, ii. p. 281 (not plate) (1862) ;

Cah. 8f Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 12 (1863) ; Sundev. Consp. Av.

Picin. p. 104 (1866) ; Grai/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 27 (1868) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8523 (1870).
Piciimnus castelnaudi, Sclat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 186G, p. 196, 1873,

p. 290 ; Tacz. Orn. Peroti, iii. p. 64 (1886).

Adidt male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale dusky olive,
with almost obsolete and narrow dusky and yellowish-olive bars ;
wing-coverts dusky brown with olive margins ; quills blackish
brown, the primaries at their base and the secondaries along their
whole length margined with olive-yellow, the inner webs more or
less margined with white ; shafts brownish black ; upper tail-
coverts yellowish white, crossed by dusky bars ; tail typical ; nasal
])lumes black with yellowish bases ; forehead, supercilium, crown,
and occiput black, the crown-feathers tipped with scarlet, the super-

46. PicuMNus. oL'9

eilium and sides of the occiput and uape spotted with white ; lores
uniform buif ; sides of the face (except the malar region) and neck,
also the hind neck, olivaceous white barred with dusky black ; malar
region and entire underparts from the chin to the vent uniform
pale yellow ; the under tail-coverts also pale yellow, but crossed by
dusky bars ; under wing-coverts yellowish white, M'ith a dusky
spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 3-2 inches,
culmen 0-5, wing 2, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-52 ; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-35, outer posterior 0-35, inner anterior 0-25, inner
posterior 0'16.

Adult female. Has the top of the head uniform deep black, but is
in other respects like the adult male. Total length 3-2 inches,
culmen 0-48, wing 2, tail 1, tarsus 0-5.

Yomuj. In this plumage the barring upon the back is more dis-
tinct ; the chest is crossed by very faint dusky bars, and the re-
maining underparts have almost obsolete dusky stripes and spots ;
the top of the head is dusky brown, not deep black.

Hah. North-east Peru (Sarayacu and Yquitos, on the Ucayali
Hiver), and extending north to the Rio Napo in Ecuador.

a. $ ad. sk. Nauta, Peru {E. Bartktt). Sclater Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazon, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(//. Whitely).

c. (S ad. sk. Upper Ucayali River, Peru (K Sclater Coll.

Bartlett).

d. Juv. sk. Rio Napo. Salviu-Godman Coll.

4. Picumnus leucogaster.

Picumnus castelneau, Malh. Picidce, ii. pi. cxvii. figs. 1 r?, 2 rPP),
not text (1862). ^' \+ jy

Picuumus leucogaster, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 336, 442 (1870) ;
Grat/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, uo. 8524 (1870) ; Pelz. ^ Lorenz.
Ann. k.-k. Naturhist. Hofvi. Wien, p. 42 (1888).

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars pale brown, transversely
varied with darker brown and whitish ; wing-coverts umber-brown
with paler brown margins ; quills brown, the secondaries exter-
nally margined with fulvescent white, the inner webs of the quills
more or less margined with white ; shafts brown ; upper tail-coverts
white barred with dusky brown ; tail tj'pical ; nasal plumes and
lores buffy white ; forehead, crown, occiput, and nape black, the
coronal feathers tipped with scarlet, tlie remainder spotted with
pure white ; hind neck like the back ; face and neck white barred
with dusky brown, the ear-coverts brown with smoky-white bars ;
from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive, white, and
entirely uniform except a few brown spots or stripes on the thighs ;
under wing-coverts creamy white, with a brown spot near the base
of the primaries. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-52, wing 2-15,
tail 1-2, tarsus 0-53; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-4,
outer posterior 0-4, inner anterior 0-3, inner posterior 0-22.

VOL. XVIII. 2 11

530 PIClDiE.

Adult female. " Similar to llic male, but rather smaller, and with
the top of the head entirely spotted with white." (Felzeln.)

Toung female. " Has the chest crossed by irregular browu bars."
(Pelzelu.) '

Hah. North Brazil (Rio Branco and Rio Cauame).

a. tS ad. sk. Kio Branco, Brazil, May 30 Sclater Coll.

{J. Natter er).

5. Picunmns fuscus.

Picumnus fuscus, Teh. Orn. Bras. pp. 242, 335, 442 (1870) ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. ii. p. ISO, no. 8527 (1870) ; Pek. ^ Lorenz. Ann. k.-k.
Naturhist. Hofm. Wien, p. 42 (1888).

Young female. " Above rufous dusky, the nape more iuclining to
rufous ; the crouTi dusky, uniform in front, the posterior feathers
rufescent in the middle ; lores, orbital region, sides of the head, and
neck pale rufous ; under surface of the body ochreous white ; the
wing-coverts and secondaries margined with olivaceous ; bill obscure
horn-colour; feet pale. Length 4-3 inches, wing 2-15, tail 1-35,
culmeu 0-55, bill from gape 0-65, tarsus 0-6." (Fehehi.)

The tail is typical, and a description of it need not be given.

Hab. Rio Guapore, west of Matto Grosso, Brazil.

6. Picumnus temmincki.

Carpintero enano, Azara, Ajmnt. Hist. Nat.Pd.var. Parar/. ii. p. 327

(1805).
Picus minutus {non Linn.), Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 11 (1823).
Picumnus exilis {non Licht.}, Temm. PI. Col. livr. 62°, no. 371, fig. 2

(1825); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 115 (1828); Wac/l.Isis, 1829,

p. 646.
Yunx exilis, Less. Traite, i. p. 2-32 (1831).

Piculus exilis, Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, N. Ann. dti Mus. 1832, p. 397.
Asthenurus exilis. Strains. C'lassif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837).
Picumnus temminckii, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 6, 111 ; Graij, Gen.

B. ii. p. 432 (1845) ; Hartl. Ljid. Azara, p. 16 (1847) ; Bp. Cons}).

Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ; id. Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 243

(1854) ; Eeichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 343, no. '780, pi. dcxvi. fig.

4110, 5 , pi. dclxxviii. figs. 4480-82, c? ? $ (1854) ; Burni. Th.

Bras. ii. p. 246 (1856) : Cab. S,- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 21 (1863);

Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 240, 442 (187U) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr, p. 98 (1873) ; Berl. Sf Her. in Madar . Zeitsch. gesamm.

Orn. ii. p. 156, pi. ix. fig. 2, S (1885).
Picumnus buffoni {non Lafr.), Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 295, pi. cxvi.

figs. 3, 4 (1862).
Picumnus ruficoUis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866); Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179,

no. 8507 (1870).

Adult male. Differs from P. cirrhatus in having the sides of the
face and neck rufous, the feathers of the malar region whiter than
the remainder of the face and tipped with dusky ; the upper parts
are much more rufescent, and the wing-coverts have more rufescent

46. ricuMNus. 531

margins or apical spots; the underparts tinged with rufous poste-
riorly ; under wing-coverts buff. Total length 3-7 inches, culmen 0-5,
wing 2'15, tail 1*3, tarsus 0*5 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0"43, outer posterior 0-43, inner anterior 0-3, inner posterior 0-22.

Adult female. Has no red on the head, the forehead and crown
being like the occiput and nape black spotted with pure white.
Total length 3'5 inches, culmen 0*42, wing 2-1, tail 1"3, tarsus 0-5.

Immature female. Has the ochreous-brown transverse markings
on the back more distinct ; the posterior half of the face and the
side of the neck paler, and of a buff colour instead of rufous, with a
few transverse dusky brown markings. In this plumage the top of
(he head is deep black spotted with pure white.

Hub. South Brazil (from Pelotas in the Province of Rio Grande
do Sul, north to Ypanema) and Paraguay.

a. (S ad. sk. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Tweeddale Coll.

b, c. (S ad. ; d. Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Salvin-Godtuan Coll.
2 imm. sk. (Joyner).

e. 5 ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, May {J, Sclater Coll.

Natterer).

7. Picunmus cirrhatus.

Yunx miuuta, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 230 (1819) ; id.

^- Bonn. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1300 (1823).
Picumnus cirrhatus, Temm. PI. Col. livr. 62^, no. 371, fig. 1 (1825) ;

Less. Man. WOrn. ii. p. 116 (1828) ; Cab. ^ Heine, Mas. Hein. iv.

p. 19 (1863) ; Sundev. Co7isjj. Av. Pidn. p. 98 (1866) ; Gray, List

Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8o02

(1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Co//, p. 381, no. 1862(1882).
Picumnus minutus {nan Linn.), Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 645 ; Burm. Th.

Bras. ii. p. 245 (1856).
Yunx cirrhatus, Less. Traite, i. p. 232 (1831).
Yunx niinutissima (pt.). Less. Traite, i. p. 232 (1831).
Piculus cirrhatus, Geoffr. St.-Hil. N. Ann. du Mus. 1832, p. 397.
Picunmus minutissimus, Nemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 378

(1832).
Asthenurus cirrhatus. Steams. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837).
Picumnus caj-eunensis, Z«/r. Bev. Zool. 1845, pp. 6, 8, 111 (pt.) ;

Reiehenb. Scans. Pieince, p. 343, no. 779, pi. dc.xvi. tig. 4109, cJ

(1854) ; Malh. Picida, ii. p. 280, pi. cxx. tigs. 1, 3 (1862).
Picumnus exilis (non Licht.), Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ;

lieichenb. Scans. Picinee, pi. dcxvi. figs. 4107-8 (not text) (1854).
Picumnus azarse, Cab. S^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 20 (1863) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Pidn. p. 98 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 24

(1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8.503 (1870); Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 442 (1870).

Adult male. Back, scapulars, and rump brown, indistinctly crossed
by dusky and ochreous-brown bars : wing-coverts brown, tipped or
spotted at the ti]) with brownish white or ochreous brown ; quills
dusky brown, the secondaries externally edged with dull yellowish
white, the inner webs of the quills more or less margined with dull
white ; shafts brown ; upper tail-coverts white barred with dusky ;

2m 2

532 piciBiE.

tail typical ; nasal plumes buff tipped with black ; top of the head,
supercilium, occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead
and crown tipped with scarlet, the remainder spotted with pure
white ; hind neck brownish white barred with dusky ; sides of the
face and neck, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts (both
inclusive), dull white, slightly buff on the flanks and thighs, the ear-
coverts ochreous brown, the whole being barred evenly with black ;
under wing-coverts huffy white, with a dusky spot near the base of
the primaries. Total length 3"7 inches, culmcn 0*53, wing 2"15,
tail 1-25, tarsus 0"Oo; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'43,
outer posterior 0*43, inner anterior 0'32, inner posterior 0"28.

Adult female. Wants the red on the head, the forehead and crown
being spotted with white like the occiput and nape. In other re-
spects it resembles the adult male. Total length 3'6 inches, eulmen
0-5, wing 2-1, tail 1-15, tarsus 0'5.

Hub. Eastern Brazil (Provinces of Bahia and llio Janeiro), and
ranging westward into Paraguay.

a. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

h, c. S ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

P. azarce of Gray's List, p. 24.

e,f- c? 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

g. (5 imm. sk. Baliia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Sclater Coll.

k. cJ' ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro (J. Natterer). Sclater Coll.

k,l.(S; m. 2 Novo Fribourgo, Brazil {J. Salviu-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. Youds) .

8. Picumnus spilogaster.

YuDX miuutissima, G7)i. S^/sf. Nat. i. p. 423 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 230 (1819) ; id. Gal. Ois. i. pi. xxviii.

(1825); Less. Traite, i. p. 232 (1831), pt.
Piciis minimus, Shau' i^ Nodd. Nat. Miscell. ii. pi. xliv. (1790).
Picus minutus {no7i Litin.), Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 243 (1790) ; Steph.

Gen. Zool. ix. p. p. 211, pi. xxxvi. (1815).
lyux minutissima, Licht. Cat. Rer. Hamb. p. 16 (1793).
Picus minutissimus, Temm. St/st. Cat. p. 64 (1807).
Yuux cayennensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 172 (1826).
Picumnus minutissimus, Neuweid, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 378

(1832).
Piculus minutus (non Linn.), Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, N.Ann. Mus. 1832,

p. 397.
Picumnus cayennensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 6, 111 (pt.).
Picumnus spilogaster, Sundev. Consp.Av. Picin. p. 100 (1866) ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mtis. p. 26 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179,

no. 8511 (1870).

Adult female. Resembles P. cirrhatus on the upper parts, but
differs below ; the chin, throat, and chest, only, being barred with
black, and this more narrowly ; the breast and remaining under-
parts having drop-like spots of black, the breast-feathers having the
apical margin dusky, the flanks and thighs transversely spotted ;

46. PICUMNUS. CQQ

the under tuil-coverts dusky at the base, and having the anical
portion uniform or at the most very minutely spotted with dSry
the ear-coverts blacker. Total length 3-5 inches culmen 0 52 Mdig
2-14, tail M.o, tarsus 0-53: toes (without c]aws)-outer an'tS
0-5 out.r posterior 0-5 inner anterior 0-3, inner posterior 0 25

AduH ,„«?. Differs from the adult female in having the feathers
of the crown broadly tipped with scarlet. Total length 3-6 inches
culmen 0-53, wmg 2-1, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-55. '

ffah. Guiana.

9. Picumntis orbignyanus.

^^'^rf S^ST' Y'\^T- ^"^'- ^^f' I'P- ^' ^" = ^'-V, Gen.

S'fi'k St tS (/sJof ^"- ^^- P- '' ^''''^ ■' ^'■"^' ^-^-^•

t-'ciacg u IX J8.J (1802) ; 6imdev. Consp.Av. Pidn. p. 100 (1866) •

flS) ' ''• '"• P- ^^ ^^*^^^^ ' ^'^'- «'•« ^'•«* P 442'

Microcolaptes orbignyanus, Bp. Comp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 247

^'?ST. H'^y ^T ^'tl-^\^^'']^\: ^'"^'^' "• P- 295, text only
(I«b2) ; White, Cam. 8ih\-Land, ii. p. 3:33 (1889) •'

Picumims, sp. mc., Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. ZQol Burnf in Biarv t r
pp. 423, 428 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, f. G16. '^' ^' '

^•I'^'f /'T^'- ■^''? ''"'^ scapulars ashy umber-brown, spotted
with dul white; the rump darker brown with brownish-white
bas; quills dark brown, the outer webs of the secondaries ed-ed
with brownish white, the inner webs of the quills more or less
margined with whitish; shafts brown; upper tail-coverts white
barred with blackish; tail typical; nasal plumes rufous buff -fore!
head, crown supercilium, and occiput black, with rounded spots of
pure white, the nape also black with drop-like spots of white ; hind
neck dusky with whitish bars; sides of the face and neck Uite
the feathers having a dusky apical margin, the ear-coverts with
dusky brown bases, and having a spotted appearance : from the
ebin to the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) white, the feathers of
the ehm and throat margined with black, the chest barred the
upper breast and sides of lower breast spotted, the flanks thi'-hs
and under tail-coverts barred with black, the feathers of the middle
portion of the lower breast margined at the tip with blackish and
paving a scaly appearance ; under wing-coverts white, with a duskv
brown spot near the base of the primaries: "iris wood-brown
beak dark horn-colour, base of lower mandible lighter ; legs and feet
ohve-green " (//. Burnford). Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-48
yng2-US, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-5 ; toes (without claws)-outer anterio;
U 3b outer posterior 0-4, inner anterior 0-22, inner posterior 0-18
demU) " "^^^ *^^ CTown-feathers tipped with red." (^,;„_

JJab. Extreme north of the Argentine Kepublic (Salta).
«, b, c. 2 ad. sk. Salta, Argent. Eep., .Tune H. Dumford, Esq. [C.].

534 prciD^.

10. PicTunnus sclateri.

Picumnus sclateri, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 327 ; Sclat. l^ Salv. op. cit.
]878, p. 140 ; Bed. Sf Tacz. op. cit. 18S3, pp. 537, 570, 1885, p. 122;
Tacz. Om. Ferou, iii. p. 6b (188G).

Adult female. Back, scapulars, and rump umber-brown, trans-
versely varied with paler brown ; wing-coverts umber-browu mar-
gined with brownish white ; quills brown, the secondaries externally
margined with dull yellowish white, the inner webs of the qiiills
more or less margined with dull white ; shafts brown ; upper tail-
coverts dull white crossed by dusky bars ; tail typical ; nasal plumes
and lores white ; top of the head, supercilium, occiput, and nape
deep black, the nape with small longitudinal spots of white, the
remainder having larger rounded white spots ; sides of the face
(except the ear-coverts) and neck, hind neck, chin, throat, and chest
white barred with black, the ear-coverts brown ; underparts below
the chest, also the under tail-ccverts, creamy white striped with
dusky brown ; under wing-coverts huffy white, with a dusky brown
spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 3'2 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-07, tail 1-12, tarsus 0-56 ; toes (without claws) — outer
anterior 0*4, outer posterior 0'4, inner anterior 0-25, inner posterior
0-2.

Young. Have the top of the head blackish brown (not deep black)
■with short and narrow white stripes.

Adult male. " Differs from the adult female in having the sinci-
pital white-spotted feathers tipped with sulphur-yellow. Wing
2-05 inches, tail 0-95, bill 0-6, tarsus 0-43." {TaczanowsU.)

Hah. The extreme north-west of Peru (Lechugal andTumbez), and
north into Western Ecuador (Guayaquil and the Balzar Mountains).

a. 5 ad. sk. Guayaquil, Ecuador (J. Stolz- Sclater Coll.

mann).

b. 2 ad. sk. Guayaquil (J". Sfokmann). Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

c. d. 2 ad. et Balzar Mts., Ecuador (Illing- Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. worth).

11. Picumnus sagittatus.

Picumnus sagittatus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 103 (18G6) ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 26 (1868) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 179,
no. 8518 (1870) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870).

Adult femcde. Back, scapulars, and rump pale umber-brown,
sparingly spotted with white, each spot having at its base a small
dusky spot ; upper tail-coverts black spotted with white ; wings
and their coverts brown, the latter spotted like the back, the quills
darker, except on the external margins of the secondaries, and
having their inner webs margined with whitish ; shafts light brown ;
tail typical ; nasal plumes huffy white ; to]) of the head, occiput,
and nape black spotted with pure white ; sides of the face and neck
white barred with blackish brown, the ear-coverts washed with
brown ; malar region black spotted with white ; from the chin to

46. PICUMNUS.

535

the under tail-coyerts (both inclusive) white, the throat chest and
upper breast with sagittate markings of bi'ownish black tt"
maindcn- stnped with black, the stripes on the flanks and i4s"
diop-hke; under wing-coverts dull white, the edge of the wC
brown, and close to the edge a dusky spot. Total l^igth 3-8 1^
culmen 0-53, wing 2-2, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-45; toes (without daws)
i^nr^sSrO-^-.''' '^''' '-''-'- '■''' i"--nterioVo^.S

Adult male. " Has the top of the head red." (Pdzeln )
SoS^uZtrLi ''"'''•"°°' ''° ""'" ^""-'■- '^C^yabai,.

12. Picumnus steindachneri.

Picumnus steindaclineri, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 40, pi ii ficg 1 '>
d $ ; ed Orn. Peroii, iii. p. 67 (1886). ' ^ " ' '

Adult mule. Back, rump, and scapulars dusky grey, with a few
almos obsolete whitish spots; wing-coverts durky^b7own witl
greyish-white margins; quills brown, the secondaries ed'ed wth

fv•T^^Y^'^/^^"""^ ^^^^ '^f ^he qums more or less mats eS
Avith dull white; shafts dark brown; upper tail-coverts whT w h

S'.rr ?"''' '^"^^^ ---1 P1--S buff, tipped wth
black, loies, malar region, chin, and upper throat white the fea-
thers margined with black; top of tU head, occiput Ind nape
black, the leathers of the forehead and fore part' of thl crown tipped

J tL'Soi ' '}'T7f'' T''''' "^^^ P-« ^^it°= posterior pS
of the face and side of the neck barred black and white ; fore neck
chest, and breast deep black, with drop-like spots of while the
remainder of the underparts and the Imder tlil coverTs roal
barred black and white ; under wing-coverts creamy wh te, wkh a
dusky spot near the base of the primaries, the edge of tLe win'
va led with brown. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0 45, win^ o."^
tail 1-25 tarsus 0-52; toes (without claws)-outer anterior 0-38'
outer posterior 0-38, inner anterior 0-23, inner posterior 0-2 '

^'Ylfir>ic^e '^ Similar to the male, but having the whole of the

-?8 tS'l .^r'rn n'.t''"'^^*" ''''''' ^-^^^^^^'^ inches, ILg
28, taill-26, bill 0-5, tarsus 0-42." (Taczunowslci.)

Bab. North-east Peru (Chirimoto, in the valley of Huayabamba).
«. 6 ad. sk. Chirimoto, Peru (J. Siokmann). Sclater Coll.

13. Picumnus jelskii.

Picuuinus albosquamatus [non cFOrb.), Tsck. Av. Camp. Pep. Peruan
m Arch, fur Naturg. 1844, p. 302 • Cah in T^nh R,, \f™""-
Orn. pp.. 43 264 (I8V46)'; ^T^.: P. Z:Vl8^f;S" '"'''""■

Picumnus jelsku, Tacz. P. Z. S. 18S2, p. 41, pi ii ti- 3 ?^- ,v/ n
Pirou, iii. p. 68 (1886). ' ^ °' ' ^' ^'^- ^'''^^

Adult male. Ahovo ashy grey, the feathers edged with lighter
grey and less distinct than in P. stemdaolmeri, the^lack stripes fn

536 piciD^.

the centre of the feathers indistinct ; top of the head black, the
feathers of the forehead and crown largely tipped with red, the
remainder spotted with white : nasal plumes and base of the fore-
head ochreoiis ; auricular region brownish grey ; throat dirty
whitish, the remainder of the underparts whitish, slightly tinged
with yellow and varied with black spots, those of the chest having
a barred character, those of the abdomen and flanks being somewhat
heart-shaped : under tail-coverts whitish with one or two central
spots of black; wings greyish brown, the coverts narrowly edged with
light grey ; the secondaries externally margined with whitish ; inner
webs of quills and under wing-coverts white ; tail typical : " bill
blackish, the mandible ashy at the base, yellowish in the middle,
and blackish at the tip ; feet grey ; irides dark brown " {Jelslci).
Wing 2-26 inches, tail 1-18, bill 0-52, tarsus 0-43.

Adult female. Has the whole of the top of the head black, spotted
with white. In other respects it resembles the adult male. Wing
2-2 inches, tail 1-22, bill 0-55, tarsus 0-43.

Never having seen this species, the above descriptions are ex-
tracted from Taczanowski's ' Ornithologie du Perou.'

Hah. Central Peru (Paltaypampa, in the valley of Chancamayo).

14. Picumnus nebulosus.

Picumnus nebulosus, Svndev. Cotisp. Av. Picin. p. 103 (1866) ; Gray,
List Picid. Prit. Mus. p. 27 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180,
no. 8521 (1870).

Female. " Back dusky rufescent and uniform, the rump of the
same colour ; underparts fulvous (or pale rufescent), the sides with
large spots, longitudinal in shape, reddish dusky in colour, and of
indeterminate form ; middle of the belly paler (buffy white), varied
with black spots. Peathers of the throat soft, broad, loose, black,
broadly margined with ashy white. Head obscurely dusky (but not
black ; it may be a sign of youth), spotted with larger white points
or dots ; sides of the head black, spotted with white ; wings more
obscurely dusky, the margins of the coverts slightly bright fulves-
cent ; the primaries not paler externally, the margins of the secon-
daries broadly fulvescent ; tail-feathers black, striped with white,
as in the others (Picumni) ; bill blackish, scarcely paler at the base;
iris (according to the label) dusky. Length of wing 2-3 inches,
tail 1'43." (S'undevall.)

The Salvin-Godman collection contains an example of this species,
but as it appears to be slightly younger than Sundevall's type
specimen, I quote the original descrii)tion of the latter. The
British Museum example diflers from the type in having the spots
on the dusky crown almost obsolete, and the feathers of the back,
instead of being uniform, are margined at the tip with ochreous
brown, while those of the rump have a barred appearance.

I/ah. Peru (Huiro, valley of Urubamba).

a. Juv. sk. Huiro, valley of Urubamba, Peui, Salvin-Godmau Coll.
4800 feet {J. Orton).

46, picuMNus. 537

15. PicTimnus pygmseus.

Picus pygmseus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. pp. 11, 12, note (1823).
Picumniis ocellatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 646 ; Malh. Piciclce, ii. p. 280

(1862) ; Szmdev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. Mm. p. 28 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8528 (1870) ;

Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870).
Picumnus pygm.ieus, Grat/, Gen. B. ii. p. 432, pi. 107, cJad. (1845) ;

Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, pp. 7, 111 ; Bj). Cunsp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140

(1850) ; Reichenb. Scans. PicineB, p. 344, no. 785, pi. cxvii. figs.

4117-18, d cJ (1854); Burm. Th. Bras. ii. p. 247 (1856) ; Malh.

Picidcp, ii. p. 285, pi. cxv. figs. 3c?ad., 4$ad., 5c? juv. (1862) ;

Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 330, no. 1968 (1862) ; Cab. ^- Heine, Mus.

Hein. iv. p. 23 (1863) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 382, no. 1865

(1882).
Piculus pygmseus, Bp. Consp. Valuer. Zycjod. p. 11, no. 246 (1854).

Adult mule. Above and below entirely brown, spotted with white,
the spots more or less round and partially encircled with black,
more particularly on the underparts ; wing-coverts like the back ;
quills brown, the secondaries externally margined with ochreous
brown, the inner webs of the quills margined with dull bufFy white,
the shafts brownish black ; upper tail-coverts white, margined with
dusky brown ; tail typical ; nasal plumes buffy white, tipped with
black ; top of the head, occiput, and nape black, the sincipital
feathers tipped with scarlet, the remainder spotted with white ;
sides of the face and neck brown, the ear- coverts striped, the re-
mainder spotted with white; under wing-coverts pale buff, with a
dusky brown spot near the base of the primaries. Total length 35
inches, culmen 0-47, wing 1-97, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-48 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-37, outer posterior 0'37, inner anterior 0-28,
inner posterior O'lS.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the top of the head, this being entirely black, spotted with white.
Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2, tail 1-18, tarsus 0-48.

Young. Have the top of the head dusky brown, with almost
obsolete paler brown transverse spots ; the body, both above and
below, is of a paler and more rufescent brown, the chin is whiter,
the fore neck, chest, and middle of the breast have elongated and
somewhat triangular spots of buffy white, not margined with black,
the spots on the wing-coverts being similar ; the underparts below
the breast are bufty brown, with darker brown bars.

Hah. Eastern Erazil (provinces of Bahia and liio Janeiro).

a. 5 ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

b. 6 ad. sk. Brazil. Old Coll.

c. <^. c?; e. 5 ad. Bahia {Dr. Wiicherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.

f,ff. d-, h,i- 2 I^ahia. Sr-later Coll.

ad. sk.

h. S\ V"- 2 ad. Novo Fribourgo, Brazil (/. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Youds').

538

16. Picumnus aster ias.

Picuiumis asterias, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 97 (1866) ; Gray,
Lid Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1868) ; id. Hcmd-l. B. ii. p. 180,
no. 8.j29 (1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870).

Adult. " Above duskj- ; below, from the bill to the anus, black,
closely spotted with white. Similar to P. pygmaus, but with the
under surface black, closely spotted with round spots of lai-ge size ;
the spots on the back also larger, but fewer in number ; in the
female (? young) less distinct. Flanks and vent black, banded with
white. The crown, bill, &c. as in P. inigmceus. Wing 1 "93 inches."
i^Sundevall.)

Hah. Brazil.

17. Picumnus guttifer.

Picumnus guttifer, Smidcv. CoJisp. Av. Picin. ^.101 (1866); Pelz.
Orn. Bras. -^.U^ (1870).

Adidt male. Back, scapulars, and rump brown, spotted with
white, the spots being partially surrounded with dusky ; upper
series of the upper tail-coverts also brown with white tips, the lower
series black, minutely spotted with white at the tip ; wing-coverts like
the back, but the spots rather smaller ; quills brown, the secondaries
externally margined with greyish white, the inner webs of the (juills
with whitish margins ; shafts brown ; tail typical ; nasal plumes
buff, with black tips ; forehead and crown orange-scarlet, the bases
of the feathers black ; occiput, nape, and orbital region black,
minutely spotted with pure white ; ear-coverts brown, barred with
greyish white ; the remainder of the face, side of the neck, chin,
throat, and fore neck black, with more or less drop-like spots of
pure white ; taking the remaining underparts as white, the feathers
of the chest and breast are margined with black and have a black
central stripe widening at the base on the chest ; the remaining
underparts are mainly striped with black, and the thighs as well as
the under tail-coverts transversely spotted ; the underparts have a
very scaly appearance ; under wing- coverts huffy white, the edge of
the wing brown and a dusky spot near it. Total length 4 inches,
culmen 0'5, wing 2-25, tail 1-35, tarsus 0'5 ; toes (without claws)
— outer anterior 0-46, outer posterior 0-5, inner anterior 0-32,
inner posterior 0'25.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the forehead and crown, the entire top of the head being black,
spotted with pure white. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0-52, wing
2-3, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Provinces of Goyaz and Matto Grosso, Brazil.

«, h. J 5 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Marcli, Sahin-Godman Coll.
April (H. H. Smith).

46. PicuMNTJs, 539

18. Picumnus albosquainatus.

Picumnus albosquainatus, Lafr. in d'Orh. Voy. Amer . Mirid. iv. Ois.

Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 103 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 26 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, uo. 8516 (1870) ;

Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 9S (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 631 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 382, no. 1867 (1882).
PicuniQus albisquamatus, i?/j. Consp. Geii. Av. i. p. 140 (1850) ;

Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 345, no. 786, pi. dcxvii. fig. 4116, cJ

(1854).
Microcolaptes albisquamatus, Bp. Consp. Vobicr. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 250

(1854).

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars brownish dusky, with a
few almost obsolete whitish spots ; wing-coverts dusky brown, with
paler brown margins and dull white spots ; quills darker brown,
the primaries whitish at the base of the inner web, the secondaries
externally margined with dusky yellowish, the inner webs edged
with huffy white ; shafts dark brown ; upper tail-coverts white
margined at the tip with dusky ; tail typical ; nasal plumes and
lores buify white, the former tipped with black ; the top of the head,
occiput, nape, and supercilium black, the feathers of the forehead
and crown tipped with vermilion, the remainder spotted with pure
white ; sides of the face and neck dull white, the feathers edged
with black, the ear-coverts dark brown spotted with paler brown ;
chin and throat, chest, and breast white, the feathers elongated and
edged with black, those of the breast having a black central stripe ;
remainder of the underparts and the under tail-coverts rufescent
white, most of the feathers having a central stripe of black ; under
wing-coverts huffy white, with a dusky spot near the base of the
primaries ; bill black. Total length 3-5 inches, cul.men 0-55, wing
2-1, tail 1'15, tarsus 0"55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"38,
outer posterior 0'38, inner anterior 0-3, inner posterior 02.

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, this being
entirely black spotted with white. Total length 3-5 inches, culmea
0"5, wing 2-1, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-5.

Hah. Bolivia (Province of Yungas).

a. d ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

b. (5 ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased.

e. $ ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. Buckley).

19. Picumnus lepidotus.

Le Petit Pic de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 83 (1760).

Picumnus lepidotus. Cub. Sf Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 14 (1863) ;

Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 102 (1866) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 26(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8514(1870);

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870) ; Sclat. .^ Salv. Noynencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 98 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 382, uo 1866 (1882).

540 piciD^.

Piciimnus squainiger, Sttndev. Consp.Av. Picin. p. 102 (18fiG) ; Grai/,
List Picid. Brit. Mils. p. 26(1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179,
no. 8517 (1870).

Adult male. Resembles P. alhosquamatus, but differs in having
the upper parts browner, with large fulvescent-white spots, and
within and joining these a smaller spot of black ; the feathers of
the underparts not elongated, but shorter and rounder, with a very
narrow black margin ; the base of the bill conspicuously yellow.
Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0'53, wing 2-16, tail 1'17, tarsus
0"55 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0'42, outer posterior
0'42, inner anterior 0'28, inner posterior 0-2.

Adult female. Has no red on the top of the head, the whole being
spotted with white. Total length 3"75 inches, culmen 0"46, wing
2-15, tail 1-12, tarsus 0-53.

Hah. Surinam and Cayenne.

a. S ad. sk. [N. Brazil.] Old Coll.

Spec, a of Gray's List, p. 26.

b. cj ad. ; c. 2 imm. sk. Caj-enne. Sclater Coll.
d. (S ad. sk. Surinam. Sclater Coll.

20. Picumnus squamulatus.

Picumnus squamulatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 208 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1855, p. 162 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1970 (18(^.2) ; Malh.

Picidce, ii. p. 282, pi. cxvii. figs. 3, 4, d" $ (1862) ; Cab. Sr Heine,

Mus. Hein. iv. p. 14 (1863) ; Sundev. Consj). Av. Picin. p. 102

(1866); Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 629; Graij, List Picid.

Brit. Mils. p. 26 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8515(1870);

Sclat. 4- Salv. Nojnencl. Av. JVeotr. p. 98 (1873).
Microeolaptes squamulosus, Bp. Consp. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 251

(1854).
Picumnus alhosquamatus {non I^afr. ^' d'Orb.), Licht. Nomencl. Av.
p. 78 (1854).

Adidt male. Back, rump, scapulars, and wing-coverta brown, the
feathers margined with black, and having a subapical squamate
marking of light fulvescent brown ; quills dark brown, the secon-
daries externally margined with olive-yellow ; inner webs of the
quills more or less mai'gined with white ; shafts dark brown ; upper
tail-coverts yellowish white, with blackish margins ; tail typical ;
nasal plumes reddish brown tipped with black ; top of the head,
occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead and crown
tipped with orange-scarlet, the remainder, including the supercilium,
spotted with pure white ; lores, sides of the face, and neck white,
with a brown auricular stripe, the white feathers being narrowly
margined with black ; from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both
inclusive, white, all the feathers margined with black, and having
a squamate appearance ; under wing-coverts huffy white margined
with dusky, and having, near the base of the primaries, a dusky
patch or spot. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 2-2, tail
1'2, tarsus 0"52 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"38, outer
posterior 0"38, inner anterior 0*22, inner posterior 0*15.

46. PICUMNUS.

541

Young female. Has the top of the head dusky, the feathers of
the forehead and crown with a subterminal crescenl'shaped markiu"
of^brownzsh white, the occipital feathers having a whiter subapi^cal

Hab. Neyy Granada (Bogota) and Venezuela, north to Caraccas.

«, 6. d 2 ad. sk.
c, d. c? ad. et inim

sk.
e,/. d2 ad. sk.
(/, h. 2 ad. sk.
i. $ imm. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.
I. $ imm. sk.

«*. J imm. sk.

New Granada.
New Granada.

New Granada.
New Granada.
Venezuela.
Caraccas, Venezuela.
San Esteban, Venezuela,

Jan. {A. Goeriuff).
San Esteban, Jan. (A.

Goering).

Sclater Coll.
Gould Coll.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Gould Coll.
Mr. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

21. Picunmus iheringi.

Picumnus iheringi, i?eW.J6/. 1884, p. 441; id. i^- Jher. in Madar
Zeitsch. gesamm. Orn. ii. p. 156, pi. ix. fig. 1, cj (1885).

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars brown, with paler and
more rufescent margins to the feathers; the uprfr tafl covers
buffy brown stnped with black; wing-coverts blackS Wn
narrowly margined with rufescent or brou^ish buff; qums blacklh
brown, whitish on more or less of the inner margin the secondaries
externally edged with rufescent buff: quills br'ownish b a k aU
ypical; nasal plumes brownish white tipped with black ba'seo
forehead brownish b ack spotted with white ; remainder of forehead
and anterior part of the crown crimson, the bases of the feathers
black; the hinder part of the crown and the occiput black the
feathers having a white apical spot, and being very much eloniVed!
lores and orbital region dusky, spotted wi?h white ;sup"cilum
black spotted with white; sides of the neck and th nape cinl^
white, the ear-coverts and a broad stripe behind being iufJceft
brown varied with blackish; malar region, chin, and upper throit
dusky black, the feathers tipped with whit;; entire uiSpLts and
under tad-eoverts buff, more or less rufescent, broadly stri S Vi h
dusky black; under M'ing-coverts bufty white. Totil leSh
rt ifhollt ?' '" "'" .^■''' "^'>^ --1'' '^"^ 1-^5, tarsus 0 55 : t^oet

In 1 ,w-''''^~°"*'' ^^^•^'^"^ *^'^^' °^ter posterior 0-4S inner
anterior (»-2o, inner posterior 0-25 '

542

22. Picumnus minutus *.

Pipia minuta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 340 (17(16).

Picas exilis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 11 (1823) ; Biirm, Th. Bras. ii.

p. 24Li (1850).
Asthenurus miuutus, Swains. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 353 (1828).
Picumnus cirratus (non Temtn.), War/l. Isis, 1829, p. 645.
Picumnus lichtensteinii, Lafr. liei\ Zool. 1845, p. 6.
Picumnus exilis, Lafr. Mev. Zool. 1845, p. Ill (pt.) ; Gray, Gen. B.

ii. p. 432 (1845) ;■ C'«6. ^ Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 21 (1803).
Picumnus minutus, Bp. Consii. Volucr. Zygod. p. 11, no. 242 (1854);

Sunder. Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 98 (1800) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit.

Mus. p. 25(1868): id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, "no. 8504 (1870);

Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 442 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 382, no. 1864 (1882).
Picumnus hypoxanthus, Reichenh. Scans. Picitire, p. 344, no. 783,

pi. dcxvii. figs. 4112-3 (1854) ; Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 294, pi. cxix.

ligs. 1, 2 (1802).
Picumnus guttatus, Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 295, pi. cxix. fig. 3 (1862).
Picumnus buffoni (pt.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 330, no. 1967 (1802).

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars olive, the feathers having
yellow margins and' blackish spots; upper tail-coverts yellowish
white ; wing-coverts olive dusky with yellowish margins, and having
at the tip a yellowish-white and a black spot ; quills brownish
dusky, the outer webs of the secondaries and of the primaries at
the base margined with olive-yellow, inner webs of quills more or
less margined with whitish, the inner secondaries having whitish
tii)s and a subapical black spot ; shafts brownish black ; tail black,
tlie inner webs of the central pair of feathers white ; the two outer
large feathers on either side having a broad oblique white strijje
from the base of the outer web to the tip of the inner web ; shafts
of the same colour as the surrounding web, the base of those of the
central pair of feathers white ; nasal plumes bufty white tijiped with
black ; top of the head, occiput, and nape black, the sincipital feathers
tipped with orange-scarlet, the remainder minutely si)otted with
white ; face white, ear-coverts olive, side of the neck yellowish, the
whole being barred with black ; entire under surface of the body
and under tail-coverts yellow, the chin and upper throat whiter,
the whole being barred with black; under wing-coverts pale buff.
Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-05, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-5 ;
toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0"37, outer posterior 0"37,
inner anterior 0*2, inner posterior 0*15.

Adult female. Has no red upon the head, the forehead, crown,
and occiput being deep black spotted with pure white. Total length
3-2 inches, culmcn 0-5, wing 2, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-5.

* I have examined the s]ieeiineus which Sundevall regarded as typical of
P. minutus of Liiina;us ; they are tlie yellow Brazilian bird, and, without
lirsitatiiin, I acpe])t Sundevall's decision, which would possibly be aided by
tiiuliiidii, instead of following Dr. Cabanis, who considers the less vividly
coloured Guiauan species to be the true P. minutus.

46. PICUMNUS.

543

Young (sex?). Differs from the adult female in having the top of
the head, occiput, and nape dusk}-, not deep black, spotted with
dingy white on the forehead and crown, aud striped with the same
on the occiput and nape.

Hah. Brazil (Province of Bahia), extending westward into Peru.

a. (5 ad. sk.
h. 5 ad. sk.
V. j ad. sk.
d. 5 ad. sk.
e,f,9.6\ h. 2

ad. sk.
i, k. S 2 ad. ;

/. Juv. sk.
m, n. (S 2 ad. sk.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Brazil.

Bahia, Brazil.

Bahia ( Wuckcrer).

Bahia ( Wucherer).

Peru (Tschudi).

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.

23. Picumnus undulatus.

Picumnus miuutus {non Linn.), Cab. in Schonib. Reis. Guian. iii.

p. 714 (1848) ; id. 8f Heine, Mus. ITein. iv. p. 17 (180-3) : Sah.

Ibis, 1886, p. 57.
Picumnus minimus (non Shaw Sf Nodd.), Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 330,

no. 1969 (1862).
Picumnus undulatus, Harg. Ibis, 1889, p. 354.

Adult male. Resembles P. minutus, but may be distinguished by
its darker and brownish-olive upper parts, crossed by broad and
wavy dusky markings, and narrow wavy markings of j'ellow ; the
spotting on the wing-coverts less distinct; the under surface of the
body very much less yellow. Total length 3-5 inches, culmen 0*4,
wing 2-1, tail I'l, tarsus 0-5 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior
0-33, outer posterior 0-33, inner anterior 0*2, inner posterior 0-15.

Adult female. Has the forehead and crown like the occiput and
nape, black spotted with pure white. Total length 3'3 inches,
culmen 0-42, wing 2, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-48.

Young. Have the top of the head dusky, instead of deep black,
the forehead and crown with rounded spots of dull white, the
occiput and nape having stripes or stripe-like spots of the same ;
the transverse markings above less distinct, and the nnderi>arts with
only a faint tinge of yellow.

Hab. British Guiana, Surinam, and Cayenne.

a. S ad. sk.

b. S ad. ; c. $
imm. sk.

d. c? ad. sk.
e,f,!/- 6; }t,i,

k. 5 ad. sk.
/, m. cJ ad. et

juv. sk.
n, 0.(5? ad. s
p, q. d ? ad. sk.

k.

S. America.

River Oyapock, Cayenne.

River Oyapock, Cayenne.
Merume Mts., British Guiana,

June, July (If. Wldtehj).
Roraima, Nov., Dec. {H.

Whitely).
Rdrainia, Nov. {H. Whitely).
Camacusa, May (J/. Whitely).

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahiu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

54+ nciD^.

24. Picumnus buffoni.

Tres petit pic de Cayenne, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 37 (1780) ;

Davhent. PL Enl. no. 786 ; Bodd. Tahl. PL EnL p. 49, no. 786

(1783).
I'icuamus rainutissimus, Temm. PL CoL livr. 62", Picumn. sp. 1 (1825).
Picumnus buffoni, Lafr. Rev. ZooL 1845, pp. 6, 9 ; Gra;/, Gen. B. ii.

p. 432 (1845) ; Bp. Comp. Gen. Av. i. p. 140 (1850)"; id. Consp.

Valuer. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 245 (1854) ; Reiclienb. Sca?is. Picincc,

p. 344, no.'782, pi. dcxvi. fig. 4111, d (1854); Sclat. Cat. Amer.

B. p. 330, no. 1967 (1862) (pt.) ; Cah. et Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 23

(1863) ; Sinidev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 99 (1866) ; Graij, List

Picid. Brit. Mm. p. 25 (1868) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 179, no. 8505

(1870) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870).
Picumnu?! guttatus, Reichenh. Scans. Picime, p. 344, no. 784, pi. dcxvii.

figs. 4114-5 (1854).
Picumnus exilis {non Licht.), Malh. Picidce, ii. pi. cxvi. figs. 5 (5 , 6 $

(not text) (1862).
Picumnus guttifer (non Sundev.), Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 26

(1868) ; id. Hand-L B. ii. p. 179, no. 8513 (1870).

Adult male, liesembles P. minutus, but differs in having the back
and scapulars spotted with white or yellowish white, the spots
being partially margined with black ; the upper parts duller in
colour, the feathers wanting the yellow margins ; the wing-coverts
with longitudinal and somewhat triangular spots of white edged
with black, and without the black subapical spot. Total length
3 inches, culmen 0-43, wing 1-95, tail 1, tarsus 0-47 ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer posterior 0-4, inner anterior 0-27,
inner posterior 0"2.

Young male. Differs from the adult female in having the top of
the head dusky, not black, the forehead and crown with bars and
transverse spots of smoky white, the occiput and nape having stripe-
like spots of dull white ; the spots on the upper parts rather larger
and of a dull yellow.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in the absence of red
on the top of the head, this being entirely black spotted with white.
Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-48, wing 2-05, tail 1-05, tarsus 0-5.

Hab. Cayenne.

a. 9 ad. sk. [Brazil.] Purchased.

b. cS ad. sk. [Brazil.] J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

P. guttifer of Gray's List, p. 26.

c. cJ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

d. cS ad.sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. f. (S ad. et juv. R.'Ovapock, Cavenne (Jelski). Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.

25. Picumnus punctifrons.

Picumnus aurifrons (won Pelz.), Tacz. P. Z. IS. 1874, p. 546, 1882,

p. 42.
Picumnus punctifrons, Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 65 (1886).

Adult male, liesembles P. aurifrons in having the sincipital
feathers tipped with golden yellow, but differs in having the hinder

4G. picTJiixus. 545

part of the crown, occiput, and nape black spotted with pure white;
the entire underparts are barred with olive-black, the ground-
colour being yellow ; the upper parts and scapulars are deeper olive
barred with dull yellowish olive ; the greater series of wing-coverts
have an apical white spot, and within this and joining it a spot of
dusky black : " irides grey " (Stolzmaim). Total length 3 inches,
ciilmen 0-48, wiug 2-05, tail 1, tarsus 0-48; toes (without claws)—
outer anterior 0-35, outer posterior 0-35, inner anterior 0-23, inner
posterior 0-15.

Adult female. " Differs only from the male in having the spots on
the forehead white, like the remainder of the top of the head. Total
length 3-7 inches, wing 1-94, tail 0-92, bill 0-52, tarsus 0-43."
{Taczanoifslci.)

Young, in first phimage. " Differ from the adult in having the
back of a browner tint, the margins of the feathers reddish olive ; the
spots on the top of the head ochreous white ; the throat with scarcely
any dark bars ; the bars on the abdomen more broken ; the margins
of the secondary and tertiary quills less striking." (Taczanowski.)

Hub. Central aud Xorth-east Peru (Monterico and Huambo).

a. d ad. sk. Huamho, Peru, Feb. (/. Stokmann). Sclater Coll.

26. Picumnus lafresnayii.

(1

Picumnus lafresnayi, Sunclev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 100 (1866) ; Tacz.
S; Berl. P. Z. S. ISSo, p. 106 ; Tacz. Orn. Pcruu, iii. p. 70 (1886)*.

Adult male. Differs from P. minutus in wanting the blackish
spots above, the upper parts being deep olive with diiQ yellowish
bars ; the wing-coverts brownish olive with yellowish-olive margins,
and without any spots of black or white ; the olive-yellow external
margins to the secondaries are broken by dusky spots : the top of the
head, occiput, and nape are deep umber-brown, the sincii)ital feathers
very minutely tipped with scarlet, the remaining parts being spotted
with white, but the spots are more or less surrounded with black ;
underparts less yellow, and the bars fewer and broader ; the
dimensions are rather less. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-43,
wing 1-9, tail 0-87, tarsus 0-45; toes (without claws) — outer ante-
rior 0-35, outer posterior 0-35, inner anterior 0-25, inner posterior
0-15.

* Dr. Taczanowski gives P. huffoni of Sclater and Salvin, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 19(), 187.3, p. 291, as a synonym of the present species. The specimens
mentioned in the above papers were collected by Jlr. Edward Bartlett in Peru,
and are not P. lafresnai/ii ; they may be known from the latter by the male hav-
ing the sincipital feathers tipped with yellow, and it is upon Mr. Bartlett's
birds that I have founded my new species P. Jlavifrons. We have no authentic
record of P. lafrcsnaijii being found in Peru.

VOL. XVIII. 2 If

546 riciuiE.

Adult female. Has the forehoutl and crown spotted with white like
the occiput and nape, the red which characterizes the male being
wanting. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0-42, wing 2-12, tail 0-9,
tarsus 0'42.

Yoiimj. Differ from tlie adult in having the top of the head,
occiput, and nape brownish dusky striped with dingy white.

Hub. South-eastern Ecuador, north to Sarayacu.

a, h. (S ad.; c. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvia- Godman Coll.

$ ad. sk.
d, S ad. ; e. $ Sarayacu, Ecuador (6*. BucJcley). Sclater Coll.
juv. sk.

27. Picumnus aurifrons.

Picumnus ainit'rons, Fe/z. Orn. Brax. pp. 241, 334, 442 (1870);
Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8519 (1870) ; Ptlz. Hy Loreiiz,
Ann. k.-k. Naturhist. Hofm. Wien, p. 42 (1888).

Adult 7nalf. Above, including scapulars, olive brown, the feathers
of the rump and the upper tail-coverts tipped with olive-yellow ;
wing-coverts olive-brown margined with yellowish olive ; quills
dusky brown, the outer webs of the primaries marrowly margined
with greyish yellow, those of the secondaries more broadly margined
with olive-yellow, the inner webs of the quills more or less margined
with huffy white ; shafts dark brown ; ujjper tail- coverts yellowish
white ; tail typical, the white on the feathers tinged with yellow ;
nasal plumes and lores dull butfy white, the former tipped with
black ; top of the liead, occiput, and nape brownish black, the sin-
cipital feathers tipped with golden yellow, the remainder spotted
with white, the nuchal spots having a striated character ; sides of
the face and neck dull yellowish white, the ear-coverts striped, the
malar region barred, and the side of the neck spotted with black ;
chin and throat dull white, the under surface of the body aud under
tail-coverts dull yellowish white ; the chest barred with dusky
black, the remaining underparts striped with the same ; under wing-
coverts pale buff. Total length 3 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 1-9, tail
U'9, tarsus 0*45; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-3, outer
posterior 0-3, inner anterior 0-22, inner posterior 0-15.

Immature inale. Has the sincipital feathers tipped with yellow
as in the adult male, but those of the hinder crown and occiput are
of an umber-brown more or less striped with dull white, and on the
forehead and crown some of the blackish-brown feathers which
characterize the adult are appearing ; the markings on the under-
parts are similar to those of the adult but fainter, and the ground-
colour of the breast and abdomen slightly whiter.

Female {not fully adult). " Similar to the male but less, and with
the crown entirely spotted with white " (Felzchi).

Hah. Upper Amazon Eegion (Borba and following the course of
the Rio Madeira).

a. S ad. sk. Rio Madeira, Oct. 10 (/. Natterer). Sclater Coll.

t. cJ imm. sk. Uorba, Aug. 30 (./. Xntterer). Sclater Coll.

46. I'ICUAKNUS. 547

28. Picumnus borbae.

ricumiuis borbaj, Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 241, 334, 442 (1870); Grat/,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8512 (1870) ; Pelz. ^- Loreiiz, Ann. k.-k.
Naturhist. Hoffm. Wien, p. 42 (1888).

Adult male. " Similar to P. aufifrons, but having the top of the
head spotted anteiioiij- with red instead of yellow " (Pehehi). " Iris
dark brown ; hinder half of lower mandible blue-grey ; upper man-
dible deep black ; feet and claws dark blue-grey. Total length
4-2 inches, expanse 6-9 ; the tail reaches 0 5 beyond the tip of the
wing " (Xutttrer).

Adith female. " Wants the red on the top of the head." (Pelzeln.)
Hah. Ijorba, Miranha, Krazil, and extending to the UcayaU
liiver in Peru *.

29. Picumnus flavifrons. (Plate XIV.)

Picumnus buffoni {non Lafr.), Sclcit. ^- Sah: P. Z. S. 18G6, p. 106,

1873, p. 290.
Picumnus flavifrons, Sarg. Ibis, 1889, p. 229.

Adult male. Resembles P. aurifronn in having the top of the head,
occiput, and nape black, the sincipital feathers tipped with golden
yellow, the remainder spotted with white ; but differs in having the
under surface of the body yellower, the chest barred with black, and
the parts below spotted (not striped) with black. Total length 3-5
inches, culmen 0'45, wing 2*05, tail 0-95, tarsus 0-45; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0"3, outer posterior 03, inner anterior 0-2,
inner posterior 0'15.

Youmj female. Has the top of the head, occiput, and nape dusky
brown striped with white ; the underparts are very yellow, and the
chest is barred as in the adult, but the breast and abdomen, instead
of being spotted, are striped with dusky brownish olive.

Hah. Sarayacu, Peru.

a, b. (S ad. et $ juv. sk. Sarayacu, E. Peru, July. E. Bartlett [C],

(Types of the species.)

The young specimen was obtained by ilr. E, Bartlett at Sara-
yacu, Peru, upon the same day as the adult male above described,
and is evidently the young of the same species. It very much re-
sembles the young of P. aurifrons.

30, Picumnus wallacii. (Plate XIV.)
Picumnus waUacii, Har(/. Ibis, 1889, p. 230.

Adult male. Resembles P. jlavifrons from Sarayacu, Peru, but
may be distinguished by the umber-brown ground-colour of the
feathers on the top of the head, these, however, anteriorly being

* An example iu iny own collection from the latter locality corresponds in every
way with Dr. Pelzeln's description of P. borhce, and is without doubt that
sMeies.

2 >- 2

548 piciDJE.

simiUirlj- tipped with yellow, and jiosteriorly spotted with white ;
the l)arring on the chest, and the spotting below this, being dusky
olive. Total length 3-2 inches, culinen U'-48, wing 195, tail 0-95,
tarsus O-IG ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-3o, outer pos-
terior 0"35, inner anterior 0"2'd, inner posterior O'lS.
Hub. Upper Amazons.

a. c? ad. sk. Upper Amazons (^-1. It. Wallaie). Sclater Coll.

(Type of species.)

31. Picumnus olivacexis.

Picunnuis oHvaceus, Lafr. liev. Zool. 1845, pp. 7, 1 11 ; Gray, Gen. B.
ii. p. 432 (1845) ; Bp. C'oiisp. Gen. Av. i. p. 141 (1850) ; Reichenh.
Scans. Pici7ne,Tp. M5,iio. 788(1854); Malk. Bifida-, ii. p. 2U5,
pi. cxx. tigs. 4-6 (1862) ; Cab. S)- Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 11
(1863); Sundev. Consp. Av. Bicin. p. 104 (1866); Gray, List
Bicid. Brit. Mvs. p. 27 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 179, no. 8520
(1870) ; Schtt. B. Z. S. 1870, p. 837.

Microcolaptes olivaceus, i)/>. Consj). Valuer. Zyyod. p. 11, no. 249
(1854).

Picumnus granadensis (non Lafr.), Sclat. B. Z. S. 1855, p. 162 (pt.) ;
Sclat. Cat. Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1971 (1862).

Picumnus fiavotinctus, Bidyiv. Broc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, p. 543*.

Adult male. Back, rump, and scapulars pale brownish olive ; wing-
coverts pale brown margined with yellowish olive : quills dusk}'
brown, the primaries at the 1)ase and the secondaries along their
■whole length externally margined with olive-yellow, the inner webs
of the quills more or less margined with dull white ; shafts dark
brown ; upper tail-coverts yellowish white ; tail typical ; nasal
plumes black, with yellowish-white bases ; the top of the head, super-
ciliuni, occiput, and nape black, the feathers of the forehead and
crown tipped with orange- scarlet, the remainder spotted with pure
white; anterior half of face white, the feathers margined with
black ; posterior half of the face and side of the neck pale oli-
vaceous brown ; the ear-coverts darker brown ; chin and upper
throat yellowish white, the upper feathers margined with black ;
chest olivaceous or yellowish brown, the remainder of the under-
parts and under tail-coverts yellow stri])ed with olive dusky or
brownish ; under wing-coverts pale buff, with a dusky brown spot
near the base of the primaries. Total length 3'5 inches, cnlmen 0-5,
wing 2-1, tail 1-15, tarsus 0-48 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior
0-35, outer posterior 0 35, inner anterior 0"22, inner posterior 0"18.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the entire
top of the head black spotted with white. Total length 3'5 inches,
culmen Q-o, wing 2'2, tail 1'15, tarsus O'o.

Hah. Eastern part of New Granada, and reappearing in Costa
llica and Honduras.

* I cannot agree with Dr. Rklgway in separating this bird from the Colom-
binn P. olivaccKs: the differences given by tliis author are, to my miud, ratber
subtle.

46. Picuiixus. 549

«, A. J 2 arl. sk. BoT'ota, U. S. Colombia. Gould Coll.

c, d. S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

f.f- 6 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

r/. S a 1. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

h. S ad. sk. Julian, Honduras {G. M. SaJvin-Godman Coll.

Whitchj).

i. (S ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras {G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll.

WhituJy).

Subsp. a. Picumnus granadensis.

Picumuu; granadensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 184o, p. 78 : Gray, Gen. B. iii.

App. p. 21 (1849) ; Bp. Consp. Gen. At: i. p. 14l'(lSoO) ; Reicheyib.

Scans. Pictno!, p. 34"j, no. 790 (1854) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 95,

237; Malh. Piciche, ii. pi. cxviii. fig. .3 (1862); Sclat. Cat.

Amer. B. p. 331, no. 1971 (1862); Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv.

p. 12 (1863) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 104 (1866) ; Gray,

List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 27 (1868); id. Hand-l. i?. ii. p. 180,

no. 8522 (1870) ; Salo. Ibis, 1874, p. 323 ; Berl. S,- Tacz. P. Z. S.

1883, p. 570, 1885, pp. C8, 106.
Microcolaptes granadensis, Bj). Consp. Valuer. Zygod. p. 11, no. 248

(18.54).
Picumnus olivaceus (non Lafr.), Salo. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 212 ; id. ^- Sclat.

op. cit. 1879, p. 532 ; Berl. | Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 282,

Adult male. Eesembles P. oUvacew^, but differs in having the
feathers of the crown tipped with golden yellow. Total length S'o
inches, culmen 0'5, wing 2-15, tail 1-15, tarsus 0"o ; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-38, outer posterior 0-38, inner anterior 0-22,
inner posterior 0*15.

Adult female. Has no yellow ou the top of the head, the forehead
and crown being like the occiput and nape, black spotted with pure
white. Total length 3o inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-12, tail l-Qo,
tarsus 0'5.

Hah. Western part of Ecuador and of the U. S. of Colombia, ex-
tending to Puerto Cabello in Venezuela, and north into Chiriqui,

a. (S ad. sk. Cliiriqui, Veragua (Arce). Sclater Coll.

b, c. 6 2 ^'^- ^^- Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Panama {J. McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f,y. (5 2 ^^- sk. Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( T. E. Salmon).

h. S ad. sk. Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

i, k. (S 2 ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (i. Fraser). Sclater Coll,

I. (S ad. sk. Monji, Ecuador ((?, Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU,

32. Picumnus innominatus,

Picumnus innominatus, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154 ; Blyth, J. A.
S. Beny. xii. p. 1005 (1843); Gray, Gen. i). ii. p. 433 (1845);
id. Cat. Mamm. i^c. Nepal pres. ITodgs. p. 114 (1846); Lafr.
Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 79, note; Blyth, Cat. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 65
(lS49j; Malh. Picidce, ii. p. 278, pi. cxvii. figs. 5, 6 (1862);
Su7idev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 105 (1866) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 320;
Oral/, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 180, no. 8531 (1870).

550 PICIDiK.

Vivia nipalensis, Ilod(/s. J. A. S. Bern/, vi. p. 107 (3837) : id. Icon.

ined. Brit. M»s. App. pi. ^5. figs. 1, 2 (No. 161 <^, 1G2 $ ).
ricuhis iiipalen.^^is, B/i/t/i, J. A. S. Ben;/, xli. p. ICOo (1843J ; IIod(/,t.

ill Grai/s Zoo/. Misc. p. 85 (1844, cj")-
Piculu.s riififions, Ilodf/.f. in Gray's Zool. Mit^c. p. 85 (1844, $ ).
Yivia innoniinata, Jardine, Contr. Orn. p. -"JOO (1848-52); Bp. Consp.

Gen. Ar. i. p. 140 (1850); Jfor.'^f. i^- Moore, Cat. B. Mm. E. I. Co.

ii. p. 077 (1850) ; Jerd. B. hid. i. p 300 (1862) ; Grmj, Cat. Mamm.

l^c. Nepal pres. Hodi/s. 1863, p. 62 ; Gould, B. A-^ia, vi. pi. xxxix.

S,^ (1870) ; Bhjth Ly Wnld. B. Burin, p. 78 (1875) ; Brooks, Str.

F. 1875, p. 232 ; Hume, op. cif. 1^77, p. 351 ; id. ^ Davison, op. cit.

1878, vi. p. 148 ; Scully, torn. tit. pp. 250, 365 ; Himw, op. cit. 1879,

p. 88 ; Salrad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 184 (1879) ; Har-

yitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 223 ; Daviwn, Str. F. x. p. 357 (1883) ; Oates,

B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 24 (1883) ; Sliaipe, P. Z. S.. 1887, p. 443 ;

Hume, Str. F. x'l. p. 64 (1888).
Vivia nepalensis, Beichenb. Scans. Picincp, p. 342, pi. dcxviii.

figs. 4120-4121 (1854).
Pipi.sciis innoniinatus, Cab. ^ Heine, Mas. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863).

Adult male. Eack, rump, and scapulars golden olive, the upper
tail-coverts jellowisli white margined with olive, some of the outermost
being black, hut all hidden bj' the rump-feathers ; \ving-coverts brown,
washed on the margins with olive ; quills brown, margined exter-
nally with golden olive, the inner webs margined more or less at the
base with whitish ; shafts dark brown ; tail tj-pical ; nasal plumes
pale yellow tip])ed with black ; the base of the forehead olive, the
remainder of the sincipital feathers black margined with reddish
orange ; hinder part of the crown and the hind neck olive without
any golden tinge ; lores and side of the face white, the side of the
neck yellowish and spotted with blackish olive ; behind the eye a
broad blackish brown, or slightly olive, stripe runs backwards down
the side of the neck, and there is a malar stripe of the same colour
and barred with white ; chin and throat grading from \a bite to
yellowish and transversely spotted with black, the entire under-
parts and under tail-coverts yellow, the chest and breast covered
with rounded spots of black, the remainder barred with black ;
wing-lining yellow with a black patch near the base of the primaries ;
axillaries white : " bill plumbeous black ; irides brown ; feet darkish
plumbeous " (ScuUi/). Total length 3'3 inches, culmen 0*48, wing
L'-2, tail 1"2, tarsus 0*5; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0*4,
outer posterior 0-4, inner anterior 0*27, inner posterior 0'2.

Adult female. Wants the reddish-tipped feathers on the sinciput,
this being olive, but brighter than the hinder part of the crown. In
other respects resembles the male. Total length 3-6 inches, culmen
0-5, wing 2-27, tail 1-22, tarsus 0-48.

Young. Ileserable the adult of their own sex, but have the top of
the head and the nape less olive and more of a duskj' brown ; the
underpnrts less yellow and the spots on the chest and breast more
heart-shaped than rounded ; the tips of the sincipital feathers in
the male more orange.

Hah. Throughout the Himalayan range, and has been found as

40. PICUMNUS.

551

far south as the Wyiiaad : occurs in Assam, Cachar, and Manipur ;
extends south into the Karen Hills and Tenasserim, and also into
the Malaj-an Peninsula, having been obtained in the mountains of
Perak. It also occurs in Sumatra {SalvaJori).

a. cfad. sk.

b. cf ad. sk.

c. 2 imin. sk.

d. J iram. sk.

e. 5 inim. sk,
/. c^ ad. ; ff. 2

imiu. sk.
^, i- (S ? ad. sk.
A;, c? imm. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
m-p. 2 3d. et

imm. ; q. c?

imm. sk.
r. cJ ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t. 2 ad.sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.
v-a'. cJ ad.; b'-k'.

2 ad. et imm.

sk._
I'. 2 juv. sk.
M«', n'. (S 2 ad.sk.
o'. 2 ad. sk.
p'. 2 *wl- sk.

q'. (S ad. ; r'. 2

imm. sk.
s'. cJ ad. sk.
t'. 2 ad. sk.
«'. (J ad. sk.
v'. cJ juv. sk.

to'. 2 ad. sk.

Kotagherry, Nilghiris, March.

Wynaad, July (J. Darling).

Murree.

Agrore, Cashmere, May.

Simla, April.

N.W. India.

Masuri, Oct.

Kalsi, Dehra Dhoon, Feh.

Oak Forest, Uhami, Feb.

Nejjal.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodo'son Coll.

Nepal {Hodgsoii). India Mu.seum.

(Tj'pe of Piculus rujifi-ons?)
Nepal [Hodgson). ludia Museum.

(Type of Piculus nipalensis.)
Nepal. Gould Coll.

Nepal Valley, June ( J". Sculh/). Hume Coll.
Sikhira, Feb. -Nov. (L. Miin- Hmne Coll.
delli).

Sikhim [E. W. Brooks).

Darjeeling. •

Darjeeling.

Jaikeach, Assam, April [J.

Cockburn).
Dibrughur, Aug., Nov. {J. R.

Cripps).
Cachar, May {J. Inglis).
Manipur, March [A. 0. H.).
Karen Hills, Jan. [R. G. W. R.).
Thoungyeen River, March

(C T. Bingharn).
Larut Hills, I'erak.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

L. Wray, Esq. [P.].

33. Picumnus chinensis.

\'ivia innominata {non Burf.), DaM, Noiiv. Arch, du 3Ius. 1871,

Bull. vii. p. 4 ; id. ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 64 (1877).
Vivia chinensis, Harg. Ibis, 1881, p. 228, pi. vii. (^ ad.

Adult male. Resembles P.
top of the head, occiput, and
head, however, having similar
red tips ; also in having the
eye and down the side of the
top of the head. The she is
above, and the black spots

innominatus, but differs in having the
nape rufous, the feathers of the fore-
transverse black spots and dull orange-
stripe which runs backward from the
neck of the same rufous colour as the
rather larger and the colour is duller
below are much larger. Total length

552

4-5 inches, ciilmen 0-5, M-ing- 2-3, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-5; toes (without
claws) — outer anterior 0-4, outer posterior 0-4, inner anterior 0-27,
inner posterior 0-17.

Adult female. Eesemhles the adult male, but wants the orange-
red tipped feathers on the forehead, the latter heing unicolorous
with the crown. Total length 4-07 inches, culmen 0-4C), wing 2-17,
tail ] -22, tarsus 0-47.

Ifab. China (prohabl_v throughout the whole country, having been
recorded from Folucn, Sechuan, and Kansu) and ranging to Ko-ko-
nor in Eastern Thibet. The typo is from May-chee.

a. c? ad. sk. May-chee, China.

h. (S <id. sk. Kansu, jS.W. China, Fuh.

Slianghai Museum.

{Type of species.)
M. Eerezowsky [C.].

47. NESOCTITES.

Nesoctites

Range. Confined to Haiti and San Domingo.

. Typp.
N. microuiegas.

Bill, tail, and part of wing oi Nesoctites micromrgas.

1. Nesoctites micromegas.

Chloronerpes passerinus, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 2M ; Bryant, Proc.

Bast. Sec. Nat. Hist. 18G6, p. 96.
Picumnus micromegas, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 95 (1866) ;

Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1866, p. 96 ; Gray, List Picid.

Brit. .Mtis. p. 28 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8530 (1870) ;

Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 442 (1870) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 167 : Cory,

Auk, 1886, p. 372: ; ; 1' > y.

Picumnus lawreucii, Coi-if, Bull. Nutt. Orti. Club, 1881, pp. 129, 153,

pi. i., d ? ; id- B. Hayti ^- San Dom. p. 109, c? & $ figd. (1884) ;

id. List B. W. Ind. p. 19 (1885).

48. VEKREAUXIA. 553

AcMt male. Back, rump, upper tail-noverts, scapulars, and win--
coverts urnform olive ; quills brown, the outer webs of the secon-
daries and the margins of those of the primaries on more or less of
their basal portion olive ; the inner webs of the quills more or less
margined with dull pale buff; shafts dark brown; tail un f rm
brownish ohve the shafts of the feathers brown ; nasal plumed
varied black and white ; base of the forehead, upper half of the face
the side of the neck from behind the ear-coverts to the hind neck
and the hmd neck itself, olive, with, on the sides of the latter a
number of spots and stripes of yellowish white, which form an almost
continuous collar ; the base of the forehead is also spotted with whitish-
feathers of the top of the head chrome-vello; at the tip, dusky
olive at the base, the crown with a quadrate spot of dull crimson
posteriorly ; lower half of the face and the side of the neck between
the ear-coverts and the fore neck yellowish white, spotted with olive
or dusky ; the ear-coverts dusky olive, margined with vellowish
white; chin, throat, and fore neck yellowish white, the underparts
jellow, the whole being covered with drop-like stripes of deep olive
except the thighs, which have transverse spots or bars ; undc^r tall-'
coverts pale yellow, with rounded spots and crcscentic markings of
ohve; under wmg-coverts pale buff, with a few dusky spots near
the base of the primaries, the edge of the wing yellowish ; axillaries
butfy white: " bill^ legs, and feet dark slate-colour; i is redd'sh
brown " (Cory). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-72, y^ml Tq
tail 1-6, tarsus 0-75 ; toes (without claws)-outer anterior" O^oS'
outer posterior 0-6o, inner anterior 0-4, inner posterior 0-32

AcMt female. Differs from the adult male in wanting the crimson
spot on the crown Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-67, wing 3-03,
tail 1-6, tarsus 0-73. '

Hah. Confined to Haiti and San Domingo.

a, b c? 2 ad. sk. San Domingo, Sept. (C. B. Cory). Sclater Coll.
; ^i" '^ X o Domingo, April {Toogoo(T). Sclater Coll.
$ld s^. ■ ^''I'^^'^J' g«" I^omingo, Sept. Salviu-Godman Coll.

48. VERREAUXIA.
Sasia, pt., Va-r. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. p. 217 (1855) ^^^'

Ven-eauxia, Ilartl. On,. W.-Afr. p. 176 (1857) V africana

Picumnus, pt., Malh. Monog,-'. Find. ii. p. 284 (1862) ' ' '

Nannopipo, Cab. .$• Heme, Mus. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863) . V. africana.

Baneje. Confined to the forests of Gaboon.
1. Verreauxia africana.

Sasia africana, Terv. lier. et Maq. de Zool. 1855, p. 218 • Gray List.

Picid. Brit. Mus. 1868, p. 20 ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180, no. 8535

(Ilm 0).
Verreauxia africana, mirtl. Orn. W.-Afr. 1857, p. 176 no 5->3 •

id. J. f. O. 1861, p. 2()3 ; Hcirgift, Ibi.i, 1881, p. 229. ' ' " '
Picumnus verreauxii, Mal^. Pichhe, ii. p. 284, pi. 118. fig. 1 (1862),

554 PIC1D,35.

Nannopipo africana, Cah. S,- Heine, Miis. Hein. Th. iv. p. 9 (1863).
PicumniLS afiieanus, Sundev. Consp. Av. Pkin. p. 106 (1866).

Male * (prohahhf mhiU). Above, including tail-coverts and wing-
coverts, \uiiform dusky olive ; quills dusky, the outer webs of the
secondaries margined with dull yellowish olive, the inner webs of
the quills margined M'ith greyish at the base ; shafts brownish
black ; tail and the shafts dusky black ; na.^al plumes dusky black ;
frontal band rufous : top of the head, occiput, and nape dusky olive ;
face slaty grey, shading into olive on the side of the neck ; entire
underparts, as well as the chin and throat, olivaceous slaty, some of
the feathers, likewise some of those of the malar region, having
rufous tips ; under wing-coverts white : underside of quill-shafts
■white. Total length 2-6 inches, culmen 0-4, wing l-!), tail 0-55,
tarsus 0"42 ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-3, outer po.s-
terior 0-3, inner anterior 0-22, inner ])osterior 0-17.

Female. Appears to ditier from the male solely in having the
head and the underparts nearly concolorous.

Ohs. Owing to the rarity of this species it is impossible to arrive
at any positive conclusion as to its plumages, but the fact that most
of the known examples are in the dusky-olive plumage of the male,
above described, renders it most probable that it is the adult garb.
The specimen in the British Museum seems to be in a state of
transition, having the face, neck, and underparts varied with rufous,
which suggests a more or less rufous young.

Hab. Confined (as far as is known) to Gaboon.

a. [?Ad.] sk. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

49. SASIA. ^^,p^

Picumnus, pt., Is. Geoff r. St.-Hilaire, Noun. Arch, du Mus.
1832, p. 397.

Sasia, Hodgs. J. A S. Beiifl. v. p. 778 (1836) S. ocbracea.

Microcolaptes, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 54 (1840) S. abnormis.

Comeris, Hodys. J A. 8. Benx/. x. p. 27 (1841) S. ocbracea.

Dryaltes, Gloger {teste G. R. Grmj) S. ocbracea.

Picumnoides, M<dh. Monogr. Picid. ii. p. 286 (1862) S. abnormis.

Head and tail of Sasia abnormis.

* My description is taken from the specimen in the Paris Museum. It is
not sexpfl. hut is appnrently an adult male.

49. sAsiA. 555

Range. From Nepal and Sikhim into Assam, Cachar, and Mani-
pur; through Burmsih and the Malayan Peninsula, iuto Sumatra
and Nias, Java, and Borneo.

Keu to the Species.

A. Entire underparts rufous ; above olive or

rufescent olive ; young resembling (gene-
rally) the adult.
a. With a white stripe running backwards
from above the eye ; hind neck and back
tinged with rufais.

«''. Forehead golden yellow ochracea S nA., p. 556.

//'. Forehead rufous, without any golden

tinge ". ovhracea 5 ad., p. 556,

c". Forehead dusky olive, like the crown,
but with scarcely any admixture of

rufous ochracea juv., p. 556.

b' . Without a white stripe running backwards
from the eye ; hind neck and back entirely
olive ; the breast varied with some golden-
yellow feathers.

d'\ Forehead golden yellow ahnormis S ?^d., p. 558.

e". Forehead entirely rufous (ihwnnis $ ad., p. 558.

B. Entire underparts, head, and neck duskv olive ;

above brighter olive .' everetfi, sex ?, p. 550.

icon, iyied.
Beng. xii.

1. Sasia ochracea.

Sasia ochracea, Hoclgs. J. A. S. Benq. v. p. 778 (1836) ; id. u
Brit. Mils. App. pl.35. tig. 3 (no.' 659) ; Bli/tk, J. A. S. 1
p. 1005 (1843); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1845); Gray, Cat
Mamm. ^t. Nepal pres. Hodg^. p. 115 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Hoc. ]). 65 (1840) ; lip. Consp. Av. Gvn. i. p. 140 (1850) ;
Reichenb. Scans. Picinee, p. 342 (1854) ; Horsf. ^ Moore, Cat. B.
Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 678 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 301 (18(i2) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal pres. Hodi/s. p. 62 (1863) ; Gray,
List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1868); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180,
no. 8532 (1870) ; Gould, B. As. vi. pi. xl., S 6 2 (l'S70) ; Jerd. Ibis,
1872, p. 10; Blyth &,- Wald. B. Burma, p. 78 (1875); Hume ^•
Oates, Sir. F. iii. p. 75 (1875) ; Godic.-Aust. J. A. S. B. 1876,
p. 70; Hume i<i- Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 148 (1878) ; Hume, op. cit.
viii. p. 88 (1879); Haryitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 231 ; Oates, Str. F. x.
p. 192 (1882) ; id. B. Brit. Burn. ii. p. 26 (1883) ; mi7ne, Str. F.
xi. p. 65 (1888).

Comeris ochracea, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 1005 (1843).

Microcolaptes ochraceu^, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiv. p. 191 (1845) •
Cab. ^- Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 8 (1863). '

Picumuoides ochraceus, Malh. Picidw, ii. p. 287 (1862).

Comeris (Sasia) ochracea, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 85,

Sasia lacrymosa, Lafr. Rev. et May. Zool. p. 208 (1854).

Picumuoides lacrymosa, Malh. Picidcp, ii. p. 287 (1862).

Picumnus ochraceus, Snndev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 106, no. 27 (1866).

Sasia abnormis, Hume S,- Darison (non Temm.), Stray F. ii. p 472
(1874) ; Blyth .S- Wald. B. Burma, p. 78 (1875).

556 piciD.^.

Adidt male. Above rufons olive; wing- coverts olive; hastnrd-
wing and primary-coverts dusky black, tbe former externall}' edged
with buff; quills dusky black, margined externally with olive, the
bastard-primary edged externally with white, the inner webs of the
primaries edged witli greyish white, those of the secondaries having
a white patch at the base, the innermost of these feathers entirely
dingy rufous ; shafts black ; rump orange-rufous ; u])pcr tail-coverts,
tail, and tail-shafts deep black ; nasal plumes yellow, tipped with
black ; forehead golden yellow, shading into rufous on the fore part
of the crown, the remainder of the crown and the nape olive ; a trace
of a rufous collar on the hind neck ; a white stripe from above the
hinder part of the eye, bordering the occiput ; sides of the face and
neck, and from the chin to the under tail-coverts, both inclusive,
orange-rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries nearly white :
" bill dark brown on the upper mandible, plumbeous on the lower,
inside of the mouth dusky ; eyelids naked and very conspicuous
dusky red ; iris crimson ; legs yellowish red ; claws yellowish "
(Oates). " Legs and feet dull orange ; claws very pale brown ;
upper mandible and tip of lower mandible dark horny brown, rest
of the lower mandible pale bluish ; irides from pale red to dark
crimson; orbital skin dull crimHon" {W. Davison). Total length
3-1 inches, culmeu 0-53, wing 2-12, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-5 ; toes
(without claws) — outer anterior 0'47, inner anterior 0-3, posterior
0-45.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the forehead
deep rufous, devoid of golden yellow. Total length 3 inches, culmen
0-55, wing 2-12, tail 0-9, tarsus 0-55.

Young. Eesemble (generally) the adult, but have the plumage
very much duller in colour ; the top of the head dusky olive, the
forehead (at most) slightly varied with a few rufescent feathers ;
the under mandible darker.

Hab. Nepal ; Sikliim, extending into Assam, Cachar, and Mani-
pur ; and south through the Burmese Provinces to Eahonee, near
Pakchan.

a. Juv. sk. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

(Type of species *.)

b, c. cJ ad. ; d, e. Nepal. "Hodgson Coll,
5 ad. et juv. sk.

f. q, h. cJ ad. sk. Nepal {B. H. ITodf/son). India Museum.

i. 2 ad. sk. Nepal (B. H. Hodgson). Gould Coll.

k, I. 6 ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Aug., Oct. {L. Hume Coll.

Mandelli).

* In my paper on "The Piculets of the Old World" (Ibis, 1881, p. 235)
I have stated that the type of Rada ochracea is a stuffed example. This is an
error, but at this distance of time I cannot say how the mistake occurred.
A careful examination of Hodgson's specimens in the Museum, compared with
his unpubhshed plates, shows me that the type is not, and never has been,
stuffed. It is letter c of my paper, and is a young bird. This sijecimen was
presented by Mr. Hodgson to the Museum in the year 1843.

49. SASIA.

557

m-q. (S ad. ; r-y.

5 ad. et imm. sk.
z, a , b', c'. c? <id.

et imm. ; d', e .

$ ad. sk.
/'. Juv. sk.
y' , h' . (^ ad. et

imm. sk.
i'. d ad. ; k'. (^

iium. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.

7)1. (S ad. sk.

n', o . c? ad. ; i^' .

(S imm. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r' . $ ad. sk.
s'. cj imm. sk.
t' , u'. d" § ad. sk.

v' , w'. c? 2 ad. sk.
a'. 5 ad. sk.

ij'. 5 ad. sk.

z, (5 ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.
b", c". S ad. sk.
d". c? ad. sk.
e". 2 ^d. sk.

/". c? ad. sk.

ff". d" ad. sk.

Sikliim, Jau., June', Aug., Oct.,

Nov. (Z. M(uidcdli).
Darjeeling.

Darjeeling.

Assam {A. W. Cheiinell).

{J.

Dollah, Assam, April 18'

Cuckb^^vn).
Sadliya, Assam, April 1877 {J.

Cuckburn).
Tippook, iMarch 18, 1877 {J.

L'ockhwn).
N. Kbasia Kills, Jan., Feb. {A.

W. C/iennell).
N. Cacbar.

Oacbar, June 27, 1878 {J. Incjlis).
Svlbet, Nov. 27, 1874 (J. Iih/Us).
Manipur, Feb., May 188i

{A. 0. H.).
Tipperah, Jan.
Ton-boo Hills, Marcb 10, 1874

{R. G. W. R.).
Pine Forests, Salween Dist., Feb.

14, 1874 ( W. DaiHson).
Pabpoon, Feb. 25, 1874 {W.

Davison).
Meetan, Feb.26,1877( W. Davison).
Ye, March, April ( IV. Davison).
Tavoy,April21,1878 ( W. Davison).
Tbayetcbouug, June 5, 1874 ( W.

Davison).
Pabvn, Mergui Dist., Nov. 15, 1874

Or. Daviso7,).
Ilankacbin, Feb. 6, 1875 (W.

Davison).

2. Sasia abnormis.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Picumnus abnormis, Temm. PI. Col. vol. iv. pi. 371. fig. 3 (1825) ;

id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 115 (1828) ; Wat/l. Isis, 1829, p. 647 ; Less.

Traite, i. p. 231 (1831) ; Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 311 (1837) ; Jerd.

B. hid. i. p. 302 (1862) ; Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 106 (1806).
Microcolaptes abnormis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 64 ; id. List,

1841, p. 70; Bh/th, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 191 (1845) ; Cab. 8f Heine,

Mus. Hein. Tb. iv. p. 8 (1863).
Sasia abnormis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 433 (1845) ; BIyth, Cat. B. Mus.

As. Soc. p. 05 (1849); Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. l p. 140(1850);

Reichenb. Scan^. Picince, p. 342, pi. dcxviii. fig. 4119 (1854);

Wallace, Ann. ^- Macj. Nat. Hist. [2] xv. p. 96" (1855) ; Horsf.

i^ Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.I. Co. ii. p. 678 (1856-58) ; Sclater,

P.Z.S. 1863, p. 211; Pek. Reis. Novara, Voy. pp. 101, 162

(1865); Gray, List Picid. Brit. 3Ius. p. 29 (1868); Gould, B.

Asia, vi. pi. xli., S d 2 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 180,

no. 8533 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 60 (1874) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875,

p. 103 ; Twcedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 292 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 327 ;

558 riciuj5.

id.lbk, 1879, p. 243:; Hu>,^, St rF 1879, FP-f^, 88; HarffUt^
This 1881 V 235; Vorderm. Li.'^t n.Jam,no. bo (iSSi), OuHle7n.
pi. I 1885 p. 406; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. ^at. Genov.
1687, V. 5:^■2 ■ S/>ari,e,P.Z.S. im^,]y. 279.
Picumnoides abnonnis, Malh. Vicida; a. p. 287, pi. cxv. hg. 1
(1862).
Adult male. Above uniform olive, brighter on the rump the tips
of the feathers of the latter orange-rufous ;_ wmg-coverts olive
bastard-wing and primary-eoverts blackish, olive extern.dl quil
dusky black, externally olive, the inner webs edged upon their
ba al half 4ith greyish white; the innermost of the secondaries
eiitirely oliv^; sh^.fts black ; upper tail-coverts, tail, and tail-shafts
deep black; forehead golden yellow with a rufous tinge; crown
occiput, nape, and hind neck olive; nasal plumes rutous ; lores
sSes of the f^ce and neck, and entire underparts trom the chin to
the under tail-coverts (both inclusive) orange-rufous, with a few
silLn feathers of a bnght golden yellow on ^'^'r breast ; under
^vin-coverts huffy white: "iris crimson ; oroital patch dul
crinTson; legs chrome ; bill black, the mandible greenish 3;ellow
ETZt. Total length 3-3 inches, culmen OSo --^ |.^^ ^-
0-95, tarsus 0-5 ; toes (without claws)-outer anterior 0 3/, inner
anterior 0-27, posterior 0-37. , , c i j

luit female. Resembles the adult male, but has the forehead
rufous, without any admixture of golden yellow: "soft parts as
[n the male" {Evereit). Total length 3-2 inches, culmen 0-53,
wing 2-1, tail 0-85, tarsus 0-55. „,i fi,^

Hah. Malayan Peninsula north to Kossoum ; Sumatra and the
Island of Nias ; Borneo (but not in Labuan).

Kossoum, Malay Peninsula, Hume CoU.

June 29, 1879 {J. Darlmc/).

Salangore, July 30, 1879 (fK Hume Coll.

I)avi'<on). , ^ . TT n 11

Klang, July 1879 ( W. JDavi- Hume Coll.

Mtr'ofPerak. L Wvay, Esq. [P.]-

Malacca. Purchased.

Malacca. W Harvey, Esq.

Malacca (<7«nfo/-). . India Museum.

Malacca, July 1877 {W. Dam- Hume Coll.

Mt.^Ophir, Malacca. f'''^}f^ 9,°^^'

m.O^^hh- (Wallace). ^°"H?i n.ii

Mt. Oi'hir, Aug. (E. G. W. K). Tweeddale Coll.

Foot of Gunnong Pulai, Jo- Hume Coll.
here, March 1880 ( W. Bavi-

Sumaia Wallace Coll.

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra {E. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Buxton). ^ J 1 1 r. 11

Lumbidan, Borneo {Low). Tweeddale Coll.

«,

b.

62

\ ad. sk.

c.

6

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sk.

d.

6

ad.

; e,/. 2

ad

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sk.

h.

S

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i.

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6 ad.;

0.

9 ad. sk.

P-

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ik.

50. iv.xx. 559

f^',c^d ?.ad. Lumbidan (Low). R. b. Sliarpe, Esq.

?'■ S .f\t- ff'"-'"''^ {Everett). xJe^JcLle Coll.

e d ad. sk. Banjarmassing {J. Motley). Gould Coll.

/ . Ad. sk. Borneo {A. li. Wallace). T^yeeddale Coll.

3. Sasia everetti *. (Plate XY.)
Sask abnomns (pt.), Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 243 ; Hari/itt, op. cit.

Prohabhi adult (sex ?). Back, rump, scapulars, and wins-coverts
olive ; cjmlls dusky black edged externally Mdth yellowish olive and
more or less internally with whitish; shafts black; upper tail-
coverts, tail, and tail-shafts deep black; head and neck and the
en ire under surface of the body dusky olive, the nasal plumes
anterior part of malar region, and chin pale rufous, the ear-coverts'
tinged with the same colour ; under tail-coverts pale rufous • under
wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing dusky olive ; bill entirely
deep black. Total length 3 inches, culmeu 0-5, win- 2 tail 0-8
tarsus 0-5; toes (without claws)— outer anterior 0-42, inner
anterior 0-3, posterior 0-43,

Hah. Lumbidan, Borneo.

a. [Ad.] sk. Lumbidan, Borneo. Hon. Hugh Low [C.].

(Type of species.)

Subfamily III. lYNGlN^E,

50. lYNX.

Jyn^,Lmn Faun Suec. no. 97 (1746) I. torqldlla.

Torqmlla, Bnss. Orn iv. p. : 0760) I. tor^uilla.

1 unx, Lin7i. Syst. Aat. i. p. 172 (1766) I. torquilla.

Banr/e^ Throughout the greater part of the Paltearetic and the
Indian Regions. In Asia the southern limit is about 10° N lat
Also into Senegal, North and North-cast Africa, the Eastern
Lquatorial countries, and probably the Congo region as it occurs
again at Landana. South to the Cape.

* Mr Sharpe ('Ibis, 18,9 pp. 243, 244) noted the differences between this
bird and S abnornm and he gave a diagnosis of its characters, but with
commendable caution, hesitated to name the species upon this single snecimen

issr 'U'^'^'t ''r?A\Y °c/^ ^''"i ^°""S of ^^. abmrmis. In die • Ibis ' fo;
1881, p. 23/, I adopted Mr. hharpe's views, but, with the aid of the series of

bird to be the young oij. ahjor.ms but regard it as a new species, and give to
It the name of S. cverdti, which title I find upon Mr. Sharpe's original label

3 GO

Ken ^'^ ^^*^ >Sj^}ecies.

A. With no rufous ou the throat, breast, or imcler

tail-coverts , ton/iiilla, p. 562.

B. Fore neck and chest deep rufous, or witli tliis

colour also extendinjr on to the throat or the

breast ; under tail-cuverts rufous or riifesceut

butf.

a'. The middle of the throat, fore neck, and

chest rufdus ; under tail-coverts pale rufous

or rufe.-CL'ut buff 2)entoralis, p. 565.

b'. The rufous confined to the middle of the fore
neck and the chest, and forming a spot or
patch ; the chin and throat barred black
and white like the malar region ; under

tail-coverts deep rufous pulckricollis, p. 56G.

c'. The entire breast, as well as the middle of
the throat, fore neck, and chest rufous ;
under tail-coverts rufous cequatoriali-r!, p. 567.

1. lynx torquilla.

Yunx torquilla, Lmn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 172 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i.
p. 423 (1788); Latk. Lid. Orn. i. p. 223 (1790); Meijer, Vog.
Liv- u. Edh. p. 66 (1815) ; Mcim. i^- Schinz, Vo(/. Schiceiz, p. 43
(1815); Less. Tmife, i. p. 231, pi. xxviii. fig. 2' (1831); Swains.
aass(f. B. ii. pp. 311, 312 (1837) ; Dickson ^- Ross, P. Z. S. 1839,
p. 133 ; McClcll. t. c. p. 165 ; Svlmiz, Em: Faun. p. 264 (1840) ;
Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 33 (1840) ; Macffill. Hist. Brit. B. iii.
p. 100 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 51 (1842) ; Bli/th,
P. Z. S. 1842, p. 94; StrickL t. c. p. 168 ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. ii.
p. 151 (1843) ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 448, pi. iii. fig. 3 (1845) ; Bp.
Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 112 (1850) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 219;
Bp. Consp. Vobicr. Zyqod. p. 11, no. 238 (1854) ; Heicits. Eqqs
Brit. B. i. p. 242, pi. Ixii.fig. 1 (1856); Heuyl. Syst. Uehers. fiiff.
N.O.-Afr. p. 47 (1856); Sundev. Sv. Fot/l. p. 146, pl. xxiii.
fig. 7 (1856); Jaub. ^' Bart/i.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 334 (1859);
Siciiih. Ibis, 1860, p. 62; Powi/s, t. c. p. 235; Irbij, op. cit. 1861,
p. 229; Swinh.t. c. p. 338; id. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 319; Mcdh.
Picid(e, ii. p. 289, pl. cxxi. fig. 4 (1862) ; Jerd. B. Lid. i. p. 303
(1862) ; Siuinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 333 ; Tristr. op. cit. 1864, p. 432 ;
Salvad. Atti dell Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. 1864, p. 32 ; JVrif/ht, Ibis,
1864, p. 50 ; Sperl. t. c. p. 281 ; Trah. Moijfjr. t. c. p. 407 ; Giyl.
op, cit. 1865, p. 58; More, t. c. p. 136; Beavan, t. c. p. 411;
Deql. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 159 (1807) ; Wardl.-Rams. Ibis,
1867, p. 458 ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8848 (1870) ; Godiv.-Aust. L A. S. B.
1870, p. 267 : Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 50 ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl.
p. 192 (1871) ; Shell. B. Efp/pt, p. 161 (1872) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873,
p. 235; Htinie, Nests l^ Eqgs Lid. B. p. 128, no. 188 (1873) ; id.
Str. F. 1873, pp. 115, 173 ; Adam, t. c. p. 373 ; Wright, Ibis,
1874, p. 232 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 392 ; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 461 ;
Hume ^ Oates, op. cit. 1875, p. 75 ; Ball, t. c. p. 290 ; Butl. t. c.
p. 459 ; Irbq, B. Gibr. p. 72 (1875) ; Byyr. Whart. Ibis, 1876,
p. 26 ; Fairh. Str. F. 1876, p. 255 ; Saund. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.
1876, p. 11 ; Haro.-Br. Ann. S,- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1877, xx. p. 496 ;

50. irNx. 561

Duoid Si- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 55 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F 1877
p. 27; /c?. 4'- Davison, op. cit. vi. p. 149 (1878); Davidson &■' Wend'
op. cit vu p. IS (1878); Ball, t. c. p. 206; Butl. Cut. B. Hind
.yc. p. 19 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. 8. Bomb. Pres. p. 25 (1880) ; id. Str
i-. 1880, p. 386; Madar. Vihj. Umjanis, ISSl, x^. 2?j; Marsch &■
Felz. Oni. Vindob. 1882, p. 94 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, x p. 298 •
Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. pp. l;j, 47 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. &
Flor. Palest p. 86 (1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.no. 29.
p. 354 (1885). '

Jyiix torquilla, Zf m«, B. (it. Brit. ii. p. 44, pi. li. (1706); Landt,
Faroe Isl. p. 223 (1810); Miss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 112 (1817)'
Brehm, TiUj. Dentschl. p. 202(1831) ; Von der MUhte, Orn. Grie-
chenl.\).2d (1844); Ma<j. v. Wright, Finl. Foffl. p. 277(1859)-
Linderm. Voc/. Griechenl. p. 40 (1860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1866, p. 284 j
Bhjth, t. c. p. 356; Cav.-Taijl. op. cit. 1867, p. 55 ; Chanib. t. c.
p. 103-; Tt/riv. Drake, t. c. p. 425 ; S?nif/i, op. cit. 1868, p. 448 ;
Borggr. Yogelf. Xorddeutschl. p. GQ [\m\)) ; Elw. S,- Buckl. Ibis,
1870, p. 189; Saund. op. cit. 1871, p. Go; Hurting, Handb. Br. B.
p. 33 (1874) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 103, ]A. cclxxxix. (1875) ; Danf.
S; Harv.-Br. Ibis, 1875, p. 298 ; Dress, op. cit. 1876, p. 320 ; Da>if.
op. cit. 1878, p. 6; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 119 (1879) ; Finsc/i, Beis.
West-Sibir. 1879, p. 116 ; Russow, Orn. Ehst-, Liv- u. Curl, in
Arch, fur Xaturk. ix, p. 114(1884); Stejn. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1886, p. 102.
lynx torquilla, Licht. Cat. Her. Nat. Bariss. Hanib. p. 15 (1793) •
Biipp. Sgst. Uebers. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 95 (1845); Temm. i'
Schleg. Faun. Jap. p. 75 (1847-49) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 78
(1854); Sundev. Co7isp. Av. Picin. p. 107 (1806) *; Salvad. Faun.
Ital, Ucc. p. 40(1871); id. S) Antin. B. Bogos, p. 45 (1873) ;
Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 41, pi. vi. tig. 3 (1878) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1880,
p. 181; Biddulph, Str. F. 1880, p. 314; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 49;
Collett, Norg. Fugelf. 1881, p. 314: Beid, Str. F. 1881, p. 25;
Scullg, t. c. p. 102 ; Tarr. Hist. B. Birds, ed. Newt. ii. p. 487
(1881); Col. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 103; Seeb. t. c. pp. 209, 373;
Du-on, t. c. -p. 559 ; Oates, Str. F. 1882, p. 192 ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 80 (1888) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 22 ; Severtz. t. c. p. 71 ;
Irbg, t. c. p. 179 ; Oates, B. Brit. Burrn. ii. p. 23 (1883) ; Clarke,
Ibis, 1884, p. 144 ; Seeb. t. c. p. 180 ; Saund. t. c. p. 379 ; Marshall,
t. c. p. 410 ; Whitehead, op. cit. 1885, p. 28 ; Swinh. S,- Barnes, t. c.
p. 62 ; More, List Ir. B. p. 16 (1885) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 207
(1886) ; Meves, Eur. Vog. p. 25 (1886) ; Stijan, Ibis, 1887, p. 229 ;
Tait, t. c. p. 304; Hartl. Orn. Ostl.-iiquat. Geb. Afr. p. 309
(1887) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. ].. 65 (1888) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889,
p. 159. > ^ >

Picus ij-nx, Pall. Zoogr. Ilosso-Asiat. i. p. 416(1831).
Jynx punctata, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 203 (1831).
Jynx arborea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 203 (1831).
lunx torquilla, Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 90 (1842) ; Cab. S,- Heine, Mm.
Hein. iv. p. 4 (1863); Hcuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 799 (1871);
Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, ]). 238.
Yunx japonica, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av.i. p. 112 (1850); Gray, List
Picid. Brit. Mus. p. 127 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8849
(1870J ; Sxoinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 393 ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 162, 1875,

* Sundevall recognizes two forms of lynx torqinlla, which he designates as
•' septentrionalis " and " meridionalis."

VOL. XVIII. 2 o

562 riciD^.

p. 12-i; Blakisi. ^- Pnjcr, op. cit. 1878, p. 22U; iid. 'Trans. As. Soc.

Jap. 1880, p. 200, 1882, x. p. 136. _
Juux torquilla, Reichcnb. Scans. Picincc, p. 431, uo. 1016, pi. dcxix.

figs. 4125-20 (1854) ; Gum., Junr., Ibis, 1874, p. 294.
Juux iapouica, Eeichenb. Scans. Picina; p. 432, no. 1017 (1854).
lunx japouica, Cab. S) Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 4 (1863).

Adult male. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, as well as the
top of the head and sides of the hiud neck, a mixture of grej' and
rufous finely marbled with black vermiculations ; in the middle of
the hind neck and of the upper half of the back a broad line of
rufous striped with black ; the top of the head and sides of the liind
neck and of the back having transverse spots of white and more or
less sagittate markings of black, the rump and upper tail-coverts
similarly spotted ; scapulars, innermost secondaries, and wing-
coverts spotted and marbled like the back, but more rufous in
colour, the two former having black central stripes : quills dusky
brown, the outer webs of the primaries barred with buff, the inner
webs spotted with marbled white : the outer webs of the second-
aries spotted with marbled rufous buff, the inner webs having
similar, but paler, spots ; shafts brown ; tail grey, with irregular
burs of creamy white and black, and the whole finely marbled like
the back, shafts brown : sides of the face and neck, also the throat
and chest, buff, the anterior part of the malar region and the chin
whiter, as is also a stripe above the ear-coverts, the whole being
narrowly barred with black; the ear-coverts rufous-brown barred
with black, and behind the malar region a narrow black stripe ;
remaining underparts creamy white, the upper breast, sides of the
bodj', and thighs rufescent brown or buff, more or less marbled, the
breast and sides of the body having whitish spots and black
sagittate markings, the thighs narrowly barred with black ; the
lower breast and abdomen with a few small sagittate markings or
spots of black ; under tail-coverts buff', slightly marbled and
irregularly barred with black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
buff', barred with black. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen O'O, wing
3'37, tail 2-6, tarsus O'T ; toes (without claws) — outer anterior 0-58,
outer posterior 0"58, inner anterior 0"3o, inner posterior 0"28.

Adult female, llescmbles the adult male. Total length 6'5
inches, culmen 0'57, wing 3'18, tail 2'6, tarsus 0'65.

Yo^mij are verj- similar to the adult, but in the earliest stage the
abdomen is quite devoid of spots.

Ohs. The bufi' colour which sometimes pervades the plumage of
the underparts in this species is not a sign of maturity, as it is
found in the very early stages, together wnth specimens having
those ))arts almost pure white.

Hah. Throughout almost the whole of Europe and Asia, and east
into Japan. The northern limit appears to be about 62° N. lat.,
and in Asia it extends south to about 10° N. lat. In Africa it
ranges along the north from Morocco east into Egypt, and south
into Abyssinia and Kordofan, and on the west into Senegal.

a, b. S ad. et
juv. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. S fid. sk.

e. Ad. St.

/, (J. S ad. sk.

/?. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
A. Ad. sk.
/. ? ad. sk.

w;. Ad. St.

«. Juv. St.

0, p. S 2 ad.;

y-j^. Juv. St.
V. cS ad. sk.
«•. S juv. sk.
.f. Ad. sk.
!j. Ad. sk.
z, a'. (S ad. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.

c'. cJ ad, sk.
cV. Ad. sk.

e',f'. S ad. ;

i^'. 5 ad. sk.
A', t'. c? ad. sk.
Z;'. Ad. sk.
l\ 2 ad. sk.

vi'. Ad. sk.

n'. Ad. sk.

u , p'. Ad. sk.

q. S ad. .sk.

/■'. $ ad. sk.
s', <'. S 2 ad. sk.

?<'. 2 ad. sk.
I''. 2 ad. sk.

?«'. cJ ad. sk.

,t'. 2 ad. sk.

y',z. 6 2ad.sk.

a". Ad. sk.
b" . S ad. sk.

50. ITNS.

New Forest, Hampshire, April,

Aug'.
Wiltshire.

Taplow, Berks, May 18-JiJ.
Cookhaiii, Berks.
Coukfuim, June.

Windsor, June (C. Shellcij).
Near Loudon.
Ilampstead, Middlesex.
Ilarapstead, April 20, 18(30 (ii.

^. Sharpe).
Elthaiu, Kent.

Cambridgeshire.
Merton, Norfolk.

Skaue, Sweden, Aug. 30, 1873.

Stockholm, July 16, 1873.

Belgium.

France.

Valencia, Spain, April 1872

(if. Saunders).
Rome, Jan. 1853 (P. L.

Schifer).
Senegal.
Egypt, April 15, 1875.

Egypt, March, April {G. E. 6'.).

Damietta, Egy^pt, March.

Athens.

Turkey, Sept. 2, 1871 (7'. Rob-
son).

Oonstantino])le, April 14, 1878
(TF. Pearce).

Erzeroom, Sept. 21, imj (Dick-
son ^ Moss).

Fao, Persian Gulf.

Atpascha, Western Tliian Shan,

Aug. 8th.
Tchimkent,Turkestan,Se])t. 1st.
Caudahar, Afghanistan, April

1870 ('S'(> O. St. John).
Caudahar, April 17, 1881.
Quetta, Baluchistan, Mav 10,

1881.
Jacobabad, Sindh, Dec. 17, 1871

{A. 0. II.).
Sukkur, Jan. 1, 1872 {A. O.

H.).
Karachi, Nov. 1877 {E. A.

Butler).
Godra, Panch Mehals.
Deesa, Feb. 2, 1876 {E. A.

Butler).

563

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Montagu Coll.
Gould Coll.
-Air. Briggs [P.].
11. B, Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Theodore Fisher,

Esq. [P.].
Mr. J. Baker.
Lord Walsingham

[P.].
C. Meves.
C. Meves.
Brussels Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

Sharpe Coll.

J. II. Gurne}', Esq.

[P.].
Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.
Consul Merlin [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.

W. 1). Camming,

Esq. [P.].
l)r. Severtzoti [C.].

Dr. Severtzoff[C.].
Ilume Coll.

Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Hume Coll.

Plume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

2o2

564

c". Ad. sk.
ii:'. S i^ii' sk.
f". Ad. sk.
/". $ ad. sk.

r/'. Ad. sk.

/(". Ad. sk.

i",/c'',/". Ad.sk.
m''. Ad. sk.
n". S ad.; o",
;;". 2 ad. sk.
f/". Ad. sk.
,•". Ad. sk.

<". 5 ad, sk.
m". Ad. sk.

c"~y" . Ad. sk.
~". c? ad. sk.

«:', ^,^ Ad. sk.
cK $ ad. sk.
rf3,e',/'. Ad.sk
g'^-l<:\ Ad. sk.
>, m\ Ad. sk.
n^, 0^ Ad. sk.
p3. Ad. sk.

if. Ad. sk.
,.3_r\ c? ad. sk.

iv^. $ ad. sk.

a^ $ ad. sk.

^^ r\ Ad. sk.
ft^. 5 ad. sk.

h<, c\ clK 2 ad.

sk.
e\ f\ Ad. sk.
y\'}i\ Ad. sk.
i\ $ ad. sk.
A;*, P. d 2 ad. sk.

m^. ? ad. .sk.

n^. Ad. sk.
oK (S ad. sk.
p\ q\ e 2 ad.
sk.

Sauibluir, Jau. 1, 1870 {Dr.
Neioncin).

Sambliur, Nov. U, 1876 (A.
M. Admit).

Delhi, Nov. 1876 (,C. T. Bing-
ham).

Delhi, Feb. 17, 1881 (^h A.

Sultaupur, Guvgaou Distr. ( )( .

y. Chill).

Siiltaupur, Mav 8, 18/6 ( (f^ .

8ii'sa, ruiijab.

LahtJiv.

Lahore, Jan., Dee.

Iluiue Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Colk

Hume Colh

Hume Coll.

Hume ColL

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume CoU.

Ib71

Peshawar, Feb. 1877.

Cashmere.

Ramoo, Cashmere, Juue 1:^,

\S7\ {W. E. Bvuohs).
Simla.
Dehra Dhoou, Feb. 8,

{G. King).
Agra, Feb. 1869.
Umbala, Nov. 1866 {It C.

Beavan).
Etawah, March, Sept. _
Cawnpore, Sept. 5, 1868.
Jhausi dLstr., Sept., Oct.
Oudh, Jan., March, Nov., Dec
Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).
Sikhim, Jan. 1873 {L. Man-

deJU).
Assam {McClelland).
ShiUono', Oct., Dec. (J. Cock-
hum).
Dibrughur, March 14, 1880 (J.

R. Cripps).
Khasia Hills, Nov. 17, 18/ b

(A. W. Chennell).
Cachar {J. Inglis).
Khooshyara River, Cachar,

Jan. 15, 1878 (J. Inglis).
Mauipur, March 1881 {A. 0.

H.).
Sanger.

Saugor {Hooper).
Mhow, Nov. 2, 1881.
N.E. of Ahmednugger, Dec. {S.

B. Fairbank).
Belgaum, Nov. 25, 1880 {E.

A. Butler).
Madras.

Assensole, Nov. 8, 1872.
Mauubhoom, March, April (B.

C. Beavan).

Col. AVay [P.].
Pin will Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.

India Museum

Hume Coll.

India Museum
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Col. Swiuhoe [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

50. lYNX.

565

»'4, s\ Ad. sk.
tK (^ ad. sk.
M*. cJ ad. sk.

V*. c? ad. ; ?i;', a:'.

2 ad. sk.
y', 2^. Ad. sk.

a'. Ad. sk.
h% c5. Ad. sk.

<;^ Ad. sk.
e\ Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
ff\ Ad. sk.
h^,i\ S ad.; A''.

2 ad. sk.
/'. Skeleton.
?«\ Skeleton

(head missing).
«', 0', p^. Skulls.
q^, ?•', s'. Sterna.

Dacca.

Thajetmyo, Burinah.

Karen-ne'e, March 20, 1874 {R.
G. TV. R.).

Tonghoo, Oct., Nov., & Feb.
{R. G. W. R.).

Amoy, China, Jan., Oct. {R.
Swinhoe).

Amoy, Jan. 1859 (i?. SwinJtoe).

Amoy, March, Nov. (R. Swin-
hoe).

Tientsin.

Japan.

Japan.

Nagasaki, Japan.

Nagasaki, Oct.-Dec.

8. Germanv.

2. lynx pectoralis.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Snlvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
F. Einger, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

Dr. Giinther.

J. Ingall, Esq. [P.].

Yunx pectoralis, Jiff. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 93 ; Grai/, Gen. B. ii.

p. 448, pi. cxii. (1845) ; Malh. Picida, ii. p. 291, pi. cxxi. fig. 1

(1862) ; Guniey, Ibis, 1862, p. 33 ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 240

(1867) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 18 (1871) ; id. ed. Laiiard's B. >S'.

Afr. p. 191 (1884).
Yunx indica, Gonkl, P.Z.S. 1849, p. 112; id. B. Asia, vi. pi. 38

(1850) ; McM. Picidfe, ii. p. 292, pi. cxxi. fig. 3 (1802) ; Jerd. B.

Ind. 1. p. 304 (1802) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. Miis. p. 127 (1868);

id. Hand-1. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8851 (1870).
Junx indica, Reicheiib. Scans. Picince, p. 432, no. 1018, pi. dcxix.

figs. 4127-28 (1854).
Junx pectoralis, Reichenb. Scans. Picince, p. 433, no. 1019, pi. dcxix.

figs. 4129-30 (1854) ; Cab. S,- Heine, Mm. Hein. iv. p. 0 (1863).
lunx indica. Cab. Sf Heine, Mas. Hein. iv. p. 4 (1863).
lynx indica, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 108 (1866).
lyn.x pectoralis, Sundev. Consp. Av. Picin. p. 109 (1866) ; Gray, List
' Picid. Brit. Mas. p. 128 (1868) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8850

(1870) ; Sharpe in Gates's Matahele-Land, App. B, p. 300 (1881) ;

id. ed. Layard's B. S. Afr., App. p. 812 (1884) ; Hartl Orn. OstL-

(iqiiat. Geb. Afr. p. 309 (1887).
.lynx pectoralis, Ayres, Ibis, 1879, p. 300.

Adult male. Has the entire upper parts, the wings and tail, as
well as their coverts, the top of the head and the hind neck very
similar to /. forciuilla, the main difterence in the.se being that in
the present species the tail is more numerously banded with black.
I. pectoralis may at once be distinguished from /. torqniUa by
having the middle of the throat, the fore neck, and the chest uniform
deep rufous, the lower half of the face and the feathers of the neck
bordering the rufous being barred black and white, the chin having
a few similarly marked feathers mixed with the rufous ; undcrparts

566 piciDiE.

below the chest creamy white, the sides of the body, flanks, and
thighs more or less tinged with buff or rufescent buff ; the entire
breast is striped, the flanks and thighs are barred with black ; nnder
tail-coverts rufescent buff, with stripes and sagittate markings or
narrow bars of black ; under wing-coverts pale rufous. Total length
7 inches, culmcn 0"75, wing 3-55, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-78 : toes (with-
out claws) — outer anterior 0-62, outer posterior 0'G5, inner anterior
0'42, inner posterior 0"33.

Adult female. Eesembles the adult male. Total length 7 inches,
culmen 0-7, wing 3-6, tail 2*75, tarsus 0'8.

Hah. Eastern portion of Cape Colony, Transkei, Natal, and the
Transvaal, then probably ranges westward, and has been found as
far north as Landana* by M. Lucan. Dr. Tristram, in the Cata-
logue of his collection, records a specimen from Mombasa (6'o)'f7_r/f)t.

ct. Ad. sk. South Africa. Eyton Coll.

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Maclean Town, S. Africa. Major Trevelj-an [P.].

c, rf. cJ ad. sk. Elands Post, S. Africa ( 7'. Shelley Coll."

C. Atmore).
e, f. S ad. sk. Elands Post, April, May Tweeddale Coll.

{T. C. Atmore).
g, h. S ad. ; /. Elands Post, JNIay, June Sharpe Coll.

$ad. sk. [T. a Atmore).

k, I. Ad. St. Natal. Purchased.

wi.cJad.sk. Pine Town, Natal, June ( r. Shelley Coll.

L. Ay res).
J?. (5 ad. sk. Valley of the Uuilass, Natal, Shelley Coll.

Aug. (Gordffe).

3. lynx pulchricollis.

lynx pulchricolhs, Hartl. J6w, 1884, p. 28, pi. iii. ; id. Orn. Osfl.-
' iiquat. Geb. Afr. 1887, pp. 308, 310.

Adult male. Resembles /. peetoralis, but diff'ers in having the
chin and throat white barred with brownish black, like the malar
region, the rufous not ascending above the fore neck ; under surface
of the body whiter and more narrowly and clearly striped with
black, the sides of the body, flanks, and thighs faintly washed with
rufous and striped (not banded) with black ; under tail-coverts rich
rufous, with almost obsolete black shaft-stripes ; general colour
above browner ; the bill is longer, more slender, and blacker : " irides
pale brown ; bill dusky brown, lower mandible paler ; feet pale
brownish dusky '" {EminBeij). Total length '8 inches, culmen 0-75,

* It would not surprise me to find that the present species extends up the
Congo to its head-waters ; and, if this be the case, it would prove a remarkable
fact that in a very restricted area in the Equatorial Provinces every species of
lynx should be found, even including our widely-spread /. turquilla.

I' I am not aware that Gordge ever collected at Mombasa ; ]iossibly tliere may
be some mistake as to the localitv.

50. insrx. 567

wing 3-7, tail 3, tarsus 0-9 ; toes (without claws)— outer anterior
0-65, outer posterior 0-65, inner anterior 0-38, inuer posterior 0-3.

Hab. Eastern Equatorial Africa (Babira, east of the Bar-el-
Djebel).

4. lynx aequatorialis.

lynx aequatorialis, Hiijip. Mus. Senckmh. iii. p. 121 (1845) ; id. St/st.

Uebers. Vog. N.O.-Afi: pp. 93, 95, pi. xxxvii. (1845) ; Sundev.

Consp. Av. Ficin. p. 109 (1806) ; Hartl. Orn. Ostl.-dquat. Geb.

Afr. p. 310 (1887); Sakad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genom,

1888, p. 212.
Yunx fcquatorialis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 448 (1845) ; Heiujl. Sijst.

Uebers. Vm/. N.O.-Afr. p. 47(1850); Mcdh. Ticida, ii. p. 291,

pi. exxi. fig. 2 (1802) ; Gray, List Picid. Brit. I\fns. p. 127 (1868) ;

id. Hand-I. B. ii. p. 204, no. 8852 (1870).
.Junx tequatorialis, Reiclienb. Scans. Picincc, p. 43-'!, no. 1020,

pi. dcxviii. tig. 4124 (1854).
lunx ffiquatorialis, Cab. S)- Heine. Mus. llein. iv. p. 5 (1863) • Heu(/I

Orn. N.O.-Afr. i. p. 801 (1871).

Adult. Eesembles /. pcctoralis, Init may be distinguishecl by its
having the entire breast, as well as the chest, fore neck, and throat,
rich rufous ; the under tail-coverts also rufous. " Total length
5-8G inches, bill (from gape) 0-S5, wing 2-8, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-60 "
(MaUwrbe). The sexes are similar, and the soft parts are stated to
be as follows : — " $ , irides dark chestnut : bill brown, with the
mandible lighter towards the base ; feet brown " {Racjazzi).

Hah. Southern Provinces of Abyssinia, and Shoa.

ADDENDA.

Add:— Page 21. Colaptes mexicanus.

«*. (S ad. ; o'-y'. Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salviii-Godman Coll.
? ad. sk. Mexico, Feb., March ( Jl'.

B. Richanhon).

Page 24. Colaptes campestris.
Line 3 from 1iottom,/or "Rothsay" read "Rothesay."

Page 87. Chloronerpes rubiginosus.
Line S, for " campileiis " read " f-anipilcus.''

Page 102. Campothera smithi.
Line 8, for " C. striates " read " D. sfriatus.^'

Page 106. Campothera maculosa.

Top line, /o/- " Anhin" read "Aubinn."

Page 112. Chrysoptilus melanochlorus.

Top line, /or "Rothsay" read "Rothesay."

Page 124. Chrysophlegma malaccense.
Rottom line, for " MottJey "' read " Motlei/.''

Add: Page 148. Melanerpes erythrocephalus.

^' ', I"- J 2 nd. sk. Taipon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godmaii Coll.
April, Sept. ' ( W. K D.
Scott).

ADDENDA. 569

Add: ^^Sc lf>l- Melanerpes formicivorus.

i", k". S 2 ad. sk. Real del Monte, State of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hidalgo, Mexico, Oct. ( W.

B, Richardsoii).
I". 6 ad. sk. Rio Frio, Ixtacciliuatl, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, Sept. (W. B.

Bichardson).

Add: Page 153. Melanerpes melanopogon.

?•", s". cJ ad. sk. Sierra Rolaiios, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, March (TT'. B.
Bichardson).

Add : ^^o^ 1*^2. Melanerpes carolinus.

i'-p'. (S ad, et Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm.; q',r'. 5- Jan., Feb., April, Oct.

imm. sk. ( JV. E. T). Scott).

Add : ^&%& 184. Melanerpes uropygialis.

v!-io'. S ad. ; ,r'. Bolanos, Jalisco, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.
? ad. .sk. Feb. ( W. B. Bichardson).

Add: Pago 192. Sphyropicus varius.

y'-rt', S ad. sk. Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll

Mexico, Feb., March (T['.

B. Bichardson).
b\ cJjnv.sk. Tenaugo del Valle, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. ( W. B. Bichardson).
c''-f\ 2 ad. et Real del Monte, State of Salvin-Godman Coll.
d $ imm. sk. Hidalgo, Mexico, Oct. ( W.

B. Bichardson).

Add : ^^o^ 1^^- Sphyropicus nuchalis.

(/'. (S ad. sk. Sierra Bolanos *, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, Feb. (TF. B.
Bichardson).

Add : ^'"^S^ l'^''^- Sphyropicus thyroideus.

o'. c? [? imm.]; Sierra Bolaiiost, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll.
p', (/. 2 ad. et Mexico, March ( JV. B.
imm. sk. Bichardson).

Mr. Richardson has .scxcd specimen o' a,s S • If the males ever

* This extension of range is interesting, and corresponds witli that of other
species whose known distribution had been restricted until specimens were
obtained bv Messrs. Salvin and Godman's collector^:.

t This adds considerably to the known range of the species.

570 ADDENDA.

assume the plumage of the female, then this may be one ; but I think
it much more likely that the collector, in labelling a number of skins,
has made a mistake in the sign of the sex. One might expect to find
the young of both sexes alike, but 1 have never seen a young male
in any other than the black plumage with white throat-spot. In
this dress the middle of the breast and the abdomen are white, with
the slightest yellow tinge on the breast, and these parts are similar
to those of the young female ; therefore Mr. Eichardson's c? cannot
he a bird intermediate between the brown-plum aged male (if it exist)
and the black-plumaged bird with white throat-spot, because his
specimen is almost a counterpart of the adult female, having the
middle of the lower breast and abdomen brilliant lemon-yellow, and
the black chest-patch, although less developed, glossed with greenish
blue. I should not be surprised to find that the young male does
not resemble the young female ; the specimens in black plumage with
white throat-spot appear to be ver)/ young birds, they may, how-
ever, have passed through the first autumn moult. Further inves-
tigations will clear up this point.

Specimen p', J ad., has one or two of the feathers comprising the
brown throat-spot tipped with pale scarlet.

^^^. Page 213. Dendrocopus major.

)/' c? ad. sk. Sutfblk, Marcli. Miss Nona Ilolden

[P.].

^3^ . Page 230. Dendrocopus arizonae.

ff'-i'. (5 ad. ; k'. $ ■'^ierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad.sk. Mexico, Feb. (W. B.

Richardson).

j^^^ . Page 234. Dendrocopus maynardi.

b, r. 9 ad. sic. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-nodnian Coll.

.lulv, Sept. (JF. K D.
Scoff).

^flfl . Page 236. Dendrocopus harrisi.

(j". )■". 2 "d. sk. sierra Bolanos, Jalisco, Salvin-Codman Coll.
Mexico, March (W. B.
Richardson).

^^^ . Page 238. Dendrocopus jardinii.

u', v'. (S ad. ; ic'. PJo Frio, Ixtaccihuatl, Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk. Mexico, Sept. ( W. B.

Richardson^,
.r'. (S ad. sk. Tenango del Valle, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. ( W. B. Richardson).

ADDENDA. 5y]^

Add:— Page 241. Dendrocopus pubescens.

a^~d\ 6 ad. ; e',f. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Jan., Salvin-Godnian foil
? ad. si.-. Oct. ( W. B. D. Scott).

Add:— Page 244. Dendrocopus stricklandi.

d-f c? ad. ; f/. 2 Rio Frio, Ixtaccihuatl , Salviu-Godman Coll
ad. sk. 3Iexico, Sept. ( W. B.

Richardson).

Add :— I'age 249. Dendrocopus scalaris.

iK c? ad. sic. Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Feb. {F. B. Armstrong).
/.■'. 6 ad.: l\m\ Hidalgo, Texas, April 1889 Salvin-Godmnn Coll
? ad. sk-. (F. B. Armstromj).

Add:— Page 252. Dendrocopus borealis.

YouwjmaU*. Differs from the adult male in having a scarlet
spot on the crown instead of the red stripe on the side of the occi-
put; the sinciput spotted with dull huffy white; the face less pure
white : the nasal plumes and the entire under surface of tlie body,
from the cliin downwards, buffy white, the dusky black markings on
the flanks having a barred character ; the black of the plumage less
intense and devoid of any blue-green gloss.

Add:—

x-d. S ad. et juv. ; Tarpon Springs, Florida, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll.
(l-(j . $ ad. sk. April, Mav, Sept., Dec.

{W.E.B: Scott).

Page 265. Dendrocopus brunneifrons.
Specimens a, h. Types of the species.

Page 308. Thripias namaquus.

Specimens h and e. Types of Mempkus decipiens, Sharpe.

Page 37t>. Mesopicus xantholophus.
Specimens a, b. Types of the species.

* I am glad, before the completion of this volume, to have bad au oppor-
tunity of seeing the young of Dendrocopm borealis, which appears to be rare in
collections, and is but little known. Mallierbe in bis Monograpb (i. p. 13o) bas
described it, and distinctly states that it bas no red stripe on the side of tbe
occiput, but tliat it bas a red spot on tbe vertex; notwithstanding Ibis, be bas
allowed bis draugbtsman to represent tbe S juv. (plate xxxi. fig. 5) witb tbe
red stripe on tbe side of tbe occiput, together witb the coronal spot.

572 ADDENDA.

^(j^ . Page 407. Brachypternus aurantius.

v\ w'. c? ? ad. sli. Moutit Aboo. Colonel Butler [C.].

Page 427. Celeus reichenbachi.
Line 2], for " Coleopiciis " read " Celeopicus."'

Page 441. Crocomorphus flavus.

Specimen h, for " Salvin-Godman Coll." read " Sclater Coll.
(Type of CcJeus sitbjlavus).'"

Add after specimen i. " Ptirchased."

j^^^ . Page 465. Campophilus principalis.

Pidl. 5 . This specimen is only partially covered with feathers,
but the distribution of the blue-black and pure white of tlie plumage
is similar to that of the adult female : the vent is surrounded by a
few buffy white feathers. "Eyes not open. Irides, on dissection,
greyish yellow" (IF. E. D. Scott).

Page 504. Thriponax feddeni.
Specimen a. Type of the species.

^^1^. Page 517. Dryotomus pileatus.

i'. 5 ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Feb. 13 ( W. E. I). Scott),
k'-n'. (S ad. et Hernando Co., Florida {Tf. Salvin-Godman CoU.

imm.: o'. ? ad. H. D. Scott).

sk.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

ahiiigdoiii (Caiupothera),

98.
abingdoiii (Clivsoptilus).

98.
abingoiii (Cauipothera),

99, lUd, 101.
abingoni (Pious), lUO.
abingtoiii (Campetliern),

99, 100, 102.
abingtoiii (Caiupothera),

99.
abingtoni ( Denclrobates),

100.
abiugtoui (Dendrouuis),

100.
abingtoni (Picus), 103.
abnormi.s (Microcolap-

tes), 557.
abnormis (Pieumnoides),

558.
abnormis (Pieumnus),

557.
abnormis (Sasia), 554,

555, 5.'i7, 559.
abyssiuica (Campethera),

303.
abvssinicus (Dendro-

bates), 300, 30.3.
abyssinieus (Dendromus),

303.
abyssinieus (Dendropi-

cus), 302, 303.
abyssinieus (Ipoctoniis).

303.
abyssinieus (Picus) 303.
adspersus (C'hloroner-

pes), 358.
adspersus (Eleopicus),

358.
adspersus (Mesopicus),

358.
aequatorialis (Hypoxan-

thus), 31.

reqiiatorialis (lun.x), 567.
ivquatorialis (lynx), 567.
;i?quatorialis (Juns), 507.
requatovialis (i'unx), 567.
reruginosus (C'bloroner-

pes), 81, 83.
ivruginosus (Chry.sopi -

cus), 82.
ai'thiopiea (Campethera),

93.
ivthiopicus ( Dendro-

bates), 93.
:tlhiopicus (Dendro-
mus), 93.
a^thiopicus (Picus), 93.
affinis (Canipias), 363.
aflinis ( Chloronerpes),

369, 362.
affinis (Dendrobates),

337. 362.
affinis (Eleopicus), 363.
affinis (Gecinus), 46.
affinis (Mesopicus). 359.
affinis (Picus), 46, 359,

362.
africana (Nannojjipo).

554.
africana (Sasia), 553.
africana (^'^erreauxia),

553.
africanus (Dendi-obatee),

375.
afi'icanus (Dendromus),

375.
africanus (Dendropicus),

375.
africanus (Picumnus),

554.
africanus (Picus), 367,

375.
agilis (Campias), 355.
agilis (Chlorouerpes),355.
agilis (Dendrobates), 355.

agili.s (Picus), 355.
agricola (Colaptes), 25.
agricola (Geopicos), 25.
agricola (Geopicus), 25.
agricola (Picus), 25.
Agripicus, 9.
alascensis (Picoides),

280.
albertuli (Venilia), 348.
albidior (Picoides), 277.
albifrenatus (Campephi-

lus), 476.
albifrons (Centurus),

172, 180.
albifrons (^Picu-i), 166,

172, 180.
albipes (Cldoronerpes),

359.
albipes (Picus), 359.
albirostris (Campephi-

lus), 470.
albirostris (Dryocopus),

470, 475.
albirostris (Drvotomusi,

470.
albirostris (Megapieos),

470.
albirostris (Megapicus),

470.
albirostris ( Phlceoceas-

tes), 470.
albirostris (Picus). 470.
albisquamatus (^Microco-

laptes), 539.
albisquamatus (Picum-
nus), 539.
albolarvatiis (Leuconer-

pes), 284.
albolarvatus (Melaner-

pes), 284.
albolarvatus (Picus), 285.
albolarvatus (Xenocrau-

gus), 285.

574

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

albolarvatus (Xenopious),

284, 285.
albosquamatus (Picum-

nus), 535, 539, 540.
algirus (Gecinus), 41.
algii-us (ricu;:), 41.
Alophonerpes, 4'J4.
alpimis (Dendrocopus),

519.
alpinus (Pieoides), 275.
americanus (Apternus),

279.
americanus (Pieoides),

278, 279, 280, 281.
americanus alascensis

(Pieoides), 281.
americanus dorsalis (Pi-
eoides), 278.
americanus, var. dorsalis

(Pieoides), 278.
americanus, var. fasciatiis

(Pieoides). 280.
airiericiuius (Picus).279.
aiiiietus (Tiga) 132.
anais (Piciis), 472.
aualis (Dendrocopus),

2()6, 267, 2()8.
analis (Dendrotjpes),

2(i(j.
analis (Piciis). 2(jG.
analis (Yiuigipicus), 2(5(i.
andamanensis ( Dendroco-
pus), 267.
andamanensis (Dendro-

types), 2(i7.
andamanensis (Picus),

207.
angustifrons (Melaner-

pes), 153.
Apternus, 274.
arator (Geocolaptes), 9.
arator (G-eopious), 9.
arator (Picus), 9.
arborea (Jynx), 561.
arctica (Tridactylia), 282.
arcticus (Apternus), 282.
arcticus (Pieoides), 280.

282.
arcticus (Picus), 279,

282.
arizona.' (^Dendrocopus).

228, 570.
arizouai (Dryobates), 229.
arizonse (Picus), 229.
arizona' fratercidus

(Dryobates), 229.
assimilis (Dendrocopus),

227.
assimilis (Picus), 227.
asterias (Picuumus), 538.
Asthenurus, 521.

Asyndesmus, 4, 137.
atratus (Dendrocopus),

263.
atratus (Deudrotype.'*),

263.
atratus (Pious), 263.
atriceps (Hypoxantbus).

29, 32.
atricollis (Clirysopicus),

lis.

atricollis (Chrysopicus),

118.
atricollis (Chrysoptilut.),

118.
atricollis (Picus), 119.
atriventris (Dendroco-
pus), 467.
atriventris (Dryocopus),

467, 517.
atriventris (Picus), 466.
atrothorax (Picus), 189.
auduboni (Picas), 231.
auduboni (Trichopicus).

232.
aurantiiventris(Bffiopipo),

320.
aurantiiventris (lyngi-

picus), 320.
aurantiiventris (lyiigo-

picus), 320.
aurantiiventris (Yungi-

picus), 264.
aurantius (Bracbypter-

nus), 404, 405, 407.

408, 572.
aurantius (Brahmapieus),

405.
aurantius (Obrysocolap-

tes), 455.
aurantius (Picus), 404,

455.
auratus (Colaptes), 12,

15, 16, 18, 22, 23.
auratus (Craugasus), 79.
auratus (Geopicos), 13.
auratus (Geopicus), 13.
auratus (Picus), 12, 79.
auratus, var. clu'ysocaulo-

sus (Colaptes), 15.
auratus bybridus (Colap-
tes), 22.
auratus, var. bybridus

(Colaptes), 22.
auratus mexicanus (Col-
aptes), 18.
auratus, var. mexicanus

(Cnlaptes), 18.
auriceps (Liopipo), 264.
auriceps (Picus), 264.
auricularis (Chloroner-

pes), 83.

aurifrous (Centurus),

178, 180.
au I'ifrons (Melanerpes),

177, 178, ISO, 181.
aurit'rons (Picunuuis),

544, .546,547.
aurifrons (Picus), 164,

176,177.
aurifrons dubius (Centu-
rus), 172.
aurifrons hoifmanni

(Centurus), 181.
aurifrons, var. bofi'manni

(Centurus), 181.
aurifrons santa-cruzi

(Centurus), 180.
aurifrons (Zebrapicus),

178.
aurita (Baopipo), 326.
auritus (lyngipicus), 309,

324, 32b, 326, 328.
auritus (Picus), 326.
am-itus (Tripsurus), 325.
auritus (Ynngipicus),

326.
auroeri.status (Picus),

290.
auruleutus (Cbloroner-

pes), 72, 79.
aurulentus (Chloropicos),

79.
aurulentus (Cbloroijicus),

79.
aurulentus (Chrysopicus),

79.
aurulentus (Picus), 72,

74, 79.
australis (Colaptes), 25.
awokera (Chloropicos),

42.
awokera (Chloropicus),

42.
awokera (Gecinus), 41.
awokera (Picus), 41.
ayresi (Colaptes), 22,

23.
ayresi (Pieusj. 22.
ayresii (Colaptes), 22.
ayresii (Geopicus), 22.
azara; (Picumnus), 531.

baccha (Cbrvsocolaptes),

449.
badiodes (Celeopicos),

433.
badiodes (Celeus), 433.
badiodes (Picus), 433.
badiosus (Meiglyptes),

400.
badiosus (Micropternus),

400.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

575

badiosus (Pliaiopicus),

4U1.
badiosus (Pious), 401.
badiiis (Brachyptemus),

402.
badius (Hemicircus), '6'M.
badius (Meiglyptes), 393,

396.
badius (Micropternus),

396.
badius (Picus), 39(5.
Baeopipo, 3U9.
bairdi (Cauipopliilus),

465.
bairdi (Dryobates), 247.
bairdi (Piciis), 246, 465.
bairdii (Campephilus),

465.
balia (Cauipotliera), 9(i,

98.
balius (Picus), 98.
barbatus (Picus), 56.
Bengal Woodpeeker, 4<)9,

455.
bengalensis (Braclivlu-

pbus), 404.
bengalensis (Bralima]n-

ciis), 4<_)5.
bengalensis (Picus). 4(l4.

409, 455.
beunetti (Cainpelliera),

103, 104.
bennetti (Cauiputhera),

102, 103,
beunetti (Ipagrus), 103.
benuetti (Picus), 103.
bennettii (Campothera),

104.
bennettii (Obrysoptilus),

102.
bennettii (Deudromus),

103.
biarmicus (Deudropicus),

307.
biarmicus (Picus), 306.
bieolor (Dyctioi^icus),

259.
bieolor (Picus), 148,259.
blakei ^Oenturiis), 168.
blakei (Melanerpes), 168.
blakii (Melanerpes), KiS,

169.
blaufordi (Picus), 290.
blytbii (Pbaiopicos), 394.
Blythipicus, 379.
boiei (Campephilus), 4()6.
boiei (Dryocopus), 467.
boiei (Megapicus), 467.
boiei (Phlceoceastes), 467.
boiei (Picus), 466.
boieri (Picus), 466.

borkx; (Picumuus),

547.
borealis (Dendrocopus),

251,571.
borealis (Drvobites),

251.
borealis (Picus), 251.
borealis (Thi-enopipo),

251.
Bracbylophus, 33.
Brachypternopicus, 403.
Braeliypternus, 6, 403.
brachyrhyncba (Campe-

tliera),'l06.
bi-aclivrhvncha (Oanipo-

theVa),'l06.
brachvrhvnchus (Campc-

thera),"'l04.
bracliyi'liynchus (Chryso-

picus), 10().
brachyrbynchus(Uendn.i-

bates),"l05.
bracbvrliynchus(Dendru-

mus), 104, 106.
brachyrlivnclius (Picu»),

106.
bi-aclivurus (Meiglyptes),

394, 396.
bi-acbvurus (Micropter-
nus), 394, 39l>, 401,

402.
braehvurus ( Pliaiopico.s),

396'.
braehvurus (Phaio)iicus),

39(i'.
brachjurus (Picus), 396.
Brahmapicus, 403.
brasiliensis (Chlorouer-

pes), 72, 73, 74.
brasiliensis (Chloropi-

cus), 72.
brasiliensis (Picus), 73.
brevirostris (Hypoxan-

thus), 29, 31,32.
brevirostris (Picus), 212.
brookeanus (Hemicercus ).

484.
brucei (Canipethera).

101.
brucei (Chrj-sopicusj,

100.
brucei (Deadrobates ),

101.
brucei (Ipagrus), 100.
brucei (Picus), 101.
bruuil'rons (Dendroco-

pus), 264, .571.
brumieif'rous (Dendroeo-

pus), 264.
brunueiiVons(DryobatC8),

264.

bruuueifrons (Leiopicus),

264.
brunneifrons (Picus),

264.
bruuneus (Hemicercus),

388.
bruuneus (Meiglyptes),

388.
bruuneus (Picus), 388.
bruuuifrous (Leiopicus),

264.
brunnifrons (Picus), 264.
Buii-crested Woodpecker,

470.
bufFoni (Picuuiuus), 530,

542, 544, 545, 547.
buflbnii (Chrysoptilus),

111.
burmanicus (Micropter-
nus), 394, 395.

cabanisi (Dendrocopus),

218,219.
cabanisi (Picus), 215,

218,219.
caboti (Chloronerpes),

344.
caboti (Deudrobates),

344, 346.
caboti (Mesopicus), 344.
caboti (Ph;eonerpes),

344.
caboti (Picus), 344.
Cactocraugus, 14u.
cactorum (Cactocraugus),

163.
cactorum (Cola^>tes), 162.
cactorum (Dendrobates),

163.
cactorum (Gecinus), 162.
cactorum (Melanerpes),

162.
cactorum (Picus), 162.
cactorum (Tricbopicus),

162.
cater (Colaptes), IS.
cater (Picus), 17.
cal'er saturatior (Colap-
tes), 18.
cailliaudi (Canipethera),

102.
cailliaudi (Campothera),

96, 98, 102.
cailliaudi (Chrvsopicus).

102.
calliaudi (Ipagrus), 102.
cailliaudi (Picus), 102.
eailliauti (Campethera),

102.
caiUiauti (Chrysopicos),

102.

576

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

cailliauti (Deiidromus),

102.
Callipicus, 337.
callonotus (Callipicus),

347.
callonotus(Chloroneri)es),

347, 34s.
callonutus (Deud rebates),

34(>, 347, 348.
callonotus (Erythroucr-

pes), 348.
callonotus (Picas). 34(1,

348.
callonotus (Venilia),

347.
callonotus major (Chlo-

rouerpes), 348.
callonotus peruvianas
(Obloronerpes), 348.
callo])terus (Chjoroner-

pes), 80,81.
callopterus (Craugasus),

80.
callopterus (Picus), 80.
Calopicus, lit).
Oampephilus, 460.
campestre, Oarpintero,

23.
campestris (Chrysop ti-
kis), 23.
campestris (Colaptes), 24,

26, 568.
campestris (Geopicos),

24.
campestris (Geopicus),

24.
campestris (Malherbipi-

cus), 24.
campestris (Pediopipo),

24.
campestris (Picus), 23.
campestris (Soroplex),

24.
camjiestroides (Oliryso-

ptilus), 25.
eampestroides (Malher-

bi23icus), 25.
eampestroides (Geopicos),

25.
Campethera, 1)0.
Campias, 337.
Camponomus, 31)7.
Carapophilus, 7, 460.
Oampothera, 3, 90.
camtschatcensis (Tridac-

tylia), 277.
canadensis (Picus), 231 .
cancellata (Dictyopipo),

260.
cancellatus (Dendroco-
pus), 260.

cancellatus (Pious), 244,

260.
Candidas (Leuconcrpes),

148.
Candidas (Melanerpes).

148.
candidus (Phymatoblc-

])luirus), 148.
candidus (Pleas), 148.
cauens (Ilemicercas),

486.
cauente (Hemieercus),

486, 488, 489.
canente (Hemicireus),

488.
canente (Micropicos),

486.
canente (Micropicus),

486, 488.
canente (Pious), 486.
cauente, var. occideuta-

lis (Picus), 488.
canente, var. orientalis,

(Picus), 486.
canescens (Genturus),

174.
canescens (Melanerpes).

174.
canicapilla (Bicopipo),

322.
canica])illus ( lyngipicus ),

322.
caiiicapillus (Picus), 322.
canicapillus (Yungipi-

cus), 322, 326.
caniceps (Colaptes), 53.
caniceps (Gecinus), 54.
caniceps (Picus), 53,

372.
cauifrons (Picus), 313.
canipileus (Chloroner-

pes), 84, 87.
canipileus (Chrysopicus),

87.
canipileus (Clirysoptilus),

84, 87.
canipileus (Colaptes),

87.^
canipileus (Picus), 87.
canus (Cliloropicus), 41.
canus (Colaptes), 53.
canus (Gecinus), 52, 53,

54, 55.
canus (Malaoolophus),

54.
cauus (Picus), 53.
canus jessoensis (Picus),

54.
canus perpallidus (Picus),

54.
capensis (Colaptes), 295.

capensis (Dendrobates),

372.
capensis (Mesopious),

372.
capensis (Picus), 295,

371.
Cape Woodpecker, 371.
capistratus (Chloroner-

pes), 73, 74.
capistratus (Cbloropicus),

74.
ca]5istratas(Chrysopieas),

74.
capistratus (Craugasus),

74.
capistratus (Picus), 74.
Capnopicus, 337.
capricorni (Campethera),

104.
capricorni (Campotbera),

104.
capricorni (Chrysopicus),

104.
capricorni (Dendromus),

104.
capricorni (Ipagras),

104.
capricorni (Picas), 104.
cajiricoruis (Ipagrus),

104.
Carbonarius, 518.
Cardinal Woodpecker,

295.
cardiualis (Chloronerpes),

347.
cardiualis (Cbrv.socolap-

tes), 296.
cardiualis (Dendrobates),

296, 298.
cardiualis (Dendropicus),

295, 296, 298, 303.
cardiualis (Ipoctonus),

296.
cardiualis (Picus), 295.
carlotta (Brachj'pteruus),

453.
carlotta (Chrysocolaptes),

453.
carlotta (Indopicus),

453.
carlotta (Picus), 453.
caroli (Campethera),

107.
caroli (Campotbera),

107.
cai'oli (Cbloropicus), 107.
caroli (Chrysopicus), 107.
caroli (Cnipotberes), 107.
caroli (Dendrobates),

107.
caroli (Dendromus), 107

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

577

caroli (Pardipicus), 107.
caroli (Picus), lU7.
caroli (Scolecotheres), 107.
Cai'oliua Woodpecker,

16(i, 170.
carolinensis (Oenturus),

170.
caroliuensis (Picus), 170,

172.
carolinus (Centurus), 170.
earolinus, yar. tricolor

(Oeuturus), 175.
carolinus (Melanerpes),

170, 171, 569.
carolinus (Picus), 159,

164, 166, 170.
carolinus (Zebrapicus),

171.
Carpintero canipestre,

■23.
Carpintero chorreado,

259.
Carpintero dorado pardo,

79.
Carpintero enano, 530.
Carpintero gorro pajizo,

422.
Carpintero gorro y cuello

roxos, 477.
Carpintero lomo bianco,

470.
Carpintero negro, 508.
Carpintero pardo dorado,

362.
Carpintero verde dorado,

79.
Carpintero verdinegro,

110.
Carpintero vientre roxo,

161.
cassini (Campias), 3(50.
cassini (Chlorouerpes),

360.
cassini (Dendrobates),

360.
cassini (Mesopicus), 360.
cassini (Picus), 360.
castaneus (Celeopicus),

433.
castaneus (Celeus), 433,

435.
castaneus(Malacoloplius),

428.
castaneus (Meigl3'ptes),

433.
castaneus (Picus), 433.
castelneau (Picumnus),

.529.
castelnaudi (Picumnus),

528.
VOL. XVIII.

casteluaui (Picumnus),

52S.
cathpharius (Dendroco-

pus), 222, 223, 224,

225.
cathpharius (Picus), 223.
cathpharius (Xvlocopus),

223.
cathphoricus (Picus),

223.
cathphorius (Dendroco-

pus), 223.
cathphorius (Hyjjopicus),

223.
cathphorius (Picus),

223.
cayanensis (Chrysopti-

lus), 116.
cayanensis (Picus), 116.
cayennensis (Chrysopi-

cos), 116.
cayennensis (Ohrysopi-

cus), 117.
cayennensis (Chrysoptil-

lus), 116, 117.
cayennensis (Picumnus),

531, 532.
cayennensis (Picus), 116.
cayennensis (Yunx), 532.
caymanensis (Oenturus),

169.
caymanensis (IVIelaner-

pes), 169.
ceciliffi (Chloronerpes),

366.
cecilise (Dendrobates),

366.
cecilia; (Erythrouerpes),

366.
cecilire (Mesopicus), 366.
cecilise (Picus), 366.
cecilii (Chloronerpes),

366.
cecilii (Mesopicos), 366.
cecilii (Veuilia), 366.
Celeopicos, 420.
Celeus, 6, 420.
Centurus, 139.
Ceophloeus, 8, 50(;.
Cerchneipicus, 6, 436.
ceylonus( Brachypternus),

410, 453.
ceylonus (Picus), 410,

453.
chilensis (Colaptes), 28.
cbilensis (Geopicus), 28.
chilensis (Picus), 28.
chilensis (Pituipicus), 28.
chinensis (Picumnus),

551.

chinensis (Vivia), 551.

chlorigaster (Chryso-
jjhlegma), 63.

chlorigaster (Gecinus),
60, 62.

chlorigaster (Picus), 62.

chlorio (Picus), 53.

chlorooephalus (Chloro-
nerpes), 78.

chlarocephalus (Chloro-
picus), 78.

chlorooephalus (Chryso-
picus), 78.

chlorocephalus (Picus),
77.

clilorolophos (Picus), 59.

clilorolophum (Chryso-
phlegma), 60.

chlorolophu.s (Chloro-
picos), 59.

chlorolophus (Cliloro-
picus), 60.

chlorolophus (Cliryso-
phlegma), 59, 62.

chlorolophus (Gecinus),
59, 60.

chlorolophus (Picus), 59.

Chloronerpes, 3, 69.

chloronotus (Picus), 105.

chlorophanes (Chrj'so-
phlegma), 62.

chlorophanes (Gecinus),
62.

chlorophanes (Venilia),
(i2.

chlorophaus (Gecinus), 62.

Chloropicoides, 411.

Ohloropicos, 119.

chloropus (Gecinus), 59.

chloropus (Picus), 59.

chlorozostus (Cbryso-
picus), 111.

chlorozostus (Chrysopti-
lus), 111, 112.

chlorozostus (Picus), llO,
112.

chrysauchen (Melaner-
pes), 160.

chrysauchen (Picus), 160.

chrysocaulosus (Colap-
tes), 15.

chrysochlorus (Chloro-
nerpes), 72, 73, 74.

chrysochlorus (Ohloro-
picus), 72.

chrysochlorus (Crauga-
sus), 72.

chrj-sochlorus (Picus),
72.

Cbrysocolaptes, 6, 442.
2p

578

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

chrysogenys (Piciis),

179.
cbrjsoides (Oolaptes), 16,

•23.
chrysoicles(Geopicus), 16.
cbrvsoides (Picas), 16.
cbrysomelas (Cbrysopi-

ciis), 115.
cbrysomelas (Cbrysopti-

lus), 112, 115.
Cbrysouotus, 411.
cbrysouotus (Bracbypter-

nopicu.s), 407.
cbrysouotus (Bracbvpter-

liiis), 403, 407.
clirysonotus (Pious), 404,

408.
Obrysojiblegina, 3, 119.
Chrysopicos, 90.
Cbrysojiicus, 69, 109.
cbrvsopteriis (Picus),

295.
Obrysoptilus, 3, 109.
cbrvsosternus (Picus),

23.
cbrvsura (Campetbera),

98, 101.
/brvsura (Campotbera),

99.
cbrysiira, var. lineata

(Campetbera), 99.
cbrvsurus (Caiii250tbera),

I'OO.
cbrysurus (Cbrysopicus),

98.
cbrysurus (Deuclrobates),

98.
cbrysurus (Dendromus),

98.
cbrysurus (Ipagrus), 98.
cbrysurus (Picus), 99.
cinereicapillus (Colaptes),

27.
ciuereigula (Picus), 32S.
cinnamomeus (Astbeuu-

rus), 528.
ciunamomeus (Celeopi-

cos), 426.
cinnamomeus (Celeopi-

cus), 426.
cinnamomeus (Celeus),

426, 427, 428.
cinnamomeus (Craugis-

cus), 528.
cinnamomeus (Malacolo-

pbus), 426.
cinnamomeus (Picum-

nus), 527.
cinnamomeus (Picus),

426.

cirratus (Picumnus),

542.
cirrbatus (Astbeuurus),

531.
cirrbatus ^Piculus), 531.
cirrbatus (Picumnus),

530,531, 532.
cirrbatus (Yunx), 531.
cirris (Dendroco23us),

271.
cirris (Deudrodromas),

271.
cirris (Picus), 271.
cissa (Dendrocopus),

214.
ci.ssa (Picus), 214.
citreopvgius (Celeus),

429. '
citrinus (Celeus), 440.
citrinus (Picus), 440.
Chidoseopus, 187.
Cuiparcbus, 460.
Cnipotberes, 9().
coccometopus (Hemicer-

cus), 484.
Oolaptes, 2, 10.
collaris(Cokptes), 18,21.
Columbipicus. 139.
comatus (Dryocopus).

470.
comatus (Picus), 470.
Comeris, 554.
concretus (Hemicercus),

482, 484.
comretus (Micropicos),

482.
concretus (Micropicus),

482, 484.
concretus (Picus), 482,

483.
congicus (Deudrobates),

108.
cordatus (Hemicercus),

488.
cordatus (Picus), 488.
coronatus (Centurus),

161.
coronatus (Picus), 161.
coronatus (Tripsurus),

161.
corrientes (Picus), 467.
crassirostris (Piculus),

253.
Craugasus, 69.
Craugiscus, 521.
crawfurdi (Campetbera),

504.
crawfurdi (Tbriponax),

501, 504.
crawfurdii (Picus), 501.

Crawfurd's Woodpecker,
601.

Crimson-breasted Wood-
pecker, 9.

Crimson-rumped Wood-
pecker, 368.

crissoleucos (Apternus),
277.

crissoleucus (Apternus),
277.

crissoleucus (Picoides),
277.

crissoleucus (Picus), 277.

cristatus (Cbrysoptilus),
111, 112.

Crooomorpbus, 6, 439.

cruentatus (Melanerpes),
155, 156, 158.

cruentatus (Picus), 155,
226.

Cucupicus, 10.

cuvieri (Picus), 232.

cyanadus (Picus), 287.

danfordi (Dendrocopus),
256.

danfordi (Picus), 256.

darjeelensis (Dendroco-
pus), 222.

darjellensis (Dendroco-
pus), 221.

darj ellensis (H\popicus),
222.

darjellensis (Picus), 221.

darjilensis (Dendroco-
pus), 221.

darjilensis (Picus), 222.

decipiens (Mesopicus),
307, r)7l.

delattrii (Drvotomus),
510.

delesserti (Cbrysocolap-
tes), 449.

delesserti (IndoiJicus),
449.

Deudrobates, 5, 337.

Dendrocopos, 201.

Dendrocoptes, 4, 286.

Dendrocopus, 4, 201.

Deudrodromas, 201.

Dendromus, 90.

Dendropicus, 5, 293.

Dendrotypes, 202.

desmursi (Cbloronerpes),
303.

desmursi (Dendropicus),
303.

desmursi (Mesopicus),
303.

desmursi (Picus), 222.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

579

desmursii (Erythroner-

pes), uU3.
Dictyopipo, 202.
dignus (Ohloronerpe.s),

351.
digtius (Deudrobates),

351.
diliitus (BnichyptermiB),

4U5.
dimidiatus (Chloropicus),

46.
dimidiatus (Grecinus), 46,

47.
dimidiatus (Malacolo-

phus), 46.
dimidiatus (Picus), 43,

46.
Diuopium, 274.
diophrys (Picus), 306.
doerriesi (lyngipicus),

314.
dominicanus (Leiiconer-

pes), 148.
dominicanus (Melam-

picos), 148.
dominicanus (Melam-

picus), 148.
dominicanus (Picus), 148.
d'orbignyanus (Picum-

uus), 533.
dorsalis (Picoides), 278.
dorsalis (Picus), 278.
dorsalis (Tridactylia),

278.
Dryaltes, 554.
Dryobates, 201.
Dryocopus, 518.
Dryopicos, 518.
Dryotomus, 8, 514, 518.
dubius (Centurus), 172.
dubius leei (Centurus),

172.
dubius (Melauerpes), 172,

173, 174.
dubius (Picus), 172.
Dyctiopicus, 201.

elegaus (Celeiis), 426.
elegans (Centurus), 178,

184.
elegans (Colaptes), 30, 31.
elegans (Melanerpes),

184.
elegans (Picus), 30, 184,

426.
elegans (Zebrapicus), 184.
Eleopicus, 337.
ellioti (Campethera), 374.
ellioti (Mesopicus), 374.
ellioti (Picus), 374.

ellioti (Poliopicus), 374.
elliotti (Deudrocopus),

445.
elliotti (Polipicus), 374.
Epeicbe de Nubie onde et

tachete, 93.
Epeiclie ou Pic Raytj de
^ la Louisiane, 170.
Epeicbe ou Pic varic de

la Encenada, 250.
Epeiche ou Pic varie de

la Jamaique, 166.
erythraucben (Picus),

170.
erythrocejihalus (Chryso-

colaptes), 452.
erythrocRjjbalus (Melam-

picos), 146.
erytbrocepbalus (JMelam-

picus), 146.
erytbrocepbalus (Melan-
erpes), 145. 146, 568.
erytbroceplialus (Picus),

145.
erytbrogaster (Picus),

161.
Erythronerpes, 293.
erytbronothos (Picus),

409.
erytlironotus (Bracbyp-

ternus), 408, 409, 410,

453.
erytbronotus (Brabma-

picus), 410.
erytbronotus (Picus),

410.
erytbropes (Chloroner-

pes), 75.
erytbropes (Ci'augasus),

75.
erytbropes (Picus), 75.
erytbropbtbalmus (Cen-
turus), 179.
ervtbropbtbulmus (Pi-

'cus), 172.
erytbropbtbalmus (Zeb-
rapicus), 172.
erytbropis (Cbloroner-

pes), 75.
erytbropis (Picus), 75.
pTvthrops (Campephilus),

513.
ervtbrops (CeopblcEus),

"512, 513.
erytbrops(Chloronerpes),

75.
erytbrops (Driopicus\

'513.
erytbrops (Dryocopus),

473, 509, 513.

erytbrops (Dryopicos),

513.
erytbrops (Dryopicus),

513.
erytbrops (Picus), 75, 512.
erytbropsis (Cbloroner-

pes), 75.
erytbropsis (Cbloropicus),

75.
erytbropsis (Chryso-

picus), 75.
erytliroj)ygius (Chryso-

notus), 413.
erytbropygius (Gecinus),

66, 67, 68.
europaius (Picoides), 275.
eTeretti (Sasia), 559.
everetti (Tiga), 418.
exalbidus (Celeopicus),

440.
exalbidus (Celeus), 440.
exalbidus (Picus), 440,

441.
exilis (Astbenurus), 530.
exilis (Piculus), 530.
exilis (Picumnus), 530,

531, 533, 542, 544.
exilis (Picus), 542.
exilis (Yunx), 530.

feddeni (Hemilopbus),

504.
feddeni (Mulleripicus),

504.
feddeni (Tbriponax), 499,

501,502,504,505,572.
felicise (Dendrocopus),

226.
feliciae (Picus), 226.
fernandi (Picus), 419.
fernandice (Colaptes),

419.
fernandinai (Colaptes),

419.
fernandiua; (Geopicos),

419.
fernaudinai (Geopicus),

419.
fernandiua; (Nesoceleus),

419.
fernandina; (Picus), 419.
festivus (Cbrysocolaptes),

445.
festivus (Picus), 445.
fidelis (Dendrobates),

357.
fiscberi (Hemilopbus),

495.
flavescens (Celeopicos),

423.

2p 2

5S0

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

flavesoens (Celeopieus),

423.
flavescens (Celeus), 420,

422.
flavescens (Malacolo-

phus), 423.
flavescens (Picas), 422.
flavicans (Malacolophus),

440.
flavicans (Picus), 440.
flavifrous (Oenturus),

161.
flavifrons (Melampieos),

161.
flavifrons (Melampicus),

161.
flavifrons (Melanerpes),

160, 161.
flavifrons (Pliymatoble-

pharus), 161.
flavifrous (Picumnus),

54.5, 547.
flavifrous (Picas), 161.
flavifrous (Tripsurus),

161.
flavigala (Clilorouerpes),

77.
flavigula (Craugasus), 78.
flavigala (Dryotomus),

127, 129.
flavigula (Melampicos),

154.
flavigula (Melampicus),

154.
flavigula (Melanerpes\

154.
flavigula (Picus), 77.
flavigularis (Olilorouor-

pes), 78.
flavigularis (Melanerpes),

154.
flavigularis (Picus), 154.
liavilumbis (Chi'ysopti-

lus), 115.
flavihuubis (Picus), 115.
flavinotus (Picus), 332.
flavinucha (Chloropicos),

127.
flavinucha (Chloropicus),

128.
flavinucha (Chrysoph-

legma), 127, 128, 1.30.
flavinucha (Geciuus), 127.
flavinucha (Picus), 127.
flavirostris (Gecinus), 43.
flavirostris (Picus), 43,

199.
flaviventris (Centurus),

177, 179.
fliiviventris (Picus), 194.

flavotinctus (Picamnus),

548.
flavus (Celeus), 440, 441.
flavus (Crocomorphus),

439, 440, 572.
flavus (Picus), 440.
fokiensis (Brachypter-

luis), 402.
fokiensis (Meiglvptes),

402.
fokiensis (Microjiteruus),

402.
fokiensis (Picas), 402.
forniicivorus (Melam-
picus), 151.
formicivorus (Melaner-
pes), 149, 151. 152, 153,

154, 155, 569.
formicivorus (Picus), 149,

151.
formicivorus angusti-

frons ( Melanerpes),

153.
formicivorus, var. augus-

tifrous (Melanerpes),

153.
formicivorus bairdi

(Melanerpes), 151.
fraseri (Oeleopicus), 432,

433.
fraseri (Celeus), 432.
frater (lyugipicus), 326.
frondiam (Colaptes), 37.
frondium (Gecinus), 38.
froudium (Picus), 212.
frontalis (Oampias), 354.
frontalis (Chloronerpes),

354.
frontalis (Dendrobates),

354.
fidiginosus (Microstictus),

492.
fuliginosus (Mulleri-

picus), 492.
fuliginosus (Picus), 225.
falvifasciatus (lyugi-
picus), 333.
fulvigaster (Picus), 498.
falviscapa (Campethera),

296.
fulviscapus (Dendro-
bates), 295.
fulviscapus (Dendro-

picus), 296.
fulviscapus (Picus), 295,

298.
fidvus (Alophonerpes),

490, 491.
fulvus (Campethera), 490.
fulvus (Dryopicos), 490.

fulvus (Dryopicus), 490.
fulvus (Herailophus),

490.
fulvus (Microstictus), 489,

490, 491.
fulvus (MuUeripicus),

490.
fulvus (Picus), 490.
fumigatus (Capnopicus),

342.
fumigatus (Chloroner-
pes), 342.
fumigatus (Dendrobates),

342, 344, 346.
fumig;itus (Mesopicos),

342.
fumigatus (Mesopicus),

342.
fumigatus (Phwonerpes),

342.
fumigatus (Picus), 342.
funebris (Alophonerpes),

493.
funebris (Campethera),

493.
funebris (Dryo]3icus),

493.
funebris (Hemilophus),

493.
fimebris (Microstictus),

492.
fuuebria (MuUeripicus),

493.
funebris (Picoides),283.
I'uuebris (Picus). 492.
fuscescens (Dendrobates),

296.
fuscescens (Dendropicus),

296.
fuscescens (Picus), 295.
fuscipeniiis (Oeophloeus),

512.
fuscipennis (Dryocopus),

512.
fuscipennis (Dryopicus),

512.
fuscipennis (Picus), 512.
fusco-albidus (lyngipi-

cus), 326.
fusco-fulvus (Picus), 426.
fuscus (Meiglvptes),

388.
fuscus (Picumnus), 530.

gabouensis (Campethe-
ra), 304, 305.

gabouensis (Chrysopi-
cus), 304.

gabonensis(Dendrobates),
304.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

581

gabonensis (Dendropi-

cus), 30i, 305.
gabonensis (Ipopatis),

304.

gabonensis (Piciis), 304.
gairdueri (Dendrocopus),

241.
gairdneri (Drvobates\

242.
gairdueri (Picus), 241.
gairdneri (Tricbopiciis),

242.
galeatus (Campepliiliis\

514.
galeatus (CeophIoeu?X

galeatus (Driopicus),ol4.
galeatus (Dryoconus),

513.
galeatus (Dryopicus),

514.
galeatus (Pious), 513.
Gauropicoides, 3, 132.
Gecini.scus, 134.
Geciuulus, 4, 134.
Gecinus. 3, 33.
Geoeolaptes, 2, 9.
Geopicos, 10.
gerini (Picus), 164.
gerini (Zebrapicus), 104.
gerinii (Centurus), 165.
Goa Woodpecker, 445.
godmani (Chloronerpes),

83.
goensis (Brachypter-

nus), 445.
goensis (Chrysocolaptes),

445.
goensis (Indopicus), 445.
goensis (Picus), 445,

447.
goertiv (Dendropicus),

369.
goertau (Dendrobates\

369.
goertan (Dendropicus).

3(59.
goertan (Gecinus), 369.
goertan (Mesopicus), 367.

368, 369, 370.
goertan (Picus), 368.
goertan (Scolecotheres),

3(j9.
Goertan ou Pic vei-t du

Senegal, 368.
Golden-winged Wood-
pecker, Tar. A, 17.
gorii (Gecinus), 43, 45.
gouldi (Deudrocopus),

219.
gouldi (Picus), 219.

gouldii (Dryobates), 216,

219.
gouldii (Picus), 219.
gracilis (Picus), 246.
gradatus (Centurus),

257.
gradatus (Picus), 257.
grammicus (Celeopicus),

435.
grammicus (Celeus),

434.
grammicus (Cerchnei-

picus), 434.
grammicus (Picus), 434.
grammithorax (Meiglv-

ptes), 386.
grammithorax (Migly-

ptes), 324, 385. 386.
grammithorax (Phaiopi-

cus), 386.
granadensis (Microcolap-

tes). 549.
granadensis (Picumnus),

346, 548, 549.
Grand Pic huppe a tete

rouge de Cayenne,

407.
Grand Pic varie de I'Isle

de Lutjon, 295.
grandis (Ivngipicns),

325. ■
grandis (Yimgipicus\

325.
grantia (Chloropicoides),

134.
grantia (Cbrysonotus),

134.
grantia (Gecinisciis),

134.
grantia (Gecinulus), 134.
grantia (Picus), 134.
grantia (Tiga), 134.
grateloupensis (Centu-
rus), 179.
grateloupensis (Picus),

179.
grayi (Dryocopus"), 476.
grayii (Campephilus),

47ii.
grayii (Megapicus), 476.
graysoni (Uendrocopns),

248, 250.
Green Woodpecker, 36.
Grey-headed Wood-
pecker, 53.
Grey-'neaded Green

Woodpecker, 52.
griseocephalus (Dendro-

bates), 372.
griseocephalus (Mesopi-

eus), 371, 372.

griseocephalus (Picus),
371.

griseus (Picus), 170.

guatemalensis (Campe-
philus), 473.

guatemalensis (Campo-
philus), 473.

guatemalensis (Dryoto-
mus), 473.

guatemalensis (Megapi-
cus), 473.

guatemalensis (Phloeo-
ceastes), 473.

guatimalensis (Dryoco-
pus), 473.

guatimalensis (Picus),
473.

guatimalensis (Scapa-
ueus), 473.

guayaquilensis (Campo-
phikis), 475.

guayaquilensis (Picus),
475.

gueriui (Chloropieos), 55.

guerini (Cbloropicus),
55.

guerini (Gecinus), 55.

guerini (Picus), 55.

guineensis (Picus), 295.

gularis (Chloronerpes),
85, 86.

gularis (Meiglyptes), 399.

gularis (Micropternus),
396, 399.

gularis (Picus), 64, 125,
126, 399.

gularis (Venilia), 125.

gundlachi (Oolaptes),
15.

guttacristatus (Chrysoco-
laptes), 448, 453. 4.54.

guttacristatus (Picus),
448.

guttatus (Chrysoptilus),
117.

guttatus (Dendromus),
103.

guttatus (Picumnus),
542, 544.

guttatus (Picus), 117.

gutticristatus (Chrysoco-
laptes), 449.

guttifer (Chrysopicus).
117.

guttifer (Chrysoptilus),
117.

guttifer (Picumnus), .5,38,
544.

guttulatus (Picus), 116.

gutturidis (Alophoner-
pes), 495.

582

ALPHABETlCAr, INDEX.

gutturalis (Campethera),

495.
gutturalis (Dryopicus),

495.
gutturalis (Hemilopluis),

495.
gutturalis (Picas), 494.
gymnopLtlialnia (Breo-

pipo). 330.
gyumophthalraos (lyngi-

picus), 331.
gymnophthalmos (Picus),

330.
gymnoplitlialmos (Yim-

gipicus), 330.
gymnophthalmus (lyngi-

picus), 330.
gymnophthalmus (Picus),
" 330.
gymnophthalmus (Tun-

gipicus), 330, 331.

habessinicus (Picus), 303.
hsemasoma (Picus), 290.
hffimatogaster (Campe-

philus), 479, 480.
hrematogaster (Campo-

philus), 478, 480.
hanuatogaster (Cnij)ar-

chus), 479.
hitmatogaster (Dryoco-

pus), 478.
hrematogaster (Dryoto-

mus), 479.
haematogaster (Megapi-

cus), 479.
bsenaatogaster (Picus),

478.
hrematostigma (Chloro-

nerpes), 361, 364.
ha'matostigma (Dendro-

bates), 364.
hsematostigma (Mesopi-

cus), 364.
hffimatostigma (Picus),

364.
hrematribon (Brachypter-

nus), 454.
hKniatribon (Cnrysoco-

laptes), 4.54
hffimatribon (Inclopicus),

454.
hreraatribon (Picus),

4.54.
Half-billed Woodpecker,

37.
hardvfickii (Deudroco-

pus), 328.
hardwickii (lyugipicus),

328.
hardwickii (Picus), 328.

hardwickii (Yungipicus),

328.
hargitti (Thriponax),

505.
harmandi (Picus), 203.
liarrisi (Dendrocopus),

234, 237, 570.
harrisi (Dryobates), 234.
harrisi (Picus), 234,

237.
harrisi (Trichopicus),

234.
hartlaubi (Dendrobates),

9(i, 296.
hartlaubi (Dendropieus).

298.
hartlaubi (Hemicercus),

482.
hartlaubi (Ipoctonus),

296, 298.
hartlaubi (Micropicus),

482.
hartlaubi (Picus), 296,

298.
hartlaubii (Campethera),

296.
hartlaubii (Dendrobates),

298.
hartlaubii (Dondropicos),

295.
hartlaubii (Dendropieus),

295.
hedenborgi (Picus), 336.
Hemicercus, 7, 482.
Heraicireus, 482.
Hemilophus, 7, 494.
hemipodius (Brachylo-

phus). 404.
hemprichi (Dendropieus),

299.
hemprichi (Ipoctonus).

300.
hemprichii (Campethera),

S00._
hemprichii(Dendrobates),

300, 336.
hemprichii (Dendrcmus),

300.
hemprichii (Dendropi-
eus), 300.
hemprichii (Picvis),

299.
herbarum (Piculus), 253.
herminieri (Linrajipicus),

164.
herminieri (Linncopieus),

164.
herminieri (Melampicos),

163.
herminieri (Melampicus),
164.

herminieri (Melanerpes),

163.
herminieri (Picus), 163.
hilaris (Campias), 364.
hilaris (Chloronerpes),

364.
himalaiensis (Picus), 220.
himalavanus (Dendroco-
pus),'220, 221.
himalayanus (Dryobates),

220.
liimalayanus (Picus),

220."
himalayensis (Dendroco-
pus), 220.
himalayensis (Picus),

220.
hirsuta (Tridactylia),

275.
hirsutus (Apteruus), 279,

281.
hirsutus (Picoides), 279.
hirsutus (Picus), 275,

279.
hirundinaeeus (Centu-

rus), 156.
hirundinaeeus (Melam-
picos), 156.
hirundinaeeus (Melam-
picus), 156.
hirundinaeeus (Melaner-
pes), 156.
hirundinaeeus (Phymato-

blepharus), 150.
hirundinaeeus (Picus),

155, 156, 157.
hirundinaeeus (Tripsu-

rus), 156.
hodgei (Campethera),

502.
hodgei (Hemilophus),

502.
hodgei (MuUeripicus),

502.
hodgei (Picus), 502.
hodgei Thriponax), 502.
hodgii (Thriponax), 502.
hodgsoni (Dryopicus),

503.
hodg.soui (Hemilophusl,

503.
hodgsoni (MuUeripicus),

503.
hodgsoni (Thriponax),

503, 604.
hodgsonii (Campethera),

603.
liodgsouii (Drvopicos),

503.
hodgsonii (Picus),
603.

hoffmanni (Cetiturus),

181.
hoffmanni (Melanerpes),

181.
hoiFmanni (Picus), 181.
liolroydi (Mieropternns),

403,
liolroydi (Picus), 403.
homorus (Dryobates\

•242.
liomorus (Picus), 242.
borsfieldii (Picus), 494,

498.
hortorum (Piculus), 2.53.
hortorum (Picus), 253.
humeralis (Picus), 44.5.
humii (Chrvsophlesma),

125, 126. "
hybrid us, 23.
hybridus (Colaptes), 22.
hybridus, aui-ato-inexica-

nus (Picus), 22.
Hylatoinus, 514.
hyloscopus (Dryobates),

234.
hyperythrus (Dendro-

cojjus), 199.
hyperythrus (Hypoijicus),

43, 199, 201.
hypcrytlirus (Picus),

199,201.
hyporythrus (Xylurgus),

hvpLM-yllirus, var. (Picus),

2U1.
hyperytlu-us. Tar. polio-

psis (Picus), 201.
Hypopicus, 4, 198.
hypopolius (Centurus),

182, 186.
hypopolius (Alelanerpes),

186.
hypopolius (Picus), 186.
hypopolius (Zebrapicus),

186.
byposcopus (Picus), 234.
Hypoxanthus, 3, 29.
hypoxaTitbus (Colaptes),

oO.
hypoxanthus (Picumnus),

542.

icterocephalus (Chloro-

nerpes), 77.
icterocephalus (Picus),

75, 77.
icteromelas (Clirysi)pi-

cus), 114.
icteromelas (Chrysopti-

lus), 114, 115. '

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

icteromelas (Picus), 114.
igniceps (Brachypternus),

405,407.
iheringi (Picumnus), 541.
imberbis (Campothera),

9G.
imberbis (Picus), 96.
immaculatus (Celeus),

426.
immaculalus (Dendro-

bates), 308.
immaculatus (Dendroco-

pos), 256.
immaculatus (Deudropi-

cus), 369.
immaculatus (Dryobates),

256. ' '

immaculatus (Mesopicus),

369.
immaculatus (Scoleco-

theres), 369.
imperialis (Campephi-

lus), 465.
imperialis (Campophi-

lus), 460, 465.
imperialis (Dryoeopus),

466.
imperialis (Dryotomus),

461 ;.

imperialis (Megapiccs),

466.
imperialis (Megapicus),

466.
imperialis (Picus), 465.
incognitus (Picus), 264.
indica (lunx), 565.
indica (lynx), 565.
indica (Juux), 565.
indica (Yunx), 565.
Indopicus, 442.
infuscatus (Miglyptes),

390.
innominata (Vivia), 550,

551.
innominatus (Picumnus),

549, 551.
innominatus (Pipiscus),

550.
insidaris (Deudroeopus),

272,273,274.
insularis (Dendrodro-

mas), 272.
insularis (Picus), 234,

272.
intermedia (Chloropicoi-

des), 413.
intermedia (Tiga), 412,

416.
intermedins (Brachypter-
nus), 408.

583

interraedius (Chrysono-

tus), 41.3.
intermedius (Tiga), 412.
Ipagrus, 90.
Ipocrautor, 7, 480.
Ipoctonus, 293.
Ipopatis, 293.
Ipophilus, 309.
ischnorhynchos (Phy-

matoblepharus), 156.
ischnorhynchos (Picus),

156.
isidori (Chloropicos) 76.
isidori (Chrysopicus), 7(».
lyngipicus, 5, 309.
lynx, 8, 559.
iynx (Picus), 561.

jamaicensis (Picus), 166.
.japonica (lunx), 562.
japonica (Junx), 562.
japonica (Yunx), 561.
iaponicus (Dendrocopus),

216.
japonicus (Picus), 216.
jardinei (Dryobates),

jardinii (Dendrocopus),

237,570.
jardinii (Leuconoto-

picus), 237.
jardinii (Phrenopicus),

237.
jardinii (Picus), 237.
javanensis (Chrysonotus),

413.
javanensis (Picus), 412,

413.
javanensis (Tiga), 412,

413, 417, 418.
javensia (Camiaethera),

499.
javensis (Dryoeopus),

javensis (Hemilophus),

498,501.
javensis (MuUeripieus),

498.
javensis (Picus), 494,

498.
javensis (Thriponax),

498, 500, 501, 502,

505.
jelskii (Picumnus), 535.
jerdoni (Phaiopicos), 399.
jerdoni (Phaiopicus),

399.
jerdoni (Picus), 504.
jerdoni (Thrinonax),

504.

584

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

jheringi (Picumnus), 541.
johnstoni (Mesopicus),

375.
jubatus (Pious), 480.
jugularis (Hemicircus),

391.
jugularis (Meiglyptes),

391.
jugularis (Miglyptes),

391.
jugularis (Phaiopieus),

391.
jumana (Celeopicus), 428.

429.
jumana (Celeus), 428,

429.
jumana (Picus), 428.
jynx, 559.

kaleensis (lyngipicus),

314, 315.
kaleensis (Picus), 315.
kaleensis (Yungipicus),

315.
kalinowskii (Thriponax),

505.
kamtschatkensis (Picus),

253, 255.
kamtscliatkensis (Tricho-

picus), 255.
kamtschatkensis (Xyloco-

pus), 255.
karelini (Chloropicus),

38.
karelini (Gecinus), 38.
karelini (Picua), 38.
kaupii (Centurus), 182.
kaupii (Dyctiopicus),

257.
kaupii (Picus), 257.
kaupii (Zebrapicus),

182.
khan (Picus), 226.
kingii (Picus), 257.
kirki (Dendrobates), 305.

366.
kirki (Erythronerpes),

365.
kirkii (Chloronerpes),

365.
kirkii (Chloropicus), 365.
kirkii (Chrvsoptilus),

365.
kirkii (Mesopicos), 365.
kirkii (Mesopicus), 365.
kirkii (Picus), 365.
kirkii (Venilia), 365.
kirtlandi (Campias), 349.
kirtlandi (Dendrobates),

349.

kirtlandi (Mesopicus),
349.

kirtlandi (Picus), 349.

kirtlandii (Chloronerpes),
349.

kisuki (BiiBopipo), 318.

kisuki (Pious), 318, 319.

kisuki (Yungipicus), 318.

kizuki (Ivngipicus), 318,
319.

kizuki (Picus), 318, 319.

kizuki nigresoens (lyngi-
picus). 319.

kogera (Picus), 318.

labarum (Tiga), 132.
lacrymosa (Picumnoides),

555.
laorymosa (Sasia), 555.
lafresnayei (Picumnus),

545.
lafresnayi (Campethera),

301. ■
lafresnayi (Dendrobates),

301.
lafresnayi (Dendrocopus),

301.
lafresnayi (Dendropicos),

301. ■
lafresnayi (Dendropieus),

301, 302.
lafresnayi (Ipoctonus),

301.
lafresnayi (Picumnus),

545.
lafresnayi (Pious), 301.
Lampropicus, 69.
Large Pied Woodpecker,

218.
Larger Red-crested

Woodpecker, 515.
Largest White-billed

Woodpecker, 463.
larratus (Picus), 166.
lathami (Pious), 17.
lawreucii (Picumnus),

552.
lecontei (Picoides),

240.
lecontei (Picus), 239.
lecontii (Tridaotylia),

240.
ledouei (Picus), 253.
leei (Ceuturus), 172.
leei (Melanerpes), 172.
Leiopious, 289.
Icpidotus (Piounmus),

539.
lepidus (Dendropieus),

302.

lepidus (Ipoctonus),
302.

lepidus (Picus), 302.

Lepoocstcs, 6, 379.

leptorhynchus (Picus),
215.

leptorhynchus, var. leu-
coptera (Picus), 215.

Lesser Black Wood-
peckei-, var. A, 155,
1.57.

Lesser Black Wood-
pecker, var. B, 155.

Lesser Spotted Wood-
pecker, 253.

lessonii (Picus), 473.

leucofrenatus (Colaptes),
112.

leucogaster (Dryocopus),
498.

leucogaster (Dryopicos),
498.

leucogaster (Dryopicus),
498, 501.

leucogaster (Hemilo-
phus), 498.

leucogaster (Picinnnus),
529.

leucogaster (Picus), 498,
501.

? leucogaster (Picus),
503.

leucola;mus (Chloro-
nerpes), 70.

leueolamus (Chloro-
picus), 7-6.

leuoolieraus (Chryso-
picus), 70.

leuoolannus (Craugasus),
76.

leueolcemus (Picus), 76.

leucomelanus (Picus),
230.

leucomelas (Dryobates),
231.

leucomelas (Picus), 231.

Leuconerpes, 139.

leuoonothus (Picus),
269.

Leuconotopicus, 201.

leuconotos (Pious), 269.

leuconotus (Dendro-
copus), 268, 269, 271,
272, 274.

leuconotus (Dendroma.s),
269.

leuconotus (Picus), 268,
271, 272, 273.

leuconotus (Pipripious),
269.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

leiicopbrenatus (Picus)
112. "

leucopogon (Cainpo-

pbilus), 466.
leucopogon (Picus), 460.
leucopterus (Dendro-'

copiis), 215.
leucopterus (Picus), 21.5.
leucorlinmphus (Canipe-

philus), 510.
leucorhauiphus (Picus)
510. ''

leiicorum (Picus), 212.
leucotis (Picus), 251.
leucurus (Dryobates),

242.
leucurus (Picus), 242.
leucurus (Triehoioicus)

242.
licbtensteini (Heinilo-

phus), 493.
licbtensteini (Licbten-

steiiiipicus), 493.
licbtensteini (Picus), •J()2.
bcbtensteiuii (Pieumnus)'
542. ^

Licbtensteinipicus, 489.
lignaria (Diotyopipo),
^ 2.:i7.
liguarius (Colatites),

257.
lignarius (Dendrobates)

259.
Hgnarius (Dendrocopus).

257, 2(i0.
hgnarius (Dyetioiiicus),

257. '

lignarius (Picus), 257.
lilfo^rdi (Dendrocopus),

lilfordi (Picus), 272.
lineatus (Campeijbihis),

508.
lineatus (Oeophlanis)
. 508, 511, 512, 513.
lineatus (Drvoeopus),

508, 512.
lineatus (Drvopicus),

508.
lineatus (Drjotomus),

508.
lineatus (Megapicos),

508.
lineatus (Megapicus),

508.
lineatus (Picus), 508,

lineatus, var. leuco-
pterylus (Cauipe-
pbilus), 508.

58^

lineatus, var. ocoident-

alis (Picus), .509.
Linnreipicus, J 39.
Liopicus, 5, 289.
Liopipo, 289.
Little Brown Wood-

peekei-, 330.
longirostris (Colaptes),

26.
longirostris (Picoides),

276.
loricatus (Celeus), 432.
loricatuB (Meiglvptes)

432.
loricatus (Picus), 432.
lucasana (Dictyopipo),

lucasanus (Dendro-
copus), 250.
lucasanus (Picus), 2,50.
luciani (Dendrocopus)
219. ^ '

luciani (Picus), 218, 219.
lucidus (Chrvsocolaptes)

455, 456, 457.
lucidus (Picus), 4.55.
leucotos (Picus), 268.
lugubris (Celeopicus),

424.
lugubris (Celeus), 424.
lugubris (Dendropicus),

305.
lugubris (Picus), 424.
lunatus (Picu.s), 216.
luridus (Picus), 388.
luteus cyanopus persicus
(Picus), 36.

macei (Dendrocopus)

261,2(56.
macei (Dendrotypes),

261. •'^ ''

macei (Picus), 260.

266.
macei (Yungipicus), 261.
uiacii (Dendrocopus),

2(50, 263.
macii (Picus), 261.
mackloti (Hemilopbus),

494.
mackloti (Picus), 494.
macrocephahis (Chloro-

nerjses), 72.
macrocepbalus (Picus),
79_

Macropicus, 494.
maculatus (Cldoro-

nerpes), 259.
maculatus (Dendrobates),

260.

maculatus (Ij-ngipicus),

maculatus (Picus), 259,

maculatus (Yungipicus)

332.
maeuliceps (Cbrysoco-

laptes), 456, 457.
maculifrons (Campias),

359.
maculifrons (Cbloro-

nerpes), 359.
maculifrons (Dendro-
bates), 359.
maculifrons (Picus), 359.
m.aeulipennis (Cbloro-

uerpes), 79.
maculipennis (Cbryso-

picus), 79.
maculipennis (Picus). 79.
maculosa (Campetbcra)

105, 106.
maculosa (Canipothera),

104, 105, 568.
maculosus (Oampotbera),

105.
maculosus (Cbrysopicus)

105.
maculosus (Picus), 104.
magellanicus (Camne-

pbilus), 480.
magellanicus (Dryo-

eopus), 481.
magellanicus (Iiiocran-

tor), 480, 481.
megallanicus (Mega-
picus), 481.
magellanicus (Picus)

480.
mabrattensis (Leiopicus),

290.
mabrattensis (Liopicus)

289, 290.
mabrattensis (Lioijipo),

290. ^ ^ ^
mabrattensis (Picus),

290.
major (Dendrocopus)
137, 211, 212, 214

215, 216, 218 -^19'
220, 570.

major (Dryobates), 212.
major kamtscbaticus

(Picus), 214.
major (Picus), 211 214

216, 218, 225.
major, var.? (Picus),

226.
major japonicus (Picus)
216.

5S6

ALPnABETICAL INDEX.

major poelzami (Picus),

214.
majoroides (Dendro-

copus), '221, 222, 225.
majoroides (Picus), 221.
Malaccan Woodpecker,

122.
malacceTise (Cliryso-

phlegma),122,123,5r>8.
malaceensis (Callolo-

plius), 122.
malaceensis (Chryso-

phlegma), 122.
malaceensis (Gecinus),

122.
malaceensis (Picus), 122.
malacceusia (Venilia),

122.
malherbei (Campethera),

9(3.
malherbei (Campias),

350.
malherbei (Chrysopicus),

or..

malherbei (Picus), 472.
malherbei (Scapaneus),

472.
malherbii (Campepliilus),

472.
mallierbii (Campophilus),

472.
malherbii (Campothera),

9(i.
malherbii (Chloro-

nerpes), 3.50.
mallierbii (Uryotomus),

472.
malherbii (Megapicos),

472.
malherbii (Megapious),

472.
Malherbipicus, 10.
mandarinus (Dendro-

copus), 219.
mandarinus (Picas), 218,

219.
manderiuus, var. (Picus),

219.
Manilla Green Wood-
pecker, 371.
manillensis (Picus), 372.
marattensis (Dendro-

copus), 290.
marginatus (Meiglyptes),

388.
maria; (Chrysoptilus),

115.
martini (Picus), 230.
martinffi (Trichopicus),

231.

martini (Picus), 230.
martius (Carbonarius),

519.
martius (Dendrocopus),

519.
martius (Driopicus), 519.
martius (Dryocopus),

519.
martius (Dryopicos), 519.
martius (Dryopinus), 519.
martius (Dryotomus),

519.
martius (Picus), 518,

520.
mauritanus (Dendro-
copus), 216, 217.
mauritanus (Picus), 210.
maximus malayensis

(Picus), 498.
maynardi (Dendrocopus),

233, 570.
medianus (Dendrocopus),

239.
medianus (Picus), 239.
medianus (Trichopicus),

240.
medius (Dendrocopos),

287.
medius (Dendrocoptes),

286, 287, 288.
medius (Dendrocopus),

287.
inedius (Dryobates), 287.
medius (Pipripicus), 287.
medius (Picus), 28(>, 288.
medius, var. sancti-johan-

nis (Picus), 288.
Megapicos, 460.
Meiglyptes, 384.
Melampicos, 139.
melampugon (Picus), 151 .
melanauehen (Dendro-

picus), 303.
Melanerpes, 4, 139.
melanoceijhalus (Melam-

picus), 158.
melanocephalus (Melan-
erpes), 158.
melanocephalus (Picus),

257.
melauocliloris (Picus),

110.
melauochloros (Chryso-
ptilus), 111.
melanochloros (Picus),

110.
melanochlorus (Chryso-

picos), 111.
melanochlorus (Chryso-
picus), 111.

melanochlorus (Chryso-
ptilus), 110, 112, 114,
5G8.
melanochlorus (Picus),
110.

melanochrysos (Malaco-
lophus), 404.

melanogaster (Picus),
382.

melanogaster (Venilia),
382.

melanogastra (Venilia),
.3.S2.

melanoliTmus (Picus),
112.

melanolsemus (Chryso-
ptilus), 112.

melanolaimus (Chryso-
picus), 112.

melanolaimus (Chryso-
ptilus), 112.

melanoleucos (Picus),
470.

melanoleucus (Campe-
philus), 470.

melanoleucus (Campophi-
lus), 470, 472, 473, 476.

melanoleucus (Picus),
470.

melanoleucus (Scapan-
eus), 470.

melanopogon (Melam-
picos), 151.

melanopogon (Melan-
erpes), 151, 153, 154,
5()9.

melanopogon (Picus),
151, 154.

melanopterus (Picus),
148.

melanotis (Picus), 513.

nielanotus (Chrysoco-
laptes), 445.

menisca (Baeopipo), 312.

meniscus (lyugipicus),
312.

meniscus (Picus), 312.

menstruus (Chrysocolap-
tes), 372.

menstruus (Dendrobates),
372.

menstruus (Dendropicus),
372.

menstruus (Mesopicus),
372.

menstruus (Picus), 371.

menstruus (Seolecothe-
res), 372.

mentale (Chrysophleg-
ma), 125, 126.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

587

mentalis (Brachylophus),

12o.
mentalis (Callolophus),

126.
mentalis (Celeus), 432.
mentalis (Chloropicus),

125, 126.
mentalis (ChrTsoplileg-

ma). 126.
mentalis (Geeinus), 125,

126.
mentalis (Picus), 62, 12."),

126.
mentalis (Veuilia'), 125,

126.
meriani (Dcnclrouuis).

114.
raericlionalis (Dendroco-

pus), 239.
meridionalis (Picus), 239,

242, 287.
meridionalis (Tricliopi-

cus), 240.
Meropicus, 139.
meropirostris (Melam pi-
cus), 156.
meropiro.stris (Melaner-

pes), 156.
meropirostris (Picus),

156.
meropirostris (Tripsu-

rus), 156.
niesoleucus (Canijieplii-

lus), 476.
mesoleucus (Dryoeopus),

476.
Mesopicos, 367.
Mesopicu.s, 5, 367.
mesorlijnchus (Ceophloe-

us), o08.
niesorbynchus (Dryoeo-
pus), 509.
mexicana (Ardea), 36.
niexicanoides (Colaptes),

21.
niexicanoides (Geopicos),

21.
mexicanus (Colaptes), 16,

17,19,21,22,23,568.
mexicanus (Geopicus),

18.
mexicanus (Picus), 18.
mexicanus rufipileus (Co-
laptes), 18.
mexicanus saturatior (Co-
laptes), 18.
Microcolaptes, 521, 554.
micromegas (Nesoetites),

552.
micromegas (Picumnus),

552.

Micropicos, 482.
Micropternus, 6, 392.
micropus (Brachypter-

nus), 407.
Microstictus. 7. 489.
Miglyptes, 6, 384.
rainiata (Chrysoplileg-

ma), 122.
miniata (Venilia). 121,

122.
niiniatum (Clirysophleg-

nia), 121, 122, 123.
niiniatus (Brachylophus),

121. 122.

niiniatus (Chloropieos),

121, 122.
niiniatus (Chloropicus),

121,122.
niiniatus (Clirysonotus),

122.
niiniatus (Geeinus), 121,

122.
niiniatus (Picus), 121,

122. 123.

niiniatus (Venilia), 121,

122.
minimus (Picumnus),

543.
minimus (Picus), 532.
minor (Dendrocopus),

252, 253, 264, 256,

257.
minor (Dryobates). 254.
minor (Piuulus), 253.
minor (Picus), 252, 255,

256, 266, 325, 330,

332.
minor (Pipripicus), 253.
minor (Xylocopus), 2.53.
minor kamtschatkensis

(Picus), 2.55.
minor pipra (Picus),

254,
minor, var. pipra (Picus),

254.
minor, var. quadrifascia-

tus (Picus), 256.
niinuta (Campelliera),

299.
minuta (Pipra), 542.
miuuta (Yunx), 531.
minutissima (lynx),

532.
minutissima (Yunx), 531,

532.
minutissinius(Pieumnus),

531,532,544.
minutissinius (Picus),

532.
uiinutus (Asthenurus),

299, 542.

minutus (Dendrobates),

299.
minutus (Dendropicos),

299.
minutus (Dendropicus),

299.
minutus (Ipoctonus),

299.
minutus (Piculus), 532.
minutus (Picumnus), 521,

531, 542, 543, 544,

545.
minutus (Picus), 299,

530, 532.
mitchelli (Bfcopipo), 316.
mitchelli (Picus), 316.
mitchelli (Yungipicus),

31(i.
mixta (Dictyopipo), 259.
inixtus (Dendrocopus),

259, 260.
mistus (Picus), 259.
niodestus (Lichtensteini-

jiicus), 493.
modestus (Picus), 493.
moluecensis (Dendroco-
pus), 316.
moluecensis (Picus), 266,

316, 325, 328, 330,

332.
moluecensis (Yungipi-
cus), 325.
mombassica (Campothe-

ra), 100.
mombassicus (Campothe-

ra), 100.
montanus (Picoides),

275.
montanus (Picus), 137,

212.
miilleri (Hemilophus),

494.
Mulleripicus, 494.
multicolor (Celeopicos),

437.
multicolor (Celeopieus),

437.
niullicolor (Celeus), 437.
multicolor (Cerchneipi-

cus), 437.
multicolor (Picus), 437.
multifasciatus (Celeopi-

cu.s), 431.
multifasciatus (Celeus),

431.
multifasciatus (Cerchuei-

picus), 431.
multifasciatus (Picus),

431.
murinus (Campias),

351.

588

ALrHABETICAL INDEX.

murinus (Chloronerpes),

351.
murinus (Dendrobates),

351.
murinus (Dendropicus),

336.
murinus (Eleopicus),

351.
murinus (Ipophilus),

336.
murinus (Mesopicus),

351.
murinus (Pieus), 336,

351.
mursii (Cyanopipus), 303.
mystaeale (Clirysoplileg-

ma), 131.
mystacalis (Chrysoplilog-

ma), 131.
mystaceus (Dendropi-
cus), 307.
mystaceus (Picus), 306.

namaqua (Canipethera),

307.
namaquus (Dendrobates),

306.
namaquus (Dendrojji-

eus), 307.
namaquus (Mesopicus),

307.
namaquus (Picus), 306.
namaquus (Thripias),

306,307, 309, .571.
namiyei (Dendrocopus),

273.
namiyei (Dryobates),

273.
nana (Bajopipo), 327.
Nannopipo, 553.
nanus (lyngipicus), 327.
nanus (Picus), 327, 330.

331, 332.
nanus (Yungipicus), 327,

328.
natalire (Centuinis), 196.
natalise (Picus), ]96.
nattereri (Picus), 114.
uebulosus (Picumnus),

536.
neglectus (Picus), 410.
nepalensis (Picus), 59,

316.
nepalensis (Vivia), .550.
nesiotis (Dendrotypes),

315.
Nesoceleus, 6, 419.
Nesoetites, 8, 552.
niger (Dendrocopus),

519.
niger (Picus), 194, 519.

nigrescens (lyngipicus),

319.
nigrescens (Yungipicus),

319.
nigriceps (Chloronerpes),

350.
nigriceps (Colaptes), 350.
nigriceps (Dendrobates),

3.50,351.
nigriceps (Eleopicus),

350.
nigriceps (Mesopicus),

350.
nigriceps (Picus), 350.
nigrigenis (Gecinus), 67.
nigriguttatus (Dendro-

dromus), 304.
nigriguttatus (Dendropi-
cus), 304.
nigriguttatus (Pardijii-

cus), 304.
nigriguttatus (Scoleco-

theres), 304.
nigrogenis (Picus), 67.
nigrogularis (Dendro-
bates), 104.
nipalensis (Gecinus), 59.
nipalensis (Piculus), 550,

551.
nipalensis (Vivia), 550.
nivosa (Campethera),

108.
nivosa (Campothera),

nivosus (Chloropicus),

108.
nivosus (Chrysopicus),

108.
nivosus (Dendrobates),

108.
nivosus (Dendromus).

108.
nivosus (Pardipicus), 108.
nivosus (Scolecotheres),

108.
noguchii (Blythipicus),

378.
noguchii (Pious), 378.
noguchii (Sapheopipo),

378.
norvegicus (Picus), 53.
notata (Campethera), 95.
notata (Campothera), 95.
notatus (Chrysopicus),

95.
notatus (Dendrobates),

95.
notatus (Dendromus), 95.
notatus (Ipagrus), 95.
notatus (Picus), 93, 95.
Nubian Woodf)ecker, 93.

nubica (Campethera), 93,

95.
nubica (Campothera), 93,

102.
nubicus (Chrysopicus),

93.
nubicus (Dendrobates),

93.
nubicus (Ipagrus), 93.
nubicus (Picus), 93, 95,

96, 102.
nubicus (Stictopicus), 93.
uuclialis (Cladoscopus),

192.
nuchalis (Picus), 404.
nuehalis (Sphyrapicus),

192.
nucliahs (Sphyropicus),

192, 193, 19.5,"569.
numidicus (Dendroco-
pus), 217.
numidicus (Leuconotopi-

cus), 217.
numidicus (Picus), 212,

216, 217.
numidus (Picus), 217.
nuttalli (Dendrocopus),

244.
nuttalli (Dictyopipo),

245.
nuttalli (Dryobates),

245.
nuttalli (Picus). 244.
nyeanus (Centurus), 169.
nyeanus (Melanerpes),

168, 169.

obscurus (Picus), 146,

372.
obsoletus (Dendrobates),

336.
obsoletus (Dendromus),

336.
obsoletus (Dendropicus),

336.
obsoletus (Ipophilus),

336.
obsoletus (lyngipicus),

310, 336.
obsoletus (Pieus), 336.
occidentalis (Cerchneipi-

cus), 439.
occipitalis (Brarhylo-

phus), 56.
occipitalis (Chloi-opicos),

56.
occipitalis (Chloropicus),

56.
occipitalis (Gecinus), 55,

56.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

589

occipitalis (Malacolo-

plivis), 56.
occipitalis (Picus), 56,

156.
ocellatus (Picumuus),

5^7.
ochi-acea (Comeris), 655.
ochracea (Sasia), 555,

556.
oclii-aceus (Celcopicus),

425.
ocbraceus (Oeleus),

425.
ocbraceus (Malacolo-

phus), 425.
ochraceus (Microcolap-

tes), 555.
ochraceus (Picuinnoides),

555.
ochraceus (Picumnus),

555.
ocliraceus (Picus), 425.
odoardus (Dryotomus),

473.
oleagineus (Capnopicus),

;J45.

oleagineus (Chloroncr-

pes), 344, 345.
oleagineus (Dendro-

bates), 344, 346.
oleagineus (Mesopious),

345.
oleagineus (Pba^onerpes),

345.
oleagineus (Picus), 344.
olivaceus (Colaptes), 9.
ohvaceus (Dendrobates),

105.
olivaceus (Deudro[)ious),

105.
olivaceus (Geooolaptes),

9.
olivaceus (Microcolaptes),

548.
olivaceus (Picumnus),

346, 548, 549.
olivaceus (Picus), 9,

104.
oliviuus (Oampias), 356.
olivinus (Chloronerpes),

356.
olivinus (Dendrobates),

351, 356.
olivinus (Eleopicus), 356.
olivinus (Mesopicus),

356.
olivinus (Pbreonerpes),

356.
olivinus (Picus), 356.
Orange Woodpecker,

404.

orbignyanus (Microco-
laptes), 533.

orbignyanus (Picumuus),
533.

Orizaba (Picus), 246.

ornatus (Centurus), 178.

ornatus (Picus), 178.

palalaca (Chrysocolaptes),

456.
palalaca (Picus), 455.
Palalaca ou Pic vert

tachete des Philippines,

455.
pardinus (Picus), 108.
pardinus (Stictocraugus),

1U8.
Pardipicus, 293.
parvus (Dryobates), 248.
parvus (Picus), 246, 248.
passerinus (Campias),

353.
passerinus (Chloroner-
pes), 352, 552.
passerinus (Deudi'obates),

352, 363.
passerinus (Eleopicus),

352.
passerinus (Mesopicus),

352.
passerinus (Picus), 352,

359, 362, 364.
pecilei (Dendropicus),

375.
pectoralis (Picus), 266.
pectoralis (lynx), 565,

566, 667.
pectoralis (Junx), 565.
pectoralis (Jynx), 565.
pectoralis (Meiglyptes),

388,
pectoralis (Phaiopicos),

388.
pectoralis (Phaiopicus),

388.
pectoralis (Thriponax),

500.
pectoralis (Yunx), 565.
peniusularis (lyugipicus),

331.
peralaimus (Picus), 447.
percoccineus (Dryoco-

pus), 478.
percussus (Chloronerpes),

377.
percussus (Chloropicos),

377.
percussus (Chloropicu.s),

377.
percussus (Dendrobates),

377.

percussus (Picus), 377.
percussus (Xiphidio-

picus), 376, 377.
permista (Campethera),

106.
permista (Campothera),

106.
permistus (Campothera),

106.
pernii (Picus), 225.
peruyi (Dendrocoinis),

225.
peruyi (Picus), 225.
persicus (Picus), 37.
perspicillatiis (Chryso-

picus), 81.
peruvianua (Chrj-sopti-

lus), lis.
peruvianus (Dendro-
bates), 348.
Petit Epeiche, 332.
Petit Epeiche brun des

Moluques, 325.
Petit Pic d' Antigua, 332.
Petit Pic a baguettes d'or,

295.
Petit Pic de Cayenne, 539.
Petit Pic a gorge jaune,

77.
Petit Pic des Moluques,

325.
Petit Pic uoir, 155.
Petit Pic noir de Cayenne,

155.
Petit Pic rayede Cayenne,

116.
Petit Pic raye de Saint

Domingue, 89.
Petit Pic du Senegal, 352.
Petit Pic de S. Domingue,

352.
Petit Pic varie de Vir-

ginie, 239.
Ijhseoceps (Micropternus),

392, 393, 394, 397.
Ph;\3onerpes, 337.
phaioceps (Meiglyptes),

394.
phaioceps(Micropternus),

393, 399.
Phaiopicos, 392.
philippinarum (Brachy-

pteruus), 455.

philippinarum (Chryso-
colaptes), 455.

philippinarum (Indo-
picus), 456.

philippinarum (Picus),
454, 455.

philipsi (Trichoijicus),
231.

590

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

jibillipsi (Picus), 231.
Phloeoceastes, 4(50.
Pbloeotoiuus, 514.
Ijholidutus (Picus), 452.
Plireiiopicus, 201.
Phyuuitoblephai'us, 1'6'J.
Pic dii C;ip de Bonne

Espenince, 404.
Pic Cardinal de I'lslc de

Lii(;on, 295.
Pic a cravate noire, 437.
Pic a cravate noire do

Cayenne, 437.
Pic a double moustacbe,

306.
Pic a gorge jaune de

Cayenne, 77.
Pic grivele ou Grand Pic

de I'isle de Lu<,-on, 455.
Pic jaune de Cayenne,

440.
Pic jaune tacbete de

Cayenne, 42(5.
Pic jaune de Perse, 36.
Pic Laboureur, 9.
Pic de Malacca, 122.
Pic male de la Enceuada,

259.
Pic a uioustacbes noires,

306.
Pic noir a domino rouge,

146.
Pic noir bupti de Cay-
enne, 508.
Pic noir bupe de Vir-

ginie, 515.
Pic olive, 372.
Pic raye de Cayenne, 116.
Pic raye de Saint Do-

mingue, 89.
Pic roux a bee jaune, 199.
Pic roux de Cayenne, 430.
Pic tacbete de Nubie, 93.
Pic a tete grise du Cap

de Bonne Esperauce,

371.
Pic a teste rouge de Vir-
gin ie, 145.
Pic tigre, 95.
Pic vai-ie, 286.
Pic varie feiuelle de la

Jamaique, 166.
Pic varie de la Caroline,

188.
Pic varie de Cayenne, 279.
Pic a ventre ensanglante,

159.
Pic verd, 36.
Pic vcrd de Bengal, 404.
Pic verd de Goa, 445.

Pic verd de I'lsle de

Lu<,'on, 371.
Pic vei'd du Mexique, 36.
Pic verd de Norwege, 52.
Pic verd des Pbilippines,

455.
Pic de Virginie, 141).
picatus (IvngijDicus), 324,

388.
Picoides, 4, 274.
Piculus, 201, 521.
Pieuuinus, 8, 521, 553,

554.
Picumnus, sp. inc., 533.
Picus, 8, 322, 518.
Pied Woodpecker, Picus?,

201.
pierrei (Cbrysopblegnia),

130.
pierrii (Cbrysopblegma),

130.
pileatus (Campepbilus),

515.
pileatus (Ceopblceus),

516.
pileatus (Driopicus), 515.
pileatus (Dryocopus), 515.
pileatus (Dryopicus), 515.
pileatus (Dryotomus),

515, 517, 572.
pileatus (Hvlatonius),

515.
pileatus (Hylotonius),

5Ui.
pileatus (Pbloeotoiuus),

516.
pileatus (Picus), 515.
Pilumuus, 187.
pinetoruni (Colaptes), 37.
pinetorum (Dendroco-

pus), 519.
pinetorum (Gecinus), 38.
pinetorum (Picus), 212.
Pipiscus, 521.
Pipodes, 274.
pipra (Dendrocopus),

214, 254, 255.
pipra (Picus), 212, 254,

255.
Pipripicus, 201.
pitiguus (Colaptes), 28.
pitiu (Picus), 28.
pitius (Colaptes), 28.
pitius (Picus), 28.
Pituipicus, 10.
pityopicus (Picus), 212.
Plintbopicus, 379.
poelzami (Dendrocopus),

214.
poelzami (Picus), 214.

poicepbalus (Dendro-

bates), 368.
poicepbalus (Mesopicus),

369.
poicilolopbus (Picus),

384, 385.
poicilopbus (Meiglvptes),

385.
poiocepbalus (Dendro-

bates), 370.
poliocepbalus (Dendro-

bates), 3(59.
poliocepbalus (Dendro-

picus), 3(59.
pobocepbalus (Picus),

369.
poliocepbalus (Scoleco-

tberes), 369.
poliopsis (Hypopicus), ^

200, 201.
poliopsis (Picus), 201.
Polipicus, 367.
jjoUens (Campepbilus),

476.
pollens (Campophilus),

476.
pollens (Dryocopus), 472,

476.
pollens (Dryotomus), 476.
pollens (Picus), 476.
pollens (Scapaneus), 476.
polonicus (Picus), 269.
polvgrammus (Centurus),

180.
polvgrammus (Picus),

180.
polyzonos (Picus), 73, 74.
polyzonus (Cbloroner-

pes), 73, 74.
polyzonus (Cbloropicus),

73.
polyzonus (Cbrysopicns),

73.
polyzonus (Craugasus),

73.
polyzonus (Picus), 73, 74.
porpbyromelas (Blytbi-

picus), 382.
porpbyromelas (Celeo-

piciis), 382.
porpbyromelas (Lepo-

cestes), 382.
porpbyromelas (Picus),

382.
porpbyromelas (Venilia),

380.
portoricensis (Melam-

picus), 159.
portoricensis (Melaner-
pes), 159.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

591

portoricensis (Piciis), 159.
principalis (Campepbi-

lus), 464, 465.
principalis (Campophi-

lus),4G3, 4(55, 4()l), 572.
principalis (Dendroco-

pu.-^), 464.
principalis (Drvocopus),

464.
jirineipalis (Megapicos),

464.
principalis (Megapicus),

464.
principalis (Picus), 463,

465.
principalis bairdi (Cam-

pepliiliis), 465.
psarodes (Picus), 404.
pubescens (Dendrocopus),

•23S, 239, 242, 571.
pubescens (Dryobates),

24U.
pubescens (Picus), 239.
pubescens (Tricbopicus),

239.
pubescens i'umidus (Drvo-

bates), 242.
pubescens gairdneri

(Dryobates), 242.
pubescens gairdneri (Pi-
cus), 242.
pubescens, var. gairdneri

(Picus), 242.
pu'jescens orcecus (Dr\o-

bates), 242.
pucherani (Ceuturus),

164.
pucherani (Melanerpes),

164, 165.
pucherani (Zebrapicus),

164.
pulcber (Melanerpes),

160.
pulcber (Picus), 160.
pulchricoUis (lynx), 566.
pulverulentus (Alopho-

nerpes), 495.
pulverulentus (Hemilo-

phus), 494.
pulverulentus (MuUeri-

picus), 494.
pulverulentus (Picus),

494.
pumilus (lyngipicus),

321.
pumilus (Picus), 321.
jjuna (Colaptes), 27.
punctata (Caiupethera)

97, 307.
punctata (Cauipothera),

96, 97.

jjunctata (Jyns), 561.
puuctatus (Dendromus),

96, 306.
punctatus (Ipagrus), 97.
puuctatus (Picus), 96,

306, 493.
puucticeps (Picus), 257.
jjuneticoUi (Brahuia-

picus), 40S.
puncticoUis (Brachy-

pternopicus), 407.
puncticoUis (Brachy-

pternus), 407, 408.
puncticoUis (Picus), 408.
puuotifrons (Picumnus),

544.
punctigula (Chrvsopti-

lus), 116, 117, il8.
punctigula (Picus), 116.
punctigularis (Chrvsopti-

lus), 116, 117.
punctipeclus (Clirvsopti-

lus), lis.
punctipeclus (Picus), 118.
puuctulatus (Picus), 96.
punctuligera (Campe-

thera), 97.
punctidigerus (Chryso-

picus), 97.
punctuligerus (Dendro-

bates), 97.
punctuligerus (Dendro-
mus), 97.
punctuligerus (Picus), 96,

98, 102.
punicea (Venilia), 64.
puniceum (Chrysophleg-

ma), 65.
pimiceus (Brachylophus),

64.
puniceus (CaUolophus),

64.
puniceus (Chloropicus),

64.
puniceus (Chrvsopbleg-

ma), 64.
puniceus (Gecinus), 64.
puniceus (Picus), (54.
puniceus (Venilia), ()4.
purus (Dendrocopus),

214.
purus ( Drj'obates), 214.
pusillus (Piculus), 253.
pygmanis (Bicopipo), 316.
pvgma?us (lyngipicus),

'315,316.
pvgmffius (Melanerpes),

'177.
pygnia'us (Piculus), 537.
pyguiitus (Picumuus),

537, 538.

pyemreus (Picus), 312,

315, 537.
Ijygniffius (Yungipicus),

316.
pyriceps (Dendrocopus),

261.
Pyroupicus, 201.
pyrrhogaster (Campono-

nuis), 373.
pyrrhogaster (Chloro-

])icus), 373.
pyrrhogaster (Dendro-

' bates), 373.
pyrrhogaster (Dendro-

picus), 373.
pyrrliogaster (Mesopi-

cus), 367, 373.
pyrrhogaster (Picus),

373.
pyrrhogaster (Scoleco-

'theres), 373.
Pyrrbopicus, 379.
pyrrhothorax (Dendro-
copus), 224.
pyrrhothorax (Picus),

224.
pvrrhotis (Blythipicus),

'380.
pyrrbotis (Cauipephilus),

380.
pyrrbotis (Celeopicos),

380.
pyrrbotis (Celeopicus),

380.
pyrrbotis (Chloronerpes),

380.
pyrrbotis (Gecinus),

380.
pyrrbotis (Lepocestes),

379, 380.
pvrrhotis (Meiglyptes),

" 380.
pyrrbotis (Picus), 380.
pyrrliotis (Venilia), 380.

quadi'ifasciatus (Dendro-
copus), 256.
quercuum (Picus), 287.
querulus (Picus), 251.

radiolatus (Ceuturus),

166.
radiolatus (Melanerpes),

166.
radiolatus (Picus), 166.
radiolatus (Zebrapicus),

166.
rafflesi (Gauropicoides),

132.
I'afflesii (Chlorupicoides),

132.

592

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

rafflesii (Clirysonotus),

132.
rafllesii (Gauropicoides),

132.
rafflesii (Picus), 132.
rafflesii (Tiga), 132.
rarasayi (Ivngipicus),

334.
Rayed AVoodpecker, 89.
Eed-bellied Woodpecker,

170.
Eed-cheekedWoodpecker,

431.
Eed-headed Woodpecker,

145.
regius (Campephiliis),

473.
regius (Driopicus), 473.
regius (Dryocopus), 473.
reicbenbacbi (Celeus),

427, 572.
reicbenbacbi (Cbloroner-

pes), 346.
reicbenbaclii (Pbiconer-

pes), 34(i.
reicbeubachii (Celeopi-

cus), 427.
reicbenbacliii (Celeus),

427.
reichenbacbii (Picus),

427.
Eeinwardtipicus, 442.
rhodeogaster (Mesopicus),

371.
ricbardsi (Dryocopus),

50G.
ricbardsi (MuUeripicus),

50(;.
ricbardsi (Tbriponax),

50(1.
rivolii (Colaptes), 30, 31.
rivolii (Geopicos), 30.
rivolii (Geopicus), 30, 31.
rivolii (Hypoxanthus),

29, 30, 31, 32.
rivolii (Picus), 30.
rivolii bi-evirostris (Hy-

]50xantbus), 31.
robustus (Campepbilus),

477.
robustus (Campopbilus),

477.
robustus (Dryocopus),

478.
i-obustus (Megapicus),

478.
robustus (Phlceoceastes),

478.
robustus (Picus), 477.
roseiventris (Picus), 287.

ruber (Cladoscopus),

194.
ruber (Melanerpes), 194.
ruber (Picus), 194.
ruber (Piluiunus), 194.
ruber (Spbyrapicus),

194.
ruber (Spbyropicus), 194.
rubescens (Picus), 348.
r ubidicollis (Melanerpes) ,

159.
rubidicoUis (Picus), 159.
rubidus (Picus), 346.
rubiginosa (Veuilia), 382.
rubiginosus (Blytbipicus),

;',82.
rubiginosus (Oaiupephi-

lus), 382.
rubiginosus (Celeopicos),

332.
rubiginosus (Obloroner-
pes), 81,83,84, 86,568.
rubiginosus (Ghrysopi-

cus), 84, 87.
rubiginosus (Dendro-

bates), 382.
rubiginosus (Gecinus),

382.
rubiginosus (Heiuicercus),

382.
rubiginosus (Hemicircus),

382.
rubiginosus (Lepocestes),

382.
rubiginosus (Picus), 86,

382.
rubiginosus (Scolecotbe-

res), 382.
rubricapillus (Picus), 231.
rubricatus (Colaptes), 18,

21.
rubricatus (Geopicus), 21.
rubricatus (Picus), 17, 21,

312.
rubricatus (Yungipieus),

312.
rubricollis( Campepb ilus) ,

468, 469.
rubricollis(Canipophilus),

467.
rubricoUis (Dryocopus),

468.
rubricoUis (Megapicus),

468.
rubricoUis (Pbloeoceastes),

468.
rubricoUis (Picus), 467.
rubrifrous(Centurus),158.
rubrifrons (Melanipicus),
158.

rubrifrons (Melanerpes),

157, 158.
rubrifrons (Pbymatoble-

pbarus), 158.
I'ubrifrous (Picus), 157.
rubrifrons (Tripsurus),

1.58.
rubrigulari3(Melanerpes),

196.
rubriventris (Centurus),

175, 176.
rubriveutris(Melanerpes),

176, 177.
rubriventris (Pious), 161.
rubriventris (Zebrapicus),

176.
rubriventris pygm;\3us

(Centurus), 177.
rubropygialis (Bracby-

pternopicus), 412, 414,

416.
rubropygialis (Chloropi-

coides), 413.
rubropygialis (Cbrysono-

tus), 413.
rubropygialis (Tiga),

412.
rufa (Tiga), 413.
rnficeps (Oampias), -361,

364.
ruflceps (Cbloronerpes),

358, 361. 364.
ruflceps (Dendrobates),

361, 364.
ruflceps (Picus), 361.
ruflcoUis (Picumnus),

.5.30.
ruflfrons (Piculus), 550,

551.
rufinotus (Meiglyptes),

394.
rufinotus (Micropternus),

394.
rufinotus (Pliaiopicus),

394.
rufinotus (Pious), 394,

395.
rufipileus (Colaptes),

18.
rufiventer (Oraugiscus),

527.
rufiventer (Picumnus),

527.
rufiventris (Astbenurus),

527.
rufiventris (Picumnus),

527.
rufiventris (Picus), 161.
rufopunctatus (Chrysoco-
laptes), 457.

ALPIl.VliHTlCAL INDKX.

593

rul'oviridis (Chlurouer-

pes), lOn.
vut'oviridis (Cliloropicos),

105.
rufoviridis (Dendromus),

105.
nifus (Celeopicus), 430.
rufus (Celeus), 430, 431.
i-ufiis (Meiglyptes), 430.
rufiis (Picus), 393, 430.
rupicola (Colap)tes), 26,

27.
nipioola (Geopicus), 26.
rupicola (Pieus). 26, 27.
riippellii (Picas), 377.

sagittatus (Picuiunus),

534.
saucti-juhannis (Deiidro-

coptes), 288.
saiicti-johannis (Picus),

288.
sanguineus (Chloroiier-

pes), 34(5.
sanguineus (Dendroba-

tes), 348.
sanguineus (Erythroner-

pes), 348.
sanguineus (Mesopicos),

348.
sanguineus (Mesopicus),

348.
sanguineus (Picus), 348.
sanguineus (Venilia),

348.
sanguinolentus (Cliloro-

nerpes), 346.
sanguinolentus (Dendro-

bates), 346.
sanguinolentus (Mesopi-
cus), 346.
sanguinolentus (Phajoner-

pes), 346.
sanguinolentus (Picus),

346.
santa-cruzi (Centurus),

172, 178, 179.
santa-cruzi (Melauerpes),

179, 180.
santa-cruzi (Zebrapicus),

ISO.
Sapheopipo, 6, 378.
Sasia, 8, 553, 554.
saucius (Tripsurus), 1.56.
saimdersi (Geeinus), 38.
scalaris (DeuJrocopus),

24,5, 246, 247, 248, 571.
scalaris (Dictyopipo),

246.
scalaris (Dryobates), 246.

VOL. XVIII.

scalaris (Dyetiopicus),
246.

scalaris (Picus), 2-15, 246,
248, 2.50.

scalaris bairdi (Dryoba-
tes), 247.

scalaris, var. d'orizaba
(Picus), 246.

scalaris graysoni (Dryo-
bates), 2.50.

scalaris, var. graysoni
(Picus), 2.50.

scalaris lucasanus (Dryo-
bates), 250.

scalaris lucasanU3(Pieus),
250.

scalaris, var. lucasanus
(Picus), 250.

scalaris nuttalli (Picus),
245.

scalaris, var. nuttalli
(Picus), 245.

scalaris parvus (Dryoba-
tes), 246.

scalaris sinaloeusis ( Dryo-
bates), 247.

Scapaneus, 460.

scapularis(Campephilus),
510.

scapularis (Ceophlceus),
508, 510, 511.

scapularis (Driopicus),
510.

scapularis (Dryocopus),
50S, 510.

scapularis (Dryopicus),
510.

scapularis (Hylotomus),

511.
scapularis (Picus), 510.
schoanus (Picus), 309.
schoensis (Campethera),

308.
schoeusis (Dendrobates),

307, 308.

schoensis (Dendropicos),

308.
schoensis (Dendropicus),

308. _

schoenSis (Mesopicus),

307, 309.
schoensis (Picus), 300.
schoensis (Tbripias).

308.
schulzi (Campephilus),

517.
scliulzi (Dryotomus),

517.
schulzi (Phloeotomus),

514,517.

sciudcanus (Dcndrocop-

tes), 227.
scindeanus (l)endroco-

pus), 227.
scindeanus (Picus),

227.
scindiauMs (Picusj,

227.
.scintilla (Yungipicus)

316.
scintilliceps (Paiopipo),

313.
scintilliceps (lyngipicus),

31.3,314,315.
scintilliceps (Picus), 313,

314.
sjintilliceps( Yungipicus),

313.
solateri (Campephilus),

475.
sclateri (Dryocopus),

475.
sclateri (Megapicus),

475, 476.
sclateri (Picuuinus), 534.
sclateri (Picus), 475.
sclateri (Scapaneus),

475.
Scolecotheres, 367.
scotochlorus (Picus),

136.
scutatus (Picus), 437.
sedulus (Canipias), 360.
sedulus (Chloronerpes),

360.
sedulus (Picus), 360.
seebohmi (lyngipicus),

319.
seebohmi (Yungipicus),

319.
selysii (Campias), 363.
selysii (Chloronerpes),

363.
selysii (Mesopicus), 303.
selysii (Picus), 363.
semicinnamomeus (Ce-
leopicus), 441.
semicinnamomeus (Ce-
leus), 440, 441.
semicinnamomeus (Cro-

comorphus), 441.
scmicoronata (Bieopipo),

312.
semioorouatus (lyngipi-
cus), 312.
semicoronatus (Pieus),

312.
semicoronatus (Y^uno-i-

picus), 312.
semirostris (Picus), 37.
2q

594

ALl'lIAliETlCAL INDEX.

seniitorquatus (Picus),

513.
sciu'galonsis (Deudro-

batos), li'i>-2.
scncgaleiisis (Picus), 352.
septeutrioiialis (Picoi-

des), 276.
septcntrionalis (Picus),

231.
sericeocoUis (Dryoto-

imis), 59, Gl.
sericollis (Bracbyloplius),

5y.

sharpii (Dendropicus),

302.
sbarpii (Oeeinus), 40,

41.
siiori'i (Chrysoiiotus),

417.
shorii (Brachypternus),

417.
shorii (Chloropicoides),

417.
shorii (Picus), 417.
shorii (Tiga), 417.
similis (Picus), 510.
siniplex (Ohloronerpes),

81.
sinaloensis (Dryobates),

247.
sindianus (Picus), 227.
Smallest Spotted Wood-
pecker, 238.
Bmithii (Campetbera),

101.
smithii (Campotbera),

100, 101,568.
smithii (Cbrysoptilo-

picus), 100.
smithii (Deudromus), 98.
smithii (Picus), 101.
bondaicus (Picus), 326.
sondaicus (Yungipicus),

326.
soneratii (Picus), 410.
sordidus (Dendropicus),

483.
sordidus (Hemicereus),

483, 484.
sordidus (Meiglyptes),

483.
sordidus (Picus), 212,

484.
Soroplex, 10.
Spaniopicoides, 134.
speciosus (Chrysoptilus),

117.
spectabilis (Oeleus), 435.
Sphyrapicus, 186.
Spbyropicus, 4, 187.

spilogaster (Cami)ias),
3.58.

spilogaster (Ohloroner-
pes), 358.

spilogaster (Deiidro-
bates), 358.

spilogaster (Mesopicus),
358.

spilogaster (Picumnus),
532.

spilogaster (Picus), 358.

spilolophus (Picus), 4.54.

splendens (Campophilus),
480.

spodocephalus (Dendro-
bates), 370.

spodocephalus (Dendro-
picus), 371.

spodocephalus (Mesopi-
cus), 369, 370, 371.

spodocephalus (Picus),
3(;9, 370.

spodocephalus (Scoleco-
theres), 371.

squamatus (Brachylo-
phus), 50.

squamatus v. nepalensis
(Bracbylophus), 43.

squamatus (Oeleus), 432.

squamatus (Chloropicus),
43.

squamatus (Ohrysopti-
lus), 43.

squamatus (Gecinus), 43,
45.

squamatus (Malacolo-
phus), 43.

squamatus (Picus), 43,
47.

squamicolle (Ohryso-
jjhlegma), 126.

squamicoUis (Picus), 125.

squamiger (Picumnus),
540.

squamigularis (Meiglyp-
tes), 396.

squamigularis (Picus),
396.

squamosus (Ohloroner-
pes), 358.

squamosus (Picus), 358,
455.

squamulatus (Picumnus),
540.

squamulosus (Microco-
laptes), 540.

steindachneri (Picum-
nus), 535.

Stictocraugus, 90.

Stictopicus, 90.

stolzmanni (Colaptcs),

27.
streuuus (Picus), 448,

451.
striaticeps (Brachypter-
nus), 4l7.
striatipectus (Melaner-

pes), 149.
striatus (Oenturus), 89.
striatus (Cliloronerpes),

89.
striatus (Dcndrobates),

101, 102.
striatus (Picus), 89,

167.
striatus (Zcbrapicus), 89.
stricklandi (Braehyptei'-

nus), 453.
stricklandi (Ohrysocolap-

tes), 453, 454, 455.
stricklandi (Dendroco-

pus), 243, 571.
stricklandi (Dryobates)

229, 244.
stricklandi (Leuconoto-

picus), 243.
stricklandi (Phrenopi-

cus), 243.
stricklandi (Picus), 228,

243.
stricklandi (Threnopipo),

244.
strictus (Ohrysocolaptes),

442, 446, 447, 448,

449, 452.
strictus (Indopicus), 447,

449.
strictus (Picus), 447,

448.
striolatus (Chloropicus),

50.
striolatus (Gecinus), 60,

56.
striolatus (Picus), 50,

253, 352.
Stugnopicus, 384.
subauratus (Picus), 9.
subcampestris (Chryso-
ptilus), 25.
subcirris (Dendrocopus),

271.
subcirris (Dryobates),

271.
subelegans (Oenturus),

174, 177.
subelegans (Picus), 179.
subflavus (Oeleus), 440,

572.
submexicanus (Picus), 21.
subocularis (Picus), 167.

AlPHABETICAL INDEX.

595

subrufinus (Xylurgus),

I'Ul.
sulfuriventer (Centurus),

182.
sultaneus (Chrysocolap-

te8), 448.
sultaneus (Indopicus),

44'J.
sultaneus (Picus), 447,

448, 449, 450.
superciliaris (Centurus),

167.
superciliaris (Colaptes),

167.
superciliaris (Melaner-

pes), 167, 169.
superciliaris (Picus),

167.
superciliaris (Zebrapicus),

167.
superciliosua (Colaptes),

167.
•syriaca (Campethera),

225.
syriacus (Dendrocoptes),

22(i.
.syriacus (Dendrocopus),

225.
syriacus (Picus), 225.
syriacus leucopterus (Pi-
cus), 215.

tasnionotus (Campias),

353.
taniionotus (Chloroner-

pes), 353.
trenionotus (Dendro-

bates), 353.
trenionotus (Mesopicus),

353.
tseuionotus (Picus),

353.
tancola (Gecinus), 55.
tancola (Picus), 55.
tancolo (Gecinus), 55.
teniiiiincki (Ba:opipo),

335.
temiiiineki (lyngipicus),

335.
temmincki (Picuninus),

53U.
temmincki (Picus), 335.
temmincki (Yungiceps),

335.
temmincki (Yungipicus),

335.
temminckii (Picumnus),

530.
tephrodopa (Campias),

353.

tephrodops (Chloroner-

pes), 352.
tephrodops (Dendro-

bates), 352.
tephrodops (Eleopicus),

352.
tephrodops (Picus), 352.
terrestris (Geocolaptes),

9.
terrestris (Picus), 9.
terricolor (Centurus),

176.
terricolor (Melanerpes),

175, 176.
Theiopicus, 10.
thoracinus (Picus), 437.
Three- toed Woodpecker,

280.
Threnopipo, 202.
Thripias, 5, 306.
Thriponax, 8, 497.
tbyroideus (Cladoseopus) ,

196.
tbyroideus (Colaptes),

196.
tbyroideus (Melanerpes),

196.
tbyroideus (Picus), 196.
tbyroideus (Pilumnus),

196.
tbyroideus(Spbyrapicus),

196.
tbyroideus (Spbyropicus),

196, 569.
Tiga, 6, 411.
tiga (Cbloropicoides),

412.
tiga (Chrysonotus), 412.
tiga (Picus), 412, 414.
tinnunculus (Celeopicos),

438.
tinnunculus (Celeopicus),

438.
tiniumoulus (Celeus),

438, 439.
tinnunculus (Cercbnei-

picus), 438. ■
tinnunculus (Picus), 438.
torquatus (Asyndesmus),

137, 138."
torquatus (Celeus),

437.
torquatus (Cercbneipi-

cus), 436, 437, 438.
torquatus (Melampicos),

138.
torquatus (Melampicus),

138.
torquatus (Melanerpes),

137.

torquatus (Picus), 137,

437.
Torquilla, .559.
torquilla (lunx), .561.
torquilla (lynx), 560, 561,

565, 566.
torquilla (Junx), 562.
torquilla (Jynx), 561.
torquilla (Yunx), 560.
trachelopyrus (Campe-

philus), 469.
trachelopyrus (Campo-

philus), 469.
trachelopyrus (Dryoco-

pus), 469.
trachelopyrus (Mega-

picus), 469.
Trtjs petit pic de Cay-
enne), 544.
Trichopicus, 139.
tricolor (Centurus), 174,

176.
tricolor (Melanerpes),

174, 176, 177.
tricolor (Picus), 174, 177.
tricolor (Zebrapicus), 175,

176.
tridactyla (Tiga), 412.
Tridaotylia, 274.
tridactvlus (Apternus),

276."
tridactylus (Chrysono-
tus), 412.
tridactylus (Dendroco-

pos), 275.
tridactylus (Dryobates),

275.
tridactylus (Picoides),

275, 277, 278.
tridactylus (Picus), 275,

277, 279, 281, 282.
tridactylus (Tridactylia),

276.
tridactylus alascensis

(Picoides), 281.
tridactylus auiericanus

(Picoides), 280.
tridactylus, var. ameri-

canus (Picoides), 280.
tridactylus dorsalis

(Picoides), 278.
Tripsurus, 139.
tristis (Heiaicircus), 385.
tristis (Meiglyptes), 385,

386, 388.
tristis (Miglyptes), 384,

385, 386.
tristis (Phaiopicos), 385.
tristis (Phaiopicus),

385.

596

ALVnABETICAT, INDEX.

tristis (Picus), 384, 385,

386.
trisuleusis (Picus), ."If),
trisiilensis (Yuiigipicus),

31(), 322.
tueci (Meiglyptes), 389.
tucuinanus (Chloroner-

pes), 87.
tukki (Meiglyptes), 388.
tukki (Miglyptes), 388,

389 390
tukki (Picus), 388, 389.
turati (Picus), 242.
turatii (Dryoba(es), 242.

undatus (Celeus), 431,

432.
undatus (Cerchneipicus),

431.
undatus (Malacolophus),

431.
undatus (Meiglyptes),

431.
undatus (Picoides), 279.
undatus (Picus). 431.
undosus (Picoides), 279.
undulata (Tridactylia),

279.
undulatus (Picumnus),

543.
uralensis (Picus), 271.
uralensis (Pipripicus),

271.
m'opygialis (Centurus),

182.
iiropygialis (Chloroner-

pes), 84.
nropygialis (Melanerpes),

182, 569.
nropygialis (Picus), 182.

vagatus (Picus), 246.
vaillanti (Geeinus), 41.
Taillantii (Ctiloropicus),

41.
vaillantii (Geeinus), 41.
Talidirostris (Bseopipo),

332.
validirostris (Picus),

332.
Talidirostris (Yungipi-

cus), 322.
validus (Campephilus),

458.
validus (Cbrysocolaptes),

458.'
validus (Hemilophus),

458.
validus (Megapicos), 458.
validus (Megapiciis), 459.
validus (Picus), 458.

validus (Reinwardtipi-

cus), 458.
validus (Xylolepes), 4.59.
variegata (Ba;opipo), 326.
variegatus (Picoides), 275,

279.
variegatus (Picus), 259,

325, 328.
variegatus (Yungipicus),

328.
variolosa (Campethera),

102.
variolosus (Cbrysopicus),

103.
variolosus (Dendrobates),

102.
variolosus (Ipagrus), 103.
varius(Cladoscopus), 189.
varius (Dendrocopus),

189.
varius (Picus), 188, 193,

287.
varius (Pilumnns), 189.
varius (Spliyrapicus),

189, 192.
varius (Sphyropicus),
188, 189, 193, 194, 195,
569.
varius, var. (Picus), 193.
varius nuchalis (Sphyra-

picus), 193.
varius nuchalis (Sphyro-
picus), 193.
varius, var. nuchalis

(Sphyrapicus), 193.
varius, var. nuchalis
(Sphyropicus), 193.
varius, occidentalis (Pi-
cus), 193.
varius ruber (Sphyra-
picus), 194.
varius ruber (Sphyro-
picus), 194.
varius, var. ruber (Sphy-
rapicus), 194.
varius, var. rviber (Sphy-
ropicus), 194.
varius, var. varius (Sphy-
ropicus), 189.
Yenilia, 33.
Verreauxia, 8, 553.
verreauxi (Dryotomus),

472, 508.
verreausi (Pious), 435.
verreauxii (Celeopicus),

434.
verreauxii (Celeus), 434.
verreauxii (Picumnus),

553.
vestita (Campethera), \0:\
vieillotii (Picus), 251.

villosus (Dendrocopus),

230, 231, 234, 235.
villosus (Dryobates), 230.
villosus (Picus), 230, 231,

232, 233, 234.
villosus (Trichopicus),

231.
villosus auduboni (Dryo-
bates), 232.

villosus, var. auduboni
(Picus), 232.

villosus, var. canadensis
(Picus), 231.

villosus harrisi (Dryo-
bates), 235.

villosus harrisi (Picus),
234.

villosus, var. harrisi (Pi-
cus), 2.34.

villosus harrisii (Dryo-
bates), 237.

villosus insularis (Dryo-
bates), 234.

villosus insidaris (Picus),
234.

villosus jardinii (Dryo-
bates), 237.

villosus leucomelas (Dryo-
bates), 231.

villosus leucomelas (Pi-
cus), 231.

villosus, var. major (Pi-
cus), 231.

villosus maynardi (Dryo-
bates), 234.

villosus, var. medius
(Picus), 231.

villosus, var. minor
(Picus), 232.

villosus, var. villosus
(Pious), 231.

virescens (Golaptes), 37.

virescens (Geeinus), 38.

viridanus (Geeinus), 47-

viridauus (Picus), 47.

viridicanus (Colaptes),53.

viridioanus (Geeinus), 54.

viridi-canus (Picus), 53.

viridis (Brachylophus),
38.

viridis (Colaptes), 37.

viridis (Chloropicos), 38.

viridis (Chloropicus), 38,
41.

viridis (Geciniscus), 136.

viridis (Gecinulus), 136.

viridis (Geeinus), 36, 37,
40, 41.

viridis (Malacolophus),
38.

Tiridis(Picus), 36,40, 41.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

597

viridis (Tiga), LSfi.
vittatus (Gecinus), 46, 48.
vittatus (Picus), 46, 47.
Vivia, ,521.

wagleri (Dyctiopicus),

2(>0.
wagleri (Picus), 261.
waglerii (Pieus), 260.
Wallace! (Alophoaerpes),

491.
Wallace! (Mulloripious),

491.
wallacii (Microstietus),

491.
wallacii (Picumnus), 547.
warscewiczii (Cliloro-

nerpes), 87.
wattersi (lyngipicus),

317.
weberi (Gecinus), 48, 50,
westermani (Picus), 261.
VVhite-rumped Wood-
. pecker, 146.
VTilliamsoni (Clado-

scopus), 196.
williamsoni (Melan-

erpes), 196.
williamsoni (Picus), 196.
williamsoni (Spliyra-

picus), 196.
williamsoni (Spbyro-

picus), 196.
wilsoni (Pieus), 245.
wilsoni (Trichopicus),

245.
Woodpecker, Golden-
winged, var. A, 17.
Woodpecker, Green, 36.

Woodpecker, Grey-
headed, 53.

Woodpecker, Grey-
headed Green, 52.

Woodpecker, Half-billed,
37.

Woodpecker, Malaccan,
122.

Woodpecker, Nubian, 93.

Woodpecker, Rayed, 80.

Woodpecker, Yellow-
necked, 59.

Woodpecker, Yellow
Blue-footed Persian,
37.

wrayi (Ohrysophlegma),
130.

xanthocephalus (Chryso-

colaptes), 457.
xanthochlorus (Chloro-

nerpes), 73.
xanthoderus (Chloro-

picus), 62.
xanthoderus (Ohryso-
phlegma), 62.
xanthoderus (Geciuus),

59, 63. .
xanthoderus (Picus), 62.
xantholarynx (Melam-

picus), 155.
xantholarynx (Melan-

erpes), 155.
xantholarynx (Picus),

155.
xantholophus (Dendro-

picus), 375.
xantholophus (Meso-

picus), 376, .'>7L.

Xanthopicus, 420.
xanthopygcTUS (Brachy-

lophus), 50, 52.
xanthopygreus (Gecinus),

50.
xauthotffinia (Chloro-

nerpes), 79.
xanthotsenia (Picus), 79.
Xenocraugus, 284.
Xenopicus, 4, 284.
Xiphidiopicus, 5, 376.
Xylocopus, 202,
Xylolepes, 442.
Xylurgus, 198.

Yellow-belly'd Wood-
pecker, 188.

Yellow Blue-footed
Persian Woodpecker,
37.

Yellow-necked Wood-
pecker, 59.

yucatacensis (Picus),
84.

yucataneusis (Chloro-
nerpes), 81,83,84, 86.

yucataneusis (Picus), 84.

yucatensis (Chloro-
nerpes), 82, 84.

yucatensis (Picus), 84.

Yuugipicus, 309.

Yunx, 559.

Zanzibar! (Dendropieus),

297, 301.
zarudnoi (Gecinus), 43.
zebra (Picus), 170.
Zebrapicus, 139.
zizuki (Pieus), 316, 318.

END OF THE EIGHTEENTn VOLUME.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, I'LBET STREET.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

Chloronerpes xanthochlorus, p. 73 I,

Chrysophlegma wrayi, p. 130 II.

Melanerpes pulcher, p. 160 III.

Dendroeopus pyrrhothorax, p. 224 IV.

lyngipicus nigrescens, p. 319 V

picatus (fig. 1), p. 324 ] ^j

grandis (fig. 2), p. 325 J

Dendrobates fidelis, p. 357 VII.

Mesopicus xantholophus, p. 375 VIII.

johnstoni, p. 375 IX.

Celeus spectabilis, p. 435 X.

Cerchnoipiciis occidentalis, p. 439 XL

Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus, p. 457 XII.

Thriponax pectoralis, p. 500 XIII.

ricumnus flavifrons (figs. 1, 2), p. 547 1 vjy

wallacii (fig. 3), p. 547 l '

Sasia everetti, p. 559 XV.

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SELECTED LIST

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS

OF THE TKUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
Ocean during the voyage of H.M.H. ' Alert,' 1881-2. Edited by
Dr. Giinther. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. £1 10s.

MAMMALS.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats. 21 Wood-
cuts. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1870, 8vo. 4.?.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia.
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. Gs. 6d. '

Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. 30 Plates
of Skulls. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1874, 8vo. 12s. Bd.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales. By Dr. J. E. Gray. Second edition.

101 Woodcuts. 186G, 8vo. 8s.

Supplement. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department.

By Prof. Flower. 1885, 8vo. Is. Gd.

2 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTOEY PUBLICATIONS.

Catalogue of Kuminant Mammalia {Pecora, Linnaeus). By Dr.

J. E. Gray. 4 Plates. iS72, 8vo. 3s. U.
Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotrematu. By 0. Thomas.

28 Plates (4 col.). 1888, 8vo. £1 8s.

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, H. Scebohm,
H. Gadow, and P. L. Sclater. Vols. IIE.-XV., 1877-90, Svo.
Woodcuts and coloured Plates. 14s. to 28s. a volume. (Vols. I.
and II. out of print.)

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Chclonians, Rhyiichocephalians, and Crocodiles.
New edition. By G. A. Boulenger. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates.
1889, Svo. 15s.

Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct). By Br. Giinther.

54 Plates. 1877, 4to. £1 10s.
Catalogue of the Lizards. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger.

Plates. 3 vols. 1885-87, 8vo. Vols. I., IL, 20s. each ; III.,

2Qs.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By Dr. Giinther. 1858, 12mo.
4s.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia. By Dr. Giinther. 12 Plates.
1858, 8vo. Gs.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata. Second edition.

By G. A. Boulenger. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. 1882, Svo.

£1 10s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradicntia s. Caudata, and Batrachia

Apoda. Second edition. By G. .\. Boulenger. 9 Plates. 1882,

Svo. 9s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Pishes. By Dr. Giinther. Vols, II.-VIII.

1860-70, Svo. Woodcuts. 7s. to 10s. Qd. a volume. (Vol. I.

out of print.)
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 4 Plates.

1856. 12mo. 2s.

SELECTED LIST OP THE NATTtRAL HISTOKY PUBLICATIONS. 3

MOLLUSCA.

^Dr%'V^r ^^"'"7'': Distribution of MoUusca. Part I. By
ur. J. K. Grray. Woodcuts. 1857, Svo 5s

^t'TV/-f """w "?'"'' P^-^^^-l^-i^-. -d Truncatellid.. By
Ui. L. Pfciffer. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is 9cl

CaMog^e of the Couchifera, or Bivalve Shells. By Mons. Deshayes.
- Ji-arts. 185.3-34, 12mo. Part I., 3s.; If., (M.

BHACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda, or Lamp Shells. By Dr
J.Ji. bray. Woodcuts. 1853, 12mo. 3s.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. Part III. Cyclostomata. By
G. Busk. 38 Plates. 1875, 8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate. 58
Plates. 1862, 8vo. £1 5s.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira. By T V Wol
, lastou. 1 Plate. 1857, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries Bv T Y
WoUaston. 1864, 8vo. 10s. Qd. ' '

lUustratious of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera. Part I. Lycidie
By C. 0. Waterhouse. 18 Plates, coloured. 1879, 8vo. 16s.' '

Catalogue of Halticidas. By Rev. H. Clark. 9 Plates. I860 8vo

7s.

Catalogue of Hispida\ By J. S. Baly. Part I. 9 Plates. 1858
Svo. 6s. ' '

4 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATUEAL HISTOET TUBLICATIONS.

Hymenopterows Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Smith. Parts I.-VII.

1853-59, 12nio. 2*. to 6s. a Part.
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera. Ey F, Smith.

1879, 8vo. 10s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figui'cs of the Typical

Specimens. Ey W. F. Ivirby. Yol, I. Teuthredinidte and Siri-

cidsd. 16 coloured Plates. 1882, Svo. £1 18s. _

Lepidopterous Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera. By
A. G. Butler. Parts I.-VII. Coloured Plates. 1877-89, 4to.
£2 to £2 10s. a Part. (Parts II. and IV. out of print.)

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridae. By A. G.

Butler. 5 Plates. 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6cl.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius. By A. G.

Butler. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycsenidae. By W. C. Hewitson. 8 col.

Plates. 1862, 4to. ^1 Is.

Neuroptemis Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. H,
Hagen. Part I. Termitina. 1858, 12mo. 67.

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. Part I. Phasmida3, By J. 0.
Westwood. 48 Plates. 1859, 4to. £3.

Catalogue of the Blattariae. By F. Walker. 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.

Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blat-
tariae. Gryllidpe, Blattaria*, Locustida?. By F. Walker. 1869,
8vo. 5s.

. Part II. Locustidie (continued). 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.

. Part III. Locustidse (continued), Acrididse. 1870,

8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Acrididse (continued). 1870, 8vo. Gs.
Part V. Tettigidse, and Supplements. 1870, 8vo.

SELECTED LIST OP THE NATURAL HISTOET PUBLICATIONS. «>

Ileniipterous Itisects.

Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera. Bjr F. Walker, Parts
I.-VIII. 1867-73, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. M. a Part.

VERMES.

Catalogue of Eutozoa, or Intestinal Worms. By Dr. Baird. 2
Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Ponnatulariidse. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Woodcuts. 1870, Svo. Is. ijd.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Woodcuts. 1870, Svo. 3s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidte, and
Vespida3. By E. Smith. 6 Plates. 1858, 12mo. (is.

Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms, By Dr. G. Johnston.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. 1865, Svo. 7s.

List of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum : —
Part V. Lepidoptera, By J, F, Stephens, 2nd edition. 1856,
12mo. Is. 9f?.

Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
1853, 12mo. Is. 4c?.

Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White.
1853, 12mo. Qd.

Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
1853, 12mo. Is.

PLANTS.

List of British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Rev. W. Smith, 1859, 12mo. Is,

b SELECTED LIST OF THE KATURAL HISTORY PTTBLICATIGNS,

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia. By R. Lydekker. Parts I.-V.

Woodcuts. 1885-87, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. a volume.
Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Eeptilia of

South Africa. By Sir E. Owen. 70 Plates. 1876, 4to. ^£3 3s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia. By E.. Lydekker.
Parts I.-IV. Woodcuts. 1888-90, 8vo. 7s. Qd. a volume.

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes. Part I. By A. Smith Woodward.

13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. 1889, 8vo. 21s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda. Part I. By A. H. Foord.

Woodcuts. 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms

and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Dr. H.

Woodward. 1877, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department. With

an account of the morphology and systematic position of the

group, and a revision of the genera and species. By R.

Etheridge, jun., and P. H. Carpenter. 20 Plates, &c. 1886,

4to. 25s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department.

With descriptions of new and little-known species. By Dr. G.

J. Hinde. 38 Plates. 1883, 4to. ^1 10s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera. By T. Rupert Jones.

1882, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geology

and Palfeontology. By R. Kidston. 1886, Svo. 5s.

The above Publications can be purchased of Messrs. Longmans &
Co., 39 Paternoster Boiv ; Mr. Qtiaritch, 15 Piccadilly ; Messrs.
AsHEE & Co., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden ; Messrs. Kegan
Paul, Tkench, Trvenee, & Co., 57 Ludrjate Hill ; and at the
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. A
more detailed list can be obtained on application to the Director
of the Museum.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History). With
2 Plans and 2 Views. 8vo. Sd.

Zoological Depaetment.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Ostcological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology. 57 Woodcuts and
2 Plans. Index. 8vo. 4fL

Guide to the Gould Collection of Humming Birds. With Map

showing the distribution of Humming Birds. 8vo. 2d.
Guide to the Gallery of Reptilia in the Department of Zoology.

22 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. Svo. 2d.
Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department

of Zoology. 101 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. Svo. 6d.
Guide to the Shell and Star-fish Galleries in the Department of

Zoology (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Vermes). 51 Woodcuts and

1 Plan. Svo. ■i:d.

\_Guides to other sections are in preparation.']

Geological Depaktment.

A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology ; —

Part I. FossU. Mammals and Birds. 119 Woodcuts, table
of Stratified Rocks, plan of Geological Galleries, and
Index. Svo. Gd.

Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. 9-1:
Woodcuts, table of Stratified Rocks, plan of Geological
Galleries, and Index. Svo. Qd.

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology. 81 Woodcuts. Svo. 4rf.

8

GUIDE-BOOKS.

MiNERALOGICAL DEPARTMENT.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery. Svo. Id.

Au Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the

Mineral Gallery. Diagrams. Plan of the Mineral Gallery,

Index. Svo. Gd.

The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals. Svo, 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. Plan of the Mineral
Gallery, and Index to the Meteorites represented in the Col-
lection. Svo. 3d.

The Ouidc-Boolcs can only he obtained at the Museum.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.