"LI B RAR.Y OF THL UN IVERSITY OF 1LLI NOIS FI co CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS HY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATK CURATOR OF BIRDS PART XI PLOCEIDAE - CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE - FRINGILLIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES » FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART XI DKORMBER 31, 193X PUBLICATION 430 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA. SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS PART XI PLOCEIDAE - CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE - FRINGILLIDAE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XIII, PART XI DECEMBER 31, 1938 PUBLICATION 430 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS v. 13 " PREFACE TO PART XI The present installment, principally devoted to one large family, the Fringillidae, concludes the treatment of the American Passeri- formes. It contains the enumeration, together with extensive bibliographic references, of the species and subspecies recognized as valid by the author. The arrangement of the finches as indicated in the succeeding pages is purely tentative, though it is mainly based on the scheme advanced by the late Peter Sushkin (The Auk, 42, pp. 259-261, 1925), according to the characters of the bony palate in the North American genera. The ultimate allocation of many neo- tropical groups depends, however, on the study of their anatomy, and in the absence of such data the author has been forced to rely on external features and analogy. In many cases it remains clearly an open question whether certain common characters are the expres- sion of natural affinity or merely the result of secondary adaptation through parallel development. In style and scope this part closely follows the standard adopted for the preceding volumes. It must be emphasized that it has not been the author's aim to write a monograph of the groups here treated. For such a task neither material nor time has been avail- able. In a work of this magnitude it is simply impossible to investi- gate everything independently, and the author has to rely largely on the researches of others. In the case of many North American genera notably, where the author's own studies have been limited, and the accessible series have been inadequate, the account is principally, if not exclusively, based on recent monographs or revisions. Still, it is hoped that in spite of the many shortcomings, of which the author is only too well aware, the present volume may be of some service to ornithologists, containing, as it does, a digest of our actual knowledge of the birds forming the family of finches. In perusing the list of specimens in Field Museum, it is well to keep in mind that only a certain percentage of the material has been accessible to the author for re-examination. Errors of identification or allocation, especially of migratory birds, should, therefore, be regarded with indulgence. Various museums and individuals have again co-operated in the preparation of this volume by the loan of material or by supplying information on types or disputed questions. The author wishes particularly to express his gratitude to M. Jacques Berlioz of Paris, Dr. Enrico Festa of Torino, Count Nils Gyldenstolpe of Stock- iii holm, Mr. Norman B. Kinnear of the British Museum, Professor A. Laubmann of Munich, Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood of Field Museum, Chicago, Mr. J. L. Peters of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Count Josef Seilern of Lukov, Cz. S. R., and Mr. John T. Zimmer of New York. He is also under great obligation to Professor Hermann Michel, Director, and Dr. M. Sassi, Curator of Birds, in the Museum of Natural History in Vienna, Austria, for continued free access to the collections and libraries under their care. C. E. HELLMAYR May 26, 19S6 CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part XI ORDER PASSERIFORMES SUBORDER OSCINES FAMILY PLOCEIDAE (Weaver Finches) Passer Brisson Ploceus Cuvier Spermestes Swainson . Estrilda Swainson . . . PAGE 1 2 3 3 FAMILY CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE (Plush-capped Finches) Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye 4 FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE (Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings) SUBFAMILY RICHMONDENINAE (Cardinals and Allies) Saltator Vieillot 6 Rhodothraupis Ridgway 44 Caryothraustes Reichenbach 45 Periporphyrus Reichenbach 51 Pitylus Cuvier 52 Gubernalrix Lesson 56 Paroaria Bonaparte 58 Richmondena Mathews and Iredale 67 Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte 75 Pheitclicus Reichenbach 77 Hedymeles Cabanis 85 Guiraca Swainson 88 Cyanocompsa Cabanis 91 Cyanoloxia Bonaparte 105 Passerina Vieillot 106 Porphyrospiza Sclater and Salvin. . 113 Tiaris Swainson 114 Spiza Bonaparte 128 SUBFAMILY GEOSPIZINAE (Ground Finches) Geospiza Gould 130 Platyspiza Ridgway 136 Camarhynchus Gould 137 Cactospiza Ridgway 140 Certhidea Gould 142 Pinaroloxias Sharpe ... . 145 SUBFAMILY FRINGILLINAE (Finches) PAGE Fringilla Linnaeus 146 SUBFAMILY CARDUELINAE (Purple Finches, Goldfinches, and Allies) Coccothraustes Brisson 146 Hesperiphona Bonaparte 147 Pyrrhula Brisson 151 Carpodacus Kaup 151 Melanospiza Ridgway 1 58 Loxipasser Bryant 158 Loxigilla Lesson 159 Melopyrrha Bonaparte 167 Piezorhina Lafresnaye 169 Neorhynchus Sclater 169 Sporophila Cabanis 171 Catamenia Bonaparte 227 Amaurospizopsis Griscom 236 Amaurospiza Cabanis 237 Dolospingus Elliot 239 Oryzoborus Cabanis 240 Volatinia Reichenbach 249 Pinicola Vieillot 256 Leucosticte Swainson 260 Chloris Cuvier 264 Carduelis Brisson 264 Acanthis Borkhausen 264 Loximitris Bryant 269 Spinus Koch 270 Loxia Linnaeus 302 Gnathospiza Taczanowski 306 Sicalis Boie 306 SUBFAMILY EMBERIZINAE (Sparrows and Buntings) Diuca Reichenbach 335 Idiopsar Cassin 340 Phrygilus Cabanis 340 Melanodera Bonaparte 364 Spodiornis Sclater 369 Acanlhidops Ridgway 371 Haplospiza Cabanis 372 Lophospingus Cabanis Charitospiza Oberholser Coryphospingus Cabanis Rhodospingus Sharpe Pezopetes Cabanis Pselliophorus Ridgway Atlapetes Wagler Lysurus Ridgway Arremon Vieillot Arremonops Ridgway Oberholseria Richmond Pipilo VieiUot Torreornis Barbour and Peters . . M elozone Reichenbach Plagiospiza Ridgway Calamospiza Bonaparte Myospiza Ridgway Passercidus Bonaparte Ammodramus Swainson Passerherbulus Stone Xenospiza Bangs Ammospiza Oberholser Pooecetes Baird . . . . 373 Chondestes Swainson 514 . . 374 Rhynchospiza RMgway 515 . . 375 Aimophila Swainson 516 . . 381 Incaspiza Ridgway 537 . . 382 Amphispiza Coues 539 . . 383 Junco Wagler 544 . . 384 Spizella Bonaparte 555 . . 423 Zonotrichia Swainson 565 . . 424 Passerella Swainson 586 . . 439 Melospiza Baird 593 . . 450 Emberizoides Temminck 608 . . 452 Coryphaspiza G. R. Gray 614 . . 469 Xenospingus Cabanis 615 . . 469 Donacospiza Cabanis 616 . . 474 Poospiza Cabanis 617 . . 475 Poospizopsis Berlepsch 631 . . 476 Compsospiza Berlepsch 631 . . 485 SaUatricula Burmeister 632 . . 494 Embernagra Lesson 663 . . 502 Rhynchophanes Baird 639 . . 503 Calcarius Bechstein 639 . . 504 Plectrophenax Stejneger 642 . . 512 Emberiza Linnaeus ... . . 645 LIST OF NEW NAMES PROPOSED IN PART XI Sporophila nigricoUis vivida, nom. nov 209 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR PART XI Order PASSERIFORMES— Concluded Suborder OSCINES— Concluded Family PLOCEIDAE. Weaver Finches Subfamily PASSERINAE. House Sparrows Genus PASSER Brisson Passer Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 36; 3, p. 71, 1760— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840, and I.e., 2nd ed., p. 60, 1841), Fringilla domestica Linnaeus. Pyrgita Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 385, 1817 [= Dec. 7, 1816] — type, by subs. desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 298, 1888), Fringilla domestica Linnaeus. Salicipasser Bogdanow, Trud. Obsh. Kasan, 8, No. 4, p. 60, 1879— type, by orig. desig., Fringilla montana Linnaeus. *Passer domes tic us domes ticus (Linnaeus). ENGLISH SPARROW. Fringilla domestica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., l,p. 183,1758— "in Europa"; Sweden accepted as type locality. Passer hostilis Kleinschmidt, Falco, 11, p. 19, Dec., 1915 — Tring, England (type in coll. of 0. Kleinschmidt). Passer domesticus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 143, 1901 (monog.); Berg, Comun. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 1, p. 283, 1901 — Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Townsend and Hardy, Auk, 26, p. 78, 1909 (meas. of N. Amer. spec.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 390, 1910 (range in Argentina); Phillips, Auk, 32, pp. 51-59, 1915 (crit., meas.); Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 80, 1918— Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes; Sanzin, I.e., p. 152, 1918— Mendoza; Reboratti, I.e., p. 194, 1918— Concepcion, Corrientes; Renard, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920— Canuelos, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923 — Puesto Horno and Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 332 — Falkland Islands; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 431, 1926— Argentina (Las Palmas and Resis- 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tencia, Chaco; Santa Fe to Vera, Santa Fe; Formosa; Victorica, Pampa; Potrerillos and Tunuyan, Mendoza), Paraguay (Asuncion), Uruguay, and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 236, 1927— Argentina. Passer domesticus domesticus Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 245, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 246, 1930— Estancia La Germania, Santa Fe (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 96, 1932 (range in Chile). Range.— British Isles1 and Europe generally, excepting Italy, east to Siberia. Introduced into various parts of America, and now widely distributed throughout North America, in parts of Mexico, in the Bermudas, Bahamas (New Providence), Cuba, southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul), Uruguay,2 Paraguay, northern Argentina (south to the Rio Negro and west to Mendoza, the Chaco, and Tucuman), Chile (from Antofagasta south to Malleco), and in the Falkland Islands. 52: Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 3); Massachusetts (Great Island, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 15); Illinois (Highland Park, 1; Ravinia, 1; Chicago, 3; Jackson Park, Chicago, 1; Joliet, 8; Addison, 1; Grand Chain, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 2); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 5); California (San Jose", 1); Bahama Islands (Nassau, 2); Chile (Caldera, Ata- cama, 4); Argentina (Pasto Ventura, Catamarca, 1). Passer montanus montanus (Linnaeus). EUROPEAN TREE SPARROW. Fringilla montana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 183, 1758 — "in Europe"; Sweden accepted as type locality. Passer montanus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 145, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — British Isles, Europe, and northern Siberia; introduced into the United States at St. Louis, Missouri, where it has become acclimatized. Subfamily PLOCEINAE. Weaverbirds Genus PLOCEUS Cuvier3 Ploceus Cuvier, Regne Anim., 1, p. 383, "1817" [=Dec. 7, 1816]— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 42, 1840), Loxia philippina Linnaeus. 1 About the proposed segregation of the British House Sparrow, cf. Stresemann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, pp. 47-49, 1913, and Hartert, Vogel Pal. Fauna, 3, pp. 2066-2067, 1921. 1 If the Uruguayan population really originated in stock imported from Italy, this would be P. d. italiae (Vieillot), but the fact remains in doubt. 3 Satisfactory subdivision of the genus appears to be impracticable. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 3 Textor Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 54, p. [2] of text to Genus Oriolus Linn., Feb. 12, 1825 — type, by monotypy, Oriolus textor Gme\\n=Oriolus cucullatus P. L. S. Muller (cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p. 78, 1921). Hyphantornis Gray, Genera of Birds, 1, Part 1, p. [1] of Ploceinae, May, 1844 — type, by subs, desig. (Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 53, p. 596, 1917), Hyphantornis grandis Gray. Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Muller). BLACK-AND YELLOW-MANTLED WEAVERBIRD. Oriolus cucullatus P. L. S. Muller,1 Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87, 1776— based on "Troupiale male, du Senegal" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 375; Senegal. Hyphantornis cucullatus Richmond, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 72, No. 6, p. 47, fig. 47, 1921— Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929— Port-au-Prince, road to St. Marc, and Artibonite Sloughs, Haiti. Textor cucullatus Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 510, 1928— Miri- goane, Port-au-Prince, Lake SaumStre, Trou Caiman, and Ennery, Haiti. Textor cucullatus cucullatus Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 401, 1926— Haiti (habits, nest); Wetmore, Auk, 50, p. 450, 1933— Barahona, Palo Alto, etc., Dominican Republic. Range. — Introduced from West Africa to the island of His- paniola, Greater Antilles, now acclimatized at various localities in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Subfamily ESTRILDINAE. Bengalies and Wydahs Genus SPERMESTES Swainson Spermestes Swainson, in Jardine, Natur. Libr., Orn., 7 (Bds. W. Africa, 1), p. 201, May, 1837 — type, by monotypy, Spermestes cucullata Swainson. Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus Swainson. HOODED WEAVER-FINCH. Spermestes cucullata Swainson, in Jardine, Natur. Libr., Orn., 7 (Bds. W. Africa, 1), p. 201, May, 1837— no locality indicated = Senegal. Loxia prasipteron Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 104, 1839 — Senegal. Spermestes cucullata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 285, 1907— Porto Rico (monog., full bibliog.). Spermestes cucullatus cucullatus Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 528, 1927 — Porto Rico (habits). Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles (introduced from western Africa). Genus ESTRILDA Swainson Esirilda Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec. 31, p. 349, 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Loxia astrild Linnaeus. 1 Oriolus cuculatus fsic] in the headline, but correctly spelled in margin and index. 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Estrilda melpoda melpoda (Vieillot). SCARLET-CHEEKED WEAVER-FINCH. Fringilla melpoda Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 12, p. 177, 1817— "dans 1'Inde et sur la c6te occidentale de l'Afrique"= Senegal (cf. Neu- mann, Anzeiger Orn. Ges. Bay., 2, No. 4, p. 154, 1932). Estrilda melpoda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 4, p. 286, 1907 (monog., full bibliog.). Estrilda melpoda melpoda Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 530, 1927— Porto Rico (habits). Range. — Western Africa, from Senegambia to Portuguese Guinea. Introduced in Porto Rico,1 Greater Antilles, and common locally in the southwestern portion of the island.2 Family CATAMBLYRHYNCHIDAE. Plush-capped Finches Genus CATAMBLYRHYNCHUS Lafresnaye Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 — type, by mono- typy. Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye. Bustamantia Bonaparte, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (2), 1, p. 397, July, 1844; idem, Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital. Milano, p. 317, 1845— type, by orig. desig., Bustamantia capitaurea Bonaparte. "Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema (Lafresnaye). NORTH- ERN PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH. Catamblyrhynchus diadema Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 301, 1842 — "in Colombia" (type, from Bogota, in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 368, 1930); idem, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, pi. 34, 1843— Bogota, Colombia; Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Bds., 2, p. 385, pi. xciii, 1844 — Bogota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 — Bogota; Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 3, p. 91, 1856 — eastern range of Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer.Bds.,p. 106, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool . Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 507— Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia ; Berlepsch and Taczanowski,l.c., 1884, p.293— Cayandeled and Chaguarpata, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 142, 1888— part, Colombia (Bogota, Medellin, San Sebastian) and Ecuador (Intag, "Sarayacu"); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — "Nanegal," Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473 — "Mindo," Ecuador; M£negaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B74, 1911 — Chorillos, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 554, 1917— Andes west of Popayan, above Salento, and El Eden, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, 1 According to Neumann (I.e., p. 155), Porto Rico birds agree with others from Senegambia. 1 As recorded by Pelzeln (Orn. Bras., 3, p. 232, note 3, 1870), specimens of Hypochera "ultramarina" were shot by Natterer on July 1, 1821, at Sao Chris- tovao, near Rio de Janeiro. These birds, which are still in the Vienna Museum, had no doubt escaped from captivity. They seem to belong to H. funerea nigerrima Sharpe, from Angola. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 5 No. 25, p. 78, 1922— near Mindo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 604, 1926— "Nanegal," "Gualea," Hacienda Garz6n, Baeza, upper Sumaco, and upper Rio Upano, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 628, 1932— Las Palmas and El Portete de Tarqui, Ecuador. Bustamantia capitaurea Bonaparte, Nuov. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bologna, (2), 1, p. 397, July, 1844— Santa Fe" de Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of O. Antinori, Perugia); idem, Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital. Milano, pp. 318, 406, 1845— Santa F<§ de Bogota. Catamblyrhynchus diadema diadema Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 535, 1922— San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia. Range. — Temperate and upper Subtropical zones of Ecuador, Colombia, and western Venezuela, east to the Caracas region.1 3: Colombia ("Bogota," 2); Venezuela (Rio Mucujon, Me"rida, 1). Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolz- mann.2 SOUTHERN PLUSH-CAPPED FINCH. Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 350 — Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 168, 1927). Catamblyrhynchus diadema pallida Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 330, June, 1934 — Porculla Pass, Dept. Lambayeque, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; descr. of young). 1 Birds from western Ecuador and Colombia (all three ranges) agree well together. Two adults from La Cuchilla, MSrida, are not different either, but a third specimen from the same region (Rio Mucujon) has the forehead much lighter and of the same clear lemon yellow as C. d. citrinifrons. A single male from Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, is slightly smaller (wing, 62; tail, 66), and has a few uropygial feathers tipped with light rufous. In every other color character it can be matched by individuals from Colombia. Specimens from eastern Ecuador, whence we have no material, are stated by Chapman to approach citrinifrons in color of forehead. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 1; La Cuchilla, Me"rida, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 5; La Pica, Santander, 2; El Eden, Quindio Andes, 1; Sancudo, Caldas, 1; coast range west of Popayan, 2. — Ecuador: above Nanegal, 3; "Quito," 1. 1 Catamblyrhynchus diadema citrinifrons Berlepsch and Stolzmann : Similar to C. d. diadema, but patch on forecrown paler, lemon yellow to lemon chrome instead of light cadmium to orange yellow, and frontal feathers shorter as well as softer and recumbent rather than erect; under parts lighter rufous. Wing, 69, (female) 66; tail, 73, (female) 70-71; bill, 9^-11. The characters of C. d. pallida, viz., brownish loral spot, sooty occiput, olive grayish back, and small size, are those of the Juvenal plumage, as is plainly shown by similarly colored examples from Colombia. Besides, an adult male from Palambla, Dept. Piura, in the same general region as the type locality, which we have seen in the American Museum of Natural History of New York, does not differ from Junfn examples. An immature female from Incachaca, Bolivia, apparently belongs here too, showing the characteristic pale ventral surface and the light (lemon yellow) frontal patch. Four specimens from Maraynioc, one from Palambla, and one from Incachaca (Prov. Cochabamba), Bolivia, examined. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catamblyrhynchus diadema (not of Lafresnaye) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — Pumamarca and Maraynioc, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 24, 1886— same localities; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 142, 1888— part, Peru. Range. — Temperate and upper Subtropical zones of Peru (Palam- bla, Dept. Piura; Porculla Pass, Dept. Lambayeque; Maraynioc, Huacapistana, and Pumamarca, Dept. Junin; Oconeque, Dept. Puno) and Bolivia (Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba). Family FRINGILLIDAE. Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows, and Buntings Subfamily RICHMONDENINAE. Cardinals and Allies Genus SALTATOR Vieillot1 Saltator Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 32, April, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Grand Tangara, Buffon" = Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miiller. Stelgidostomus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 226, 1898— type, by orig. desig., Saltator maxillosus Cabanis. *Saltator atriceps atriceps (Lesson).2 BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 208, pi. 69, before May, 1832 — Mexico (location of type not stated, but presumably in the Paris Museum). Tanagra gnatho Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Papantla, in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). Arremon giganteus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 117, pub. June 14, 1838 — Guatemala (type in coll. of Col. Velasquez de Leon). Saltator atriceps Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 — Mexico; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851 — Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856 — part, southern Mexico (Papantla, vicinity of Cordoba) and Guatemala (Escuintla) (monog.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 302, 1856— Cordoba, Mexico; idem, I.e., 26, p. 358, 1858 — Comayagua, Honduras; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 58, 1859— Omoa, Honduras; Sclater, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and Playa Vicente (Oaxaca), Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14 — part, Comayagua, Honduras; Taylor, Ibis, I860, p. Ill — near Comayagua; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174 — vicin- ity of Mexico City; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot and temperate regions of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836— Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 19, 1876 — Guichicovi and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Linn. Soc. 1 About anatomy and classification, cf. Clark, Auk, 30, pp. 262-264, 1913. 1 A new race, S. a. flatdcrissus Griscom (Auk, 54, p. 198, April, 1937 — type, from Isguagilife, Guerrero, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.) has lately been discovered in the State of Guerrero, southwestern Mexico. It dif- fers by slightly broader pectoral band, less brownish flanks, and more olive ochra- ceous, less orange crissum. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 7 Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43, 1878— Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., 6, pp. 382, 400, 1883— Sucuya and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Mexico (excl. Yucatan) south to Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 141, 1886— Janhuitlan(?), Oaxaca, and Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, a-d, g-o, r, Mexico (Vera Cruz, Jalapa), Belize, Guatemala (Chisec, Coban, Vera Paz, Retalhuleu, San Diego, San Pedro Martir, El Zapote), and Nicaragua; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 586, 1888— Segovia River, Hon- duras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 491, 1893 — Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 28, 1898— Jalapa, Mexico; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907 — Guatemala (Gualan, Mazatenango, Patulul, Lake Amatitlan) ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912 (range, excl. of Yucatan). Saltator atriceps atriceps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, pp. 661, 674, 1901— Mexico (excl. of Yucatan) to Costa Rica (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 155, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 878, 1910 — El Hogar, Costa Rica (crit.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927 — Presidio and Motzo- rongo, Vera Cruz; Bangs and Peters, I.e., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Almaloya and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 389, 1929 — south of Progreso, Honduras (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 353, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Sepacuite, Secanquim, Hacienda California, Finca El Cipres, San Felipe); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 341, 1932 — San Juancito and Cantarranas, Honduras. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) through Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Guatemala to Nicaragua and eastern Costa Rica.1 15: Mexico (Atoyac, Vera Cniz, 1; unspecified, 1); Guatemala (Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; Gualan, Zacapa, 3; Mazatenango, 1; Patulul, Solola, 3; Lake Amatitlan, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 4). *Saltator atriceps raptor (Cabot).2 YUCATAN BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. 1 Birds from Central America and Costa Rica are, as has been pointed out by Ridgway and Peters, so variously intermediate between the Mexican atriceps (with complete black pectoral band and black auriculars) and lacertosus that no fast line can be drawn between the ranges of the two races. It is entirely a matter of personal preference and depends largely on the material to which a given author has access whether the inhabitants of that area of intermediacy are referred to the one form rather than to the other. 2 Saltator atriceps raptor (Cabot) differs from the nominate race by decidedly paler gray breast and abdomen with very little, if any, olivaceous tinge on the flanks. Though we have no difficulty in separating six Yucatan skins by their paler under parts, this 'form is perhaps a little doubtful since Griscom refuses to admit its distinctness. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pyrrhula raptor Cabot, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, No. 1, p. 90, pi. 12, Jan., 1845 — Yucatan (part, descr. of male; cotypes in coll. of S. Cabot, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Auk, 32, p. 169, 1915, and Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 1930). Saltator alriceps (not of Lesson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Yucatan; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14— part, Yucatan; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 200, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 443 — City of Merida and Izamal, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Yucatan; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, e, f, Yucatan; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912 — part, Yucatan. Saltator alriceps atriceps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 661, 1901 — part, Yucatan; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 142, 1906 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 17, 1926 — Palmul, Yucatan (crit.). Saltator atriceps raptor Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, 1913— Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo (crit.). Range. — Yucatan Peninsula and probably the adjacent parts of British Honduras. 1: Mexico (Yucatan, 1). *Saltator atriceps lacertosus Bangs. PANAMA BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. Saltator lacertosus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 31, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 1930). Saltator atriceps (not of Lesson) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351— Panama Railroad; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868— Pacuare, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 421 — Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 325, 1884 — part, Costa Rica (Pacuare) and Panama (Lion Hill, Obispo, Panama City); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 283, 1886— part, spec, p, q, s-u, Costa Rica and Panama; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Naranjo, Costa Rica. Saltator atriceps lacertosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 663, 1901 — Panama to Costa Rica (Talamanca); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 68, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 878, 1910— Costa Rica (Jimenez, Naranjo, Guayabo, Juan Vinas, El Hogar) ; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Costa Rica (Talamanca) to Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918 — Agua Clara, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 — New Culebra, Panama; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928— Almirante and Chiri- 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 9 quicito, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931 — Almirante and Guabo, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Costa Rica and western Panama east to the Canal Zone.1 5 : Costa Rica (Guayabo, 1 ; Matina, 1 ; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1; Guapiles, 1); Panama (Colon, 1). *Saltator maximus gigantodes Cabanis. BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR. Saltator gigantodes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, Oct., 1851 — Mexico (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt). Saltator magnoides (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Cordoba, Mexico; idem, I.e., 24, p. 302, 1856— Cordoba; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa (Vera Cruz) and Playa Vicente (Oaxaca), Mexico; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, b, Vera Cruz; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot region of Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Mexican references and localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, Jalapa and Vera Cruz, Mexico; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Mexico. Saltator magnoides magnoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 663, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. Saltator magnoides gigantodes Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 467, 1929 — southern Mexico (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, (?)Tabasco, and Oaxaca.2 1: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 1). *Saltator maximus magnoides Lafresnaye. CENTRAL-AMERICAN BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR. Saltator magnoides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 41, 1844 — "Mexico," errore, = Guatemala (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 375, 19303); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, descr. and hab. Coban, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, a, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Guatemala to Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886— part, spec, c-1, Belize, Guatemala (Coban, 1 Six Costa Rican specimens are nearer to S. a. lacertosus, as represented by skins from the Canal Zone and Chiriquf (Boquete). 2 Additional material examined. — Vera Cruz: Jalapa, 5; Cof re de Perote, 2. — Oaxaca: Playa Vicente, 1. — Tabasco: Teapa, 5. 3 Mr. Peters has shown Lafresnaye's type to agree with the form known by the subspecific name medianus, the locality "Mexico" being obviously an error. 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Choctum, Chisec), Honduras (San Pedro), and Costa Rica (Icazu, Turri- alba, Bebedero) ; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles to Bebedero, Costa Rica. Saltator magnoides medianus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 664, 1901 — Guatemala to Costa Rica (no type nor type locality specified);1 Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903— Yaruca, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 281, 1910— Guayabo and Port Limon, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 877, 1910— Costa Rica (habits); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1112, 1912— Guate- mala to Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 35, 1919 — Siquirres, Costa Rica, and San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928 — Almirante and Chiriquicito, Panama. Saltator magnoides magnoides Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Xcopen, Quintana Roo; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, pp. 467, 468, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras (crit., range); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 242, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., 84, p. 341, 1932— Lancetilla, Tela, and Laguna Toloa, Honduras. Saltator maximus magnoides Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931 — Almirante, Guabo, and Crimacola, Panama. Saltator magnus magnoides Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 353, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Chipoc, Chimoxan, Finca Conception, Secan- quim, Finca Sepacuite, La Perla, Barrillos). Range. — Tropical zone of Chiapas (Santa Rita), Campeche (San Felipe), Quintana Roo (Xcopen), British Honduras, Guatemala, Hon- duras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica (except extreme southwestern section), and Caribbean slope of northwestern Panama (Almirante Bay region). 18: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 3); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 8; Peralta, 1; Santa Cruz de Turrialba, 1; Guayabo, 4). *Saltator maximus intermedius Lawrence. PANAMA BUFF- THROATED SALTATOR. Saltator intermedius Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 106— New Granada, Isthmus of Panama (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 176, 1865— David, Chiriqui (crit.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 32, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama (crit.); idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; idem, I.e., 24, p. 311, 1907— Boruca, El Pozo, Barran ca de Terraba, and Barranca de Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 876, 1910— Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, El General, Buenos Aires, Boruca). Saltator magnoides (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 69, 1856— part, Chiriqui; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 351— Panama Rail- 1 Berlepsch (I.e., p. 1112) selected Guatemala as type locality. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 11 road; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 140— Santa F6, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 189 — Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra) and Chiriquf (Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriqui); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 327, 1884 — part, Panama references and localities; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 284, 1886 — part, spec, m-t, Chiriquf, Bugaba, Volcan de Chiriquf, Santa Fe, and Panama; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Lagarto, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899— Colon, Panama. Saltator magnoides inlermedius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 665, 1901— Panama to Chiriquf (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 68, 1902— Boquete, Chiriquf; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 224, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 — Chiriquf to Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918 — Gatun, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 322, 1924 — Gatun, New Culebra, and Gorgona, Panama (nest and eggs descr.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 468, 1929 — southwestern Costa Rica to the Canal Zone (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (TeYraba Valley north to Pozo Azul de Pirris) and western Panama east to the Canal Zone.1 13: Costa Rica (El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 2; Boruca, 2; Buenos Aires, 2; Puerto Jimenez, Gulf of Dulce, 1); Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui, 1; Colon, 4; Boqueron, 1). Saltator maximus iungens Griscom.2 CANA BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR. Saltator maximus iungens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 184, 1929 — Cana, Darien (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Tropical zone of extreme eastern Panama (Cana, Darien). *Saltator maximus maximus (P. L. S. Miiller).3 LESSER BUFF- THROATED SALTATOR. 1 Birds from the Terraba Valley agree with a series from Panama. 2 Saltator maximus iungens Griscom: "Similar to S. m. maximus, but connecting it with S. m. intermedius, being intermediate in size and having the crissum yellower, less fulvous; differing from both of its allies by duller, less yellowish green upper parts. Wing (males), 93-102 mm." (Griscom, I.e.) 3 1 cannot recognize this species in "Le Griverd, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 616, upon which Coracias cayanus Boddaert (Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 38, Dec., 1783), Coracias cayennensis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 381, 1788), and Saltator virescens Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 14, p. 104, 1817) are based. The bird is represented with reddish bill, white throat, and olive green thighs and under tail coverts, characters that do not fit either this or any other member of the genus. We do not understand Mathews and Iredale's remark (Austr. Av. Rec., 3, p. 40, 1915) that "the figure is a splendidly colored and accurate plate of the Cayenne bird," and reject it as unidentifiable, while pi. 205, the basis of Miiller's description, unquestionably refers to the present species. 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 159, 1776— based on "Tangara, des grands bois de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 205; Cayenne. Tanagra major "Brisson" Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 12, 1783— based upon Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 205; Cayenne. Tanagra magna Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 890, 1789 — based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 205, Cayenne; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 525, 1830— Rio Guajindiba, Rio de Janeiro (habits). Saltator olivaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 108, 1817— based on Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 205, Cayenne; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. ZooL, 7, cl. 2, p. 36, 1837 — "Corrientes"=Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Saltator cayana (not Coracias cayanus Boddaert) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 290, 1839— Yuracares, Bolivia. Saltator cayanus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 450, 1921— British Guiana. Saltator magna Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Brazil and Guiana. Saltator magnus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 199, 1856 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, Proc. ZooL Soc. Lond., 24, p. 70, 1856 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Goyabeira), Goyaz (Goyaz, Rio dos Piloens), Barra do Rio Negro [=Manaos] and Rio Icanna, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 539, 1884— Peru (Xe- beros, Yurimaguas, Amable Maria, Huiro, Cosnipata, Huambo, Chiri- moto, Moyobamba); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 285, 1886— Colombia (Minca, Manaure, "Bogota," Remedios), Ecuador (Santa Rita, Sarayacu), Peru (Chamicuros), Bolivia (Tilotilo), British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Roraima), Cayenne, Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz;" Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 9, p. 23, 1902— Venezuela (Maipures, Orinoco; Suapure, La Pricion, and Nicare, Caura); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Saltator maximus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 364, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 370, 1907 — Bahia and Rio Doce, Espirito Santo (range) ; Berlepsch, Nov. ZooL, 15, p. 118, 1908 — Cayenne; idem, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 459, 1914— Para, Benevides, Apehu, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama, Rio Tocantins, Rio Tapajoz, Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Monte Alegre, Obidos, and Maranhao, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 200, 1916— Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 561, 1917— Colombia (Noanama, San Jose, Barbacoas, La Frijolera, Puerto Valdivia, below Andalucia, Buena Vista, Villavicencio, Florencia); idem, I.e., 55, p. 616, 1926 — Ecuador (many localities from the Tropical zone east and west of the Andes) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 502, 1922 — Santa Marta region (crit.). Saltator maximus maximus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., ZooL Ser., 12, p. 290, 1929 — Maranhao (Tury-assu, Rosario, Fazenda Inhuma) and Goyaz (Santo Antonio) (crit.); Zimmer, I.e., 17, p. 463, 1930 — Vista 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 13 Alegre, Huachipa, and Chinchao, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 349, 1930— Tapirapoan and Utiarity, Matto Grosso. Saltator cayanus interjedor Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, Oct., 1921 — Serra da Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in British Museum). Saltator cayanus bolivianus Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, Oct., 1921— Chulumani, Bolivia (type in British Museum). Saltator cayanus santaritensis Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 446, Oct., 1921 — Santa Rita, western Ecuador (type in British Museum). Range. — Tropical zone of South America, from Colombia (includ- ing Santa Marta region), Venezuela, and the Guianas south to Rio de Janeiro,1 Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Paraguay (Puerto Bertoni); in the Andean countries south to western Ecuador, and east of the Andes to southeastern Peru anol northeastern Bolivia (Chulumani, Tilotilo, etc., Dept. La Paz; Yuracares, Dept. El Beni).2 29: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 1); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1; Orope, Zulia, 1); Colombia (Tucurinca, Santa Marta, 1; Monteria, Bolivar, 1; Cauca, 1; "Bogota," 2); Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 2); Peru (Moyobamba, 4; Rioja, 1; Vista Alegre, 5; Huachipa, 1; Chinchao, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Rosario, Maranhao, 1 ; Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1 ; Cha- pada, Matto Grosso, 2; Santo Antonio, Goyaz, 1; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1). *Saltator atripennis atripennis Sclater. BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR. Saltator atripennis Sclater, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, p. 261, 1856— Popayan, Colombia (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 25, 1899); Sclaterand Salvin, Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond.,1879, p.505— Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 286, 1886— part, spec, d-f, Colombia (Medellin, Antioquia); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1120— Pueblo Rico, western Andes of Colombia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 — part, Medellin, Colombia. Saltator atripennis atripennis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 562, 1917 — western and central Andes of Colombia (La Frijolera, San Antonio, west of Popayan, Cocal, Ricaurte, Barbacoas, Miraflores, and Salento). 1 Not yet taken either in Sao Paulo or Minas Geraes, Berlepsch's records (1912, p. 1113) from the first-named state being erroneous. 2 Study of more than two hundred specimens from the whole range, including topotypes of the three races discriminated by the late Charles Chubb, fails to reveal any racial variation worthy of recognition in nomenclature. Birds from Matto Grosso (interjector) and other parts of Brazil appear to me indistinguishable from a Guianan series, and nineteen skins from western Ecuador (santaritensis) I am likewise unable to separate. Birds from Bolivia (bolivianus) and Peru possibly average slightly larger, but this divergency is so completely bridged by individual variation that it would serve no practical purpose to maintain a western form. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of the western and central Andes (west slope) of Colombia, and of extreme north- western Ecuador.1 2: Colombia (San Antonio, Cauca, 2). Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman.2 GRAY-CROWNED BLACK- WINGED SALTATOR. Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 182, March, 1914 — Fusugasuga, eastern Andes of Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 562, 1917 — eastern Andes of Colombia (Fusugasuga, Aguadita, Anolaima, Panama, Muzo) and Ecuador (Gualea); idem, I.e., 55, p. 617, 1926— Bucay, Huigra, Gualea, and La Chonta, Ecuador. Saltator atripennis (notof Sclater, 1856) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,27, p. 138, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 85, 1860— Nanegal, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— Pallatanga; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 548— Chimbo, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 286, 1886— part, spec, a-c, g, Pallatanga, Nanegal, and "Quito," Ecuador, and "Bogota," Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 472 — Gualea, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912 — part, "Bogota" and western Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922— road to Gualea, Ecuador. Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador and of the eastern Andes of Colombia. *Saltator similis similis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. ALLIED SALTATOR. Saltator similis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 36, 1837— Corrientes, Argentina (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 290, pi. 28, fig. 2, 1839— Rincon de Luna, southern Corrientes; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Corrientes; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 143, 1851— Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool.Soc.Lond.,24, p. 71, 1856 — part, Brazil (monog.) ; idem, Cat. Coll. 1 Five specimens from the western Andes of Colombia (Pueblo Rico; San Antonio; west of Popayan) examined. Birds from Narino (Barbacoas, Ricaurte) are stated by Chapman to form the transition to S. a. canipennis. An adult male from San Javier (alt. 60 ft.), Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador, combines the black pileum and mainly blackish inner tertials of atripennis with the large bill and pale crissum of caniceps, whereas an immature female from the same locality closely approaches the latter in coloration. 2 Saltator atripennis caniceps Chapman : Similar to S. a. atripennis, but with larger, heavier bill; pileum extensively gray medially, only the forehead and lateral portions mottled with black; exposed parts of tertials frequently wholly olive- green; under tail coverts paler, less cinnamomeous. Dr. Chapman has already called attention to the anomaly in distribution of the two races of the Black-winged Saltator. In fact, I am unable to see any essential difference between four specimens from Gualea, western Ecuador, and a single "Bogota" skin. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 15 Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870— part, Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Porto do Rio Parana, Faz. Antonio Dias), and Goyaz (Goyaz City); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 419 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas), Sao Paulo (Araras, Capitao Mor), and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo); Pelzeln, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874— Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 287, 1886— part, spec, a-c, f-h, Bahia, Minas Geraes (Santa Fe), and Sao Paulo, Brazil; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 41, 1888— Rincon de Luna, Corrientes; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 365, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso (plumages; eggs descr.); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125— lower Pilcomayo, Paraguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895 — Colonia Risso, Paraguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 156, 1899 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Rio Grande, Ribeirao Pires); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900 — Nova Friburgo and Cantagallo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 370, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Cachoeira, Iguape, Itarare, Avanhandava, Bebedouro) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre) ; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 31, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (crit.); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 173, 1909— Posadas, Misiones, and Ocampo, Santa Fe"; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 380, 1910— Ocampo (Chaco), Misiones, and Corrientes; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 95— Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch) and Matto Grosso (Pao d'Agucar); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1113, 1912— Bahia to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, Argentina; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Para- guay; Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios (breeding). Tanagra superciliaris (not of Spix) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 518, 1830 — Campo Geral of Brazil = boundary of Bahia and Minas Geraes (cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 221, 1889). Saltator superciliaris Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1856 — Minas Geraes to Bahia and Paraguay; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 597— Santo Tome", Corrientes. Saltator similis pallidiveniris Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 121, 1885— Bahia, Brazil (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined). Saltator similis similis Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 12, p. 133, 1915 — Victoria, Espirito Santo (crit.) ; idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 8, 1925 — Corrientes (note on type, range) ; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 395, 1926— Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas) and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) ; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 316, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 238, 1930 — San Jose", Chiquitos, Bolivia; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 350, 1930— Matto Grosso. Saltator maximus (not Tanagra maxima P. L. S. Miiller) Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 266, 1902— Iguape", Sao Paulo. Saltator [sic] pallidiventris Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— "Porto Real," Brazil. 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Brazil, from Bahia south to Sao Paulo, west through Minas Geraes and Goyaz to Matto Grosso and the adjacent parts of Bolivia (San Jose", Chiquitos); Paraguay; northeastern Argentina, in territories of Formosa and Chaco, and in provinces of Santa FC", Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Misiones.1 16: Brazil (Macaco Secco, Bahia, 3; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 2; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 1; Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 5; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, 1). Saltator similis ochraceiventris Berlepsch.2 OCHRACEOUS- BELLIED SALTATOR. Saltator similis ochraceiventris Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1114, Feb., 1912— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined). Saltator similis (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870 — part, Curytiba, Parana; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 121, 1885 — Taquara and Arroyo Grande, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 287, 1886— part, spec, d, e, "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 370, 1907— part, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catharina. Range. — Brazil, from Parana to Rio Grande do Sul. *Saltator coerulescens grandis (Lichtenstein).3 LICHTENSTEIN'S SALTATOR. 1 The type of S. s. pallidiventris and specimens from Minas Geraes, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso, in coloration of the under parts are inseparable from an Argen- tine series (typical similis); an adult male from the Arroyo Verde, near En- carnacion, Paraguay, is also typical of this form. Birds from Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, as a rule are slightly darker buffy underneath, though various individuals agree with those of more northern origin. While some- what intermediate to ochraceiventris, they are much nearer to the typical race. Additional material examined. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1 (the type); Ocampo, Santa Fe, 2; Posadas, Misiones, 1. — Paraguay: Arroyo Verde, Encarnacion, 1. — Brazil: Bahia, 3; Campanha, Minas Geraes, 1; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 3; Matto Grande, Goyaz, 1; Goyaz City, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 3; Victoria, Espirito Santo, 2; Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Antonio Dias, Sao Paulo, 1; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 1; Itatiba, Sao Paulo, 2. 2 Saltator similis ochraceiventris Berlepsch : Similar to S. s. similis, but under parts much deeper, more ochraceous, especially on abdomen and crissum. Specimens from Santa Catharina resemble those from Rio Grande do Sul, while one from Parana stands between the two races, rather nearer ochraceiventris. Material examined. — Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara do Mundo Novo, 4; Arroyo Grande, 1. — Santa Catharina: Laguna, 2. — Parana: Curytiba, 1. 1 The differences between the grandis group and the South American S. coeru- lescens and allies being merely of quantitative nature, I do not see any reason for keeping them specifically distinct. Saltator icteropyga Du Bus (Esq. Orn., livr. 3, pi. 13, 1847) from "Mexico" appears to have been based upon an artifact, composed of the body of S. grandis 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 17 Tanagra grandis Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Jalapa, in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 57, 1863 (reprint). Saltator grandis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 72, 1856— southern Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba, vicinity of Cordoba) and Guatemala (monog.); idem, I.e., 25, p. 205, 1857— C6rdoba; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 58, 1859— Omoa, Honduras; Sclater, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862 —Orizaba, Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869— hot and temperate region of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836— San Pedro, Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 19, 1876— Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 328, 1884— part, Mexico (Tepitongo, Villa Maria, Vera Cruz, Cordoba, Jalapa, Playa Vicente, Santa Efigenia, Tonala) and Honduras (San Pedro, Omoa); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 288, 1886— part, spec, a-g, m, n, Mexico (Orizaba; Tonala, Chiapas) and Honduras (San Pedro); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 141, 1886— Jalapa, Mexico; Ridgway, I.e., 10, p. 586, 1887— Segovia River, Honduras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 491, 1893 — Bluefields, San Carlos and Rio Escon- dido, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 28, 1898 — Jalapa, Mexico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 666, 1901— part, south- eastern Mexico (excl. of Yucatan), Honduras, and Nicaragua; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 875, 1910— part, Carrillo and (?)Juan Vinas, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1114, 1912— part, Mexico, Honduras (San Pedro, Omoa), and Nicaragua (Rio Escon- dido); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presi- dio, Vera Cruz; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932— Honduras (Omoa, San Pedro). Saltator icterophrys Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 41, 1844 — Mexico (descr. of young; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 376, 1930) ; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 490, 1850— Villa Maria, Mexico. Saltator grandis grandis Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 354, 1931 — Finca Chama and La Primavera, Guatemala; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 24, 1931— Atlantic slope of Mexico to Costa Rica. Saltator nigrigenis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 72, 1856 — substitute name for Tanagra grandis Lichtenstein. Range. — Tropical zone of the Atlantic slope of southeastern Mexico (from southern Tamaulipas southwards, exclusive of the Yucatan Peninsula), British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nica- ragua, and Costa Rica (Carrillo).1 and the tail of Ptilogonys dnereus, as intimated by Lafresnaye (cf. Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 490, 1850), though Hartlaub (Journ. Orn., 2, p. 255, 1854) strongly opposed this view. Cf. also Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 70, 1856. 1 No material is available from eastern Costa Rica. Griscom refers five specimens to grandis, but van Rossem states that the single bird seen by him 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 4: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1; Jalapa, Vera Cruz, 1; unspecified, 1); Costa Rica (Orosi, 1). *Saltator coerulescens yucatanensis Berlepsch.1 BERLEPSCH'S SALTATOR. Saltator grandis yucatanensis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1114, 1146, 1912— Me>ida, Yucatan, Mexico (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 24, 1931— Yucatan Peninsula. Saltator grandis (not Tanagra grandis Lichtenstein) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 200, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1883,p.443 — Merida; Salvin and Godman,Biol.Centr.-Amer.,Aves, 1, p. 328, 1884— part, Merida, Yucatan; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 288, 1886 — part, spec, i, j, northern Yucatan; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209— Tuncas, Sitilpech, and Ticul, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 666, 1901— part, Yucatan; (?)Gris- com, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 17, 1926— Chunyaxche, Yucatan. (?) Saltator grandis grandis Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1911 — Xcopen, Quin- tana Roo. Range. — Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. 1: Mexico (Me"rida, Yucatan, 1). *Saltator coerulescens vigorsii G. R. Gray. VIGORS'S SALTATOR. Saltator rufiventris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, 1837) Vigors, Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 19, 1839— no locality indicated (the type, which has disappeared, doubtless came from one of the ports on the west coast of Mexico, Acapulco, San Bias, or Mazatlan).2 Saltator vigorsii G. R. Gray (and Mitchell), Genera of Bds., 2, p. 363, 1844 — new name for Saltator rufiventris Vigors. Saltator plumbiceps (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 477, May, 1867 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 274, 1874— Mazatlan, Tepic, and plains of Colima, Mexico (nest and eggs descr.) ; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 — Limoncito, Sinaloa; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 668, 1901— western Mexico (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa and Juanna (from the Atlantic drainage of the Continental Divide near Cartago) is exactly intermediate between grandis and brevicaudus. The Orosi bird listed here has not been examined by the author. 1 Saltator coerulescens yucatanensis Berlepsch: Nearest to S. c. grandis, but underneath decidedly paler; the breast much lighter gray passing into buffy white posteriorly; flanks and lower tail coverts buffy rather than ochraceous. Size about the same. Nine specimens, all from the northern parts of Yucatan Peninsula, examined. 2 Cf. van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 23, 1931, with whose con- clusions regarding the applicability of Vigors's description we thoroughly agree. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 19 Gomez River, Sinaloa; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 390, 1906 — Tepic; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 17, p. 46, 1927— San Bias, Nayarit. Saltator francescae (Grayson MS.) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 274 (in text), 1874— Mazatlan and Tepic (descr. of young). Saltator plumbeiceps Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 329, 1884 — Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio), Colima, and Oaxaca (Putla); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 289, 1886— Mazatlan, Presidio, and Putla; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— western Mexico, from Sinaloa to Oaxaca. Saltator grandis vigorsii van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 24, 1931 — western Mexico (Sinaloa to Oaxaca); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 415, 1934 — Coyuca, Guerrero. Range. — Tropical zone of western Mexico, from Sinaloa (Mazat- lan, Presidio, Limoncito, Escuinapa, Juanna Gomez River) through Durango (Chacala), Jalisco (San Sebastian), Colima (Colima), Guerrero (Coyuca), and Nayarit (Tepic, San Bias) to Oaxaca (Putla).1 6: Mexico (Colima, 6). *Saltator coerulescens hesperis Griscom.2 WESTERN SALTATOR. Saltator grandis hesperis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 8, Dec. 15, 1930 — San Jose, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 354, 1932— Pacific Guatemala (San Lucas, Panajachel, Lake Amatit- lan, Antigua, San Felipe, Hacienda California, Finca El Cipres, Finca El Espino, Ocos, San Jos£); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 24, 1931— Pacific slope of Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua. Saltator grandis (not Tanagra grandis Lichtenstein) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14 — Duenas, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 328, 1884 — part, Guatemala (Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Savanna Grande, Duenas) ; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 382, 1883— Sucuya, Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 288, 1886— part, spec, k, 1, t, Guatemala (Duenas) and Nicaragua; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Naranjo, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 666, 1901— part, west Guatemalan and Nicaraguan refer- ences; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907— San 1 Van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 124, July 13, 1938) has lately sub- divided this race, restricting S. c. vigorsii to Sinaloa and Nayarit, with Mazatlan as type locality, and separating as S. grandis richardsoni the inhabitants of south- western Mexico (from Jalisco to Guerrero and Oaxaca). 2 Saltator coerulescens hesperis Griscom: Similar to S. c. grandis, but on average larger and of darker coloration; under parts with the dusky area on chest and breast darker as well as more extensive, and the buffy abdominal zone correspond- ingly more restricted; whitish gular patch smaller; dorsal surface slightly more slaty; white superciliary streak narrower and less protracted posteriorly. Wing (male), 102-109. Specimens from western Nicaragua (Managua and Rivas) agree with a Guatemalan series. Nineteen skins examined. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Jos6, Lake Amatitlan, and Patulul, Guatemala; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1114, 1912 — part, Guatemala (Duenas, Retalhuleu) and Nicaragua (Sucuya). Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. 17: Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 1; Patulul, Solola, 3; San Jose", Escuintla, 3); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 10). Saltator coerulescens brevicaudus van Rossem.1 SHORT-TAILED SALTATOR. Saltator grandis brevicaudus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 22, Oct. 6, 1931 — Aranjuez, Puntarenas, Costa Rica (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Saltator grandis (not Tanagra grandis Lichtenstein) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 416, 1860; idem, I.e., 9, p. 1, 1861— Costa Rica (crit.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868— San Jose" and Cartago, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869 — highlands of Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 328, 1884 — part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Cartago, Tempate); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 288, 1886 — part, spec, o-s, Costa Rica (Irazu, San Jose, Tempate, Cartago); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Costa Rica (Alajue'la, Cartago, San Jose); Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 27, 1892— San Jose, Costa Rica (habits, nest, eggs, and young); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 667, 1901— part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Tempate); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 875, 1910— part, Costa Rica (Alajuela, San Jose, Coralillo, Tierra Blanca); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1114, 1912— part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Irazu, Cartago). Range. — Pacific slope of Costa Rica, ranging from Guanacaste to Puntarenas. *Saltator coerulescens plumbeus Bonaparte.2 PLUMBEOUS SALTATOR. 1 Saltator coerulescens brevicaudus van Rossem: Very similar to S. c. hesperis, but smaller, with proportionately as well as actually much shorter tail, and upper parts slightly darker, more plumbeous, with less olivaceous tinge on rump and tail coverts. Wing, 98-102, (female) 95-99; tail, 92-96, (female) 90, 91. Five specimens from San Isidro de Coronado (near San Jose) are undoubtedly referable to brevicaudus, though two (of the males) have the wing and tail a few millimeters longer than in (two) birds from Nicoya. A single female (with remains of immaturity) from Tres Rios (near Cartago) cannot be separated either, its dimensions (wing, 92; tail, 90) falling within the variation of brevicaudus. It would thus seem that the short-tailed race ranges up to the central highlands of Costa Rica, and that grandis is found only on the Caribbean slope of the Continental Divide. 'Saltator coerulescens plumbeus Bonaparte: Similar to S. c. olivascens, of the Guianas, but upper parts and sides of the head decidedly paler olive gray; the white superciliaries much reduced or even obsolete; the throat whiter, less buffy; the blackish maxillary stripe less developed; the flanks and under tail coverts paler buffy. Wing, 96-102; tail, 89-93. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bonda, 3; Santa Marta, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 21 Saltator plumbeus Bonaparte, Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, No. 25, p. 923, Dec., 1853— "Sainte Marthe, en Colombie" (location of type not stated); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 23, 1854 (reprint). Saltator olivascens (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 71, 1856 —part, Santa Marta;1 idem, I.e., 25, p. 19, 1857— "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, b, "Bogota"; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327— Santa Marta; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 121— Santa Marta; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 289, 1886— part, spec, h-1, Colombia (Santa Marta, "Bogota"); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— part, Colombia (Santa Marta, "Bogota"); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 562, 1917 — La Playa, Calamar, and Algodonal, Magdalena River, and Sinu River, Bolivar, Colombia. Saltator olivaceus (lapsu) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 167, 1900— Bonda and Santa Marta; idem, I.e., 21, p. 291, 1905— Bonda (nest and eggs descr.). Saltator mutus(l) (not of Sclater) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140 — Mount Popa, near Cartagena, Colombia. Saltator olivascens plumbeus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 91, 1918 — Santa Marta (diag.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 503, 1922 — Santa Marta, Cautilito, Bonda, Cienaga, Tucu- rinca, Fundacion, Mamatoco, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, and La Tigrera, Colom- bia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931 — Rio Frio and Santa Marta. Range. — Tropical zone of northern Colombia, from the Sinu River, Bolivar, east to the lower Magdalena and north to the Santa Marta region. 2: Colombia (Tucurinca, Magdalena, 1; Fundaci6n, Magda- lena, 1). *Saltator coerulescens brewsteri Bangs and Penard.2 BREWSTER'S SALTATOR. 1 Sclater's statement that Bonaparte's type is in his collection must be a mistake, no Santa Marta specimen being listed either in the "Catalogue of the Collection of American Birds belonging to P. L. Sclater" or in the British Museum Catalogue. It is not in the Paris Museum either, as I have recently ascertained. 2 Saltator coerulescens brewsteri Bangs and Penard: Exceedingly similar to S. c. plumbeus, but with the white superciliaries much more developed and extended forward to the base of the culmen. Birds from Trinidad, when compared to olivascens of the Guianas, have paler olive gray upper parts and sides of the head, and the white superciliaries are more conspicuous, particularly above the loral region. The under tail coverts are variable in tone, in most cases about as dark as in olivascens, but sometimes very nearly as pale as in plumbeus. The inhabitants of Venezuela, while somewhat intermediate, appear to me referable to brewsteri rather than to olivascens. Birds from the Cumana region, at all events, are exceedingly close to those of Trinidad. In the coloration of the upper and under parts they are identical with the island birds, and the only divergency I can find is the narrower superciliary streak, which is, however, always more pronounced than in Guianan specimens. The few adults available from the Orinoco Valley have the superciliaries, especially in 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saltator olivascens brewsteri Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 91, April, 1918 — Caparo, Trinidad (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 376, 1930). Saltator olivascens (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 24, p. 71, 1856 — part, Venezuela (Cumana) and Trinidad; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 95, 1862— part, spec, a, c, Trinidad and Venezuela; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Chacachacare and Monos Islands, near Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Carupano, Venezuela; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 289, 1886— part, spec, a-g, Trinidad and Venezuela (Carupano); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 32, 1894— Princes- town, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumana and Cumanacoa, Venezuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 176, 1901 — San Julian, near La Guaira, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 23, 1902 — Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 18, 1906 — Caparo, Valencia, and Seelet, Trinidad; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 359, 1908— Pointe Gourde and Carenage, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— part, Trinidad and Vene- zuela; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 209, 1913— Guinipa Village and La Pedrita (Rio Urocoa), Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 200, 1916— Orinoco Valley from the delta region to the mouth of the Rio Meta. Saltator olivaceus (lapsu) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 52, 1892— El Pilar, Venezuela. Saltator icterophrys (not of Lafresnaye) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 285, 1866— Trinidad. Saltator coerulescens brewsteri Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Range. — Island of Trinidad, including Monos and Chacachacare Islands, and Venezuela (from the north coast south to the Orinoco Valley). 22: Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 8; Catatumbo River, Zulia, 3; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 5; Cocollar, Sucre, 2). *Saltator coerulescens olivascens Cabanis. OLIVASCENT SALTATOR. Saltator olivascens Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 676, pub. early in 1849— British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av.,1, (2), p. 490, 1850— Guiana; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 71, 1856 — part, Cayenne and British Guiana; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870 — Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined ;= young); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213— "Roraima" (ex Schomburgk); Sclater, Cat. front of the eye, just as wide as in the average from Trinidad, so that for the present I cannot but call them brewsteri. Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 8; Carenage, 1; Icacos, 1. — Venezuela: Carupano, 3; Cumana, 5; Yacua, Paria Peninsula, 1; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 3; Altagracia, Orinoco, 2; Caicara, Orinoco, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 23 Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 289, 1886— part, Guiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 462, 1910 — Surinam (eggs descr.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— part, British Guiana ("Roraima"), Suri- nam, and Cayenne; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 452, 1921— upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bonasika River, Abary River, and "Roraima." SaUator plumbeus (not of Bonaparte) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1870— Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined). SaUator olivascens olivascens Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 91, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Lelydorp, Surinam. (T)Saltator coerulescens (not of Vieillot) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 676, 1849— British Guiana; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (ex Cabanis). Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the adjacent districts of extreme northern Brazil (upper Rio Branco).1 3: British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 1). Saltator coerulescens mutus Sclater.2 SCLATER'S SALTATOR. SaUator mutus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 72, 1856 — "North Brazil, Lower Amazon, island of Mexiana" (type, from Mexiana, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in the British Museum, examined3) ; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862 — Mexiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 572 — Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 523, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins. Saltator superciliaris (not Tanagra superciliaris Spix) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851— part, northern Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 291, 1886— part, spec, a-c, Mexiana; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 161— Amapa, northern Para (spec, examined); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907 — Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907 — Para, Rio Moju, Mexiana, Marajo, and Amapa. 1 Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Dutch Guiana: vicinity of Paramaribo, 3. — British Guiana: Demerara, 3. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 3. 2 SaUator coerulescens mutus Sclater: Similar to S. c. azarae in plumbeous upper parts and clear gray breast, but distinguished by much paler, buffy instead of ochraceous under tail coverts. Wing, (male) 103-108, (female) 96-100; tail, 92-99, (female) 86-93. The much paler under tail coverts serve to distinguish mutus from its upper Amazonian ally without difficulty. Besides, the pileum and back are, as a rule, of a slightly paler plumbeous tone, occasionally shaded with olivaceous on the rump, and the breast is on average rather lighter gray. From S. c. olivascens, the present form may be separated at a glance by the much darker, plumbeous instead of light olive gray dorsal surface; pure white, not buffy throat; clear gray breast without any buffy suffusion, etc. A single adult from Amapa, in northern Para, is perfectly identical with others from the estuary of the Amazon. Material examined. — Brazil, Para: Amapa, 1; Mexiana Island, 7; Camolins, Marajo, 1; Tuyuyu, Marajo, 1; "Para," 1. 8 Although the type is credited to the Berlin Museum, Sclater expressly states that his description was based on "one of the specimens collected by Mr. Wallace in the neighborhood of Para" [ = Mexiana], which thus becomes the type. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saltator coerulescens mutus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 371, 1907— San- tar6m, Rio Tapaj6z; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 103, 119, 1912— Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana (crit.); idem, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 6, 1925 (range); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928— Para. Saltator azarae mutus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1116, 1912 — lower Amazon (Para, Mexiana, Amapa); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 460, 1914— Para, Rio Moju, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Marajo (Sao Natal, Pindobal), Mexiana, Amapa, Arumanduba, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil. (l)Saltator azarae matus [sic] Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao (one young bird). Range. — Northern Brazil, on the banks of the lower Amazon, from the vicinity of Para west to the Rio Tapajoz and Rio Jamunda, north to Amapa in northern Para. *Saltator coerulescens azarae d'Orbigny. AZARA'S SALTATOR. Saltator azarae d'Orbigny, Voyage Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 287, 1839— part, descr. of male and hab. Moxos, Bolivia (type, from Moxos, in Paris Museum examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 490, 1850— Bolivia (excl. of Santa Cruz); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 73, 1856— part, Moxos, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 26, p. 72, 1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862 — Rio Napo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 — Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 219, 1870 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira (spec, examined) ; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 540, 1884 — Ucayali and Cosnipata, Peru; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 11, 1908— Rio Purus, Brazil; Ber- lepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— Upper Amazonia, from Colombia ("Bogota") to northern Bolivia and western Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 460, 1914— Rio Purus. Saltator coerulescens (not of Vieillot) Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 209, 1846 — "coast region" of Peru, errore; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 16— Yurimaguas, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 544, 1884— Peru ("coast region" [ex Tschudi], Yurimaguas, Lamas). Saltator superciliaris (not Tanagra superciliaris Spix) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851— part, Peru (ex Tschudi); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 263— Peru (Nauta, upper Ucayali, Pebas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 291, 1886— part, spec, d-n, Peru (upper Ucayali, lower Ucayali, Pebas, Cosnipata), Ecuador (Rio Napo, Sarayacu, "Jima"), and Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889— Falls of the Madeira, Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 298, 1889 — Tarapoto, Rio Huallaga, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 348 — La Merced, Peru; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 21, 1899— Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 472— Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil (spec, examined). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 25 Saltalor caerulescens azarae Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 371, 1907 — Rio Jurua (range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 563, 1917— eastern Colombia (Florencia, Villavicencio, Buena Vista); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 110, 1921— Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 617, 1926— below San Jose, Ecuador. Saltator coerulescens azarae Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 279, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 32, pp. 5, 6, 1925 — Moxos, Bolivia (note on type; range); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 464, 1930— Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, Peru. Range. — Upper Amazonia, from the eastern base of the eastern Andes of Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and Peru to northeastern Bolivia (Falls of the Rio Madeira and Moxos, Dept. El Beni) and western Brazil, east to the Rio Madeira.1 7: Peru (Moyobamba, 5; Lagunas, 1; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo Valley, 1). Saltator coerulescens superciliaris (Spix).2 SPIX'S SALTATOR. Tanagra superciliaris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 44, pi. 57, 1825 — "in campis fl. St. Francisci prope pagum Joazeiro," Bahia, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined); Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 677, 1906 (crit.). Saltator caerulescens (not of Vieillot) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 371, 1907— part, Bahia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912— part, Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia. Saltator superciliaris caerulescens Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910 — Bahia (Joazeiro; Fazenda Pedre Gulhu, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Parnagua and Lagda Missao) (spec, examined). Saltator caerulescens superciliaris Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 183, 1925— same localities. 1 Birds from Brazil agree well with others from Ecuador and Peru. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: Coca, Rio Napo, l;,Sarayacu, 1; Jima, 1.— Peru: Iquitos, 1; Samiria, 1; Rio Ucayali, 2; Pebas, 2; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 3.— Brazil: Rio Jurua, 1; Calama, Rio Madeira. 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1.— Bolivia: Moxos, 3; unspecified, 2. 2 Saltator coerulescens superciliaris (Spix), though synonymized with S. e. coerulescens in my account of Spix's types, is a recognizable form standing some- what between coerulescens, of Paraguay and Matto Grosso, and mutus, of Lower Amazonia, as the study of a small series secured by Otmar Reiser at the type locality and in southern Piauhy tends to show. From coerulescens it differs by reason of smaller size (wing of adult females, 98-100, against 104-110; tail, 86-92, against 97-107); less olivaceous upper parts; slate gray (instead of olive-gray) sides of the head; pure white (not buffy) throat; pale gray (instead of olive grayish to buffy gray) breast, and much less extensive as well as paler buffy abdominal area. It is even nearer to, and closely resembles, S. o. mutus underneath, but may be distinguished by paler grayish foreneck and breast, while the upper parts are markedly lighter, slate gray rather than plumbeous, with a slight tinge of olive on rump and tail coverts. Material examined. — Brazil: Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, 2; Fazenda Pedre Gulhu, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Parnagua, Piauhy, 1; Lagda Missao, near Parnagua, Piauhy, 1. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saltator coerulescens superciliaris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 6, 1925 — eastern Brazil (crit.); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 291, 1929 — interior of Bahia and Piauhy (crit.). Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in states of Bahia (Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco; Rio Grande) and Piauhy (Parnagua; Lagoa Missao). *Saltator coerulescens coerulescens Vieillot. GRAYISH SALTATOR. Saltator coerulescens1 Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 105, 1817 — based on "Habia ceja blanca" Azara, No. 81, Paraguay; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 35, 1837— Corrientes, Argentina, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 287, 1839— Corrientes; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 73, 1856 — Paraguay and Corrientes (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862 — Bolivia; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 201, 1856— "in the south of Brazil, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul to Sao Paulo and westwards to the Cor- dilleras;"2 idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860— "Mendoza"3 and Parana (Entre Rios) ; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 480, 1861— near Parana (descr. of young); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 59 — Baradero, northern Buenos Aires; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 603— Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 353 — Salta; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 597— Oran, Salta; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 290, 1886 — Argentina (Oran, Salta); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 42, 1888 — Argentina (near Baradero, Oran, and Salta); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125 — near Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 7, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900— Caran- dasinho and Urucum, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223 — Villa Con- cepcion and Paraguayan Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902— Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904— Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 42, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 371, 1907— part, Matto Grosso, Paraguay, and Argentina; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 94 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Matto Grosso (Coimbra), and Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch) ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1115, 1912 — part, Matto Grosso, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina; Ber- toni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Paraguay; Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 255, 1924— Tucuman (habits, nest, and eggs); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 657, 1924— Baradero, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— Pueblo Brugo, Entre Rios; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 147, 1928— Santa Elena (eggs descr.) Tanagra decumana Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 31, 1823 — part, ex Azara, No. 81, Paraguay. 1 Frequently spelt caerulescens. 1 The Brazilian range as given by Burmeister is purely imaginary. 8 Obviously a mistake, since the locality is not mentioned in the "Reise durch die La Plata Staaten." 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 27 Saltator azarae d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Me"rid., Ois., p. 287, 1839 — part, "female," Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Saltator fulviventris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 41, June, 1864 — Paraguay (descr. of young; type in U. S. National Museum examined); Berlepsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 564, 1888 (crit.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 7, 1897 — San Lorenzo, Jujuy (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1115, 1146, 1912 — Paraguay and Jujuy (San Lorenzo); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 356, 1914— Para- guay and Jujuy (San Lorenzo). Saltator coerulescens coerulescens Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 677, 1906 — part, Paraguay (Bernalcue) and Matto Grosso; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 173, 1909— Santa Fe" (Ocampo, Mocovi) and Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 381, 1910 (range in Argentina); M6negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 5, p. 85, 1917— Pocone" and Caceres, Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, pp. 5, 6, 1925— Corrientes and Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra) (crit., range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 396, 1926— Las Palmas, Chaco; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 228, 1927— Concepci6n (Tucuman) and Bovril Islands (Entre Rios); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 351, 1930— Matto Grosso (Descalvados, Agua Blanca de Corumba, Rio Sao Lourenco, Fazenda do Sao Joao, Rio Cuyaba); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 239, 1930— Formosa (Lapango, Tacaagle", Tapikiole) and Bolivia (La Cre- cencia, Santa Cruz); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 396, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Eastern Bolivia (in depts. of Santa Cruz and Tarija); southwestern Brazil (in State of Matto Grosso); Paraguay; north- eastern Argentina, from Jujuy and Formosa south to Santa Pe", Entre Rios, and extreme northern Buenos Aires (Baradero).1 26: Brazil (-Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 1); Argentina (Con- cepci6n, Tucuman, 22; Tucuman, Prov. Tucuman, 2); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Saltator orenocensis orenocensis Lafresnaye. ORINOCAN SALTATOR. Saltator orenocensis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 9, p. 274, 1846 — 'Tembouchure de rOre"noque," Venezuela (cotypes in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in 1 Birds from eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Matto Grosso, and Argentina agree with topotypical Paraguayan specimens. In fresh plumage, the under parts are strongly suffused with ochraceous, particularly on throat and belly, while worn individuals, through abrasion of the apical portions of the feathers, become almost grayish on the breast and superficially resemble S. c. super ciliaris. Young birds with olive green dorsal surface and yellow superciliaries have been described as S. fulviventris. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: island near Villa Conception, 3; Bernalcue1, near Asunci6n, 2; unspecified, 1. — Bolivia: La Crecencia, Santa Cruz, 1; Santa Cruz, 1.— Brazil: Matto Grosso: Cuyaba, 6; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 376, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 490, 1850 — "Columbia" (ex Lafresnaye); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 143, 1851 — Venezuela; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 77, 1856 — Angos- tura, Orinoco, and "Trinidad" ; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 1 1, p. 291, 1886— Angostura, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 23, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1902 — Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, and Caicara, Orinoco Valley, and San Felix [Bermudez], Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1116, 1912 — Orinoco Valley; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 202 (in text), 1912— San Felix, lower Orinoco; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 200, 1916— along the Orinoco from the delta region (Las Barrancas) to Urbana, mouth of the Apure River, Venezuela (nest and eggs descr.). Range. — Venezuela, in the valley of the Orinoco from the delta region to the mouth of the Apure River, extending in the northeast to Monagas (San Felix).1 *Saltator orenocensis rufescens Todd.2 RUFESCENT SALTATOR. Saltator orenocensis rufescens Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 201, 1912 — Tocuyo, Lara, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum) ; Todd and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 504, 1922— Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (habits). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (Tocuyo, Lara; Rio Aurare, Zulia) and extreme northeastern Colombia (La Goajira Peninsula). 1. — Argentina: Lapango, Formosa, 4; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 1; Tucuman, 2; San Lorenzo, Jujuy, 1. 1 The typical race, as here understood, shows some local variation. Birds from San Felix (Monagas) diverge to the greatest degree from the intensely colored form (rufescens) in that the under surface, excepting the ochraceous sides and crissum, is entirely white, at best with a delicate buffy shade across the chest. Specimens from Altagracia and Caicara are more extensively washed with a deeper ochraceous along the sides, and this is even more pronounced in birds from Ciudad Bolivar, which have also the whole chest distinctly tinged with buff. The palest example from Caicara matches the San Felix series, whereas the darkest indi- viduals from Ciudad Bolivar closely approach the lightest specimen of rufescens (Field Museum No. 43821) and differ from it merely by paler buffy chest. In the whole series there is, however, not one that has nearly so much ochraceous underneath as the dark-bellied variety of rufescens (e.g. Field Museum No. 49579). There is no authentic record of the species from "Trinidad." Material examined. — Monagas: San Felix, 8. — Orinoco Valley: Altagracia, 6; Ciudad Bolivar, 6; Caicara, 4. 2 Saltator orenocensis rufescens Todd: Similar to S. o. orenocensis, but on average larger, with stouter bill, and under parts more strongly tinged with och- raceous or buffy-clay. This color is not only deeper in tone, but frequently invades also the middle of the abdomen, the latter being, in the typical race, more or less white in distinct contrast to the ochraceous sides and flanks. Although the coloration of the under parts as stated in the preceding note is somewhat variable in birds of the Orinoco Valley, S. o. rufescens, even in a small series, is noticeably darker. I do not find any difference between the two races in the development of the black streak bordering the white superciliaries. Wing, 93-96 (against 88-94); tail, 88-90 (against 82-89); bill, 18 (against 16-17). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 29 3: Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2; Empelado Savanna, east of Maracaibo, Zulia, 1). Saltator maxillosus Cabanis.1 THICK-BILLED SALTATOR. Saltalor maxillosus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142 (note), October, 1851 — "Montevideo," errore= southern Brazil1 (descr. of immature specimen; type in Berlin Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856 — "Montevideo" (crit. note on type); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862— Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 287, 1886— Brazil; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 487, 499, 1912— Vera Guarany, Rio Iguassu, Parana, Brazil; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1116, 1912 — Rio de Janeiro ("Nova Friburgo") and Sao Paulo (Serra, near Itarare"); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 356, 1914 — Alto Parana and Misiones; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 188, 1926 — Parana (Fazenda Concordia, Fazenda Firmiano, Fazenda Ferreira, Banhados, Cara Pintada). Saltator gularis (Lafresnaye MS.) Sclater,3 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856 — " Montevideo" = Brazil (descr. of adult; type in coll. of F. de Lafres- 1 Saltator maxillosus Cabanis, though nearly allied to S. aurantiirostris, may be recognized by its differently shaped bill. This organ is shorter and stouter, the maxilla strongly inflated below the nostrils, and the mandible swollen at the base. In color, the bill is mainly dusky or blackish, with an orange yellow patch on each side below the nostrils, and smaller spots of the same color at the base of the lower mandible. In general coloration of plumage, the Thick-billed Saltator is not unlike its ally, but differs by having the white superciliaries extended forward to the base of the culmen, and by lacking the black gorget below the throat, as well as all trace of the white tips to the lateral rectrices. In the adult stage, the upper parts are slate gray, slightly tinged with olive on middle and lower back; wings and tail blackish, externally edged with olive gray; sides of the head blackish (the auriculars slightly shaded with olive) surmounted by long white superciliaries; throat ochraceous-buff, passing into whitish on the chin, bounded laterally by a broad black malar stripe; remainder of under parts och- raceous buff, darkest on crissum, underlaid with dull grayish on chest and sides; inner web of remiges barely fringed with buffy. Immature birds are bright olive green above, including outer webs of remiges and rectrices ; the superciliary streak is tinged with yellowish, the bill wholly dusky without yellow spots. One of the adult males has a number of blackish spots across the foreneck, suggesting the complete jugular band of aurantiirostris. This bird is clearly related to that species, and its generic separation as Stelgidostomus would merely serve to obliterate its natural affinities. It may even prove to be a geographic representative. Birds from the Serra dos Orgaos, Parana, and Rio Grande do Sul agree well together. S. maxillosus refers to the immature plumage, while S. gularis was based on an adult bird. Wing (adult males), 98-103; tail, 96-101. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 1. — Sao Paulo: Serra, near Itarare, 1.— Parana: Roca Nova, Serra do Mar, 4.— Rio Grande do Sul: Santo Angelo, 1; Asylo Pella, 1.— "Montevideo," 2. ''Berlepsch (1912, p. 1116) suggests "Sao Paulo" as type locality, but an original specimen received at Vienna from the Berlin Museum is labeled "Santo Angelo," a place in Rio Grande do Sul. 1 Whether Loxia gularis Lesson (TraitS d'Orn., p. 448, 1831) is the same bird cannot be determined from the description: "Gris enfume"; trait derriere 1'oeil et gorge blancs; quei exist in the Paris Museum. 1'oeil et gorge blancs; queue un peu fourchue." The type does not any longer the Pa ' 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII naye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; cf . Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 377, 1930); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 218 (note), 1870— Santo Angelo [Rio Grande do Sul]. Saltator coerulescens (not of Vieillot) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 142, 1851 — "Montevideo" and southern Brazil (diag.; spec, in Berlin Museum examined). Saltator azarae (not of d'Orbigny) Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186, 1906 — Retire do Ramos, Lagoa Esgottada, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 357, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya (ex Ribeiro). Stelgidostomus maxillosus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 347, 1905— Itarare, Sao Paulo (spec, examined); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 372, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Itarare, Campos de Jordao, Itatiaya); Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 357, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya (habits); Bertoni, Revist. Inst. Parag., 1907, p. 2 — Alto Parana; idem, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 101, 1913— Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 — "Uruguay"; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923— Retire do Ramos, Itatiaya; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 316, 1928— below Macieiras, Serra do Itatiaya. Range. — Serras of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro (Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos) to northern Rio Grande do Sul (Santo Angelo; Asylo Pella) and adjacent districts of Paraguay and Misiones (Alto Parana).1 *Saltator aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Vieillot. ORANGE- BILLED SALTATOR. Saltator aurantiirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 103, 1817 — based on "Habia pico aranjado" Azara, No. 83; "Paraguay," probably =Corrientes; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 35, 1837 — part, Corrientes (spec, in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 288, pi. 28, fig. 3 (egg), 1839 — Corrientes (breeding; nest and eggs descr.); Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 6, 1847 — "Paraguay" (ex Azara) ; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 490, 1850— Corrientes and Paraguay; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856 — part, Paraguay and Corrientes ("immature"); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 253, 1860 — part, Parana, Entre Rfos; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 481, 1861— part, Cordoba, Tucuman, and Parana; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874— Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corri- entes; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 91, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 292, 1886— part, spec, a-c, f, h-j, Cosquin (Cordoba), Paraguay, and Uruguay ("Mon- tevideo," Paysandu); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 42, 1888 — part, Corrientes and Entre Rios; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. 1 Its occurrence in Uruguay is open to doubt. The original locality "Monte- video" was an obvious mistake, and no other specimens have since been obtained within the boundaries of the Uruguayan Republic. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 31 •Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— C6rdoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125— near Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 168 — Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895— San Pablo, Tucuman; idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900— Corumba, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223— Chaco Paraguayo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902 — Tucuman, Tapia, and San Pablo; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905 — Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 173, 1909— part, Corrientes (Mercedes), Santa F6 (Mocovi, San Vicente), and Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 381, 1910— part, C6rdoba (Cosquin), Chaco (Mocovi), Corrientes, and Entre Rfos; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 95— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1116, 1146, 1912 — part, Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourengo), Uruguay, and Argentina (excl. of Mendoza); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Rio Mondafh, Paraguay; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 79, 1918 — Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Rio Negro, Uruguay; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios (nest and eggs descr.); Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 147, 1928— Santa Elena (eggs descr.); Castel- lanos, I.e., 5, p. 319, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Saltator aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 7, 1925 Corrientes (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 396, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Rio Pilaga), and Tucuman (Tapia); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 229, 1927 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and Concepci6n, Tucuman; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 15, 1927 (range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 351, 1930— Matto Grosso (Corumba); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 240, 1930— Formosa (Tapikiole") and Bolivia (Villa Montes and Fortfn Esteros, Tarija) (crit.). (l)Saltator laliclavius (not of Sclater and Salvin) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 457 — San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia (crit.). Range. — Extreme southern and southwestern Brazil, in states of Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourenco) and Matto Grosso (Corumba) ; Uruguay; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina, from Corrientes and Entre Rios west to Cordoba, Santiago del Estero, and Tucuman; southeastern Bolivia (Dept. Tarija).1 1 The material, though rather unsatisfactory, seems to indicate that there is no constant difference between Corrientes birds (which may be assumed to represent typical aurantiirostris) and others from Tucuman and Bolivia (Villa Montes). As to the tail markings, my findings are in complete agreement with Chapman's (Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 2, 1927), so I need not dwell on this subject any more. We have noted that two examples from the hill region in northern Rio Grande do Sul are unquestionably referable to S. maxillosus, both having the characteristic bill and the white superciliaries extended forward to the base of the culmen. However, a mummified specimen collected by the late H. von Ihering on November 15, 1886, at Sao Lourenco, in the southern part of the same state, seems to belong with aurantiirostris. There is no trace of white above the lores; the penultimate rectrix (the outermost pair is missing) has a distinct white apical margin (always absent in maxillosus) ; the buffy throat is bounded posteriorly by a complete broad, black gorget — all characters of 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 8: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 4; La Hoyada, Tucuman, 1; El Carrizal, Sierra de Cordoba, 1); Uruguay (Rio Uruguay, Dept. Soriano, 1; Rio Cebollati, Dept. Minas, 1). Saltator aurantiirostris nasica Wetmore and Peters.1 LONG- BILLED SALTATOR. Saltator aurantiirostris nasica Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 45, March 20, 1922— Potrerillos (El Salto), Mendoza, Argentina (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Gia- comelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 68, 1923— La Rioja; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 397, 1926 — Victorica, Pampa; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 15, 1927 — Mendoza to Pampa (crit.). Saltator aurantiirostris (not of Vieillot) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 6, p. 160, 1858— Mendoza; idem, I.e., 8, p. 253, 1860— part, Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 481, 1861 — part, Mendoza; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 292, 1886 — part, spec, d, e, g, Mendoza; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 42, 1888 — part, Mendoza; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 278, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 381, 1910— part, La Rioja (Chilecito) and Mendoza; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1116, 1146, 1912— part, Mendoza; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— La Paz and Las Catitas, Mendoza; Reed, I.e., 2, p. 272, 1919 — Mendoza (altitudinal range, nest and eggs); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 18, 1927 (range). Range. — Western Argentina, from western Pampa (Victorica) north to Mendoza and La Rioja. Saltator aurantiirostris tilcarae Chapman.2 TILCARA SALTATOR. aurantiirostris. While the color of the bill, owing to the loss of its corneous integu- ment, cannot be ascertained, its shape is obviously that of aurantiirostris. The Orange-billed and the Thick-billed Saltator are no doubt closely related, and certain color characters, such as the unmarked tail and the development of the black jugular crescent, are merely of quantitative nature and, besides, bridged by some individuals of the two "species." A more comprehensive series from Rio Grande do Sul may yet show them to be geographical representatives in spite of the differently shaped bill, though Bertoni records them both from the Alto Parana in Paraguay. A single adult male from Cordoba (Cosquin) has the comparatively small bill of Corrientes birds, and is by no means referable to nasica. A. series from southeastern Bolivia (Villa Montes, upper Pilcomayo) cannot be separated from typical aurantiirostris either. Additional material examined. — Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Lourenco, 1. — Paraguay: Villa Rica, 2. — Uruguay, Paysandu, 1. — Argentina: Corrientes, 3; Mer- cedes, Corrientes, 1; Mocovl, Santa Fe, 1; San Vicente, Santa Fe, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe", 1; Tapikiole, Formosa, 2; Cosquin, Cordoba, 4; Tucuman, 1. — Bolivia: Villa Montes, Tarija, 6. 1 Saltator aurantiirostris nasica Wetmore and Peters: Similar to S. a. aurantii- rostris, but with larger, longer and heavier bill (19^-21, against 17-18^ mm.). Five specimens from Mendoza and one from La Rioja (Chilecito) examined. 2 Saltator aurantiirostris tilcarae Chapman: "Resembling S. a. aurantiirostris in general coloration, but inner web of the outer tail-feather with a clear, well- 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 33 Saltator aurantiirostris tikarae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, pp. 2, 15, March 28, 1927— Tilcara, Prov. Jujuy, Argentina (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Saltator aurantiirostris (not of Vieillot) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 598— Oran, Salta, and (?) Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 42, 1888— part, Oran; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897— Campo Santo and Tala, Salta; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Salta; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy. Range. — Arid Temperate zone of northwestern Argentina, in pro- vinces of Jujuy, Salta, and (?) Catamarca. *Saltator aurantiirostris subsp.1 BOLIVIAN SALTATOR. Saltator aurantiirostris bolivianus (not Saltator cayanus bolivianus Chubb, 1921) Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, pp. 3, 15, March 28, 1927— Tujma, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Saltator aurantiirostris (not of Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 35, 1837— part, La Paz, Bolivia; d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 288, 1839— part, Bolivia (Sicasica, Cochabamba, Mizque, Valle Grande, Ayupaya, Chuquisaca, La Paz); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856 — part, Bolivia (d'Orbigny's localities); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862 — Bolivia. Saltator laticlavius (not of Sclater and Salvin, 1869) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 603— Sorata and Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 292, 1886— part, spec, d-h, Sorata, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 82, 1889— "near Valparaiso," errore, probably Bolivia ; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1116, 1912— part, Bolivia. Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris(notPitylusalbociliarisPhi\[pp\and'Landbeck) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 7, 1925— Ayupaya and La Paz, Bolivia (crit.). defined white end from 22 to 28 mm. in length along the shaft; the second feather sometimes with a small terminal wedge of white; bill larger, nearly, if not quite, as large as in S. a. nasica. Wing, 98-99, (female) 92; tail, 91-93, (female) 88; bill, 19-20." (Chapman, I.e.) We are not acquainted with this form, which was based on a series of specimens from Jujuy (Tilcara, Perico) and Salta (Rosario de Lerma). The describer also refers here two examples from Concepcion, Tucu- man, whence Field Museum has several skins which do not seem to be separable from typical aurantiirostris. Catamarca is but provisionally included in the range of tilcarae, as no material has been critically examined. 1 Saltator aurantiirostris subsp. : Very similar to S. a. albociliaris, but on average slightly smaller; the buffy whitish gular area decidedly more extensive, the black at the sides of the throat correspondingly smaller; the black jugular band much narrower. Wing, 98-103, (female) 95-100; tail, 96-101, (female) 88-95; bill, This form, if valid, requires to be renamed, the subspecific term bolivianus be- ing preoccupied in the genus. I am reluctant, however, to do so as its distinct- ness from S. a. tilcarae is open to doubt. A single adult of the latter form from Campo Santo, Salta, is, in fact, inseparable from Bolivian skins. Material examined. — Bolivia: La Paz, 1; Chicani, La Paz, 3; Ayupaya, 1; Samaipata, 2; Valle Grande, 2. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Arid Temperate zone of Bolivia, from La Paz to Santa Cruz and Chuquisaca. 2: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 2). *Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris (Philippi and Landbeck). WHITE-BROWED SALTATOR. Pitylus albociliaris Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 611, 1861 — Socoroma (alt. 5,000 ft.), Prov. Tacna, Peru (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santi- ago, 13, p. 21, 1930); idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 122, 1863— Socoroma (German version of orig. descr.). Saltator laticlavius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 151 — Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in the British Museum); idem, I.e., 1873, p. 780— Paucartambo, Peru; Tacza- nowski, I.e., 1874, p. 517 — Maraynioc and Acancocha, Dept. Junin, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 545, 1884 — part, Maraynioc, Acancocha, and Pau- cartambo; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 292, 1886 — part, spec, a-c, Tinta, Peru. Saltator aurantiirostris (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856— part, Echarate, Peru. Saltator albociliaris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 348 — Acobamba, Garita del Sol, and Maraynioc (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 110, 1921— above Torontoy, Ollantaytambo, Huaracondo Canyon, Chospiyoc, Occobamba Valley, Pisac, Puquiura, and Cuzco, Urubamba, Peru. Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1116, 1147, 1912— part, central and southeastern Peru (crit.); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 15, 1927 — northern Chile and southern Peru (crit.); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 464, 1930 — Matucana (Lima), La Quinua (Junin), and Cullcui, Maranon River (Huanuco), Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 96, 1932 — Socoroma, Prov. Tacna. Saltator aurantiirostris griseipectus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 37, 1933— Auquimarca, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. — Arid Temperate zone of the southern half of Peru, from Ancachs (Macate) and Huanuco (Cullcui, headwaters of the Rio Maranon) south to Cuzco and Tacna (Socoroma).1 1 Topotypes from the Tacna region not being available, the applicability of the term albociliaris to the present form remains in doubt. Further subdivision the Peruvian birds is impracticable. S. a. griseipectus appears to have been based on specimens in worn plumage, when the under parts become very pale and the breast looks almost pure gray with very little, if any, buffy tone. Junin birds are certainly indistinguishable from others (in corresponding condition) from the Cuzco region, while those from Macate vary towards iteratus. Additional material examined.— Junin: Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 1; Maraynioc, 2; Acancocha, 1; Chipa, 4.— Cuzco: Vicinity of Cuzco (Anta, Lucre, Lauramarca), 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 35 16: Peru (Macate, Ancachs, 8; Cullcui, Rio Maran6n, 1; Huanuco Mountains, 3; Panao Mountains, Huanuco, 1; La Quinua, Junin, 2; Matucana, Lima, 1). *Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus Chapman.1 CAJAMARCA SALTATOR. Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, pp. 3, 16, March 28, 1927— Chugur, northwest of Cajamarca, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Saltator laticlavius (not of Sclater and Salvin) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 198— Cutervo (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1882, p. 16— Tamia- pampa; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 545, 1884— part, Cutervo, Chota, and Tamia- pampa; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895— Cajabamba. Saltator aurantiirostris albociliaris (not Pitylus albociliaris Philippi and Land- beck) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1116, 1147, 1912 — part, northern Peru (Cutervo, Cajabamba, San Pedro, Levanto, Succha, Chota, Tamiapampa). Saltator albociliaris M6n6gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Cajabamba. Range. — Temperate zone of northwestern Peru, in depts. of Cajamarca, Libertad, and Amazonas (Tamiapampa). 1: Peru (Cajamarca, 1). Saltator aurantiirostris nigriceps (Chapman).2 BLACK-HEADED SALTATOR. Pitylus nigriceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 322, May, 1914— Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 55, p. 615, 1926 — southwestern Ecuador (Celica, Loja) and northwestern Peru (Palambla). Saltator nigriceps Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 261, p. 16, 1927 (crit.). 1 Saltator aurantiirostris iteratus Chapman : Exceedingly close to, and agreeing with, S. a. bolivianus in extensively buffy white gular area and narrow black jugular crescent, but white apical markings to lateral rectrices less extended, and bill smaller. Differs from S. a. albociliaris by somewhat smaller size; much narrower black jugular band; smaller buffy white gular stripe; more restricted white tail-end. Wing, 95-98, (female) 93-97; tail, 95-101, (female) 92-96; bill, 19-20. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba, 5; San Pedro, 1; San Pablo, Cajamarca, 1; Levanto, 1. 2 Saltator aurantiirostris nigriceps (Chapman) : Differs from all other races by larger, more swollen (in both sexes yellow) bill; entirely black head including throat and chest, this color extending on the crown to the nape; dark gray breast; and absence of white post-ocular streak. Wing (male), 106; tail, 105; bill, 23. This, at last, is a strongly marked form with the head entirely black. Ac- cording to Chapman, the white postocular streak is faintly suggested in one specimen. The relative nature of its characters, together with the occasional occurrence of black-throated individuals in the range of albociliaris (we have seen an adult female of this mutation from Lucre, near Cuzco), leave no doubt in my mind that nigriceps is merely an offshoot of the aurantiirostris group, which it represents on the western slope of the Andes in extreme northwestern Peru and the adjacent section of western Ecuador. Material examined. — Peru: Palambla, 1.— Ecuador: Celica, 1. 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (Prov. of Loja) and adjacent section of extreme northwestern Peru (Palambla, Dept. Piura). *Saltator atricollis Vieillot. BLACK-THROATED SALTATOR. Saltator atricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 14, p. 104, 1817— based on "Habia gola negra" Azara, No. 82, Paraguay; d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me>id., Ois., p. 288, 1839 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, examined); Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 6, 1847 — Paraguay; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 490, 1850— Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 2, p. 202, 1856— Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 77, 1856— Brazil (Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, "Rio"), Paraguay, and Bolivia (Chiquitos) (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862 — Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 219, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Irisanga), Goyaz (Goyaz City), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 417 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) and Sao Paulo (Sao Bento); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604— Santa Ana, Chiquitos, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 293, 1886— Brazil (Bahia, "Rio"), Paraguay and Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 3, p. 366, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso jlhering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 157, 1899— Sao Paulo; Hellmayr, Abhandl.2.Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss.,22, No. 3,p. 677, 1906— Brazil (crit., range) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 371, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Batataes, Avanhandava, Bauru); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 31, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca and Goyaz, Goyaz; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910— Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Santa Philomena) and Maranhao (Barra do Galiota) ; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1117, 1912— Brazil (in states of Bahia, Goyaz, Minas Geraes, "Rio," Sao Paulo, and Matto Grosso), Paraguay and Bolivia (Santa Ana, Chiquitos); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Paraguay; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 8, 1925— Chiquitos, Bolivia (range); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 291, 1929— Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Parna- hyba), Goyaz (Philadelphia), Piauhy (Arara), Ceara (Varzea Formosa), and Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 352, 1930— Matto Grosso. Saltator validus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 14, p. 106, 1817 — based on "Habia robustona" Azara, No. 84, Paraguay; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 35, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia. Tanagra jugularis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 31, 1823— Sao Paulo (type in Berlin Museum). Loxia capsicum (Valenciennes MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 448, 1831— "Br&il" (type in Paris Museum). Saltator sordidus Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, 12e annee, No. 13, p. 295, Feb. 23, 1845— Brazil (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux). Tanagra atricollis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 43, pi. 56, fig. 2, 1825— Minas Geraes. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 37 Fringilla iugularis Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 558, 1830 — Sertao of Bahia, near the frontier line of Minas Geraes. Range. — Campo region of Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south through Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and western Bahia to northern Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso, and the adjacent parts of Paraguay and Bolivia (Santa Ana, Chiquitos).1 15: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 3; Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1; Phila- delphia, Goyaz, 2; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3). Saltator rufiventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.2 RUFOUS-BELLIED SALTATOR. Saltator rufiventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 35, 1837— Sicasica, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 289, pi. 28, fig. 1, 1839— vicinity of Enquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, and near Palca, Prov. Ayupaya, Bolivia; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Bolivia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 74, 1856— Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin,l.c., 1879, p. 603 — Inquisivi and Palca, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 293, 1886 — Bolivia; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1117, 1912 — Bolivia (Inquisivi, Palca); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 8, 1925 — Bolivia (descr. of young). Range. — Highlands of western Bolivia (Enquisivi, Prov. Sicasica, Dept. La Paz; Palca, Prov. Ayupaya, Dept. Chuquisaca). *Saltator albicollis guadelupensis Lafresnaye.3 GUADELOUPE STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator guadelupensis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 167, 1844 — Guadeloupe (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 378, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Guadeloupe; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 326 — Dominica; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 339, 1892 — Dominica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 671, 1901 — part, Guadeloupe and Dominica. 1 Brazilian birds and a single (worn) adult from Bolivia (Chiquitos) agree with topotypes from Paraguay. This species being restricted to the arid campo districts, the locality "Rio de Janeiro" is unquestionably erroneous. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 3. — Bolivia: Santa Ana, Chiquitos, 1. — Brazil: Maranhao: opposite Barra do Galiota, 2; Piauhy: Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 2; Santa Philomena, 1; Goyaz City, Goyaz, 3; Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz, 2; Minas Geraes, 1; Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 7; Sao Paulo (unspecified), 1; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada, 4. 2 A very distinct species, whose range is still very imperfectly known. Material examined. — Bolivia: Sicasica, 1 (the type), Ayupaya, 2; unspecified, 1. s Saltator albicollis guadelupensis Lafresnaye may generally be separated from typical albicollis by darker, more tawny or yellowish under parts. Various indi- viduals are, however, practically indistinguishable. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saltator guadalupensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 76, 1856— Guade- loupe (monog.); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167— Dominica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 295, 1886— part, Guadeloupe. Saltator guadeloupensis Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 57, 1878— Dominica; idem, I.e., 1, p. 457, 1879— Guadeloupe; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879 — part, Guadeloupe and Dominica; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 201, 1886 — part, Guadeloupe; idem, Auk, 8, p. 49, 1891— Guadeloupe; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892— part, Guadeloupe and Dominica; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 569— Roseau Harbor, Dominica. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 315, 1906— part, Guadeloupe and Dominica; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912 — part, Guadeloupe and Dominica; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 387, 1916 — Sainte Rose and Goyave, Guadeloupe. Saltator albicollis guadeloupensis Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928— part, Dominica. Saltator albicollis guadelupensis Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 378, 1930 — Guadeloupe and Dominica (crit.). Range. — Islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica, Lesser Antilles.1 19: Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 18; Dominica, 1). *Saltator albicollis albicollis Vieillot. MARTINIQUE STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d.f 14, p. 107, 1817— "Cayenne," errore2 (type in Paris Museum examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850 — "Cayenne"; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 75, 1856 — part, type from "Cayenne"; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 315, 1906 — part, Martinique and Santa Lucia (crit. note on type);3 Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912— part, Marti- nique and Santa Lucia. Saltator martinicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850 — Martinique (type in Paris Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 76, 1856 — Martinique (monog.); idem, I.e., 1871, p. 267 — Santa Lucia. Sallator guadalupensis (not S. guadelupensis Lafresnaye) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862— Santa Lucia; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 270— Santa Lucia; Semper, I.e., 1872, p. 649— Santa Lucia (habits); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 295, 1886— part, spec, a-g, Marti- nique and Santa Lucia. Saltator guadeloupensis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1, p. 354, 1879— Martinique; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Martinique; Cory, Auk, 3, 1 The occurrence of this form on the island of Nevis requires confirmation. Additional material examined.— Guadeloupe, 7; Dominica, 3. 2 Martinique substituted as type locality by Berlepsch (Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912). » While the type undoubtedly came from the West Indies (cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 315-316, 1906), its bleached condition, particularly on the under parts, does not permit certain subspecific classification, and there is no alternative but to accept Berlepsch's designation of Martinique as type locality, if we wish to preserve Vieillot's name. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 39 p. 201, 1886 — part, Martinique; idem, Auk, 4, p. 95, 1887 — Martinique; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892— part, Martinique; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 671, 1901— part, Martinique and Santa Lucia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 560— Santa Lucia. Saltator guadaloupensis Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 166, 1880 — Santa Lucia. Saltator albicollis guadeloupensis Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928— part, Santa Lucia. Saltator albicollis albicollis Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 378, 1930— Martinique and Santa Lucia (crit.). Range. — Islands of Martinique and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles.1 25: Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 14; Santa Lucia, 11). *Saltator albicollis striatipectus Lafresnaye. STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator striatipictus (err. typog.)2 Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 73, 1847— "Caly, in Nova-Granada" = Cali, Cauca Valley, Colombia (cotypes in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899, and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 377, 1930); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 17, 1906 — Caparo, Chaguaramas, and Pointe Gourde, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 13, p. 316, 1906 — part, Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 67, 1912— Las Quiguas, Carabobo, Venezuela. SaUator maculipedus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 73, 1847 — "Nova-Gra- nada" (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 377, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850 (ex Lafresnaye); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 76, 1856 (ex Lafresnaye); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862— Trinidad and Venezuela; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Chaca- chacare and Monos Islands, near Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caracas, Venezuela. SaUator striatipectus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 489, 1850— Carta- gena, Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ,23, p. 154, 1855 — "Bogota;" idem, I.e., 24, p. 76, 1856 — Cali (ex Lafresnaye); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862— New Granada; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 286, 1866— Trinidad; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 140, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 166, 1900— Bonda and Minca, Co- lombia; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 359, 1908— Pointe Gourde and Carenage, Trinidad; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1147, 1912— Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 75, 1856 — part, Trinidad (descr.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 — Ocana and Bucara- manga, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 505, I Additional material examined. — Santa Lucia, 8. I 1 am now inclined to agree with authors that "striatipictus" is merely a typographical error for "striatipectus." 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII pi. 42, fig. 9 (egg)— Medellin, Remedies, and Santa Elena, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 122 — Minca, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 293, 1884— Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886 — part, spec, m-c', Colombia (Minca, Ocana, "Bogota," Medellin), Venezuela (Puerto Cabello), and Trinidad; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 52, 1892 — Carupano, Venezuela; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 32, 1894— Monos Island, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San An- tonio, Venezuela. Saltator striatipectus striatipectus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 563, 1917— Dabeiba, Caldas, San Antonio, La Florida, Cali, Rio Frio, Palmira, below Miraflores, near San Agustin, La Candela, below Anda- lucia, Chicoral, Rio Toche, Honda, and Fusugasuga, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Saltator striatipictus striatipidus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 33, 1919— Colombia and Trinidad (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 501, 1922— Bonda, Valparaiso, Cincinnati, Minca, and La Tigrera, Santa Marta region, Colombia (habits); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 185, 1929— Cana, Darien; Darlington, I.e., 71, p. 418, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. Range— Island of Trinidad, including Monos and Chacachacare; north coast of Venezuela; Colombia, west of the eastern Andes, north to extreme eastern Panama (Cana, Darien).1 29: Colombia (Cartagena, Bolivar, 1; Palmira, Cauca, 2; Medellin, 1; Cali, Valle de Cauca, 1); Venezuela (Colon, Tachira, 3; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1; Maracay, Aragua, 3; Caracas, 11; Macuto, Caracas, 4; Cocollar, Sucre, 2). *Saltator albicollis isthmicus Sclater. PANAMA STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator isthmicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond., 1861, p. 130— Isthmus of Pan- ama (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum) ; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 97, 1862 — Panama; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351— Isthmus of Panama [=Lion Hill]. Saltator striatipectus (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 331, 1861— [Lion Hill], Panama. 1 Birds from Trinidad and Venezuela appear to be inseparable from a Colom- bian series including several topotypes from Cali. Two specimens, one each from Carenage (Trinidad) and San Antonio (northeastern Venezuela), have the lower mandible pale yellow, except for a black patch near the base, and a yellow tip to the maxilla, thus agreeing in coloration of bill with S. a. albicollis, of Martinique. The only absolutely constant character to separate the continental form from its West Indian allies is the lesser extent of the whitish superciliary streak which terminates above the posterior edge of the eye instead of being continued along the upper margin of the auriculars. I have, therefore, no hesitation in associating striatipectus with albicollis in the same specific entity. Additional material examined.— Trinidad: Carenage, 9; Caparo, 1; Chagua- ramas, 1; Pointe Gourde, 1.— Venezuela: inland of Cumana, 11; Las Quiguas, 1; San Esteban, Carabobo, 3.— Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Bonda, 3; Cali, 5; Buca- ramanga, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 41 Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 421— Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 330, 1884 — part, Panama (Lion Hill, Panama City); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886— part, spec, f-1, Panama. Saltator albicollis isthmicus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 32, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 669, 1901 — part, Isthmus of Panama; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 224, 1906— savanna of Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918— Pedro Miguel and Tabernilla, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924— Las Cascadas, Gatun, Farfan, and Gam- boa, Panama (nest and eggs descr.). Saltator striatipectus isthmicus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912— part, Isthmus of Panama (Lion Hill); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 32, 1919— Panama City and Loma del Leon, Panama (crit.). Range. — Isthmus of Panama,1 west to Veraguas.2 6: Panama (Colon, 4; "near Darien," Canal Zone, 1; unspeci- fied, 1). Saltator albicollis speratus Bangs and Penard.3 PEARL ISLAND STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator striatipictus speratus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 33, 1919 — "Sabago" [=Saboga] Island, Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Saltator albicollis isthmicus (not of Sclater) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 32, 1901 — San Miguel Island; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 669, 1901 — part, San Miguel Island; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 159, 1905 — San Miguel and Saboga Islands (crit.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 13, No. 4, p. 56, 1920— Viveros Island. Saltator striatipectus isthmicus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912 — part, San Miguel Island. Range. — San Miguel, Saboga, and Viveros Islands, Pearl Archi- pelago, Bay of Panama. 1 The western extension of range I am unable to determine, having seen only a small series from the Canal Zone. A single example from Chiriqui being decidedly referable to S. a. furax, the subspecific classification of Veraguas birds, whence no material is available, remains in doubt. Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 141; I.e., 1870, p. 189) records S. isthmicus from Santa Fe and Chitra. Subsequently, the same specimens were referred by Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 330, 1883) and Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886; spec, a-e) to "S. albicollis" [= striatipectus}. It does not appear that either Ridgway (1901, p. 669) or Berlepsch (1912, p. 118), both of whom include Veraguas in the range of isthmicus, had any material from that district. 2 Since the preceding lines were written, Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 380, 1935) has shown the Veraguan form to be S. a. isthmicus. 3 Saltator albicollis speratus Bangs and Penard: About the size of S. a. isthmicus and slightly smaller than S. a. striatipectus; in coloration intermediate, being slightly more yellowish or greenish below than striatipectus, and less heavily streaked than isthmicus. Judging from two specimens, this is rather a poor race. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Saltator albicollis furax Bangs and Penard.1 COSTA RICAN STREAKED SALTATOR. Saltator striatipictus furax Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 32, 1919 — near Boruca, Costa Rica (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Saltator striatipedus (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 176, 1865 — David, Chiriqui; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond.,1867, p. 141— part, David. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 330, 1884 — part, David, Chiriqui; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.- Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893— Lagarto, Boruca, and Te'rraba, Costa Rica. Saltator albicollis isthmicus (not of Sclater) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 669, 1901— part, David, Chiriqui. Saltator striatipedus isthmicus Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 312, 1907 — Boruca and Lagarto, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 874, 1910 — El General de Terraba, Boruca, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1118, 1912— part, Chiriqui (David). Range.— Southwestern Costa Rica (Te'rraba Valley) and the adjacent district of extreme western Panama (David, Chiriqui). 4: Costa Rica (Te'rraba, 2; Boruca, 2). *Saltator albicollis flavidicollis Sclater.2 ECUADORIAN SALTATOR. Saltator flavidicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 274, 1860— Baba- hoyo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); 1 Saltator albicollis furax Bangs and Penard: Very close to S. a. isthmicus, but darker and greener below with the streaking more prominent. A single adult from Chiriqui is identical with a topotypical series of nine Costa Rican specimens. 1 The remarkable variation of this form has been discussed at length by Chapman, and while agreeing with his contention that the birds with yellowish (nearly or wholly unstreaked) under parts and broad, yellowish superciliaries, and those with reduced, whitish supraloral streak and heavily striped breast pertain to a single race, I am not quite convinced that the latter variety merely represents an immature plumage. Furthermore, it would seem as if the "flavidi- collis" type of coloration did not exist in the northwestern parts of Ecuador, since nine specimens from Ibarra and Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, and one from "Quito" (some of which are undoubtedly adult) are strikingly uniform in char- acters, and closely resemble striatipedus in their heavily striped breast. They merely differ from that race by more grayish upper, and whiter under parts without any olivaceous shading across chest and along sides. A series obtained by E. Festa in the Chota Valley, near Quito, and recorded by Salvador! and Festa, s.n. S. albicollis, seems to be similar. Other examples of the same variety, taken in company with "flavidicollis," I have seen from Puna Island. Yellowish- bellied individuals with broad yellowish superciliaries appear to be recorded only from Manavi and southwards. A possible explanation of the problem would be to assume that the west Ecuadorian race is dimorphic in the southern part of its range, the plain-bellied variety signifying an approach to S. a. immaculatus of the Peruvian coast. Material examined. — Ecuador: Ibarra, Prov. Imbabura, 4; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 5; "Quito," 1; Babahoyo, 2; Yaguachi, 1; Puna Island, 8; Guayaquil, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 43 idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 96, 1862— Babahoyo; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 548— Yaguachi, Ecuador (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 543, 1884— Lechugal and Tumbez, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886 — Ecuador (Babahoyo, Guayaquil, Puna Island); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 22, 1899— Vinces, Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1117, 1912 — western Ecuador and north- western Peru. Saltator olivascens (not of Cabanis) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 320— Lechugal, Dept. Tumbez, Peru. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Ibarra, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 22, 1899— La Conception (Chota), Ecuador (crit.); Good- fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 472— below Gualea, Ecuador. Saltator striatipectus (not of Lafresnaye) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1117, 1912— part, western Ecuador. Saltator striatipectus striatipectus Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922 — road to Gualea, Ecuador. Saltator striatipectus flavidicollis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 617, 1926 — Ecuador (Manavi, Chongocito, Bucay, Guayaquil, Puna Island, Santa Rosa, Portovelo, Zaruma, Las Pinas, Guainche, Alamor, Cebollal) and Peru (Milagros, Paletillas, and Palambla, Piura) (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical (and Subtropical) zone of western Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbez and Lechugal, Dept. Tumbez; Milagros, Paletillas, and Palambla, western Piura). *Saltator albicollis immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 KALINOWSKI'S SALTATOR. Pitylus olivaceus (not Saltator olivaceus Vieillot, 1817) Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 316, Sept. 27, 1834 — Callao, Peru (location of type not stated); idem, in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. The'tis, 2, p. 326, 1837 — Callao. Phoenisoma olivacea Lesson, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 99, 1840 — no locality (descr. of "male"); idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, e"d. Le"veque, 20 (Descr. Mamrn. Ois.), p. 345, 1847— environs of Callao, Peru. Saltator immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 375 — Lima, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; of. Sztolcman and Doma- niewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 169, 1927); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1147, 1912— western Peru (Lima, lea, Chepen, Guadalupe, Quebrada de Culebras). Saltator striatipectus (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 97 — vicinity of Lima. 1 Saltator albicollis immaculatus Berlepsch and Stolzmann : Most nearly related to S. a. flavidicollis (the unstreaked phase), but larger; superciliaries pure white; pileum and sides of neck pure gray, not olivaceous; under parts nearly pure white, the sides and flanks shaded or streaked with grayish ; under tail coverts, axillaries, and under wing coverts buffy. Wing, 104, (female) 101; tail, 94-95; bill, 18. Material examined.— Peru: Eten, 3; Tembladera, 2; Trujillo, 3; Lima, 1; lea, 1. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 517— Lima; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 198— part, Chepen, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886— part, spec, e', Lima. Saltator superciliaris (not Tanagra superciliaris Spix) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 541, 1884 — Lima, Chepen, Guadalupe, and Quebrada de Culebras, Peru. Saltator similis (not Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 209, 1846— Peru. Saltator striatipictus immaculatus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 34, 1919— western Peru (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of western Peru, from Lambayeque to lea. 3: Peru (Menocucho, 2; Trujillo, 1). *Saltator albicollis peruvianus Cory.1 PERUVIAN SALTATOR. Saltator striatipectus peruvianus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 345, Aug., 1916— Hacienda Limon, ten miles west of Balsas, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (type in Field Museum); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 463, 1918 — Huancabamba, eastern Piura. Saltator albicollis (not of Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 229 — Guajango; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 198 — part, Callacate (crit.); idem, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 542, 1884 — Peru (Guajango, Callacate, Socota, Chukcha, San Ignacio); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 294, 1886— part, spec, d', Guajango; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895 — Vina (Huamachuco) and Malca (Cajabamba). Saltator striatipectus (not of Lafresnaye) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1117, 1912 — part, Peru (Guajango, Callacate, Socota, Vina). Saltator striatipictus peruvianus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 33, 1919 — Huancabamba, Peru (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of the upper Maranon Valley and its tributaries. 7: Peru (Hacienda Limon, 10 miles west of Balsas, 6; Balsas, 1). Genus RHODOTHRAUPIS Ridgway2 Rhodothraupis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 226, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., "Frin- gilla" [=Tanagra] celaeno Lichtenstein. 1 Saltator albicollis peruvianus Cory: Similar to S. a. immaculatus in size, but much more greenish above, this color also involving the sides of neck and auriculars; superciliaries much reduced; breast heavily striped with olive green; under tail coverts less buffy. Wing (male), 100-105; tail, 91-94; bill, 18. This form, as correctly pointed out by Bangs and Penard, closely resembles S. a. isthmicus in the heavy olive green streaking below, but the ground color of the under parts is much whiter and less yellowish. Additional material examined.— Peru: Callacate, 1; Guajango, 1; Vina, Hua- machuco, 2; La Grama, Libertad, 1; Malca, Cajabamba, 1; Condachaca, Rio Utcubamba, 2. * Rhodothraupis Ridgway is nearly related to Caryothraustes, but has a much longer, more rounded tail and a more pointed wing. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 45 *Rhodothraupis celaeno (Lichtenstein). CRIMSON-COLLARED GROSBEAK. Tanagra celaeno Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Papantla, Vera Cruz, in Berlin Museum; descr. of male); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 57, 1863 (reprint). Pitylus atro purpuralus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1, p. 224, 1838 — Mexico (descr. of male; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 374, 1930). Pitylus atro olivaceus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1, p. 224, 1838— Mexico (descr. of female; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 374, 1930). Pyranga mexicana Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 41, 1839 — Mexico (descr. of male; type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (1), p. 241, 1850— Mexico (ex Lesson). Periporphyrus atropurpuratus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 503, 1850— Mexico (=male). Caryothraustes atro-olivaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 503, 1850 — Mexico (=female). Pitylus celaeno Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 65, 1856— Papantla, Mexico (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 99, 1862— Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 332, pi. 24 (male), 1884— Papantla and Valley of Mexico; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 305, 1886 — Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 238 — Vera Cruz (Mi- santla) and Tamaulipas (Tampico; Sierra Madre, between Ciudad Victoria and Montemorelos) ; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 631, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1120, 1912 (range). Rhodolhraupis celaeno Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 657, 1910— Puebla, Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosf, and Tamaulipas (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Tamaulipas (Rio Santa, Yerba Buena, Rio Martinez, Santa Leonor, Rio Cruz, Guiaves). Range. — Eastern Mexico, from Tamaulipas and eastern San Luis Potosi (Valles, Jilitla) to Vera Cruz and Puebla (Metlaltoyuca). 5: Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosi, 3; Aldema, Tamaulipas, 1; Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 1). Genus CARYOTHRAUSTES Reichenbach Caryothraustes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 78, June, 1850 — type, by subs, desig.1 (Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 167, 1869)> "Pitylus" [—Coccothraustes] viridis Vieillot=L., 3, p. 27, 1886 — Peru (Balza-Puerto, Yurimaguas, Nauta, Santa Cruz, Ucayali); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 813, pi. 16, fig. 4, 1888— Guiana (Cayenne, Camacusa), Brazil (Mexiana Island), and Peru (Chamicuros, Pebas); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 299, 1889— Sarayacu, lower Ucayali, Peru; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890 — Santar6m, Brazil; Good- fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473 — near the mouth of the Rio Coca, Napo, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 392, 1907 — Rio Jurua (range in part, excl. of Piraju, Paraguay); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907— Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907— Mexiana, Marajo, and Monte Alegre; idem, I.e., 56, pp. 11, 500, 524, 1908— Bom Lugar (Rio Purus), Goyana (Rio Tapajoz), and Arumatheua (Rio Tocantins), Brazil; Ber- lepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 122, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 405, 1910 — Surinam; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 522, 1913 — Lower Amazonia; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 435, 1914 — Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Xingu (Forte Ambe"), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena), Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Maraj6 (Rio Arary, Pindobal, Pacoval), Mexiana, Maraca, Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru, Monte Alegre, and Rio Jamunda (Faro), Brazil; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 136, 1917— Bartica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 573, 1917— La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 629, 192& — eastern Ecuador. Paroaria nigrigenis (not Nemosia nigro-genis Lafresnaye) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 — Camacusa, British Guiana. Paroaria gularis gularis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 10, 1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z; idem, I.e., 17, p. 281, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 119, 128, 1912— Mexiana and Marajo (Cachoeira); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 304, 1929— Goyaz (Santo Antonio, BSa Vista, and Phila- delphia) and Para (Rio Tocantins; Conceic.ao do Araguaya, Rio Araguaya). Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Brazil, from the Rio Tocantins, Marajo, Mexiana, and Maraca Island westwards, south to the lower Tocantins (Santo Antonio, Boa Vista; 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Philadelphia), lower Araguaya (Conceicao do Araguaya, about 8° lat. south), lower Rio Madeira (Borba), the Rio Purus, and Rio Jurua; northeastern Peru north through eastern Ecuador to south- eastern Colombia (La Morelia, Rio Caqueta).1 9: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 2); Brazil (Serra da Lua, Amazonas, 1; Santo Antonio, Goyaz, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 1); Peru (Lagunas, 3; Yurimaguas, 1). *Paroaria gularis cervicalis Sclater.2 SOUTHERN BLACK-THROATED CARDINAL. Paroaria cervicalis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 108, 1862— Bolivia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 814, pi. 16, fig. 6, 1888— Matto Grosso and Bolivia. Tachyphonus gularis (not Tanagra gularis Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, Voyage Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 279, 1839— Chiquitos and Mojos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Paroaria gularis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1878— part, [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso (spec, in Vienna Museum examined) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 392, 1907 — part, Matto Grosso. Paroaria gularis cervicalis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889 — falls of the Rio Madeira and Reyes, Bolivia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 10 1 Birds from Lower Amazonia west to Borba (Rio Madeira) agree with Guia- nan specimens. Adults from Peru and another from the Rio Napo, Ecuador, are on average slightly larger (wing up to 87), and have the blackish orbital space less conspicuous, thus approaching the southern race P. g. cervicalis. An adult female collected by G. Holt at Conceicao do Araguaya (under about 8° latitude south) is wholly typical of gularis, and shows not the least intergradation to the very distinct P. baeri found on the upper stretches of the same river. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 7. — Brazil: Mexi- ana Island, 1; Cachoeira, Marajo, 2; Boa Vista, Marajo, 1; Espirito Santo, Marajo, 1; Rio Tocantins, 1; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, 2; Borba, Rio Madeira, 4; Conceicao do Araguaya, Para, 1.— Peru: Iquitos, 1; Pebas, 2; Rio Tocache, 2.— Ecuador: mouth of the Coca, Rio Napo, 1. 2 Paroaria gularis cervicalis Sclater: Similar to P. g. gularis, but slightly larger, and without any blackish color around the eye. Wing, 85-87, (female) 84; tail, 75-79; bill, 14-15. A specimen from Mojos, Bolivia, agrees with three adults from Villa Bella de Matto Grosso in having no trace whatever of black in the orbital region. In all four individuals the maxilla is wholly black, the lower mandible orange yellow with the tip black, and the legs (tarsus and toes) are blackish. The type, which we have recently re-examined in the British Museum, has the legs neither blackish as in Matto Grosso birds, nor yellow as in newly collected specimens of P. capitata, but of a pale horn brown, exactly as in certain old skins of the latter species. The lower mandible is colored as in Matto Grosso birds, viz., bright yellow with dusky tip. The maxilla, however, is intermediate between cervicalis and capitata, being yellow along the culminal edge with the lateral portion dark brown streaked with brownish yellow. Proportions of bill, wings, and tail are more like those of Matto Grosso birds, which speaks for the type being an intergrade to P. capitata. The southern race of the Black-throated Cardinal is so little known that more ade- quate material is urgently needed to establish the limits of its variation. Material examined. — Bolivia: Mojos, 1; unspecified, 1 (the type). — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 65 (in text), 1907 — eastern Bolivia and Matto Grosso (crit.); idem, I.e., 30, p. 229, 1923 — Mojos, Bolivia (crit., range); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 361, 1930 (range). Range. — Eastern Bolivia (falls of the Rio Madeira; Reyes; Mojos; Chiquitos) and the adjacent districts of western Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Rio Guapore").1 1: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1). Paroaria baeri Hellmayr.2 BAER'S CARDINAL. Paroaria baeri Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 19, p. 43, Jan., 1907— Rio Araguaya [near Leopoldina], Goyaz, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908— Rio Araguaya. Range. — Central Brazil, in State of Goyaz (near Leopoldina, upper Rio Araguaya). *Paroaria capitata (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).3 YELLOW-BILLED CARDINAL. 1 Bertoni (Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914) includes P. gularis among the birds of Paraguay, evidently without having seen a specimen., * Paroaria baeri Hellmayr: Nearly allied to P. g. gularis, but differs by having the red of the forehead and throat much deeper, carmine-red instead of "poppy- red" (Ridgway, Nomencl. Colors, 1886, pi. 7, fig. 9); the feathers of the forehead and anterior crown merely tipped with red, the bases being black (while in P. g. gularis all the top of the head from forehead to nape is uniform clear poppy-red without any black at the bases) ; the lores and sides of the head metallic bluish- black instead of poppy-red; the sides of the neck bluish-black like the back, not white; the back and wings much more glossy black, this color extending up to the occiput; the sides of the breast and abdomen marked with subterminal blackish cross-bars, etc. Another striking difference consists in the shape of the feathers on the foreneck. In P. g. gularis, these are elongated, somewhat pointed, and black, with the concealed bases dull reddish; in P. baeri they are much shorter, rounder, and dull black, each feather with a minute glossy spot of carmine-red at the extreme tip. The bill, in P. baeri, is decidedly stronger and stouter, and the lower mandible, excepting the blackish tip, is dull reddish instead of bright orange yellow. The feet are blackish as in P. g. gularis. Wing, 80-83; tail, 80; bill, 14. Material examined. — Brazil: Goyaz, near Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 4. 3 Paroaria capitata (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) closely resembles P. gularis cervicalis, but is slightly smaller (wing, 77-82) with decidedly smaller, wholly orange yellow bill and much shorter tarsi, with dull orange yellow legs, and a very nearly complete white nuchal collar. This bird may ultimately prove to be a southern representative of the gularis group, such relationship being suggested by the intermediate bill-coloration of the type specimen of P. g. cervicalis, as we have explained in detail under that heading. The distribution of P. capitata is more southerly than that of its ally. While P. g. cervicalis inhabits the river valleys of eastern Bolivia and just crosses into Matto Grosso near the sources of the Rio Guapor6 (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso) in the Amazonian drainage, P. capitata is peculiar to the water system of the Paraguay River, extending north to its headwaters, the Sao Lourenco and Cuyaba rivers. Until more is known about the variation and local range of P. g. cervicalis, it seems, however, advisable to separate the two birds specifically. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Matto Grosso, Villa Maria [ = Sao Luiz de Caceres], 3; Rio Cuyaba, near Cuyaba, 3; Cambara, 1. — Paraguay: Puerto 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tachyphonus capitatus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 29, 1837 — Corrientes, Argentina (type in Paris Museum exam- ined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 278, pi. 19, fig. 2, 1839— banks of the Rio Parana, in the provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and Corrientes; Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 9, 1847 — Paraguay and La Plata River (ex "Capita" Azara, No. 137). Paroaria capitatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 472, 1850 — "Brazil" and Paraguay. Paroaria capitata Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 212, 1856— south- ern Brazil, on the confines of Paraguay and Bolivia; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860 — Parana, on the bank of the river; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 482, 1861— near Parana, Entre Rios; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 108, 1862— Paraguay; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1870— Rio Cuyaba, Villa Maria, and Caicara, Matto Grosso; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 598 — "Argentina" (cage-bird); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 9, 1887 — Lambare, Rio Paraguay, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 812, pi. 16, fig. 5, 1888 — Cuyaba and Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 48, 1888— near Parana; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 369, 1891 — Corumba and Uacuryzal, Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126 — Fortin Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; idem, Ibis, 1901, p. 224— Villa Concepcion and Gran Chaco, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 392, 1907— Matto Grosso; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 182, pi. 3, fig. 10 (egg), 1909— Ocampo, Mocovi, and San Lorenzo, Santa Fe (nest and eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 400, 1910 — Mocovi, Chaco; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 97 — Chaco (Riacho Ancho), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco and Sapatero Cue, Rio Paraguay), Corrientes (Esquina), and Santa Fe (Rosario); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 5, p. 86, 1917 — Sao Luiz de Caceres and Cavallaria (Corumba), Matto Grosso; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 30, p. 228, 1923— Corrientes (range); Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 174, 1923— Corrientes; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 359, 1930— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Matto Grosso (Agua Blanca de Corumba, Descalvados, Rio Sao Lourengo, Fazenda do Sao Joao) (nest and eggs descr.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 397, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Paroaria cervicalis (not of Sclater) Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 6, 1895— Puerto Pagani, Rio Apa, Paraguay (spec, in Turin Museum examined). Coccopsis capitata Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 400, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga and Formosa), and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 231, 1927— Deniz Island, Rio Parana, Santa Fe; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 145, 1928 (eggs descr.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vb'gel, p. 261, 1930— Formosa (San Jose, Tapikiole). Pagani, Rio Apa, 1; Villa Concepcion, 4; Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 2.— Argentina: Corrientes, 5; Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 3; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 4; San Jose, Formosa, 1; Tapikiole, Formosa, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 67 Range. — Banks of the Rio Parana and tributaries from Santa Fe" (Rosario) and Corrientes north through Paraguay to its headwaters, the Paraguay, Sao Lourenco and Cuyaba rivers, in western Matto Grosso. 6: Brazil (Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 2 ;Conceicao, Matto Grosso, 2); Argentina (Mocovi, Chaco, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe", 1). Genus RICHMONDENA Mathews and Iredale Cardinalis (not Jarocki, 1821) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. Ill, pub. June 14, 1838 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Genera Bds., p. 43, 1840), Cardinalis virginianus Bonaparte = Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. Richmondena Mathews and Iredale, Austr. Av. Rec., 3, No. 6, p. 145, June 25, 1918 — type, by orig. desig., Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. *Richmondena cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus). EASTERN CARDINAL. Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 172, 1758 — based mainly on "The Red-Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 38, pi. 38; South Carolina accepted as type locality. Loxia sanguinirosiris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 173, 1758— "in Asia," errore; Odhelius, Amoen. Acad., 4, p. 243, 1759 (full descr. of young male); cf. W. Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, p. 19, 1925 (crit.). Loxia rubra Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 139, 1769 — new name for Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. Cardinalis virginianus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. Ill, pub. June 14, 1838 — new name for Loxia cardinalis Linnaeus. Cardinalis cardinalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 161, 1888 (excl. of Texas and Florida; monog.). Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 635, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Cardinalis bermudianus Bangs and Bradlee, Auk, 18, p. 256, June 30, 1901 — Hamilton, Bermuda (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 674, 1901 (crit.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 373, 1930 (crit.). Cardinalis cardinalis somersii Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., (4), 12, No. 67, p. 65, "July, 1901" [= June 30, 1901]— Bermuda (type in coll. of A. H. Verrill). Range. — North America, in the upper and lower Austral zones east of the Great Plains from southeastern South Dakota, southern Iowa, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, southern Ontario, Pennsyl- vania, and the southern Hudson Valley south to the northern parts of the Gulf states and the Bermudas (introduced?) ; casual in Colo- rado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New Brunswick, Massa- chusetts, and Connecticut. Introduced in southern California (race undetermined). 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 46: Wisconsin (Viroqua, 1); Illinois (Olive Branch, 1; Grand Tower, 1; Henry, 4; Mound City, 3; Farina, 1; Grand Chain, 5; Lewistown, 6); Indiana (Dune Park, 1; Bluff ton, 1; Kouts, 2; Sala- monia, Jay County, 1); Kansas (Fort Riley, 2); Tennessee (Pomona Road, 1; Medina, 2); North Carolina (Raleigh, 8); Virginia (Alex- andria County, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 2; Stuttgart, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 2). *Richmondena cardinalis floridana (Ridgway). FLORIDA CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis floridanus Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 606, 1896 — Enterprise, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 641, 1901— Florida (monog.). Range. — Peninsular Florida. 70: Florida (Nassau County, 2; Starke, 1; Mary Esther, 17; Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 8; Jacksonville, 1; Enterprise, 3; Wilson, 4; Eau Gallic, 1; Kissimmee River, 1; West Jupiter, 11; Lake WTorth, 1; Palm Beach, 1; Merritt's Island, 1; Puntarasa, 7; Miami Beach, 5; Key West, 2; unspecified, 4). *Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris (Bangs).1 LOUISIANA CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis magnirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 6, March 24, 1903 — West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 374, 1930). Cardinalis cardinalis subsp. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 641 (footnote 2), 1901 — New Orleans, Madisonville, and Covington, Louisiana (crit.). Range. — Eastern Texas and southern Louisiana. 25: Louisiana (Chef Menteur, 7; Buras, 11; New Orleans, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 6). *Richmondena cardinalis canicauda (Chapman). GRAY-TAILED CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis canicaudus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, No. 2, p. 324, Aug. 27, 1891— thirty miles west of Corpus Christi, Texas (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 639, 1901— Texas south to Puebla 1 Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris (Bangs) : Most like R. c. floridana, but with larger, heavier bill and stronger legs; wing slightly longer; tail shorter; coloration of males on head and under parts not quite so dark, though more intense than in R. c. cardinalis; female with middle of belly paler, more whitish. Wing, 89-94, (female) 87-90; tail, 91-102, (female) 90-96; bill, 19-19.6, (female) 18-19; depth of bill at base, 15.4-16.8, (female) 15.2-16. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 69 (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Tamaulipas (San Fernando, Matamoros, Alta Mira, Rio Martinez, Santa Leonor, Rio Cruz; crit.); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas. Range. — Central and western Texas south through eastern Mexico to Puebla and Michoacan.1 74: Texas (Fort Worth, 16; Kendall County, 1; Fort Clark, 1; Port O'Connor, 1 ; Corpus Christi, 32 ; Port Lavaca, 3 ; Ingram, 3 ; Waring, 4 ; Cameron County, 1; Brownsville, 1); Mexico (Sabinas, Coahuila, 4; Valles, San Luis Potosi, 1; Tamaulipas, 1; Tampico, Tamaulipas, 5). *Richmondena cardinalis coccinea (Ridgway). JALAPA CARDINAL. Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus Ridgway, Amer. Journ. Sci., (3), 5, No. 25, p. 39, Jan., 1873 — part, Atlantic coast of Mexico (type, from Mexico, in U. S. National Museum);2 idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 642, 1901— gulf slope of southeastern Mexico, excl. of Alta Mira, Tamau- lipas (monog., full bibliog.). Cardinalis cardinalis coccineus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 28, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz. [Cardinalis cardinalis] subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 163, 1888— part, spec, a, b, Jalapa. Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 340, 1884 — part, Mexico (Vera Cruz, Cordoba, Jalapa, Playa Vicente). Range. — Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Mirador, Cordoba, Orizaba, Jalapa, Otatitlan, etc.) and Oaxaca (Tuxtepec, Playa Vicente).3 1: Mexico (Achotal, Vera Cruz, 1). Richmondena cardinalis littoralis (Nelson).4 NELSON'S CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis littoralis Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 64, 1897— Coatzacoal cos, coast of southern Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 643, 1901— coast of south- ern Vera Cruz (Coatzacoalcos, Minatitlan). Range. — Hot coastal plains of extreme southeastern Vera Cruz (Co- atzacoalcos, Minatitlan) and probably of the adjacent parts of Tabasco. 1 Here belongs probably Cardinalis herrerae Alvarado (Bol. Direc. Estud. Biol. Mexico, 1, No. 3, p. 284, col. pi., 1916), based on a color-variety with yellow crest and pectoral spots from Santa Rosa, San Luis Potosi. 2 Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 643, footnote 1, 1901) gives good reasons for considering Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, to be the type locality. 3 Birds from southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) assigned by Ridgway to the present form were shown by Phillips (Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911) to be referable to R. c. canicauda. 4 Characters and range of this race remain to be determined by additional material. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Richmondena cardinalis yucatanica (Ridgway). YUCATAN CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis yucatanicus Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 443, 1887 — Yucatan (type, from Merida, in U. S. National Museum); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209 — Tekanto, Ticul, and Progreso, Yucatan; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 279, 1896 — Chichen- Itza, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 644, 1901— part, Yucatan Peninsula (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 142, 1906 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926 — eastern Yucatan (crit.). Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 201, 1868— Merida, Yucatan; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 444— Chable, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 340, 1884— part, Me>ida and Chable, Yucatan. [Cardinalis cardinalis} subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 163, 1888 — part, spec, d-g, Chable and Merida, Yucatan. Range. — Peninsula of Yucatan. 6: Mexico (San Ignacio, 1; MeYida, 1; Buctzotz, 1; San Felipe, 2; "Yucatan," 1). Richmondena cardinalis flammigera (Peters).1 BELIZE CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis flammiger Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, July, 1913 — Xcopen, Quintana Roo, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 17, 1926 — Corosal, British Honduras (crit.). Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193 — Belize, British Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 340, 1884— parts, British Honduras (Belize, Corosal). [Cardinals cardinals] subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 163, 1888 — part, spec, v-z, Corosal and Belize, British Honduras. Range. — Southern Quintana Roo (Xcopen) and British Honduras (Corosal, Belize). *Richmondena cardinalis saturata (Ridgway).2 COZUMEL CARDINAL. 1 Richmondena cardinalis flammigera (Peters) : Similar to R. c. yucatanica, but slightly larger with longer, slenderer bill; color of adult male between geranium red and scarlet vermilion instead of between scarlet and scarlet vermilion; female differing by its bistre brown instead of raw umber back. Wing, 85 K, (female) 79-80; tail, 106, (female) 97-103; bill, 18^, (female) 17-18. One specimen (male) from Corosal examined. 2 Richmondena cardinalis saturata (Ridgway) appears to be separable from R. c. yucatanica by slightly larger size with heavier feet and darker coloration of the upper parts in both sexes. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 71 Cardinalis saturatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 24, 1885 — Cozumel Island, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum). Cardinalis cardinalis saturatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 568, 1885— Cozumel (full descr.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 645, 1901— Cozumel (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 236, p. 12, 1926— Cozumel (crit.). [Cardinalis cardinalis] subsp. a Cardinalis coccineus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 163, 1888 — part, spec, h-p, Cozumel. Cardinalis coccineus Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 260— part, Cozumel (crit.). Range. — Cozumel Island, Yucatan.1 5: Mexico (Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 5). *Richmondena cardinalis superba (Ridgway). ARIZONA CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis superbus Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 344, Oct., 1885 — Fuller's Ranch, a few miles east of Camp Lowell, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 645, 1901— southern Arizona and contiguous parts of Sonora (monog., full bibliog.). Richmondena cardinalis superba van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 291, 1931 — Sonora (Saric, Pesqueira, fifteen miles southwest of Nogales, El Alamo, and twelve miles west of Magdalena). [Cardinalis cardinalis} /3 C. superbus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 166, 1888 — part, spec, a, b, Camp Lowell, Arizona. Range. — Southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and the adjacent parts of northwestern Sonora (south to Pesqueira). 8: Arizona (Phoenix, 2; San Pedro Mountain, Pinal County, 1; Tucson, 3; Paradise, 1; Calabasas, 1). *Richmondena cardinalis ignea (Baird). SAN LUCAS CARDINAL. Cardinalis igneus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 305, pub. Jan. 12, 1860— Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 341, 1884 —part, Cape S&n Lucas. [Cardinals cardinals] subsp. 0 C. igneus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 164, 1888 — part, spec, b-f, San Jose and Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 647, 1901— Cape San Lucas district (monog., full bibliog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 155, 1902— Cape district of Lower Cali- fornia (monog., habits, nest, and eggs); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 1 In the absence of material I am unable to decide whether specimens from the islands on the northern and eastern coast of Yucatan (Meco, Holbox, Muje- res) are referable to R. c. saturata or to R. c. yucatanica. Cf. Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 260, and Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 163, 1888 (spec. q-u). A casual inspection of the material in the British Museum shows these birds to be referable to saturata. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 48, p. 21, 1923 — Cape region (to Concepcion Bay) and Carmen Island; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 309, 1926— Cape San Lucas. Richmondena cardinalis ignea Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 184, 1928 — Cape district north to San Ignacio. Range. — Arid Tropical and lower Austral zones of the Cape district of Lower California, north to about lat. 27°. 8: Lower California (Loreto, 1; Comondu, 1; Todos Santos, 2; Cape San Lucas, 1; unspecified, 3). Richmondena cardinalis townsendi van Rossem.1 TIBUR6N CARDINAL. Richmondena cardinalis townsendi van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 142, July 28, 1932 — Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mexico (type in Califor- nia Institute of Technology, Pasadena). Cardinalis cardinalis affinis (not of Nelson) Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 21, 1923— Tiburon Island. Range. — Tiburon Island, Gulf of California, on the coast of Sonora, northwestern Mexico. Richmondena cardinalis affinis (Nelson).2 ALAMOS CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis affinis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 28, May 29, 1899— Alamos, Sonora (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 648, 1901— southern Sonora, northern Sinaloa, and adjacent Chihuahua (monog.). Cardinalis virginianus igneus (not of Baird) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 343, 1893— Guaymas, Sonora; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Oputo, Sonora. Cardinalis igneus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 341, 1884 — part, Guaymas, Sonora. Richmondena cardinalis affinis van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 291, 1931 — Sonora (Tecoripa, San Javier, Obregon, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba, Guaymas, Tobari Bay, and Kino Bay); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 478, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Oposura, Nacozari, Cumpas) and Chihuahua (La Trompa). 1 Richmondena cardinalis townsendi van Rossem: "Similar to R. c. affinis, of the Alamos District of southern Sonora, but coloration of males somewhat lighter red, and with dorsal plumage paler and gray; coloration of females paler, duller and grayer buff. Similar also to R. c. ignea, of Lower California, but bill smaller and less tumid, and coloration of females grayer and slightly paler. Wing (adult female), 95; tail, 112; oilmen from base, 17; depth at base, 14; tarsus, 25.3." (Van Rossem, I.e.) 2 According to van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, pp. 142-143, 1932), there is no tangible distinction in the male sex between R. c. superba, R. c. ignea, and R. c. affinis. Females of the first-named and the last are, however, of richer, browner coloration, especially underneath, affinis being again slightly darker and of decidedly smaller size, while those of R. c. ignea are duller and paler, more buffy and less brownish in tone. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 73 Range. — Eastern and southern Sonora and adjacent parts of southwestern Chihuahua (Batopilos, La Trompa, etc.). Richmondena cardinalis sinaloensis (Nelson). MAZATLAN CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis sinaloensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 28, May 29, 1899 — Culiacan, Sinaloa (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 648, 1901— Pacific coast of Sinaloa (monog., full bibliog.). Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 339, 1870 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Cardinalis virginianus var. igneus (not of Baird) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 275, 1874— part, Mazatlan. Cardinalis igneus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 341, 1884— part, Mazatlan. Cardinalis cardinalis igneus Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 — Limoncito and Altata, Sinaloa. [Cardinalis cardinalis] p C. superbus (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 166, 1888— part, spec, d, e, Presidio, near Mazatlan. Range. — Pacific lowlands and foothills of southern Sinaloa, Mexico (Altata, Culiacan, Limoncito, Mazatlan, Presidio).1 Richmondena cardinalis mariae (Nelson). TRES MARIAS CARDINAL. Cardinalis cardinalis mariae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 10, Jan. 27, 1898 — Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias group, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 52, 1899 — Tres Marias (habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 649, 1901— Tres Marias (monog.); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 391, 1906 — Cleofa Island, Tres Marias; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 310, 1926— Maria Madre Island; idem, I.e., (4), 17, p. 46, 1927— Maria Madre. Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 281, 1871— Tres Marias Islands. Cardinalis virginianus var. igneus (not of Baird) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 275, 1874— part, Tres Marias. Cardinalis igneus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 341, 1884— part, Tres Marias. [Cardinals cardinalis} subsp. /3 C. igneus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 166, 1888— part, a Large-billed form, Tres Marias Islands. Range. — Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico. Richmondena cardinalis carnea (Lesson).2 COLIMA CARDINAL. 1 The abnormally colored specimen from Michoacan (Patzcuaro) mentioned by Ridgway, unless it be a cage-bird, can hardly belong to R. c. sinaloensis. 2 This form, though differing from its more northern allies by longer, stiffer crest and more convex bill, is clearly nothing but a race of the cardinal. In structure, it exhibits a certain tendency in the direction of R. phoenicea. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coccothraustes (Cardinalis) carneus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 210, 1842— Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, and "Realejo, Nicaragua" (type apparently in coll. of R. P. Lesson).1 Cardinalis lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 501, end of 1850— based on Coccothraustes (Cardinalis) carneus Lesson (Rev. Zool., 5, p. 210, 1842); "junior an varietas." Cardinalis carneus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 501, 1850 — Acapulco and "Realejo" (ex Lesson); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 341, 1884 — Acapulco (Guerrero), Sierra Nevada (Colima), and Huamelula (Oaxaca); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 650, 1901 — Colima to Oaxaca (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 415, 1934 — Acapulco and Coyuca, Guerrero. Cardinalis virginianus var. carneus Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 275, 1874— Sierra Madre, Colima; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876 — Huamelula, Oaxaca. [Cardinalis cardinalis] subsp. y Cardinalis carneus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 166, 1888— Acapulco. Cardinalis virginianus (not of Bonaparte) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 421 — Acapulco, Guerrero. Range. — Pacific coast district of southwestern Mexico, from Colima to Oaxaca (Huamelula).2 *Richmondena phoenicea (Bonaparte).3 VERMILION CARDINAL. Cardinalis phoeniceus (Gould MS.) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. Ill, pub. June 14, 1838— "the country south of the Bay of Honduras" errore = Venezuela (type in coll. of Zoological Society of Lon- don, subsequently in Tring Museum; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 155, 1919) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Barcelona, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 125, pi. 63, 1868— Carupano, Venezuela; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 167, 170 — Carupano, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 251 — San Esteban, Carabobo (very rare); Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 582 — "Trinidad," errore; Bartlett, Monog. Weaver Bds. & Finches, Part 4, pi. 2, 1889— Colombia, Venezuela (Cumana, Carupano), and "Trinidad" (ex Finsch); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 166, 1888— Carupano, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 52, 1892— Carupano; 1 At present possibly in the Museum of the Naval Medical School at Roche- fort, France, where part of Lesson's private collection was deposited. Lesson's second locality, "Realejo, Nicaragua," can hardly be correct. 2 Material examined. — Acapulco, Guerrero, 5; Tehuan tepee, Oaxaca, 4. 3 Richmondena phoenicea (Bonaparte) differs from the genotype so decidedly by much more convex bill, deeply incised maxillary tomium, and partly blackish upper mandible that it may well be kept as a distinct species. With ample material from both Venezuela and Margarita Island, I am quite unable to maintain the supposed insular race (robinsoni), since not one of the characters used for its discrimination holds in series, as has already been intimated by Lowe and Cory. Neither can I recognize C. p. granadensis after comparing in the Carnegie Museum some twenty specimens from the type locality with a Venezuelan series. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 75 Phelps, Auk, 14, pp. 359, 364, 1897— Cumana, Venezuela; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 323— Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela. Cardinalis phaeniceus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 501, 1850— "Honduras" and Nova Granada. Cardinalis granadensis Lafresnaye,1 Rev. Zool., 10, p. 74, 1847 — Rio Hacha, Colombia (descr. of male; type in coll. of T. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899). Cardinalis phoenicurus granadensis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899 (crit. on type). Cardinalis robinsoni Richmond, Auk, 12, p. 370, 1895 — Margarita Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 676, 1896— Margarita Island; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 265, 1902— El Valle, Margarita. Cardinalis phoeniceus robinsoni Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 567 — Margarita Island (crit.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 248, 1909— Margarita Island (crit.). Carduelis (sic) phoeniceus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 58, 1906 (occurrence in Trinidad denied). Richmondena phoenicea Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 504, 1922 — Rio Hacha, Colombia (crit.; habits). Range, — Arid Tropical zone of the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Colombia, from the Cariaco Peninsula and Margarita Island west to La Goajira (Rio Hacha).2 46: Venezuela (La Asuncion, Margarita Island, 1; Porlamar, Margarita Island, 25; Margarita Island, 13; Maracaibo, 3; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 3); Colombia (Cartagena, Bolivar, 1). Genus PYRRHULOXIA Bonaparte Pyrrhuloxia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 500, end of 1850— type, by monotypy, Cardinalis sinuatiis Bonaparte. *Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte). TEXAS PYRRHULOXIA. Cardinalis sinuatus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. Ill, pub. June 14, 1838 — "western parts of Mexico" (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British Museum); idem, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 500, 1850 — Zacatecas, Mexico;3 van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 355, 1934 (crit.). *A synonym may be Cardinalis columbianus Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 37, p. 924, Dec., 1853) from "Colombia." It is said to be smaller than the Cardinal of Virginia, with stronger bill and brighter red of the head, characters which are hardly sufficient to identify the bird the author had before him. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cumana, 20; San Esteban, 1. — Colombia: Rio Hacha, La Goajira, 22. 4 The reported occurrence on the island of Trinidad is unreliable. 1 Accepted by van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 356 [in text], 1934) as type locality. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami Ridgway, Auk, 4, p. 347, Oct., 1887— El Paso, western Texas (type in U. S. National Museum). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata texana Ridgway, Auk, 14, p. 95, 1897 (nomen nudum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 628, 1901 — northeastern Mexico and southern Texas (type from Corpus Christi, Texas, in U. S. National Museum) ; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926— Brownsville, Texas. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 625, 1901 — part, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso, etc.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 357, 1934 (range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 478, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 343, 1884 — part, valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, Nuevo Leon, and Guana- juato; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 158, 1888— part, d-i, Texas (Eagle Pass, Rio Grande, Laredo, Ringgold Barracks, El Paso). Range. — Lower Austral zone of southern and southeastern New Mexico, southeastwards across Texas and south through Mexico to Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and Puebla.1 25: New Mexico (Mimbres, 3); Texas (Crystal City, 2; Corpus Christi, 7); Mexico (Chihuahua, 4; Sabinas, Coahuila, 9). *Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvescens van Rossem.2 ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvescens van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 356, May 31, 1934— Fort Lowell, Arizona (type in the D. R. Dickey Collection at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 478, 1934— Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Oposura). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata (not Cardinalis sinualus Bonaparte) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 275, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa; fielding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 343, 1883— Guaymas, Sonora; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 343, 1884 — part, Guaymas and Mazatlan; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 158, 1888— part, spec, b, c, Tucson, Arizona; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Florida, Sinaloa. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 625, 1901 — part, northwestern Mexico and Arizona (monog., bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 172, 1906— Rosario and Rancho Baillon, Durango (crit.); Van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 292, 1931— Sonora 1 As pointed out by van Rossem, the type of C. sinuatus is matched by speci- mens from Duval County, Texas, being a good average example of the form P. s. texana. The same author, furthermore, has shown birds from New Mexico (Las Cruces) and western Texas (El Paso) to be inseparable from a series taken in the lower Rio Grande Valley. 1 Pyrrhuloxia sinuata fulvescens van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race, but distinguished by slightly smaller size, paler and more fulvous coloration, and virtual absence of black intermixture in the red of the face and crest of the males. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 77 (Tecoripa, San Javier, Saric, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guaymas, Tobari Bay, Guirocoba, Sasabe). Pyrrhuloxia sinuata beckhami (not of Ridgway) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 40, 1893 — Granados, Sonora. Range. — Lower Sonoran and arid Tropical zones of southern Arizona (from the vicinity of Tucson southwards) and western Mexico through Sonora, Sinaloa, and western Durango to Nayarit. 8: Arizona (Tucson, 5; Fort Lowell, 2; Fairbank, 1). *Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway. SAN LUCAS PYRRHULOXIA. - Pyrrhuloxia sinuata peninsulae Ridgway, Auk, 14, p. 347, 1887 — San Jos6, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 627, 1901— Cape San Lucas; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 157, 1902— La Paz, Triunfo, Santiago, and San Jose del Rancho; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 184, 1928— Cape district, Lower California. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of the Cape district of Lower Cali- fornia north locally to latitude 26° 40'. 4: Lower California (Todos Santos, 1; San Jose* del Cabo, 1; Santa Anita, 2). Genus PHEUCTICUS Reichenbach Pheucticus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. Ixxviii, June 1, 1850 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 75, 1855), Pitylus aureoventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem.1 VAN ROSSEM'S GROSBEAK. Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 479, Dec., 1934 — La Trompa, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Pheuticus [sic] chrysopeplus (not Coccothraustes chrysopeplus Vigors) van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 293, 1931 — Guirocoba, Sonora. Range. — Southern Sonora (Guirocoba, Ysleta, Alamos, Hacienda de San Rafael), southwestern Chihuahua (La Trompa), and probably northern Sinaloa. *Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysopeplus (Vigors).2 VIGORS'S GROSBEAK. 1 Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem: Adult male similar to P. c. chrysopeplus, but with the concealed sub-basal portion of the rump feathers black as in P. c. aurantiacus, and back predominately black with yellow flammulations; female very much grayer and duller and more heavily streaked above, and paler yellow below with distinct streaks of dusky on the flanks. Size about the same. Material examined. — Sonora: Alamos, 1; Ysleta, 4. 2 Possible synonyms are Guiraca magnirostris Bonaparte (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 120, pub. June 14, 1838) and Pheucticus bonaparlei Salvadori 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coccothraustes chrysopeplus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, p. 4, pub. March, 1832 — Mexico1 (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 479, 1934). Coccoborus chrysopeplus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 504, 1850 — Mexico (synon. in part). Pheucticus chrysopeplus Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 339, 1870 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa (plumages, crit.); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 274, 1874 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and Rio de la Armeria, Colima (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 335, 1884 — Mexico (Mazatlan, Rio de la Armeria); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 51, 1888 — Mazatlan and Presidio; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Culiacan, Sinaloa; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 621, 1901 — part, from Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Rosario, Culiacan) to Colima (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa and Juanna Gomez River, Sinaloa; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 45, 1927— Labrados, Sinaloa. Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysopeplus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 411, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Southern Sinaloa (Culiacan, Mazatlan, Rosario, Escuin- apa, Labrados) and Durango (Chacala) south through Nayarit (San Bias) and Jalisco (Las Palmas) to Colima (Armeria), and Guerrero (Chilpancingo). 1: Mexico (Escuinapa, Sinaloa, 1). *Pheucticus chrysopeplus aurantiacus Salvin and Godman.2 ORANGE-COLORED GROSBEAK. Pheucticus aurantiacus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 3, p. 272, 1891— Volcan de Santa Maria, near Quezaltenango, Guatemala (type in Salvin and Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 623, 1901— Guatemala (Volcan de Santa Maria and Villanueva). (Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 178, Dec., 1868). Bonaparte based his description upon a (female or immature) grosbeak in a collection of birds received by Lead- beater "from that portion of Brazil bordering on Peru," which contained, however, also some Mexican species. Salvador! renamed the species on the ground that Swainson (Classif. & Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. Ill, fig. 159, July, 1837) had already employed the same specific name for another member of the genus Coccoborus [=Guiraca\. I am unable to identify Bonaparte's species, the type of which — presumably in the Derby Collection at Liverpool— should be critically examined. 1 San Bias, Nayarit, suggested as type locality by van Rossem (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 480, 1934). 2 Pheucticus chrysopeplus aurantiacus Salvin and Godman: Similar to P. c. chrysopeplus, but head and under parts more orange, and adult male with sub- basal portion of rump feathers black. Additional material examined. — Mexico: Chietla, Puebla, 1 (male); Pinabete, Chiapas, 2; Volcan de Tacana, Chiapas, 2.— Guatemala: Volcan de Santa Maria, 2; San Marcos, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 79 Pheuticus [sic] aurantiacus Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 120, 1907 — El Rancho, Guatemala. Pheucticus chrysopeplus aurantiacus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 347, 1932 — Progreso, Guatemala. Pheucticus chrysopeplus (not of Vigors) Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 141, 1886— Chietla, Puebla (spec, examined); Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 621, 1901— part, Puebla. Range. — Highlands of southeastern Mexico (Chietla, Puebla; Pinabete and Volcan de Tacana, Chiapas) and Guatemala (Volcan de Santa Maria, near Quezaltenango; Villanueva; Progreso and El Rancho, Motagua Valley). 10: Guatemala (Volcano Tajumulco, San Marcos, 9; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1). *Pheucticus chrysopeplus tibialis Lawrence.1 IRAZTJ GROSBEAK. Pheucticus tibialis (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 478, May, 1867 — Cervantes, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 9, p. 102, 1868 — Costa Rica (Tucurriqui, Cervantes, San Jose, Rancho Redondo); Salvadori, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 4, p. 177, pi. 5, 1868 [=1869]— Costa Rica (crit.); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869— Turrialba, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 189 — Veraguas (Calovevora, Chitra, Boquete de Chitra) and Chiriqui (Bu- gaba); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 840— Costa Rica and Veraguas; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 58— Navarro and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 495, 1882— Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 335, 1884— Costa Rica and Panama; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo de San Jose, El Zarcero de Alajuela, Cartago); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 53, 1888— Costa Rica (Irazu, Rancho Redondo, Valsa) and Panama (Calovevora, Veraguas); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 623, 1901— Costa Rica and Veraguas (monog.); Bangs, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 68, 1902 — Boquete and Caribbean slope of Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910— Coliblanco, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 880, 1910— Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, Coliblanco, Bonilla, La Estrella, Escazu, Tres Rios, Azahar, La Estrella de Cartago, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Volcan de Irazu, Azahar de Cartago; nest and eggs descr.); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 460, 1928— Boquete Trail, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 337, 1931 — Guabo and Boquete Trail, Panama. 1 This bird, although heretofore regarded as specifically different, is certainly nothing but a strongly marked race of P. chrysopeplus, as is indicated by certain individual variants. An adult male from the southwest slope of Irazu has well- developed white apical spots on the two lateral pairs of rectrices, and another specimen from the Volcan de Chiriqui shows white fringes to some of the greater wing-coverts. Nine specimens from Costa Rica, five from Chiriqui, and one from Veraguas (Boquete de Chitra) examined. 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range.— Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). 3: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 1; La Isla, 1; Navarro, 1). *Pheucticus chrysopeplus laubmanni Hellmayr and Seilern.1 LAUBMANN'S GROSBEAK. Pheucticus chrysopeplus laubmanni Hellmayr and Seilern, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 160, Feb., 1915— Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Venezuela (type in Munich Museum). Pheucticus laubmanni Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 505, 1922 — San Miguel, Santa Marta region, Colombia. Pheucticus chrysogaster (not Pitylus chrysogaster Lesson) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 100, 1862 — part, spec, b, Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 840— part, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 53, 1888— part, spec, b, c, Caracas, Venezuela. Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Colombia (San Miguel, Santa Marta region) and northern Venezuela (Caracas; Rio Mam^ra; Galipan, Cerro del Avila; Mount Turumiquire, Sucre). 2: Venezuela (Mount Turumiquire, 2). *Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysogaster (Lesson). GOLDEN- BELLIED GROSBEAK. Pitylus chrysogaster Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 204, pi. 67, May, 1832— "Chili," errore2 (type in coll. of F. Canivet, present location unknown; descr. of male adult). Pitylus dorsigerus Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., (n.s.), Part 8, pi. 44, 1842 — "believed to come from some part of the western coast, towards the north of South America" = Ecuador (type in coll. of J. Carfrae; descr. of adult male). Coccoborus chrysogaster Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 222, 1846 — Peru. 1 Pheucticus chrysopeplus laubmanni Hellmayr and Seilern: Nearest to P. c. chrysogaster, but easily distinguished by the adult male having the interscapular feathers bright yellow laterally edged with black, instead of solid black with semi- concealed yellow sub-basal spots; the scapulars narrowly margined on both webs with dull olive yellow, and the first to fifth primaries (from without) along the apical half of the outer web conspicuously edged with white; adult female differing by the last-named character and by brighter yellow upper parts, approaching in tone the color of the male sex. Wing, 102-106, (female) 98-103; tail, 81-86; bill, 20-22. By the white margins to the outer primaries and the striped upper back this form recalls P. c. chrysopeplus, but is much smaller, more heavily streaked in the interscapular region, and has black sub-basal spots on the rump, not to mention several minor differences. Material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 14; Rio Mamera, near Antlmano, Caracas region, 3. 2 Quito, Ecuador, suggested as type locality by Hellmayr and Seilern (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 12, p. 160, note 1, 1915). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 81 Pheucticus chrysogaster Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, pp. 450, 454, 1858 — Cuenca, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 27, p. 140, 1859 — Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860 — Calacali and about Quito, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 100, 1862— part, spec, a, Pallatanga; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 984— Islay and Arequipa, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1869, p. 147— vicinity of Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 840— part, Ecuador; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 275, 1874— Ecuador (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 199— Callacate, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 549— Chimbo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 292 — Cechce, Bugnac, and Cayandeled, Ecua- dor (crit.) ; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 3, 1886 — Peru (Chilpes, Guadalupe, Tumbez, Tambillo, Callacate, Chachapoyas, Huayabamba, Paucal) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 52, 1888 — part, spec, d-r, Ecuador (Sical, Santa Rita, Pallatanga, Cuenca Quito, Guayaquil) and Peru (Islay, Arequipa); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 72, 1889— Quito; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895 — Cajabamba, Chusgon (Huamachuco), and Malca, Peru; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 22, 1899— La Conception (Chota), Nanegal, and Cuenca, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473— Quito and Chillo Valley, Ecuador (habits); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 68, 1906 — Coracora and Pauza, Ayacucho, Peru; M6ne"gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Choquisongo, Peru; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B74, 1911— Tumbaco and Calacali, Ecuador; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Huancabamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 78, 1922— Quito and Tumbaco, Ecuador. Pheucticus chrysopeplus (not Coccothraustes chrysopeplus Vigors) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 519 — Chilpes, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 229 — Tambillo, Peru. Pheucticus chrysogaster subsp. Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 349 — Huamani, Garita del Sol, and Maraynioc, Peru. Pheucticus chrysopeplus chrysogaster Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898— Ibarra and Cayambe, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 605, 1926— Ecuador (Verdecocha, Pichincha, Mocha, Manta, Tumbaco, Cumbaya, Pallatanga, Puna Island, Santa Rosa, Zaruma, Punta Santa Ana, Salvias, El Paso, Casanga, Celica, Lunama, Alamor, Cebollal, Loja, Sabanilla, Zamora) and Peru (Paletillas, Palambla, Viru, Huancabamba, Rio Chinchipe, Rumicruz and Utcuyacu, Junin); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 457, 1930— Santa Eulalia (Lima), Huanuco, Chinchao, and Vista Alegre, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928 — Pilon, Alugincho, Tumbaco, and San Pedro Tingo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., (2), 4, pp. 235, 627, 1932— Isla Silva, Cuenca, and El Portete de Tarqui, Ecuador. Pheucticus chrysocephalus (lapsu) chrysogaster Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 108, 1921 — Rio San Miguel, Urubamba, Peru. Range. — Tropical to Temperate zones of Ecuador and Peru south to Arequipa and Puno.1 1 Despite its wide altitudinal distribution ranging from sea-level up to the Temperate zone, I have not been able to make out any local variation. Forty- two specimens from Peru and twenty from Ecuador examined. 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 27: Peru (Hacienda Limon, west of Balsas, 7; Macate, 11; Huanuco, 3; Vista Alegre, 1; Cullcui, Maraiion River, 1; Chinchao, 3; Santa Eulalia, 1). *Pheucticus aureo-ventris aureo-ventris (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BLACK-RUMPED GROSBEAK. Pitylus aureo-ventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 84, 1837 — "Yungas, Sicasica, Bolivia" (type, from Sicasica, in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 365, pi. 49, figs. 1, 2, 1844 — prov. Yungas, Ayupaya, Mizque, Chuquisaca, and Chiquitos, Bolivia. Pheuctlcus aureiventris Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 99, 1862 — part, spec, a, b, Bolivia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 221, 1870— Villa Maria, No Dourado, and Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604— Bolivia (d'Orbigny's local- ities); White, I.e., 1882, p. 598— Campo Santo, Salta; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 43, 1888— Salta; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 54, 1888— Sorata, Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— Mapiri, Bolivia; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cordoba, 10, p. 598, 1890 — Sierra de Cordoba; Koslowsky, Revist. Mus. La Plata, 6, pp. 278, 290, 1895 — Chilecito (La Rioja) and Catamarca; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897 — San Lorenzo (Jujuy), Tala (Salta), and Cordillera de San Pablo (Tucuman); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902 — Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Tapia, La Criolla, and Lagunita, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 42, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 174, 1909— Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 378, 1910 (range in Argentina); Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos (apparently recorded from hearsay only); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— Sierra of La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 174, 1923— Huerta Grande, Cordoba; Dinelli, I.e., 3,. p. 254, 1924 — cerros of Tucuman at altitudes from 1,000 to 2,000 metr. (habits, nest and eggs); Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 317, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. Pkeucticus aureo-ventris Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 198, 1926 —Tapia, Tucuman; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 342, 1930— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 237, 1930— Salta (Aguaray) and Bolivia (Florida and San Jose", Santa Cruz; Villa Montes, Tarija); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 395, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Pheucticus aureiventris aureiventris Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 340, 1935— Santa Ana and Teoponte, upper Beni, Bolivia (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Bolivia, northwestern Argentina (from Salta and Jujuy south to La Rioja and Cordoba) and extreme southwestern Brazil, in the western parts of Matto 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 83 Grosso (Villa Maria, No Dourado, Engenho do Gama, Urucum, Descalvados).: 6: Brazil (Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1); Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 1; Buena Vista, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1; Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 1; Rio Sail, Tucuman, 1). Pheucticus aureo-ventris terminalis Chapman.2 CHAPMAN'S GROSBEAK. Pheucticus uropygialis terminalis Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 266, Dec., 1919— San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba Canyon, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 108, 1921— San Miguel Bridge and Chauillay, Urubamba, Peru. (?) Pheucticus aureiventris (not Pitylus aureo-ventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 518 — Huanta, Ayacucho, and "Maraynioc, Junin," Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1874, p. 677— Ccachupata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 1, 1886 — Huanta and Ccachupata, Peru. Pheucticus uropygialis Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 2, 1886 — Huanta, Aya- cucho, and Alcatanga, Montanas de Huancayo, southern Junin; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 103, 1906 — Urquillos, near Cuzco, Peru. Range, — Tropical and Subtropical zones of southern Peru, in depts. of Cuzco and (?)Junin. Pheucticus aureo-ventris uropygialis Sclater and Salvin. YELLOW-RUMPED GROSBEAK. Pheucticus uropygialis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., for Dec., 1870, p. 840, publ. early in 1871 — Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 — 1 Specimens from Matto Grosso are perfectly identical with a Bolivian series in coloration, and the single adult male (from Villa Maria = Sao Luiz de Caceres) has the bill fully as bulky as the thickest-billed from Bolivia. Argentine birds merely diverge by having the bill on the average slightly smaller. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Songo, 1; Cocapata, 1; Chicani, 3; Olgin, 2; Santa Cruz, 3; Buena Vista, 6.— Argentina: Salta, 1; Villa Nougues, Tucuman, 2; Tapia, 1; Norco, 1; Tucuman, 2.— Brazil, Matto Grosso: Villa Maria, 1; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore', 2; No Dourado, 1. 2 Pheucticus aureo-ventris terminalis Chapman: Resembling P. a. meridensis in comparative absence of black markings on the sides and flanks, in the large size of the white endings of the greater wing coverts, and in yellow spotting to interscapulars, but differing from both P. a. meridensis and P. a. uropygialis in having large white terminal or slightly subterminal rounded spots instead of small whitish transverse subterminal marks on the upper tail coverts; lower tail coverts whiter; tibiae yellower (compiled from Chapman's original description). This form, based on two specimens from the Urubamba region, requires further investigation. Three immature males from Carabaya (Oceneque and Limbani) differ nowise from various individuals in a large series from Bolivia and Argentina. Taczanowski records both "P. aureiventris" and "P. uropygialis" from Huanta, Ayacucho, the former with the rump black like the back and with hardly any white on the upper tail coverts, while the latter, in agreement with Chapman's 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII above "Matisgua" [=Matisuga], northeast of Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 55, 1888— Colombia (Bogota and "Pasto"). Pitylus auriventris (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bonaparte, Atti Sesta Riun. Scienz. Ital., 1844, p. 405, 1845— Bogota. Pheucticus aureiventer Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 154, 1855— Bogota. Pheucticus uropygialis uropygialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 555, 1917 — La Mar, Palo Hueco, Subia, Fomeque, and Chipaque, eastern Andes of Colombia. Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia, in states of Cundinamarca and Santander.1 *Pheucticus aureo-ventris meridensis Riley.2 MERIDA GROSBEAK. Pheucticus uropygialis meridensis Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 220, 1905 — Pedregosa, Merida, Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, I.e., 32, p. 266, 1919— near Merida. Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of the Andes of western Venezuela (Cordillera of MeYida). 1: Venezuela (Rio Chama, 1). Pheucticus aureo-ventris crissalis Sclater and Salvin.3 YELLOW- THROATED GROSBEAK. Pheucticus crissalis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 19— Riobamba and Sical, Ecuador (type, from Riobamba, in coll. of P. L. diagnosis of terminalis, is described as having the rump extensively yellow varie- gated with black, and the upper tail coverts largely tipped with white. The co- existence of two grosbeaks in the same locality appears to be extremely unlikely, and I am rather inclined to think that the differences which caused Taczanowski to refer the Huanta birds to two "species," really signify the limits of individual variation in the inhabitants of southern Peru, where intergradation between the northern yellow-rumped group and the southern black-rumped form might reason- ably be expected to take place. Adequate series from the disputed region are urgently needed for the solution of the problem. 1 Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 15. 2 Pheucticus aureo-ventris meridensis Riley: Nearest to P. a. uropygialis, but distinguished 'by more extensive yellow uropygial area, the presence of half-con- cealed lemon yellow subterminal spots to the interscapular feathers, and the absence of the black markings on the sides of the abdomen. The other points of distinction mentioned by the describer do not hold in the available series. Five specimens have no trace of black spots underneath, while in two others there are narrow sooty fringes to some of the flank feathers. The under tail coverts are either wholly yellow or with just a few inconspicuous whitish tips. Wing (males), 102-115; tail, 88-95. Material examined. — Venezuela, Merida: Chama, 1; Paramo del Morro (alt. 8,000 ft.), 2; Montanas del Morro (alt. 8,200 ft.), 4. 3 Pheucticus aureo-ventris crissalis Sclater and Salvin differs readily from the other races by yellow throat and buffy white longer under tail coverts. Material examined. — Ecuador: Banos, Rio Pastaza, 8; San Rafael, 1; La Conception, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 85 Sclater, now in British Museum); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 84— San Rafael; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 56, 1888— Rio- bamba and Sical; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 23, 1899— La Concepci6n (Chota), Ibarra, and Tumbaco (Quito), Ecuador (crit.); M6n£gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme"e Mes. Arc Me"rid. Equat., 9, p. B75, 1911— Riobamba; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 78, 1922— Ambato; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 605, 1926— Riobamba, Cajabamba, Chambo, Mocha, and "Cluvinda," Ecuador. Pheucticus aureiventris (not Pitylus aureo-ventris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 551, 1858— above Punfn and Rio- bamba; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 99, 1862 — part, spec, c-e, Rio- bamba and Cuenca. Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of Ecuador. Genus HEDYMELES Cabanis Habia (not of Blyth, 1840) Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 78, June, 1850 — type not indicated. Hedymeles Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 162, Oct., 1851 — new name for Habia Reichenbach; type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 71, 1855),Zxmo ludoviciana Linnaeus. Zamelodia Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 98, 1880— new name for Hedy- meles Cabanis (supposed to be preoccupied by Hedymela Sundevall, 1847).1 *Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus). ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK. Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 306, 1766 — based on "Le Gros-bec de la Louisiane" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 247, pi. 12, fig. 2; Louisiana (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur). Loxia rubricollis P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 151, 1776 — based on "Gros-bec de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 152, fig. 2. Loxia obscura Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 862, 1789— based on "Dusky Grosbeak" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 351, No. 216; New York (descr. of female or young). Fringilla punicea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 921, 1789 — based on "Red- breasted Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 372, No. 245; Sandy Hook (descr. of adult male). Loxia rosea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 135, pi. 17, fig. 2, 1810 — new name for Loxia ludoviciana Linnaeus. Fringilla rhodocampter Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum=adult male); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). Hedymeles ludovicianus (a) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 58, 1888; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 506, 1922— Cincinnati, Colombia; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 130, 1923 — Cuba; Darling- ton, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdelena, 1 Cf. Coues, Auk, 14, pp. 39-42, 1897, and Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 115, 1919. 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Colombia; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 429, 1931 — Hispaniola (Gonave Island; Poste Chabert, Haiti); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 347, 1932— Guatemala. Zamelodia ludoviciana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 614, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.) ; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 555, 1917 — Paramillo, Barro Blanco, Salento, and Buena Vista, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 606, 1926 — Esmeraldas and lower Sumaco, Ecuador. Range. — North America from southern Mackenzie, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to Kansas, southern Missouri, Ohio, New Jersey, and in the mountains to northern Georgia; winters from southern Mexico and Yucatan to Colombia, western Venezuela, and Ecuador; casual on migration in Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and the Bahamas; accidental in Arizona, Colorado, and California. 86: Maine (Lincoln, 1); New York (Peterboro, 1; Albion, 1); Massachusetts (Woburn, 1; Cambridge, 1; unspecified, 1); Con- necticut (New Haven, 1; East Hartford, 20); New Jersey (Engle- wood, 1); Wisconsin (Green Lake, 1; Delton, 1; Beaver Dam, 6); Illinois (Highland Park, 2; Deerfield, 3; Lake Forest, 1; Chicago, 5; Des Plaines River, Cook County, 1; Joliet, 3; Momence, 2; Addi- son, 1; Henry, 5); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 1; Key West, 2); Bahama Islands (Watling Island, 1); Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosi, 1; Cozumel Island, 2); Guatemala (Volcano Taju- mulco, San Marcos, 3; San Augustine, Zacapa, 1; Lake Atitlan, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; Mazatenango, 3; San Jose", Escuintla, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, 3); Costa Rica (Limon, 1); Colombia ("Bogota," 3); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1). *Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson). ROCKY MOUNTAIN GROSBEAK. Guiraca melanocephala Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 438, June, 1827 — table land of Mexico (type, from Temascal tepee, in coll. of W. Bullock, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.; cf. van Rossem, Auk, 49, p. 489, 1932, and Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 357, 1934). 1 Fringilla epopoea Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (restricted type, from Jalapa, Vera Cruz, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 357, 1934); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). Fringilla xanthomaschalis Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 525 — Mexico (cotypes in Munich Museum examined); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 358, 1934 (crit.).1 1 Mr. van Rossem has ascertained by examining the respective types that Guiraca melanocephala, as well as Fringilla epopoea and F. xanthomaschalis, are all referable to the large eastern race of the Black-headed Grosbeak. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 87 (1)Guiraca tricolor Lesson,1 Rev. Zool., 2, p. 102, 1839— Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. AbeiUe1, Bordeaux; descr. of immature male). (l)Pitylus guttatus Lesson,1 Rev. Zool., 2, p. 102, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille", Bordeaux; descr. of adult male). Hedymeles melanocephalus papago Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 412, 1919 — Santa Cruz River, west of Patagone Mountains, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum). Hedymeles melanocephalus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 62, 1888 — part, subsp. a H. melanocephalus. Zamelodia melanocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 617, 1901— part (full bibliog.). Zamelodia melanocephala melanocephala van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 292, 1931 — Sonora (Tecoripa, San Javier, Chinobampo, Guirocoba) . Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 410, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Nov. 15); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 478, 1934— Sonora (migrants). Range. — Breeds from southern Saskatchewan to eastern Idaho, Nevada, western Arizona, and the northern states of Mexico (Ta- maulipas, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon),2 and east to central North Dakota, central Nebraska, Kansas, and western Texas; winters south to Guerrero and Puebla, Mexico. 42: North Dakota (Cannonball River, 2); Colorado (Lay, 1; Loveland, 1; Fort Lyon, 8); Arizona (Calabasas, 9; Huachuca Mountains, 21). "Hedymeles melanocephalus macula tus (Audubon).3 BLACK- HEADED GROSBEAK. Fringilla maculata Audubon, Bds. of America, folio, 4, pi. 373, figs. 2, 3, 4, 1837 (type from Columbia River, Oregon, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 411 [in text], 1919). [Hedymeles melanocephalus] var. capitalis Baird, in Baird, Brewer and Ridg- way, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, p. 70, 1874— Columbia River, Oregon (type* in U. S. National Museum). Zamelodia melanocephala microrhyncha Grinnell, Condor, 2, p. 128, Nov., 1900 — Buckhorn Canon, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles County, California 1 These names might just as well refer to the small-billed race (maculatus), but fortunately their status does not affect nomenclature, Audubon 's name being earlier. 1 Breeding birds from northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas and Nuevo Le6n) are stated by Griscom to be intermediate between the two races, and their reference to one rather than to the other is a matter of personal opinion. 1 Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus (Audubon): Similar to the nominate race, but smaller in all proportions, the bill especially so; postocular streak of tawny usually present. Wing, 96-101, (female) 93-104; tail, 71-81, (female) 75- 81; bill, 15-18, (female) 16-19. 4 According to Oberholser, probably the very same individual that served as basis for Audubon's figure of the adult male. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 302, 1932). Hedymeles melanocephalus (not Guiraca melanocephala Swainson) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 62, 1888— part, /3 H. capitalis, California. Zamelodia melanocephala Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 617, 1901 — part, Pacific region of North America and western Mexico (full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 172, 1906— Arroyo del Buey, Durango (May 28, 29). Hedymeles melanocephalus melanocephalus Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 408, 1919 (monog.). Zamelodia melanocephala capitalis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 185, 1928 — Lower California. Zamelodia melanocephala maculata van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 292, 1931— Sonora (Saric, breeding; Tecoripa, San Javier, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guaymas, Guirocoba) (crit.). Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 410, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (crit.); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 478, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Oposura) and Chihuahua (La Trompa) (crit.). Range. — Breeds from Vancouver Island and the mainland of southern British Columbia south through California, northern Lower California (south to the western flank of the Sierra San Pedro Martir), and western Mexico to Oaxaca and Vera Cruz (Jico); winters in southern Lower California and in Mexico.1 31: California (Nicasio, 9; Carlotta, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Sherman, Los Angeles County, 3; Los Gatos, 2; Cienega, Los Angeles County, 2; Los Angeles County, 1; Hay ward, 1; Anderson, 2; Lakeside, 1; Alameda County, 1); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 7). Genus GUIRACA Swainson Guiraca Swainson, Philos. Magaz., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 438, June, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 350, Dec., 1827), Loxia caerulea "Wilson" = Linnaeus. Coccoborus Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Class. Bds., 2, p. Ill, July, 1837— type, by orig. desig., Loxia caerulea Linnaeus. Goniapha.ea G. R. Gray,2 Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 71, 1855 — type, by orig. desig., Loxia caerulea Linnaeus. *Guiracea caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus). EASTERN BLUE- GROSBEAK. Loxia caerulea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed.f 1, p. 175, 1758— based on "The Blue Gross-beak" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 39, pi. 39; "Carolina" = South Carolina. 1 According to Griscom (I.e., p. 411, 1934), breeding birds from Sonora (Opo- sura) are not properly separable from Calif ornian specimens; which is corroborated by van Rossem's statement. *Goniaphea Bowdich (Excurs. Madeira, p. 29, 1825), according to Sherborn, is a nomen nudum. We have not been able to consult this scarce publication. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 89 Guiraca caerulea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 66, 1888— part, south- eastern United States. Guiraca caerulea caerulea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 607, 1901 — southeastern United States, in winter south to Cuba and Yucatan (monog., full bibliog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 130, 1923— Cuba; Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 257, p. 4, 1927 (monog., range); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 348, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca Chama, San Lucas, Sacapulas, Pantaleon, San Jose'). Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States from western Nebraska, Missouri, southern Illinois, and Maryland south to Texas, southern Alabama, and central Florida, and north sparingly to New Jersey and Pennsylvania; winters in eastern Mexico and Guatemala; casual in Cuba. 18: North Carolina (Raleigh, 1); South Carolina (Charleston, 1); Texas (Kerrville, 1; Fort Worth, 2; Ingram, 3); Mexico (Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, 1; Cozumel Island, 2; Peto, Yucatan, 1; Rio Lagartos, 1; "Yucatan," 4); Guatemala (El Rancho, Zacapa, 1). *Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom.1 WESTERN BLUE GROSBEAK. Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 257, p. 4, 1927— Fort Lowell, Arizona (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 185, 1928— Colorado delta, Lower California; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 331, 1929 — southern Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 293, 1931 — Saric, Guiro- coba, and El Alamo, Sonora (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 348, 1932 — Sacapulas, Guatemala (March); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 411, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 480, 1934— Alamos (March), Hacienda de San Rafael (May), and Oposura (June), Sonora. Guiraca caerulea lazula (not Pitylus lazulus Lesson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 610, 1901— part, Arizona, Chihuahua, etc. (monog., bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa and Arroyo de Limones, Sinaloa (Dec. to April). Range. — Lower Austral zone of southwestern United States from extreme southern Nevada, southeastern California, and north- eastern Lower California (Colorado delta region) east to Colorado and New Mexico, and adjacent parts of northwestern Mexico; in winter south to southern Mexico and Guatemala. 32: Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2); Arizona (Calabasas, 5; Fairbank, 1; 1 Guiraca caerulea interfusa Dwight and Griscom: "Similar to G. c. caerulea, but larger and paler, the blue of the male less purplish (dark diva or grayish violaceous blue), the anterior wing-band a paler chestnut, the other wing-band 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tucson, 1); Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 5; Iguala, Guerrero, 8; City of Mexico, 1 ; Morelia, Michoacan, 1) ; Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1 ; Salama, Baja VeraPaz, 2; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; Laguna, Guatemala Province, 1; Lake Amatitlan, 1; Lake Atitlan, 1). *Guiraca caerulea salicaria Grinnell.1 CALIFORNIA BLUE GROSBEAK. Guiraca caerulea salicarius Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 163, 1911 — Santa Ana River bottom, San Bernardino County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 185, 1928— Lower California. Guiraca caerulea salicaria Dwight and Grinnell, Amer. Mus. Novit., 257, p. 5, 1927 (monog., range); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 293, 1931 — Oregon and Tesia, Sonora (winter); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 480, 1934— Alamos, Sonora (Feb. 6 to March 22). Guiraca caerulea lazula (not Pitylus lazulus Lesson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 610, 1901— part, California. Range. — Lower Austral zone of California, from the head of the Sacramento Valley and Owens Valley southwards, and Lower California south to about latitude 31°; winters in the Cape district of Lower California and in northwestern Mexico. 5: California (Corona, 1; San Bernardino, 2; Lakeside, 1; Riverside, 1). Guiraca caerulea euryhyncha Coues.2 LARGE-BILLED BLUE GROSBEAK. G. coerulea var. eurhyncha Coues, Amer. Natur., 8, No. 9, p. 563, Sept., 1874 — Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 216 — San Andres [Tuxtla], Vera Cruz; Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 257, p. 5, 1927 — southern Mexico (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 348, 1932 — San Lucas and San Jose, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 411, 1934— Coyuca and Chilpan- cingo, Guerrero (crit.). Guiraca chiapensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 61, 1898— Ocozo- acuantla, Chiapas, Mexico (descr. of female; type in U. S. National Museum). still paler and contrasting, both broader, and the winter veiling heavier. Like G. c. salicaria in color, but larger, especially the bill; lighter and smaller than G. c. eurhyncha. Females and young males larger and paler than G. c. caerulea. Wing (male), 88-93; tail, 66-71; bill, 16-17; depth at nostril, 11.3-12." (Dwight and Griscom.) 1 Guiraca caerulea salicaria Grinnell: Similar to G. c. inter fusa in coloration, but bill decidedly smaller; paler, with wings and tail on average slightly longer, than G. c. caerulea. * Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha Coues: LikeG. c. caerulea in deep coloration, but larger, specially the bill; both wing-bands deep chestnut. Wing (adult males), 91-95; tail, 68-72; bill, 17^-18; depth at nostril, 12^-13. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 91 Guiraca caerulea chiapensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S: Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 612, 1901— Chiapas and Oaxaca (monog.). Guiraca caerulea lazula (not Pitylus lazulus Lesson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 610, 1901— part, southern Mexico; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 484, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz. Range. — Resident in southern Mexico, from San Luis Potosi and Guanajuato to Oaxaca and Chiapas, and western Guatemala (San Lucas, San Jose").1 *Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson).2 PALE BLUE GROSBEAK. Pitylus lazulus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 174, 1842— "San Carlos (Centre Ame>ique)" = La Union, Gulf of Fonseca, El Salvador (type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, present location unknown). Guiraca caerulea (not Loxia caerulea Linnaeus) Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 392, 1883— Island of Ometepe, Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 344, 1885 — part, Nicaragua (Ometepe, Chinandega); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 66, 1888— part, spec, a', Chinandega, Nicaragua; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Boruca, Costa Rica (Nov. 29); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles, Costa Rica. Guiraca caerulea lazula Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 610, 1901— part, Nicaragua (Ometepe) and Costa Rica (Boruca); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 882, 1910— Coyolar and Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Dwight and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 257, p. 5, 1927— Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Nicaragua (crit.). Range. — Pacific slope of El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.3 1: Costa Rica (Orosi, 1). Genus CYANOCOMPSA Cabanis Cyanocompsa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 4, 1861 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla parellina (Lichtenstein MS.) Bonaparte. "Cyanocompsa parellina beneplacita Bangs.4 NORTHERN BLUE BUNTING. 1 An additional race, G. c. deltarhynchax, has recently been separated by van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 133, July 13, 1938— type from Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, in the British Museum). 2 Guiraca caerulea lazula (Lesson) : Similar to G. c. eurhyncha in size and color of wing-bands, but the blue portions of the plumage in the male sex decidedly paler and brighter (about diva blue). Wing (adult male), 89-93; tail, 73-75; bill, 17-18; depth at nostril, 12-13. Two adult males from Managua, Nicaragua, are the only ones we have seen of this apparently valid race. 3 It remains to be determined whether the grosbeaks, recorded from Caribbean Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica (Angostura) by Salvin (Ibis, 1873, p. 373) and Lawrence (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868), respectively, pertain to G. c. lazula or are wintering individuals of one of the northern races. The Chontales bird proves, on examination, to be typical of lazula. 4 Cyanocompsa parellina beneplacita Bangs: Similar to C. p. parellina, but with generally smaller, darker bill; male slightly paler blue, and female duller, 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cyanocompsa parellina beneplacita Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 126. May, 1915— Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Todd, Auk, 40, p. 68, 1923— Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, Mexico (crit.). Cyanospiza parellina (not Cyanoloxia parellina Bonaparte) Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 502, 1858 — Sierra Madre (Nuevo Leon) and Tamau- lipas; idem, Bds. America, atlas, pi. 56, fig. 1, 1860; idem, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, (2), p. 17, pi. 18, fig. 1, 1859— Sierra Madre, Nuevo Leon. Guiraca parellina Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 347, 1885— part, Sierra Madre, Nuevo Leon. Passerina parellina Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 630, 1896— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. Cyanocompsa parellina parellina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 601, 1901 — part, Nuevo Leon (Boquillo, Sierra Madre, Monterrey), Tamaulipas (Alta Mira), and (?)San Luis Potosf (Valles); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Tamaulipas (Guiaves, Carricitos, Rio Martinez, Rio Cruz, Alta Mira, Santa Leonor). Range. — Northeastern Mexico, in states of Nuevo Leon, Tamauli- pas, and (?)San Luis Potosi (Valles). 1: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1). *Cyanocomp8a parellina parellina (Bonaparte). BLUE BUNTING. Cyanoloxia parellina (Lichtenstein MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 502, end of 1850 — Alvarado [Vera Cruz], Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Goniaphea parellina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 302, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz. Goniaphaea parellina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 228, 1857— San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz. Guiraca parellina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, pp. 365, 378, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Totontepec, Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 101, 1862— Jalapa; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 444, — Merida, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 347, 1885 — part, Vera Cruz (Alvarado, Cordoba, Jalapa, San Andres Tuxtla), Oaxaca (Totontepec), and Yucatan (Me>ida); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 69, 1888 — part, spec, d-h, Mexico (Orizaba, Jalapa), Yucatan (Me>ida), Meco and Mujeres Islands; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 261— Meco and Mujeres Islands. Cyanospiza parellina Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz. Passerina parellina Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209 — Sitilpech, Yucatan (only seen). less rufescent brown. Birds from southern Tamaulipas (Tampico, Alta Mira), while intermediate, are apparently nearer to this than to the next form. We have not seen any material from San Luis Potosf. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 93 Cyanocompsa parellina parellina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 601, 1901 — part, Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), Vera Cruz (Mirador, Chi- chicaxtli, Alvarado, Cordoba, Jalapa, San Andres Tuxtla, Totontepec), Tabasco (Frontera), and Yucatan; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 143, 1906— Chichen-Itza and Xbac, Yucatan; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 67, 1923 — part, Yucatan to Vera Cruz (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 16, 1926— eastern Yucatan; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 484, 1927— Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from Puebla and Vera Cruz south through northern Oaxaca (Totontepec), Tabasco, and Yucatan to Quintana Roo, including Meco and Mujeres Islands. 1: Mexico (unspecified, 1). Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica (Ridgway). TURQUOISE- FRONTED BUNTING. Passerina parellina indigotica Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 447, 1887 — Manzanillo Bay, Colima, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of adult male). Passerina sumichrasti Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 447, 1887 — Tehuan- tepec City, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of immature male). Guiraca parellina (not Cyanoloxia parellina Bonaparte) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 276, 1874— Manzanillo Bay, Colima; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876— Tehuantepec City and Huallago, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 347, 1885— part, Presidio (near Mazatlan), Manzanillo Bay, Tehuantepec City, and Huallago; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 69, 1888— part, spec, b, Presidio. Cyanocompsa parellina indigotica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 602, 1901 — southwestern Mexico, from Sinaloa (Mazatlan) to Colima (Manzanillo Bay); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 68, 1923— Pacific coast of Mexico from Oaxaca to Mazatlan (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 45, 1927 — Labrados, Sinaloa; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 401, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca (crit.). Cyanocompsa parellina sumichrasti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 602, 1901 — Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City, Pluma, Huallago). Range. — Pacific coast of western Mexico, from Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio, Escuinapa, Labrados) through Nayarit (Acaponeta), Jalisco, and Colima (Manzanillo Bay) to Oaxaca (Pluma, Tehuan- tepec City, Huallago, Chivela).1 1 From the investigations of Todd, Bangs, and Peters it results that the sup- posedly larger form of Oaxaca (sumichrasti) is not separable from C. p. indigotica. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Cyanocompsa parellina dearborn! Miller and Griscom.1 DEAR- BORN'S BLUE BUNTING. Cyanocompsa parellina dearborni Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 184, p. 1, Sept., 1925 — San Rafael del Norte, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 349, 1932— Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 339, 1932 — Cantarranas, Honduras. Cyanocompsa parellina (not Cyanoloxia parellina Bonaparte) Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 119, 1907— Los Amates and Patulul, Guatemala (crit.). Cyanocompsa parellina parellina Todd, Auk, 40, p. 67, 1923— part, Mata- galpa, Nicaragua. Range. — Tropical zone of Guatemala (Patulul; Los Amates), Honduras (Cantarranas; San Pedro), and Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, Las Canas, Matagalpa). . 5: Guatemala (Patulul, 2; Los Amates, 2); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 1). *Cyanocompsa cyanoides concreta (Du Bus). BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK. Cyanoloxia concreta Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 22, (1), p. 150, 1855 — Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Brussels Museum; descr. of male). Goniaphea concreta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 302, 1856 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz. Goniaphaea concreta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 228, 1857— Sante- comapam, Vera Cruz. Guiraca concreta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 378, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 33 — Yzabal, Guate- mala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 101, 1862 — Orizaba, Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz up to Penuela (near Cordoba); Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 44, 1876 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 345, 1885 — part, Mexico (Orizaba, Sante- comapam, Playa Vicente, Penuela), Guatemala (Yzabal, Choctum), and British Honduras; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 74, 1888— part, spec, a-k, Mexico (Orizaba), British Honduras, and Guatemala (Vera Paz, Choctum, Yzabal). Cyanocompsa concreta concreta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 596, 1901 — part, Vera Cruz (Mirador, Orizaba, Santecomapam, Playa 1 Cyanocompsa parellina dearborni Miller and Griscom : Very similar to C. p. parellina, but male somewhat brighter blue, and female decidedly darker brown, particularly on forehead and rump. Wing (adult males), 68-70; tail, 52-54; bill, 8—9. This is rather an unsatisfactory race, of which I should like to see a larger series. A single Nicaraguan female and a male from San Pedro, Honduras, agree well with those from Guatemala. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 95 Vicente), Chiapas (Ocuilapa), and Guatemala; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 389, 1929— Cayo district, British Honduras. Cyanocompsa cyanoides concreta Todd, Auk, 40, p. 61, 1923 — southern Mexico to British Honduras (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 484, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 349, 1932— Finca Chama, Secanquim, and Finca Sepacuite, Guatemala. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz and Chiapas, Guatemala, and British Honduras.1 2: Guatemala (Escobas, Izabal, 1; unspecified, 1). *Cyanocompsa cyanoides caerulescens Todd.2 COSTA RICAN BLUE GROSBEAK. Cyanocompsa cyanoides caerulescens Todd, Auk, 40, p. 61, 1923 — Esparta, Costa Rica (type in Carnegie Museum); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 460, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 337, 1931— Changuinola, Western River, and Almirante, Panama. Guiraca concreta (not Cyanoloxia concreta Du Bus) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 141— Santa Fe, Veraguas; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868 — Turrialba and Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869 — Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 189 — Panama (Calovevora and Boquete de Chitra, Veraguas; Bugaba, Chiriqui); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 836 — Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 317 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 400, 1883— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 345, 1885 — part, Honduras (San Pedro), Nicaragua (Chontales, Los Sabalos), Costa Rica (Turrialba, Angostura), Chiriqui (Bugaba), and Veraguas (Calovevora, Santa Fe, Boquete de Chitra); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 586, 1887— Segovia River, Honduras; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 74, 1888— part, spec. 1-u, Costa Rica (Tempate, Tucurriqui), Chiriquf (Bugaba), and Veraguas (Calovevora, Santa Fe, Chitra); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 492, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles, Costa Rica. 1 Four specimens from Vera Cruz (Orizaba, etc.) and six from Guatemala (Vera Paz) examined. 2 Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanescens Todd : Similar to C. c. concreta, but adult male brighter throughout, dusky slate blue rather than bluish black, with the forehead slightly brighter than the crown, and the sides of the head dull bluish rather than blackish. From C. c. cyanoides it may be separated by larger size and darker, duller blue general coloration. This form is exactly intermediate between C. c. concreta and C. c. cyanoides, in fact so much so that certain individuals can hardly be told from the latter, while others are very nearly matched by the former. Still, taken as a whole, the best course seems to be the recognition of a third race, for which Mr. Todd has proposed the name caerulescens, even if a certain percentage of specimens from southern Central America cannot be distinguished from the allied forms. Twenty-six specimens, including one from Honduras (San Pedro), two from Chiriqui, and four from Veraguas examined. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cyanocompsa cyanoides concreta Nutting and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 392, 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — Costa Rica (Jimenez, Pacuare, Rio Sucio); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 240, 1932— Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua (crit.). Guiraca cyanoides concreta Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Costa Rica (Boruca, Terraba, Buenos Aires). Cyanocompsa concreta concreta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 596, 1901— part, Nicaragua (Rio Escondido, Los Sabalos) and Costa Rica (Rio Frio); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 883, 1910— Rio Frio, Costa Rica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 339, 1932— Honduras (Segovia River, San Pedro, Santa Ana). Cyanocompsa concreta cyanescens (not of Ridgway, 1898) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 597, 1901 — part, southern Honduras (Santa Ana) to Chiriqui; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— Costa Rica (Boruca, Paso Real, El Pozo de Terraba); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 884, 1910— Costa Rica (crit., habits, nest and eggs); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 31, 1919— Costa Rica (Talamanca, Sipurio; Siquirres, Cano Secco). Range. — Tropical zone of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama. 15: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 2); Costa Rica (Siquirres, 2; Matina, 2; Hacienda La Iberia, Province of Limon, 1; Limon, 2; Orosi, 2; Boruca, 2; Buenos Aires, 1); Panama (Veraguas, 1). *Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanoides (Lafresnaye). PANAMA BLUE GROSBEAK. Coccoborus cyanoides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 74, 1847 — Panama (descr. of female; type in coll. of T. B. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899, and Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, pp. 277-278, 1905). Guiraca sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 293, 1860— Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Cyanoloxia cyanoides Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 502, 1850 — Panama; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861 — Panama Railroad. Guiraca cyanoides Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 101, 1862 — part, spec, b, Esmeraldas; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 352 — Panama Railroad; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 506 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colom- bia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 549 — Chimbo, Ecuador (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 346, 1885— Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia, and Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 73, 1888 — Panama (Lion Hill), Colombia ("Bogota," Reme- dies), and Ecuador (Balzar, Esmeraldas); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 23, 1899 — Rio Peripa, Ecuador. Cyanocompsa cyanoides Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 599, 1901 — part, Panama (crit.). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 97 Cyanocompsa concrete cyanescens Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 229, July, 1898 — Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 33, 1900— Loma del Le6n, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 597, 1901— part, Panama to western Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 555, 1917— Salaqui (Atrato region), Cocal, and Barbacoas, Pacific Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 275, 1918— Gatun, Panama. Cyanocompsa concreta semctae martae Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 139, June 3, 1898 — "Santa Marta," Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 379, 1930); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 165, 1900— Cacagualito, Colombia; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 67, 1912— Las Quiguas and San Esteban, Carabobo, and near Bucarito (Tocuyo), Lara, Venezuela (crit.). Cyanocompsa cyanoides cyanoides Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 229, 1922 — Rio Esnape, Darien; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 507, 1922 — Cacagualito, Don Amo, Don Diego, La Tigrera, Minca, and Fundacion, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 62, 1923 — Panama to northern Venezuela and western Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 606, 1926— western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Rio de Oro, Cerro Manglar Alto, Chimbo, Bucay, Naranjo, Santa Rosa, La Puente, La Chonta); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931— near Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932— Perm6 and Ranchon, Panama. Cyancompsa concreta cyanoides Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924— Rio Velaz- quez, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of Panama (from the Canal Zone east- wards), south through Colombia to western Ecuador, and eastward through northern Colombia (Santa Marta region; lower Magdalena and affluents; (?)eastern base of the Andes in State of Boyaca) to northern Venezuela as far as Carabobo.1 2: Colombia (Fundacion, Magdalena, 2). *Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett).2 ROTHSCHILD'S BLUE GROSBEAK. 1 Eight specimens from western Ecuador agree in coloration and in size of bill with two from Panama. Birds from Santa Marta, "Bogota," and northern Venezuela have generally slightly smaller bills, but we agree with Mr. Todd that this insignificant variation is hardly sufficient to warrant their separation under the name sanctae martae, since the color differences alluded to by Hellmayr and Seilern turned out to be non-existent. Additional material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 2. — Ecuador: San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 4; Chimbo, 4. — Colombia: "Santa Marta," 4; "Bogota," 1. — Venezuela: near Bucarito, Tocuyo, Lara, 4; San Esteban, Carabobo, 3; Las Quiguas, Carabobo, 1. 1 Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildii (Bartlett): Nearest to C. c. cyanoides, but male markedly brighter blue, about hortense blue, with forehead, superciliary and malar regions, and lesser upper wing coverts still brighter (Mazarine blue); 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Guiraca rothschildii(i) Bartlett, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6)> 6, p. 168, Aug., 1890 — River Caramang, British Guiana (type in coll. of E. Bartlett, subsequently in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 277, 1905— Igarape-Assu, Para (crit.); idem, I.e., 13, p. 359, 1906— Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; idem, I.e., 14, p. 45, 1907— Teffe, Rio Solimoes; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907— Para and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 119, 1908 — Cayenne and Ipousin, Approu- ague River, French Guiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 426, 1914 — Para, Benevides, Peixe-Boi, Rio Tocantins (Cameta), Rio Jary (Santo Antonio da Cachoeira), and Monte Alegre, Brazil. Guiraca cyanoides (not Coccoborus cyanoides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 101, 1862 — part, spec, a, Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 566 — lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 750— Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870— part, Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso; Salto do Girao and Borba, Rio Madeira; Marabitanas, Rio Negro (spec, examined). Cyanoloxia cyanoides Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 582 — "Trinidad," errore (crit.). Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanoides Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928 — Rio Suno, eastern Ecuador. Guiraca cyanea (not Loxia cyanea Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 264 — Nauta, lower Ucayali, and Chyavetas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1882, p. 16 — Yurimaguas, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 213 — Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 5, 1886— Peru (Nauta, Ucayali, Chyavetas, Yurimaguas); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 71, 1888— part, spec, s-a', d'-i'; Cayenne, Oyapock, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, "Trinidad," Borba, Rio Ucayali, Nauta, and Sarayacu (Ecuador); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889 — lower Beni, Bolivia; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890 — Santarem; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 385, 1910 — Surinam. Cyanocompsa cyanea Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 136, 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana. female decidedly duller, less rusty (Brussels brown above, buckthorn brown below). Examination of a large series from different parts of the range fails to disclose any other than individual variation. Size and coloration vary a good deal within the same locality, and I doubt the possibility of maintaining the supposed Peruvian race peruvianus described by Carriker from very scanty material. While we have not seen any specimens from Junin, two adult males from the Rio Samiria, Peru, are nowise different from others taken in Guiana and on the Caura River, Vene- zuela. The wing in a small series of males from British Guiana ranges from 76-83, while those from the Rio Samiria measure 79 and 81, respectively. Two native "Bogota" skins are typical of the present form. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Saint Laurent du Maroni, 1; Ipousin, Approuague River, 1; Cayenne, 1. — British Guiana: Caramang River, 3; Camacusa, 3. — Venezuela: Munduapo, Orinoco, 1; La Pricion, Caura, 4; Nicare, Caura, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 1. — Brazil: Ourem, Rio Guama, 1; Igarape-Assu, 1; Santo Antonio do Prata, 4; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 2; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira, 1; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1.— Peru: Rio Samiria, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 99 Guiraca cyanea rothschildi Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. ZooL, 9, p. 24, 1902 — Munduapo, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela (crit.). Cyanocompsa rothschildi(i) Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 280, 1910— Borba and Salto do Girao, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, pp. 15, 88, 1912 — Peixe-Boi and Ipitinga (Rio Acara), Para (Para local- ities); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 97, 1916— Utinga, Para; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 186, 1916 — Munduapo, Orinoco, and La Pricion, Caura, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 421, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bartica, Kamakabra Creek, Manarika River, Arawai River, Great Falls of the Demerara, Caramang River, and Camacusa; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926— Tury-assu, Maranhao; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928— Para. Cyanocompsa cyanoides rothschildi Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918— Javaweg, Surinam; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 63, 1923 (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 606, 1926— Rio Suno and below San Jose, eastern Ecuador; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 293, 1929 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 342, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama and Salto do Girao). (l}Cyanocompsa cyanoides peruvianus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82, p. 373, 1930 — Puerto Yessup, Dept. Junm, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela (valley of the Orinoco and its tributaries) and Amazonia, from northern Maranhao (Tury-assu) west to the eastern base of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and south to western Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore") and eastern Bolivia. 5: British Guiana (Demerara River, Hyde Park, 2); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Manaos, Rio Negro, Amazonas, 1). *Cyanocompsa cyanea sterea Oberholser.1 SOUTHERN BLUE GROSBEAK. 1 Cyanocompsa cyanea sterea Oberholser: Similar to C. c. cyanea, but adult male decidedly darker and duller; rump and upper tail coverts very nearly the same color as the back, instead of lighter than the latter; pale blue frontal band and superciliaries generally narrower and more abruptly defined. Birds from so widely separated localities as Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes on one side and Rio Grande do Sul on the other agree perfectly together, and a single topotype from Sapucay, Paraguay, is a good match for many individuals, both in coloration and proportions. Four specimens from Goyaz, in size of bill, form the passage to C. c. argentina, though the other dimensions are the same as in C. c. sterea. Birds from Corrientes are variously intermediate to argentina, one male being just as small-billed as (and hardly larger than) sterea, while another male in proportions of wing, tail, and bill closely approaches certain individuals from Argentina. Their subspecific reference is entirely a matter of personal opinion, 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cyanocompsa stereo, Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 188, 1901— Sapucay, Paraguay (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of young male); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 146, 1902— Sapucay. Pitylits cyaneus (not Loxia cyanea Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 84, 1837— part, Corrientes (spec, examined). Coccoborus cyaneus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 237, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes. Guiraca cyanea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 221, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Pahor, Mattodentro, Ypanema), and Goyaz (spec, examined); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 415— part, Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa), Rio de Janeiro (Rosario, near Nova Friburgo), and Sao Paulo (Capitao Mor, Sao Carlos); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 121, 188,5 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 71, 1888— part, spec, g-1, Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo), Rio Grande do Sul ("Pelotas"), and Sao Paulo (Ypanema); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 159, 1899— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Sao Sebastiao); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 631 — Sapucay, Paraguay. Cyanocompsa cyanea Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907— part, Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Rio Feio, Bauru, Itatiba, Itarare, Rincao, Mogy-guassu), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre), and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Mene- gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 10, p. 335, 1918— Rio los Pedras, near Passo Quatro, Minas Geraes. Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908 — Rio Ara- guaya, Goyaz (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 358, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay (crit.); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 65, 1923 — part, southern Brazil west to Goyaz and Paraguay (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 187, 1926 — Parana (Therezina, Candido de Abreu, Salto Guayra); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 315, 1928— Monte Serrat and Bemfica, Itatiaya, Sao Paulo. Cyanocompsa cyanea stereo Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Paraguay; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 293 (in text), 1929— southern Brazil (from Goyaz and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and Misiones (crit.). Range. — Southern Brazil, from Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Espirito Santo south to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones). and if they are here classified with sterea rather than argentine, it is done so mainly on geographical grounds. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 2; Villa Rica, 1. — Brazil: Goyaz City, 2; Rio Araguaya (near Leopoldina), Goyaz, 2.— Rio de Janeiro: Petropolis, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 2.— Sao Paulo: Piquete, 2; Victoria, 1; Sao Sebastiao, 2; Ipanema, 8; Mattodentro, 1.— Rio Grande do Sul: Taquara do Mundo Novo, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 101 10 : Brazil (Veadeiros, Goyaz, 1 ; Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 2; Candido de Abreu, Parana, 1); Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 2; Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 3; Iguazu, Misiones, 1). *Cyanocompsa cyanea argentine (Sharpe).1 ARGENTINE BLUE GROSBEAK. 1 Cyanocompsa cyanea argentina (Sharpe) : Similar to C. c. sterea, but markedly larger with heavier, bulkier bill; coloration of males generally lighter (dark cadet blue); females above more rufescent, particularly on the rump, and under parts paler cinnamomeous. The subjoined table of measurements may serve to illustrate the variation in size. Adult males Wing Tail Three from Cordoba (Cosquin) 89, 90, 92 84, 86, 87 One from La Rioja (Chilecito) 89 88 One from Santiago del Estero (Corral) 89 88 Two from Salta (Ordn; Rosario Frontera) 84, 88 79, 83 Six from Tucuman 85, 87, 88, 88, 89, 90 83 y2, 85, 85,86, 87, 87 One from Samaipata, Bolivia 85 79 One from San Jose", Mizque, Bolivia 86 82J4 One from Caraparicito, Bolivia 81 76 One from Santa Cruz, Bolivia 84 77^ Three from San Jose", Chiquitos, Bolivia 80, 82, 82 74, 77, 78 Three from Cuyaba, Matto Grosso 84, 84, 84 78, 79, 80 Two from Urucum, Matto Grosso 82, 83 76, 77 Adult females One from Cordoba (Cosquin) 89 90 One from Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala) 86 80 One from Santiago del Estero (Corral) 83 78 Two from Salta (Campo Santo) 79, 84^ -, 11Y2 One from Tucuman 82 81 Two from Mizque, Bolivia 81 K, 82 Y2 80, 82 One from Villa Montes, Tarija 77 76 One from San Jose, Chiquitos 78 74 One from Chulumani, La Paz 76 73 Birds from western Argentina, when compared to series from southeastern Brazil, are decidedly larger, and have more massive, both longer and thicker bills, these characters being most strongly pronounced in skins from the Sierra de Cordoba. Specimens from Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, are fully as large-billed, but have possibly slightly shorter wings. Those from Santa F6 (MocovT, Chaco) are truly intermediate to C. c. sterea, to which they might be referred with equal justification, and if we keep them under the present heading, we are mainly guided by geographical reasons. Two names have been proposed for birds from Bolivia. Only one male from Santa Cruz de la Sierra corresponds to Todd's description of C. c. poliogastris in having the middle of the abdomen whitish and similar apical margins to some of the pectoral feathers. Males from west (Samaipata; San Jose", Mizque) and east (Caraparicito; San Jose", Chiquitos) of this locality, however, have no trace of white underneath, and it is hard to believe that in the center of the area a separate local race should exist. In measurements of wings and bill birds from the Bolivian highlands (Samaipata and Mizque) agree with the smallest individuals from north- 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Guiraca argentina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 73, 1888 — Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala), Cordoba (Cosquin), Salta, and Tucuman (type, from Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca, in British Museum; cf. Brabourne and Chubb, Bds. S. America, 1, p. 363, 1912); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895— Santa Rosa, Salta; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897— Jujuy (San Lorenzo), Salta (Tala), and Bolivian Chaco (Caiza); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 451— Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco. Guiraca glaucocaerulea (not Pyrrhula glaucocaerulea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 353 — Tucuman and Salta. Guiraca cyanea (not Loxia cyanea Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 221, 1870 — part, Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 598 — Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125— Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, pp. 278, 290, 1895— La Rioja (Chilecito) and Catamarca; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso. Cyanocompsa cyanea Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907 — part, Matto Grosso. Guiraca cyanoides (not Coccoborus cyanoides Lafresnaye) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870 — part, Cuyaba (spec, examined). Coccoborus cyaneus argentinus Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba. Guiraca cyanea subsp. argentina Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902— Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta. Guiraca cyanea argentina Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 174, pi. 2, fig. 30 (egg), 1909— Tucuman (nest and eggs). Cyanocompsa cyanea subsp. argentina Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 379, 1910 (range in Argentina). Cyanocompsa cyanea argentina Todd, Auk, 40, p. 64, 1923 — Argentina to Bolivia (crit.); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja; Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 255, 1924 — Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 398, 1926— Las Palmas, Chaco, and Tapia, Tucuman; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 230, 1927— Con- western Argentina, but have somewhat shorter tails. Those from Chiquitos and one from Caraparicito are decidedly smaller, the bill noticeably so. The type of C. c. pallida from Chulumani is a perfectly normal female of this variety, and can be matched in size and coloration by one from San Jose, Chiquitos. The late Mr. Sztolcman evidently compared it with specimens of C. c. stereo, (from Parana), which he mistook for true cyanea. There might be some justification in separating the inhabitants of eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz; Chiquitos) on the basis of their lesser size and smaller bill, were it not that birds from Matto Grosso again have quite as massive bills as any from Argentina. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Samaipata, 1; San Jose", Mizque, 1; Santa Cruz, 1; San Jose, Chiquitos, 4; Caraparicito, Santa Cruz, 1; Villa Montes, Tarija, 4. — Matto Grosso: Cuyaba, 3. — Argentina: Oran, Salta, 1; Campo Santo, Salta, 1; Rosario Frontera, Salta, 1; Tucuman, 6; Tapia, Tucuman, 1; Santa Ana, Tucuman, 1; Corral, Santiago del Estero, 2; Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca, 2; Chilecito, La Rioja, 1; Cosquin, Cordoba, 4; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 103 cepcion, Tucuman; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 148, 1928— Man chala, Tucuman (eggs descr.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 342, 1930 — Matto Grosso (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 241, 1930 — Bolivia (San Jos6 and Caraparicito, Santa Cruz; Villa Montes, Tarija [crit.]); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 395, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Cyanocompsa cyanea poliogastris [sic] Todd, Auk, 40, p. 64, 1923 — Guanacos, Prov. Cordillera, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). Cyanocompsa cyanea pallida Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 230, 1926 — Chulumani, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia (type in Warsaw Mu- seum examined; descr. of female). Range. — Western Argentina south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Santa Fe"; central and eastern Bolivia, in depts. of Tarija, Santa Cruz, and Cochabamba; western Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Chapada, Descalvados). 6: Brazil (Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 2); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 4). *Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea (Linnaeus). BRAZILIAN BLUE GROSBEAK. Loxia cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 174, 1758— based on "The Blue Grosbeak" Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 125, pi. 125; "coast of Angola, in Africa," errore; Bahia, eastern Brazil, suggested as type locality by Todd (Auk, 40, p. 65, 1923). l Fringilla brissonii Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 22, 1823— based on Loxia caerulea var. 0 Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 863, 1789, which, in its turn, rests exclusively upon "Le Bouvreuil bleu du Bresil" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 321, pi. 17, fig. 2; "Bresil" (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur);2 Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 561, 1830— [near Barra da Vareda], Bahia. Coccoborus cyaneus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 152, 1851 — Bahia. Guiraca cyanea Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 335— Pernambuco (road from Olinda to Iguarassu, Parahyba, and Garanhuns); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 71, 1888 — part, spec, m-r, Pernambuco and Bahia; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Bahia City. Cyanocompsa cyanea Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907 — part, Bahia. Cyanocomosa [sic] cyanea Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. JAs we have pointed out elsewhere (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, note, 1908), the alleged African origin of Loxia cyanea and Loxia angolensis was clearly a mistake. While it is, of course, impossible to decide where the specimen described by Ed- wards came from, his figure in bright purplish blue coloration corresponds so well with the northern form of the Brazilian Grosbeak that we may accept Mr. Todd's designation of Bahia as type locality. 2 There being no means of ascertaining whether Brisson's description was based upon the northern (cyanea) or the southern race (stereo), the name Fringilla brissonii Lichtenstein is placed here tentatively as a synonym of Loxia cyanea. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cyanocompsa cyanea cyanea Todd, Auk, 40, p. 65, 1923 — part, Pernambuco and Bahia (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 292, 1929— Piauhy (Arara, Ibiapaba) and Ceara (Varzea Formosa) (crit.). Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Ceara and eastern Piauhy. 10: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 1; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Arara, Piauhy, 3; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 3).1 *Cyanocompsa cyanea minor Cabanis.2 LESSER BLUE GROSBEAK. Cyanocompsa minor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 4, 1861 — Caracas, Venezuela (type in Berlin Museum examined). Guiraca cyanea (not Loxia cyanea Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 627 — Caracas; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1870, p. 415— part, Caracas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 71, 1888— part, spec, b', c', Caracas; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio, Sucre, Venezuela. Cyanocompsa cyanea minor Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 164, 1912— San Esteban, Carabobo; Todd, Auk, 40, p. 66, 1923 — part, Venezuela from Cumana to the Sierra of Carabobo (crit.). Range.— Tropical zone of the coast states of Venezuela, from Sucre and Monagas west to Carabobo. 18: Venezuela (Caracas, 8; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Cocollar, Sucre, 9). Cyanocompsa cyanea caucae Chapman.3 CAUCA BLUE GROSBEAK. Cyanocompsa cyanea caucae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 163, June, 1912 — La Manuelita, near Palmira, Cauca Valley, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 555, 1917— Palmira, Cauca, and Caldas, Rio Dagua, Colombia. Cyanocompsa cyanea minor (not of Cabanis) Todd, Auk, 40, p. 66, 1923 — part, Cauca Valley, Colombia. 1 Additional material examined. — Bahia: Bahia City, 1; Lamarao, 3; unspeci- fied, 22. — Pernambuco: Sao Lourengo, 1. — Ceara: unspecified, 1. 2 Cyanocompsa cyanea minor Cabanis: Similar in bright coloration of adult male to C. c. cyanea, but with smaller, shorter, basally more inflated bill. Wing, 73-76, (female) 67-71; tail, 65-70, (female) 65-68; bill, 14-15. The smaller bill is the only constant character to separate the Venezuelan race from typical cyanea, of northeastern Brazil. The males are just as bright purplish blue, while the females average slightly paler brown above. Additional specimens examined. — Venezuela: Maturin, Monagas, 1; San Anto- nio, Sucre, 1; Salsi Puede, Sucre, 6; Santa Ana Valley, Sucre, 4; San Felix, Sucre, 2; Caracas, 2; San Esteban, Carabobo, 1. 3 Cyanocompsa cyanea caucae Chapman: Very similar to C. c. minor, but adult male with upper and under parts decidedly purer, more of an ultramarine blue instead of purplish. Wing, 74-77; tail, 67-70; bill, 14-15. Comparison of a good series from northern Venezuela shows size and shape of the bill in caucae and minor to be the same, the strongly convex, basally much inflated maxilla being common to both in contrast to C. c. cyanea. Mr. Todd 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 105 Range. — Tropical zone of western Colombia (Cauca Valley and basin of the Rio Dagua). Genus CYANOLOXIA Bonaparte Cyanoloxia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 502, end of 1850 — type, by present designation, Pyrrhula glauco-caerulea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.1 Cyanoloxias Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 348, March, 1905— emendation. *Cyanoloxia glauco-caerulea (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). GLAUCOUS GROSBEAK. Pyrrhula glauco-caerulea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 85, 1837 — Maldonado, Uruguay (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of adult male); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., pi. 50, fig. 2 (male), circa 1840. Cyanoloxia glauco-caerulea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 503, 1850 — Maldonado. Coccoborus glaucocaeruleus Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 488, 1861— Parana (one male in Halle Museum examined); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Guiraca glauco-caerulea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 139 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 114 — Conchitas (habits); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870 — Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, Brazil (spec, examined); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 170 — Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 92, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 122, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (spec, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 75, 1888— "River Oyapock, French Guiana" and Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 44, 1888 (habits); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 168— Uruguay; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Sao Lourenco and Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; (?)Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902 — near Tucuman (sight record); (?)idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905 — near Tucuman (sight record); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 174, pi. 2, figs. 25, 29 (eggs), 1909 — Salto Grande, Rio Paranapanema, Sao Paulo, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 632— Sapucay, Paraguay. Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 146, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, has united the two races, but I hesitate to follow this course in consideration of the different coloration of the male, connected with the widely remote range. Material examined.— Colombia: Jimenez, Rio Dagua (alt. 1,600 ft.), 5; Atuncela, 7. 1 The same species was indicated as "type by elimination" by Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 594, footnote, 1901) and Dabbene (Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 379, 1910). 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII pp. 379, 436, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones (range in Argentina); idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 244, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremo- leras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (San Jose, Flores, Rio Negro); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 171, 1923— San Isidro, Buenos Aires (breeding); Marelli, Mem. Minist. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 657, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Sztolc- man, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 187, 1926— Therezina, Parana; Naumburg.Bull.Amer. Mus. N. H., 60,p.343,1930 — MattoGrosso (range). Cyanoloxias glaucocaerulea Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 348, 1905 — Botucatu, Sao Paulo, and Las Talas, Buenos Aires; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 368, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rio Feio, Botucatu) and Las Talas, Argentina; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Range. — Southern Brazil north to Matto Grosso and Bahia; Uruguay; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Santa Ana, Misiones; Parana, Santa Elena, and Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Barracas al Sud, Las Talas, Punta Lara, San Isidro, and Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires).1 6: Uruguay (Rio Cebollati, Minas, 2; Polanco, Minas, 1; Rio Uruguay, Soriano, 1; San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 2). Genus PASSERINA Vieillot Passerina Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 30, April, 1816 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840), "Ministre" Buflon= Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus (cf. Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 96, 1880). Cyanospiza Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 500, June 19, 1858— type, by orig. desig., Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus. *Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus).2 INDIGO BUNTING. 1 Specimens from Uruguay, Buenos Aires, Rio Grande do Sul, and Sao Paulo agree well together, and a young male (in change of plumage) from Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama) does not differ either from another of similar age taken at Taquara do Mundo Novo. A single male (with some remains of the juvenile plumage on the wings) of the well-known Bahia preparation is more purely blue (less greenish blue), and has a larger, more elevated bill than any other specimen we have seen. The occurrence of this species in western Argentina remains to be corroborated, there being merely one sight record (by Lillo) from the vicinity of Tucuman City, whereas G. glaucocaerulea Salvin (Ibis, 1880, p. 353) from Salta refers to C. c. argenlina as is shown by Durnford's specimens in the British Museum. The British Museum has an adult male received from Madame Verdey, a natural history dealer of Paris, and marked "Oyapock, French Guiana." Prepared like the trade skins formerly imported from Cayenne, it is similar in coloration and size to southern examples, but the locality seems so extraordinary that I hesitate to accept it without further evidence. Additional material examined. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 1 (the type). — Argen- tina: Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 2; Parana, Entre Rios, 1. — Brazil: Bahia, 1; Fazenda Cayoa, Rio Paranapanema, Sao Paulo, 1; Taquara do Mundo Novp, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Camaquan, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Rio Grande do Sul (unspecified), 2; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1. — "French Guiana: Oyapock," 1. 2 A supposed hybrid (or intergrade?) between P. cyanea and P. amoena was described and figured by Breckenridge (Univ. Minnesota Mus. Nat. Hist., Occ. Pap., No. 3, p. 39, col. pi., 1930) from near Warren, Marshall County, Minnesota. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 107 Tanagra cyanea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 315, 1766— based on "The Blue Linnet" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 45, pi. 45; Carolina = South Carolina. Emberiza cyanella Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 2, pis. 42, 43, 1787 — "in America septentrionali" (descr. of young male; type now in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 21, 1926). (?) Emberiza caerulea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 876, 1789 — based mainly on "Le Bruant bleu de Canada" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 298, pi. 14, fig. 2; Canada (type in Reaumur Collection). Cyanospiza cyanea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 617, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 582, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Passerine cyanea Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 886, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bolson, CoraHllo, Volcan de Poas, Pozo Azul, Santa Ana, Tierra Blanca); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 130, 1923 — Cuba (transient); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928 — Chivela, Tapana- tepec, and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca, Mexico; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 365, 1932 — Guatemala (winter visitant, October to April); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 381, 1935— Pacific slope of Chiriqui and Veraguas, Panama (winter). Range. — Eastern North America, from North Dakota, Minne- sota, Michigan, southeastern Ontario, and southern Quebec and New Brunswick, south to Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and northern Florida; winters from eastern Mexico to western Panama (Veraguas); on migration in the Bahamas and in Cuba. 109 : New York (Conquest, Cayuga County, 1 ; Moravia, Cayuga County, 1); Massachusetts (Ipswich, 1; Cambridge, 2; unspeci- fied, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 13); New Jersey (Engle- wood, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 2); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 11); Illinois (Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest, 2; Chicago, 10; South Chicago, 1; Wolf Lake, 1; Henry, 2; Glen Ellyn, 4; Worth, 1; Joliet, 8; Auburn Park, 1; Olive Branch, 2; Mound City, 3; Grand Chain, 1); Indiana (Kouts, 1; Liverpool, 1; Bluffton, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1; Cleburne County, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 2; Holly Springs, 1); Florida (West Jupiter, 1; Key West, 2); Texas (Fort Worth, 2; Giddings, 1); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 5; Teapa, Tabasco, 1; MeYida, Yucatan, 1; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 1); Honduras (Ruatan Island, 1); Guate- mala (Los Amates, Izabal, 4 ; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 2 ; Patulul, Solola, 1; Laguna Guatemala, Guatemala Province, 1; Mixco, Guatemala Province, 1; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 1; El Rancho, Zacapa, 2; Maza- tenango, 1); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 2); Costa Rica (Limon, 1). 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Passerina amoena (Say). LAZULI BUNTING. Emberiza amoena Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 2, p. 47 (note), 1823 — Rocky Mountains, source of the Arkansas = near Canyon City, Colorado (type lost). Cyanospiza amoena Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 620, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 584, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Passerina amoena Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. ZooL, 32, p. 186, 1928— Lower California; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 332, 1929— southern Arizona (breeding); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 294, 1931 — Sonora (Tecoripa, San Javier, Saric [breeding], Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 75, p. 420, 1934 — Chil- pancingo, Guerrero (winter); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 480, 1934 — Sonora. Range. — Western North America, from southern British Colum- bia and Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, and northwestern North Dakota south to northwestern Lower California, northern Sonora, and western Texas; winters in Mexico. 32: Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); California (Nicasio, 5; Contra Costa County, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Hayward, 1; Los Gatos, 1; Willow Creek Valley, 2; San Jose", 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4; unspecified, 2) ; Arizona (Santa Cruz County, 1 ; Tucson, 1 ; Calabasas, 6) ; Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 3). *Passerina versicolor versicolor (Bonaparte). VARIED BUNTING. Spiza versicolor Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, "1837," p. 120, pub. June 14, 1838— near Temascaltepec, Mexico (type in Derby Collection, now in Liverpool Museum); Sclater, I.e., 25, p. 214, 1857 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, p. 365, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz. Carduelis luxuosus Lesson, Rev. ZooL, 2, p. 41, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux). Cyanospiza versicolor Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 503, 1858 — Boquilla, Nuevo Leon; idem, Bds. N. Amer., pi. 56, fig. 2, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 379, 1859 — Oaxaca; Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 140, 1868 — Cueramaro, Guanajuato; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869— near Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Sill, Amer. Nat., 9, p. 665, 1875 — Locke, Ingham County, Michigan (adult male, May 15); Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 2, p. 109, 1877— Fort Brown, Texas; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 20, 1878— Brownsville, Texas; idem, I.e., 5, p. 393, 1879 — Lomita, Texas; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 128, 1879 — Fort Brown, Texas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 361, 1886 — part, Mexico (Boquilla, Nuevo Leon; Cueramaro; Temiscal tepee; Orizaba; Jalapa; Oaxaca); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 623, 1888— part, spec, b, Orizaba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 591, 1901— part, southern Texas and eastern Mexico. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 109 Passerina versicolor Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 96, 1880 (nomencl.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 142, 1886— Chietla and Azat- lan, Puebla. Passerina versicolor versicolor Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911 — Matamoros and Guiaves, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926 — Browns- ville, Texas; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 420, 1934— Chil- pancingo, Guerrero (Jan.-March). Range. — Valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas, south through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz, in winter west to Sonora (Chino- bampo), Jalisco (Bolanos), and Guerrero (Chilpancingo) ; accidental in Michigan (Locke, Ingham County). 16: Texas (Cameron County, 1); Mexico (San Luis Potosi, 4; Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 2; "Tamaulipas," 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 7; unspecified, 1). *Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway.1 BEAUTIFUL BUNTING. Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 448, 1887 — Miraflores, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 305, 1889— Miraflores, Cape San Lucas; Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 21, 1923— Miraflores and San Bernardo Mountain, Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 186, 1928— Cape district of Lower California. Cyanospiza versicolor (not Spiza versicolor Bonaparte) Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, pp. 301, 304— Cape San Lucas; Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, p. 234, 1870— part, Cape San Lucas; Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, "1882," p. 546, 1883— San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 361, 1886 — part, Cape San Lucas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 623, 1888— part, Lower California; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 591, 1901— part, southern Lower California. Cyanospiza versicolor pulchra Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 160, 1902 — Cape region (crit.). Range. — Cape district of Lower California, Mexico; on migration in Sonora (Chinobampo, March; fide van Rossem). 6: Lower California (El Sauz, 1; San Jose" del Cabo, 2; unspeci- fied, 3). Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem.2 MRS. DICKEY'S BUNTING. 1 Passerina versicolor pulchra Ridgway: Similar to P. v. versicolor, but smaller, with shorter, paler bill; coloration of males brighter, and females decidedly grayer, especially on under parts and sides of head. 'Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem: Similar in size to P. v. pulchra; females and young males prevailingly rufescent brown instead of grayish brown (as in versicolor) or brownish gray (as in pulchra); adult males very similar to P. v. pulchra, and distinguishable only in series by the greater extent and brighter hue of the red nuchal patch. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passerina versicolor dickeyae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 369, May 31, 1934 — Chinobampo, southern Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 480, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Hacienda de San Rafael, Bravo, Oposura) and Chihuahua (Carmen, La Trompa). Cyanospiza versicolor (not Spiza versicolor Bonaparte) Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1, p. 234, 1870 — part, Sonora; Lawrence and Grayson, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 276, 1874— Mazatlan, Sinaloa, and Tepic, Nayarit; Brewster, Auk, 2, p. 198, 1885— Crittenden, Arizona (female, July 14); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 361, 1886— part, Sinaloa (Ma- zatlan, Presidio) and Tepic; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 623, 1888 — part, spec, c-g, Presidio and Mazatlan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 591, 1901 — part, Arizona (Crittenden). Cyanospiza versicolor pulchra (not of Ridgway) Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 363, 1905 — Escuinapa and Juanna Gomez River, southern Sinaloa; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 293, 1931— Sonora (Saric, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba). Range. — Breeds from north-central Sonora and western Chihua- hua south on the Pacific slope of Mexico to Nayarit; casual in southeastern California (Ely the, Riverside County), southern Arizona (Crittenden), and Jalisco (Zapotlan). *Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom.1 GUATEMALAN BUNTING. Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 12, Dec. 15, 1930 — Progreso, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 366, 1932— Progreso; (?) idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 420, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (March), and Cuernavaca, Morelos (breeding). Cyanospiza versicolor (not Spiza versicolor Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17 — Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 361, 1886 — part, Guatemala; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 623, 1888 — part, spec, k, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 591, 1901 — part, Guatemala. Passerina versicolor Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 119, 1907— El Rancho, Guatemala. 1 Passerina versicolor purpurascens Griscom: Similar to P. v. versicolor, but decidedly smaller; general coloration duller and darker; adult male with purplish- blue area on forecrown more restricted; back darker and less red; throat and chest darker vine-purple. Wing (of adult male), 64. This form is definitely known only as an inhabitant of the arid Motagua Valley in northern Guatemala. Breeding birds from Morelos (Cuernavaca) are stated by Griscom to approach it very closely in coloration, though not in size. I must confess that the occurrence of purpurascens in a region so near the type locality of versicolor appears to me extremely unlikely, since specimens from the vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, to all intent are indistinguishable from others collected in Tamaulipas and on the Rio Grande. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 111 Range. — Arid Tropical zone of Guatemala (Motagua Valley); (?)southwestern Mexico (Cuernavaca) and Guerrero (Chilpancingo). 1: Guatemala (El Rancho, Zacapa, 1). *Passerina rositae (Lawrence). ROSITA'S BUNTING. Cyanospiza rositae Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 397, Mar., - 1874 — Tehuantepec [ = Cacoprieto], Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876 — Caco- prieto (descr. of female); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 309 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 362, pi. 25, 1886— Cacoprieto; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 621, 1888— Cacoprieto, Tehuantepec; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 590, 1901— Oaxaca (Caco- prieto, Santa Efigenia) and Chiapas (La Trinidad). Passerina rositae Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928 — Chivela, Oaxaca. Range. — Pacific slope of southern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca (Cacoprieto, Santa Efigenia, Chivela) and Chiapas (La Trinidad). 1: Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, 1). *Passerina ciris ciris (Linnaeus). PAINTED BUNTING. Emberiza ciris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 179, 1758 — based mainly on "The Painted Finch" of Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 44, pi. 44; Carolina, not nearer than 150 miles from the sea= South Carolina. Fringilla mariposa Scopoli, Ann. I. Hist. Nat., p. 151, 1769 — North America (type in coll. of F. Jacquin). Loxia papa P. L. S. Mliller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 152, 1776 — based on "Le Pape" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 159, fig. 2 (=male); Louisiana. Cyanospiza ciris Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 365, 1886— North America, in winter south to Chiriqui; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 614, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 586, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Passerina ciris Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 885, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pigres, Volcan de Poas, Bolson); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Mata- moros, San Fernando, and Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926— Brownsville, Texas. Passerina ciris ciris Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 130, 1923 — Cuba; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 364, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca La Primavera, Quirigua); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 381, 1935 — Chiriqui, Panama; van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, p. 42, 1935— Flores, Peten, Guatemala. Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States from southern Kansas, central Arkansas, northern Mississippi, and southeastern North Carolina south to southern Louisiana, Georgia, northern Florida, and eastern Texas; in winter south through Central America to western Panama (Chiriqui). 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 118: Texas (Fort Worth, 42; Fort Clark, 1; Gainesville, 1); Mis- sissippi (Vicksburg, 2); South Carolina (Frogmore, 4); Georgia (Savannah, 1; Richmond County, 1; Cumberland Island, 1); Florida (New River, 2; Amelia Island, 2; Nassau County, 6; Pilot Town, 1; Jacksonville, 1; Pilot Tower, 2; West Jupiter, 4; Lake Worth, 2; Palm Beach, 1; Puntarasa, 2); Bahama Islands (Great Bahama Island, 8); Mexico (Vera Cruz, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 1; Yucatan, 3; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 5; Teapa, Tabasco, 1; San Agustin, 1); Guate- mala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1 ; Izabal, 1 ; El Rancho, Zacapa, 2; Laguna Guatemala, Guatemala Province, 1; Patulul, Solola, 3; Lake Ama- titlan, 1; Mazatenango, 1; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 2); Costa Rica (Orosi, 1; Las Canas, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 6) ; unspecified, 2. *Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns.1 WESTERN PAINTED BUNTING. Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 217, Oct. 31, 1911— Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas (type in U. S. National Mu- seum); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 365, 1932— Guatemala (Sacapulas, Panajachel, Ocos, Hacienda California, San Jose); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 419, 1934— Coyuca and Acapulco, Guerrero. Cyanospiza iris (not Emberiza ciris Linnaeus) Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras (crit.). Range. — Breeds in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico; in winter south to western Mexico (Guerrero), western Guatemala, Honduras (Ceiba), and Costa Rica (Bolson). 3: Texas (Ingram, 3). *Passerina leclancherii leclancherii Lafresnaye. LECLANCHER'S BUNTING. Passerina leclancherii Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 260, 1840 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (type in Paris Museum). Passerina (Spiza) leclancherii Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 3, pi. 22, 1841 — Acapulco (fig. of type). Cyanospiza leclancheri Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 277, 1874 — Sierra Madre, Rio de la Armeria, Colima; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1 Passerina ciris pallidior Mearns: Similar to P. c. ciris, but larger; males with under parts paler vermilion red; females more grayish green above and more buffy, less yellowish below. Wing (male), 72-75; tail, 57-62. This form, though not recognized by the A. O. U. Check List, is admitted on the authority of L. Griscom, who claims it to be readily separable by larger size and paler as well as duller coloration below, particularly of females and immature. Its breeding range remains to be worked out in detail, but may be assumed to comprise, in addition to western Texas, the adjacent districts of New Mexico. Mr. Griscom has examined wintering specimens from Guerrero, western Guatemala, eastern Honduras (Ceiba), and Pacific Costa Rica (Bolson). A couple from western Texas, that we have seen, are certainly larger and paler than any other individual of the Painted Bunting. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 113 1883, p. 421— Acapulco; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 362, 1886— part, Acapulco, Sierra Madre, and Rio de la Armeria; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 622, 1888 — part, spec, f, Acapulco; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 589, 1901— part, Guerrero, Colima, and (?)Puebla (Chietla). (?) Passer ina leclancheri Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 142, 1886— Chietla, Puebla (December). Passerina leclancheri leclancheri Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 420, 1934 — Coyucd and Acapulco, Guerrero. Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in states of Colima (Rio de la Armeria, Manzanillo), Guerrero (Acapulco, Iguala, Coyuca), and (?) Puebla (Chietla). 5: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 5). *Passerina leclancherii grandior Griscom.1 OAXACA BUNTING. Passerina leclancheri grandior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 420, Jan., 1934 — Chivela, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Cyanospiza leclancheri (not Passerina leclancherii Lafresnaye) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 551— San Juan del Rio, Oaxaca; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876 — Tapana and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 362, 1886— part, Oaxaca (San Juan del Rio, Tapana, Tehuantepec, Cacoprieto); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 622, 1888— part, spec, a-e, San Juan del Rio, Tehuantepec, and Cacoprieto; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 589, 1901— part, Oaxaca. Passerina leclancheri Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928 — Chivela, Almoloya, Cacoprieto, and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in State of Oaxaca (San Juan del Rio, Tapana, Tehuantepec, Huilotepec, Cacoprieto, Chivela, Almoloya, Tapanatepec). 1: Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, 1). Genus PORPHRYROSPIZA Sclater and Salvin Porphyrospiza Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 30, 155, 1873 — type, by orig. desig., Cyanospiza cyanella Pelzeln (not Emberiza cya- nella Sparrman).2 Porphyriospiza Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 371, 1891 (emendation). 1 Passerina leclancherii grandior Griscom : Similar in coloration to the nominate race, but somewhat larger. Wing, (male) 67-70, (female) 63-65. Four specimens examined. 1 Though the authors followed Pelzeln in misidentifying the Brazilian bird with Emberiza cyanella Sparrman, which is unquestionably Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus), the diagnosis and the explanatory note (on p. 155) clearly refer to the species obtained by Natterer, now known under Wied's name caerulescens, the immature male of which is well characterized in Pelzeln's work. 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Porphyrospiza caerulescens (Wied). BRAZILIAN BLUE FINCH. Tanagra caerulescens Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 541, 1830— Campos Geraes of inner Brazil= interior of Bahia (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of Prince Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 140, 225, 1889). Porphyrospiza pulchra Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 625, 1888— Nas Furnas, Minas Geraes, and Bahia (descr. of adult male; type in British Museum). Cyanospiza cyanella (not Emberiza cyanella Sparrman) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 227, 1870— Minas Geraes (Nas Furnas), Goyaz (Goyaz City), and Matto Grosso (Rio Bandeira, north of Cuyaba), Brazil (descr. of young male). Porphyrospiza caerulescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 140, 225, 1889 (crit.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 382, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 35, 1908 — Goyaz City; Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910 — Piauhy (Floresta, near Buriti, and Santo Antonio de Gilboez); idem, I.e., p. 180, 1925 — Piauhy (habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 301, 1929— Tranqueira, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 357, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 253, 1930 — Cuevo, Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Porphyriospiza caerulescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 371, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso (plumages). Range. — Campo region in the interior of Brazil, from southern Maranhao and Piauhy south to western Bahia, western Minas Geraes (Nas Furnas), and Matto Grosso, and eastern Bolivia (Cuevo, Dept. Chuquisaca).1 7: Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao, 5; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2). Genus TIARIS Swainson Tiaris Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 438, June, 1827 — type, by monotypy, Tiaris pusillus Swainson. Euetheia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 79, June 1, 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 82, 1855), Fringilla lepida Linnaeus. Phonipara Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 494, end of 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 82, 1855), Loxia canora Gmelin. Euethia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 146, Oct., 1851 — emendation of Euetheia Reichenbach. 1 Additional material examined.— Piauhy: Floresta (Buriti), near Parnagua, 2; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 1.— Goyaz: Aldea Maria, 1; Goyaz City, 6.— Minas Geraes: Nas Furnas, 2.— Matto Grosso: Chapada, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 115 *Tiaris canora (Gmelin). MELODIOUS GRASSQUIT. Loxia canora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 858, 1789— based on "The Brown- cheeked Grosbeak" Brown, Illust. Zool., p. 56, pi. 24 (= female); "Mexico," errore=Cuba. Phonipara canora Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 494, 1850 — "Mexico" and Cuba (descr.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 144, 1888 — San Cristobal, Cuba. Pyrrhula collaris Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 440, Dec., 1827— near Havana, Cuba (location of type unknown). Euethia canora Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 7, 1856 — Cuba (nest and eggs descr.); Gundlach, I.e., 22, p. 123, 1874— Cuba (habits, nest, and eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 308, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba. Fringilla (Loxia) canora Thienemann, Journ. Orn., 5, p. 150, 1857 — Cuba (egg descr.). Euetheia canora Cory, Auk, 3, p. 209, 1886— Cuba (descr.); Merriam, Auk, 5, p. 322, 1888— Sombrero Key, Florida (April 7, 1888); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 96, 1889— Cuba (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892— Cuba and (?)Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 536, 1901 — Cuba and Sombrero Key, Florida (monog.). Tiaris canora Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 215, 1905 — Isle of Pines (occurrence doubtful); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 248, 1910 —Isle of Pines (doubtful); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 129, 1923 — Cuba (local distribution). Range. — Island of Cuba,1 Greater Antilles; accidental on Som- brero Key, Florida (April 7, 1888). 9: Cuba (unspecified, 9). *Tiaris olivacea bryanti (Ridgway).2 BRYANT'S GRASSQUIT. Euetheia bryanti Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 322, October, 1898 — Porto Rico (type in U. S. National Museum). Emberiza olivacea (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Moritz, Arch. Naturg., 2, (1), p. 381, 1836 — Porto Rico. Euethia lepida (not Fringilla lepida Linnaeus) Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.- Akad. Handl., 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 311, 1874— Porto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 204, 1878— Porto Rico. Euetheia lepida Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892— part, Porto Rico. Phonipara lepida Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 145, 1888— part, spec. r-v, Porto Rico. Euetheia olivacea Cory, Auk, 3, p. 208, 1886— part, Porto Rico; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 95, 1889— part, Porto Rico. 1 No authentic record exists for the Isle of Pines. 2 Tiaris olivacea bryanti (Ridgway) is the only fairly marked of the Antillean races, being distinguishable by brighter greenish upper, and more yellow under parts, while its dimensions are slightly smaller. 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Euetheia olivacea bryanti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 533, 1901 — Porto Rico (monog.). Tiaris olivacea bryanti Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 14, 1903 — Porto Rico and Vieques; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 320, 1916— Porto Rico (diag.); Wet- more, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916— Vieques; idem, Auk, 34, p. 62, 1917— Culebra; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923 — Maricao, Porto Rico; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 107, 1926 — Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 555, 1927 — Porto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra (monog.); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 15, p. 104, 1931— Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 19, p. 472, 1935 — Vieques and Culebra. Range. — Islands of Porto Rico, Vieques, and Culebra, Greater Antilles. 3: Greater Antilles (Porto Rico, 3). *Tiaris olivacea olivacea (Linnaeus). YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT. Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., I, p. 309, 1766— based on "Le Bruant de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 300, pi. 13, fig. 5; San Domingo (type in Reaumur Collection). Fringilla olivacea Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 93, 1866 — Hispaniola. Phonipara olivacea Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 232, 1857— Santo Domingo; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 107, 1862— part, spec, d, Santo Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 6, p. 152, 1881— Haiti; idem, Bds. Haiti and San Dom., p. 65, col. pi., fig. 8, 1884— La Vega. Euetheia olivacea Cory, Auk, 3, p. 208, 1886 — part, Haiti and San Domingo; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 95, 1889 — part, Haiti. Phonipara lepida (not Fringilla lepida Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 145, 1888— part, spec.p,q, Santo Domingo; Tristram, Cat. Coll. Tristr., p. 232, 1889— Rivas; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892— part, Haiti; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 16, 1896— Dominican Republic. Euetheia olivacea olivacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 530, 1901— part, Haiti. Tiaris lepida Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909— La Vega and El Valle, Dominican Republic. Tiaris olivacea olivacea Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 319, 1916— Haiti and San Domingo (crit.); Peters, I.e., 61, p. 425, 1917— Monte Christi, Santiago, Sosua, and Choco, Dominican Republic (crit.) ; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 518, 1928— Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 374, 1929— Hispaniola and Gonave; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 326, 1929 — Haina and San Juan; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 430, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 39, 1932— Haiti (Gonave Island, Grand-Boucan, Petite Caye- mite Island, Bug Island, He a Vache); idem and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 65, 1933— Hispaniola and He a Vache. Range. — Island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 117 73: Dominican Republic (Puerto Plata, l;Aguacate, 4; Catarey, 2; La Vega, 33; Santo Domingo, 18; Maniel, 8; San Cristobal, 1); Haiti (Kenskoff, 1; Le Coup, 2; Jacmel, 3). *Tiaris olivacea lepida (Linnaeus).1 CUBAN YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT. Fringilla lepida Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 320, 1766 — Havana, Cuba (ex Jacquin MS.); Jacquin, Beytr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 7, pi. 2, 1784 — Cuba; Thienemann, Journ. Orn., 5, p. 150, 1857 — Cuba (eggs descr.). Passerina olivacea (not Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus) d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 104, 1838— Cuba (habits). Euetheia olivacea Cory, Auk, 3, p. 208, 1886 — part, Cuba; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 95, 1889— part, Cuba. Euethia lepida Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 146, 1851 — Cuba; idem and Gund- lach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 7, 1856 — Cuba (descr. of eggs); Gundlach, I.e., 22, p. 122, 1874— Cuba (ecology); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 309, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba. Euetheia lepida Cory, Auk, 8, p. 294, 1891— Cuba; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 115, 1892— part, Cuba and Isle of Pines. Phonipara lepida Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 145, 1888— part, spec, k-o, San Cristobal, Cuba. Euetheia olivacea olivacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 531, 1901 — part, Cuba. Tiaris olivacea lepida Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 319, 1916 — Cuba and Isle of Pines (crit.). Tiaris olivacea olivacea Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 214, 1905 — Santa Fe and Callebonita, Isle of Pines; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 283, 1910 — Bibijagua, Los Indies, Nueva Gerona, and Caleta Grande, Isle of Pines (crit.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 128, 1923 — Cuba; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 39, 1932— part, near Gibara, Cuba. Range. — Island of Cuba, including Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles. 8: Cuba (Casilda, Santa Clara, 4; Holguin, 1; La Vega, Isle of Pines, 1; unspecified, 2). *Tiaris olivacea coryi Ridgway. JAMAICAN YELLOW-FACED GRASSQUIT. (l)Spermophila adoxa Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 253, 1847— Grand Vale, Jamaica (type in British Museum); idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 65, 1849.2 1 Tiaris olivacea lepida (Linnaeus) was tentatively separated by Bangs, who had very large series before him, on account of generally darker coloration of the upper parts and flanks. I do not see much practical advantage in recognizing this and the next form, as many examples are absolutely indistinguishable. 2 According to Mr. N. B. Kinnear (in litt.), the type is not certainly identi- fiable, being much browner than any juvenile specimen of the two Jamaican grassquits. 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Euetheia coryi Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 322, Oct., 1898 — Cayman Brae (type in Field Museum). Spermophila olivacea (not Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 249, 1847— Jamaica (habits). Phonipara olivacea Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 107, 1862 — part, spec. a-c, Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 297— Jamaica (nest and eggs descr.). Euetheia olivacea Cory, Auk, 3, p. 208, 1886 — part, Jamaica; idem, Auk, 3, p. 502, 1886 — Grand Cayman; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 574, 1887 — Grand Cayman; Cory, Auk, 6, p. 31, 1889 — Little Cayman and Cayman Brae; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 95, 1889 — part, Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 179, 1893— Jamaica. Phonipara lepida (not Fringilla lepida Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 145, 1888 — part, spec, a-i, Jamaica (Kingston, Moneague). Euetheia lepida Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 113, 1892 — Cayman Islands and Jamaica. Euetheia olivacea olivacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 530, 1901 — part, Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Jamaica. Euetheia olivacea coryi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 532, 1901 — Cayman Brae. Euethia olivacea Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 581 — Grand Cayman; Lowe, Ibis, 1911, p. 159 — Grand Cayman and Little Cayman. Euethia olivacea coryi Lowe, Ibis, 1911, p. 160 — Cayman Brae. Tiaris olivacea olivacea Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 318, 1916 — Grand Cayman and Cayman Brae (crit.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928 — Lumsden, Jamaica. Tiaris olivacea adoxa Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 319, 1916 — Jamaica and Cayman Islands (crit.). Range. — Island of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles.1 56: Greater Antilles (Grand Cayman, 21; Little Cayman, 3; Cayman Brae, 12; Jamaica, 20). *Tiaris olivacea intermedia (Ridgway). COZUMEL GRASSQUIT. Euetheia olivacea intermedia Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 3, p. 22, 1885 — Cozumel Island, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 568, 1885— Cozumel (full descr.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 533, 1901 — Cozumel and Holbox (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 236, p. 12, 1926 — Cozumel. Phonipara pusilla (not Tiaris pusilla Swainson) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 190 — Cozumel. Phonipara intermedia Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 360, 1885— Cozumel; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 261— Cozumel and Holbox. 1 Cayman Islands birds are not separable from those of Jamaica, and differ hardly from Cuban specimens. E. coryi was based on individuals from Cayman Brae discolored by Maynard's "dermal preservative." 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 119 [Phonipara lepida] subsp. a Phonipara pusilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 147, 1888— part, a P. intermedia, Cozumel and "Jolbox" [= Holbox]. Range. — Islands of Cozumel and Holbox, off Yucatan, Mexico. 3: Mexico (Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 3). *Tiaris olivacea pusilla Swainson. MEXICAN GRASSQUIT. Tiaris pusillus Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 438, June, 1827— Temascaltepec and Real del Monte, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, actually probably in the Swainson Collection, University Museum, Cam- bridge, Eng.). Tiaris olivacea dissita Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 223, Jan., 1906 — savanna of Panama, Panama (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 371, 1930). Phonipara pusilla Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855— Bogota (crit.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 304, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 365, 379, 1859 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Totontepec, Oaxaca; Law- rence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 107, 1862 — Bogota and Orizaba; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174 — City of Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 352 — Lion Hill, Panama; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 169— San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193— Peten, Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 142— Santa Fe, Veraguas; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— San Jose and Sachf, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 9, p. 201, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869— Valley of Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— Chitra, Veraguas; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876— Dondominguillo, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 237 — San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 58 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 507 — Retiro, Santa Elena, and Medellin, Colombia (eggs descr.); Boucard, I.e., 1883, p. 444 — Yucatan; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, pp. 495, 499, 1883— Volcan de Irazu and San Jose, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 295, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 359, 1885— Mexico to Colombia. Tiaris olivaceus (not Emberiza olivacea Linnaeus) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 91, 1848— near Jalapa, Mexico. [Phonipara lepida] subsp. a Phonipara pusilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 147, 1888— part, spec, a-r, Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba, Yucatan), Guatemala (Sakluk, Peten), Costa Rica (San Jos6, Turrialba, Sachi), Panama (Chitra, Santa Fe, Lion Hill, Paraiso Station), and Colombia (Bogota, Medellin). Euethia pusilla Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 1, 1861 — Costa Rica; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neu. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914— La Camelia (Angelopolis), Colombia. Euetheia pusilla Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 142, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII AlajueUa, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 247, 1892— Costa Rica (range); Cox, Auk, 12, p. 357, 1895 — near Orizaba City, Vera Cruz; Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 33, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama. Euetheia olivacea pusilla Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 630, 1896— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 29, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 534, 1901 (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 16, 1926 — Palmul, Yucatan. Tiaris pusilla Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 3, p. 69, 1902— Boquete, Chiriquf. Tiaris olivacea pusilla Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 891, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guayabo, Bonilla, San Jose, Alajuela, Juan Vinas, Cachi, Guapiles, Guaitil, San Pedro de San Jose, Los Cuadros de Irazu); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910 — Turrialba Station, Guayabo, and Coliblanco, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 560, 1917 — Colombia (Dabeiba, La Frijolera, Caldas, Las Lomitas, San An- tonio, Ricaurte, Rio Frio, Miraflores, Santa Elena, Salento, Barro Blanco, Rio Toche, San Agustin, La Palma, below Andalucia, El Consuelo, Subia); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 275, 1918 — Gatun, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 351, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca Conception, Secanquim, Finca Sepacuite); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Panama (Chiriqui to Canal Zone); van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, p. 40, 1935 — Macanche and La Liber- tad, Peten, Guatemala. Euethia olivacea pusilla Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924 — near Corosal, Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932 — San Juancito and Cantarranas, Honduras. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Mexico (from southern Ta- maulipas through Vera Cruz to Oaxaca and Yucatan), eastern Guatemala (Coban and Peten districts), Honduras (San Juancito, Cantarranas), Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (except Santa Marta region), and extreme western Venezuela (Tachira).1 31: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 5); Costa Rica (Turrialba Station, 2; Guayabo, 3; Coliblanco, 5; Matina, 3; San Jose, 4; Volcan de Irazu, Cartago, 1); Panama (Boquete, 1); Colombia (Andalucia, Huila, 1; "Bogota," 2); Venezuela (Paramo de Tama, 1; Colon, Tachira, 3). Tiaris bicolor bicolor (Linnaeus). BAHAMA GRASSQUIT. Fringilla zena (not of Linnaeus, p. 181) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 183, 1758— based on "The Bahama Sparrow" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Caro- 1 Specimens from Panama and Colombia frequently have the crown and auriculars olive green, thus closely resembling T. o. intermedia, but others with black top and sides of the head and a greater amount of black on the chest are not distinguishable from Mexican birds. While I cannot satisfactorily explain this variation, which to a certain degree seems to be geographical, the recognition of a southern form (dissita) is hardly justifiable. Fifty-nine specimens examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 121 Una, 1, p. 37, pi. 37; Bahama Islands; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1865— Bahamas. Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 324, 1766 — based on "The Bahama Sparrow" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 37, pi. 37; Bahama Islands. Spermophila bicolor Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 119, 1859— New Providence, Bahamas. Phonipara zena Maynard, Bds. East. N. Amer., p. 87, pi. 2, 1881 — Miami, Florida (Jan. 19, 1871). Phonipara bicolor Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 91, 1880— Bahamas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 149, 1888— part, spec, d-g, Inagua, Bahamas. Euetheia bicolor Stejneger, Auk, 2, p. 48, 1885 (nomencl.); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 209, 1886 — part, Bahamas; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 96, 1889 — part, Ba- hamas; Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 71, 1891 — Andros (habits); Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 351, 1891— Bahamas (New Providence, Caicos Island, Inagua, Abaco, Berry Islands, Bimini Islands, Eleuthera); Ridg- way, Auk, 8, pp. 334-339, 1891— Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watlings Island, Rum Cay, Green Cay, and Concepcion Island; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 150, 1892— part, Bahamas; idem, Auk, 9, p. 48, 1892— Mariguana and Watlings Island; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 512— Nassau, New Providence; Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 293, 1900— Nassau. Euethia bicolor Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 289 — Nassau (eggs descr.). Euetheia bicolor bicolor Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 537, 1901 — Bahamas (monog.). Tiaris bicolor Allen, Auk, 22, p. 128, 1905— Nassau and Little Abaco (habits); Riley, Auk, 22, p. 360, 1905— New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watlings Island, Long Island, and Abaco; idem, in Shattuck, The Ba- hama Islands, pp. 356, 367, 1905 — Great Bahamas, Abaco, Biminis, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, New Providence, Andros, Green Cay, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Concepcion Island, Watlings Island, Rum Cay, Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Acklin, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Little Inagua, and Great Inagua. Tiaris bicolor bicolor Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 442, 464, 1911— New Providence, Great Inagua, Watlings Island, Andros, and Abaco. Range. — Bahama Islands; accidental at Miami, Florida (Jan. 19, 1871). 94: Abaco, 4; Bimini, 3; Berry, 3; Eleuthera, 3; Andros, 33; New Providence (Nassau), 9; Great Bahama, 8; Watlings, 8; Mari- guana, 1; Caicos, 6; Inagua, 16. *Tiaris bicolor marchii (Baird). MARCH'S GRASSQUIT. Spermophila bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus) Gosse, Bds. Jam., p. 252, 1847— Jamaica; idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 64, 1849. Phonipara marchii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 297 — Ja- maica (new name for Spermophila bicolor Gosse). 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phonipara bicolor Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862— part, spec, a, Jamaica; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881— Haiti; Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168— Santo Domingo. Fringilla zena (var. marchii) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 93, 1866 — Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Euetheia bicolor Cory, Auk, 3, p. 209, 1886 — part, Jamaica and Haiti; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 96, 1889 — part, Jamaica and Haiti; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 150, 1892 — part, Jamaica and Haiti; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 179, 1893 — Stony Hill and Priestman's River, Jamaica; Field, Auk, 11, p. 126, 1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 16, 1896 — Dominican Republic. Phonipara zena (not Fringilla zena Linnaeus) Cory, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 63, col. pi., fig. 7, 1884 — Samana, Dominican Republic; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 324 — Dominican Republic (nest and eggs descr.). [Phonipara bicolor} subsp. a Phonipara marchii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 150, 1888 — part, spec, b-n, Jamaica (Spanishtown, St. Andrews) and Santo Domingo (Samana). Tiaris bicolor Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909— Domini- can Republic. Euetheia marchi Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 316 — Jamaica and San Domingo (crit.). Euetheia bicolor marchii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 541, 1901 — part, Jamaica and Haiti (monog.). Tiaris bicolor marchi Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 518, 1928— Haiti, Gonave, and Tortuga; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 326, 1929 — San Juan, Haiti. Tiaris bicolor marchii Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928 — Jamaica; idem, Auk, 46, p. 374, 1929— Santo Domingo City and Gonave; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 432, 1931 — Hispaniola (monog.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 39, 1932— He a Vache, Haiti; idem and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 66, 1933 — Haiti. Range. — Islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola, including Gonave, Tortue, and He a Vache, Greater Antilles. 76: Jamaica, 1; Haiti (Jacmel, 1; Le Coup, 3; Kenskoff, 3); Dominican Republic (Puerto Plata, 3; Aguacate, 4; Catarey, 14; Honduras, 6; Maniel, 6; Santo Domingo, 23; San Cristobal, 6; Samana, 6). *Tiaris bicolor omissa Jardine. CARIB GRASSQUIT. Tiaris omissa Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847 — Tobago (type in coll. of Sir W. Jardine, present location unknown).1 Fringilla zena var. portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866— Porto Rico (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 Two cotypes of John Kirk's collecting are in the Sclater Collection, British Museum. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 123 Tiaris bicolor expectala Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 385, August, 1916 — St. George, Grenada (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928 —Barbados and St. Vincent. Phonipara bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus) Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 147, pi. 12, fig. 2 (egg) — St. Croix (habits, nest, and eggs); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 376— St. Thomas; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862— part, spec, b, c, St. Croix; Sundevall, Oefv. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 26, pp. 583, 596, 1869— St. Bartholomew and Porto Rico (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 175— Barbados; idem, I.e., 1876, p. 14— Santa Lucia; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 58, 191, 233, 239, 270, 1878— Dominica, St. Vincent, Antigua, Barbuda, and Grenada (descr. of nest and eggs); idem, I.e., pp. 355, 457, 1879 — Martinique and Guadeloupe; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 765— Montserrat; Lister, 1880, p. 41— St. Vincent; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 166, 1880 — Santa Lucia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 295, 1884 — Bucara- manga, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 149, 1888 — part, spec, b, c, h-n, Montserrat, Dominica, Tobago, Venezuela (Carupano, Caracas), and Colombia (Bogota); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395 — Santa Lucia; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 499 — Anguilla; Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900 — Tobago. Euethia bicolor Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 312, 1874— Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 160, 173, 1874— Porto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 205, 1874— Porto Rico (habits); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 614, 1886— Grenada (habits); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, pp. 557, 561, 566-569, 572, 573, 576— Barbados, Santa Lucia, Grenada, Martinique, Dominica, Montserrat, St. Kitts, and St. Thomas. Euetheia bicolor Cory, Ibis, 1886, pp. 472-474 — Barbados, St. Vincent, Marie Galante, and La Desirade; idem, Auk, 3, p. 209, 1886 — part, Porto Rico and Antilles; idem, Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 96, 1889 — part, Porto Rico and Antilles; idem, Auk, 7, pp. 374, 375, 1890 — St. Thomas, Anegada, and Virgin Gorda; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890— Santa Lucia; Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 46-49, 1891— Anguilla, Antigua, St. Eustatius, St. Croix, St. Christopher, and Guadeloupe; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 150, 1892— part, "Cuba" (errore) and Porto Rico to Barbados; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 52, 1892— Carupano, Venezuela; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 338, 1892— Dominica (eggs descr.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 316 — Dominica (eggs descr.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 316 — part, Lesser Antilles; Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago. Eutheia bicolor Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307— Ibagiie, Colombia. Tiaris bicolor Wells, Auk, 19, p. 347, 1902— Carriacou, Grenadines (habits). Phonipara omissa Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862— Antilles and Tobago; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167— Martinique, Dominica, and Porto Rico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carupano (near Cumana) and Caracas, Venezuela. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Euetheia omissa Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 317— Venezuela to Tobago and Co- lombia (crit.); Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, pp. 677, 685, 1896— Margarita Island and La Guayra, Venezuela; Phelps, Auk, 14, pp. 359, 364, 1897— Cumana, Venezuela; Robinson and Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901— La Guayra, Venezuela. Phonipara zena (not Fringilla zena Linnaeus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 172, 1884— St. Thomas. [Phonipara bicolor] subsp. a Phonipara marchii (not of Baird) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 150, 1888 — part, spec, o-t, St. Thomas, Santa Lucia, St. Croix, and Barbados. Euethia bicolor marchii Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 307, 310— Barbados and St. Vincent. Euetheia bicolor omissa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 538, 1901 (monog.); Clark, Auk, 19, p. 266, 1902— Margarita Island; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 567— Margarita Island (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1909, p. 323— Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela. Tiaris bicolor omissa Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 14, 1903 — Porto Rico; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 291, 1904 — Barbuda and Antigua; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 286, 303, 304, 306, 1905— Barbados, St. Vincent, Grenadines, and Grenada; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 248, 254, 1909— Margarita Island; Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 385, 1916— Goyave, Guadeloupe; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 125, 1916— Porto Rico (habits, food); idem, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916— Vieques; idem, Auk, 34, pp. 55, 62, 1917— Cule- brita and Culebra; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 560, 1917— Honda and Chicoral, Magdalena Valley, Colombia (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 518, 1922— Rio Hacha, La Goajira, Colombia (crit.); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923— Porto Rico; Ban- forth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 106, 1926 — Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 552, 1927 — Porto Rico and Virgin Islands (monog.); Peters, Auk, 44, p. 538, 1927— Anguilla; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928— Dominica and Santa Lucia; Danforth, Auk, 47, p. 47, 1930— St. Martin and St. Eustatius; idem, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 14, p. 132, 1930— St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, Salt Island, and Virgin Gorda; Beatty, I.e., p. 149, 1930— St. Croix (nest and eggs); Beatty, I.e., 15, p. 31, 1931— Guanica Lagoon, Porto Rico; Danforth, I.e., p. 103, 1931 — Porto Rico; idem, Auk, 51, p. 364, 1934 — Antigua; idem, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 463, 1935 — Culebra, Louis Pena, Cule- brita, Cayo Norte, Jost van Dyke, Tortola, and Beef Island, Virgin Islands; idem, I.e., p. 482, 1935— Barbuda; idem, Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 105, 1935— Santa Lucia. Range. — The Antillean chain from Porto Rico to Barbados and Grenada; Tobago;1 northern Venezuela (coast region from the 1 Not found in Trinidad. P. R. Lowe (Ibis, 1907, p. 563, in text) incidentally mentions specimens from that island, but upon my inquiries for more details this gentleman writes that he can find no trace of any examples in his catalogue nor does he remember shooting or seeing any there, and adds, "I must confess I have not the least idea how I came to make such a statement." 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 125 Cariaco Peninsula to the Maracaibo region and MeVida); eastern Colombia (La Goajira Peninsula and Magdalena Valley).1 131: "Cuba," I;2 Porto Rico, 7; St. Croix, 6; Virgin Gorda, 3; St. Thomas, 3; Anegada, 4; Anguilla, 1; St. Bartholomew, 3; St. Eustatius, 3; St. Kitts, 12; Antigua, 2; Guadeloupe, 11; Desirade, 2; Marie Galante, 2; Martinique, 5; Santa Lucia, 9; St. Vincent, 2; Barbados, 3; Grenada, 3; Tobago, 2; Venezuela (Porlamar, Margarita Island, 15; Margarita Island, 5; Caracas, 13; Macuto, Caracas, 6; Puerto Cabello, 1; Rio Aurare, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 5). Tiaris bicolor johnstonei (Lowe).3 JOHNSTONE'S GRASSQUIT. Euethia johnstonei Lowe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 19, p. 6, Oct. 29, 1906— Blan- quilla Island, southern Caribbean Sea (type in coll. of P. R. Lowe, now in British Museum). Euethia johnstonii Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 120 — Blanquilla Island (crit.). Euethia bicolor johnstonii Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 328— Los Hermanos (crit.). Tiaris johnstonei Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 225, 228, 254, 1909 — Blanquilla and Los Hermanos Islands. Range.— Islands of Blanquilla and Los Hermanos, southern Caribbean Sea. 6: Blanquilla, 5; Los Hermanos, 1. 1 Upon comparing large series from various islands of the Antilles, Tobago, and northern Venezuela, I am quite unable to find any justification for further subdivision of this form. Birds from Grenada and St. Vincent (expectata Noble), which are supposed to have shorter tails and more white along the abdominal line, do not differ in any way from Tobago specimens (topotypical omissa), with which the inhabitants of Margarita and the Venezuelan coast are to all intent identical. Males from Tobago measure: wing, 50-54; tail, 38-42; those from Grenada and St. Vincent, wing, 48-52; tail, 36-40. There is just a faint possibility that the birds from the northern Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and Porto Rico may be slightly different, since the males of these islands appear to become very rarely as black below as is the rule in the southern part of the range. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cumana, 14; Carupano, 3; San Esteban, Carabobo, 2; Merida, 2.— Colombia: Bucaramanga, 6; "Bogota," 6.— Tobago: Waterloo, 1; Castare, 5; Mondland, 1; unspecified, 5. — Grenada, 6; St. Vincent, 3; Barbuda, 2. 1 This specimen, which was presented by Gundlach to Cory, agrees with others from Porto Rico. Its Cuban origin is uncertain (cf. Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 386, 1916). 3 Tiaris bicolor johnstonei (Lowe) : Very close to T. b. omissa, but with blacker bill, the mandible being mostly just as dark as the maxilla (much as in T. b. grandior); under parts of adult males nearly uniform black from chin to under tail coverts, the latter without any, or with mere traces of, whitish apical fringes, and only the inner flanks slightly shaded with grayish olive; under wing coverts blacker; females paler, less olivaceous above and more grayish, less buffy under- neath. Wing, 53-56, (female) 52-54; tail, 38-40, (female) 37-40. I do not find any constant differences in the tone of the dorsal surface or in the extent of the blackish color on the hindneck between johnstonei and omissa. The male from Los Hermanos agrees well with those from Blanquilla. Four additional specimens from Blanquilla examined. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Tiaris bicolor grandior (Cory).1 OLD PROVIDENCE GRASSQUIT. Euethia grandior Cory, Auk, 4, p. 245, July, 1887 — Old Providence, Caribbean "Sea (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum). Euetheia grandior Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 543, 1901 — Old Providence and St. Andrews (monog.). Euethia bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, 4, p. 181, 1887 — St. Andrews. Tiaris grandior Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 23, 1931 — Old Providence and St. Andrews. Range. — Old Providence and St. Andrews, Caribbean Sea. 12: Old Providence, 8; St. Andrews, 4. *Tiaris bicolor sharpei (Hartert).2 CURACAO GRASSQUIT. Euelheia sharpei Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. xxxvii, Mar. 28, 1893 — Bonaire, Curacao, and Aruba (type, from Curacao, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 154, 1919); idem, Ibis, 1893, pp. 295, 314, 315, 328— Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire (crit., descr. of nest and eggs). Euetheia bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 81, 1892 — Curasao (crit.); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 165, 1895— Curacao. Euetheia bicolor sharpei Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 543, 1901 (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 299, 1902 — Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire. Tiaris sharpei Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 201, 208, 213, 254, 1909 — Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire. Range. — Islands of Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire, southern Caribbean Sea. 45: Aruba, 16; Curacao, 20; Bonaire, 9. *Tiaris bicolor tortugensis Cory.3 TORTUGA GRASSQUIT. 1 Tiaris bicolor grandior (Cory): Nearest to T. b. omissa, but much larger; upper parts brighter olive green; bill blacker, the mandible fully as dark as the maxilla. Wing, 58-62; tail, 47-50. The other color differences claimed by Ridgway I am unable to corroborate. Some specimens of omissa are fully as dark underneath, and approach T. b. grandior also in the coloration of the bill, although this organ is never uniform black as is invariably the case in males from Old Providence and St. Andrews. 2 Tiaris bicolor sharpei (Hartert) : Nearest to T. b. omissa, and about the same size but considerably paler throughout; adult males with throat, chest, and upper abdomen not so dark, dull slate color rather than black, the flanks paler olive-grayish, and the whitish edges to the lower tail coverts generally wider; females with dorsal surface lighter and the under parts pale buffy grayish. This form is fairly well marked. Some specimens have the lower belly more or less grayish white in the middle, while a few others run close to owissa. 3 Tiaris bicolor tortugensis Cory: Very close to T. b. sharpei, but even paler; adult males with dorsal surface lighter grayish-olive, less olivaceous; the blackish 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 127 Tiaris tortugensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 221, October, 1909— Tortuga Island, off Venezuela, southern Caribbean Sea (type in Field Museum). Range. — Tortuga Island, off the Venezuelan coast, Caribbean Sea. 8: Tortuga Island, 8. Tiaris fuliginosa1 fuliginosa (Wied). SOOTY GRASSQUIT. Fringilla fuliginosa Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 628, 1831 — Camamu, Bahia, Brazil (descr. of male; type lost, formerly in coll. of Prince Wied; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 224, 1889). Oryzoborus unicolor Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 240, 1856— Brazil (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870— Bahia, Brazil. Amaurospiza unicolor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 307, 1866 — Brazil (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 335— Quipapa, Pernambuco. Amaurospiza fuliginosa Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Phonipara fuliginosa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 151, 1888 — part, spec, b-d, Pernambuco, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 369, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (descr. of female); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Tiaris fuliginosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907— part, Brazil (Bahia and Pernambuco). Tiaris fuliginosa fuliginosa Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 349, 1930 — Chapada, Matto Grosso. Range. — Wooded region of Brazil, from Pernambuco (Quipapa) to Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo), and west to Matto Grosso (Chapada).2 Tiaris fuliginosa fumosa (Lawrence).3 NORTHERN SOOTY GRASSQUIT. suffusion on the forehead more restricted; the blackish color underneath slightly duller and limited to throat and chest; abdomen extensively grayish white, vari- egated with dusky; white margins to under tail coverts wider; under wing coverts paler, grayish white rather than dusky; female not distinguishable. Wing, 53-57; tail, 42-46. Certain individuals of sharpei from Aruba have very nearly as much whitish on the abdomen, but are darker and more greenish above, and have darker under wing coverts. T. b. tortugensis is the palest of all the races in the bicolor complex. 1 Tiaris fuliginosa differs from T. bicolor by much larger size, and in the male sex by sooty gray (instead of olive-green) upper parts and wing-edgings, and dusky legs, while the female may be distinguished by decidedly (ruddy) brown dorsal surface, much darker brownish under parts, and darker legs. 2 Three specimens from Matto Grosso do not differ in any way from others taken in eastern Brazil. Material examined. — Pernambuco: Quipapa, 1; Bahia, 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3. 3 Tiaris fuliginosa fumosa (Lawrence) : Very close to T. f. fuliginosa, but with larger bill; adult males with darker sooty upper parts and abdomen. Wing, 60-62, (female) 58-60; tail, 45-48, (female) 44-47; bill, 10-11. After comparing a good series from Trinidad and Venezuela with a number of Brazilian skins, I am inclined to recognize — at least provisionally — the northern 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phonipara fumosa Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 396, March, 1874 — "Trinidad" (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1885, p. 118 — Roraima (crit.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 (crit.). Phonipara phaeoptila Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 445, 1884 — Roraima (alt. 3,500 ft.), British Guiana (descr. of male; type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). Phonipara fuliginosa (not Fringilla fuliginosa Wied) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 151, 1888— part, spec, a, Roraima. Euetheia fuliginosa Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 18, 1906 — Caparo and Valencia, Trinidad, and near Cumana, Venezuela (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 189, 1906— Heights of Aripo, Trinidad (crit., descr. of young male); idem, I.e., p. 360, 1908— Aripo, Trinidad. Tiaris fuliginosa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907 — part, Guyana and Cumana. Tiaris phaeoptila Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 442, 1921 — Roraima. Tiaris fuliginosus subsp.(?) Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934 — Trinidad. Amaurospiza unicolor (not Oryzoborus unicolor Burmeister) Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 503 — part, Roraima. Range. — Island of Trinidad; north coast of Venezuela from the hinterland of Cumana west to Carabobo; British Guiana (Roraima). Genus SPIZA Bonaparte1 Spiza Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, No. 1, p. 45, August, 1824 — type, by subs, desig. (Bonaparte, Specchio Comp. Orn. Roma i Fila- delfia, p. 47 [footnote], 1827), Emberiza americana Gmelin. Euspiza Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad., 52, p. 206, 1831 — type, by orig. desig., "Fringilla" [=Emberiza] americana Gmelin. Euspina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 133, Oct., 1851 — type, by monotypy, Emberiza americana Gmelin. form of the Sooty Grassquit as distinct. While it must be admitted that immature individuals are not or are hardly distinguishable, fully adult males from northern localities, when compared to others from Bahia and Mattp Grosso, are decidedly darker above and on the belly, and in all plumages the bill appears to be rather heavier. The series from Brazil being, however, wholly inadequate, more material of the typical race should be examined in order to substantiate the constancy of the divergencies. The type of P. fumosa, a trade skin of the so-called "Trinidad or Orinoco preparation," agrees in every respect with examples from Aripo and Los Palmales. I am quite unable to understand Cherrie's statement that it "is very distinct" from Trinidad birds. Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 10; Valencia, 1; forest near Talparo, 1; Aripo, 6. — Venezuela: Forest of Los Palmales, Bermudez, 6; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, 2; Sierra de Carabobo, 1. — British Guiana: Roraima, 1. 1 A puzzling bird is Emberiza townsendii Audubon (Orn. Biog., 2, p. 183, 1834), which is known only from the type, now in the U. S. National Museum, taken May 11, 1833, by John K. Townsend at New Garden, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Its peculiarities cannot be accounted for by hybridism nor probably by individual variation. Full description of Spiza townsendii may be found in Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 174, 1901. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 129 *Spiza americana (Gmelin). DICKCISSEL. Emberiza americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 872, 1789 — based on "Black- throated Bunting" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 364, pi. 17; New York. Emberiza flavicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 926, 1789— based on "Yellow- throated Bunting" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 374; New York. Passerine nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 25, p. 10, 1817 — new name for Emberiza americana (Latham ex) Gmelin. Spiza americana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 770, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 171, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 29, 1902— Venezuela (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco; SuapurS and La Pricion, Caura); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 122, 1908— Cayenne; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 201, 1909— Aruba (April 24); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 912, 1910— Costa Rica (winter visitant); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 198, 1916— Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 566, 1917— Rio Salaqui and Calamar, Colombia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 458, 1921— Abary River; Gross, Auk, 38, pp. 1-26, 163-194, 1921 (life history); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 533, 1922— Cincinnati, Buritaca, Mamatoco, Rio Hacha, and Tucurinca, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 187, 1928— Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 358, 1932 — Finca Chama, Panajachel, Ocos, and Hacienda California, Guatemala (transient and winter visitant). Euspiza americana Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 314, 1866 — Trinidad (winter visitant). Range. — Eastern North America, from northeastern Wyoming, northwestern North Dakota and Minnesota, southern Michigan, and southeastern Ontario south to Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and northern Georgia, formerly also on the Atlantic coastal plain from Massachusetts to South Carolina, but now extremely rare east of the Alleghenies; winters from Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, French and British Guiana; accidental in Lower Cali- fornia, Arizona, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Aruba (one record), and Jamaica. 83: North Dakota (Cannonball River, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5; Milton, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 2; Deerfield, 1; Chicago, ID; South Chicago, 1; Joliet, 5; St. Anne, Kankakee County, 1; Lewistown, 5; Warsaw, Hancock County, 1; Auburn Park, 1; Mound City, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 2); Missouri (Cliff Cave, 1); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Texas (Fort Worth, 9); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2); Mexico (Tamaulipas, 1; Jalapa, 1; City of Mexico, 2; Cozumel Island, Yucatan, 1); Honduras (Ruatan Island, Bay Islands, 5); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nica- 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII ragua, 2; San Geronimo, Chinandega, 3); Costa Rica (Limon, 2; Las Cafias, 2; Guayabo, 1); Old Providence Island, 3; Colombia ("Bogota," 3); Venezuela (Guayabo, Zulia, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 8); Aruba Island, 1. Subfamily GEOSPIZINAE.1 Ground Finches Genus GEOSPIZA Gould Geospiza Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 5, Oct. 3, 1837— type, by orig. desig., Geospiza magnirostris Gould. Cactornis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837 — type, by orig. desig., Cactornis scandens Gould. *Geospiza magnirostris Gould. LARGE-BILLED GROUND FINCH. Geospiza magnirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, Oct. 3, 1837 — Gala- pagos Islands (cotypes now in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 100, pi. 36, 1841 — "Charles and Chatham Islands"; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 141, 1931 (monog.).2 Geospiza strenua Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 5, Oct. 3, 1837— Gala- pagos Islands (cotypes now in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 100, pi. 37, 1841— "James and Chatham Islands";3 Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 65, 1931— Inde- fatigable and Albemarle. Geospiza pachyrhyncha Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 293, April 23, 1896 — Tower Island (cotypes in Tring Collection, now in the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History, New York); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 64, 1931— Tower. Geospiza darwini Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 158, 1899 — • Culpepper Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Northern and central islands of the Galapagos Archi- pelago (specifically recorded from Culpepper, Wenman, Abingdon, 1 In the treatment of this group I have closely followed the late Harry Swarth's arrangement, as set forth in his elaborate monograph of the Avifauna of the Galapagos Islands (Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, 1931), but I do not see any practical advantage in separating the ground finches (Geospiza, Platyspiza, Camarhynchus, Cactospiza) as a family Geospizidae (cf. Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 29, 1929) distinct from the finches. Lowe (Ibis, 1936, pp. 318-319) considers them even truly fringilline. 2 Swarth presented excellent arguments to show that the original examples did not come from either Charles or Chatham, as had been assumed through fallacious interpretation of a certain sentence in Darwin's writings. 3 Swarth (I.e., p. 149) questions the locality "James," pointing out at the same time that the original specimens, in size of bill, most closely resemble birds from Albemarle. There seems hardly any doubt that in the cases of G. strenua and G. magnirostris the localities, as given by Gould in the "Zoology of the Beagle," are altogether untrustworthy. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 131 Bindloe, Tower, James, Jervis, Albemarle, Narborough, Duncan, Indefatigable, Seymour, and Barrington).1 4: Galapagos Islands (Indefatigable, 3; James, 1). *Geospiza fortis Gould. STURDY GROUND FINCH. Geospiza fortis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 5, Oct. 3, 1837— Galapagos Islands (one of the cotypes now in the British Museum) ; idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 101, pi. 38, 1841— "Charles and Chatham Islands"; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 10, 1888— Charles Island; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 152, 1932 (monog., full bibliog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 63, 1931 — Seymour, Indefatigable, and Charles Islands. Geospiza dubia Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837 — Galapagos Islands; idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 103, 1841 — Chatham Island; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 9, 1888 (type specimen believed to have been lost); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 63, 1931— Chatham. Geospiza nebulosa Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 5, Oct. 3, 1837 — Gala- pagos Islands (type, from Charles Island, in the British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 101, 1841— Charles Island. Geospiza dentirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837— Galapagos Islands (type now in the British Museum). Cactornis brevirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 108, pub. Feb. 5, 1890— Charles Island (type in U. S. National Museum). Geospiza bauri Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 362, Nov. 15, 1894— James Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Geospiza albemarlei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 362, Nov. 15, 1894— Albemarle Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 63, 1931— Albemarle. Geospiza fratercula Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 363, Nov. 5, 1894 — Abingdon Island (type in U. S. National Museum). Geospiza dubia simillima Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 161, 1899 — Charles Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York). Geospiza fortis platyrhyncha Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 75, 1901 — Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island (type in coll. of Stanford University). Range. — The greater part of the Galapagos Archipelago, including all of the central islands (unrecorded from Culpepper and Tower Islands).2 1 With ample material for study, Swarth has shown the four "species" syno- nymized above to be not properly separable one from another. 2 After studying upwards of nine hundred specimens, the late H. S. Swarth came to the conclusion that G. dubia is not separable from G. fortis. The other names listed are likewise considered to be synonyms. For an explanation and 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 16: Galapagos Islands (Albemarle, 8; Charles, 3; Indefatigable, 2; Chatham, 1; James, 1; Bindloe, 1). *Geospiza fuliginosa fuliginosa Gould. SOOTY GROUND FINCH. Geospiza fuliginosa Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 5, Oct. 3, 1837 — Galapagos (cotypes now in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 101, 1841— Chatham and James; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 504, 1901 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 62, 1931— Albemarle, Chatham, Hood, Barrington, Charles, Duncan, and Indefatigable. Geospiza harterli Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 507, 1901— Chatham Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Geospiza fuliginosa parvula (not Geospiza parvula Gould) Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 294, 1904 (crit.). Geospiza fuliginosa fuliginosa Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 169, 1931 (monog.). Range. — All of the central and southern islands of the Galapagos Archipelago (James, Jervis, Indefatigable, Seymour, Daphne, Duncan, Albemarle, Narborough, Brattle, Barrington, Charles, Gardner- near-Charles, Enderby, Hood, Gardner-near-Hood, and Chatham). 13: Galapagos Islands (Albemarle, 8; Charles, 4; Narborough, 1). *Geospiza fuliginosa minor Rothschild and Hartert.1 LESSER SOOTY GROUND FINCH. Geospiza fuliginosa minor Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 162, 1899 — Bindloe and Abingdon Islands (type, from Bindloe, in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 152, 1919); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 173, 1931 — Wenman, Abingdon, and Bindloe (monog.). Range. — Wenman, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. 1: Galapagos Islands (Bindloe, 1). *Geospiza difficilis acutirostris Ridgway.2 SHARP-BILLED GROUND FINCH. Geospiza acutirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 363, Nov. 15, 1894 — Tower Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American discussion of the unusual individual variations displayed by this species Swarth's elaborate paper must be consulted. 1 A. very slightly differentiated race averaging smaller in size and with smaller bill. 2 Geospiza difficilis acutirostris Ridgway differs from the nominate race merely by slenderer, more acute bill. Its resemblance to G. difficilis, insisted upon by Swarth, is very close indeed, and the natural affinities of the two species seem 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 133 Museum of Natural History, New York); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 162, 1899— Tower; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 506, 1901 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 177, 1931 — Tower (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 62, 1931— Tower. Geospiza fuliginosa acutirostris Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 316, 1904 (crit.). Range, — Tower Island, Galapagos Archipelago. 1: Galapagos Islands (Tower Island, 1). Geospiza difficilis difficilis Sharpe. SHARPE'S GROUND FINCH. Geospiza difficilis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 12, 1888— part, Abing- don Island1 (cotypes in British Museum); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 163, 1899— Abingdon (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 507, 1901 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 178, 1931 (monog.). Geospiza fuliginosa difficilis Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 317, 1904 (crit.). Range. — Abingdon Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Geospiza difficilis debilirostris Ridgway. SLENDER-BILLED GROUND FINCH. Geospiza debilirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 363, Nov. 15, 1894 — James Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 163, 1899 (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 508, 1901 (monog.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 333, 1904 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 180, 1931 — James and Indefatigable (monog.). Range. — James and Indefatigable, Galapagos Archipelago. Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert. NORTHERN GROUND FINCH. Geospiza scandens septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899 — part, Wenman Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 153, 1919). Geospiza septentrionalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 510, 1901— part, Wenman; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 333, 1904 — part, Wenman. more correctly expressed by binomial names. G. debilirostris and G. septentrionalis are other members of the same group, the various representatives replacing one another on different islands. Five specimens examined. 1 The specimens from other islands, referred here by the describer, pertain to other species. Spec, a is G. d. debilirostris; spec, f, G. f. fuliginosa; spec, g, Cama- rhynchus parimlus. Cf. Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 179, 1931. 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Geospiza septentrionalis septentrionalis Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 184, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Wenman Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Geospiza difficilis nigrescens Swarth.1 BLACKISH GROUND FINCH. Geospiza septentrionalis nigrescens Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 185, June 29, 1931 — Culpepper Island (type in California Academy of Sciences). Geospiza scandens septentrionalis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899— part, Culpepper. Geospiza septentrionalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 510, 1901 — part, Culpepper; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 333, 1904 — part, Culpepper. Range. — Culpepper Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Geospiza scandens scandens (Gould). GOULD'S GROUND FINCH. Cactornis scandens Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 7, Oct. 3, 1837— Galapagos Islands (type, from James Island, in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 104, pi. 42, 1841 — James; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 19, 1888 — Galapagos. Geospiza scandens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 534, 1897 (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 509, 1901 (monog.). Geospiza scandens scandens Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 164, 1899 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 336, 1904 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 190, 1931 (monog.). Range. — James and Jervis Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. *Geospiza scandens intermedia Ridgway. INTERMEDIATE GROUND FINCH. Geospiza intermedia Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 361 (in text), Nov. 18, 1894— Charles Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 535, 1897 (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 511, 1901 (monog.). Geospiza barringtoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 361, Nov. 15, 1894 — Barrington Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Geospiza fatigata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 293, April 23, 1896 — Indefatigable Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 539, 1897 (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 511, 1901 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 62, 1931 — Indefatigable and Barrington. Geospiza scandens intermedia Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 164, 1899— Charles (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 193, 1931 (monog.). 1 Geospiza difficilis nigrescens Swarth: Similar to G. d. septentrionalis, but with larger (both longer and heavier) bill. Bill, 15^-17, (female) 14^-15. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 135 Geospiza scandens fatigata Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 164, 1899 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 338, 1904 (crit.). Range. — Albemarle, Duncan, Indefatigable, Charles, Harrington, and Chatham Islands, including adjacent islets, in the Galapagos Archipelago.1 5: Galapagos Islands (Indefatigable, 4; Charles, 1). Geospiza scandens abingdoni (Sclater and Salvin). ABINGDON ISLAND GROUND FINCH. Cactornis abingdoni Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 323, 326 — Abingdon Island (cotypes in British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 486, 1876 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 20, 1888— Abingdon. Geospiza abingdoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 540, March, 1897 (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 513, 1901— Abingdon (monog.). Geospiza scandens abingdoni Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899 — part, Abingdon; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 340, 1904— Abingdon; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 195, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Abingdon Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Geospiza scandens rothschildi Heller and Snodgrass.2 ROTHS- CHILD'S GROUND FINCH. Geospiza scandens rothschildi Heller and Snodgrass, Condor, 3, p. 75, 1901 — Bindloe Island (type in coll. of Stanford University); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 341, 1904— Bindloe; Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 197, 1931 (monog.). Geospiza scandens abingdoni (not of Ridgway) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899— part, Bindloe; idem, I.e., 9, p. 398, 1902— part, Bindloe. Geospiza rothschildi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 673, 1901 — Bindloe (monog.). Range. — Bindloe Island, Galapagos Archipelago.3 1 Both G. barringtoni and G. fatigata were found by Swarth, who had an enor- mous series at his command, to be inseparable from Charles Island birds (intermedia), and what material we have seen certainly bears out his conclusions. 2 Geospiza scandens rothschildi Heller and Snodgrass may be distinguished from the other races by slightly heavier bill. Five specimens compared with an equal number from Abingdon. » Cactornis assimilis Gould (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 7, Oct. 5, 1837— type, from the "Galapagos," in the British Museum) may be an earlier name for G. s. rothschildi, but its proper application is in doubt (cf. Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 198, 1931). 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Geospiza conirostris conirostris Ridgway. CONE-BILLED GROUND FINCH. Geospiza conirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 106, pub. Feb. 5, 1890 — Hood Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 516, 1897— Hood (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 498, 1901— Hood (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 64, 1931— Hood. Geospiza media Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 107, pub. Feb. 5, 1890— Hood Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 517, 1901— Hood (monog.). Geospiza conirostris conirostris Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 158, 1899 (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 389, 1902; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 344, 1904 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 201, 1931 — Hood and Gardner-near-Hood (monog.). Range. — Hood and Gardner-near-Hood Islands, in the Galapagos Archipelago. 1: Galapagos Islands (Hood Island, 1). Geospiza conirostris propinqua Ridgway. TOWER ISLAND GROUND FINCH. Geospiza propinqua Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 361, Nov. 15, 1894 — Tower Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Col- lection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 152, 1919); idem, I.e., 19, p. 543, 1897 (crit.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 499, 1901 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 64, 1931— Tower Island. Geospiza conirostris propinqua Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 159, 1899 — Tower (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 390, 1902; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 343, 1904 (crit.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 204, 1931 — Tower (monog.). Range. — Tower Island, Galapagos Archipelago.1 Genus PLATYSPIZA Ridgway Platyspiza Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, "1896," p. 545, pub. March 15, 1896 — type, by orig. desig., Camarhynchus variegatus Sclater and Salvin=C. crassirostris Gould. *Platyspiza crassirostris (Gould). DARWIN'S GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus crassirostris Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 5, 1837 — Galapagos Islands (type lost);2 idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 103, pi. 41, 1841— Charles Island? 1 Two specimens of an undetermined form have been secured on Culpepper Island (cf. Swarth, I.e., p. 206, 1931). 2 A specimen from Charles listed by Sharpe (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 16, 1888) as "type" of C. crassirostris is erroneously so labeled. Cf. Swarth, I.e., p. 209 (in text), 1931. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 137 Camarhynchus variegatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 324 — Abingdon and Bindloe Islands (cotypes in British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 489, pi. 85, 1876— Bindloe and Abingdon (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 15, 1888— Abing- don and Bindloe; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 548, 1897 (monog.). Geospiza crassirostris Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 166, 1899 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 291, 1904 (crit., nest and eggs descr.). Platyspiza crassirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 474, 1901 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 208, 1931 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 16, 1931 — Chatham and Indefatigable. Range. — Abingdon, Bindloe, Albemarle, Narborough, James, Jervis, Duncan, Indefatigable, Chatham, and Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. 1: Galapagos Islands (Indefatigable, 1). Genus CAMARHYNCHUS Gould Camarhynchus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837— type, by orig. desig., Camarhynchus psittacula Gould. Camarhynchus psittacula Gould. PARROT GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus psittacula Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837 — Galapagos Islands (cotypes in British Museum); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 215, 1931 (monog.). Camarhynchus psittaculus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 103, pi. 40, 1841 — James Island; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 552, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 477, 1901 (monog.). Camarhynchus townsendi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 110, Feb. 5, 1890— Charles Island (type in U. S. National Museum). Camarhynchus rostratus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 363, Nov. 15, 1894 — James Island (type in U. S. National Museum). Camarhynchus compressirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 294, April 23, 1896— Jervis Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 558, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 481, 1901 (monog.). Range. — James, Jervis, Seymour, Indefatigable, Duncan, and Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago.1 Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway.2 ALLIED GROUND FINCH. 1 For the reasons of synonymizing C. toumsendi and C. compressirostris with C. psittacula, Swarth's elaborate paper should be consulted. 1 Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway so closely resembles C. psittacula that one is tempted to regard it as only subspecifically distinct. However, both have 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Camarhynchus affinis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 365, Nov. 15, 1894 — Albemarle Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Rothschild Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 554, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 481, 1901 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 222, 1931 (monog.). Camarhynchus incertus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 294, April 23, 1896— James Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Col- lection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 560, 1897— James Island (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 482, 1901 — part, James Island. Geospiza affinis Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 168, 1899 — Albe- marle and Narborough; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 289, 1904— Albemarle (crit.). Geospiza incerta Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 168, 1899 — part, James Island (crit.). Range. — Albemarle (and perhaps Narborough) Islands, also recorded from James and Seymour Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Camarhynchus habeli Sclater and Salvin. HABEL'S GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus habeli Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 325 — Abingdon and Bindloe Islands (cotypes, from Abingdon Island, in the British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 490, pi. 86, 1876 (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 17, 1888 (Abingdon designated as type locality); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 555, 1897 — Abingdon (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 480, 1901 — Abingdon and Bindloe (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 219, 1931 — Abingdon and Bindloe (monog.). Camarhynchus bindloei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 294, April 23, 1896— Bindloe Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Col- lection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 153, 1919). Geospiza habeli Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 168, 1899 — Abingdon and Bindloe (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 401, 1902 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 288, 1904— Abingdon and Bindloe (crit.). Range. — Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway. SMALL-BILLED GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus pauper Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. Ill, pub. Feb. 5, 1890— Charles Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 559, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, been taken on Jervis and Seymour, and while the occurrence of C. affinis on these islands may be merely casual, the matter needs further investigation. I am in- clined to think that C. psittacula, C. affinis, and C. habeli will eventually prove to be mutual representatives on different islands. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 139 Part 1, p. 483, 1901 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 224, 1931 (monog.). Geospiza paupera Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 169, 1899 (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 401, 1902— Charles; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 288, 1904— Charles (crit.). Range. — Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago. 'Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus (Gould). BLACK-HEADED GROUND FINCH. Geospiza parvula Gould,1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 6, Oct. 3, 1837 — Galapagos (cotypes, from James Island, in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 102, pi. 39, 1841— James Island. Camarhynchus prosthemelas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 325— Indefatigable Island (cotypes in British Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 7, 1888— Indefatigable; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 490, 1876 (monog., excl. of Chatham); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 484, 1901 (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 66, 1931— Charles. Geospiza prosthemelas Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 169, 1899 (crit.). Geospiza prosthemelas prosthemelas Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 284, 1904— Albemarle, James, Duncan, and Charles Islands (crit.). Camarhynchus parvulus parvulus Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 229, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Wenman, Abingdon, James, Jervis, Seymour, Inde- atigable, Duncan, Albemarle, Cowley, Narborough, Barrington, Charles, and Gardner-near-Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago. 1: Galapagos Islands (Albemarle, 1). Samarhynchus parvulus salvini Ridgway. SALVIN'S GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus salvini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 364, Nov. 15, 1894— Chatham Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 561, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 486, 1901 (monog.). Camarhynchus prosthemelas (not of Sclater and Salvin) Sundevall, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 125— part, Chatham; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 110, Feb., 1890— part, Chatham. Geospiza salvini Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 169, 1899— Chatham (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 402, 1902— Chatham. 1 As shown by Swarth, this name, based on adult male and female from James [sland, refers to the form that was subsequently described as C. prosthemelas, ilthough it had been misapplied by Snodgrass and Heller and others to certain lupposed races of Geospiza fuliginosa. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Geospiza prosthemelas salvini Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 287, 1904— Chatham (crit.). Camarhynchus prosthemelas salvini Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 232, 1931— Chatham (monog.). Range. — Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Camarhynchus conjunctus Swarth.1 SWARTH'S GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus conjunctus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 33, Jan. 29, 1929 — Charles Island (type in the California Academy of Sciences); idem, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 237, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Camarhynchus aureus Swarth.2 YELLOW-BELLIED GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus aureus Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 34, Jan. 29, 1929 — Chatham Island (type in the California Academy of Sciences); idem, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 236, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. ' Genus CACTOSPIZA Ridgway Cactospiza Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 546, March 15, 1897— type, by orig. desig., Cactornis pallida Sclater and Salvin. Cactospiza pallida pallida (Sclater and Salvin). PALE GROUND FINCH. Cactornis pallida Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 327 — Indefatigable Island (cotypes in British Museum); Salvin, Trans. Zool. 1 Camarhynchus conjunctus Swarth: Upper parts generally dull olive green, feathers of pileum with dusky centers, giving a blackish appearance to top of head; sides of head like back; eyelids and faint superciliary line pale yellowish; remiges and rectrices dusky, edged with olivaceous; greater and median wing coverts like the back, narrowly edged with yellowish, producing two poorly defined wing bars; below greenish yellow, paler than back; sides of breast, flanks, and lower tail coverts tinged with brownish, middle of belly pale yellowish; chin and throat indistinctly marked with tawny, of the same shade as is characteristic of the gular patch in some species of Certhidea; feathers of throat and upper breast black-centered, producing a streaked appearance, the general effect of which is of poorly denned black lines surrounding a rather nebulous tawny throat patch; bill black; legs dark brown. Wing (male), 58-59; tail, 38^-40; bill, 9^-10. This species is stated by its describer to be intermediate in certain outstanding features between Camarhynchus and Certhidea, lying in measurements and bulk between the maximum reached in Certhidea, and the minimum in other species of Camarhynchus. The bill especially is described as being intermediate in shape and size between the typical members of the two genera. This curious bird is known only from two evidently adult males collected on Charles Island on February 28, 1906. The combination of the tawny wash on the throat with blackish streaks on it and the upper breast makes one think of the result of some hybridization. Until more material becomes available, it will be hard to interpret correctly the significance of the characters shown by these puzzling specimens. * Camarhynchus aureus Swarth: Generally similar to C. conjunctus, but with slightly heavier bill and more uniform coloration, the under parts being, from bill 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 141 Soc. Lond., 9, p. 487, 1876 — Indefatigable (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 20, 1888— Indefatigable; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 109, 1890— James Island (crit.). dactornis] hypoleuca Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 109 (in text), Feb. 5, 1890— James Island (type in U. S. National Museum). Camarhynchus pallidus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 565, 1897 — Indefatigable, Jervis, and James (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 487, 1901 — Indefatigable, Jervis, James, Duncan, and Albemarle (monog.). Geospiza pallida Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899— part, Indefatigable, Jervis, Duncan, James, and Albemarle (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 399, 1902— Albemarle and Indefatigable; Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 277, 1904 — part, Indefatigable, Jervis, Duncan, and James (crit.). Cactospiza pallida pallida Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 240, 1931 (monog.). Range. — James, Jervis, Seymour, Indefatigable, Duncan, and Charles Islands, Galapagos Archipelago.1 Cactospiza pallida producta (Ridgway).2 ALBEMARLE ISLAND • GROUND FINCH. Camarhynchus produclus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 364, Nov. 15, 1894— Albemarle Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 153, 1919). Camarhynchus pallidus (not Cactornis pallida Sclater and Salvin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 487, 1901— part, Albemarle. Geospiza pallida Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899 — part, Albemarle (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 277, 1904— part, Albemarle. Cactospiza pallida producta Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 243, 1931— Albemarle (monog.). to tail coverts, almost uniformly pale yellow, broken only by a slightly mottled appearance on the breast, where the blackish base of the feathers show through, and with sides of breast and flanks slightly darker. The yellow of the under surface spreads over the sides of neck and face, cheeks, and auriculars, to meet a broad yellow superciliary line extending from bill and forehead back to a point well behind the eye. The bill is blackish, with edges of upper and tip of lower mandible slightly paler; legs blackish. Wing (male), 58; tail (worn), 35; bill, 9. Known from a single male in rather worn condition (Jan. 25, 1906) from Chatham Island. 1 On the basis of good series Swarth came to the conclusion that the main- tenance of C. hypoleuca from James is no more justifiable than the segregation of the populations of Duncan, Charles, or Jervis. 1 Cactospiza pallida producta (Ridgway) : Exactly like the nominate race, but with slightly smaller bill. The few specimens examined from Albemarle seem to substantiate Swarth 's opinion that C. p. producta merits recognition. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Albemarle and (presumably) Narborough Islands, Gala- pagos Archipelago. Cactospiza pallida striatipecta Swarth.1 STRIPED-BREASTED GROUND FINCH. Cactospiza pallida striatipecta Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 245, June 29, 1931 — Chatham Island (type in the California Academy of Sciences). Geospiza pallida (not Cactornis pallida Sclater and Salvin) Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 165, 1899— part, Chatham Island. Range.— Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Cactospiza giffordi Swarth.2 GIFFORD'S GROUND FINCH. Cactospiza giffordi Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 32, Jan. 29, 1929 — Indefatigable Island (type in the California Academy of Sciences); idem, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 246, 1931— Indefatigable (monog.). . Range. — Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Cactospiza heliobates (Snodgrass and Heller).3 HELLER'S GROUND FINCH. Geospiza heliobates Snodgrass and Heller, Condor, 3, p. 96, July, 1901 — Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island (type in coll. of Stanford University); idem, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 279, 1904— Albemarle and Nar- borough (monog., habits); Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 400, 1902— Albemarle (crit.). Cactospiza heliobates Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p.' 247, 1931— Albemarle and Narborough (monog.). Range. — Albemarle and Narborough, Galapagos Archipelago. Genus CERTHIDEA Gould4 Certhidea Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 7, Oct. 3, 1837— type, by mono- typy, Certhidea olivacea Gould. 1 Cactospiza pallida striatipecta Swarth: Similar to C. p. pallida, but with shorter, heavier bill. Besides, the streaking below is generally more extensive as well as more sharply defined. Wing (males), 69-71 H; tail, 42-47; bill, (circa) 14. * Cactospiza giffordi Swarth: "Closely related to the pallida-heliobates group, but much smaller and with more slender bill than any other described form in that group. Wing (male), 64; tail, 41 }fa bill, 13^." (Swarth, I.e.) Known from a single male in rather worn plumage. 3 Cactospiza heliobates (Snodgrass and Heller): Nearly related to C. pallida (s. lat.), but with smaller bill; breast and sides conspicuously streaked; the upper parts very dark, almost uniformly blackish. Wing (males), 70-73 Y^; tail, 42-45; bill, 12^-HM- Two specimens from Albemarle examined. 4 This genus, long referred to the Warblers (Compsothlypidae), is unquestion- ably a close relative of the other Galapagos finches. Not only do some species of Camarhynchus show a certain approach to its characters, but the structure of the horny palate in Certhidea was found by Sushkin (Verh. 6th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Kopenhagen, p. 376, 1929) to be strictly Geospizine and totally different from the Warblers. L938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 143 Serthidea olivacea becki Rothschild.1 BECK'S CERTHIDEA. Certhidea becki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. liii, May 25, 1898— Wenman Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 767, 1902— Wenman (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 259, 1931 — Culpepper and Wenman (monog.). Certhidea drownei Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 7, p. liii, May 25, 1898 — Culpepper Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 767, 1902— Culpepper (monog.). Range. — Culpepper and Wenman, Galapagos Archipelago. Certhidea olivacea fusca Sclater and Salvin. DUSKY CERTHIDEA. Certhidea fusca Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 323, 324 — Abingdon and Bindloe Islands (type, from Abingdon, in British Mu- seum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 28, 1886 — same localities; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 766, 1902 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 257, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Abingdon and Bindloe, Galapagos Archipelago.2 Certhidea olivacea mentalis Ridgway.3 LEAD-COLORED CERTHIDEA. Certhidea mentalis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 359, 1894— Tower Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, afterwards in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 766, 1902— Tower (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 260, 1931— Tower (monog.). Certhidea olivacea mentalis Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 61, 1931— Tower. Range. — Tower Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Certhidea olivacea olivacea Gould. OLIVACEOUS CERTHIDEA. Certhidea olivacea Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 5, p. 7, Oct. 3, 1837— Gala- pagos Islands= James Island (cotypes now in British Museum); idem, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 106, pi. 44, 1841— part, James; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 323— Indefatigable; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 28, 1886— part, James and Indefatigable; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 763, 1902 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 254, 1931 — James, Jervis, Indefatigable, Seymour, Duncan, Albemarle, and Narborough (monog.). 1 Certhidea olivacea becki Rothschild, the darkest and most olivaceous of all the races, is remarkably similar to C. o. ridgwayi, from Charles Island, at the opposite end of the Archipelago, but is somewhat darker with even less, in fact hardly any, traces of the tawny gular area. Like Mr. Swarth, I am unable to appreciate any difference between five specimens from Wenman and three from Culpepper (drownei). 1 Five specimens each from Abingdon and Bindloe examined. * Certhidea olivacea mentalis is very close to C. o. fusca, but of a more uniform lead-gray, particularly below. Five specimens examined. 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Certhidea olivacea olivacea Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 148, 1899 (crit.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 60, 1931— Indefatigable. Certhidea salvini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 358, 1894— Inde- fatigable Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 500, 1897 (monog.). Certhidea albemarlei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 360, 1894 — Albemarle Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 500, 1897 (monog.). Range. — James, Jervis, Duncan, Indefatigable, Seymour, Albe- marle, and Narborough Islands, Galapagos Archipelago.1 Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert.2 RIDGWAY'S CERTHIDEA. Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 149, 1899 — Charles Island (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 352, 1904— Charles (crit.). Certhidea ridgwayi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 765, 1902 — Charles (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 261, 1931 — Charles (monog.). Range. — Charles Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Certhidea olivacea luteola Ridgway.3 YELLOWISH CERTHIDEA. Certhidea luteola Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 360, 1894— Chatham Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, afterwards in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 501, 1897— Chatham (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 764, 1902 — Chatham (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 263, 1931— Chatham (monog.). 1 As has been explained by Swarth, James Island must be considered as type locality. After studying some forty specimens, we are in agreement with this author that subdivision of this form is not warranted, although birds from Albe- marle (albemarlei) and Indefatigable (salvini) show certain average characters in opposition to those from James. 2 Certhidea olivacea ridgwayi Rothschild and Hartert is very similar to C. o. olivacea, but in the male sex more grayish above and less yellowish below with the cinnamon-tawny area paler, more dilute, and less extensive. The juvenile plumage is very different in being heavily streaked on the under, faintly streaked on the upper parts. The streaked condition of the young, taken in conjunction with the somewhat stouter bill of this form, affords another point of evidence for the close relationship between Certhidea and Camarhynchus. Seven specimens examined. 3 Certhidea olivacea luteola Ridgway: Generally similar to C. o. olivacea, but brighter olivaceous above and brighter yellow below without any, or at best a faint suggestion of, rufous color on the throat in the male sex. Five specimens examined. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 145 Certhidea olivacea (not of Gould) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 28, 1886 — part, Chatham Island. Certhidea olivacea luteola Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 61, 1931— Chatham. Range. — Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Certhidea olivacea bifasciata Ridgway.1 HARRINGTON ISLAND CERTHIDEA. Certhidea bifasciata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, p. 359, 1894— Barrington Island (type in coll. of G. Baur, now with the Tring Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 19, p. 504, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 768, 1902 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 265, 1931 (monog.). Certhidea cinerascens bifasciata Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 151, 1899 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 356, 1904 (crit.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 60, 1931 — Barrington. Range. — Barrington Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Certhidea olivacea cinerascens Ridgway.2 ASHY CERTHIDEA. Certhidea cinerascens Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, "1889," p. 105, pub. Feb. 5, 1890 — Hood Island (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 19, p. 503, 1897 (monog.); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 768, 1902 (monog.); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 264, 1931 (monog.). Certhidea cinerascens cinerascens Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 6, p. 151, 1899 (crit.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 5, p. 354, 1904 (crit.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 60, 1931— Hood Island. Range. — Hood and Gardner-near-Hood Islands, in the Galapagos Archipelago. Genus PINAROLOXIAS Sharpe Pinaroloxias Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 10, p. 52, 1885— type, by mono- typy, Cactornis inornata Gould. Cocornis Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 123, July, 1895 — type, by monotypy, Cocornis agassizi Townsend. 1 Certhidea olivacea bifasciata Ridgway comes very close to C. o. cinerascens, but is even paler, with more purely gray upper, and whiter under parts. Three specimens examined. 2 Certhidea olivacea cinerascens Ridgway is strikingly similar to C. o. fusca, of Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, as has been pointed out by Swarth. The close resemblance of the inhabitants of so widely remote islands, which can be explained only as parallel development under similar environmental influence, seems to indicate that the best course is to treat all Certhideas as representatives of a single specific entity. 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould).1 Cocos ISLAND FINCH. Cactornis inornata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 104, Dec., 1843— "Bow Island, Low Archipelago, Polynesia," errore= Cocos Island (descr. of female or young male; type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British Museum); idem, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, p. 42, pi. 25, 1844 — "Bow Island." [Genus?] inornata Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 485, 1876 (crit.). Pinaroloxias inornata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 10, p. 52, 1885— "Bow Island"; Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, p. 247, 1902— Cocos Island (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 894, 1910 — Cocos Island; Gififord, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 2, p. 242, 1919— Cocos Island (habits); Swarth, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 18, p. 268, 1931— Cocos Island (monog.); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 61, 1931— Cocos Island (habits). Cocornis agassizi Townsend, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 27, p. 123, col. pi., July, 1895— Cocos Island (descr. of adult male; type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 516, 1902— Cocos Island (monog.); Snodgrass and Heller, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 4, p. 518, 1902 — Cocos Island (plumages). Range.— Cocos Island. 1: Cocos Island, 1. Subfamily FRINGILLINAE. Finches Genus FRINGILLA Linnaeus Fringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 179, 1758— type, by tautonymy, "Fringilla" = Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus. Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus. BRAMBLING. Fringilla Montifringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 179, 1759— "in Europa," restricted type locality, Sweden; Hanna, Auk, 33, p. 400, 1916— Northeast Point, St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Range. — Breeds in Subarctic regions of Scandinavia, Russia, and Asia; winters in central and southern Europe and parts of Asia. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (Northeast Point, October 25, 1914). Subfamily CARDUELINAE. Purple Finches, Goldfinches, and Allies Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson Coccothraustes Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 36; 3, p. 218, 1760 — type, by tautonymy, Coccothraustes Brisson =Loxia Coccothraustes Linnaeus. 1 Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould), based on a female or young individual, was shown by Richmond to be the same as Cocornis agassizi. The species is exhaus- tively treated by Swarth in his admirable monograph of the Avifauna of the Galapagos. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 147 Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Temminck and Schlegel. JAPANESE HAWFINCH. Coccothraustes vulgaris japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold, Faun. Japon., Aves, p. 90, pi. 51, 1850 — Japan (type in Leyden Museum). Coccothraustes coccothraustes japonicus Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 18, 1913 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 157, 1920— Bering Island (May 24). Range. — Breeds in eastern Siberia, Japan, and adjacent parts of Manchuria and China; winters south to southern China. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Alaska (November 1, 1911). Genus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte1 Hesperiphona Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 31, No. 12 (stance du 16 sept.), p. 424, 1850 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla vespertina Cooper. Hesperophona Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 250, 1882 (emendation). *Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (Cooper). EASTERN EVE- NING GROSBEAK. Fringilla vespertina Cooper, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1, (2), p. 220, 1825 — Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan (type in coll. of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York). Loxia Bonapartei (Lesson MS.) F^russac, Bull. Sci. Nat. et Geol., 26, p. 190, Aug., 1831 — "l'Ame>ique" (descr. of female; location of type not stated). Coccothraustes bonapartii Lesson, Illust. Zool., pi. 31, 1833 — "America borealis, in insula dicta Melville." Hesperiphona vespertina Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 32, 1888 — North America (in part). Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 39, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Preble, N. Amer. Faun., 27, p. 413, 1908— Alberta; Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 19, 1917 (crit., range). Range. — Breeds in western Alberta east to northern Michigan; reported once at Woodstock, Vermont; winters in the interior of North America, south of the Saskatchewan and east of the Rocky Moun- tains, and irregularly to Quebec, New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, and south sporadically to Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Delaware, and New Jersey. 20: Alberta (Red Deer, 3); Ontario (Toronto, 2); Massachusetts (Ayer, 1); Minnesota (Lake Minnetonka, 1; Minneapolis, 2); Wis- consin (Springwater, Waushara County, 1; Beaver Dam, 2; Viroqua, 2; Milton, 1); Illinois (Highland Park, 2; Chicago, 1; Macomb, 1); Iowa (New Oregon, 1). 1 About the affinities of this genus, cf. Sushkin, Auk, 42, pp. 256-259, 1925. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell.1 WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK. Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 20, Jan., 1917 — Okanagan, British Columbia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 349, 1924— near Hazel- ton, Skeena region, British Columbia; Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, I.e., 35, p. 394, 1930— Lassen Peak region, California (crit.). Hesperiphona vespertina californica Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 20, Jan., 1917 — Crane Flat, Mariposa County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Hesperiphona vespertina warreni Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 21, Jan., 1917 — Bear Creek, near Colorado Springs, Colorado (type in Colorado College Museum, Colorado Springs). Hesperiphona vespertina (not Fringilla vespertina Cooper) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 33, 1888— part, spec, a-e, British Columbia and Oregon (Linkville, Fort Klamath). Hesperiphona vespertina montana (not of Ridgway, 1874) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 41, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.; excl. of "northern Mexico"). Coccothraustes vespertina montana Mearns, Auk, 7, p. 246, 1890 — part, Rocky Mountains. Range. — Breeds in the Canadian zone in the mountains from central British Columbia and Montana south to the central Sierra Nevada of California, and mountains of New Mexico and northern Arizona; winters irregularly in the lowlands of its breeding area and south to southern California. 16: British Columbia (Vancouver Island, 1; Okanagan Landing, 3) ; Colorado (El Paso County, 1) ; California (Prattville, Plumas County, 1; Chaparral, Butte County, 4; Grass Valley, 1; San Jose", 1); Utah (Ogden, 2) ; South Dakota (Deadwood, 1) ; New Mexico (Las Vegas, 1). *Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway.2 MEXICAN EVE- NING GROSBEAK. 1 Hesperiphona vespertina brooksi Grinnell: Bill longer and relatively slenderer than in the nominate race; coloration of male darker than in the two other forms, line of demarcation between black cap and hindneck not sharply denned; female likewise darker, more sooty on top of head and back, and darker brown beneath. Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale have shown H. v. californica to be untenable, and in the absence of breeding material from Colorado we follow the A. 0. U. Check List in synonymizing H. v. warreni with the present form. 2 Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway: Nearest to H. v. brooksi, but bill much slenderer; coloration of males lighter with yellow frontal band narrower; female browner than vespertina and less sooty than brooksi. Birds from Arizona seem to be identical with one from southern Mexico (Orizaba). As has been demonstrated by Grinnell, the type of H. v. montana is from Mirador, Vera Cruz, and not from Cantonment Burgwin, New Mexico, C. v. mexicanus thus becoming a synonym. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 149 Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 449, pi. 22, fig. 4, 1874— "Guatemala, Mexico, and the southern Rocky Mountains" (type, from Mexico =Mirador, Vera Cruz, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 18, 1917); Grinnell, Condor, 19, p. 20, 1917— Mexico (Mirador, Las Vegas) and Arizona (Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains) (crit.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 77, p. 481, 1934— Jesus Maria, Chihuahua, Mexico (Sept. 1). Coccothraustes vespertinus mexicanw Chapman, Auk, 14, p. 311, 1897 — Las Vegas, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 42, 1898— Las Vegas. Hesperiphona vespertina (not Fringilla vespertina Cooper) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550, 1889— pine woods of Monte Alto, twelve leagues from Mexico City; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 32, 1888 — part, spec, f-1, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Coccothraustes vespertinus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 251, 1860— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 426, 1886 — part, Mexico (Monte Alto, Orizaba). Coccothraustes vespertina montana Mearns, Auk, 7, p. 246, 1890 — part, Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador). Hesperiphona vespertina mexicana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 43, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.). Range. — Southern Arizona (Huachuca and Chiricahua Moun- tains) and south in the mountains to Mexico (Monte Alto), Vera Cruz (Mirador, Las Vegas), Puebla (Chalchicomula), and Oaxaca (Sierra San Felipe). 9: Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 1); Mexico (40 miles south- west of Minaca, Chihuahua, 8). Hesperiphona abeillei pal lid a Nelson.1 CHIHUAHUA GROSBEAK. Hesperiphona abeillii pallida Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 155, 1928 — Jesus Maria, Chihuahua (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 481, 1934 — Jesus Maria. Range. — Mountains of northwestern Mexico, in State of Chi- huahua (Jesus Maria). Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei (Lesson). ABEILLE'S GROSBEAK. Guiraca abeillei Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 41, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux). 1 Hesperiphona abeillei pallida Nelson: Adult female similar to H. a. abeillei, but much paler and grayer; upper parts dull grayish brown with only a trace of olive suffusion; under surface nearly uniform pale grayish brown with the buffy brownish shade but slightly suggested and without any greenish yellow admixture on the breast. Wing, 107; tail, 63. This form is known from a single female taken by McLeod in Chihuahua in June, 1893. 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hesperiphona abeillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 505, 1850— Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550, 1869 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 44, 1901— part, highlands of southern Mexico (states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Mexico). Coccothraustes maculipennis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 251, pi. 163, 1860 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (descr. of female; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum). Coccothraustes abeillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 365, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa, Mexico. Coccothraustes abeillaei Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 426, 1886 — part, Mexico (Orizaba, Jalapa); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 30, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz (habits). Hesperiphona abeillaei Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 34, 1888 — part, spec, a-f, Mexico (near City of Mexico, Jalapa, Vera Cruz). Coccothraustes abeillei Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899— Coatepec, Oaxaca. Range. — Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in Vera Cruz (Ori- zaba, Jalapa), Puebla (Huachinango), and Oaxaca (Coatepec). "Hesperiphona abeillei cobanensis Nelson.1 GUATEMALAN GROSBEAK. Hesperiphona abeillii cobanensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 155, 1928— Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala (type in U. S. National Museum). Coccothraustes abeillii (not Guiraca abeillei Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19 — Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 352 — Coban and Duenas, Guatemala (sexual differences). Coccothraustes abeillaei Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 426, 1886— part, Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Chilasco, Coban). Hesperiphona abeillaei Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 34, 1880 — part, spec, g-m, Guatemala (Coban, San Geronimo, Volcan de Fuego). Hesperiphona abeillii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 44, 1901 — part, Guatemala (Duenas, Coban, San Geronimo, Volcan de Fuego). Coccothraustes maculipennis (not of Sclater, 1860) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 398— Alotenango, Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 352— Coban, Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1866, p. 206— Guatemala. Hesperiphona abeillii pallida (not of Nelson) Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 346, 1932— Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 552 (crit.). Range. — Highlands of Guatemala (San Geronimo and Coban, Alta Vera Paz; Alotenango and Duenas, Sacatep£quez). 2: Guatemala (Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, 2). 1 Hesperiphona abeiUei cobanensis Nelson : Similar to H. a. abeillei, but adult male decidedly clearer (brighter) yellow, especially on the breast; female perhaps more strongly suffused with buffy brown underneath; bill somewhat larger. Seven birds (male and female) compared with six from southeastern Mexico. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 151 Genus PYRRHULA Brisson Pyrrhula Brisson, Orn., 1, p. 36; 3, p. 308, 1760 — by tautonymy, "Pyrrhula" Brisson =Loxia pyrrhula Linnaeus. Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassini (Baird).1 CASSIN'S BULLFINCH. Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassini Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 316, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1869— Nulato, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of female). Pyrrhula kamtschatica Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 395, 1882 — Kamchatka (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Doma- niewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 174, 1927). Pyrrhula cassini Stejneger, in Turner, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 169, pi. 7 (fig. of type), 1886— Nulato, Alaska; Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 103, 1887— Nulato (crit. on type); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 57, 1901— part, Nulato, Alaska. Pyrrhula pyrrhula kamtschatica Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 406, 1915— Copper Island (May 21, 25); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 157, 1920— Bering and Copper Islands. Pyrrhula pyrrhula cassini Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., (4), 17, p. 248, 1928— Nunivak Island, Alaska (crit.); idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 47, 1934— Nunivak Island. Range. — Kamchatka, Bering and Copper Islands, northeastern Siberia. Accidental in Alaska (Nulato, Jan. 10, 1867, and Nunivak Island, Oct. 12, 13, and 16, 1927). Genus CARPODACUS Kaup Carpodacus Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., p. 161, 18292— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, App. List Gen. Bds., p. 11, 1842), Fringilla rosea Pallas. Erythrina Brehm,3 Isis, 1829, Heft 7 (July), col. 725— type, by monotypy, Erythrina albifrons Brehm =Fringilla rosea Pallas. Erythrothorax Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 248, 1831— obvi- ously proposed as a new name for Erythrina Brehm, previously used in Botany. Haemorhous (not of Boie, 1826) Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 295, 1837— type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 387, 1888), Fringilla purpurea Gmelin. Burrica Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 390, 1887— type, by orig. desig., Fringilla mexicana P. L. S. Mliller. 1 Although the subspecific term had been applied to P. cineracea Cabanis, of central Siberia, by Stejneger and others, Swarth showed the type of P. coccinea var. cassini to be clearly a female of the Kamchatkan Bullfinch, which conse- quently takes Baird's name, P. kamtschatica becoming a synonym. 1 The exact date of publication is not known. tErythrina Brehm (Isis, 21, col. 1276, 1828), which Stresemann (Orn. Monats- ber., 30, pp. 60-61, 1922) sought to revive, is a nomen nudum under the Rules, since E. rubrifrons was undescribed at the time, while the second species, E. rosea, listed without author's name or reference, is indeterminable. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin). EASTERN PURPLE FINCH. FringiUa purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 923, 1789— based mainly on "Purple Finch" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 41, pi. 41; "Carolina" = South Carolina (in winter). Carpodacus purpureus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 409, 1888 (in part). Carpodacus purpureus purpureus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 128, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 556, 1919 — Nicholsville, Newfoundland; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 232, 1922 — Telegraph Creek, Stikine region, British Colum- bia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 349, 1924 — Hazelton and Kispiox Valley, Skeena River, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 30, p. 120, 1926— Atlin, British Columbia. Range. — Breeds in North America from northwestern British Columbia, northeastern Alberta, northern Ontario (Moose Factory), southern Quebec (Gasp£ Basin), and Newfoundland to North Dakota (Turtle Mountains), central Minnesota, northern Illinois, the moun- tains of Maryland, northern New Jersey, and New York (Long Island); winters south to the Gulf coast from Texas to Florida; accidental in Colorado. 78: Maine (Upton, 4); Massachusetts (Grantville, 1; Brook- line, 1; Cambridge, 1; Dedham, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 2); Pennsylvania (Gwynedd, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 23); New Jersey (Englewood, 2); Minnesota (Minneapolis, 1); Wisconsin (Woodruff, Vilas County, 2; Beaver Dam, 5; Fox Lake, 1); Michigan (Kalamazoo, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1; Deerfield, 1; Highland Park, 1; Lake Forest, 6; Thatcher Woods, Cook County, 1; Lyons, Cook County, 1; Joliet, 7; Henry, 1; Hegewisch, 1; Warsaw, 1; Mound City, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 4); Ohio (Columbus, 2); North Carolina (Raleigh, 2); Arkansas (Winslow, 1). *Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird. CALIFORNIAN PURPLE FINCH. Carpodacus californicus Baird, in Baird, Cassin and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 413, 1858— "Pacific coast of United States" (type, from Fort Tejon, Kern County, California, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 303, 1932). Carpodacus purpureus (not FringiUa purpurea Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 409, 1888 — part, Vancouver to California. Carpodacus purpureus californicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 130, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 10, p. 53, 1912— Vancouver Island; Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 154, 1928 —Lower California; Grinnell, Dixon and Linsdale, I.e., 35,. p. 396, 1930— Lassen Peak region, California. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 153 Range. — Breeds in western North America from southern British Columbia south to the Sierra Juarez, Lower California, and east to the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada; in winter south to lat. 30° 45' in Lower California and (casually) to southern Arizona. 31: Oregon (Tillamook, 2); California (McCloud, 1; San Gero- nimo, 1; Nicasio, 6; Sebastopol, 2; Los Banos, 1; Monterey, 4; Los Gatos, 3; Los Angeles, 2; Claremont, 2; Alhambra, 2; Palo Alto, 2; San Bernardino Mountains, 1; Riverside, 1; Altadena, 1). *Carpodacus cassinii Baird. CASSIN'S PURPLE FINCH. Carpodacus cassinii Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, No. 3, p. 119, "June" [ = July 3], 1854 — Camp 104, Pueblo Creek, and 75 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico (type, from Pueblo Creek, Arizona, in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 126, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Taylor, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 387, 1912— northern Nevada; Huey, Condor, 29, p. 153, 1927— Laguna Hanson, Sierra Juarez; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 154, 1928— San Pedro Martir range and Sierra Juarez, Lower California; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 323, 1929— near Patagonia, Arizona; Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 35, p. 397, 1930 — Lassen Peak region, California. Carpodacus cassini Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 412, 1888 (monog.). Range. — Breeds in the mountains of western North America from southern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, and northeastern Wyoming to northern Lower California (Sierra San Pedro Martir), central Arizona, and northern New Mexico; winters in the lowlands of its breeding range south through Arizona and the Mexican plateau to Vera Cruz (Mirador, Mount Orizaba) and the Valley of Mexico. 27: British Columbia (Okanagan, 5); Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); California (Chaparral, Butte County, 1; San Bernardino, 1; Big Bear Valley, 6; northern Pacific, 1; Susan ville, 1); Colorado (Wind- sor, 1; Fort Lyon, 5); Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 2); Mexico (30 miles west of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 3). *Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). COMMON HOUSE FINCH. Fringilla frontalis Say, in Long, Exp. Rocky Mts., 2, p. 40 (note), 1823 — Arkansas River near the mountains=near Pueblo, Colorado (type lost, formerly in Peale's Museum). (l)Pyrrhula inornate Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 20, 1829 — no locality indicated, probably Monterey, California (type lost; cf. Sclater, in Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 139, 1888, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 303, 1932; = female?). 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Carpodacus obscurus McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 220, 1851 — near Santa Fe, New Mexico (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 21, 1899; descr. of female). Carpodacus familiaris McCall, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, p. 61, 1852— Santa F6, New Mexico (type lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 21, 1899). Carpodacus mexicanus smithi Figgins, Proc. Colo. Mus. N. H., 9, No. 1, p. 2 (in text), April 22, 1930 — near Aurora, Arapahoe County, Colorado (type in Colorado Museum of Natural History, Denver). [Carpodacus mexicanus} sayi Figgins, Proc. Colo. Mus. N. H., 9, No. 1, p. 3, 1930 — new name for Fringilla frontalis Say. [Carpodacus frontalis} /3 Carpodacus rhodocolpus (not of Cabanis) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 422, 1888— California. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 137, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 154, 1928— northern Lower California, and Todos Santos and Cedros Islands (crit.); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 323, 1929— Patagonia, southern Arizona (breeding); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 295, 1931— Sonora (El Doctor, Saric [May to Sept.], Obregon, Tesia, Chinobampo, Magdalena, San Pedro Martir, San Est6ban, and Tiburon Islands); idem, I.e., 7, p. 143, 1932— Tiburon Island, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 481, 1934— Sonora (Guaymas, Nacozari, Oposura, Carmen) and Chihuahua. Range. — Western North America from Oregon, Idaho, and northern Wyoming south through California and New Mexico to the northern half of Lower California, northern Sonora, and (?) northern Chihuahua, and east to the edge of the Great Plains (western Kansas and middle Texas).1 Introduced in the Hawaiian Islands.2 129: California (Nicasio, 3; Placer County, 1; Colusa, 1; San Geronimo, 2; Alameda, 1; Fairfax, 1; San Francisco County, 1; San Francisco, 1; San Leandro, 1; Hayward, 4; Monterey, 12; Pacific Grove, 1; Sebastopol, 1; Los Gatos, 1; Corona, 4; Piute Mountains, Kern County, 1; Los Angeles County, 1; Palo Alto, 5; San Bernardino, 1; San Pedro, 6; Santa Ysabel, San Diego County, 1; San Diego, 3) ; Nevada (Truckee River, 1) ; Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2) ; 1 Figgins has attempted to subdivide the Common House Finch into three races: (a) C. m. smithi, "east slope of the Continental Divide north of the Arkansas River"; (b) C. m. obscurus, "southeastern Colorado, New Mexico, Kansas, Okla- homa, Texas, and perhaps eastern Arizona"; (c) C. m. frontalis, "southern Colorado and westward." The matter requires, however, more extensive study with ade- quate material. * For the Hawaiian birds the name C. mutans has been proposed by Grinnell (Auk, 29, p. 24, 1912). Cf. also Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, pp. 179-195, 1911; Phillips, Auk, 29, pp. 336-338; Grinnell, I.e., p. 543, 1912. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 155 Arizona (Phoenix, 11; Tucson, 6; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Moun- tains, 1; Huachuca Mountains, 7; Fort Verde, 2; Fort Grant, 2; Calabasas, 21); New Mexico (Deming, 22); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1). "Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway. SAN LUCAS HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus frontalis ruberrimus Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 391 (note), 1887 — "Cape St. Lucas" (type, from La Paz, Lower California, in U. S. National Museum). Carpodacus mexicanus ruberrimus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 136, 1901 — southern Lower California (monog., full bibliog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 133, 1902 — Cape region of Lower Cali- fornia; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 165, 1928 — Lower California. Range. — Southern half of Lower California (north to about lat.28°). 9: Lower California (La Paz, 2; Todos Santos, 3; San Jose" del Cabo, 3; unspecified, 1). "Carpodacus mexicanus dementis Mearns. SAN CLEMENTE HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus dementis Mearns, Auk, 15, p. 258, July, 1898— San Clemente Island, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, 20, p. 33, 1903— Los Coronados Islands. Carpodacus mexicanus dementis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 140, 1901 (monog., bibliog.); van Rossem, Condor, 27, p. 176, 1925 (range, crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 155, 1928— Los Coronados Islands (crit.). Range. — San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and Santa Barbara Islands, California, and Los Coronados Islands, Lower California.1 12: California (San Clemente Island, 11; Santa Cruz Island, 1). Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori Anthony.2 MCGREGOR'S HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mcgregori Anthony, Auk, 14, p. 165, April, 1897— San Benito Island, Lower California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 362, 1928); McGregor, Auk, 15, p. 265, 1898 (descr. of young); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 'According to Grinnell (I.e., pp. 154, 155, 1928), birds from Todos Santos and Cedros Islands, which have been referred here by various authors, do not belong with C. TO. dementis. * There seems to be no valid reason for maintaining specific distinctness of these insular forms, which are the only ones breeding on tne respective islands, and whose characters are merely differences of degree. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 50, Part 1, p. 141, 1901 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 155, 1928— San Benito Islands and Cedros Island. Range. — San Benito Islands, Lower California; casual on Cedros Island. *Carpodacus mexicanus amplus Ridgway.1 GUADALUPE HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus amplus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, No. 2, p. 187, 1876 — Guadalupe Island, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2, p. 293, 1887— Guadalupe (habits, nest, and eggs); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 142, 1901 (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 157, 1928— Guadalupe Island. Range. — Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 5: Lower California (Guadalupe Island, 5). Carpodacus mexicanus potosinus Griscom.2 POTOSI HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus potosinus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 293, p. 5, Jan. 12, 1928 — San Luis Potosf, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Tableland of Mexico, in State of San Luis Potosi. Carpodacus mexicanus nigrescens Griscom.3 TAMAULIPAS HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus nigrescens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 293, p. 5, Jan. 12, 1928 — Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (not Fringilla mexicana Miiller) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 131, 1901— part, Tamaulipas (Miqui- huana). Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (not Fringilla frontalis Say) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 137, 1901— part, Tamaulipas and (?)Nuevo Leon (Monterrey). Range. — Mountains of northeastern Mexico, in State of Tamauli- pas (Miquihuana), possibly also in Nuevo Leon (Monterey). 1 See footnote 2 on page 155. 2 Carpodacus mexicanus potosinus Griscom: Similar to "C. m. rhodocolpus" [sc. sonoriensis, from central western Mexico], but adult male in breeding plumage darker, the red being more crimson, less scarlet; brown of upper parts and brown streaking below darker; female darker above and more heavily striped under- neath. According to the describer, in darkness of coloration this form is inter- mediate between sonoriensis and nigrescens. Based on a large series from San Luis Potosi. 3 Carpodacus mexicanus nigrescens Griscom: Very near to C. m. potosinus, but even darker throughout, the red areas slightly so; the upper parts, primaries, and streaks below dark fuscous. Based, as it is, on only four July specimens from Miquihuana, this form needs corroboration by more satisfactory material. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 157 *Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis Ridgway.1 SONORAN HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 135, after July 1, 1901 — no type nor type locality indicated (type, from Alamos, Sonora, in U. S. National Museum; cf. van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 295, 1931); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 295, 1931— Sonora (Pesqueira, Tecoripa, San Javier, Obregon, Te"sia, Chinobampo, Guaymas, Tobari Bay, Agiobampo) (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 481, 1934— Guaymas, Alamos, and Durazno, Sonora. Carpodacus mexicanus rhodocolpus (not of Cabanis) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 134, 1901— Jalisco to Colima and Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 175, 1906— Las Bocas, La Cienega de las Vacas, and Rio Sestin, Durango (breeding). Range.— Western Mexico, from Sonora south to Colima and western Michoacan (Lake Patzcuaro). 6: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 6). Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus (P. L. S. Miiller). MEXICAN HOUSE FINCH. Fringilla mexicana P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165, 1776 — based on "Bruant, du Mexique" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 386, fig. 1. Fringilla haemorrhoa Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Mexico City, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 421, 1934); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). Pyrrhula crueniata Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 101, 1839 — Mexico (type in AbeillS Collection, Bordeaux). Carpodacus rhodocolpus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 166, Oct., 1851— Mexico (type, from Cuernavaca, Morelos, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 419, 1934), Carpodacus mexicanus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 422, 1888 — Valley of Mexico, City of Mexico, and Puebla. Carpodacus mexicanus mexicanus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 131, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero (crit.). Range. — Mountains of southern Mexico, in states of Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Morelos, and Guerrero. 1 Carpodacus mexicanus sonoriensis Ridgway, though very close to C. ire. ruberrimus, is regarded by van Rossem as recognizable. The same author, further- more, believes that, without doing violence to facts, the name sonoriensis could easily be stretched to cover the house finches of central western Mexico down to Colima and western Michoacan, comprising thus the two races distinguished by Ridgway under "rhodocolpus" and sonoriensis. Moore (Condor, 38, No. 5, p. 203, Oct., 1936), however, has added another race, C. m. rhodopnus (type, from El Molino, 25 miles southwest of Culiacan, Sinaloa, in coll. of R. T. Moore), whose range is said to comprise the Arid Tropical zone of central Sinaloa. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Carpodacus mexicanus roseipectus Sharpe.1 OAXACA HOUSE FINCH. Carpodacus roseipectus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 424, 1888 — Oaxaca, southern Mexico (type in British Museum). Carpodacus mexicanus roseipectus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 133, 1901 — Huajualpam, Oaxaca (monog.). Range. — Southern extremity of Mexican tableland, in State of Oaxaca. Genus MELANOSPIZA Ridgway Melanospiza Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 19, p. 466 (footnote), March 15, 1897 — type, by orig. desig., Loxigilla richardsoni Cory. *Melanospiza richardsoni (Cory). RICHARDSON'S GRASSQUIT. Loxigilla richardsoni Cory, Auk, 3, p. 382, July, 1886 — "mountains of" Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); idem, Ibis, 1886, p. 475 — Santa Lucia; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 290, 1889— Santa Lucia. Geospiza richardsoni Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892— Santa Lucia. Euetheia richardsoni Richardson, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 129, 1890— Santa Lucia. Melanospiza richardsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 545, 1901 (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 545, 1928— Santa Lucia; idem, Auk, 46, p. 523, 1929— Santa Lucia (distribution, habits, descr. of female); Danforth, Monog. Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 106, pi. 1 (male, female), 1935 — Grande Anse and De Barra, Santa Lucia (monog.). Range. — Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 1: Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 1). Genus LOXIPASSER Bryant Loxipasser Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866— type, by orig. desig., [Spermophila] anoxantha Gosse. *Loxipasser anoxanthus (Gosse). YELLOW-SHOULDERED GRASSQUIT. Spermophila anoxantha Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 247, 1847 — Mount Edgecombe, Jamaica (cotypes now in British Museum); idem, Illust. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 62, 1849. Loxigilla anoxantha Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 297— Jamaica (nest and eggs descr.); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 205, 1886 (descr.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 85, 1888— St. Anne's, Jamaica; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 203, 1889 (descr.); Scott, Auk, 10, p. 180, 1893 — Jamaica. 1 A race of very questionable validity. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 159 Pyrrhulagra anoxantha Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 112, 1892— Jamaica. Loxipasser anoxanthus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 546, 1901 (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 480, 1928 — Lumsden and Jackson Town, Jamaica. Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 7: Greater Antilles (Jamaica, 7). Genus LOXIGILLA Lesson1 Loxigilla Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 443, Feb., 1831 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 74, 1855), Fringilla noctis Linnaeus. Pyrrhulagra (Schiff MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 492, end of 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 75, 1855), Loxia portoricensis Daudin. Scotospiza Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 26, p. 597, 1869— new name for Pyrrhulagra Bonaparte. *Loxigilla portoricensis portoricensis (Daudin). PORTO RICAN BULLFINCH. Loxia portoricensis Daudin, Trait6 E16m. et Compl. d'Orn., 2, p. 411, 1800 — Porto Rico (descr. of male and female; cotypes, collected by Mauge\ in Paris Museum); Ledru, Voy. lies TSneriffe, Trinite", etc., 2, p. 203, 1810 —Porto Rico; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866— Porto Rico; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico. Pyrrhula aurantiicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 4, p. 300, 1816 — new name for Loxia portoricensis Daudin; Porto Rico and "Saint Domingue" (errore). Pyrrhulagra portoricensis Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 208, 1878 — Porto Rico (Furnias, Quebradillas, between Arecibo and Utundo, Jayuya, Aguas Blancas); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 149, 1892— Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 550, 1901— Porto Rico (monog.). Loxigilla portoricensis Cory, Auk, 3, p. 205, 1886 — Porto Rico (descr.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 87, 1888— Porto Rico; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 92, 1889 (descr.); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 13, 1903— Porto Rico; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 125, 1926— Porto Rico (habits and food) ; Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923— Porto Rico; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 107, 1926— Cartagena Lagoon, Porto Rico; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 557, 1927 — Porto Rico (monog.); Beatty, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 15, p. 31, 1931 — Guanica Lagoon, Porto Rico (nest descr.); Danforth, I.e., p. 104, 1931— Porto Rico (nest, eggs, food). 1 Loxia haitii Ricord (Rev. Zool., 1, p. 167, 1838) was probably intended for some species of this genus, but as pointed out by Wetmore and Swales (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 436, 1931) there is no means of determining it any further, since the author refers to birds observed by him "dans toutes les Indes occidentales . . . , a la Terre-Ferme de 1'Ame'rique espagnole, sur les bords de I'Or^noque . . . , et au continent de 1'Ame'rique du nord, en Virginie." 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles. 10: Greater Antilles (Porto Rico, 10). *Loxigilla portoricensis grandis Lawrence. ST. CHRISTOPHER BULLFINCH. Loxigilla portoricensis var. grandis Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 204, Nov. 18, 1881— St. Christopher, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxigilla portoricensis grandis Cory, Auk, 3, p. 206, 1886 — St. Christopher (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 93, 1889 (descr.). Loxigilla grandis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 87, 1888— St. Chris- topher Island. Pyrrhulagra grandis Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 149, 1892— St. Chris- topher; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 550, 1901— St. Christopher (monog.). Range.— Island of St. Christopher (St. Kitts), Lesser Antilles. 4: Lesser Antilles (St. Christopher, 4). *Loxigilia violacea violacea (Linnaeus). BAHAMAN BULLFINCH. Loxia violacea Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 176, 1758 — based on "The Purple Gross-beak" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 40, pi. 40; Bahama Islands. Pyrrhula superciliosa Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 4, p. 300, 1816 — new name for Loxia violacea Linnaeus. Loxia violacea /3 bahamensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 250, Dec. 10, 1878 — Bahamas (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxigilla violacea Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 85, 1880 — Bahamas (descr.); idem, Auk, 3, p. 203, 1886— part, Bahamas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 82, 1888— part, spec, k-o, Bahamas; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 90, 1889— part, Bahamas; Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 70, 1891— Andros; Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 294-297, 350, 351, 1891— Bahamas (New Providence, Caicos, Inagua, Abaco, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Eleuthera); idem, Auk, 9, pp. 48, 49, 1892 — Mariguana and Inagua. Pyrrhulagra violacea Ridgway, Auk, 8, pp. 334-337, 1891 — Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, and Cat Island; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 148, 1892— part, Bahamas; Bonhote, Ibis, 1899, p. 512— Nassau, New Providence; Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 293, 1900— Nassau, Current Island, Eleuthera, and Highbourne Key; Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 289— New Provi- dence and Little Abaco; Allen, Auk, 22, p. 128, 1905 — New Providence and Great Abaco; Riley, Auk, 22, p. 360, 1905 — New Providence, Eleu- thera, Cat Island, and Long Island; idem, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, pp. 355, 367, 1905— Bahamas. Pyrrhulagra violacea violacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 551, 1901 — Bahamas (monog.); Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 441, 464, 1911 — New Providence, Great Inagua, Andros, and Abaco (crit.). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 161 Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Cory, Bds. Bahamas, p. 87, 1880 — Inagua; idem, I.e., rev. ed., unpaged interpolated leaves [p. 12], 1890 — not in Bahama Islands. Range. — Bahama Islands. 236: Bahama Islands (Great Bahama, 1; Abaco, 6; Berry, 5; Andros, 5; Long, 1; Nassau, 10; Eleuthera, 29; Inagua, 178; Caicos, 1). *Loxigilla violacea ruficollis (Gmelin). JAMAICAN BULLFINCH. Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 894, 1789 — based on "Rufous- throated Tanager" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 241; Jamaica (type in British Museum). Pyrrhula robinsonii Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 259, 1847 — Jamaica (partial albino). Pyrrhula violacea (not Loxia violacea Linnaeus) Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 254, 1847— Jamaica; idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 66, 1849. Loxigilla violacea Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— part, spec, b, c, Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 297— Jamaica (nest and eggs descr.); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 203, 1886— part, Jamaica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 82, 1888— part, spec, c-i, Jamaica (St. Anne, Spanishtown, Mo- neague); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 90, 1889— part, Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 180, 1893— Jamaica; Field, Auk, 11, p. 126, 1894— Port Henderson and Mandville, Jamaica. Loxia violacea a violacea Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 250, 1878 — Jamaica (crit.). Pyrrhulagra violacea Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 148, 1892— part, Jamaica. Pyrrhula violacea ruficollis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 552, 1901 — Jamaica (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928 — Lumsden, Jackson Town, Mandville, and Black. River, Jamaica. Loxia rufobarbata (not Fringilla rufobarbata Jacquin) Hahn, Vogel Asien, Afr., etc., Part. 7, pi. 6, 1820— "East Indies" (spec, in Munich Museum examined). Range.— Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 17: Greater Antilles (Jamaica, 17). "Loxigilla violacea affinis (Ridgway). HISPANIC-LAN BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra affinis (Baird MS.) Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 322, Oct., 1898— Port- au-Prince, Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxia violacea (not of Linnaeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 93, 1866— Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Loxigilla violacea Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 231, 1857 — Santo Do- mingo; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862 — part, spec, a, Santo Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881 — Santo Domingo; 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII idem, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 69, col. pi., 1884 — Almercen and Samana; Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168 — Dominican Republic; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 203, 1886— part, Haiti and Santo Domingo; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 82, 1888— part, spec, b, Santo Domingo; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 90, 1889 —part, Haiti; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 325— Sanchez; Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909 — Dominican Republic. Pyrrhulagra violacea Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 148, 1892 — part, Haiti and Santo Domingo; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 15, 1896 — Santo Domingo City, Catarey, and Aguacate. Pyrrhulagra violacea affinis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 553, 1901— Haiti (monog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 425, 1917 — Dominican Republic (Monte Cristi, Sosua, Arroyo Salado); Dan- forth, Auk, 46, p. 375, 1929 — main island (of Hispaniola) and Gonave. Loxigilla violacea affinis Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 519, 1928 —part, Haiti and Gonave; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 434, 1931— Hispaniola, including Gonave, Catalina, and Saona Islands (monog.); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 39, 1932— Gonave Island and Thomazeau, Haiti; Wetmore and Lincoln, I.e., 82, p. 66, 1933— Hispaniola. Range. — Island of Haiti, including Gonave, Catalina, and Saona Islands, Greater Antilles. 105: Haiti (Le Coup, 3; Kenskoff, 1; Port de Paix, 1); Domini- can Republic (Samana, 6; Almercen, 14; Puerto Plata, 6; Catarey, 15; Aguacate, 14; Santo Domingo, 45). Loxigilla violacea maurella Wetmore.1 TORTUE BULLFINCH. Loxigilla violacea maurella Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 81, No. 13, p. 4, May 15, 1919 — Tortue Island, Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum); idem and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 437, 1931— Tortue Island (monog.). Loxigilla violacea affinis (not Pyrrhulagra affinis Ridgway) Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 519, 1928— part, Tortue Island (nest and eggs descr.). Range. — Tortue (Tortuga) Island, off the north coast of Haiti, Greater Antilles. Loxigilla violacea parishi Wetmore.2 ILE A VACHE BULLFINCH. Loxigilla violacea parishi Wetmore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 27, Feb. 21, 1931 — He a Vache, southwestern Haiti (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 40, 1932— He a Vache; idem 1 Loxigilla violacea maurella Wetmore: Similar to L. v. affinis, but larger, with bulkier bill. Wing, 82-84, (female) 77^; tail, 70-72, (female) 66; bill, 1534-17; depth at base, 16-17. 2 Loxigilla violacea parishi Wetmore: Similar to L. v. affinis, but slightly smaller, including the bill. Wing, 71-7134 (female) 67; tail, 62 Y2, (female) 59; bill, 143^, (female) 13; depth at base, 103^-12. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 163 and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 67, 1933— He a Vache and Beata Island (crit.; nest and eggs). Range. — He a Vache and Beata Island, off the southern coast of the southwestern peninsula of Haiti, Greater Antilles. *Loxigilla noctis ridgwayi (Cory). ANTIGUAN BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 150, 1892 — Antigua, Lesser Antilles (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum).1 Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 233, 1878— Antigua; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Antigua; Cory, Auk, 8, p. 47, 1891— Antigua. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 558, 1901— Antigua (monog.); Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 291, 1904 — Antigua. Loxigilla noctis ridgwayi Danforth, Auk, 51, p. 364, 1934 — Antigua. Range. — Island of Antigua, Lesser Antilles. 9: Lesser Antilles (Antigua, 9). Loxigilla noctis chazaliei Oustalet.2 BARBUDAN BULLFINCH. Loxigilla chazaliei Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 20, p. 184, 1895— Bar- buda (cotypes in coll. of R. de Dalmas, subsequently in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 26, p. 156, 1919). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 239, 1878— Barbuda; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Barbuda. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892— part, Barbuda. Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi (not of Ridgway, 1898) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 559, 1901— part, Barbuda; Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 47, p. 291, 1904— Barbuda (crit.). Loxigilla noctis chazaliei Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 19, p. 482, 1935— Barbuda (crit.); idem, I.e., 21, p. 227, 1937— Barbuda (crit.). Range. — Island of Barbuda, Lesser Antilles. 1 The other islands listed by Cory refer to other races. 2 Loxigilla noctis chazaliei Oustalet needs further investigation. When ex- amining the original examples many years ago, no material from Antigua was available for comparison, but the race seemed to me distinct from L. n. coryi, of St. Christopher. Mr. J. T. Zimmer has supplied the following note: "Compared with our pair of ridgwayi, the four specimens, including the cotypes, from Barbuda in our collection seem to be slightly different. The males are rather grayer in general coloration, although one of the cotypes is less distinct than the other two males. The back and sides of the head and the breast are less sooty, and one of the specimens, not a cotype, has somewhat of an olivaceous tinge on the outer edges of the rectrices near the base, not so brownish in the other two males. The female of chazaliei is decidedly paler than our female of ridgwayi. The upper parts are lighter brown, the auricular region is more brownish (less grayish), and the under surface is very distinctly paler buff, the breast being hardly darker than the abdomen. Perhaps it may be as well to recognize this form of Oustalet, although its full range may be uncertain." Danforth likewise insists on the grayer coloration of Barbuda birds. 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Loxigilla noctfs coryi (Ridgway). CORY'S BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra coryi Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 323, Oct., 1898— St. Eustatius, Lesser Antilles (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 46-48, 1891 — Anguilla, St. Eustatius, and St. Christopher; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 499 — Anguilla. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892— part, St. Kitts, Anguilla, and St. Eustatius; Peters, Auk, 44, p. 537, 1927 —Anguilla (crit.); Danforth, Auk, 47, p. 47, 1930— St. Martin. Pyrrhulagra noctis coryi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 559, 1901 — part, Anguilla, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Christopher (monog.). Loxigilla noctis coryi Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 226, 1937 (monog.). Range. — Islands of Anguilla, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Christopher (St. Kitts), and Nevis, Lesser Antilles. 36: Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 1; St. Eustatius, 10; St. Kitts, 25). *Loxigilla noctis dominicana (Ridgway). DOMINICAN BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra dominicana Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 323, Oct., 1898 — Dominica (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 — part, Dominica; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 57, 1878 — Dominica (crit.; nest and eggs); idem, I.e., 1, pp. 457, 487, 1879 — Guadaloupe and Dominica; (?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 765— Montserrat; (?)Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, pp. 486, 487— Montserrat; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 473— Marie Galante; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 84, 1888— part, spec, e-g, (?)o, Guadeloupe, Dominica, and (?) Montserrat; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 326— Dominica; Cory, Auk, 8, p. 49, 1891— Guadeloupe; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 569— Dominica. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892 — part, (?) Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, and Dominica. Loxigilla noctis schlateri [sic] (not L. n. sclateri Allen) Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 337, 1892 — Dominica (crit.; nest and eggs descr.). Pyrrhulagra noctis dominicana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 556, 1901 (monog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 385, 1916— Guadeloupe (crit.). Loxigilla noctis dominicana Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928— Dominica; Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 228, 1937 (monog.). Range. — Islands of Dominica, Marie Galante, La Desirade, Guadeloupe, and (?) Montserrat, Lesser Antilles.1 36: Lesser Antilles (Dominica, 4; Marie Galante, 3; Guadeloupe, 25; Grande Terre, Guadeloupe Island, 4). 1 No material seen from Montserrat. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 165 "Loxigilla noctis desiradensis Danforth.1 DESIRADE BULLFINCH. Loxigilla noctis desiradensis Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 229, April, 1937— La Desirade (type in Field Museum). Loxia noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 474 — La Desirade. Pyrrhulagra noctis ridgwayi Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892— part, La Desirade. Range. — Island of Desirade, near Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. 5: Lesser Antilles (Desirade, 5). *Loxigilla noctis noctis (Linnaeus). MARTINIQUE BULLFINCH. Fringilla noctis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 320, 1766— based primarily on "Le Pere Noir" Brisson, Orn., 3, p. 118, pi. 7, fig. 1; Martinique (type in Reaumur Collection).2 Fringilla rufo-barbata Jacquin, Beitr. Gesch. Vogel, p. 11, 1784 — Martinique (type not extant). Pyrrhulagra noctis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 493, 1850 — part, Martinique; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 149, 1892— Martinique (crit.). Loxigilla noctis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— Martinique; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 — part, Martinique; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 355, 487, 1879— Martinique; Cory, Auk, 4, p. 95, 1887— Martinique; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 84, 1888 — part, spec. h, i, Martinique. Pyrrhulagra noctis noctis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 554, 1901 — Martinique (monog.). Range. — Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles. 14: Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 14). "Loxigilla noctis sclateri Allen.3 SANTA LUCIA BULLFINCH. Loxigilla noctis sclateri Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 166, July, 1880 — Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles (cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 370, 1930); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 204, 1886— Santa Lucia (descr.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 129, 1890— Santa Lucia; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928— Santa Lucia (nest and eggs); Danforth, Monog. 1 Loxigilla noctis desiradensis Danforth: Similar to L. n. dominicana but with shorter wing and tarsus. Wing, (male) 67-69^, (female) 62-65. 2 Though Linnaeus also quotes Sloane's "Passer niger, punctis croceis notatus" (Voy. Jamaica, 2, p. 311), and "Yphualtototl" of Hernandez (Hist. Nov. Hisp., p. 49), two rather indifferently described birds, his diagnosis, "P. nigra, gula lorisque rufis, rostro nigro," is clearly taken from Brisson, who described a specimen sent by Thibault de Chanvalon from Martinique to de Reaumur. 8 Loxigilla noctis sclateri Allen is rather a poor form hardly deserving recogni- tion. Eight additional specimens examined. 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Univ. Puerto Rico, Ser. B, No. 3, p. 103, 1935— Santa Lucia (habits, food); idem, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 230, 1937 (crit.). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 270 — Santa Lucia (crit.); Semper, I.e., 1872, p. 649 — Santa Lucia (habits); Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 57 (in text), 1878— Santa Lucia (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 84, 1888— part, spec, k-n, Santa Lucia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395 — Santa Lucia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 560— Santa Lucia (crit., plumages). Pyrrhulagra noctis sclateri Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892— Santa Lucia (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 555, 1901— Santa Lucia (monog.). Range. — Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 35: Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 35). *Loxigilla noctis crissalis (Ridgway). ST. VINCENT BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra crissalis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 323, Oct., 1898 — Cumberland Valley, St. Vincent (type in U. S. National Museum). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 191, 1878— St. Vincent (crit.); Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 40— St. Vincent. Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892 — part, St. Vincent. Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 557, 1901— St. Vincent (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 285, 303, 1905— St. Vincent. Loxigilla noctis crissalis Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928 — St. Vincent; Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 230, 1937 (crit.). Range. — Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. 20: Lesser Antilles (St. Vincent, 20). *Loxigilla noctis grenadensis (Cory). GRENADA BULLFINCH. Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 150, 1892 — part, Grenada (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 560, 1901— Grenada (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 285, 306, 1905— Grenada. Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 269, 1878— Grenada; idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Grenada; Wells, I.e., 9, p. 614, 1886— Grenada (habits, nest and eggs). Loxigilla noctis grenadensis Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 231, 1937 (crit.). Range. — Island of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. 7: Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 7). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 167 Loxigilla noctis propinqua Lawrence.1 GUIANAN BULLFINCH. Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 58 (in text), July 31, 1878— Essequibo River, British Guiana (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Loxigilla propinqua Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 85, 1888 (ex Lawrence). Pyrrhulagra noctis propinqua Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 549, 1901 — British Guiana (crit.). Pyrrhulagra propinqua Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 427, 1921— Essequibo River and Berbice (ex Lawrence). Range. — British Guiana (Essequibo River and Berbice). *Loxigilla noctis barbadensis Cory.2 BARBADOS BULLFINCH. Loxigilla barbadensis Cory, Auk, 3, p. 382, July, 1886— Barbados, Lesser Antilles (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 290, 1889— Barbados (descr.); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 483— Barbados (nest and eggs); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 558 — Barbados (crit.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 543, 1928 — Barbados; Danforth, Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico, 21, p. 232, 1937 (crit.). Loxigilla noctis (not Fringilla noctis Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 175— Barbados; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 84, 1888— part, spec, b-d, Barbados. Pyrrhulagra barbadensis Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 112, 150, 1892 — Bar- bados; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 561, 1901— Barbados (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 285, 303, 1905— Barbados. Range. — Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. 8: Lesser Antilles (Bathsheba, Barbados, 1; Barbados, 7). Genus MELOPYRRHA Bonaparte Melopyrrha Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 924, Dec., 1853 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 82, 1885) Loxia nigra Linnaeus. 1 Loxigilla noctis propinqua Lawrence is stated by Ridgway to resemble L. n. grenadensis in dimensions, but to differ by less intensely black coloration and by having the rufous gular area restricted to the upper throat. The female and immature plumages are unknown. This race rests upon three males secured by A. H. Alexander on the Essequibo River. The collector claimed having shot ?uite a number of specimens in that locality and having also observed it at Berbice. t is very strange that no other naturalist ever met with a representative of this otherwise purely West Indian group anywhere on the South American continent, though Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 493, 1850) lists . Pyrrhulagra noctis from "Surinam," which may refer to the same form. More information about this mysterious bird is highly desirable. 2 Loxigilla noctis barbadensis Cory is the most primitive member of the group, the adult males closely resembling in coloration the female of L. n. sclaleri. No black males have yet been collected, though Bond records having seen one during his rambles in Barbados. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Melopyrrha nigra nigra (Linnaeus). CUBAN BULLFINCH. Loxia nigra Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 175, 1758— based on "The little black Bullfinch" Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 68, pi. 68) and "The Black Bullfinch" Albin (Suppl. Nat. Hist. Bds., 3, p. 65, pi. 69). » Pyrrhula crenirostris Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Chant. Zone Torr., p. 77, in or before 1807 — "le Mexique" [errore] et 1'lle de Cuba." Pyrrhula nigra Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 1, (2), p. 65, pi. 57, circa 1822; Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 440, 1827 — near Havana, Cuba; d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 108, pi. 17, 1839— Cuba. Sporophila nigra Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 498, 1850 — "Mexico" (errore) et "Antilles" (descr.). Melopyrrha nigra Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 8, 1856 — Cuba (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862— Cuba; Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 125, 1874— Cuba (habits, nest, and eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 206, 1886— Cuba (descr.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 141, 1888— Cuba (San Cristobal, Tuabeque); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 93, 1889— part, Cuba; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 112, 1892— part, Cuba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 309, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 562, 1901 — Cuba (monog.); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 215, 1905 — Punta al Este, Isle of Pines; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 283, 1916 — Calota Grande and Hato, Isle of Pines; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 129, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 40, 1932— Puerto de Tanamo and Rio Moa, Cuba. Range. — Island of Cuba, including Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles. 11: Cuba (San Diego de los Banos, 1; near Palacios, 1; Casila, Prov. Santa Clara, 4; unspecified, 5). *Melopyrrha nigra taylori Hartert.2 GRAND CAYMAN BULLFINCH. Melopyrrha taylori Hartert, Nov. Zool., 3, p. 257, Sept., 1896 — Grand Cay- man (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 24, p. 154, 1919); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 563, 1901— Grand Cayman (monog.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 582 — near Newlands, Grand Cayman; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 345— Grand Cayman; idem, Ibis, 1911, p. 159— Grand Cayman; English, Ibis, 1916, p. 31— Grand Cayman (food); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 23, 1931— Grand Cayman. Melopyrrha nigra (not Loxia nigra Linnaeus) Cory, Auk, 3, p. 501, 1886 — Grand Cayman; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 93, 1889— part, Grand Cayman; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 112, 1892— part, Grand Cayman. Range. — Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. 31: Greater Antilles (Grand Cayman, 31). 1 Catesby gives "Mexico" as habitat, while Albin's description was based on a live bird of unrecorded origin. Cuba, the only island inhabited by the species, may be taken as terra typica. 2 Melopyrrha nigra taylori Hartert, while easily distinguished by larger size and less glossy plumage, is clearly a geographical race of the Cuban Bullfinch. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 169 Genus PIEZORHINA Lafresnaye Piezorina1 Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, text to pi. 30, pp. 1, 2, 1843— type, by orig. desig., Guiraca cinerea Lafresnaye. Piezorhina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 542, 1850 — emendation. Piezorhina cinerea (Lafresnaye). CINEREOUS FINCH. Guiraca cinerea Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 5, cl. 2, pi. 30, 1843 — "aux lies Gallapagos," errore= coast region of northwestern Peru (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 370, 1930); Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Ve~nus, Zool., p. 209, 1855— "lies Gallapagos." Camarhynchus cinerea(us) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 542, 1850 (ex Lafresnaye); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 491, 1876 — "Galla- pagos" (ex Lafresnaye); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 321 — Tumbez, Peru. Piezorhina cinerea Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 137 — Sorritos [=Zorritos], Prov. Tumbez, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 199 — Chepen; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421— Payta, Dept. Piura, Peru; Tac- zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 23, 1886— northwestern Peru (Tumbez, Guada- lupe, Chaman); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 89, 1888— Payta and Tumbez; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918 — Sullana, Piura; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 608, 1926 — Lamor and Samate, Tumbez, Peru. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northwestern Peru, from Tumbez south to Libertad (Chepen).2 Genus NEORHYNCHUS Sclater Callyrhynchus (not Callorynchus Gronovius, 1763) Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, "July," 1842 — type, by monotypy, Callyrhynchus peruvianus Lesson; idem, Echo du Monde Savant, 9e annde, 2nd s6m., No. 11, col. 253, August 11, 1842. 3 Callirhynchus (not Agassiz, 1846) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 822, May, 1856— emendation. Neorhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 147 — new name for "Callirhynchus" [i.e., Callyrhynchus] Lesson. Neorhynchus peruvianus peruvianus (Lesson). PERUVIAN NEORHYNCHUS. Callyrhynchus peruvianus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 209, "July," 1842 — Callao, Peru (descr. of young; type in coll. of R. P. Lesson, now in the Academy of 1 Evidently an error of transcription, since the generic name is stated to signify "bee comprime'." 1 Five specimens, from Tumbez and Payta, examined. * It is quite probable that the account in the "Echo du Monde Savant" has priority, since the July issue of the "Revue de Zoologie," containing, as it does, the minutes of the meeting of the Academy of Sciences held on July 25, must have been published considerably later than indicated by its ostensible date. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 61, 1899); idem, Echo du Monde Savant, 9e annee, 2nd sem., No. 11, col. 253, August 11, 1842— Callao; idem, I.e., lOe annee, No. 36, col. 850, May 14, 1843 — Callao and Lima, Peru. Callirhynchus masesus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 822, May, 1856 — no locality given (descr. of adult male; type in Paris Museum).1 Neorhynchus nasesus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 147 — Lima, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 520 — Lima; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 9, 1886— part, Lima; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 88, 1888— Lima; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 376 — lea, Peru. Neorhynchus maseus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pi. 12. Neorhynchus naseus Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 61, 1899. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of western Peru, from Libertad (Trujillo) to lea.2 Neorhynchus peruvianus devronis (Verreaux).3 ECUADORIAN NEORHYNCHUS. Callirhynchus devronis Verreaux, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 314, 1852— no habitat indicated (location of type not stated). Callirhynchus drovoni Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 822, May, 1856 (ex Verreaux). Neorhynchus nasesus (not Callirhynchus masesus Bonaparte) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 320— Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Tac- zanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 550 — Guayaquil, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 9, 1886— part, Tumbez. Neorhynchus devronis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 89, 1888 — Guaya- quil; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 23, 1899— Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Neorhynchus devronis devronis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 607, 1926— Bahia de Caraques, Santa Elena, Puna Island, and Tembleque Island, Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, from Ma- navi (Bahia de Caraques) southwards, and extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbez). 1 1 have not succeeded in finding the specimen in the Paris Museum. * Material examined. — Peru: Lima, 4; lea, 3. J Neorhynchus peruvianus devronis (Verreaux): Similar to N. p. peruvianus, but with shorter wings and tail, and decidedly smaller, less bulky bill. Wing (adult males), 56-59; tail, 40-42; bill, 14-15. A single adult male from Tumbez, while possessed with a slightly larger bill than others from Guayaquil and Puntilla de Santa Elena, is distinctly nearer the Ecuadorian than the Peruvian form. It is with considerable reluctance that we retain the name devronis for the small northern form. There is absolutely nothing in the description (which is by no means clear, no mention being made of the black color on the throat) to indicate that the type came from Ecuador rather than from Peru, though — con- sidering the period — the latter country is much more likely to have supplied the 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 171 Genus SPOROPHILA Cabanis1 Spermophila (not of Richardson, 1825) Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 348, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 63, 1841), Pyrrhula falcirostris Temminck. Sporophila Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 291, 1844— new name for Spermophila Swainson, preoccupied. Gyrinorhynchus Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 79, June 1, 1850 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 82, 1855), Loxia minuta Linnaeus. Drepanorhynchus (not of Fischer and Reichenow, 1884) Dubois, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 400, 1894 — type, by orig. desig., Drepanorhynchus schistaceus Dubois = Pyrrhula falcirostris Temminck. Spermophilopsis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 4, p. xxxvii, May 31, 1895 — new name for Drepanorhynchus Dubois, preoccupied. Microphila Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7, p. 192, Feb., 1921— type, by orig. desig., Sporophila castaneiventris Cabanis. Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck).2 TEMMINCK'S SEED-EATER. material. The type has been completely lost sight of, it being neither in the British Museum nor in the collections at Paris or Vienna. It was no doubt sold by Verreaux to one of his customers, and may yet turn up in some public or private collection. Material examined. — Ecuador: Guayaquil, 3; Puntilla de Santa Elena, 2. — Peru: Tumbez, 1. 1 Further subdivision of this genus seems impracticable. While I readily admit that the type species, S. falcirostris and, to a lesser degree, S. schistacea have the maxilla shallower, they are otherwise so nearly related to S. intermedia that generic separation would merely serve to obliterate their natural affinities. As to Microphila, it is hardly necessary to point out that there is absolutely no sound reason for keeping S. castaneiventris and allies apart. 2 Sporophila falcirostris (Temminck), a very rare species, of which less than a dozen specimens are known, agrees in wing-formula (first primary very nearly as long as second and much longer than fifth) with S. schistacea, but differs by longer tail; even shallower and in the apical half more strongly curved maxilla, and much deeper mandible; larger white alar speculum; much paler, slate gray upper parts; absence of the white patch on the sides of the throat; buffy brownish flanks; buffy under tail coverts, etc. Wing, (adult male) 62, (female) 58-62; tail, 46-47, (female) 42-46; bill, 11-12. Temminck's figure, which was evidently based on female examples, is incorrect, being much too green throughout, but shows the characteristic shape of the bill. As we have pointed out in another connection (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 529^-531, 1904), where its plumages are described at length, S. falcirostris is very distinct from S. super ciliaris, being much smaller than it and besides differ- ing widely in coloration. Adult males are slate gray above, paler below, with the middle line of the breast white and some whitish suffusion on the throat. The inner median (and in the type of D. schistaceus also the inner lesser) upper wing coverts are tipped with white. Dubois's type merely differs from an adult male secured by Beske at Nova Friburgo by the presence of a small white postocular streak and of some dusky subapical spots on the chest, without any doubt individual characters. According to a manuscript note of Count Berlepsch, who has examined the specimen, which afterwards became the type of S. sertanicola, this is a female or a young male of the present species. Material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 3; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; unspecified (type of D. schistaceus), 1. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pyrrhula faldrostris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PL Col., livr. 2, pi. 11, fig. 2 (= female), Sept., 1820 — "Bre"sil" (descr. of female; cotypes in Leyden Museum; cf. Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 401, 1894). Fringilla faldrostris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 584, 1830— Bahia (descr. of female). "Pyrrhula faldrostris (Pyrrhula virescens, Mus. de Paris)" Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 451, Feb., 1831— Brazil. Pyrrhula virescens Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 63, 1854— Brazil (type in Paris Museum; descr. of female). Sporophila faldrostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 499, 1850 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 252, 1856 — Bahia (descr. of immature male); Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 529, 1904 — Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (crit., plumages); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907 (range). Spermophila faldrostris Pelzeln, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Fri- burgo, Rio de Janeiro (descr. of adult male); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 154, 1900— Nova Friburgo. Drepanorrhynchus schistaceus Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 404, pi. 10, fig. 2, 1894— "Bresil" (descr. of adult male; type in Brussels Museum examined). Sporophila sertanicola Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 105, col. pi., fig. 3, 1920 — Alto da Serra do Cubatao, Sao Paulo (descr. of young male; type in Museu Paulista). Drepanorhynchus faldrostris (Buttikofer in) Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 401, 1894 (crit.). Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Bahia to Sao Paulo (Alto da Serra). Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux).1 SUPERCILIATED SEED-EATER. 1 Sporophila frontalis (Verreaux), the largest species of the genus, is perhaps nearest to S. faldrostris, which it resembles in the shallow, apically abruptly curved maxilla and in wing-formula, but may be immediately recognized by much greater dimensions and the two broad, well-defined bands across the wings, pale buffy in the adult male and deep ochraceous in the female. Another peculiarity is the presence of a conspicuous superciliary stripe in the male sex, which varies, accord- ing to age, from buffy olive yellow to buffy white. The adult plumage is well figured by Dubois and by Berlepsch and Ihering. Wing, (adult male) 65-68, (female) 65-66; tail, 50-52, (female) 46-48; bill, 12-13. In June, 1935, I carefully compared the type of C. frontalis with the original example of S. superdliaris taken for that purpose to Paris. Both are adult males in fairly good condition. Apart from the more purely whitish ground color of throat and median under parts and the more grayish (less olivaceous) brown sides — due to fading of the mounted specimen — Verreaux's type differs from the Mattodentro bird merely by brighter buffy wing-bands and by having, behind the blackish nasal plumes, a distinct white spot, which is barely suggested on the left side in Pelzeln's example. These trifling divergencies are without any question individual, as the two types otherwise agree perfectly one with another. Moreover, one of two males from Rio Grande do Sul has a number of white feathers in the middle of the crown, and the wing-bands are even brighter buff than in the Parisian specimen. The locality "Cayenne," inscribed on the label of C. fron- talis, is most certainly erroneous. Neither Cherrie nor Klages met with the bird 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 173 Callirhynchus frontalis Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 5, Bull., p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1869 — "Cayenne," errore (descr. of adult male; type in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila superciliaris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 223, 330, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Porto do Rio Parana) and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro (type, from Mattodentro, in Vienna Museum examined) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 22— Mattodentro (ex Pelzeln); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 122, pi. 7, 1885 — Arroyo Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 99, 1888 — Sao Paulo and "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 160, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Can tagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Sporophila euleri Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro (descr. of immature male; type in Berlin Museum examined). Sporophila superciliaris Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 374, 1907 — Sao Paulo and Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo; Bertoni, Rev. Inst. Parag., Sept., 1907, p. 3 — Paraguay (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 436, 1910— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 355, 1914— Alto ParanA (Misiones and Paraguay). Coccothraustes ambrosettianus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 83, Jan., 1901— Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). Drepanorhynchus superciliaris Dubois, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 401, pi. 10, fig. 3 (male), 1894 (crit.). Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, in states of Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo, Cantagallo), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo, Porto do Rio Parand), and Rio Grande do Sul (Arroyo Grande), west to the confines of Paraguay and Misiones (Alto Parana). Sporophila schistacea1 crissalis Carriker.2 COSTA RICAN SEED-EATER. in French Guiana, nor is any representative of this group known to occur in the neighboring countries. The type is much more likely to have originated in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro. The type of S. euleri Cabanis is an immature male, having olive yellow superciliaries and the throat washed with yellowish. The identity of the three species being thus proved, Verreaux's term must be accepted as having priority. Material examined. — Brazil: Nova Friburgo, Rio, 1; Cantagallo, Rio, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 2; Porto do Rio Parana, 1; Arroyo Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 2.— "Cayenne," 1. 1 Sporophila schistacea, in spite of superficial resemblance, seems to be quite distinct from S. intermedia, the principal characters being its shallower maxilla with less strongly convex culmen; the longer and more pointed wing, in which the first primary is very nearly as long as the second, and much longer than the fifth; the slightly shorter tarsus; and the proportionately as well as actually shorter tail. The wing measured in all the races is 60 mm. or more, while the tail never exceeds 45 mm. (only males considered). Color characters vary somewhat in the male sex, but females are always decidedly darker both above and below. ''Sporophila schistacea crissalis Carriker, according to notes supplied by Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd, differs from the nominate race in the male sex by being more 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila crissalis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 4, p. 301, April 1, 1908 — Buenos Aires de T6rraba, Costa Rica (type in Carnegie Museum); idem, I.e., 6, p. 889, 1910— Buenos Aires de Terraba. Sporophila intermedia (not of Cabanis) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 189 — Bugaba, Chiriqul. Spermophila grisea (not Loxia grisea Gmelin) Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18 — part, Chiriqui; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 356, 1885— part, Bugaba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 96, 1888— part, spec. r-u, Bugaba and Chiriquf. Sporophila grisea schistacea (not Spermophila schistacea Lawrence) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 566, 1901— part, Bugaba, Chiriqui. Sporophila schistacea crissalis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Chiriqui (Bugaba) and southwestern Costa Rica (Buenos Aires). Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (Terraba Valley) and extreme western Panama (Bugaba, Chiriqui). Sporophila schistacea schistacea (Lawrence). SLATE-COLORED SEED-EATER. Spermophila schistacea Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 474 (in text), 1862; idem, I.e., 8, p. 10, May, 1863— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Spermophila cinerea(l) (not Pyrrhula cinerea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 474, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad. Spermophila grisea (not Loxia grisea Gmelin) Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18 — part, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 356, 1885 — part, Lion Hill. Sporophila grisea schistacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 566, 1901 — part, descr. and hab., Lion Hill, Panama. Sporophila schistacea schistacea Penard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, pp. 60, 61, 1923— Las Pavas (La Cumbre, Valle), Las Ventanas (Santander), and Malagita (Choco), Colombia (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 183, 1929— Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932— Obaldia, Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Canal Zone, Darien, and Colombia. brownish on the wings and under parts, while the younger individuals are darker, more olivaceous green above, and lighter, less buffy yellowish underneath. Wing (type), 61; tail, 40. The original examples obtained by Carriker appear to be all immature, this being suggested by the brownish suffusion on back and wings. Furthermore, three adult males from Bugaba, Chiriqui, which we have seen without being able to compare them directly with typical schistacea, are pure slate gray above, as well as on throat and breast. One has a distinct white spot on each side of the neck, as described by Lawrence for the type of S. schistacea, while the others have hardly a trace of this marking. The inner smaller upper wing coverts are slightly tipped with white as in S. falcirostris. The claims of crissalis to recognition and the nature of its characters need corroboration by the comparison of adequate series, though Mr. Todd believes it to be valid. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 175 Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama (west to the Canal Zone) and northern Colombia (Malagita, Choco; Las Ven tanas, Santander; Pavas, La Cumbre, Valle).1 Sporophila schistacea incerta Riley.2 ECUADORIAN SLATE- COLORED SEED-EATER. Sporophila incerta Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 213, Oct. 31, 1914— Gualea, Ecuador (type in U. S. National Museum examined). Sporophila schistacea incerta Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 608, 1926— Gualea (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador (Gualea). *Sporophila schistacea longipennis Chubb.3 LONG-WINGED SEED-EATER. 1 Three adult males from Las Ventanas (Santander) and Malagita (Choco), Colombia, which we have examined in the Carnegie Museum, have distinct white tips to the median upper wing coverts and large, well-defined, white patches on the sides of the throat. Wing, 60-62 mm. 2 Sporophila schistacea incerta Riley, according to Chapman, is similar to S. s. schistacea, but considerably larger, with a more robust bill, and the white patches of the throat seem to be barely suggested. Wing (adult male), 66; tail, 44; bill, 10^; its depth at base, 8. This form is known from a single adult male in the U. S. National Museum. A cursory examination of the type, some years ago, showed it to belong to the S. schistacea complex, but there was no material available for comparison with other races. * Sporophila schistacea longipennis Chubb: Similar to S. s. schistacea, but the white patches on the sides of the throat in the adult male slightly smaller or even obsolete; females darker, much more olivaceous above as well as on breast and sides, with the middle of the belly more yellowish and the under tail coverts buffy. Not having been able to make direct comparison with the nominate race, I have taken the distinguishing characters from Penard's paper. While the material at hand is not very large, it seems difficult to correlate the differences in size with particular areas, and the segregation of two races in the Guianas (longipennis and arthuri) becomes more than problematical. Six males from Surinam, according to Penard, measure: wing, 60-62? 2; tail, 39-41; one from French Guiana (Tamanoir, Mana River): wing, 62; tail, 42; two from Roraima, British Guiana: wing, 62, 64; tail, 41, 45; one from La Union, Caura, Venezuela: wing, 623^; tail, 41 ]/%; one from Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela: wing, 63 Yi', tail, 42^; one from Peixe-Boi, Para, Brazil: wing, 64; tail, 40. Birds from Para (Peixe-Boi) are not distinguishable in coloration from those of the Caura Valley, which renders the existence of a distinct form in the intervening region around Roraima highly improbable. All the individuals examined have the proportions, shallow maxilla, and pointed wings of the schistacea group. In colora- tion, both sexes are much darker than S. intermedia. Mr. J. T. Zimmer, who on my request re-examined the Tring material, writes that, of the specimens recorded by Berlepsch and Hartert s. n. S. grisea, No. 11003, from Caicara, as well as nine from La Union (Caura) belong to S. s. arthuri, being inseparable from four Surinam topotypes, and he also confirms the pertinence of two skins from Peixe-Boi, Para, to the same form. Since writing the preceding lines, I have had an opportunity of studying the material in the British Museum. An adult male from Cayenne (arthuri) proves to be indistinguishable from Roraima birds. The type of S. longipennis is some- what aberrant, being slightly larger (wing, 64) with an unusually long tail (45 mm.), 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila longipennis Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7, p. 193, Feb., 1921— Mount Roraima, British Guiana (type in the British Museum examined); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 429, 1921 — Roraima. Sporophila schistacea arthuri Penard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 60, March 28, 1923 — Lelydorp, Surinam (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Spermophila plumbea (not Fringilla plumbea Wied) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862 — Cayenne (certe) and (?)upper Amazon. Spermophila grisea (not Loxia grisea Gmelin) Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18 — part, Cayenne; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215— Roraima; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 96, 1888 — part, spec, c-e, Cayenne and Roraima; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 394, 1910— Surinam. Sporophila grisea Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902 — part, Caicara (Orinoco) and La Union (Caura), Venezuela (crit.); Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 120, 1908— Cayenne (ex Sclater); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 428, 1914 — Peixe-Boi, Para, Brazil (spec, examined). Range. — Tropical zone of southern Venezuela (La Union, Caura; Caicara, Orinoco Valley); British, Dutch, and French Guiana; south to extreme northeastern Brazil (Peixe-Boi, Para).1 1: Brazil (Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 1). *Sporophila intermedia Cabanis.2 GRAY SEED-EATER. Sporophila intermedia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, Oct., 1851 — Venezuela (descr. of male; type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 428, 1921— Takutu Moun- tains; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931— south of Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934 —Trinidad. Spermophila intermedia Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862— Vene- zuela and "Bogota"; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Trinidad. and, in the left wing, the first primary is decidedly shorter than the second, though still markedly longer (by about 6 mm.) than the fifth. A second male from Roraima, taken on the same day, is, however, wholly typical. The three Guianan males can hardly be told from Chiriqui skins (crissalis) without any white on the sides of the neck. It thus appears that the last word on the number of separable races in the schistacea complex has not yet been said. Material examined. — Venezuela: La Union, Caura, 3; Caicara, Orinoco, 1. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — British Guiana: Roraima, 2. — Brazil: Peixe-Boi, Para, 2. 1 An apparently undescribed form occurs in northern Bolivia. A single adult male from Juntas (northern base of the Cordillera of Cpchabamba) differs from the one from Peixe-Boi, Para, by still darker (more blackish slate) color of the upper parts, throat, and breast, etc. Wing, 65; tail, 45. More material should be examined before attempting any formal separation. *Loxia grisea Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 857, 1789) was long used for the above species. The name rests exclusively upon "Le Gros-Bec de Virginie" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 393, fig. 1, called by Buffon "Le Grisalbin." The rather poor figure shows a blackish bill, white throat, and whitish superciliaries, and I am inclined to agree with Chubb (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 35, 1920) that the name is better dropped as undeterminable. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 177 Spermophila cinereola (not Pyrrhula cinereola Temminck) L^otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 319, 1866 — Trinidad. Spermophila grisea (not Loxia grisea Linnaeus) Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18 — part, Venezuela, Trinidad, and "Bogota" (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 507 — Envigado and Medellin, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 356, 1885— part, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 96, 1888 — part, spec, f-q, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Colombia (Santa Marta, Medellin, Envigado). Sporophila grisea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 33, 1894— Princes- town, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 166, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902— part, Altagracia (Orinoco), Suapure" and La Pricion (Caura), Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 18, 1906— Trinidad (Caparo, Chaguaramas, Pointe Gourde, Seelet, Valencia); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 360, 1908 — Carenage and Pointe Gourde, Trini- dad; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 208, 1913— Cano Corozal, Orinoco Delta; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 516, 1922 — Dibulla, Tucurinca, and Fundacion, Santa Marta region, Colom- bia; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 133, 1922— Trinidad (nest and eggs descr.). Sporophila grisea grisea Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 187, 1916— Orinoco region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 557, 1917 — Colombia (Caldas, Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Cali, Miraflores, Popayan, San Agustin, below Andalucia, Chicoral, Honda, Puerto Berrio, Buena Vista, Villavicencio). Range. — Tropical zone of Trinidad, northern Venezuela (south to the Orinoco Valley), Colombia (extending up into the Subtropical zone), and British Guiana (upper Takutu Mountains).1 26: Colombia (10 miles north of Cucuta, Santander del Norte, 2; Tucurinca, Magdalena, 2; Fundacion, Magdalena, 1; "Bogota," 1); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 4; Encon trades, Zulia, 10; Rio Cata- tumbo, Zulia, 4; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1). Sporophila plumbea2 plumbea (Wied). PLUMBEOUS SEED-EATER. 1 Birds from Trinidad, Venezuela, and "Bogota" agree well together, the respective series of males showing the same amount of individual variation in the coloration of the throat (with or without white), extent of the white alar speculum, and tone of the upper plumage. Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Aripo, 1; Icacos, 1; Caparo, 12; Carenage, 3. — British Guiana: upper Takutu Mts., 1 (male). — Venezuela: San Antonio, 5; Maturin, Monagas, 1; San Esteban, Carabobo, 2; Altagracia, Orinoco, 8; La Pricion, Caura, 1.— Colombia: "Bogota," 23; Medellin, 1; Envigada, 1; Atuncela, 2; Las Lomitas, 1. 2 Sporophila plumbea superficially resembles S. intermedia, but differs by less bulky bill with shallower mandible and less convex, more distinctly ridged culmen, as well as by more pointed wings, the first (outermost) primary being but slightly shorter than the second and much longer than the fifth. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fringilla plumbea Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 579, 1830 — "Campo Geral of inner Brazil" = boundary of Bahia and Minas Geraes (descr. of male; type lost, cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 223, 1889). Pyrrhula cinerea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 87, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia (descr. of male; type lost). Spermophila cinerea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 75, 1847 — Bolivia (descr.). Sporophila cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 499, 1850 — Bolivia. Sporophila plumbea Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 242, 1856— Congonhas, Minas Geraes; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 374, 1907— Batataes, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 383, 1910— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Chapada da Varzea Grande, Apertada Hora, and Santa Philomena, Piauhy; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni and Iguassu, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 355, 1914— Paraguay and Misiones. Spermophila plumbea Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870 — part, Sao Paulo (Itarare, Tejuco, Irisanga), Parana (Curytiba), and Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 413 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) and Sao Paulo (Mugy das Cruzes, Franca); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18— Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso, and Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605— Chiquitos (ex d'Orbigny); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336 (song); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 97, 1888— Brazil (Curytiba, Itarare); Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 218, 1933— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (Feb.). Spermophila aurantiirostris Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, No. 1, p. 84, Jan., 1901 — Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). Sporophila plumbea plumbea Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 296, 1929— Piauhy (ex Reiser); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 345, 1930— Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 792, 1932— Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso. Range. — Campo region of Brazil, from southern Piauhy to Parana, west to Matto Grosso and the adjacent parts of Bolivia (Chiquitos) ; occasional (in migration?) in eastern Paraguay (Alto Parana) and Argentina (one record from Zelaya, Prov. Buenos Aires).1 1 According to published records, there seems to be a gap in the range of the species between Piauhy and Minas Geraes. Three adult males from the first- named state, however, do not appreciably differ from southern birds, though their bills appear to average slightly smaller. The coloration of the bill, in males of this form, varies considerably, being either bright orange or mainly dusky or blackish, often with paler brown mandible. One specimen is clearly intermediate, having the bill orange with dusky culminal streak and dusky tip to mandible. I am unable to account for this variation, which does not seem to be due to age or season, since both orange- and black-billed individuals representing adults and immature plu- mage are at hand from the same locality (Itarare, Sao Paulo). Certain specimens, irrespective of origin, have more or less white on the upper throat, and white spots on the cheeks. This is particularly observable in one from Tejuco (Sao Paulo) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 179 Sporophila plumbea whiteleyana (Sharpe).1 WHITELEY'S SEED-EATER. Spermophila plumbea subsp. a Spermophila whiteleyana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 98, 1888— Roraima, British Guiana (type in British Museum). Spermophila plumbea subsp. /3 Spermophila colombiana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 99, 1888— "Bogota," Colombia (type in British Mu- seum examined). Spermophila plumbea (not Fringilla plumbea Wied) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870— part, Rio Branco, Brazil; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 18— part, "Bogota" and Cayenne; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 — Roraima; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 394, 1910— Surinam. Sporophila plumbea whiteleyana Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902— Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.- Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912— Mexiana and Marajo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 428, 1914 — Mexiana; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 189, 1916 — Altagracia, Orinoco. Spermophila whiteleyana Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907 — Mexiana. Spermophila plumbea whiteleyana Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Mexiana. Sporophila whiteleyana Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 430, 1921— upper Takutu Mountains, Abary River, and Roraima. and two from Piauhy, these birds being hardly distinguishable from the general "run" of whiteleyana. While we have not seen any Bolivian material, we do not doubt that P. cinerea Lafr. and d'Orb. really belongs to the present form, since an adult male from Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, close to the Chiquitos frontier, is in every way similar to others from Sao Paulo. Material examined. — Brazil: Santa Philomena, Piauhy, 1; Chapada da Varzea, Piauhy, 1; Apertada Hora, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1; Tejuco, Sao Paulo, 2; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 11; Irisanga, Sao Paulo, 2; Curytiba, Parana, 2; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, 1 ; unspecified, 3. 1 Sporophila plumbea whiteleyana (Sharpe) : Very similar to the nominate race, but distinguishable by the adult males having more white on the upper throat and a distinct white spot below the eye. Birds from the Orinoco Valley agree perfectly with a Guianan series, and two worn examples from Espirito Santo, Marajo, appear to be likewise inseparable from others in corresponding condition from Roraima. I am quite unable to maintain colombiana as distinct. The type, it is true, has an unusual amount of white on the throat, but other Bogota skins can be matched by numerous speci- mens from Guiana and Venezuela. These "Bogota" skins presumably came from the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes. There is no other published record for the occurrence of this form in Colombia. S. p. whiteleyana, while generally recognizable by the characters given above, is closely approached by occasional individuals of the nominate race. The females are absolutely indistinguishable. Contrary to what obtains in the typical form, all the males examined have the bill black or dark brown, the lower edge of the mandible inclining sometimes to pale brown. Material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 10; Annai, 1. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 10; Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. — Brazil: Espirito Santo, Marajo Island, 2. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Extreme northeastern Brazil, from the Rio Branco to the estuary of the Amazon (islands of Mexiana and Marajo) ; French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela, in the valley of the Orinoco, west apparently to the eastern foot of the east Colombian Andes. *Sporophila albogularis (Spix). WHITE-THROATED SEED-EATER. Loxia albogularis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 46, pi. 60, figs. 1, 2 (male, female), 1825— Brazil=Bahia, as suggested by Hellmayr, 1906 (cotypes, males, in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 679, 1906). Spermophila albigularis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, 1850 — Brazil; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 8 — Bahia (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 93, 1888— Bahia. Sporophila albogularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851— Brazil; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 243, 1856— Brazil, "on the Amazon River" (errore); Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 679, 1906— Bahia (descr. of female; note on types); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 373, 1907— Bahia and "Paraguay" (errore); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 294, 1929— Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Arara) and Ceara (Varzea Formosa, Quixada). Sporophila albigularis Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910 — Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife) and Bahia (above Joazeiro and Barra do Rio Grande); idem, I.e., p. 179, 1925 — same local- ities. Sporophylla albigularis Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from Bahia north to Pernambuco, Ceara, and Piauhy.1 11: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1; Quixada, Ceara, 3; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 4; Arara, Piauhy, 2). Sporophila leucoptera mexianae Hellmayr.2 MEXIANA SEED-EATER. *The record of S. albogularis from Sapucay, Paraguay, by Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 146, 1902) based on a single female, probably refers to S. caerulescens, but in no case to the present species. Bertoni (Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1904) did not meet with it in Paraguay, and included it only on Oberholser's authority. Additional material examined. — Pernambuco: Pao d'Alho, near Recife, 1.— Bahia: Barra, 1; above Joazeiro, 1; unspecified, 11. — "Brazil," 2. 2 Sporophila leucoptera mexianae Hellmayr: Similar in the male sex to S. I. cinereola, but gray of upper parts lighter, and under surface pure white without any gray suffusion across chest and along flanks. Wing (type), 62 Y^; tail, 54; bill, 11. In the whiteness of the under parts this form resembles S. I. leucoptera, but is much paler gray above and lacks the narrow white uropygial band. So far it is known only from the Island of Mexiana, in the estuary of the Amazon. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 181 Sporophila leucoptera aequatorialis (not Spermophila aequatorialis Salvador! and Festa, 1899) Snethlage, Orn. Monatsber., 15, p. 193, Dec., 1907— Santa Maria, Island of Mexiana, Brazil (type in Museu Goeldi, Para, examined); idem, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 520, 1913 — Mexiana; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 428, 1914— Mexiana. Sporophila leucoptera mexianae Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912— new name for Sporophila leucoptera aequatorialis Snethlage, preoccupied. Spermophila hypoleuca (not Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein) Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907— Mexiana. Spermophila leucoptera (not Coccothraustes leucoptera Vieillot) Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907— Mexiana. Range. — Island of Mexiana, in the estuary of the Amazon, northern Brazil. *Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck).1 WHITE-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula cinereola Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 2, pi. 11, fig. 1 (=male), Sept., 1820— Brazil, we suggest Bahia (type in Leyden Museum); Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 41, p. 35, 1920 (crit.). Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, after Sept., 1823 — Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Pyrrhula rubrirostris Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., 3, livr. 93, p. 1027, 1823— supposed to be from "New Holland," errore (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum). Fringilla rufirostris Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 581, 1830— Rio de Janeiro (Rio Paraiba [=Parahyba] and near Villa de Sao Salvador) and Bahia (Camamu) (descr. of male and female; types lost, formerly in Wied Collection; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 223, 1889). Sporophila hypoleuca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, 1850 — part, Brazil; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 148, 1851— Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Pernambuco (Beberibe", Pao d'Alho) and Piauhy (Santa Philomena). Spermophila hypoleuca Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870 — part, Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 17 — part, Bahia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336 — Pernambuco; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 94, 1888— Brazil (Rio, Bahia, Pernambuco, "Para"). Sporophila leucoptera hypoleuca Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 54, p. 537, 1904— part, eastern Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 373, 1907— part, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and "Para." 1 Sporophila leucoptera cinereola (Temminck): Differs from S. I. leucoptera by slightly smaller size, paler gray dorsal surface without white uropygial band, and by the strong gray suffusion on the sides of the body, this color often forming a pectoral crescent on the chest. Females are merely distinguishable by their inferior dimensions. Wing (males), 56-60; tail, 51-56. Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Santa Philomena, 1. — Pernambuco: Beberibe", 1; Pao d'Alho, 1.— Bahia: Bahia, 20.— Rio de Janeiro: Sapitiba, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1. 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila leucoptera cinereola Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 294, 1929— Maranhao (Grajahu) and Piauhy (Santa Philomena); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 280, 1935— Corupeba, Bahia. Range. — Eastern Brazil, from southern Maranhao1 (Grajahu) and Piauhy (Santa Philomena) through Pernambuco and Bahia to Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba and Rio Parahyba). 3: Brazil (Santo Amaro, Bahia, 2; Grajahu, Maranhao, 1). *Sporophila leucoptera leucoptera (Vieillot).2 WHITE-WINGED SEED-EATER. Coccothraustes leucoptera Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 13, p. 521, 1817 — based on "Pico triqueno" Azara, No. 123; Paraguay. Sporophila hypoleuca clara Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 188, 1916 — Sao Lourengo River, below the mouth of the Rio Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). Spermophila hypoleuca (not Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein) Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 8, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 123); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870 — part, Goyaz (Goyaz City, Rio dos Piloens, Rio Araguaya) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba) (spec, examined); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 413— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 17 — part, Goyaz and Cuyaba. Sporophila hypoleuca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, 1850— part, Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 241, 1856— Minas Geraes; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 8, 1887 — Lambare, Paraguay (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Cachoeira and Corumba, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Spermophila sp. Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Sporophila leucoptera leucoptera Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges., 54, p. 537, 1904— Paraguay (crit.); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 175, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 382, 1910 — Paraguay and Santa Fe (Ocampo); Naumburg, 1 The locality "Para" attached to a specimen in the British Museum is probably erroneous. There is no authentic record for any form of this group in the Para region proper. 2 Sporophila leucoptera leucoptera (Vieillot) differs from the eastern race (cinereola) by slightly larger size, and in the male sex by darker (almost slaty) gray tone of the upper parts, relieved by a more or less distinct, though narrow, white uropygial band, and nearly pure white ventral surface, with just a faint grayish shade along the inner sides of the chest. Wing (males), 60-65^; tail, 54-59. Birds from Matto Grosso (clara), while perhaps not quite so dark, are not separable from typical Paraguayan specimens, whereas the inhabitants of Goyaz and Minas Geraes slightly verge in the direction of S. I cinereola. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Lambare, 2; five leagues north of Villa Conception, 1; unspecified, 1. — Brazil: Sao Lourenco River, 1; Agua Blanca de Corumba, 1; Urucum, 2; Cachoeira, near Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Cuyaba, 2; Goyaz, 1 ; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 1 ; Rio dos Piloens, Goyaz, 1. — Argentina: Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 183 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 344, 1930— Matto Grosso (Agua Blanca de Corumba and Rio Sao Lourenco); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 792, 1932— Aquidauana, Matto Grosso (crit.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 395, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Sporophila leucoptera Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 536, 1904 (crit., nomencl.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 95— Boca de Homiguera (Alto Paraguay), Matto Grosso, and Colonia Mihanovitch, Formosa, Argentina; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 355, 1914 — Chaco Argentino; M6n6gaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 5, p. 85, 1917— Caceres, Matto Grosso. Sporophila leucoptera hypoleuca Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges., 54, p. 537, 1904 — part, central Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 373, 1907— part, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Minas Geraes. Range. — Interior of Brazil, in states of Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Rio das Velhas), Goyaz (Goyaz, Rio Araguaya, Rio dos Piloens), and Matto Grosso; Paraguay, and the adjacent parts of Argentina (Colonia Mihanovitch, Formosa; Ocampo, Santa Pe"). 1: Brazil (Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 1). Sporophila leucoptera bicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).1 BLACK-AND-WHITE SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula bicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 86, 1837 — Mojos, Bolivia (descr. of male and female; co types in Paris Museum); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame'r. Merid., Ois., pi. 50, fig. 1 (=male), 1844. Sporophila bicolor Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 499, 1850 — Bolivia; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 242, 1930 — Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Spermophila bicolor Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862 — Bolivia; idem, Ibis, 1871, p. 17 — Mojos, Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605— Mojos; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1888— Bolivia. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Bolivia, in depts. of El Beni (Mojos) and Santa Cruz (Buena Vista). *Sporophila obscura2 obscura (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). DULL-COLORED SEED-EATER. 1 Sporophila leucoptera bicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) : Male similar to S. 1. leucoptera in having a conspicuous white uropygial band, but upper parts, including wings and tail, glossy black instead of slate gray, and sides of neck with the suggestion of a black patch; female hardly separable by slightly paler under, and more brownish upper parts. Wing, 60-65, (female) 58; tail, 54-58, (female) 52; bill, 11-12. Material examined. — Bolivia: Mojos, 5; Buena Vista, 2; unspecified, 4. 2 Sporophila obscura differs somewhat in shape of bill from the other members of the genus, but I now agree with Todd and others that its separation is hardly warranted, though at one time I had referred it to Catamenia. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Emberiza obscure Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (descr. of young; type in Paris Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 20, p. 237, 1913). Spermophila obscura Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 519 — Paltaypampa, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolc- man and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 169, 1927); idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199 — Callacate, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 550 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 17, 1886 — Paltaypampa; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 101, 1888— Callacate, Peru, and Salta, Argentina; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895— Vina (Huamachuco), Peru; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902— Rio Sali, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Rio Sali. Spermophila ornata (not Fringilla ornata Lichtenstein) Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 353 — Salta (spec, in British Museum examined). Spermophila pauper Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 293 — Cayandeled, western Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 169, 1927); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 18, 1886 — Callacate, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 102, 1888 — Chimbo, Ecuador. Sporophila pauper Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 298, 1889— Tarapoto, Peru (crit.). Spermophila obscura pauper Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Chimbo, Ecuador. Sporophila obscura Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 84, 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 383, 1910— Salta and Tucuman; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,1 117, p. 109, 1921— Rio Cosireni, Santa Ana, Idma, Chauillay, and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru. Catamenia obscura Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 20, p. 237, 1913— Chiquitos, Bolivia (note on type, crit., range). Sporophila obscura obscura Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 612, 1926 — Bucay, Naranjo, Pallatanga, Zaruma, Porto Velo, Las Pinas, and Cebollal, Ecuador (crit.). Spermophila obscura obscura Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 459, 1930 — Huachipa and Vista Alegre, Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Range. — Tropical (and locally Subtropical) zone of northwest- ern Argentina (Salta and Tucuman), Bolivia, Peru, and western Ecuador.1 1 In another connection I have already expressed my inability to distinguish between birds from Bolivia and Peru (obscura) and others from Ecuador (pauper), and additional material since examined serves to strengthen this conclusion. There is much individual variation, particularly with respect to the amount of white in the middle of the belly, and general coloration, besides, is subject to much seasonal change. Birds from western Ecuador and northwestern Peru average very slightly smaller, but the divergency is quite insignificant. The largest speci- 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 185 8: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Peru (Hacienda Limon, 10 miles west of Balsas, 3; Huachipa, 1; Vista Alegre, 3). Sporophila obscura haplochroma Todd.1 SANTA MARTA SEED-EATER. Sporophila haplochroma Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 200, May, 1912 — Cincinnati, Santa Marta district, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum); Todd and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 517, 1922 — Cincinnati, Minca, and Pueblo Viejo, Colombia (crit.). Phonipara bicolor (not Fringilla bicolor Linnaeus) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 165, 1900— Minca (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia and the adjacent parts of Venezuela. *Sporophila simplex (Taczanowski).2 TACZANOWSKI'S SEED- EATER. Spermophila simplex Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 132 — Lima, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 168, 1927); Nation, I.e., 1874, p. 329— Lima (habits and nesting); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 519— Lima; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Callacate, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 3, p. 16, 1886— Peru (Lima, Paucal, Callacate); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 100, 1888— Lima and Callacate, Peru; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 457, 1930— Chosica, Lima, and Macate, Ancachs. Sporophila simplex Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 376— Lima; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Bellavista, Peru. Range. — Pacific slope of Peru, from Libertad south to Lima, east to the upper Marafion Valley (Callacate, Bellavista). 4: Peru (Macate, Ancachs, 1; Chosica, Lima, 3). men (an adult male), with a wing of 59 mm., is from Bolivia (Buena Vista), though others from the same country hardly exceed northern birds in size. Spermophila obscura Holland (Ibis, 1892, p. 196), from Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires, proves on examination to be a young male of S. caerulescens. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 1; Cayandeled, 1; Bucay, 4; Chimbo, 4. — Peru: Callacate, 2; Vina, Huamachuco, 4; Tarapoto, 2; Santa Ana, 2. — Bolivia: Omeja, Yungas, 1; Santa Cruz, 1; Buena Vista, 1; Chiquitos, 1. — Argentina: Salta, 1. 1 Sporophila obscura haplochroma Todd: Very similar to S. o. obscura, but with larger, darker bill, and upper parts decidedly deeper brown. In worn plumage, this form scarcely differs in coloration from the nominate race. Wing, 54-57, (female) 51-54; tail, 42-45, (female) 38-42; bill, 10-11. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2; Minca, 2; Cincinnati, 2; Palo- mina, 1; San Francisco, 1. 2 Sporophila simplex (Taczanowski) is rather an isolated species of plain colora- tion with two well-marked whitish wing-bands. Birds from Callacate seem to be identical with a series from Lima. Additional material examined. — Peru: Callacate, 4; Lima, 5. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sporophila torqueola torqueola (Bonaparte). CINNAMON- RUMPED SEED-EATER. Spermophila torqueola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 495, end of 1850 — Mexico (descr. of male; cotypes, from City of Mexico, in Berlin Mu- seum, examined; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 421, 1934); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 303, 1858— Capulalpam, Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862— Mexico; Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 139, 1868— Guanajuato; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 6— Oaxaca, Mazatlan, and Tepic, Mexico (monog.); Lawrence (and Grayson), Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 276, 1874— Mazatlan, plains of Colima, and Tepic (habits, nest, and eggs); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 351, 1885 — Mazatlan, Tepic, plains of Colima, Guana- juato, Cuernavaca, Capulalpam (Oaxaca), and Tehuan tepee; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 119, 1888— Silao, Mazatlan, and Presidio. Sporophila ochropyga (Lichtenstein MS.) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 5, 1861 — City of Mexico (descr. of male; cotypes in Berlin Museum examined). Spermophila atriceps (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 479, May, 1867 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa (type in U. S. National Museum). Sporophila torqueola Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 142, 1886 — Huehuetlan, Puebla; Jouy, I.e., 16, p. 779, 1893— Hacienda El Molina, Jalisco; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 577, 1901— western Mexico, from Sinaloa to Puebla (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 363, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 45, 1927— San Bias, Nayarit. Spermophila albitorques Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 120, 1888 — Mexico (descr. of male; type in British Museum examined); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 422, 1934 (crit.).1 Sporophila albitorques Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 578, 1901 (ex Sharpe). Sporophila torqueola torqueola Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 412, 1934 — Coyuca and Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Southwestern Mexico, from southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio, Rosario) south through Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, and Guanajuato to Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. 4: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 3; unspecified, 1). *Sporophila torqueola morelleti (Bonaparte). MORELLET'S SEED-EATER. Spermophila morelleti (Pucheran MS) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, end of 1850— "Guatimala" (type, from Peten, Guatemala, in Paris Museum; cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, 1 Specimens from Presidio (near Mazatlan, Sinaloa) differ from the cotypes of S. torqueola (which are at the same time those of S. ochropyga) only in being darker on the under parts, but they are not comparable as to season. Like van Rossem, I cannot see in the type of S. albitorques anything but an individual variant of torqueola. Thirteen specimens examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 187 p. 353, 1885, and van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 421, 1934); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 302, 1856— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868— San Jose" and Grecia, Costa Rica. Sporophila morelleti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150, 1851 — Mexico; idem, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 4, 1861— Costa Rica (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 212— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 575, 1901— part, from Vera Cruz, Mexico, to Costa Rica; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; idem, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— El Pozo de Te"rraba, Costa Rica; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 118, 1907 — Guatemala (Los Amates, Mazatenango, Patulul, Lake Atitlan); Ferry, I.e., p. 281, 1910 — Costa Rica (Turrialba Station, Guayabo, Coliblanco); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 887, 1910 — Costa Rica (many local- ities; habits, nest, and eggs); Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, 1913— Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 31, 1919— Talamanca, Sipurio, Costa Rica; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 16, 1926— eastern Yucatan. Spermophila moreleti Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, pp. 365, 378, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17 — near Lake of Peten, Duenas, and Belize, British Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 468 — near Duenas, Guatemala (nest descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862 — Orizaba, Guatemala, and Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836 — San Pedro and Medina, Honduras; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 10 — part, southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras (monog.); Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 44, 1878— Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 58— San Jose, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 1883, p. 444— Me>ida, Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 352, 1885— part, Vera Cruz to Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 261— Meco and Mujeres Islands, off Yucatan; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 123, 1888 — Yucatan (MeYida, Mujeres, Meco), British Honduras (Corozal, Belize), Guatemala, Honduras (Medina, San Pedro), and Costa Rica (San Jose", Grecia, Turrialba, Irazu); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893— Lagarto, Costa Rica. Spermophila moreletii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869— State of Vera Cruz. Sporophila moreleti Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — Alaju61a, Cartago, and San Jose, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 580, 1887— Trujillo, Honduras; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 27, 1892— San Jose to the Pacific coast, Costa Rica. Sporophila morelleti morelleti Allen, Auk, 24, p. 28, 1907 (char., range); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 466, 1929— Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 350, 1932— Guatemala (Chipoc, La Primavera, Sepacuite, Chama, Barrfllos, Pana- jachel, Antigua, San Antonio, La Perla, Puebla, San Lucas); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras; van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ., 27, p. 39, 1935 — Guate- 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII mala, Pete"n (Chuntuquf, Pacomon, Flores, Ixtinta, Macanche, Remate, La Libertad); Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 447, 1935— Quirigua and Izabal, Guatemala. Sporophila moreleti mutanda Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 7, Dec. 15, 1930 — Hacienda California, near Ocos, Pacific slope, western Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 351, 1932— Hacienda California, Ocos, Carolina, and Finca El Cipres, Guatemala. Sporophila mutanda Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 447, 1935 — Quirigua, Moca (Guatemala City), and above Amatitlan, Guatemala (crit.). Spermophila aurita (not of Bonaparte) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 133, 1888— part, spec, r-u, Guatemala (Duenas, Retalhuleu, Totoni- capam). Sporophila morelletei sharpei (not of Lawrence) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 29, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz to Chiapas, Tabasco, and Yucatan, and southwards through British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua to Costa Rica (nearly all over the country).1 50: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 2); Guatemala (San Jose", 2; Maza- tenango, 4; Patulul, Solola, 3; Lake Atitlan, 1; Los Amates, Izabal/ 6; Bobos, Izabal, 3; Samac, Alta Vera Paz, 2) ; Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 1 ; San Geronimo, Chinandega, 7) ; Costa Rica (San Jose", 1; Peralta, 1; Turrialba Station, 2; Coliblanco, 1; Guayabo, 14). *Sporophila torqueola sharpei Lawrence.2 SHARPE'S SEED-EATER. 1 The black-throated form (var. mutanda) is a mutational variation of S. t. morelleti, its occurrence being obviously restricted to Guatemala. While more frequent on the Pacific slope of the country, it is sometimes also found in the interior, though up to date not a single specimen of this variety has been recorded from any of the Atlantic provinces. In a series of nine adult males from the Pacific side (San Jose, Retalhuleu, Mazatenango) two only have the throat black (con- fluent with the pectoral band), two others are wholly white-throated and not distinguishable from specimens taken in Alta Vera Paz and at Los Amates, and the four remaining ones are variously intermediate. Carriker and de Schauensee have already pointed out that typical white-throated examples (morelleti) also occur on the Pacific side together with mutanda, but we cannot possibly follow their conclusion that these varieties are specifically distinct. Such a conception is disproved not only by the two being connected by every imaginable intermediate, but also by the consideration that similar variation has been observed in other species of seed-eaters (f. i. S. aurita). Additional material examined. — Mexico: Chiapas, 5. — Guatemala, 19. — Honduras: San Pedro Sula, 7.— Costa Rica, 11. * Sporophila torqueola sharpei Lawrence: Similar to S. t. morelleti, but black pectoral band in adult male only suggested by black mottling; female paler buff underneath and less brownish, more olivaceous above. It appears that most of the characters used by Allen for distinguishing sharpei are of seasonal nature. However, the absence of the complete black pectoral band in males, and the paler coloration of the females serve to differentiate the form 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 189 Sporophila morelleti sharpei Lawrence, Auk, 6, p. 53, Jan., 1889 — Lomita, Texas (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Allen, Auk, 24, p. 26, 1907 (crit., char., range); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Friedmann, Auk, 42, p. 551, 1925 — lower Rio Grande Valley; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas. Spermophila albigularis (notLoxia albogularis Spix) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 124, 1852— Texas (descr.). Spermophila moreletii (not of Bonaparte) Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 506, 1858— Texas and Nuevo Le6n (San Diego, Monterrey); idem, Bds. N. Amer., atlas, pi. 54, figs. 2, 3, 1860; idem, Rep. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 2, (2), p. 17, pi. 16, figs. 2, 3, 1859— San Diego and Mon- terrey, Nuevo Leon. Spermophila moreleti Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 10 — part, Texas and Nuevo Le6n; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 129, 1878— Fort Brown, Texas (habits, nest, and eggs); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 5, p. 393, 1879 — Lomita, Texas (habits, crit., descr. of young). Spermophila parva (not of Lawrence) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 124, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Lomita, Texas and Mexico. Sporophila morelleti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 575, 1901 — part, lower Rio Grande, Texas, and northeastern Mexico (Nuevo Le6n, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, (?)Guanajuato, (?)Hidalgo, and (?)Puebla). Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and northeastern Mexico (in states of Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosi, southern limit undetermined). 9: Texas (Hidalgo, 1; Lomita, 1; Cameron County, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; Valles, San Luis Potosi, 4). *Sporophila aurita corvina (Sclater).1 BLACK SEED-EATER. Spermophila corvina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 379, 1859— Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 33 — Izabal, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862 — Oaxaca and Honduras; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y., 8, p. 180, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 9, p. 102, 1868— Costa Rica (Angostura, Pacuare, Turrialba); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 278— Bluefields, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 836— San Pedro, Honduras; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869— near Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— "southwestern side" of from the lower Rio Grande Valley and the adjacent parts of northeastern Mexico. The southward extension of its range remains yet to be determined. 1 Sporophila aurita corvina (Sclater) is nothing but the Caribbean representa- tive of the aurita group. It is very constant throughout its range, but almost complete intergradation is furnished by individual variation of aurita in the Canal Zone. One male collected by A. Boucard near Colon (Munich Museum) is nearly wholly black, and merely differs from corvina by having some white on rump, sides of neck, and under tail coverts, and a larger white wing-speculum. The females of the two "species" are, besides, exceedingly similar. 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Costa Rica (errore); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 16 (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 317 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 58 — San Carlos, Costa Rica; idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 45, 1878— Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 401, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 355, 1885— Mexico to Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 137, 1888— Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala (Vera Paz, Choc- turn), Honduras, Nicaragua (Chontales), and Costa Rica (Pacuare, Angostura, Turrialba). Spermophila badiiventris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 172, 1865 — Greytown, Nicaragua (descr. of immature male; type in U. S. National Museum); Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, p. 319, pi. 28, fig. 3, 1869— Greytown. Sporophila corvina Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 169 — "San Jose," Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — Costa Rica (Jimenez, Las Trojas, Angostura); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 580, 1887— Segovia River, Honduras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 492, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits, nest, and eggs); Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899 — Chocan River, Guate- mala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 571, 1901 (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903 — Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 890, 1910 — Costa Rica (range, nest and eggs); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910 — Guayabo and Port Limon, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 31, 1919 — Talamanca (Sipurio), Costa Rica, and San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928 — Almirante, north western Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ,69, p. 466, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 241, 1932— Eden and Bluefields, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 340, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 350, 1932— Finca Chama, Chimoxan, and Chipoc, Caribbean Guate- mala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Almirante and Rio Calovevora, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca), Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama, east to the Rio Calo- ve"vora, Veraguas.1 20: Guatemala ("Vera Paz," 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 2); Costa Rica (Limon, 9; Matina, 5; Guayabo, 1; Siquirres, 1). 1 The species is confined to the Caribbean lowlands. Its occurrence on the Costa Rican plateau seems to be exceptional. Cassin records a single male collected by J. Carmiol at San Jose, but perhaps this locality is not exact. Additional material examined. — Guatemala: Choctum, Alta Vera Paz, 4. — Hon- duras: San Pedro Sula, 2. — Costa Rica: Cachi, 2; Castilla, Rio Reventazon, 6; unspecified, 2. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 191 *Sporophila aurita aurita (Bonaparte). HICKS'S SEED-EATER. Spermophila aurita Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, (end of) 1850 — "Bresil," errore (descr. of male; type said to be in Paris Museum);1 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 14, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2— western Colombia (Buena- ventura), Panama, Veraguas, and Costa Rica (monog.); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,1^78, p. 58— San Mateo, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 354, 1885— Costa Rica and Panama; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 133, 1888— part, spec, a-g, Costa Rica to Panama (Lion Hill, Paraiso Station, Santa Fe, CaloveVora, Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Bugaba, Chiriqui); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 4, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Darien. Sporophila hoffmanni Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 6, 1861 — Costa Rica (descr. of black-throated variety of male; type in Berlin Museum). Spermophila lineata (not Loxia lineata Gmelin) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 474, 1862— Panama Railroad. Spermophila semicollaris Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 10, May, 1863 — Lion Hill, Panama Railroad (descr. of black-throated, black- rumped variety of male; type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 352— Lion Hill; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 141 — Mina de Chorcha, Chitra, Calovevora, and Santa Fe, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 189— Bugaba, Chiriqui (crit.). Spermophila hicksii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 171, Oct., 1865— Panama (descr. of white-throated variety of male; type in U. S. National Museum). Spermophila fortipes Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 172, Oct., 1865 — line of Panama Railroad, New Granada (descr. of intermediate variety of male; type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Spermophila collaris (not Loxia collaris Boddaert) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 177, Oct., 1865— David, Chiriquf (descr. of black- throated variety of male; type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 141— David. Sporophila aurita Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 140, 1893— Terraba and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 33, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901— Divala, Chiriquf; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 573, 1901— part, Costa Rica to Panama (monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 224, 1906— savanna 1 Although the type was examined by Sclater (Ibis, 1871, p. 15), I looked in vain for it when at Paris in June, 1935. Bonaparte's description seems to refer to a male without white on the rump and with wholly black throat and chest, the prevailing color type found in the Panama Canal Zone. Pyrrhula albocollaris Lesson (Traite d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 450, Feb., 1831— no locality indicated), of which the type has disappeared (cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., nouv. se>., 6, p. 68, 1854), possibly belongs here, but the description is too indefinite. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII of Panama; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— Boruca, Paso Real, El Pozo, and Barranca de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 888, 1910 — Pigres, Pozo Azul de Pirris, Buenos Aires, El General de Terraba, Bolson, Boruca, etc., Costa Rica (habits); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 275, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 229, 1922— Mount Sapo, Darien; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924— Mindi, near Corozal, Sosa Hill, New Culebra, and Farfan, Canal Zone. Sporophila aurita aurita Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 557, 1917 — Dabeiba, Quibdo, Bagado, Novita, and Noanama, Colombia (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 183, 1929 — Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, eastern Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 379, 1935— Panama. Spermophila ophthalmica (not of Sclater) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 120, 1888— part, spec, g, Choco Bay, Colombia. Sporophila ophthalmica Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1098 — mouth of Calima and Guineo, Choco, Colombia (crit.). Sporophila aurita ophthalmica Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 558, 1917 — San Jose, Los Cisneros, Tumaco, and Barbacoas, southwestern Colombia (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Costa Rica (north to southern Guanacaste), Panama, and Colombia south to Tumaco and Bar- bacoas, Narino.1 19: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 6; Boruca, 1; El Pozo, Rio TeYraba, 3); Panama (Colon, 5; Balboa, 1; Barro Colorado, 1; near Darien, 1); Colombia (Quibdo, Rio Atrato, 1). *Sporophila aurita ophthalmica (Sclater).2 SPECTACLED SEED-EATER. 1 The extraordinary variation of this form has been admirably set forth by Chapman (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 610, 1926), and it is quite possible that extensive material may lead to the recognition of several, though more or less ill- defined, local races. Males from Costa Rica and Chiriqui generally have the throat and breast black with a narrow, medially often incomplete, white collar; those from the Panama Canal Zone as a rule lack this collar, as well as the white rump, and are sometimes wholly black down to the vent, thus approaching S. a. corvina; those from Darien and western Colombia, finally, have the lower throat largely white and form an almost unbroken chain to ophthalmica. Exceptions from these prevailing color-types being not infrequent, definition of any geographically cir- cumscribed units is a matter of considerable difficulty. Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Bebedero, 1; Puerto Jimenez, 2; Pozo Azul de Pirrfs, 1; Buenos Aires, 3; El General de Terraba, 5; Terraba, 2.— Panama; Chiriqui, 5; El Banco, Chiriquf, 2; Panama Railroad, 4; Punta de Sabana, Darien, 1. — Colombia: Buenaventura, 1; Rio Calima, 3; Los Cisneros, 2; Sipi, 1. 2 Sporophila aurita ophthalmica (Sclater) differs, in the male sex, from Choco examples of S. a. aurita by narrower black pectoral band and extensively white throat. Birds from Esmeraldas Province invariably have the pectoral band wider, and at the base of the bill on each side a small black malar spot, which is entirely absent in four from Guayaquil. The inhabitants of northwestern Ecuador thus 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 193 Spermophila ophthalmica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 276, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (cotypes in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 293, 1860 — Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862 — Babahoyo and Esmeraldas; idem, Ibis, 1871, p. 11 — Ecuador (monog.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 550— Guayaquil and Chimbo; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 84 — Yaguachi; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 120, 1888— part, spec, a-f, h, Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Babahoyo, Santa Rita); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898— Cachavi; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 24, 1899— Vinces and Playas; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473— Santo Domingo. Sporophila aequatorialis Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 24, 1899 — Balzar, Ecuador (cotypes in Turin Museum examined). Sporophila ophthalmica Menegaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B75, 1911— Santo Domingo. Sporophila aurita ophthalmica Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 609, 1926 — Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manavf, Daule, Duran, Bucay, Chimbo, Naranjo, Santa Rosa, Rio Jubones, Portovelo, Rio Pindo, Salvias, Cebol- lal, Alamor, Rio Pullango) and Peru (Palambla); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932 — Rio San Antonio, Ecuador. Sporophila aequatorialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 611, 1926 — Ecuador (ex Salvadori and Festa). Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and extreme north- western Peru (Palambla, Dept. Piura). 3: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 1; Milagro, Prov. Guayas, 2). Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman.1 LA MURELIA SEED-EATER. Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 649, Dec., 1915 — "La Muralla," Caqueta, Colombia (type in the American verge in the direction of S. a. aurita (or rather the yet unnamed, doubtfully sepa- rable Colombian race). Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. E. Festa, the cotypes, male and female, of S. aequatorialis have been available for examination. The male agrees in every particular with the Guayaquil examples, but differs by having the black breast-band widely interrupted in the middle and the uropygial feathers neutral gray with narrow dull whitish apical margins. The female is indistinguish- able from the same sex of S. ophthalmica. I have no doubt whatever that the male type is merely an individual aberration, and not a distinct species. Its abnormal condition is suggested by the opaque black color of the tail with irregular, water- mark-like bars on the inner web of the outermost rectrix and the presence of pale grayish-brown apical margins on the two outer pairs. The grayish rump is without significance in view of the variability observable in S. a. aurita. The dimensions (wing, 53; tail, 45; bill, 10) are exactly the same as in other Ecuadorian birds, and as no second specimen like the type has ever been taken in the region, though well worked by collectors, the admission of another species seems altogether unlikely. Additional material examined. — Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: Pambilar, 5; Carondelet, 6; San Javier, 16; Ventana, 1; Balzar, 2; Guayaquil, 6. 1 Sporophila aurita murallae Chapman: "Most nearly related to S. a. ophthal- mica, but larger throughout; the black breast-band averaging narrower (nearly incomplete in one specimen) ; sides grayer; white patch at base of primaries smaller; 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 558, 1917— La Murelia, Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Colombia (La Murelia, Caqueta). *Sporophila americana americana (Gmelin). GMELIN'S SEED-EATER. Loxia americana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 863, 1789 — based on "Black- breasted Grosbeak" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 148; "some part of America" = Cayenne1 (descr. of male; type lost, formerly in British Museum). Loxia pectoral-is Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 390, 1790— based on "Black-breasted Grosbeak" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 148; "America." Loxia semi-torquata Richard and Bernard, Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1, (1), p. 118, 1792 — Cayenne (descr. of male; location of type unknown). Pyrrhula misya [sic] Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Chant. Zone Torr., p. 75, pi. 46, (=male), circa 1806 — Cayenne (descr. of male; type in coll. of L. P. Vieillot). Loxia leucopterygia Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 45, pi. 58, fig. 3, 1825 — "in vicinitate Parae," Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 679, 1906). Sporophila americana Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 678, 1848 [=1849] — coast of British Guiana; idem, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150, 1851 — Surinam and Cayenne; Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 54, p. 531, 1904 (crit., synon.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 376, 1907 — Surinam (range); (?)Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 524, 1908 — Alcobaca, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 120, 317, 1908 — Cayenne and St. Georges d'Oyapock, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 88, 104, 119, 1912 — Para localities and Mexiana (Fazenda Nazareth); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 208, 1913— Pedernales and Cano Corozal, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 429, 1914— Peixe-Boi, Quati-puru, Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Moju, Rio Capim (Aproaga), (?) Rio Tocantins (Alcobaca), Marajo (Sao Natal, Pindobal), Amapa, Aru- manduba, Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru (Ig. de Paituna), and Rio Jamunda (Faro); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 90, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 431, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bartica, Bonasica River, Abary River, and Anarika River. lesser wing coverts narrowly tipped with white, greater ones less frequently with white near end of shaft. Wing (males), 58^-61; tail, 44-47^; bill, 123^-13." (Chapman, I.e.) We are not acquainted with this form, which seems to be known only from the three original specimens (adult males) in the American Museum at New York. Should it not be compared rather with S. americana, which is certainly closely related to the S. aurita complex? 1 As designated by Hellmayr (Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 54, p. 532, 1904). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 195 Fringilla pectoralis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823— Para. Spermophila misya Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 333, 1847 — Tobago. Spermophila mysia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850 — "Brazil"; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 121, 1862— Cayenne. Spermophila leucopterygia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850 (ex Spix). Sporophila pectoralis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 247, 1856— Para and Guyana. Sporophila lineata (not Loxia lineata Gmelin)1 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 245, 1856— Para (ex Spix). Spermophila lineata Sclater, Cat. Coll. Bds. Amer., p. 104, 1862 — Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 572 — Para, Mexiana, and north side of Amazon, Brazil; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 11 — Guiana, Cayenne, and Para (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 121, 1888— Cayenne, British Guiana (Georgetown, Bartica Grove), Surinam (Albina), and Brazil (Para, Mexiana, north side of Amazon); Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago; Dalmas, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900— Tobago; MSnegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1904— St. Georges d'Oyapock, French Guiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 393, 1910— Surinam (nest and eggs). Sporophila collaria (not Loxia collaria Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk). Spermophila albigularis (not Loxia albogularis Spix) Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 162 — Amapa, Brazil (spec, examined). Spermophila hypoleuca (not Fringilla hypoleuca Lichtenstein) Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498 — Rio Capim, Para. Spermophila americana Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Amapa, Maraj6, Para, and Rio Moju, Brazil. Sporophila misya Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 120, 1908— Cayenne, Ile-le- Pere, and Roche-Marie, French Guiana. Range. — Islands of Tobago and Trinidad; northeastern Vene- zuela (Pedernales and Cano Corozal, Orinoco Delta) ; British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northeastern Brazil, from the Guianan boundary south to the Para region, west on the north bank of the Amazon to the Jamunda River, south of the river probably not beyond the Tocantins.2 1 Loxia lineata Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 858, 1789), based on "Radiated Grosbeak" Latham (Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, [1], p. 156), cannot be identified with the present species, the bird being described as having a white bill, and the head, neck, breast, lesser wing coverts, and tail black, while the secondaries, sides of the body, and base half of the prime quills are said to be striated black and white, etc. It was named from a living specimen in the possession of the "Dutchess Dowager of Portland." 2 Recent comparison of a Guianan series with a good number of skins from Tobago and the Para region fails to reveal any constant differences. Six adult 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 7: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 2; Georgetown, 1; unspecified, 2); Island of Tobago, 2. Sporophila americana dispar Todd.1 SANTAREM SEED-EATER. Sporophila americana dispar Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 90, July 12, 1922 — Santar6m, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum). Spermophila mysia (not Pyrrhula misya Vieillot) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876— Santarem. Sporophila lineata (not Loxia lineata Gmelin) Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890— Santarem. Range. — Known only from Santarem, on the south bank of the lower Amazon, but probably extending east to the Rio Xingu or even to the Tocantins. Sporophila collaris2 collaris (Boddaert). COLLARED SEED-EATER. Loxia collaris Boddaert,3 Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 40, Dec., 1783 — based on "Gros- Bec, d'Angola" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 659, fig. 2; "Angola," errore= males from Para, Mexiana, and Marajo are by no means larger nor have they the rump more extensively suffused with white than Cayenne specimens. On the contrary, the greatest amount of white is shown by an adult male collected at Cayenne by Cherrie and Gault. Two of the Tobago males have the rump darker as well as more uniform gray than the rest of the series, but others from the same island compare well with the average from Cayenne. The white alar speculum varies considerably within the same locality, it being smallest in one from Mexiana. The type of L. leucopterygia, a male with remains of immaturity, has a wing of 57 mm., and cannot be separated from Cayenne birds in corresponding plumage, except by its yellow (instead of black) bill. If dispar be maintained, it must have a more westerly range, whereas the inhabitants of the Para region are to be referred to typical americana. The wing, in Cayenne males, ranges from 56 to 60; in those from Para (including Mexiana and Marajo), from 56 to 59; in those from Tobago, from 57 to 60. The British Museum has two females collected by P. R. Lowe on March 20, 1905, at Maqueripe Bay, Trinidad, which constitute the first record from the island. Additional material examined. — Tobago: Man o' War Bay, 8; Castare, 1; Lecito, 2. — Trinidad: Maqueripe Bay, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 2. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 20; Isle-le-Pere, 2; Roche-Marie, 2. — Brazil: Amapa, 1; Sao Natal, Marajo, 3; Nazareth, Mexiana, 1; Para, 3. 1 Sporophila americana dispar Todd : Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger; rump in adult male more conspicuously mottled with white; female (accord- ing to Todd) much duller, brownish or grayish olive above and dull whitish below, shaded with buffy. Wing (male), 62; tail, 51. A single adult male from Santarem is indeed slightly larger and has more conspicuous white mottling on the rump than any example we have examined from the Guianas, Tobago, and the Para region. We are not acquainted with the female. 2 Sporophila collaris, though allied to S. americana, presents various striking characters, notably a larger bill and two buffy wing-bands. The "Gros-Bec, appelle la Nonette" Daubenton (PI. Enl., pi. 393, fig. 3) described and figured from a cage-bird of unknown origin, upon which nonnette P. L. S. Miiller (Natursyst., Suppl., p. 151, 1776) and Loxia cucullata Boddaert (not of Mtiller, 1776) (Tabl. PL Enl., p. 24, 1783) are based, is too am- biguous to be identified, though it might have been intended for a member of this group. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 197 Rio de Janeiro, as designated by Hellmayr (Verb. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 54, p. 534, 1904). Fringilla atricapilla Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 569, 1830— Rio Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil (type lost; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 224, 1869). Sporophila leucopsis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 5, 1861 — habitat ignota (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum examined). Spermophila americana (not Loxia americana Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850— part, Brazil. Sporophila collaria (not Loxia collaria Linnaeus)1 Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 246, 1856 — part, Espirito Santo (ex Wied); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 376, 1907 — Rio de Janeiro and Goyaz. Spermophila collaria Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 9 — part, Rio de Janeiro (descr.). Spermophila atricapilla Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (spec, examined); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 224 — Rio de Janeiro and Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes. Spermophila cucullata (not Loxia cucullata Boddaert nor Miiller) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 103, 1862— Brazil. [Spermophila cucullata] subsp. a Spermophila polionota Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 118, 1888 — Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (type in British Museum examined). Sporophila collaris Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 534, 1904 (crit., nomencl., range). Sporophila melanocephala ochrascens (not of Hellmayr) Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 144, 1936 — Inhumas, Rio Meia Ponte, Goyaz, and Ataphona, Rio de Janeiro (crit.). Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa), and Goyaz (Rio Araguaya; Inhumas, Rio Meia Ponte).2 *Sporophila collaris ochrascens Hellmayr.3 OCHRACEOUS SEED-EATER. 1 Loxia collaria Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 305, 1766), an Indian bird with bare forehead and of yellowish green coloration with bright yellow breast and collar. 1 Material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, 8; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 2. 3 Sporophila collaris ochrascens Hellmayr: Similar in the male sex to S. c. melanocephala, but sides of neck and under parts much paler, ochraceous-buff instead of tawny; median line of breast and abdomen extensively light buff or pinkish buff; nuchal collar medially interrupted; uropygial band narrower and paler, ochraceous tawny rather than tawny; female indistinguishable. Wing, 56-59, (female) 53-57; tail, 49-54. Birds from Mojos (pallidd) are precisely similar to the type and other speci- mens from the interior of Brazil. One (out of three) from Cuyaba, which I at one time have referred to melanocephala, is an intergrade between the two races, while two from Carandasinho, in southwestern Matto Grosso, are so close to the Para- guayan form that I have no hesitation in calling them melanocephala. S. c. och- rascens, in fact, is a connecting link between the eastern S. c. collaris, with nearly 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila melanocephala ochrascens Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 54, p. 534, 1904 — Rio Parana, northern Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 376, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal, Avanhandava, Barretos, Itapura); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 347, 1930— Descalvados and Palmiras, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 396, 1934— Des- calvados, Matto Grosso. Sporophila melanocephala pallida Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 339, Oct. 10, 1935— Chatarona (near Reyes), Beni, Bolivia (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Pyrrhula melanocephala (not Coccothraustes melanocephala Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 87, 1837 — part, Mojos and Guayaros, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila americana (not Loxia americana Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850— part, Bolivia. Sporophila collaria (not Loxia collaria Linnaeus) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 246, 1856— part, Bolivia. Spermophila collaria Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 9 — part, Brazil (Rio Parana, Cuyaba) and Bolivia (Mojos, Guarayos); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604— Mojos and Guayaros. Spermophila cucuttata (not Loxia cucullata Boddaert nor Muller) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1870 — Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 116, 1888— Cuyaba; Mene- gaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 5, p. 85, 1917 — Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto Grosso. Range. — Interior of Brazil, from the northern parts of Sao Paulo across to northern and western Matto Grosso, and the eastern districts of Bolivia (Chiquitos, Mojos, and El Beni). 1: Brazil (Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 1). *Sporophila collar is melanocephala (Vieillot). BLACK-HEADED SEED-EATER. Coccothraustes melanocephala VieiUot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 13, p. 542, 1817— based on "Pico grueso cejita blanca" Azara, No. 124; Paraguay. Pyrrhula melanocephala Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 85, 1837— part, Corrientes, Argentina. white under parts and sides of neck, and the deeply colored, tawny-bellied S. c. melanocephala. The palest individuals of ochrascens run very near to certain Rio specimens, differing merely by deeper buff sides of neck and abdomen, as well as by the possession of an ochraceous tawny uropygial band, which, in the race of eastern Brazil, is but faintly suggested by a dull buffy tinge across the rump. There is no reason, therefore, to maintain the specific rank of melanocephala, inasmuch as females of the three forms are in no wise distinguishable. Material examined.— Brazil: Porto do Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 5; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso, 2.— Bolivia: Chi- quitos, 1 ; Mojos, El Beni, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 199 Spermophila lafresnayi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850 — Corrientes, Argentina (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila melanocephala Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 9, 1847— Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 124); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 45, 1888— Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 118, 1888 — Punta Lara; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900 — Urucum and Carandasinho, Matto Grosso (spec, in Turin Museum examined); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902 — Tucuman (sight record); idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905 — Lagunas de Mal- vinas, Tucuman; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja (rare). Spermophila collaria (not Loxia collaria Linnaeus) Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 9— part, Paraguay. Sporophila americana (not Loxia americana Gmelin) Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Spermophila sp. Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1900— Paraguari and Colonia Risso, Paraguay (spec, examined). Sporophila melanocephala Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891 — Corumba, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 375, 1907 (range); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 633 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 95 — Monte Alto and Desaguadero, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Asuncion and Chaco, Paraguay; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 171, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires. Sporophila melanocephala melanocephala Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 533, 1904 (crit., range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, pp. 384, 436, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 23, p. 361, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 658, 1924— Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 401, 1926 — Las Palmas, Chaco, and west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 243, 1930— San Jose, Formosa (crit.). Spermophila melanocephala melanocephala Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 175, 1909— Mocovf, Santa F6, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Range.— Southwestern Matto Grosso (Corumba, Carandasinho, Urucum); Paraguay; and northern Argentina, from Formosa, Chaco, and Santa Fe" east to Corrientes, west to Tucuman (Laguna de Malvinas) and La Rioja; rare in Buenos Aires (Punta Lara, Zelaya, Barracas al Sud).1 1: Argentina (Las Palmas, Chaco, 1). 1 Birds from Argentina and Paraguay agree very well together. Two males from Carandasinho, Matto Grosso, while having the middle of the belly narrowly bufify, show the complete deep tawny nuchal collar, the broad tawny uropygial band, and the intensely colored breast and sides of Paraguayan specimens, so that I cannot but refer them to melanocephala. Additional material examined. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Carandasinho, 2; Uru- cum, 1. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 3; Colonia Risso, 1; ParaguarJ, 1; Sapucay, 2; island near Villa Conception, 2; unspecified, 1. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1; Mocovf, Santa Fe, 2; San Jose, Formosa, 4; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sporophila luctuosa (Lafresnaye). BLACK-AND-WHITE SEED-EATER. Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 — "Colombia" = Bogot£ (descr. of male; cotypes in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 372, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, 1850 — Colombia, "Brazil," and Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 26, p. 72, 1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., p. 455, 1858 — Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862— Bogota; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 750— Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 597— Cosnipata, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 15 (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 264— Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 519— Mon- terico and Higos, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, pp. 507, 605— Medellin, Colombia, and Simacu, Yungas, Bolivia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 122— San Jose and San Sebastian, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 17— Huambo and Yurimaguas, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 293— Bugnac, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 84 — Mapoto and Machay, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 10, 1886— Peru (Monterico, Higos, Huambo, Yurimaguas, Chirimoto, Ninabamba); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.,-12, p. 135, 1888— Colombia (Bogota, Medellin, San Sebastian), Ecuador (Intag, "Sarayacu"), Peru (Cosnipata, Xeberos), and Bolivia (Simacu); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895 — Cajabamba, Succha, and Vina (Huama- chuco), Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898 — Ibarra and Paramba, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 24, 1899 — Zamora and Gualaquiza, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 458, 1930 — near Huanuco, Vista Alegre, and Chinchao, Huanuco, Peru. Sporophila luctuosa (Cabanis MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 291, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 221, 1846— "Lima," Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896,. p. 349— La Gloria and La Merced, Peru; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 1, p. 79, 1899 — San Sebastian and El Mamon, Colombia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 110, 1906— Escopal, Marcapata, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 559, 1917— Barro Blanco and Anolaima, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 513, 1922— Santa Marta region; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 612, 1926 — Ecuador (Loja, Sabanilla, Zamora, below Oyacachi, Baeza, lower Sumaco, junction Chanchan and Chiguancay, Cumbaya) and Peru (Viru, La Libertad). Pyrrhula leucomelas Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., lie annee, 2nd sem., No. 10, col. 234, Aug. 4, 1844— "Amerique" (descr. of male; type in Abeille Collection, Bordeaux). Sporophila luctuosa albilateralis Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82, p. 374, Dec. 15, 1930 — Acobamba, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 201 Range.— Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Bolivia (Simacu, Dept. La Paz).1 15: Colombia (Bogota, 3); Peru (Yurimaguas, 2; Cajamarca, 2; Huanuco Mountains, Huanuco, 5; Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 2; Chin- chao, Huanuco, 1). *Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens (Vieillot). SCREAMING SEED-EATER. Coccothraustes collaris (not Loxia collaris Boddaert) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 13, p. 524, 1817 — based on "Pico grueso gargan- tilla" Azara, No. 125; Paraguay. Pyrrhula caerulescens Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1023, 1817 — "Bresil"= vicinity of Rio de Janeiro (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of male). Fringilla leucopogon Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 572, 1830— Rio Guajintibo, Rio de Janeiro (descr. of male; type lost, cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 223, 1889). Pyrrhula torquata Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 450, Feb., 1831— "Br&sil" (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum examined).2 Spermophila nigrogularis Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, Birds, Part 3, p. 88, Nov., 1839 — Montevideo, Uruguay (descr. of male and female; cotypes now in British Museum). Pyrrhula ornata (not Fringilla ornata Lichtenstein) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 86, 1837— Yungas, Bolivia (descr. of female). Spermophila ornata Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 9, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 125); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 632 r— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 224, 1870— Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Itarare'), Paran& (Cury- tiba), and Matto Grosso (Poruti, Villa Bella); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 412 — Minas Geraes (Sao Domingo), Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo), and Sao Paulo (Campinas, Ypanema, Hytu, Sao Bento); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 170 — Prov. Buenos Aires (nest descr.). 1 Males from Colombia and Ecuador generally have the sides and flanks more solidly black with very little white spotting, while the same parts in Peruvian birds are largely variegated with white, the black becoming sometimes nearly evanescent. There are, however, many exceptions to this rule, and three speci- mens (out of five) from Marcapata have just as much black on the sides as any from Bogota. The coloration of the females, regardless of locality, is exceedingly variable. Additional material examined. — Colombia: San Sebastian, 2; Medellin, 1; ! Bogota, 19. — Ecuador: Bugnac, 1; Ibarra, 2; Paramba, 1; Sarayacu, 2; Guala- j quiza, 8.— Peru: Huambo, 1; Succha, Huamachuco, 2; Santiago, Huamachuco, 1; ! Pozuzo, Huanuco, 1; La Gloria, Vitoc, Junin, 1; Cosnipata, Cuzco, 3; Caradoc, I Marcapata, 2; Marcapata Valley, 3. 1 The type is the very same example that served as basis for P. caerulescens 1 Vieillot. Lesson's description is faulty with respect to the coloration of the head and back. 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila ornata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 243, 1856— Rio de Janeiro (Rio Macacu, Nictheroy) and Minas Geraes (spec, from Congonhas in Halle Museum examined); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860 — Mendoza and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 488, 1861— same localities; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Spermophila caerulescens Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 498, 1850 — Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862— Brazil; idem, Ibis, 1871, p. 12 (monog.); Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 — near Sao Paulo, Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 246, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604 — Simacu, Yungas, Bolivia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 598— Flores, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 92, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 122, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 46, 1888— Argentina (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 126, 1888— part, spec, h-b', Rio de Janeiro, "Pelotas" (Rio Grande do Sul), Montevideo, Buenos Aires (Barracas, Flores, Conchitas), Mendoza, and Simacu (Bolivia); Holland, Ibis, 1890, pp. 425, 426 — Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125— Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 196 — Est. Espartillar; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 168 — Soriano, Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895 — San Pablo (Tucuman), Colonia Risso (Paraguay), and Corumba (Matto Grosso); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897 — Aguairenda and Caiza, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900 — Uru- cum, Matto Grosso; idem, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Genova, 40, p. 622, 1900 — Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 162, 1899— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Iguape, Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo); idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902— Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904— Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tucuman; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja. Sporophila caerulescens Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889 — lower Beni, Bolivia; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 376, 1907— Sao Paulo (Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema, Cachoeira, Itarare, Piquete, Sao Sebastiao, Iguape, Ypiranga); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 635— Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 385, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 95 — Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo), Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch), and Entre Rios (Santa Elena); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 362, 1912— Paso Yuvay, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 430, 1914— Santa Julia, Rio Iriri, lower Amazon, Brazil; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397, 1916— La Plata; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, San Jose, Flores, Rio Negro); Renard, L938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 203 I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920— Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 270, 1922 —Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 171, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 256, 1924 — Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 658, 1924— Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 360, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe"; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 400, 1926— Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas), Uruguay (La Paloma, San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro), and Mendoza (Tunuyan); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 187, 1926— Rio de Janeiro and Parana (Marechal Mallet, Rio Claro, Invernadinha, There- zina, Salto Guayra); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 231, 1927 —Concepcion, Tucuman; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 315, 1928— Monte Serrat and Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 243, 1930 — San Jose" and Yunca Viejo.-Formosa; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 197, 1933— Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 319, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 325, 1934— Est. La Geraldina, Santa Fe. Spermophila obscura (not Emberiza obscura Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Hol- land, Ibis, 1892, p. 196— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (spec, in British Museum examined = young male). Sporophila caerulescens caerulescens Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 244, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 347, 1930— Urucum and Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 146, 1936 — Fazenda Thome Pinto, Goyaz. Range. — Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro and Minas Geraes south to Rio Grande do Sul, west to Matto Grosso, also in Lower Amazonia )n the Rio Iriri, an affluent of the Rio Xingu; Uruguay; Paraguay; lorthern Argentina, south to Buenos Aires, Cordoba, and Mendoza; eastern Bolivia; accidental on Staten Island.1 22: Bolivia (Parotani, Prov. Cochabamba, 1); Uruguay (Rio Uruguay, Dept. Soriano, 5); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 14; \vellaneda, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1; Prov. Buenos Aires, 1). 1 Within the range thus circumscribed some variation in the coloration of the idult males is observable, and the study of more extensive material might lead ;o further subdivision. The type, which we have examined, was secured by Delalande, Jr., who did not extend his travels beyond the vicinity of Rio de Faneiro, which, therefore, must be regarded as terra typica. Males from this iistrict have the forehead back to the eye, the lores, cheeks, and auriculars blackish, hence conspicuously darker than the gray crown. Those from southern Brazil (Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Matto Grosso, and Tucuman, as a rule have the blackish color more restricted to the forehead, while the lores and sides of the head are not so dark. An adult male from Aguairenda, Bolivian Chaco, is precisely similar. Birds from the Bolivian Yungas are again slightly divergent, biaving the whole pileum as well as the sides of the head gray, like the crown, only the loral region somewhat obscured. One from Songo, however, shows a distinct blackish frontal band like Sao Paulo skins, from which it merely differs by rather paler gray auriculars. A single adult male from the Rio Iriri, Lower Amazonia, 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sporophila caerulescens ornata (Lichtenstein).1 BLACK-CAPPED SEED-EATER. Fringilla ornata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, 1823 — Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Spermophila ornata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 497, 1850 — Brazil; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 122 (note), 1885— Bahia (crit.). Spermophila caerulescens (not Pyrrhula caerulescens Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 127, 1888— part, spec, f, g, Bahia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 40 — Bahia. Range. — Eastern Brazil, in State of Bahia (exact distribution unknown). Sporophila melanops (Pelzeln).2 BLACK-FACED SEED-EATER. Spermophila melanops Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 224, 331, 1870— Porto do Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil (descr. of male; type in Vienna Museum examined) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 21 (ex Pelzeln); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 140, 1888 (ex Pelzeln). Sporophila melanops Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 528, 1904 — Rio Araguaya (descr., crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907 — Goyaz. Range. — Interior of Brazil, in State of Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguaya). closely resembles the ordinary Bolivian type (without black on forehead or auric- ulars), but is lighter gray above, more like S. c. ornata. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Congonhas, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 10; Sao Paulo, 8; Parand, 2; Santa Catharina, 2; Rio Grande do Sul, 12; Matto Grosso, 7; Santa Julia, Rio Iriri, 1. — Paraguay: island near Villa Concep- tion, 1. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 4; Tucuman, 3. — Bolivia: Aguairenda, Chaco, 1; San Mateo, Cochabamba, 1; Yungas of La Paz (Chicani, Coroico, Songo), 5; unspecified, 1. 1 Sporophila caerulescens ornata (Lichtenstein) : Differs in the male sex from the nominate race by having the whole pileum to the nape, as well as the sides of the head glossy black, and the back decidedly clearer ashy-gray. Six specimens of the well-known Bahia preparation examined. 2 Sporophila melanops (Pelzeln), a very distinct species, bears some superficial resemblance to S. n. nigricollis, but differs at a glance by the following characters. The whole head is black, this color being abruptly defined on the hind neck (instead of passing gradually into the greenish tone of the back) and restricted below to the throat proper (not extending onto the foreneck) ; back and edges to wings and tail are light brown, between Isabella color and light brownish olive; the under parts from the foreneck down to the tail coverts are dingy buff, between cream- buff and chamois (instead of primrose yellow); the tail is shorter; the bill stouter, shorter, with more rounded culmen, and uniform pale brown (instead of marguerite yellow, with plumbeous base). Wing (adult male), 55; tail, 41; bill, 8. The type obtained by Natterer on October 19, 1823, at Porto do Rio Araguaya, in southern Goyaz, is still unique. Whether Azara's "Pico grueso variable" among other seed-eaters also includes this species, as is assumed by Bertoni (Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914), remains to be proved by the actual taking of specimens in Paraguay. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 205 *Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis (Vieillot).1 YELLOW-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula nigricollis Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1027, July, 1823— "Br&dl" (descr. of immature male; type lost).2 Pyrrhula olivacea Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Me"th., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1027, July, 1823 — "Br&il" (descr. of female). Fringilla guituralis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26 (after September), 1823— Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Loxia ignobilis Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 46, pi. 59, fig. 3 ("Loxia plebeja"), 1825 — "in provincia Parae," Brazil (descr. of female; type lost, formerly in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 680, 1906). Loxia plebeja Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 46, pi. 60, fig. 3 ("Loxia igno- bilis"), 1825 — no locality indicated (descr. of male; type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, I.e., p. 680, 1906). Fringilla melanocephala (not Coccothraustes melanocephala Vieillot) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 577, 1830 — Rio Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil (descr. of male; type lost, cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 223, 1889). Spermophila olivaceo-flava Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843 — "Colombie" = Bogota (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 372, 1930; crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 207, 1846— Colombia (descr. of male); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855— Bogota (ex Lafresnaye). » Spermophila ignobilis Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 333, 1847 — Tobago. Phonipara gutturalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 494, 1850 — Brazil; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1861— Panama Railroad. Sporophila gutturalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 149, 1851 — Brazil; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 244, 1856 — Rio de Janeiro; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 369, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Chap- man, I.e., 6, p. 34, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cumanacoa and San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 179, 1898— Palomina, Santa Marta, Colombia; 1 It has been claimed by Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 372, 1930) that Fringilla crispa Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 324, 1766) is an earlier name for this species. I am, however, quite unable to recognize our bird in "The Black and Yellow Frizled Sparrow" of Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 128, pi. 271), which formed the exclusive basis of Linnets account. The bright yellow belly and the heavy, acutely pointed bill, which, in shape, recalls that of a Siskin, render the identification more than problematical, and I hesitate to sacrifice a certainty for the benefit of an uncertainty. 1 Vieillot's description is unmistakable. Sclater (Ibis, 1871, p. 13) writes of having examined the type and identifies it with S. c. caerulescens, adding that the bird differs from other individuals merely by a slight yellowish tinge on the belly. The specimen in question, which is still in the Paris Museum (it was collected by A. de Saint Hilaire in Brazil and received in August, 1822), entirely disagrees with the description and though it bears Vieillot's name on the label, it is not marked as "type," and has evidently no claims to be regarded as such. The real type, and also that of P. olivacea, are not in the French National Collection. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 166, 1900— Cacagualito and Onaca, Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 569, 1901— part, excl. of Peru and Ecuador (monog.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902— Ciudad Bolivar, Munduapo, Maipures, and Caicara, Orinoco, and Caura (Suapure, La Pricion), Venezuela; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 159, 1905— Saboga Island, Pearl Islands, Panama; idem, I.e., p. 224, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 35, p. 286, 1905 — Grenada, Carriacou, and St. Vincent (Kingstown); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 278, 1905 — Igarape-Assu, Para (crit.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 377, 1907— Venezuela (Merida), Bahia, Sao Paulo (Itapura), and Minas Geraes (Marianna); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 101, 1909— Guanaco, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Pernam- buco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahia (Estreito da Ursa, Rio Preto), and Piauhy (Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 891, 1910— El Pozo de Terraba, Costa Rica; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 430, 1914— Ilha das Oncas, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocantins (Cameta, Arumatheua), Mexiana, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914— Medellin, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 558, 1917— Colombia (Novita, Los Cisneros, Caldas, San Antonio, Barbacoas, Buenavista [Narino], Ricaurte, Cali, La Manuelita, Rio Frio, Miraflores, La Candela, San Agustin, below Andalucia, Subia, La Morelia, Quetame, Buena Vista); Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 133, 1922 — Trinidad; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 513, 1922— Santa Marta region of Colombia (Bonda, Cacagualito, Don Diego, Don Amo, Cienaga, Mamatoco, Minca, Cincinnati, Fundacion, Dibulla, Pueblo Viejo; plumages, crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 42, 61, 1926 — Ceara and Maranhao (Anil, Sao Bento); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Canal Zone. Spermophila gutturalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p 105, 1862— part, spec, d, Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 352 — Panama Rail- road; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 572 — Para; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 321, 1866 —Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 225, 1870— Sao Paulo (Borda do Matto, Furnas), Goyaz (Rio Araguaya, Goyaz), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Rio Negro (Marabitanas) ; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 412— Lagoa Santa and Curvelo, Minas Geraes; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 15 (monog., excl. western Ecuador); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Ocafia, Colombia; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380— Nazare, Para, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 507— Medellin and Envigado, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336 — Pernambuco (Estancia, Quipapa, Garanhuns); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 — Roraima, British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 354, 1885 — Panama to Brazil (excl. of Peru); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 614, 1886— Grenada; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 128, 1888 — part, spec, a-t, Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia, Para), British Guiana 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 207 (Roraima), Trinidad, Colombia (Bogota, Medellin), and Panama (Lion Hill); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 151, 1892— Grenada; Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900— Tobago; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Santo Antonio do Prata and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 396, 1910 — Surinam(?). Spermophila gutturalis pallida Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 295, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frank- fort Museum, examined). Sporophila gutturalis roraimae Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7, p. 193, Feb., 1921 — Roraima, British Guiana (type in British Museum); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 435, 1921 — Roraima and Abary River. Sporophila gutturalis gutturalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 18, 1906 — Caparo and Aripo, Trinidad; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 360, 1908— Aripo, Trinidad; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 16, 88, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Pard (Para localities); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 190, 1916— Orinoco Valley. (l}Spermophila ardesiaca Dubois,1 M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 399, pi. 10, fig. 1, 1894 — "Bresil" (type in Brussels Museum examined). (l)Sporophila ardesiaca Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 528, 1904 (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 376, 1907 (ex Dubois). Sporophila nigricollis nigricollis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 296, 1929 — Goyaz (Philadelphia) and Ceara (Varzea Formosa, Quixada); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 348, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934 — Trinidad; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 281, 1935 — Bahia (Aratuhype, Serra do Palhao, Coru- peba); idem, I.e., 20, p. 145, 1936— Faz. Thome" Pinto and Inhumas, Goyaz. Sporophila luctuosa (not Spermophila luctuosa Lafresnaye) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 166, 1900— Masinga Vieja, Colombia. Range.— Southwestern Costa Rica (Te"rraba Valley); Panama (Canal Zone); Colombia; Venezuela; islands of Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada, Carriacou, and (?)St. Vincent (one sight record); British Guiana; eastern Brazil, south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso.2 1 The unique type of S. ardesiaca differs from the common Brazilian Yellow- bellied Seed-eater by white (instead of pale yellow) breast, abdomen, and under wing coverts, and by having the back, together with the edges to the wing and tail feathers gray with a barely perceptible olivaceous hue here and there. In other respects, such as extent of black on head and throat, black spotting on the sides, pale yellow bill with dusky base to the lower mandible, etc., it is exactly similar. The tail would seem to be somewhat longer, but this is clearly due to its being stretched when the bird was mounted. The specimen has the appearance of having originally been preserved in alcohol, which would account for the loss of all yellow and olive tints of the plumage. No second individual like the type has ever been found, and unless fresh material from some definite region substanti- ates its claims to recognition, I now feel inclined to regard S. ardesiaca as an arti- ficial variety of S. nigricollis. 'With a very full series from Brazil, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Colombia before me, I cannot distinguish S. n. pallida [=olivaceoflava], described from the last-named country. The type of pallida (from Bucaramanga) and an adult male from Bogota have indeed paler yellow under parts than the majority of 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 47: Colombia (Call, Valle de Cauca, 1; Bogota, 1); Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 3; Mount Turumiquire, Sucre, 1; Rio Chama, MeYida, 1; Colon, Tachira, 4); Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 3); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 3; Quixada, Ceara, 4; Philadelphia, Goyaz, l;Veadeiros, Goyaz, 3; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 5; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 6; Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 4; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 2; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 2). *Sporophila nigricollis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 PERUVIAN YELLOW-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Sporophila gutturalis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 84, Sept., 1906 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined) ; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Bellavista, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 108, 1921— Santa Ana, Idma, and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru. Spermophila gutturalis (not Fringilla gutturalis Lichtenstein) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 519— Paltaypampa, Chilpes, and Amable Maria, Peru; Sclater, and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 16— Maranura, Urubamba; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 229— Tambillo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Callacate; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 13, 1886— Peru (Paltaypampa, Chilpes, Amable Maria, Tambillo, Chota, Callacate, Maranura); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 128, 1888 — part, spec, c', d', Tambillo; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895 — Malca, Cajabamba, Peru. Spermophila nigricollis inconspicua Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 457, 1930 — Huanuco and Chinchao, Huanuco (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Peru, from the Maranon and lower Huallaga south to Urubamba. Brazilian birds. However, one from Piauhy (Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba) is even paler below, while others from "Bogota" are fully as deeply colored as any from Brazil. The individual variation in the amount of black on the head has already been discussed by Mr. Todd, so we need not dwell on this subject any further. Two males from British Guiana (roraimae) are in no wise different from numerous Brazilian and Venezuelan males with a medium amount of black on the pileum, nor do they differ in size. Additional material examined. — Brazil : Borda do Matto, Sao Paulo, 2 ; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Goyaz, 5; Bahia, 12; Pao d'Alho, near Recife, Pernambuco, 5; Ilha Sao Martin, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1; Para, 7; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1. — British Guiana: Rio Caramang, 1; Roraima, 2. — Trinidad: Caparo, 10; Aripo, 1. — Tobago: Man o' War Bay, 2. — Venezuela: inland of Cumana (San Antonio, etc'), 6; Maipures, Orinoco, 4; Munduapo, Orinoco, 2; Merida, 10. — Colombia: Bucara- manga, 2; Bogota, 12; Santa Marta region, 6. 1 Sporophila nigricollis inconspicua Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Similar to S. n. nigricollis, but adult male with blackish color of head, throat, and foreneck duller and less extensive, especially on pileum, where it is often restricted to a narrow frontal band, and obviously never reaches backwards beyond the eyes. As explained by Mr. Zimmer, this form seems to be entitled to recognition. Other specimens examined by us serve to substantiate its characters. Additional material examined.— Peru: Tambillo, 3; Santa Ana, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 209 9: Peru (Yurimaguas, 2; Moyobamba, 1; Huanuco, 4; Chinchao, Huanuco, 1; San Ramon, Chanchamayo, 1). *Sporophila nigricollis vivida Hellmayr, nom. nov.1 WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Spermophila gutturalis olivacea (not Pyrrhula olivacea Vieillot) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 550— Chimbo, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 169, 1927); idem, I.e., 1884, p. 293— Cayandeled; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898 — Paramba; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 473 — Santo Domingo; Mene'gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arme'e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B75, 1911 — Gualea, Ayuriquin, and Santo Domingo. Spermophila gutturalis (not Fringilla gutturalis Lichtenstein) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, pp. 85, 293, 1860— Nanegal, Puellaro, and Esmeral- das, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862— part, spec, a-c, Puellaro, Nanegal, and Esmeraldas; idem, Ibis, 1871, p. 15 — part, western Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 128, 1888— part, spec, u-b', Ecuador ("Quito," Nanegal, Puellaro, Esmeraldas, Cayandeled); Salva- dori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 25, 1899 — La Con- cepcion, Chota Valley. Sporophila gutturalis olivacea Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 611, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Mindo, Rio de Oro, Bucay, junction Chanchan and Chinguancay, Huigra, Cumbaya, and Alamor, Ecuador. Range. — Tropical zone (locally in the Subtropical zone) of western Ecuador. 1: Ecuador (Paramba, Imbabura, 1). *Sporophila lineola (Linnaeus). LINED SEED-EATER. Loxia lineola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 174, 1758 — "Asia," errore = Surinam, as designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902 (descr. of male). Loxia crispa (not Fringilla crispa Linnaeus, 1776) P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 154, 1776 — based on "Bouvreuil a plumes frisees, du Bresil" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 319, fig. 1. Loxia fusca (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Hermann, Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 221 (note), 1783— based on "Le Bouveron" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Gen., Ois., 4, p. 388) = Daubenton's "Bouvreuil a plumes frisees, du Bresil." Fringilla lineola Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 574, 1830— eastern Brazil. 1 Sporophila nigricollis vivida Hellmayr: Similar to S. n. nigricollis in the adult male having the head, throat, and foreneck extensively black, but breast and abdomen much richer yellow. The subspecific name olivacea being untenable in the genus on account of Pyrrhula olivacea Vieillot, bestowed upon a female of the nominate race from Brazil, the west Ecuadorian representative requires to be rebaptized. Additional material examined. — Western Ecuador: Paramba, 17; Gualea, 3; Cayandeled, 2; Chimbo, 2. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pyrrhula lineola Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 86, 1837 — Chiquitos and Guarayos, Bolivia. Spermophila lineola Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 497, 1850— Brazil; idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862 — Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 252— Maruria, Lake of Valencia, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 224, 1870— part, [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Rio Xie, and "Barra" [=Manaos], Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 13 — part, Cayenne, Rio Negro, Bolivia, Matto Grosso, Bahia, and Para- guay (Rio Vermejo); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604— Chiquitos and Guarayos, Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214— Merume Mts., Camacusa, and Roraima, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 131, 1888— part, spec, a-p, Bahia, Pernambuco, Cayenne, British Guiana (Merume Mts., Camacusa, Caramang River), and Venezuela (Lake of Valencia); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895— Santa Rosa, Salta (spec, examined); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897— San Francisco and Aguairenda, Bolivia (spec, examined); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 162, 1898 — Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905 — Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 175, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa Fe, Argentina; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 392, 1910 — Surinam. Sporophila lineola Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150, 1851 — Cayenne; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 248, 1856— "Para"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 93, 1889— Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 3, p. 369, 1891— Cachoeira, Matto Grosso; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902 — Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 377, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Avanhandava) and Bahia; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 8, 1907 — Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 500, 1908— Goyana, Rio Tapajoz; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 121, 1908 — Cayenne and Roche-Marie, French Guiana; Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 280, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910— Joazeiro, Bahia, and Parnagua, Piauhy, Brazil; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 385, 1910— Argentina (Tucuman; Ocampo, Santa Fe); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Rio Bermejo, Paraguay (?); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 431, 1914— Para, Magoary, Peixe- Boi, Rio Xingu (Victoria, Forte Ambe), Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Jamauchim (Tucunare), and Obidos; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 189, 1916— Caicara, Orinoco; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 90, 1918 — vicinity of Para- maribo, Surinam; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 433, 1921— Supe- naam, Abary River, Merume Mts., Camacusa, Caramang River, George- town, and Bartica [Grove]; Dinelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 256, 1924— Tucu- man (nest and eggs descr.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 231, 1927— Conception, Tucuman. Sporophila lineola lineola Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 348, 1930 — Urucum and Fazenda do Sao Joao, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 146, 1936— Inhumas, Rio Meia Ponte, Goyaz. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 211 Range. — Venezuela (one record each from Lake Valencia, Cara- bobo, and Caicara on the Orinoco); British, Dutch, and French Guiana; Brazil, from the Rio Negro and the Para region south to Bahia, northern Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Avanhandava), and Matto Grosso; Peru (one record from the Rio Samiria); eastern Bolivia; northern Argentina (Santa Rosa, Salta; Tucuman region; Santiago del Estero; Rio Vermejo, Chaco; Ocampo, Santa F4).1 5: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Argentina (Isca-yacu, Santiago del Estero, 2; Tucuman, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 1). Sporophila bouvronides (Lesson).2 LESSON'S SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula bouvronides Lesson, TraitS d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 450, Feb., 1831— no locality indicated, we suggest Trinidad (descr. of male; type lost; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., 2, (6), p. 68, 1854). Spermophila bouvronides Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862 — Trinidad. Spermophila bouvronoides Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 318, 1866 — Trinidad. Spermophila ocellata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 — Nauta, Peru (descr. of male and female; cotypes in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); idem, I.e., 1869, pp. 252, 253 — plain of Valencia, Venezuela (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 14, pi. 2, fig. 3 (male) — Nauta and Lake of Valencia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 264 — Nauta; (?)Taczanowski and Ber- 1 Specimens from Matto Grosso, Bolivia, and Argentina average very slightly larger, but aside from this there is no difference whatever between birds from various parts of the range. In adult males the white stripe in the middle of the forecrown varies but little in extent, and always forms a very conspicuous, well- defined marking. The under parts are as a rule unmarked white, though in a few, notably one from Cayenne, the lateral chest feathers show traces of blackish cross-bands, thus indicating an approach to the "ocellata" variety of Lesson's Seed-eater. The most westerly locality represented in the series examined is an adult male secured by J. Hauxwell on October 13, 1881, on the Rio Samirfa in northeastern Peru. The specimen is quite typical in every respect as is also one from the Rio Xie, upper Rio Negro. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Caicara, Orinoco, 2. — British Guiana: Camacusa, 6; Rio Caramang, 5; Annai, 2. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 17; Roche-Marie, 5.— Brazil: Rio Xie, 1; Manaos, 1; Urucurituba, Rio Tapaj6z, 6; Calama, Rio Madeira, 2; Bahia, 8; Joazeiro, Bahia, 1; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 2.— Peru: Rio Samirfa, 1.— Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 2; San Francisco, 1; Aguairenda, 1.— Argentina: Santa Rosa, Salta, 1. 2 Sporophila bouvronides (Lesson) : Similar to S. lineola, but adult male with crown wholly black or with but a few tiny white dots in the middle of the forehead ; female indistinguishable. The names P. bouvronides, S. ocellata, S. trinitatis, and S. amazonica have been based on individual variations. This is clearly shown by the comparison of an excellent series of fourteen adult males collected by S. M. Klages at Caparo, Trinidad, with another from Amazonia, including the types of S. ocellata and S. amazonica. In several examples, the foreneck and sides of the chest are plain white like the rest of the under parts (as in S. lineola); in others there are a few blackish cross-lines to be seen on some of the lateral breast-feathers; and three or four others have the entire chest and sides more or less regularly barred or edged with black as in specimens from Nauta (ocellata). The type of S. amazonica and a male from Lamalonga represent the intermediate stage, while one from Mara- 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII lepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 84— Machay, Ecuador (female); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 15, 1886— Nauta, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1-888— (?) Colombia (Santa Marta), Venezuela (Valencia, Merida), British Guiana (Caramang River), and Peru (Rio Ucayali, Iquitos, Nauta); Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 391, 1910 — Surinam. Spermophila lessoni Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 583— Trinidad (new name for Pyrrhula bouvronides Lesson). Spermophila trinitatis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, pp. 132, 133, 1888 — Trinidad (descr. of male; type in British Museum examined). Spermophila amazonica Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, pp. 122, 123, 1888 — north side of the Amazon, Brazil (descr. of male; type in British Museum examined). Sporophila lineola restricta Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 128, July 27, 1927 — Gamarra, Magdalena, Colombia (descr. of male; type in the Car- negie Museum, Pittsburgh); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. Spermophila lineola (not Loxia lineola Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 595 — Mexiana, Rio Tocantins, and north side of the Amazon, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 224, 1870— part, Mara- bitanas and Lamalonga, Rio Negro (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 13 — part, Rio Negro, Venezuela, and Trinidad. Sporophila ocellata Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 98, 1889 — Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil (spec, examined). Sporophila lineola trinitatis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 34, 1894 — Trinidad (ex Leotaud); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902 — Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined). Sporophila lineola Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 133, 1922 — Trinidad (Palo Seco and Maracas Valley). Sporophila bouvronides Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 58, 1906 (crit.; regular occurrence in Trinidad questioned); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 377, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 11, 1908 — Bom Lugar, Rio bitanas is just as heavily marked beneath as some of the Nauta birds, which show, however, considerable variation. A Bogota specimen, which is without doubt what Todd described as S. I. restricta, cannot be distinguished from the white- breasted Trinidad males. While we have kept Lesson's Seed-eater as specifically distinct, we are not certain that it is anything more than an individual mutant of S. lineola. Females are absolutely the same as far as I can see, and the geographical distribution of the two "species" is almost incomprehensible. Both occur in Dutch and British Guiana, in the plains around Lake of Valencia, in the Orinoco Valley, and in various sections of Amazonia (Rio Negro and northeastern Peru). On the other hand, males with pronounced white crown-stripe are not found in Trinidad, while such without that marking never occur in French Guiana, Argentina, Bolivia, Bahia, or Matto Grosso. The character does not strike me as of specific value, and further investigation of the problem is imperative. Material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 15; unspecified, 3.— Venezuela: near Cumana, 1; north shore of Lake Valencia, 1; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 3. — Colombia: Bogota, 1. — Brazil: Lamalonga, Rio Negro, 1; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 2; north side of Amazon, 1; Sepatiny, Rio Purus, 1; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, 1.— Peru: Nauta, 5; Rio Canchahuaya, Ucayali, 1. — British Guiana: Demerara, 3; Rio Rupunani, 1. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 4; Crippie, 1; Surinam, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 213 Purus, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 430, 1914— Rio Purus; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 189, 1916— Las Barrancas, Delta region, up to Caicara, Orinoco (crit.); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 432, 1921 — Takutu Mountains, Supenaam, and Caramang River; (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 611, 1926— Machay, Ecuador; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Range. — Island of Trinidad; northern Venezuela, from Cumana and Lake Valencia south to the Orinoco Valley; northern Colombia (Magdalena Valley); British and Dutch Guiana; Amazonia (Lama- longa and Marabitanas, upper Rio Negro; Tonantins, Rio Solimoes; Sepatiny and Bom Lugar, Rio Purus); northeastern Peru (Nauta; Iquitos; Ucayali); (?)eastern Ecuador (Machay). *Sporophila telasco (Lesson).1 CHESTNUT-THROATED SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula telasco Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zool., 1, (2), livr. 8, pi. 15, fig. 3 (=male), Nov. 29, 1828; idem, I.e., livr. 15, p. 663, April 3, 1830— environs of Lima, Peru (descr. of male; actual location of type unknown).2 Pyrrhula alaudina Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 88, 1837 — Tacna, Chile (descr. of female; type in Paris Museum).3 Camarhynchus leucopterus Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 118, 1848— near Callao, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum). Spermophila telasco Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 75, 1847 — Lima, Peru; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 496, 1850— Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 341— Lima, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868 p. 173— Tambo Valley, Arequipa; Sclater, I.e., 1869, p. 147— Lima; idem, Ibis, 1871, p. 7 — Lima and Tacna (monog.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 497— Lima (habits, nest, and eggs); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 519 — Lima; idem, I.e., 1877, p. 320 — Tumbez, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421 — Callao, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 550 — Guayaquil, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 14, 1886 — Lima and Tum- bez; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 102, 1888— Ecuador (Guayaquil, Balzar) and Peru (Lima, Callao, Tambo Valley); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 24, 1899— Puntilla de Santa Elena and Balzar, Ecuador. Sporophila telasco Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 291, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 221, 1846 — "western Sierra valleys" of Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 376 — Lima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 609, 1926— Ecuador (Esme- raldas, Chone, Bucay, Puna Island); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 52, 1932— Tacna and Asapa (near Arica), Chile. Sporophila alaudina Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 291, 1844 — Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 222, 1846 — Tacna (ex Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). 1 Sporophila telasco (Lesson), though well characterized by its white rump and white under parts excepting the chestnut throat, seems to be allied to S. minuta. 2 Not in the Paris Museum. 3 The type has lately been re-examined, at my request, by Mr. Berlioz, who writes that it is without any doubt a female of the present species. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spermophila alaudina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., I, (2), p. 496, 1850— Peru (ex Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). Range. — Pacific coast from northwestern Ecuador (Esmeraldas) south to extreme northern Chile (Tacna Province).1 4: Peru (Menocucho, 3; Trujillo, 1). Sporophila insulata Chapman.2 TUMACO SEED-EATER. Sporophila insulata Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 18, p. 12, Sept. 22, 1921 — Tumaco Island, off southwestern Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Tumaco Island, off southwestern Colombia. *Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence).3 RICHARDSON'S SEED-EATER. Spermophila parva Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2, p. 382, May 28, 1883 —Tehuan tepee, Oaxaca, Mexico (descr. of female; type in U. S. National Museum). Spermophila richardsoni Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 3, p. 611, Oct., 1891 — Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala (type, from San Benito, Chiapas, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined) . Sporophila minuta parva Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 568, 1901— southern Mexico (Chiapas and Oaxaca), Guatemala (Retalhuleu), and Nicaragua (Managua) (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 401, 1928— Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 351, 1932— Hacienda California and Carolina, Guatemala. 1 Birds from Ecuador (Guayaquil) agree with others from Peru and Chile. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Guayaquil, 4. — Peru: Eten, Lam- bayeque, 6; Pacasmayo, 1; Tembladera, 3; Trujillo, 1; Callao, 2; Lima, 3.— Chile, Tacna: Tacna, 1; Asapa, near Arica, 1. 2 Sporophila insulata Chapman: "Adult (?) male (in worn plumage). Upper parts, including tail coverts, mouse gray, only the terminal feathers of the rump rufous-chestnut; tail black, white at the base, white on the outer tail feathers much reduced or absent; wings black, secondaries white for basal half, all but two outer primaries basally white, increasing in extent inwardly; under parts rufous-chestnut, the abdomen mixed with whitish (indicating immaturity?); lower tail coverts chestnut; bill and feet blackish. Immature male similar, but abdomen and under tail coverts white. Female resembling that of S. m. minuta, but somewhat grayer above and paler below with more white at the bases of the wing-quills. Wing, 50, (female) 48; tail, 36; bill, 9.3." (Chapman, I.e.) This species, which we have not seen, is described as nearly related to S. minuta, but differing by largely gray rump, with only the most posterior uropy- gial feathers chestnut, and basally white tail. Birds from northwestern Ecuador (Paramba and La Conception, Rio Mira) do not show any of the above characters, and evidently are not separable from S. m. minuta. 3 Sporophila minuta parva (Lawrence) differs from the more southern races by the adult males being above pure (bluish) ashy gray (without any brownish or olive tinge), while the females are slightly less buffy. Additional material examined. — Mexico, Nayarit: Tuxpan, 2; Ixtlan, 1.— Guatemala: Retalhuleu, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 215 Range. — Arid Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Mexico, in states of Nayarit (Tuxpan, Ixtlan), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Tapana- tepec), and Chiapas (Tonala), and in Guatemala (Hacienda California and Carolina, San Marcos; Tiquisate; Retalhuleu), and Nicaragua (Managua). 5: Guatemala (Escuintla, Tiquisate, 2); Nicaragua (San Gero- nimo, Chinandega, 3). *Sporophila minuta centralis Bangs and Penard.1 PANAMA SEED-EATER. Sporophila minuta centralis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 90, April, 1918 — near Panama City, Panama (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Griscom, I.e., 78, p. 379, 1935— Panama east to the Rio Chepo. Spermophila minuta (not Loxia minuta Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 352— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 3 — part, Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 351, 1885— part, Panama; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 109, 1888— part, spec, a-d, Lion Hill, Panama. Sporophila minuta Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 33, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama. Sporophila minuta minuta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 567, 1901 — part, Panama (Lion Hill, Colon); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 224, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Carriker, Ann. > Carnegie Mus., 4, p. 302, 1908 — Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 38, 1909— Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 891, 1910— Buenos Aires de Terraba, Costa Rica; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924— Balboa, Panama. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica (Te"- rraba Valley) and western Panama, east to the Rio Chepo. 1: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 1). *Sporophila minuta minuta (Linnaeus). MINUTE SEED-EATER. Loxia minuta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 176, 1758 — Surinam (descr. of adult male). Loxia fusciventer Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 20, Dec., 1783 — based upon "Bouvreuil a ventre roux, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 319, fig. 2 (male). 1 Sporophila minuta centralis Bangs and Penard: Similar to S. m. minuta, but very slightly smaller, the upper parts of the males more brownish (less grayish brown), and the lower surface as well as the rump on average paler; female hardly distinguishable. This is not a very strongly marked race, but four adult males from Panama, when compared to a series of South American skins, are decidedly more brownish above. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spermophila fustiventris Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 333, 1847— Tobago. Sporophila minuta Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150, 1851 — Cayenne; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890— Santarem, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 34, 1894— Princestown, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307— Honda, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 166, 1900 — Bonda, Onaca, and Cienaga, northern Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 26, 1902 — Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, and Suapure, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 374, 1907— Me"rida, Venezuela (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 524, 1908— Alcobaca, Rio Tocantins; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 102, 317, 1908— Cayenne, Roche-Marie, lower Mahury, and Sinnamary, French Guiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 208, 1913 — Pedernales, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 — Marajo and Monte Alegre, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 429, 1914 — Quati-puru, Rio Tocantins (Alcobaca), Marajo (Sao Natal, Tuyuyu, Pacoval), Mexiana, and Maraca, Brazil; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 134, 1922— Trinidad (eggs descr.). Spermophila minuta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 495, 1850 — Cayenne and Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855 — Bogota and Santa Marta, Colombia; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857— Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862— Tobago and Bogota; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 322, 1866— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— El Pilar [Bermudez], Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 582— Trinidad; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 3— part, Cayenne, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and Bogota; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Ocana and Lake Paturia, Colombia; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380— Nazare, Para, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 506— Retire and Medellin, Colom- bia (nest and eggs descr.); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 220, 1882— Bogota and Trinidad; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 294, 1884 — Bucara- manga, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 351, 1885 — part, South America; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 — Roraima, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, pp. 109, 820, 1888— part, spec, f-t, Colombia (Medellin, Bogota), British Guiana (George- town, Roraima), Cayenne, Tobago, and Brazil (Para); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 23, 1899— La Conception, Rio Mira, Ecuador (spec, examined); Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900— Tobago; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 498, 1907— French Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907— Maraca, Marajo, and Mexiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907 — Mexiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 390, 1910 — Surinam (habits). Sporophila minuta minuta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 567, 1901 — part, northern South America, including Trinidad and Tobago; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 18, 1906 — Caparo and Seelet, Trinidad (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 360, 1908 — Carenage, Trinidad; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 101, 1909— Guanaco, Orinoco Delta; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 217 pp. 88, 119, 1912— Nazare" (Para) and Mexiana; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 164, 1912— San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 189, 1916 — Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 557, 1917— Caldas, Call, Rio Frio, La Manuelita, Miraflores, Barro Blanco, San Agustin, Chicoral, Honda, Puerto Barrio, Malena, Calamar, and Quetame, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo and Lelydorp, Surinam; Todd and Car- ricker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 515, 1922 — Bonda, Don Diego, Gaira, Rio Hacha, Mamatoco, Fundaci6n, and Tucurinca, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 609, 1926 — western Ecuador; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 419, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Spermophila (Gyrinorhynchus) minuta M6n6gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1904 — lower Mahury and Sinnamary, French Guiana. Microphila minuta Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 438, 1921— Roraima, upper Takutu Mts., Supenaam, Abary River, Georgetown, and Hoorie River. Range.— Northeastern Brazil, from the Guianan border south to Para, west to Santare"m and Monte Alegre; the Guianas; islands of Trinidad and Tobago; Venezuela (south to the Orinoco basin); Colombia; northwestern Ecuador.1 29: Colombia (Fundacion, Magdalena, 1; Tucurinca, Magda- lena, 1; 10 miles north of Cucuta, Santander del Norte, 2; Chicoral, Tolima, 1; Barro Blanco, Antioquia, 1; Bogota, 2); Venezuela (Caracas, 6; Maracay, Aragua, 2; Colon, Tachira, 4; Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 2; Encon trades, Zulia, 5); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2). Sporophila minuta hypoxantha Cabanis.2 TAWNY-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Sporophila hypoxantha Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150 (note), Oct., 1851 — "Montevideo," errore (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum); Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 250, 1856 — part, descr. of alleged 1 1 am unable to subdivide satisfactorily this widely spread form, although males from Surinam and French Guiana frequently show unusually dark, nearly hazel under parts. These dark individuals are, however, matched by others from Colombia, notably one from Antioquia. Two adult males from western Ecuador agree well with the average from Cayenne, and I cannot separate either these or the inhabitants of Colombia, though some of the latter, by slightly smaller size and more olivaceous upper parts, approach S. m. centralis. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Para, 1; Maraj6, 2. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 14; Roche-Marie, 5.— Surinam, 2.— British Guiana: Roraima, 2.— Trinidad: Caparo, 15; Icacos, 2; Seelet, 1.— Tobago, 2.— Venezuela: San Antonio, Bermudez, 4; Altagracia, Orinoco, 6; Valley of San Esteban, Carabobo, 4; Me>ida, 5. — Colombia: Aracataca, 2; Bogota, 17; Bucaramanga, 1. — Ecuador: La Concep- ci6n, Rio Mira, 2; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 2. 1 Sporophila minuta hypoxantha Cabanis merely differs from the nominate race by slightly larger size and by the tawny color of the under parts extending, in the male sex, up to the cheeks and auriculars. The rufous parts of the plumage 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "adult female" (= adult male!), from "Montevideo," errore; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 7, 1887— Lambare, Paraguay (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 374, 1907 — Itarare, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909 — Mocovf, Santa Fe; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 383, 1910— Mocovf, Chaco; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 634— Sapu- cay, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 355, 1914 — Misiones and Chaco Austral, Argentina; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 27, 1927— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (male, February, 1925); Naum- burg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 346, 1930 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco, Rio Negro) and Matto Grosso (Urucum, Bocaina de Descalva- dos); Anonymous, El Hornero, 5, p. 427, 1934 — Villagay, Entre Rios. Pyrrhula minuta (not Loxia minuta Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 87, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia (in part; spec, in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila minuta Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 8, 1847 — Paraguay (ex "Pico grueso pardo y canela" Azara, No. 122). Spermophila hypoxantha Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 225, 1870 — Curytiba, Parana, and Poruti, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 3 — Paraguay, Bolivia (Chiquitos), Parana (Curytiba), and "Monte- video" (monog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 277 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. Ill, 1888— Curytiba, Parana;1 Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900— Urucum and Caranda- sinho, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 175, 1909— Mocovi and Ocampo, Santa Fe. Spermophila sp. Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Sporophila minuta hypoxantha Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 244, 1930— Formosa (San Jose, Tapikiole) and Bolivia (San Fermin and Ipias, Santa Cruz) (crit.). Range. — Southern Brazil, in states of Sao Paulo (Itarare"), Parana (Curytiba), and Matto Grosso (Poruti, Urucum, Descalvados, Corumba, Carandasinho) ; eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos; San Fermin and Ipias, Santa Cruz); Paraguay; Uruguay (Paysandu); northern Argentina (chiefly in the Chaco provinces, but also recorded from Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and Zelaya, Buenos Aires). are, as a rule, somewhat lighter in tone, though this is not an absolutely constant character. Wing, 53-57, (female) 51-53; tail, 40-44. The original locality, "Montevideo," is no doubt inaccurate, and should be corrected to southern Brazil. Birds from Argentina and Bolivia agree with a Brazilian series. Material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1; San Fermin, Santa Cruz, 2. — Paraguay: Lambare, 2. — Argentina: San Jose, Formosa, 5; Mocovi, Chaco, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1.— Brazil: Curytiba, Parana, 8; Poruti, Matto Grosso, 1; Corumba, Matto Grosso, 2; Urucum, Matto Grosso, 4; Carandasinho, Matto Grosso, 1. 1 The female from Bahia certainly belongs to some other species. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 219 *Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis.1 RUFOUS-THROATED SEED-EATER. Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 150, Oct., 1851 — "Montevideo," Uruguay (descr. of young male; type in Berlin Museum examined); Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 523, 1904— "Montevideo," Bolivia (Chiquitos), Brazil (Rio Araguaya, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Engenho do Gama), and Tucuman (crit., plumages, range); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907 (range); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 634— Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 385, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 346, 1930— Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 245, 1930— San Fermfn, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.). Pyrrhula minuta (not Loxia minuta Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 87, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia (part, spec, "quoddam pileo cinereo, gutture regioneque parotica nigrobrunneis," etc., in Paris Museum examined). Sporophila hypoxantha (not of Cabanis) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 249, 1856 — part, descr. of "young" and "subadult." Spermophila ruficollis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 225, 1870 — Goyaz (Rio Ara- guaya) and Matto Grosso (Villa Bella and Engenho do Gama), Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 21 — "Montevideo" and Matto Grosso; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 140, 1888— Brazil; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 174, 1909— Tucuman, Santa Fe (Mocovf, Ocampo), and Santiago del Estero (Selvo). Spermophila plumbeiceps Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 5, June, 1895 — San Pablo, Tucuman (descr. of nearly adult male; type in Turin Museum examined); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman (descr. of female); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904— Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— 1 Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis is closely related to S. m. hypoxantha, but differs in the male sex by having the cheeks, auriculars, throat, and foreneck conspicuously darker than, and more or less contrasting with, the deep tawny of breast and abdomen, though the coloration of the former area varies in different individuals from auburn to chestnut brown and sooty black. In another connection (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, pp. 523-524, 1904), we have discussed at length the various plumages of this little-known species, pointing out that S. plumbeiceps had been based on a more advanced stage of the bird described by Cabanis as S. ruficollis. We have merely to add that material recently examined shows the perfectly adult male, which we had not seen at the time, to have the upper back neutral gray like the crown, much as in S. m. hypo- xantha. The only constant characters separating it are the dark coloration of the gular area and the somewhat more saturated tone (amber brown to hazel) of the posterior under parts, which, in S. m. hypoxantha, are of a uniform clear tawny from chin to tail coverts. The juvenile plumage is light Saccardo's umber above and cream buff (of varying shades) underneath, while cheeks, auriculars, and throat are cinnamon brown to chestnut, forming a well-defined area. The two plumages are connected by every imaginable intermediate stage in the series at hand. The original locality, "Montevideo," is open to serious doubt. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1; San Fermin, Chiquitos, 2.— Argentina: San Pablo, Tucuman, 1; San Felipe, Tucuman, 1; Tucuman, 3; Ceres, Santa Fe, 1.— Brazil: Villa Bella, Matto Grosso, 2; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 1.— Uruguay: "Montevideo," 1. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Salf; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 218, 1933 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires (male, Feb. 25). Sporophila plumbeiceps,1 El Hornero, 5, p. 427, 1934— Villagay, Entre Rfos. Sporophila plumbeiceps posneri Bertoni, Rev. Soc. Cient. Parag., 2, p. 256, Sept., 1930 — Monte Sociedad, Paraguayan Chaco (type in coll. of A. Breyer, Buenos Aires). Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos, Dept. Santa Cruz); central Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso (Villa Bella, Engenho do Gama) and Goyaz (Rio Araguaya) ; northern Argentina, from Tucuman and Santiago del Estero south to Santa F<§, Entre Rios (Villagay), and Buenos Aires (one record from Zelaya); Paraguay (Sapucay; Puerto Bertoni); Uruguay ("Montevideo"). 2: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 2). Sporophila palustris (Barrows).2 MARSH SEED-EATER. Spermophila palustris Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 92, April, 1883 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos (cotypes in British Museum and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., examined; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 371, 1930); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 112, pi. 2, 1888 — Concepcion; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 45, 1888— Concepci6n; (?) Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223— Villa Con- cepcion, Paraguay. Sporophila palustris Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 384, 1910 — Concepcion del Uruguay. Range. — Northeastern Argentina, in Province of Entre Rios (Concepcion del Uruguay). Sporophila lorenzi Hellmayr.3 LORENZ'S SEED-EATER. Sporophila lorenzi Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 522, 1904— Cayenne (?) (type in Vienna Museum). Range. — South America (exact habitat unknown). 1 Anonymous. 2 Sporophila palustris (Barrows) is still known only from the eight specimens secured by its discoverer in 1880 and 1881 on the edge of a marsh at Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios. Graham Kerr, it is true, recorded the species from Villa Concepcion, northern Paraguay, but as I am informed by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, the specimen is not in the British Museum and the identification is perhaps a little doubtful. The species, while allied to S. m. hypoxantha, is immediately recognizable by having the cheeks, auriculars, throat, and foreneck white in abrupt contrast to the tawny remainder of the under parts. I have examined four of Barrows' skins, two males at Cambridge (Mass.), and a couple in the British Museum. I do not know what became of the remaining four specimens obtained by that naturalist. 3 Sporophila lorenzi Hellmayr: Nearest to S. palustris, and agreeing in the white color of the cheeks, auriculars, throat, and foreneck; but wings much longer; lesser and median upper wing coverts bright rufous (between Sandford's brown and Burnt Sienna) instead of black edged with deep gull gray; larger wing coverts 1938 BIRDS OP THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 221 *Sporophila bouvreuil bouvreuil (P. L. S. Muller). PINKISH SEED-EATER. Loxia bouvreuil P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 154, 1776— based on "Bouvreuil de 1'Isle Bourbon," Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 204, fig. 1 (male); 'Tile de Bourbon," errore=Bahia, Brazil (as designated by Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 520, 1904). Loxia nigro aurantia Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 12, December, 1783 — based on the same. Loxia aurantia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 853, 1789 — part, "male" (ex Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 204, fig. I).1 Pyrrhula pyrrhomelas Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., Orn., livr. 93, p. 1027, 1823 — "Bresil, rapport^ par Delalande fils"=Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (descr. of male; type in Paris Museum). Loxia brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 47, pi. 59, figs. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1825 — "in confinibus Parae," Brazil (male cotype in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2 Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 680, 1906). Pyrrhula capistrata Vigors, Zool. Journ., 5, No. 18, p. 273, 1830— Brazil (descr. of male; type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, its present location unknown). Loxia frater culus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 451, Feb., 1831 — Brazil (part, adult; type in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila rubiginosa Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 294, 1837 — based on Loxia brevirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, pi. 59, fig. 1. Spermophila pyrrhomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 495, 1850— Brazil. Sporophila aurantia Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 15, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 250, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio, and Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes. Spermophila aurantia Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862— Rio, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870— part, Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 413 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Spermophila caboclinho Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 224, 331, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (descr. of young male and female; co types in Vienna Museum and remiges exteriorly edged with avellaneous or wood-brown; no white alar speculum, the inner remiges being tinged with dull tawny at the base of the outer webs instead; axillaries, under wing coverts, and narrow edge along inner web of remiges light ochraceous-buff. Wing (male), 60; tail, 44; bill, 9. The type of this seed-eater is still unique. It was purchased by Johann Natterer from a Parisian natural history dealer by the name of Lennier in 1840. Its habitat is altogether uncertain. "Cayenne" is not likely to be its true patria, since neither Cherrie nor Klages, both of whom made large collections in French Guiana, nor any other naturalist ever met with it in that colony. Renewed examination of the type raised suspicions as to the validity of the species, which may have been based upon an artifact. The wings do not seem to be those of a Sporophila, though we have not been able to determine the species originally owning them. 1 Figure 2 of the same plate, regarded by Boddaert and Gmelin as the female, is the African Alario alario (Linnaeus). 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 19 (ex Pelzeln); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1888 (ex Pelzeln). Spermophila nigro-aurantia Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 4 — Brazil (monog.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 335 — Recife, Pernambuco; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 113, 1888 — "Para," Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" (errore); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 161, 1899— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907— Mexiana. Sporophila bouvreuil Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 519, 1904 (crit., nomencl., synon.); idem, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 680, 1906— Para (crit.); idem, I.e., 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912— Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 — Marajo and Mexiana; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 429, 1914 — Marajo (Rio Arary, Fazenda Teso San Jose) and Mexiana; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926— Sao Bento, Maranhao; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 297, 1929— Sao Bento, Maranhao; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 279, 1935— Ilha da Bimbarra and Corupeba, Bahia; idem, I.e., 20, p. 143, 1936 — Fazenda Thome Pinto, Goyaz. Spermophila bouvreuil Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Mexiana. Sporophila nigroaurantia Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 375, 1907 — Ypiranga, Sao Paulo. Range. — Campo region of eastern Brazil, from the delta of the Amazon (islands of Mexiana and Marajo) through Para, Maranhao, Pernambuco, and Bahia south to Goyaz (Rio Araguaya; Fazenda Thome" Pinto), Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas), Rio de Janeiro, and eastern Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Mattodentro).1 2: Brazil (Sao Bento, Maranhao, 2). Sporophila bouvreuil pileata (Sclater).2 NATTERER'S SEED-EATER. 1 Adult males from the southern extremity of the range (Mattodentro, eastern Sao Paulo), by paler, more pinkish-cinnamon coloration, verge towards S. b. pileata. The locality "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul," is unquestionably erroneous. Additional material examined. — Island of Marajo, 2; "Para," 1; Bahia, 10; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 1 (adult male); Rio de Janeiro, 4; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 4. 2 Sporophila bouvreuil pileata (Sclater) differs from the nominate race merely by the paler cinnamon, instead of bright orange cinnamon, upper and light pinkish cinnamon to pinkish buff, instead of vinaceous-cinnamon to orange cinnamon, under parts and sides of the head in the male sex. In worn plumage, the lower surface becomes dingy white, and corresponding changes take place in the coloration of the dorsal side. This is obviously the inland representative of S. b. bouvreuil in the State of Sao Paulo. While specimens from the eastern section (Mattodentro) are not properly separable from the nominate race, though some average rather paler, males from the more arid parts in the north and south of the state (Irisanga, Bata- taes, Borda do Matto, Itarar6) are distinguished without difficulty by the above characters. Yet, one of two taken by Natterer near Sao Paulo City on January 16, 1819, is so decidedly intermediate in coloration that there can be no longer any question as to their conspecific relationship. Specimens from Misiones (Bonpland) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 223 Spermophila pileata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 607 — "San Paulo" = Borda do Matto, northern Sao Paulo (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum examined); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870— Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Itarare, Borda do Matto, Irisanga); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 3 (male) — Sao Paulo and "Montevideo," errore (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 115, 1888— "Sao Paulo" [=Bprda do Matto] and Irisanga, Sao Paulo; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 161, 1899— State of Sao Paulo; Blaauw, Ibis, 1919, p. 83 (molt). Loxia fraterculus Lesson, Traite d'Orn., livr. 6, p. 451, Feb., 1831— Brazil (part, var. "de couleur tannee blanchatre et a corps presque blanc"). Sporophila alaudina (not Pyrrhula alaudina Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 251, 1856— "Montevideo," errore (descr. of male). Sporophila pileata, Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 375, 1907 — Batataes, northern Sao Paulo; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Encarnacion, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 533, 1915 — Bonpland, Misiones; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 258, 1919 — Encarnacion and Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920— "Uruguay." Sporophila pileata paraguayensis Chubb, Ibis, (9), 4, p. 634, 1910 — Sapucay, Paraguay (type in British Museum examined). Range.- — Interior and southern parts of the State of Sao Paulo, southern Brazil, west to northeastern Argentina (Bonpland, Misi- ones) and eastern Paraguay (Encarnacion, Puerto Bertoni, Sapucay). Sporophila saturata Hellmayr.1 SAO PAULO SEED-EATER. Sporophila saturata Hellmayr, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 54, p. 520, 1904 — state of Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 375, 1907— Mugy das Cruzes, Sao Paulo. and Paraguay (Sapucay) are nowise distinguishable from Natterer's original series. The locality "Montevideo" attached to one of Sellow's birds in the Berlin Museum is due to a confusion of labeling. It probably came from Sao Paulo, instead. Azara's "Pico grueso variable" (No. 126), upon which Coccothraustes mutans Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 13, p. 525, 1817) is based, seems to refer in part to S. b. pileata, but contains also some other elements, the descrip- tion being an undeterminable composite. Material examined.— Brazil, Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo, 2; Borda do Matto, 2; Itarare, 5; Irisanga, 1. — Argentina: Bonpland, Misiones, 1. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 3. 1 Sporophila saturata Hellmayr: Nearest to S. b. bouvreuil, but adult male with upper and under parts very much darker, deep Sandford's brown to chestnut; female unknown. Wing (adult male), 54-55; tail, 40-42. This little-known species may prove to be a local race of S. bouvreuil. The two recorded specimens were obtained in the State of Sao Paulo, the type by Dusshanek at an unspecified locality, the second by J. Natterer at Goayo (not far (from Mugy das Cruzes) on January 8, 1819. The type, an adult male in fresh | plumage, is very nearly as dark chestnut as S. cinnamomea, while Natterer's • bird, in rather worn condition, is paler and more cinnamomeous — about deep Sandford's brown. From S. cinnamomea, both examples may be at once distin- guished by their black (instead of neutral gray) pileum and longer upper tail 'coverts, as well as by the absence of white at the base of the rectrices. Material examined. — Brazil, Sao Paulo: Goayo, 1; unspecified, 1. 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spermophila aurantia (not Loxia aurantia Gmelin) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870 — part, Goayo, near Mugy das Cruzes, Sao Paulo. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Sao Paulo (Goayo, near Mugy das Cruzes). Sporophila cinnamomea (Lafresnaye).1 CHESTNUT-COLORED SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula cinnamomea Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 99, 1839 — "prope Rio Grande" probably Goyaz, Brazil (descr. of male; type in coll. of Charles Brelay, Bordeaux, its present location unknown). Spermophila cinnamomea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 495, 1850 — Rio Grande (ex Lafresnaye); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870 — Porto do Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 20 (ex Lafresnaye and Pelzeln) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 138, 1888— Brazil (ex Lafresnaye). Sporophila cinnamomea Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 521, 1904 — Rio Grande and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 377, 1907— Goyaz. Range. — Interior of Brazil, in State of Goyaz (Rio Grande and Porto do Rio Araguaya).2 Sporophila nigro-rufa (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).3 BLACK- BACKED SEED-EATER. Pyrrhula nigro-rufa Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 87, 1837— Chiquitos, Bolivia (descr. of male; cotypes in Paris Museum examined). Spermophila nigro-rufa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 495, 1850 — Bolivia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870— Poruti and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso, Matto Grosso (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 6, pis. 1, 2 1 Sporophila cinnamomea (Lafresnaye), as we have pointed out elsewhere, is a very distinct species immediately recognizable by its deep chestnut body plumage, neutral gray cap and longer upper tail coverts, and white base to the rectrices. The female is still unknown. Aside from the type whose present whereabouts are in doubt, the only speci- mens on record are three males obtained by Natterer near Porto do Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, and preserved in the Vienna Museum. The original locality, "Rio Grande," clearly does not refer to the city of that name in Rio Grande do Sul (cf. Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899), but was more likely to be intended for the Rio Grande, a river in Goyaz state. 2 Whether Azara's "Pico grueso variable" (No. 126) from Paraguay also com- prised this species, as Bertoni (Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914) seems to think, remains somewhat questionable. 3 Sporophila nigro-rufa (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), though allied to the S. bouvreuil group, is readily distinguished by having the upper tail coverts as well as the hindneck and upper back black like the crown. The rump, sides of head, and under parts, furthermore, are of a different shade, being bright ochra- ceous-tawny. The color of the bill, in adult males, varies from reddish brown to black. Matto Grosso specimens agree with the types from Chiquitos. Material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 2. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 6; Poruti, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 225 (male, female) — Chiquitos, Bolivia, and Matto Grosso, Brazil (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1879, p. 604— Chiquitos; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 114, 1888— Matto Grosso. Sporophila hypoxantha (not of Cabanis) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 249, 1856 — part, "very old male." Sporophila nigrorufa Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 375, 1907 (range); (?) Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — "northern Chaco"; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 346, 1930— Matto Grosso. Range. — Central Brazil, in extreme western Matto Grosso (Villa Bella and Poruti), and eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos). Sporophila hypochroma Todd.1 BOLIVIAN SEED-EATER. Sporophila hypochroma Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 79, April 13, 1915 — Buena Vista, Bolivia (descr. of male; type in Carnegie Museum). Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Buena Vista, Prov. del Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz). *Sporophila castaneiventris Cabanis. CHESTNUT-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Sporophila castaneiventris Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 679, 1849— Cumaka, coast of British Guiana; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— Falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890— Santarem, Brazil; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 349— La Merced, Chan- chamayo, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 432, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 374, 1907— Rio Jurua (range); 1 Sporophila hypochroma Todd: Adult male. — Pileum, upper and middle back, and upper tail coverts neutral gray (paler and less bluish than in S. castaneiventris) with indistinct dusky centers to the feathers of crown and back; wing coverts and remiges blackish, the coverts and the inner secondaries broadly edged with very pale, nearly whitish gray (much paler than in S. castaneiventris}', fourth to eighth primaries at base of outer webs white, forming a distinct alar speculum; a similar white spot, but wholly concealed by the overlying greater wing coverts, on the median secondaries; rectrices black, externally edged with gray; loral and temporal regions gray like the crown; upper eyelid gray, lower one whitish; lower back and rump as well as cheeks, auriculars, and whole under surface uniform chestnut; axillaries and under wing coverts white, the latter gray towards the edge of the wing; basal half of remiges (excepting outermost primary) white; bill black. Wing, 54; tail, 41; bill, 8. Female unknown. Sporophila hypochroma, a very distinct species, resembles S. cinnamomea in the wholly chestnut under parts, but differs by neutral gray (instead of chestnut, like lower back and rump) hindneck and anterior back, as well as by lacking the white at the base of the rectrices. From S. castaneiventris it may be distin- guished by chestnut lower back, rump, cheeks, and auriculars; absence of gray on sides and flanks; paler gray of upper parts, and thicker, stouter bill; from S. minuta hypoxantha by chestnut, instead of tawny, coloration of under parts and rump, etc. From the single adult male, which, thanks to the describer's courtesy, I have been able to examine, it is, of course, impossible to ascertain to which of the species just mentioned S. hypochroma is most nearly related, especially without knowing the female, but there can be no doubt as to its being perfectly distinct. Material examined. — Bolivia: Buena Vista, 1. 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, pp. 7, 30, 45, 353, 1907 — Rio Tapajoz (Urucuri- tuba), Obidos, Teffe (Rio Solimoes), and Humaythd (Rio Madeira), Brazil; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, pp. 120, 320, 1908— Cayenne and Saint Jean du Maroni, French Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 11, 500, 1908— Rio Purus (Bom Lugar) and Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 281, 1910 — Marmellos, Rio Madeira, Brazil; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 428, 1914 — Rio Tapajoz (Pinhel, Itaituba, Goyana), Rio Purus (Bom Lugar), Arumanduba, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 557, 1917— La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Spermophila castaneiventris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 495, 1850 — Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 104, 1862 — Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 — Nauta, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 977 — Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 225, 1870— Borba (Rio Madeira), Rio Amazon, and Marabitanas (Rio Negro), Brazil; Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 7 (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 185— Cosnipata; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 264— Nauta and Pebas, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876— Santarem, Brazil; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 17 — Yurimaguas, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 12, 1886 — Peru (Nauta, Pebas, Yurimaguas, Iquitos); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 108, 1888 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove) and Peru (Pebas, Iquitos, Nauta, lower Ucayali, Cosnipata) ; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 24, 1899— Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 498, 1907— French Guiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 388, 1910— Surinam (habits, nest, and eggs). Microphila castaneiventris Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 436, 1921— Great Falls of Demerara, Bartica, and Georgetown. Sporophila castaneiventris rostrata Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 91, July, 12, 1922— Santarem, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum). Sporophila castaneiventris castaneiventris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 609, 1926— eastern Ecuador; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 345, 1930— Calama, Rio Madeira. Range. — Tropical lowlands of French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and the whole Amazonian region from Santarem and Arumanduba on the lower Amazon west to the eastern foot of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.1 1 It will be very difficult to subdivide this species, as has been attempted by Mr. Todd. The tone of the chestnut color underneath varies considerably within the same locality. The palest specimen is from Rio Espirito Santo, Bolivia, the darkest from Cosnipata, Peru. Another male from the latter locality, however, does not differ from the Guianan average. On the other hand, there is an un- deniable tendency to develop larger bills among the birds found on the south side of the lower Amazon from the Tapaj6z to the Rio Madeira, a male from Borba being particularly noticeable in that respect. However, other individuals are hardly different on this score, and the smallest bills are those of two males from Bolivia (Rio Espirito Santo) and Cosnipata, which, if the dividing line be formed 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 227 12: British Guiana (Georgetown, 1; unspecified, 1); Brazil (Itacoatiara, Amazonas, 4); Peru (Yurimaguas, 5; Moyobamba, 1). Sporophila melanogaster (Pelzeln).1 BLACK-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Spermophila melanogasler Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 225, 332, 1870 — Itarar6 and Borda do Matto (near Mogy-mirim), Sao Paulo, Brazil (descr. of male; cotypes in Vienna Museum examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 21 — Sao Paulo (ex Pelzeln); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 140, 1888 (ex Pelzeln). Sporophila melanogastra Hellmayr, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 525, 1904 (descr., crit.). Sporophila melanogaster Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 378, 1907— ItararS and Mogy-mirim, Sao Paulo (ex Pelzeln). Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Sao Paulo (Itarare" and Borda do Matto, near Mogy-mirim). Genus CATAMENIA Bonaparte2 Catamenia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 493, end of 1850 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 78, 1855), Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. Idiospiza Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 127, July, 1917— type, by orig. desig., Linaria inornata Lafresnaye. by the Amazon Valley, should undoubtedly go with S. c. rostrata! It appears to me that the study of adequate series from throughout the range is required to prove the existence of two or more races. Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 5. — Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 1. — French Guiana: Saint Jean du Maroni, 2; unspecified, 5. — Brazil: Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1; Sao Paulo de Olivenca, 2; Teff6, Rio Solimoes, 1; Rio Amazonas, 1; Obidos, 1; Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz, 3; Santar6m, 2; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Calama, 1; Humayta, 2; Marmellos, 1; Rio Jurua, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1. — Ecuador: Zamora, 2. — Peru: Iquitos, 3; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Cosnipata, Cuzco, 3. — Bolivia: Rio Espirito Santo, 1. 1 Sporophila melanogasler (Pelzeln) : Male similar to S. caslaneiventris in pro- portions and general style of coloration, but upper parts and sides of head, neck, and breast as well as flanks much paler, light ashy gray instead of plumbeous, and the median under parts from throat to tail coverts dull black instead of rufous, not to mention several minor differences. Wing (male), 55-56; tail, 40-42; bill, 9 mm. This very distinct form, which may prove to be a geographical representative of S. castaneiventris, still rests on Natterer's two specimens, an adult male (in worn breeding garb) shot at Itarar6, on Feb. 24, 1821, and an immature male (in fresh plumage) obtained at Borda do Matto, on November 20, 1822. The female is unknown. * Further subdivision of this genus appears to me unwarranted. I not only concur with Mr. Zimmer's view (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, pp. 459-460, 1930) regarding the close affinities existing between C. analis and C. inornata, but also believe that C. homochroa, which differs again by slenderer, less convex bill, should not be separated either. The structural features characterizing the three groups are to my mind good specific characters, and their natural relation- ship is much better expressed by uniting them in one genus than by admitting three monotypic genera of questionable value. 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Duncanula Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7, p. 193, Feb., 1921— type, by orig. desig., Catamenia homochroa Sclater. *Catamenia analis analis (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). D'ORBIGNY'S SEED-EATER. Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 83, 1837 — Sicasica (La Paz) and Cochabamba, Bolivia (descr. of male and female; cotypes in Paris Museum examined);1 d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame"r. Merid., Ois., p. 364, pi. 48, fig. 1, 1844 — La Paz, Inquisivi, Cocha- bamba, Totora, and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Catamenia analis subinsignis Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 340, Oct. 10, 1935— Sandillani, La Paz, Bolivia (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Catamenia analis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 493, 1850— part, male, Bolivia; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860— Sierra of Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 488, 1861 — Sierra of Mendoza; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862 — Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 606 — Sorata (Yungas) and d'Orbigny's localities, Bolivia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 599— Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 57, 1888 — near Mendoza and Cata- marca; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Sibaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Stempel- mann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1893, p. 485— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (spec, examined); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 8, 1897— Salta; Wet- more, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 401, 1926— Mendoza (Potrerillos and Rio Tunuyan); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 232, 1927 — Conception, Tucuman; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 35, 1927 — Mendoza. Spermophila analis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 106, 1888 — Bolivia, Mendoza, and Cordoba (Cosquin); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902— Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904— La Criolla, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 237, 1904— Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tucuman; Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja. Spermophila analis analis Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 176, 1909— Mendoza and Tucuman. Spermophila analis Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 383, 1910 (range in Argentina); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Mendoza; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy. Catamenia analis analis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 52, 1932— Sibaya, Tarapaca, Chile. Spermophila analoides (not Linaria analoides Lafresnaye) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 107, 1888— part, spec, k-m, Sorata, Bolivia. 1 Two other cotypes are in the Lafresnaye Collection, now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 373, 1930). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 229 Range. — Temperate zone of the Andes of Bolivia (depts. of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Sucre), extreme northern Chile (Cor- dillera of Tarapaca), and western Argentina, from Jujuy to Mendoza and the Sierra de Cordoba; in migration east to Santa Elena, west- ern Buenos Aires.1 6: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 3); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 3). Catamenia analis griseiventris Chapman.2 GRAY-BELLIED SEED-EATER. Catamenia analoides griseiventris Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 267, Dec., 31, 1919 — Cuzco, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 109, 1921— Cuzco, Pisac, Chospiyoc, Huaracondo Canyon, and above Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru. 1 In opposition to what obtains in other races, the development of the white alar speculum is subject to considerable individual variation in this form. This is well illustrated by a series of twelve males collected by G. Garlepp within a few weeks at La Paz, Bolivia. One has a conspicuous white speculum involving the basal portion of both webs of the second to ninth primaries — precisely as in the male type of L. analis, not marked as to locality, but presumably from Sicasica, La Paz, which may thus be regarded as terra typica. Two other specimens have no trace of white on the outer web of the primaries, and the remaining ones are variously intermediate between the two varieties, which are represented both by adults and immature birds. The under parts likewise vary a good deal, being either uniform gray from throat to abdomen, or having a more or less extensive whitish area in the middle of the lower belly. There is no correlation with the absence or presence of the white alar speculum, and the two "extremes" are again connected by intermediates. C. a. subinsignis is without a shadow of doubt based on individual mutants. The variability of La Paz birds may possibly indicate an approach to C. a. griseiventris, since all of the specimens examined from Cocha- bamba and Argentina are possessed with a more or less distinct speculum. Two examples from Santa Elena, Buenos Aires, are perfectly typical of the present form. The male, secured on November 4, 1892, agrees with others from Tapacari, Bolivia, having a large white speculum occupying the basal portion of both webs of the second to eighth primaries, and differs only by more extensive, also purer white abdominal area; the female, taken on March 5, 1893, is absolutely identical with one from Tapacari. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Sorata, 3; La Paz, 12; Chulumani, La Paz, 3; Tapacari, Cochabamba, 5; Cochabamba, 1; Sucre, 2. — Argentina: Tafi, Tucuman, 3; near Mendoza, 2; Cosquin, C6rdoba, 1; Santa Elena, Buenos Aires, 2. * Catamenia analis griseiventris Chapman: Similar to C. a. analis, but with more white in the tail, all of the rectrices except the middle pair being crossed on the inner web from shaft to margin by a broad band measunng about 15 mm. on the outermost feather. In C. a. analis, the four or five lateral rectrices are merely marked with an oval or elongated white spot not reaching the inner margin of the web. Wing (males), 66-69; tail, 57-61. The difference in the tail-markings is the only character by which I can separate the Cuzco race from typical analis. The six specimens examined re- semble the average of the La Paz variety in having the outer webs of the outer primaries margined with white, more broadly so at the base, without meeting, however, the white inner quill-lining. None of them has any white on the abdo- men, like many of the La Paz birds. Material examined. — Peru, Cuzco: Paucartambo, 4; Tinta, 3. 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catamenia analis (not Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 152, 599 — Tinta, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780 — Paucartambo, Cuzco, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1874, p. 677— Paucartambo; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 19, 1886— Carumas, Peru. Spermophila analoides (not Linaria analoides Lafresnaye) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 107, 1888— part, spec, h, i, Tinta. Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Cuzco. *Catamenia analis analo'ides (Lafresnaye).1 LAFRESNAYE'S SEED-EATER. Linaria analoides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 75, 1847 — Lima, Peru (type in coll. of T. B. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899). Catamenia analis (not Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 521 — Lima. Catamenia analoides Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 493, 1850— Lima, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 20, 1886— Lima (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 376— Lima; idem, Ornis, 13, p. 68, 1906— Coracora, Ayacucho, Peru. Catamenia analoides analoides Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 9, 1924 — Lima, Pisco, Huaral, Huacho, and Vitarte, Lima, and Huancabamba, Piura. Catamenia analis analoides Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist,, Zool. Ser., 17, p. 460, 1930— Matucana, Peru (crit.). Catamenia lafresnayei Sharpe, Hand List Bds., 5, p. 214, 1909 — new name for Linaria analoides Lafresnaye. Range. — Pacific slope of the coast Cordillera of Peru, from Piura (Huancabamba) to Ayacucho (Coracora). 4: Peru (Mirador, near Macate, Ancachs, 1; Matucana, Lima, 3). *Catamenia analis insignis Zimmer.2 MARAN6N SEED-EATER. Catamenia analis insignis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 460, Dec. 10, 1930 — Cajamarca, Peru (type in Field Museum). Catamenia analoides (not Linaria analoides Lafresnaye) Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 6, 1895 — Cajamarca and Cajabamba, PeYu (spec, examined). 1 Catamenia analis analo'ides (Lafresnaye) is clearly but a race of the analis group, as has been explained by Mr. Zimmer, to whose remarks I may add that a goodly number of the La Paz specimens discussed beyond have the white on the inner web of the remiges extended toward the tip very nearly as in the coastal form. A single, not quite mature male from Coracora, Ayacucho, agrees with others from Lima in coloration, but is slightly larger (wing, 67 1A; tail, 55 H). Additional material examined. — Peru: Huancabamba, 5; Caraz, Ancachs, 1; Lima, 12; Chosica, 2; Matucana, 3; Coracora, Ayacucho, 1. 2 Catamenia analis insignis Zimmer: Nearest to C. a. griseiventris, but edges along the outer web of the outer primaries gray instead of white, and white tail 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 231 Range. — Temperate zone of the upper Maranon Valley, northern Peru (Cajamarca; Banos, near Cajamarca; Cajabamba; Succha; Cullcui). 5: Peru (Cajamarca, 3; Cullcui, 1; Chachapoyas, Amazonas, 1). Catamenia analis soderstromi Chapman.1 SODERSTROM'S SEED-EATER. Catamenia analoides soderstromi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143,- p. 9, Nov. 6, 1924 — El Paso, Prov. Azuay, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 613, 1926— Riobamba, Cumbaya, Hacienda Garzon, El Paso, Quito, Tumbaco, and Yaguarcocha, Ecuador. ! Catamenia analoides (not Linaria analoides Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, pp. 155, 552, 1858— Cuenca, Riobamba, and Guano, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 105, 1862— Cuenca; Pelzeln, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 26, p. 772, 1877 — Quito; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 293 — Cechce, Bugnac, and on road from Alausi to Bugnac; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — between Chimborazo and Riobamba; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Ibarra and Cayambe; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Chillo Valley and Tumbaco; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— Quito and Chillo Valley; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922 — Quito, Tumbaco, and Cumbaya; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928— Tumbaco. Spermophila analoides Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 107, 1888— part, spec, c-g, Cuenca and Sical, Ecuador. Catamenia lafresnayei (not of Sharpe) Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B77, 1911 — Guapulo and Tumbaco. Range.— Temperate zone of western Ecuador. *Catamenia analis schistaceifrons Chapman.2 CHAPMAN'S SEED-EATER. band not so extensive, measuring about 12 mm. on the outermost rectrix. Differ- ing from C. a. analoides by gray (instead of whitish) abdomen and absence of the white alar speculum. Wing (males), 67-70; tail, 57-60. One adult male from Cajabamba has the anal region whitish and the black frontal band even wider than in analoHdes, while the others have about as little blackish suffusion on the forehead as griseiventris. • Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba, 5; Banos, near Cajamarca, 1; Cajamarca, 3; Succha, 1. 1 Catamenia analis soderstromi Chapman: Similar to C. a. insignis, but smaller; under tail coverts darker chestnut; and the outer primaries edged with pure white at the base of the outer webs, suggesting an alar speculum. Wing (males), 60-64; tail, 50-55. Material examined.— Ecuador: Quito, 6; Chillo Valley, 4; Tumbaco, 2; Ibarra, 1; Riobamba, 4; Guallabamba, near Riobamba, 2. 2 Catamenia analis schistaceifrons Chapman is a little-known form whose characters, owing to lack of adequate material, cannot be determined at present. The only three available specimens from "Bogota," all males according to their 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 34, p. 649, Dec. 30, 1915 — La Mar, Cundinamarca, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History); idem, I.e., 36, p. 560, 1917 — La Mar and Suba, Colombia. Catamenia analis (not Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855— Bogota. Spermophila analoides (not Linaria analoides Lafresnaye) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 107, 1888 — part, spec, a, b, Bogota. Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Bogota region). 1: Colombia (Bogota,!). Catamenia analis alpica Bangs.1 SANTA MARTA SEED-EATER. Catamenia alpica Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 89, March 11, 1902 — Paramo de Chiruqua, Sierra de Santa Marta, Colombia (descr. of female; type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 373, 1930); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 510, pi. 7 (male, female), 1922 — Taquina, Macotama, and Paramo de Chiruqua (descr. of male; crit.). Catamenia sp. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 102, 1899— Paramo de Chiruqua. Range. — Temperate and Paramo zones of the Sierra de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. *Catamenia inornata inornata (Lafresnaye). PLAIN-COLORED SEED-EATER. Linaria inornata Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 75, 1847 — Bolivia (type in coll. of T. B. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899). Sporophila rufirostris (Landbeck MS.) Leybold, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 404, 1865 — near La Guardia, east of Portillo Pass, Prov. Mendoza (cotypes in gray unstreaked plumage, closely resemble certain individuals of C. a. soder- stromi with grayish white lower abdomen, but lack all trace of the white margins at the base of the outer web of the outer primaries. In the latter respect they agree with C. a. insignis, but are smaller and have darker chestnut under tail coverts. One has a well-defined black frontal band like the male from Cajabamba mentioned beyond, while the two others show no trace of that color. Wing, 61-64; tail, 48-52. 1 Catamenia analis alpica Bangs: Evidently very close to C. a. schistaceifrons, but larger and with less white in the tail. Wing, (males) 69-70, (female) 66; tail, 55-57, (female) 52. I have not been able to make direct comparison with Bogota skins, but my notes on two examples, in the collections at Pittsburgh and Cambridge respec- tively, indicate that C. a. alpica must be very near to, if not identical with, C. a. schistaceifrons. The Santa Marta form being likewise known only from a few individuals, the final decision as to its status depends on the study of further material. Two males (one fully adult) from the Sierra Nevada recently examined in the British Museum are indeed larger (wing, 67, 69; tail, 54, 58) and have much 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 233 National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 21, 1930). Spermophila rufiroslris Sclater, Ibis, 1871, p. 21 (ex Leybold). Catamenia rufirostris Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cor- doba, 10, p. 398, 1890 — Sierra de Cordoba, Argentina. Spermophila inornata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 104, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, Bolivia and Mendoza. Catamenia inornata Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 57, 1888 — near Mendoza. Sporophila inornata Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 396, 1910 — Sierra de Cordoba and western Mendoza. Catamenia inornata inornata Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 37, 1920— Ollachea, Dept. Puno, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 109, 1921— Ttica-Ttica and above Matchu Picchu, Dept. Cuzco, Peru. Catamenia beecheyi Sharpe, Hand List Bds., 5, p. 214, 1909 — new name for Linaria inornata Lafresnaye.1 Range. — Puna zone of extreme southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and Puno), Bolivia, and western Argentina from Jujuy to Mendoza and the Sierra de Cordoba.2 8: Argentina (Maimara, Jujuy, 1; Las Pavas, Tucuman, 6; Lago Helada, Catamarca, 1). *Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch.3 LESSER PLAIN-COLORED SEED-EATER. less white in the tail than a single Bogota skin. The adult bird has a distinct, though narrow, black frontal band. Material examined. — Colombia: Macotama, 1; Paramo de Chiruqua, 1 (the type); Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (alt. 9,200 and 10,000 ft. resp.), 2. 1 There is no reason whatever for this change, Linaria inornata Lafresnaye being by no means preoccupied by Pyrrhula inornata Vigors (Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 20, 1829), an indeterminable species (of Carpodacus?), of which the type has disappeared. 2 Birds from western Argentina are absolutely identical with a Bolivian series. Those from southeastern Peru average perhaps very slightly smaller, but are nevertheless strictly referable to the larger southern form. No material is available from the Sierra of Cordoba. Males from Bolivia (La Paz, Iquico) measure: wing, 73-77 K; tail, 63-69 mm. Males from Ollachea, Puno, Peru, measure: wing, 73-75; tail, 60-65 mm. Additional material examined. — Argentina: near Mendoza, 1. — Bolivia: La Paz, 2; Iquico, Illimani, 3; unspecified, 1.— Peru: Ollachea, Dept. Puno, 7. 3 Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch : Similar to C. i. inornata, but smaller in all dimensions. While Ecuadorian specimens, when compared to a series of the nominate race, are easily separable by their lesser size (wing of males, 64-68; tail, 57-62), there is a gradual increase in dimensions among Peruvian specimens. Males from Huanuco and Maraynioc sometimes attain 70 mm. in the length of the wing, and Chapman, for birds from Oroya, Junin, indicates even 71 Yi mm. as maximum figure. In the Maranon Valley variation in size is considerable. While 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Fringilla analis (not Linaria analis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 291, 1843— Colombia= Bogota (descr. of female; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 372, 1930). Catamenia inornata minor Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 115 — based on Catamenia homochroa (not of Sclater) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 293; Cechce, Ecuador (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 169, 1927); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, I.e., 1896, p. 349— Maraynioc, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 559, 1917— Santa Isabel, Valle de las Pappas, La Pradera, and Paramo de Choachi, Colombia (crit.). Catamenis inornata var. aequatorialis Dubois, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 401, 1894 — Ecuador (type in Brussels Museum). Catamenia rufirostris (not Sporophila rufirostris Leybold) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 521— Maraynioc, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 21, 1886— Peru (Maraynioc, Cutervo, Tambillo). Catamenia inornata (not Linaria inornata Lafresnaye) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 229— Tambillo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Cutervo and Tambillo, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1881, p. 486 — west side of Cordillera above Lima, alt. of 10,000 to 12,000 ft., Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — San Rafael, Ecuador; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895 — Huamachuco, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Canar, Ecuador. Spermophila inornata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 104, 1888— part, spec, d, e, Peru (above Lima and Acancocha). Catamenia homochroa (not of Sclater) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 293 — Cechce, Ecuador (crit., measurements). Catamenia beecheyi minor Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B76, 1911— Quito, Ecuador. Idiospiza inornata minor Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 612, 1926 — Ecuador (Pichincha, Lloa, above Chambo, Guamani, Chimborazo, Bestion, El Paso, Guachanama, Taraguacocha) ; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928 — Cerro Mojanda, Ecuador. Range. — Paramo zone of the central and eastern Andes of Colombia and of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru south to Junin. 6: Colombia (Neyon, Bogota, 1); Peru (mountains near Hua- nuco, Huanuco, 5). an adult male from Cutervo (wing, 66; tail, 60) and one female each from Cutervo and Tambillo (wing, 61; tail, 54, 56) fall well within the measurements of Ecua- dorian birds, an adult male from Santiago (wing, 74; tail, 65) and a female from Huamachuco (wing, 70; tail, 62) are fully as large as typical inornata. Taken as a whole, the inhabitants of Peru — with the exception of the southeastern section — seem, however, better referred to minor. Color differences do not exist between the two races, so far as I can see. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Santa Isabel, central Andes, 2. — Ecuador: above Mindo, 1; Pichincha, 4; Sinche, Chimborazo, 1; Canar, 2; "Quito," 3. — Peru: Cutervo, 2; Tambillo, 1; Santiago, 1; Huamachuco, 1; Maraynioc, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 235 Catamenia oreophila Todd.1 MOUNTAIN SEED-EATER. Catamenia oreophila Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 169, Aug. 8, 1913— San Lorenzo, Santa Marta region, Colombia (type in the Carnegie Mu- seum, Pittsburgh). Idiospiza oreophila Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 508, 1922 — San Lorenzo and Cerro de Caracas, Colombia (crit., meas., habits). Range. — Temperate and Paramo zones of the Santa Marta mountains in northern Colombia. Catamenia homochroa2 homochroa Sclater. SCLATER'S SEED-EATER. Catamenia homochroa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 552, 1858— Matos, Ecuador (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 28, p. 88, 1860 — Calacali and Puellaro, near Quito, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862 — Matos, Calacali, and Puellaro; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 521 — Maraynioc, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — San Rafael, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 22, 1886 — Maraynioc, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 350 — Maray- nioc; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Papallacta, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— vicinity of Quito; Me"n6gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me"rid. Equat., 9, p. B76, 1911— Oyacachi and Lloa, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 560, 1917— Paramillo, west of Popayan, Valle de las IPappas, and Laguneta, Colombia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Tabaconas, Peru. Spermophila homochroa Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 105, 1888 — part, spec, a-h, Ecuador (Matos, Calacali, Puellaro, Sical, "Intag") and Colombia (Bogota). 1 Catamenia oreophila Todd: "Similar to the female of C. i. minor, but rump and upper tail coverts dull grayish olive, almost concolor with the back, the latter with the dusky streaks less distinct; bill much smaller and more compressed; tail relatively longer and less emarginate. Wing (female), 62-64; tail, 56-60; bill, 9-10." (Todd, I.e.) This species, which we have not seen, is of doubtful affinity. The only existing male, while generally resembling the female, is darker, nearly slaty on forehead and throat. This peculiar coloration speaks for its immaturity, and suggests that the male, when adult, probably assumes a slate gray plumage, corresponding to that of C. homochroa. Although the species is compared to C. inornata minor, certain characters, such as the less turgid bill, seem to associate it with C. homochroa, which, judging from Todd's measurements, it also resembles in pro- I portions of wings and tail. In coloration, the female of C. oreophila is stated to I be intermediate, being paler than C. homochroa and darker than C. inornata minor, I but not nearly so heavily streaked above as either. While more detailed informa- I tion about this bird is urgently desired, I would not be surprised if it turned out i to be a geographical race of C. homochroa. 1 Catamenia homochroa may be readily distinguished from C. inornata by longer and differently shaped bill, the mandible in particular being less turgid, with the culmen straighter and the tip acutely pointed. In the plumage of the adult male, moreover, the gray is darker without any trace of the blackish streaks in the interscapular region, so conspicuous in the allied species. It appears to be quite distinct specifically. 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Idiospiza homochroa Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 613, 1926 — Hacienda Garz6n, Pichincha, El Corazon, Cerro Huamani, Papallacta, and Oyacachi, Ecuador. Range. — Temperate and Paramo zones of Colombia (except Santa Marta region), Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.1 Catamenia homochroa duncani (Chubb).2 DUNCAN'S SEED-EATER. Duncanula duncani Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 7, p. 193, Feb., 1921 — Mount Roraima, British Guiana (descr. of young male; type in coll. of F. V. McConnell, now in British Museum, examined); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 440, pi. 7 (young male, female), 1921 — Mount Roraima. Catamenia sp. Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 — Roraima. Spermophila homochroa (not Catamenia homochroa Sclater) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 105, 1888— part, spec, i-1, Roraima. Idiospiza homochroa duncani Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 119, 1931 — Mounts Roraima and Duida (crit.). Range.— Upper altitudes of Mounts Roraima and Duida, British Guiana and Venezuela. Genus AMAUROSPIZOPSIS Griscom3 Amaurospizopsis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 412, Jan., 1934 — type, by orig. desig., Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom. 1 We are quite unable to appreciate any local variation in this widespread species, examples from Bolivia being to all appearance identical with others from Bogota. A single bird in juvenile plumage from Onda in the Paramo zone of the Andes of M6rida, Venezuela, differs considerably in coloration and has a more elevated, though otherwise similarly shaped bill. Without knowing the adult stage, it is impossible to determine the status of the Venezuelan bird. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. — Ecuador: Quito, 5; Puellaro, 1; Riobamba, 1; San Rafael, 3; Oyacachi, 2; Lloa, 1; Papallacta, 2; unspecified, 2. — Peru: Maraynioc, 2. — Bolivia: Unduavi, 2. 2 Catamenia homochroa duncani (Chubb) : Exceedingly similar to the nominate race, but adult males apparently never uniform dark gray, being more or less tinged with brownish, especially on the abdomen; immature (first winter?) and juvenile plumages more heavily streaked, with the ground color of the latter more ochraceous. Wing, 65-67, (female) 61-64; tail, 58-61, (female) 56-59. This is a very unsatisfactory race, but perhaps distinguishable by the above divergencies. As has been correctly explained by Chapman, C. homochroa varies so greatly with age and season that the segregation of local races encounters unusual difficulties. As a matter of fact, an immature male from Roraima is exactly like a bird from Puellaro, Ecuador, while one of the females hardly differs from a Bogota skin. Material examined. — Venezuela: Roraima, 6. 3 Genus Amaurospizopsis Griscom: "Very close to Amaurospiza, but larger, with proportionately shorter and deeper stubbier bill; rictal bristles twice as long, greatly exceeding the plumules, and much stiff er; nostril large, with a marked operculum; culmen distinctly ridged, a groove just over the nasal fossae, extending forward two-thirds of the way to the tip of the maxilla; maxilla with five other fainter ridges and grooves extending diagonally from the nostril to the commissure." (Griscom, I.e.) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 237 Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom.1 GUERRERO BLUE SEED-EATER. Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 412, Jan., 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Mexico, in State of Guerrero (Chilpancingo). Genus AMAUROSPIZA Cabanis Amaurospiza Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 3, 1861 — type, by orig. desig., Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis. Amaurospiza concolor grandior Griscom.2 NICARAGUAN BLUE SEED-EATER. Amaurospiza concolor grandior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 414, Jan., 1934 — Pena Blanca, eastern Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Tropical zone of eastern (Caribbean) Nicaragua (Pena Blanca, San Emilio, Rio Coco, and Rio Tuma). Amaurospiza concolor concolor Cabanis. CABANIS'S BLUE SEED-EATER. Amaurospiza concolor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 3, 1861 — Costa Rica (type in Berlin Museum examined; descr. of adult male); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 313— Panama Railway; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 350, 1885— Costa Rica and Panama (Chiriqui; Paraiso Station, Panama Railroad) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 156, 1888— Paraiso Station 1 Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom: "Uniform dull grayish blue, slightly bluer on the lesser wing coverts, grayer and paler on belly; chin dusky; loral region black; sides of head below eye dusky; remiges blackish, the primaries narrowly edged externally with grayish, the secondaries very broadly with grayish blue; rectrices blackish, narrowly edged on outer webs with grayish blue; bill dusky, lower mandible abruptly whitish for terminal third; legs and feet dusky. Wing (adult male), 69; tail, 59; tars., 19; bill, 9^." (Griscom, I.e.) This recently described species, which we have not seen, appears to be an exact duplicate of Amaurospiza concolor in coloration, but is slightly larger and has a somewhat differently shaped bill. In spite of these structural divergencies, it may, however, prove to be merely a northern race of that bird, and more material is greatly needed to establish its true taxonomic position. At present, a single adult male is all that is known of it. 2 Amaurospiza concolor grandior Griscom: Evidently indistinguishable in color from A. c. concolor, but with slightly longer bill. Wing (males), 62^-64; bill, 9.8-10.2. Three adult males recently examined tend to show that the Nicaraguan race is not maintainable. Only one has a larger bill, while in the two others this organ is decidedly shorter than in specimens from Costa Rica and Panama. Material examined. — Nicaragua: San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 2; Rio Coco, 1. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Chiriqui, Panama; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 579, 1901— Panama (Paraiso Station) to Costa Rica (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907 — Boruca, Terraba Valley, Costa Rica; idem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 38, 1909— Tenorio, Costa Rica (descr. of female); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 886, 1910 — Tenorio and Miravalles, Costa Rica. Amaurospiza concolor concolor Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 414, 1934 — Miravalles and Tenorio, Costa Rica (crit.). Amaurospiza concolor australis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 415, 1934 — Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Costa Rica (Miravalles, Tenorio, Boruca) and Panama (Chiriqui; Paraiso Station, Panama Railroad).1 Amaurospiza concolor aequatorialis Sharpe.2 EQUATORIAL BLUE SEED-EATER. Amaurospiza aequatorialis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 157, 1888 — Pallatanga and Balzar, western Ecuador (type, from Pallatanga, in British Museum examined); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 614, 1926 — junction of the Rio Coco and Rio Chimbo, Ecuador (crit.). Spiza ? Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 66, 1859— Pallatanga. 1 Splitting of the Pacific birds into two races has been attempted by Griscom, but the alleged differences prove to be purely individual. The type collected by Frantzius somewhere in Costa Rica agrees with one from Chiriqui in dimensions and coloration, both having the lower abdomen slightly more grayish (less bluish) than the breast, whereas two from Miravalles, like another from Chiriqui and a male from Paraiso Station, are nearly uniform dull (grayish) indigo underneath. Females are even more variable individually. One from Chiriqui is dark mars brown, the under parts being just a shade paler, only the rump somewhat more olivaceous; while a second female from the same locality is very much paler throughout, about Dresden brown with a faint rufescent tone on the foreneck. The same variation obtains in A. c. aequatorialis. Griscom designates "Miravalles" as type locality of A. concolor. The Berlin Museum does not possess any birds collected by Frantzius at that place, and I believe Underwood was the first natura- list to visit this locality (in 1895 or 1896). The wings of adult males examined vary, regardless of origin, from 59 to 63; the tail from 52 to 57 mm. Material examined. — Costa Rica: Miravalles, 2; unspecified, 1. — Panama: Chiriqui, 5; Paraiso Station, 1. 2 Amaurospiza concolor aequatorialis Sharpe: Very similar to A. c. concolor, but with smaller bill; coloration of male somewhat paler, particularly the pileum lighter indigo blue. Wing, 61, (female) 55-57; tail, 47-52; bill, 9-10. The type, an immature male with numbers of reddish brown feathers under- neath, has no white under the wing, while a nearly adult male in the American Museum of Natural History shows white under wing coverts. The female varies just as much as does the same sex of its northern ally, one from Balzar, Ecuador, being very nearly as dark mars brown as the dark-colored individual from Chiriqui mentioned above, whereas two from San Pablo, Colombia, have the upper parts brighter, more cinnamomeous, and the ventral surface likewise more reddish. Though more adequate material is required to determine its characters, there can be no question as to A. aequatorialis being but a slightly differentiated race of Cabanis's Blue Seed-eater. Material examined. — Ecuador: Balzar, 1; Pallatanga, 1 (the type). — Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 2. i 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 239 Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Colombia (San Pablo, ! Prov. Tuqueres) and western Ecuador (Balzar, Pallatanga, Rio , Chimbo). *Amaurospiza moesta (Hartlaub).1 HARTLAUB'S BLUE SEED-EATER. Sporophila moesta Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 36, 1853 — Brazil (type in Bremen Museum examined; descr. of adult male). Amaurospiza coerulatra Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 306, 1866 — Rio [de Janeiro], Brazil (type in Zurich Museum; descr. of adult male); Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 583 (crit.). Haplospiza (?) crassirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 227, 332, 1870— Tejuco, near Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined; descr. of female); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 267, 1902 (ex Pelzeln). Amaurospiza axillaris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 157, 1888— Brazil (the type, a skin of "Rio" preparation, in British Museum examined; descr. of adult male). Amaurospiza moesta Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 54, p. 516, 1904— Rio and Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil (crit., synon.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 379, 1907 (range); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 97, 1918— Iguazu, Misiones; Bertoni, I.e., 1, p. 258, 1919— Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 187, 1926— Parana (Sao Domingo, Banhados, Fazenda Durski, Cara Pintada, Candido de Abreu, and Salto Guayra); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 294, 1929 — Tranqueira, Maranhao. Dolospingus (?) Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914— Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Range. — Eastern Brazil (Tranqueira, Maranhao; Rio de Janeiro; Therezopolis, Rio; Tejuco, near Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo; Sao Domingo, Banhados, Fazenda Durski, etc., Parana) and Misiones, Argentina (Iguazu, Caraguatay, and El Dorado). 6: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1); Argentina (Caraguatay, Misiones, 3; El Dorado, Misiones, 1). Genus DOLOSPINGUS Elliot Dolospingus Elliot, Ibis, (3), 1, p. 402, 1871— type, by monotypy, Dolo- spingus nuchalis E\liot=Oryzoborus (?) fringilloides Pelzeln. 1 Amaurospiza moesta (Hartlaub) differs from A. concolor by much duller, less bluish upper parts passing into blackish on the pileum, and dull black under surface with white under wing coverts and white inner margins to the remiges. The bill is differently shaped, being wider at the base and laterally more com- pressed towards the tip, the culmen more sharply ridged, etc. Wings and tail are decidedly longer. The types of S. moesta and A. axillaris are practically identical, except that the latter has the back marked with subapical black spots like our specimen from Maranhao, whereas the other males examined have the back either uniform or with mere suggestions of darker markings. This seems to be a purely individual 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Dolospingus fringilloides (Pelzeln).1 WHITE-NAPED SEED-EATER. Oryzoborus (?) fringilloides Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 223, 329, 1870 — Rio Xie, upper Rio Negro, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum examined; descr. of female). Dolospingus nuchalis Elliot, Ibis, (3), 1, p. 402, pi. 11 (=male), 1871— "Orinoco, on the Borders of British Guiana" (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined; descr. of adult male); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 141, 1888 (ex Elliot); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 190, 1916 — Orinoco (ex Elliot). Amaurospiza fringilloides Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 157, 1888 — Rio Xie (ex Pelzeln); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 380, 1907— Rio Negro. Dolospingus fringilloides Berlepsch and Hellmayr, Journ. Orn., 53, p. 23, 1905— Rio Negro (crit.). Range. — Southern Venezuela (Savanna Grande, Mount Duida) and adjacent section of northeastern Brazil (Rio Xie"; Yavanari, upper Rio Negro). Genus ORYZOBORUS Cabanis Oryzoborus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 151, Oct., 1851— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 75, 1855), Loxia torrida "Gmelin" [=Scopoli] = Loxia angolensis Linnaeus. *Oryzoborus crassirostris maximiliani Cabanis.2 WIED'S RICE GROSBEAK. Fringilla crassirostris (not Loxia crassirostris Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 564, 1830— Rio Espirito Santo, Espirito Santo, and Cara- vellas, Bahia (cotypes lost, formerly in Wied Collection; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 222, 1889). variation. The female of A. moesta, in general coloration, is very much like the same sex of A. concolor, but larger, with much heavier, deeper bill. Additional material examined. — Brazil: unspecified, 1 (male; the type); Rio de Janeiro, 2 (male, female); Tejuco, Sao Paulo, 1 (female). 1 Berlepsch and Hellmayr's suggestion that Dolospingus nuchalis and Ory- zoborus fringilloides are likely to be different sexes of the same species has been fully confirmed by a series of specimens received by the American Museum of Natural History from the Duida region. The four males are D. nuchalis, the three females are what Pelzeln described as O. fringilloides, the latter name haying one year's priority. The original locality, "Orinoco, near the borders of British Guiana," is probably inexact, as no one ever found this remarkable bird on the lower stretches of that mighty river. Material examined. — Venezuela: "Orinoco," 1 (type of D. nuchalis); Savanna Grande, Mount Duida, 7. — Brazil: Rio Xie, 1 (type of 0. fringilloides); Yavanari, right bank of Rio Negro, 1 (male). 2 Oryzoborus crassirostris maximiliani Cabanis: Similar to O. c. crassirostris, but tail longer; axillaries and under wing coverts, in the adult male, broadly edged with black; female with upper parts rather darker and less rufescent, and the axillaries and under wing coverts more buffy (less whitish). Wing, 74^-77, (female) 69; tail, 68-72; bill, 16-17; depth at base, 14-15. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, 2; Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 241 Oryzoborus maximiliani Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 154 (footnote), Oct., 1851 — new name for Fringilla crassirostris Wied; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 238, 1856— Rio Espirito Santo (ex Wied); (?)idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860— near Tucuman; (?)idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 488, 1861— near Tucuman; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— "Brazil"; (?)Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 44, 1888— near Tucuman (ex Burmeister); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 78, 1888— Rio de Janeiro; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 177, 1902 (not seen near Tucuman); idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905 (not seen at Tucuman); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 369, 1907 — Franca, Sao Paulo (range); Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 355, 1914— "Tucuman" (crit.). Oryzoborus crassirostris maximiliani Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908— Fazenda Esperanc.a, Goyaz (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 344, 1930— Matto Grosso. Oryzoborus crassirostris subsp. maximiliani Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 380, 1910 — Tucuman (ex Burmeister). Oryzoborus crassirostris Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870— part, Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Range. — Southern and interior Brazil, in states of Bahia (Cara- vellas), Espirito Santo (Rio Espirito Santo), Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Franca), Goyaz (Fazenda Esperanca, Veadeiros), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Chapada).1 1: Brazil (Veadeiros, Goyaz, 1). Oryzoborus crassirostris crassirostris (Gmelin). LARGE- BILLED RICE GROSBEAK. Loxia crassirostris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 862, 1789— based on "Thick- billed Grosbeak" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 148, habitat unknown = Cayenne, as suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902 (type in coll. of M. Tunstall; descr. of adult male). Coccoborus ater Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 678, 1849— British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum; descr. of adult male). Sporophila crassirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 498, 1850— Guiana. Spermophila crassirostris L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 316, 1866 — Trinidad. Oryzoborus crassirostris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 151, Oct., 1851 (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 979— Xeberos, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870— part, Lamalonga and Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Brazil; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 79, 1888 — British Guiana (George- 1 Burmeister's Tucuman record requires corroboration, no other naturalist having since met with the species in Argentina. 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII town, Bartica Grove), Trinidad, Venezuela (San Esteban), Colombia (?Medellin, Bogota), Brazil (Lamalonga), and Peru (Pebas, Nauta); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 34, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 19, 1906 — Seelet, Trinidad; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Sneth- lage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Mexiana and "Cussary," Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 369, 1907 (range, excl. of Matto Grosso); Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 386, 1910— Surinam (habits); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 520, 1913 — Mexiana and "Cussary"; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 427, 1914— Mexiana and "Cussary," Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 186, 1916— Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and San Feliz River, Orinoco; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 425, 1921 — Great Falls of the Demerara River, Bartica, Georgetown, and Hoorie Creek; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 135, 1922 — Trini- dad; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934 — Trinidad. Oryzoborus melas Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 979 — Pebas, Peru (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, exam- ined); idem, I.e., 1869, pp. 252, 253 — San Esteban, Carabobo, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 264 — Peru (Nauta, Xeberos, Chyavetas, Pebas); Tac- zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 8, 1886 — same localities. Oryzoborus sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 — Nauta, Peru. Oryzoborus crassirostris crassirostris Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912— Mexiana; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 556, 1917 — Villavicencio, eastern Colombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Range. — Island of Trinidad; Venezuela (El Llagual, Caura; Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and San Feliz River, Orinoco Valley; San Esteban, Carabobo); the Guianas; northern Brazil, north of the Amazon,1 west to the eastern foot of the east Colombian Andes (Villavicencio) and northeastern Peru.2 1 1 cannot help questioning the locality "Cussary," a place on the south bank of the lower Amazon, inasmuch as we learn from the late Madame Snethlage that collections made at that village and others from near Montalegre were mixed up by the collector, an employee of the Museu Goeldi. 2 1 have not been able to correlate certain variations in dimensions and in size of bill with geographic areas. Males from British Guiana and Surinam are generally smaller; those from Trinidad and the Orinoco Valley are larger, the tail in particular longer, and have much bulkier, heavier bills, some being fully as large-billed as O. c. maximiliani; three from the upper Rip Negro combine the massive bill of the latter with the other dimensions of the Guianan birds. A single Bogota bird is intermediate between the two "extremes," but three from Pebas (melas) are not certainly distinguishable from Annai specimens. The white spot at the base of the central rectrices is a purely individual character. Material examined. — British Guiana: Annai, 8. — Dutch Guiana: near Para- maribo, 3. — Brazil, Rio Negro: Lamalonga, 2; Marabitanas, 4. — Trinidad: Seelet, 2. — Venezuela: El Llagual, Caura, 2; Caicara, Orinoco, 1; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 1.— Peru: Pebas, 5. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 243 Oryzoborus crassirostris occiden tails Sclater.1 WESTERN LARGE- BILLED RICE GROSBEAK. Oryzoborus occidentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 276, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— Babahoyo and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 506— Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.; spec, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 80, 1888 — Babahoyo and "Bogota"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.( 55, p. 607, 1926— Babahoyo (ex Sclater). Range, — Tropical zone of western Ecuador (Babahoyo) and Colombia (Medellin, Antioquia; "Bogota"). Oryzoborus crassirostris nutting! Ridgway.2 NUTTING'S RICE GROSBEAK. Oryzoborus nuttingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 401, Apr. 11, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua (cotypes in U. S. National Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 348, 1885 — Los Sabalos (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 80, 1888— Nicaragua; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 491, 1893— Greytown and Rio Escon- dido, Nicaragua; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 604, 1901— eastern Nicaragua (monog.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 241, 1932— Santa Rosita, Nicaragua. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Nicaragua (Los Sabalos, Grey- town, Rio Escondido, Santa Rosita). 1 Oryzoborus crassirostris occidentalis Sclater, in the male sex, differs from the nominate race by somewhat longer wings; black axillaries, broad sooty margins to the basally white under wing coverts; and decidedly smaller white alar speculum. Wing, 74-75, (female) 69. Two "Bogota" skins agree in all particulars with the male secured by Louis Fraser at Babahoyo. An adult male from Medellin, Antioquia, combines the size of occidentalis (wing, 75) with the white axillaries and under wing coverts of crassirostris, while in extent of white alar speculum it is intermediate between the two. For geographical reasons, I am inclined to regard it as an aberrant individual of occidentalis, whose range probably comprises most of Colombia west of the eastern Andes (Magdalena and Cauca Valley), whereas the nominate race takes its place at the eastern base of the eastern range ( Villa vicencio). Such a distribu- tion would account for the occurrence of both races in native "Bogota" collections. A female from Medellin does not differ in color from the Guianan crassirostris. Material examined. — Ecuador: Babahoyo, 1 (male; the type). — Colombia: "Bogota," 2; Medellin, Antioquia, 2. 2 Oryzoborus crassirostris nuttingi Ridgway: Nearest to 0. c. occidentalis, but smaller with decidedly larger, more massive bill; male with axillaries and under wing coverts wholly deep black and without trace of the white alar speculum; female much darker throughout, Prout's brown above and deep cinnamon brown below, more tawny abdominally. Wing, 70, (female) 68; tail, 64, (female) 63; bill, 17-18, (female) 16. Two males and one female from Rio Escondido and Greytown examined in the British Museum. It seems hardly likely that Sporophila othello Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 498, 1850), from "Central America," is the same thing. Unfortunately, the type, once in the Berlin Museum, has disappeared (Stresemann, in litt.). 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oryzoborus atrirostris Sclater and Salvin.1 BLACK-BILLED RICE GROSBEAK. Oryzoborus atrirostris Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 136 — Moyobamba, Peru (type in Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 81, 1888— Moyobamba. Range. — Northern Peru (Moyobamba). *Oryzoborus angolensis angolensis (Linnaeus). CHESTNUT- BELLIED RICE GROSBEAK. Loxia angolensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 303, 1766— based on "The Black Gros-beak" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 296, pi. 352 (right fig.); "Angola," errore= eastern Brazil, as suggested by Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 19, 1906).2 Coccothraustes rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 13, p. 543, 1817 — part, Brazil and Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 121). Loxia torrida (not of Scopoli) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 166, 1821— Barra da Vareda, eastern Minas Geraes. Fringilla torrida Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 567, 1830— eastern Brazil. Coccoborus magnirostris Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Class. Bds., 2, p. Ill, July, 1837 — Brazil (new name for Loxia angolensis Linnaeus). Pitylus torridus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 85, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia; Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 8, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 121). Sporophila torrida Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 499, 1850— Brazil. Oryzoborus torridus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 151, 1851 — Rio Grande, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 239, 1856— part, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Irisanga), Goyaz (Araguaya), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Engenho tlo Cap Gama); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 225 — Rio de Janeiro, Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa), and Sao Paulo (Campinas); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 604 — Chiquitos, Bolivia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 335 — near Cabo, Pernambuco, and Parahyba; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 122, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 7, 1887 — Lambare, Para- guay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 77, 1888— part, spec, b-g, Ypanema, Bahia, and Pernambuco, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. 1 Oryzoborus atrirostris Sclater and Salvin, described from a single male obtained by Professor Steere at Moyobamba, is said to resemble O. crassirostris in size, but to be distinguished by larger, black bill and black under wing coverts. We are not acquainted with this bird. 2 Edwards described the species from a cage bird in the possession of P. C. Webb. Though supposed to be from Angola, it certainly came from eastern Brazil, as we have pointed out (cf. Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, note, 1908). The desig- nation of Surinam as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902), subsequently corrected by the senior author (I.e., 15, p. 119, 1908), has no foundation whatever. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 245 N. H., 3, p. 368, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 159, 1899— Iguape and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900— Can tagallo; Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Pernambuco (Beberibe, near Recife) and Piauhy (Rio Taquarussu). Oryzoborus specularis Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 583 (in text) — Brazil (type in Bremen Museum).1 Oryzoborus torridus var. major Dubois, M6m. Soc. Zool. France, 7, p. 402, 1894 — habitat unknown (cotypes in Brussels Museum examined).2 Oryzoborus angolensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 369, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piquete, Iguape, Sao Sebastiao) and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 437, 1910 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Alto Parand, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 354, 1914 — Paraguay and Argentina (Misiones); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 187, 1926— Salto Guayra, Parana. Oryzoborus angolensis angolensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 32, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 360, 1912 — Mburero and Villa Rica, Paraguay; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 315, 1928— Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya, Rio de Janeiro; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 343, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Urucum, Descalvados, Fazenda do Sao Joao, Tapirapoan, Rio Roosevelt) ; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 293, 1929— Rio Taquarussu, near Santa Philomena, Piauhy; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 791, 1932— Tres Legoas, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 19, p. 276, 1935— Rio Gongogy, Bahia. Range. — Eastern and southern Brazil, from southern Piauhy (Santa Philomena), Pernambuco, and Parahyba south to Rio Grande do Sul and Matto Grosso; the adjacent parts of Argentina (Misiones) and Paraguay (Alto Parana; Mburero; Villa Rica; Lambare"); and eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos and Santa Cruz).3 3: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1). 1 While throat and chest, as a rule, are uniform black in adult males, there are sometimes a number of half-concealed spots of whitish or cinnamon and occasionally even a nearly complete rufous band across the throat, as described by Finsch for his O. specularis. This is, however, a purely individual variation, since of the specimens so marked two are from Trinidad (Carenage and Caparo), and one from Sao Paulo, Brazil. 2 The specimens from Guiana and Trinidad used for comparison being the smaller northern form, Dubois was misled to rename typical angolensis of Brazil. 3 Two adult males from Buena Vista, Bolivia, are typical of the southern race with bulky bills, long wings, and well-marked white alar speculum. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio Taquarussu, Santa Philomena, Piauhy, 1; Beberibe, Pernambuco, 2; Bahia, 10; Agua Suja, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 3 ; IguapS, Sao Paulo, 1; Araguaya, Goyaz, 1; Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz, 4; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1; Engenho do Cap Gama, Matto Grosso, 2. — Paraguay: Island near Villa Conception, 1. — Bolivia: Buena Vista, 1. 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Oryzoborus angolensis torridus (Scopoli).1 LESSER CHESTNUT- BELLIED RICE GROSBEAK. Loxia torrida Scopoli, Ann. I Hist. Nat., p. 140, 1769— based on a bird brought alive by Jacquin to the Vienna Zoological Garden; habitat un- known, we suggest north coast of Venezuela.2 Coccothraustes rufiventris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 13, p. 543, 1817— part, Cayenne. Loxia nasuta Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 45, pi. 58, figs. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1825 — vicinity of Pard (female cotype in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 679, 1906). Coccoborus torridus Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 223, 1846— Peru. Oryzoborus torridus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 455, 1858 — Zamora. eastern Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1866, p. 181 — northeastern Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 572, 750, 977— Brazil (Para) and Peru (Xeberos, Nauta, Pebas); idem, I.e., 1868, p. 167 — Pilar, Bermudez, Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 583 — Trinidad (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, pp. 185, 264 — Peru (Cosnipata, Xeberos, Nauta, and Pebas); Tacza- nowski, I.e., 1882, p. 16 — Yurimaguas, Peru (crit.); idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 7, 1886 — Peru (Yurimaguas, Xeberos, Nauta, Pebas); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 214— British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, 1 Oryzoborus angolensis torridus (Scopoli): Very similar to O. a. angolensis, but slightly smaller, the tail especially shorter, and with decidedly smaller, less bulky bill. Wing (adult males), 56-59, rarely to 61; tail, 52-57; bill, 13-14. Though not strongly marked, this form is recognizable in series by its smaller bill and generally lesser size. Single individuals are, however, sometimes insepa- rable. In males from eastern and southern Brazil (typical angolensis) the wing ranges from 59 to 64, the tail from 55 to 62, while the bill is as a rule both longer and more massive. The development of the white alar speculum is exceedingly variable within the same locality, and does not afford a useful criterion for sepa- rating the two races. For instance, among nine adult males from French Guiana three are without a visible speculum; three have a distinct white spot; and the three remaining examples show some suggestion of white in front of the tips of the primary coverts. The same variation is observable in the series of typical an- golensis from eastern Brazil, though the percentage of individuals without any visible white on the wings appears to be smaller. Two males from northeastern Peru (polinskii) , do not differ in any respect from Guianan and Venezuelan examples. They have the same small bills and agree in dimensions (wing, 57, 59; tail, 52, 53), as well as in the tone of the chestnut belly. One has a small white spot on the wing, while in the other the white is wholly concealed by the primary coverts. A female from Moyobamba, like one from Gualaquiza, eastern Ecuador, is somewhat darker (less rufescent) above than any other specimen examined, but they are both in exceedingly fresh plumages, and foT the present I am unable to recognize polinskii as distinct. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 7; Roche-Marie, 6. — British Guiana: MerumS Mountains, 2. — Trinidad: Carenage, 3; Caparo, 9; Icacos, 1.— Venezuela: Puerto Cabello, 2; Suapure, Caura, 3.— Brazil: Para, 3; Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, Rio Madeira, 3. — Ecuador: Gualaquiza, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Peru: Iquitos, 2; Pebas, 1. 2 While the description is indefinite, there seems hardly any doubt as to Loxia torrida being referable to the northern form, since Jacquin did not visit Brazil, but is known to have travelled in the West Indies and along the coast of Venezuela and Colombia (Cartagena). If my reasoning be rejected, Spix's term nasuta must be accepted in place of brevirostris, since birds from Pard are identical with those from Guiana. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 247 Camacusa, Roraima); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 77, 1888 — part, spec, k-u, Brazil (Para), Peru (Pebas), British Guiana (Roraima, Bartica Grove, Camacusa), Venezuela (Pilar), Colombia ("Bogota"), and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 34, 1894— Trinidad; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 23, 1899— Zamora, Ecuador; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907 — Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 296, 1907 — Para, Mexiana, and Cussary, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 387, 1910— Surinam (eggs descr.); Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 134, 1922— Harmony Hall and Princestown, Trinidad (nest and eggs). Pitylus torridus LSotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 283, 1866 — Trinidad. Oryzoborus angolensis (not Loxia angolensis Linnaeus) Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 25, 1902— Orinoco (Altagracia, Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara) and Caura (Suapure1), Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 19, 1906— Trinidad (Caparo, Seelet, Laventille, Chaguaramas) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 369, 1907— part, Para; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 499, 1908— Goyana, Rio Tapajoz; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 360, 1908— Carenage, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 2, p. 187, 1916— Orinoco and San Feliz River, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 556, 1917 — Andalucia and Villavicencio, Colombia; idem, I.e., 63, p. 118, 1931 — Paulo and Arabupu, Roraima. Oryzoborus angolensis brevirostris Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 119, 1908 — Cayenne, French Guiana (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 280, 1910 —Santa Isabel, Rio Preto, Rio Madeira (crit.); idem, Abhandl. Math.- Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 89, 119, 1912— Para and Mexiana; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 426, 1914— Para, Rio To- cantins (Cameta), Cussary, Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Goyana, Bella Vista), Mexiana, and Rio Jamunda (Faro) ; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 89, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 607, 1926 — eastern Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926— Tury- assu, Maranhao; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928 — Para; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Oryzoborus brevirostris Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 423, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bartica, Abary River, Roraima, and Camacusa. Oryzoborus polinskii Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 230, Dec. 31, 1926— Yurimaguas, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum). Range. — Island of Trinidad; Venezuela; eastern Colombia; the Guianas; Amazonian Brazil, east to northern Maranhao (Tury-assu) ; eastern Ecuador, and northeastern Peru. 15: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 1; Mazaruni River, 1) ; Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, 1; Itacoatiara, 1) ; Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Catatumbo River, Zulia, 6; Colon, Tachira, 2); Peru (Moyobamba, 1). 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Oryzoborus funereus Sclater. LESSER RICE GROSBEAK. Oryzoborus funereus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 378, 1859 — Su- chapam, Oaxaca, Mexico (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 398 — Choctum, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862— Oaxaca; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 141— Santa Fe, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 189 — Calovevora, Veraguas; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 44, 1878— Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 506 — Medellin, Colombia (crit., eggs descr.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 400, 1884— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 349, 1885— Mexico (Suchapam) to Ecuador (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 81, 1888— Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala (Choctum), Honduras, Veraguas (Santa Fe), Colom- bia (Minca, Medellin), and Ecuador (Nanegal, Babahoyo, Balzar); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893 — Boruca, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 491, 1893 — Escondido River and Greytown, Nicaragua (habits, nest, and eggs); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898— Cachavi, Ecuador; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 102, 1899— Chirua and La Conception, Santa Marta, Colombia; idem, Auk, 18, p. 32, 1901— San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 605, 1901 — Mexico to Colombia and Ecuador (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903— Ceiba, Honduras; Thayer and Bangs, I.e., 46, p. 159, 1905— San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Bay of Panama; idem, I.e., 46, p. 224, 1906— savanna of Panama; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— Boruca and Barranca de Terraba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 883, 1910— Juan Vinas, Costa Rica; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 556, 1917— Atrato River, Novita, Buenaventura, Barbacoas, and Rio Frio, Colombia (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 275, 1918 — Fort Lorenzo, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 506, 1922 — Minca, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, and Heights of Chirua, Colombia (crit., habits); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 1924 — Gatun, Panama (nest and eggs); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 484, 1927 — Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 465, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras (crit.); idem, I.e., 71, p. 338, 1931 — Bocas del Toro and Almirante, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 241, 1932— Bluefields, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 340, 1932— Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 379, 1935— Panama. Oryzoborus aethiops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 88, 1860— Nanegal, western Ecuador (descr. of male; type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 28, p. 276, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (descr. of female); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 333, 1861 — Panama Railroad; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 102, 1862 — Baba- hoyo, Nanegal, and "New Granada." Oryzoborus salvini Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 401 (note), Apr. 11, 1884— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum; = female). Oryzoborus funereus aethiops Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1098 — mouth of Calima, San Juan River, Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 249 Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 607, 1926 — western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Bucay, Naranjo, Zaruma, Porto Velo, Rio Pindo). Oryzoborus funereus funereus Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 349, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Secanquim); van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, p. 39, 1935— Chuntuqui, Peten, Guatemala; Carriker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 447, 1935 — Izabal, Guatemala. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Suchapam, Oaxaca; Frontera and Teapa, Tabasco), and southwards through Guatemala (depts. of Pete"n, Alta Vera Paz, and Baja Vera Paz), British Honduras (Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (Ceiba, Lancetilla), Nicaragua (Los Sabalos, Bluefields, Grey town, Rio Escondido), Costa Rica (Te>raba Valley and Juan Vinas), and Panama to Colombia1 and western Ecuador.2 9: Mexico (Teapa, Tabasco, 2); Guatemala (unspecified, 1); Costa Rica (Limon, 4); Panama (Colon, 1); Ecuador (San Javier, Esmeraldas, 1). Genus VOLATINIA Reichenbach3 Volatinia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 79, June 1, 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 78, 1855), Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus. *Volatinia jacarina jacarina (Linnaeus). BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT. Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 314, 1766 — based primarily on "Jacarini" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 210; northeastern Brazil. Fringilla splendens (not of Vieillot) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 597, 1830 — Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo (Aracatiba, Coroaba, etc.). 1 Though definitely recorded only from the Pacific coast, the Cauca Valley, and the Santa Marta region, this species undoubtedly also ranges into the Mag- dalena basin, since we have seen an example (adult male) of the usual "Bogota" preparation. 2 After studying a more satisfactory series I am led to agree with Peters and Todd that the recognition of a southern race (aethiops), advocated by me in an earlier communication, is hardly warranted. The alleged differences in size and in the coloration of the females do not hold at all, and the only point of distinction is the averaging smaller bill of the South American birds. Additional material examined. — Guatemala: Coban, 7. — Costa Rica: Boruca, 4. — Panama: unspecified, 1, 2. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1; Medellin, 1; mouth of Calima, 1. — Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: San Javier, 3; Pambilar, 2; Ventana, 1; Carondelet, 1; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 2. 3 A possible member of this genus is the unidentified Sporophila corallina Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 498, end of 1850) from "Brazil." The descrip- tion, "Minima; nigerrima; remigibus ex toto nigris; alis intus tectricibusque in- ferioribus albis; rostro rubro, valde incurvo," does not fit any known species of Volatinia or Sporophila. The type, though credited by the describer to the Berlin Museum, is not to be found in that collection. 250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Emberiza jacarini Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837— Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, examined). Volatinia jacarina(i) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 234, 1856 — Laranjeiras, foot of Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro (habits, nest, and eggs); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870— part, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo (Ypanema, ItararS), and Goyaz, Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 220 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605— Santa Cruz, Consata, and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336— from Parahyba and Recife on the coast to Quipapa and Vista Alegre in the interior, northeastern Brazil; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 8, 1887— Lambar6, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 152, 1888 — part, spec, f-o, Bolivia (Consata) and Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 369, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897 — Caiza and San Francisco, Bolivia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 163, 1899— Piquete and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 177, 1902 — environs of Tucuman; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 39— Bahia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905 — vicinity of Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 379, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Cachoeira, Piquete, Itarare, Sao Sebastiao) and Espirito Santo; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910— Pernambuco (Beberibe), Bahia (Bahia; Solidade near Carnahyba, Lagoa do Boqueirao, Rio Grande) and Piauhy (There- zina; opposite Ilha Sao Martin and below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (very rare). Volatinia jacarina jacarina Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 353, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 15, p. 33, 1908— Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 176, 1909— Ocampo, Santa F6, and Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 281, 1910— Hu- mayta; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 386, 1910 — Argen- tina (Tucuman; Mocovf and Ocampo, Santa Fe; Tucuman; Tigre, Buenos Aires); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 232, 1927 — Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 297, 1929— part, Grajahu and Tranqueira, Maranhao; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 246, 1930— Formosa (Tapi- kio!6 and Chaves) and Bolivia (Ipias, Santa Cruz); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 349, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Urucum, Tapirapoan) and Rio Madeira (Calama); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 396, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 19, p. 282, 1935— Bahia (Serra do Palhao, Rio Gongogy, Corupe"ba, Ilha de Madre de Deus). Volatinia jacarini jacarini Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 109, 1921 — Santa Ana, Urubamba, Peru. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 251 Volatinia iacarina splendens Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Range.— Eastern and central Brazil, from the interior of Piauhy and Maranhao, and Ceara south to Sao Paulo and Matto Grosso (in the north as far as the banks of the upper Rio Madeira) ; Paraguay (Lambare"; Alto Parana); northern Argentina, from Tucuman south through the Chaco to Santa Fe", Entre Rios (Santa Elena), Corrientes (Rio Guayquiraro), and rarely to Buenos Aires (Tigre, Rosas); eastern Bolivia and (according to Chapman) southeastern Peru (Santa Ana, Urubamba).1 17: Brazil (Belem, Prov. Para, 1; Grajahu, Maranhao, 1; Tran- queira, Maranhao, 1 ; Jud, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1 ; Quixada, Ceara, 1 ; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, 4; "Bahia," 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 5; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 2). *Volatinia jacarina splendens (Vieillot). NORTHERN BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT. Fringilla splendens Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 12, p. 173, 1817— based on "Moineau, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 224, fig. 3; Cayenne. Tiaris jacarina(i) (not Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 332, 1847— Tobago; L6otaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 312, 1866— Trinidad. Volatinia jacarina(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 304, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 17— Guatemala; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 365, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332, 1861— Panama Railroad; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 2, 1861— Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862— part, spec, a-g, Cay- enne, Trinidad, Tobago, Guatemala, and Bogota; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83— Trinidad; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 352 — Lion Hill, Panama; Law- rence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 177, 1865— David, Chiriquf; 1 Adult males from Brazil south of the Amazonian region are very constant in having the axillaries, inner under wing coverts, and a large patch at the basal half of the remiges pure white without any black. Exceptions to this rule are I exceedingly rare, the most aberrant individual being one from Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, Bahia, in which the axillars and under wing coverts are almost entirely black as in the northern form. Birds from Bolivia, while slightly verging toward splendens, are much nearer to typical jacarina. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 4; "La Paz," 1. — Argen- |tina: Tucuman, 2; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 1.— Brazil: opposite Ilha Sao Martin, Rio ;Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1; Therezina, Piauhy, 1; Santa Philomena, Piauhy, 1; i below Uniao, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1; Beberibe, Pernambuco, 2; Solidade, jBahia, 1; Bahia, 16; Gpyaz, 2; Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz, 6; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 6; Sao Paulo, 3. — Paraguay: Lambar£, 1. 252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 181 — Sarayacu, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 572, 750 — Brazil (Manaos and Guia, Rio Negro) and Peru (Xeberos); idem, I.e., 1868, p. 167— Venezuela (Carupano and Caracas); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, Barranca, Grecia); idem, I.e., 9, p. 201, 1869— Merida, Yucatan; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — Vera Cruz, Mexico; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1870 — part, Rio Negro, Marabitanas, and Para, Brazil; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190 — Chitra, Veraguas; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 582— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 836— San Pedro, Honduras; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Ocana and Bucaramanga, Colombia; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380— Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 264— Peru (Xeberos and Sarayacu); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 276, 1874 — Mazatlan and mountains of Colima, western Mexico; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 20, 1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 57— San Jose, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200 — San Jos4, Santa Marta, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 507— Medellin, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 199 — Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 17 — Chirimoto, Peru; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 392, 1882— La Palma, Costa Rica; idem, I.e., 6, p. 383, 1883 — Sucuya, Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 444— Merida, Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215— Roraima, British Guiana; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 25, 1886 — Peru (part, Amable Maria, Callacate, Chirimoto); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 142, 1886— Huehuetlan, Puebla, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Wells, I.e., 9, p. 615, 1886— Grenada (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 152, 1888— part (excl. of spec, a-o, m', n'); Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 290, 1889— Grenada; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895 — part, Malca and Vina, Huamachuco, Peru; Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900— Tobago; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498— Rio Capim, Para, Brazil; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1904— French Guiana; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907— Mexiana, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907— Mexiana, Marajo, Para, and Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 397, 1910 — Surinam; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 132, 1922— Trinidad. Volatinia splendens Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 357, 1885— Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — San Jos6, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 580, 1887— Trujillo, Honduras; Cory, Auk, 6, p. 218, 1889— Grenada (crit.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 151, 1892— Grenada; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 27, 1892— San Jose, Costa Rica; idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.- Geogr. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 140, 1893— Boruca, Te>raba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago; Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 493, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 161, 1895 — Baranquilla, Colombia; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 5, 1899— 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 253 Col6n, Panama, and Punta de Sabana, Darien; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 443, 1921— British Guiana. Volatinia jacarina(i) splendens Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 295, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (crit.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 349 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru (crit.); Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 33, 1894— Princestown, Trinidad; idem, I.e., 10, p. 29, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, pp. 6.77, 685, 1896— Margarita Island (El Valle) and La Guayra, Venezuela; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cu- manacoa and San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 139, 1898— Santa Marta; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 165, 1900 — Bonda, Onaca, Masinga Vieja, and Cacagualito, Santa Marta, Colombia; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901— La Guayra, Venezuela; Bangs, Auk, 18, pp. 32, 370, 1901— San Miguel Island and Divala, Chiriquf, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 526, 1901 (monog., excl. of western Ecuador); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 27, 1902— Alta- gracia, Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, and La Prici6n, Caura, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 291, 1905— Bonda, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 278, 1905 — Igarap6-Assu, Para; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 287, 1905— Grenada; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 159, 1905 — San Miguel Island, Panama; Cole, I.e., 50, p. 146, 1906— Xbac, Yucatan; Thayer and Bangs, I.e., p. 223, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 18, 1906— Caparo, Trinidad (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 359, 1906— Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Cherrie, Mus. Brookl. Inst., Sci. Bull., 1, p. 188, 1906— Aripo, Trinidad; idem, I.e., p. 360, 1908— Carenage, Trinidad; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 311, 1907— Boruca and Paso Real, Te"rraba Valley, Costa Rica; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 379, 1907 (range); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 118, 1907— Guatemala (Los Amates, Gualan, Mazatenango, San Jos6); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 121, 1908— Cayenne; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 323— Cariaco, Venezuela; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 892, 1910— Costa Rica (range, habits); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 16, 88, 119, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Para localities, and Mexiana, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 208, 1913— Caria- quito, Paria, Venezuela; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 431, 1914— Para, Providencia, Ananindeua, Maguary, Peixe-Boi, Castanhal, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Xingu (Victoria), Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Rio Tocantins (Baiao), Rio Tapaj6z (Goyana), Mexiana, Marajo (Santa Ana), and Arumanduba, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 190, 1916 — Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (eggs descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 561, 1917— Colombia (Dabeiba, Caldas, San Antonio, Barbacoas, Tumaco, Cali, La Manuelita, Mira- flores, Barro Blanco, Chicoral, Honda, La Playa, Quetame); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 90, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo, Lelydorp, and Rijsdijkweg, Surinam; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 275, 1918— Gatun, Panama (nest descr.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 321, 254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1924 — Rio Algarrobo and Balboa, Panama; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926— Sao Bento and Tury-assu, Maran- hao; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928— Para; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 389, 1929— Augustine, British Honduras; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934 — Trinidad. Volatinia jacarina jacarina Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 297, 1929— part, Tury-assu, Maranhao. Volatinia jacarini jacarini Chapman, Bull. Amer, Mus. N. H., 63, p. 119, 1931 — Roraima (Paulo and Glycon Swamp). Volatinia jacarini(a) atronitens Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 72, Dec., 1920 — Campeche, Campeche, Mexico (type in U. S. National Mu- seum); idem and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 518, 1922 — Bonda, Don Diego, Santa Marta, Cincinnati, La Tigrera, Minca, Mamatoco, etc., Santa Marta, Colombia; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 16, 1926— Palmul, Yucatan; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 46, 1927— near Labrados, Sinaloa; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 183, 1929 — Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., p. 466, 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 462, 1930— Chinchao, Huachipa, and Vista Alegre, Huanuco, Peru (crit.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931— Almirante, Panama; Darlington, I.e., p. 420, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 371, 1932— Perme and Obaldia, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 352, 1932— Guatemala (many localities); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932— Cantarranas, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 415, 1934 — Coyuca, Guerrero; idem, I.e., 78, p. 379, 1935 — Panama; van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, p. 40, 1935 — Uaxactun, Chuntuquf, La Libertad, and Remate, Peten, Guatemala. Range. — Tropical zone of Central America, from southern Sinaloa and Vera Cruz, Mexico, southward to Panama; Colombia; Venezuela; the islands of Trinidad, Tobago, and Grenada, Lesser Antilles; the Guianas, and the whole of the Amazonian region to eastern Peru and the coast districts of Maranhao, Brazil.1 1 It appears to me impracticable to separate the inhabitants of Central America from those of Guiana (splendens). Todd proposed for them the name V. j. atronitens, claiming that Guianan birds (splendens) were the same as typical jacarina. With this statement I am unable to agree, and do not see any necessity for changing the nomenclature of the two eastern races. Fifteen males from French Guiana, it is true, show considerable variation in the color of the axillars and under wing coverts. In five they are wholly black; in five others the pre- vailing color is likewise black, though a few of the shortest axillaries (next to the body) as well as the tips of some of the longer under wing coverts are white as in birds from Manaos and the upper Rio Negro (Marabitanas) and in numerous individuals from Central America; one adult male has the apical portions of the longest under wing coverts white, and the extreme base of the inner webs of the inner primaries is slightly vermiculated with white; in the five remaining speci- mens the axillaries are for the greater part white, though more or less edged with black apically, and the inner remiges are narrowly edged or vermiculated with white at the base of the inner webs. Not one of these examples, however, has the white under the wing so solid as is the case, with very few exceptions, in a long 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 255 95: Mexico (Colima, 11; Cuernavaca, Morelos, 1; Teapa, Tabasco, 1); Guatemala (San Jose", 2; Salamd, Baja Vera Paz, 3; Los Amates, Izabal, 3; Gualan, Zacapa, 1; Lake Amatitlan, 1; Mazatenango, 1); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 10) ; Costa Rica (Miravalles, 1; Las Canas, 1); Panama (Colon, 6); Lesser Antilles (Tobago, 4; Grenada, 3); Colombia (Bogota, 6; 10 miles north of San Jose* de Cucuta, Santander del Norte, 3; Rio Cauqueta, 1; Chicoral, Coello River, Tolima, 1; Cali, Valle de Cauca, 1); Venezuela (Caracas, 6; Maracay, Aragua, 5; Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 1; Colon, Tachira, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Manaos, 6; Itacoatiard, 1; Porto Velo, 1); Peru (Chin- chao, 6; Huachipa, 1; Vista Alegre, 1; San Ramon, Junin, 1). "Volatinia jacarina peruviensis (Peale).1 PACIFIC BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT. Geospiza peruviensis Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 115, 1848 — between Callao and Lima, Peru (cotypes in U. S. National Museum). Volatinia jacarini pacifica Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 11, Nov. 6, 1924— Trujillo, Dept. Libertad, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 614, 1926— series from eastern and southern Brazil, and the white margin at the base of the remiges is never more than suggested, while in typical jacarina the whole basal half of the inner webs of all the remiges is white, often reaching to the shaft, and forms a broad continuous band across the under surface of the wing. The same variation obtains in specimens from the Par 4 region, though the trend towards jacarina is perhaps even more pronounced. On the other hand, every stage as described above for French Guianan birds also occurs along the north coast of Venezuela, in Colombia, and in Central America, although specimens without any white under the wings are far in preponderance. To sum up, birds from the Guianas and Lower Amazonia, while intermediate to the nominate race, are as a whole much nearer to the black- winged form, and may well go under Vieillot's term splendens. Males from Mexico and Costa Rica average slightly smaller and more purplish than those from South America, but the divergencies are far from constant, and hardly warrant the recognition of an additional race (atronitens). Van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 130, July 13, 1938) separates the inhabit- ants of western Mexico (Sinaloa to Guerrero) as V. j. diluia (type from San Bias, Nayarit), their character being the duller, less buffy brown edging in winter plumage. Birds from eastern Peru, as has been correctly explained by Zimmer, connect ;the coastal form (peruviensis) with splendens, and some even closely approach typical jacarina. One hundred and fifty-seven specimens representing nearly every country between Mexico and the southern boundary of the range examined. 1 Volatinia jacarina peruviensis (Peale) : Very similar to V. j- splendens, but males with generally more white on the axillars and under wing coverts, and the remiges dusky brown rather than black. Besides, there is another difference in that males obviously do not acquire the adult plumage until after the second year. Birds from northwestern Ecuador form the passage to V. j. splendens, but they all have the brownish wings of peruviensis. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 12; Guayaquil, 4. — Peru: Eten, Lambayeque, 3; Caraz, Ancachs, 2; Lima, 6. 256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII western Ecuador (Esmeraldas; Chone, Manavf; Daule; Guayaquil; Chon- goncito; Duran; Bucay; junction Changan and Chiguancay; Cumbaya; Puna Island; Santa Rosa; Porto Velo; Rio Pindo). Volatinia spkndens (not Fringilla splendens Vieillot) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 140, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 275, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador. Volatinia jacarina(i) splendens Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 551— Guayaquil, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 294— El Placer, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 84— Yaguachi, Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898 — Paramba and Ibarra (Prov. Imbabura), Ecuador; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918 — Bellavista, Peru. Volatinia jacarina(i) (not Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 106, 1862— part, spec, h, Pallatanga; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 97 — around Lima; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 173 — Tambo Valley, Arequipa, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 520 — Lima; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421 — Callao; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 25, 1886— part, Lima, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 152, 1888— part, spec, a-e, m', n', Peru (Lima, Tambo Valley, Callao) and Ecuador (Pallatanga, Guayaquil); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 376— Lima; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895— part, Tembladera, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 25, 1899 — La Concepcion, Vinces, and Balzar, Ecuador; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Chuquibamba, Otuzco, Peru. Volatinia jacarina peruviensis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 462, 1929— Chosica, Vitarte, and Matucana, Dept. Lima, Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 52, 1932— Chacalluta, Tarapaca, Chile. Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and western Peru (east to the upper Maranon Valley) south to Tarapaca, on the Chilean boundary. 13: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 4); Peru (Chosica, 5; Vitarte, 1; Matucana, 2); Chile (Chacalluta, Tarapaca, 1). Genus PINICOLA Vieillot Pinicola Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., 1, p. iv, pi. 1, fig. 13, "1807" — type, by monotypy, Pinicola rubra Vieillot =Loxia enucleator Linnaeus.1 Strobilophaga Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 29, April, 1816— type, by monotypy, "Dur-Bec" Buffon=Lida).3 1: Venezuela (Paramo de Tama, 1). Spinus spinescens capitaneus Bangs.4 SANTA MARTA SISKIN. *Van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 134, July 13, 1938) has lately dis- criminated Spinus pinus perplexus (type from San Andres, Chiapas, in the British Museum) from southeastern Mexico (Chiapas) and western Guatemala. 2 Spinus atriceps (Salvin), which we have not seen, seems to be related to S. spinescens, of South America. 3 Additional material examined — Colombia: "Bogota," 12. — Venezuela: Andes of Me"rida, 2. 4 Spinus spinescens capitaneus Bangs: Very similar to the nominate race, but with larger bill; under parts of males slightly more olivaceous, and in females on average more grayish. Size the same. Material examined. — Colombia: San Sebastian, 4; San Miguel, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 273 Spinus spinescens capitaneus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 178, Oct. 31, 1898 — San Miguel, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 378, 1930); idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 1, p. 79, 1899 — San Sebastian; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 534, 1922— Macotama; Todd, I.e., 17, p. 35, 1926— Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (monog.). Chrysomitris spinescens (not of Bonaparte) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 199, 1888 — part, spec, e-g, Sierra Nevada and San Sebastian, Colombia. Range. — Temperate zone of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. Spinus spinescens nigricauda Chapman.1 BLACK-TAILED SISKIN. Spinus nigricauda Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 160, July 23, 1912 — Paramo de Santa Isabel, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 564, 1917— Santa Isabel1 and Paramillo, Colombia; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 36, 1926— western and central Andes of Colombia (monog.). Range.— Temperate zone of the central and western Andes of Colombia (Santa Isabel; Paramillo). *Spinus yarrellii (Audubon).2 YARRELL'S SISKIN. Fringilla mexicana (not Carduelis mexicanus Swainson) Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 282, pi. 433, fig. 4 (male), 1839— "Upper California" (part, descr. of male). Carduelis yarrellii Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 117, 1839— part, descr. of male; "Upper California," errore1 (type now in U. S. National Museum; cf. Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 421, 1858). 1 Spinus spinescens nigricauda Chapman: Nearest to S. s. capitaneus, but wings and tail slightly longer; yellow at base of tail absent or at best suggested; back darker, Roman green rather than warbler green, with pronounced, more blackish centers; yellow on wing more restricted; under tail coverts faintly streaked; female (in adult plumage) approaching the male in coloration, but pileum less blackish. Wing (male), 71-72; tail, 45-47. The variation in the amount of yellow at the base of the tail in typical spines- cens, the occasional occurrence of traces of it in specimens from western Colombia, and the variability of the other characters leave, in my mind, no doubt that nigricauda is merely a race of Lichtenstein's Siskin. Material examined. — Colombia: Santa Isabel, central Andes, 2; Paramillo, western Andes, 1. 1 Spinus yarrellii (Audubon) is probably conspecific with S. spinescens. Cer- tain specimens from the Lake Valencia region, northern Venezuela, have the upper tail coverts, indeed, decidedly greenish, thus marking a step in the direction of Lichtenstein's Siskin. » Audubon received the type (together with an alleged female, which, judging from his figure, appears to belong to one of the races of S. psaltria), from William Swainson, who might have secured it on his trip to eastern Brazil. Mr. Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 32, 1926) very aptly suggested Bahia as corrected type locality. 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chrysomitris hypoxantha Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 160, 1866 — Bahia and Leopoldina, Bahia (type, from Bahia, in Berlin Museum). Chrysomitris yarrelli(i) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 517, 1850 (ex Audubon); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 7, 1857 — "Orinoco," Venezuela (crit.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 93— "Orinoco" (crit.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 338 — Parahyba and Pernambuco (Garanhuns, Quipapa); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 198, 1888 — Bahia and Pernambuco; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 669 — Bahia; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907 — "Para" (cage-bird); Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 178, 1925— Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia. Spinus yarelli Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 380, 1907 — Bahia. Spinus jarelli Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Chrysomitris icterica alleni (not Spinus alleni Ridgway) Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— part, Nos. 453, 454, Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia (spec, examined). Spinus yarrellii Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 30, 1926 — eastern Brazil (Bahia to Ceara) and northern Venezuela (monog.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 298, 1929— Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of eastern Brazil (from Leopoldina, southern Bahia, north to Ceara) and northern Venezuela (El Trom- pillo, Carabobo).1 1: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 1). *Spinus cucullatus (Swainson). RED SISKIN. Carduelis cucullata Swainson, Zool. Illust., 1, Part 2, pi. 7, Nov., 1820 — "Spanish Main"=north coast of Venezuela2 (type in coll. of E. Falkner, of Fairfield, near Liverpool, present location unknown; descr. of male); Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico (crit.). Fringilla cubae Gervais, Mag. Zool., 5, cl. 2, pi. 44, 1835— Santiago, Cuba (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of male); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 10, 1856 (not seen in Cuba); Cabanis, I.e., 5, p. 241, 1857— Caracas, Venezuela; Gundlach, I.e., 19, p. 282, 1871 — Cuba (cage-bird). Pyrrhomitris cucullata(us) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 517, 1850 — Cumana, Venezuela; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 269, 1860— north side of Cuba (crit,); Gundlach, Orn. Cub., p. 21, 1876— 1 Specimens from Venezuela (El Trompillo, Carabobo), which we have seen in the Carnegie Museum, do not appear to be satisfactorily separable, although they average slightly larger and sometimes have the upper tail coverts more greenish. The discontinuous distribution of Yarrell's Siskin offers an interesting parallel to that of Basileuterus flaveolus (Baird). Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 14; Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, Bahia, 2; Pernambuco, 1; Ceara, 1.— Venezuela: El Trompillo, Cara- bobo, 14. 2 Cumana suggested as type locality by Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 43, 1926). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 275 Cuba (escaped cage-bird); idem, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 312, 1874 — Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, p. 160, 1878 — Porto Rico; idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 207, 1878— Porto Rico (escaped cage-bird); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 207, 1886— Cuba and Porto Rico ("introduced"); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 94, 1889— Cuba and Porto Rico ("introduced"); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. Ill, 1892— Cuba and Porto Rico ("introduced"). Chrysomilris cucullata Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 123, 1862— "Trinidad"; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 91— "Trinidad," "Cayenne," and Venezuela (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carupano [Sucre] and Caracas, Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 553— "Trinidad" (ex Sclater); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 225, 1888— Venezuela (Carupano, Caracas), "Trinidad," and Cuba. Spinus cucullata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 33, 1894 — Monos Island, near Trinidad. Spinus cucullatus Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 104, 1901— Venezuela, Trinidad, Cuba, and Porto Rico (monog.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 56, 1906 — Monos Island and Cumana, Venezuela (not in Trinidad proper); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 559, 1927 — Porto Rico (cage-bird); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 41, 1926 — Caracas to Monos Island (monog.); Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Monos Island. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the region around Me>ida (Sabaneta) east to Sucre, and Monos Island, off Trinidad.1 1: "Trinidad," 1. Spinus crassirostris (Landbeck).2 THICK-BILLED SISKIN. Chrysomitris crassiroslris Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877 — near the Chilean boundary on Argentine territory, not far from the passes of 1 Although Chapman secured an example on the little island of Monos, there is not yet any authentic record of the occurrence of this siskin in Trinidad proper. Trade skins labeled "Trinidad" are of Venezuelan preparation, and doubtless originated in Venezuela. S. Briceno obtained a single adult male at Sabaneta (alt. 600 metr.), Meiida, now in the Tring Collection at the American Museum of Natural History, which agrees perfectly with individuals from more eastern localities. Records from Cuba and Porto Rico refer to escaped cage-birds. Some may have lingered there some time, but none has been seen on either island for many years. The type of F. cubae exhibits unmistakable signs of having been kept in captivity. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Bermudez: Plains of Cumana, 3; San Antonio, 6; La Tigrera, 1; Los Palmales, 1; Campos Alegre, 1; Quebrada Secca, 1; La Montana del Guacharo, 1. — Merida: Sabaneta, 1. — Cuba: Santiago, 1 (type of F. cubae). 1 Spinus crassirostris (Landbeck), though related to the S. magellanicus group, may immediately be distinguished by its larger size and the enormous bill, which is not only decidedly longer, but from two to three times as bulky as in the other members of the genus. The adult male, which like its allies has the whole head including the throat deep black, differs from S. m. urubambensis and the other races by duller coloration, the back being about yellowish olive and the lower 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Uspallata and Portillo, in the high Cordillera, Prov. Mendoza (descr. of male; type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile).1 Spinus ictericus magnirostris Dabbene, Physis, 4, No. 16, p. 105, May 15, 1918 — Sierra del Cajon, Salta, and Laguna Blanca, Catamarca (type, from Sierra del Cajon, Salta, in Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Buenos Aires); idem, El Hornero, 1, p. 181, 1918 (reprint of orig. descr.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 187, 1921— El Pefion and Ojos de Agua, Rio Aconcagua, and Valle de los Leones, Prov. Aconcagua, Chile. Spinus crassirostris Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 40, 1926 — western Argentina (Salta, Catamarca, and Sierras of Mendoza) and central Chile (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 186, 187, 1928 (crit., range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 81, 1932— Puna zone of Aconcagua, Chile (crit.). Range. — High mountains (chiefly in the Puna zone) of western Argentina (Sierra del Cajon, Salta; Corral Quemado and Lago Helado, Catamarca; Puente del Inca, Mendoza) and central Chile (Prov. Aconcagua). *Spinus magellanicus capitalis (Cabanis).2 CABANIS'S SISKIN. Chrysomitris capitalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 160, 1866 — Ecuador (descr. of male; type in Berlin Museum examined); Taczanowski, Proc. abdomen buffy, while the apical bands to the greater upper wing coverts are dull pyrite yellow instead of bright lemon yellow. The female, with which we are not acquainted, is stated by Todd to be similar in coloration to that of S. m. capitalis. Wing (adult males), 80-82; tail, 52-56; bill, 13J4-15; depth at base, 10-12. This striking bird, while possibly a geographic representative of S. magel- lanicus, as considered by Dabbene, may provisionally be accorded specific rank until its breeding range has been definitely established. Material examined. — Argentina: Lago Helado (alt. 3,000 metr.), Catamarca, 1; Puente del Inca (alt. 10,000 ft.), Mendoza, 4. 1 According to Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 41, p. 102, 1872, where Chsy- somitris [sic] crassirostris is, however, a pure nomen nudum. The specimen is not listed by Gigoux and Looser (Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, pp. 5-33, 1930), but these authors have also omitted several other types belonging to the col- lections of the Chilean National Museum. 2 Spinus magellanicus capitalis (Cabanis), when compared to S. m. paulus and S. m. peruanus, is generally distinguished in the male sex by stronger bill, darker green and more heavily spotted back, the restriction of the black hood on the sides of the head, and duller, more greenish yellow under parts. However, the two last-named characters are far from constant, and certain examples of peruanus do not differ at all from capitalis in these respects. The type of C. capitalis is a perfectly typical example of the present form, and compares well with the average of the birds from the highlands of Ecuador, having the same amount of black on the throat. The type of C. sclateri is somewhat aberrant, having the chin and throat yellow like the remainder of the under surface, but the individual nature of this divergency is proved by two males from "Nanegal." One bird has only on one side of the chin some black, while in the other this color extends, in the form of irregular spots, towards the lower throat. In all other characters, notably the dark warbler green back with heavy dusky spots, the three individuals are typically capitalis. A single male from Pun and another from Papallacta are more heavily spotted above, and duller (between sulphine yellow and pyrite yellow) underneath than any other example we have examined, but we do not consider these divergencies of sufficient importance to justify their formal separation. Birds from the mountains bordering the Maran6n 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 277 Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 230— Tambillo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Cutervo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 17 — Chirimoto, Peru (eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 294— part, Cechce, Chimbo- razo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — Mapoto, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 49, 1886 — part, Tambillo and Cutervo, Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895 — Cajamarca, Chusgon, and Succha (Huama- chuco), Peru; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 27, 1899 — Cuenca, "Nanegal," Tumbaco (Quito), and Pun, Ecuador (crit.). Chrysomitris icterica (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 552, 1858— Riobamba, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 125, 1862 — part, spec, c-e, Riobamba and Cuenca, Ecuador. Chrysomitris icterica subsp. a Chrysomitris capitalis Sharpe, Caf. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 219, 1888 — part, spec, m-p, Ecuador ("Jima," "Sical," "Intac," Quito) and Colombia (Pasto). Chrysomitris sclateri Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 200, 1888 — Rio- bamba and Cuenca, Ecuador (type, from Riobamba, in British Museum examined). Chrysomitris icterica capitalis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898 — Ibarra, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 475— Quito and the Chillo Valley, Ecuador. Chrysomitris sp. Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899 — La Conception, Chota Valley, Ecuador (young). Spinus ictericus capitalis Me'ne'gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me"rid. Equat., 9, p. B78, 1911 — Tumbaco and Santa Rosa, Ecuador; idem, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 390, 1912— Banos, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928— Volcan de Tumbaco, Ecuador. Spinus capitalis Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922 — Quito, Cumbaya, and Chaupicruz, Ecuador; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 37, 1926 — part, Temperate zone of Ecuador (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 621, 1926 — Ecuador (Nono, Pichincha, near Quito, Cumbaya, Papallacta, Mocha, Chimborazo, Cuenca); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627, 1932— Las Palmas and Cuenca, Ecuador. Chrysomitris siemiradzkii (errore) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 313 — Cuenca, Ecuador (spec, examined). Range. — Temperate zone of extreme southern Colombia (Pasto), Ecuador, and northwestern Peru south to Cajamarca (Cajamarca, Chusgon, Huamachuco). Valley (Maynapall and Chusgon, near Huamachuco) we are unable to satis- factorily distinguish from those of the Ecuadorian highlands. The specimens from southern Peru and Chile referred by Todd to capitalis belong, in my opinion, to other races. The female of S. m. capitalis, as represented by a series from Ecuador, is fairly uniform by reason of its dull (grayish) green upper, and grayish- white under parts, but similarly colored examples also occur in the range of peru- anus and urubambensis. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: near Quito, 6; Tumbaco, 3; La Concepci6n, 1; "Nanegal," 2; Mount Chimborazo, 1; Pichincha, 4; Mocha, 2; Cechce, 1; Govinda, 1; Cuenca, 2; Riobamba, 2; Pun, 2; Papallacta, 1 ; unspecified, 4. — Peru: Chusgon, Huamachuco, 2. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 2: Peru (Maynapall, near Huamachuco, 2). *Spinus magellanicus paulus Todd.1 PACIFIC SISKIN. Spinus peruanus paulus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 51, June 9, 1926 — Zamora, Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 621, 1926— Ecuador (Pallatanga, Bucay, Porto Velo, El Paso, Alamor, Loja, Zamora) and northwestern Peru (Milagros, Palambla, Huanca- bamba). Chrysomitris capitalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985— Islay and Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 569 — western Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 522 — part, Lima; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 294— part, Cayandeled, Ecuador; Tac- zanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 49, 1886 — part, Lima; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 377 — Lima and lea, Peru. Chrysomitris barbata (not Fringilla barbata Molina) Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 422— Callao, Peru. Chrysomitris iderica subsp. a Chrysomitris capitalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 219, 1888— part, spec, a-g, i, k, Peru (Arequipa, Islay, Callao). Spinus ictericus peruanus (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 46, 1918— Bellavista(?) and Huancabamba, Peru (crit.). Spinus peruanus peruanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 48, 1926 — part, Pacific coast of Peru. Spinus magellanicus paulus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 467, 1930 — Santa Eulalia and Vitarte, Peru (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of the Pacific slope of southwestern Ecuador and Peru from Piura (east to Huancabamba) south to Arequipa. 8: Peru (Trujillo, 1; Macate, Ancachs, 3; Santa Eulalia, Lima, 2; Vitarte, Lima, 1; Matucana, Lima, 1). 1 Spinus magellanicus paulus Todd: Similar to S. m. capitalis, but smaller, with slenderer bill; back brighter, more yellowish citrine, and less variegated with dusky; rump brighter yellow; under parts brighter yellow without any buffy whitish color in the anal region; similar also to S. m. peruanus, but de- cidedly paler yellow below, the back more yellowish green, and the rump brighter yellow; female not certainly distinguishable from that of S. m. peruanus. Birds from the lowlands of southwestern Ecuador, including the type, are decidedly small in comparison to S. m. capitalis, of the Temperate zone of the Ecuadorian Andes. Those from the Pacific slope of Peru average slightly larger (wing of males, 65-69, against 61-66), but do not differ in coloration. I am in agreement with Mr. Zimmer that they have to go with paulus rather than with peruanus to which they had been referred by Mr. Todd. The intergradation between S. m. paulus, S. m. peruanus, and S. m. urubambensis has been discussed at some length by Mr. Zimmer (I.e., pp. 465-466). Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Pallatanga, 2; Cayandeled, 1; Jalancay, Chunchi, Chimbo, 1; Zamora, 3; El Paso, 4. — Peru: Huancabamba, Piura, 4; Huacho, Lima, 4; Huaral, Lima, 4; Lima, 6; lea, 1; Islay, Arequipa, 1; Cocachacra, Arequipa, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 279 *Spinus magellanicus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 PERUVIAN SISKIN. Spinus ictericus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 352— La Merced, Chanchamayo, and Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junfn, Peru (type, from La Merced, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 170, 1927); idem, Ornis, 13, p. Ill, 1906— Huaynapata, Marcapata, Cuzco, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 115, p. 110, 1921— part, San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru (crit.). Chrysomitris capitalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 597 — Cosnipata, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 522 — part, Huanta (Ayacucho) and Ropaybamba (Junin), Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 49, 1886 — part, Huanta, Ropaybamba, Amable Maria, Pumamarca, and Palca, Peru. Chrysomitris icterica subsp. a Chrysomitris capitalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 219, 1888— part, spec, h, Ropaybamba, Peru. Spinus peruanus peruanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 48, 1926 — part, eastern Peru. Spinus magellanicus peruanus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 465, 1930— Vista Alegre, Chinchao, and Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Spinus sclateri (?) (not Chrysomitris sclateri Sharpe) Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353— Garita del Sol, Peru. Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of eastern Peru from Huanuco through Junin and Ayacucho to Cuzco. 6: Peru (Vista Alegre, 2; Chinchao, 2; Huanuco, 2). *Spinus magellanicus urubambensis Todd.2 URUBAMBA SISKIN. Spinus magellanicus urubambensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 65, June 9, 1926 — Cuzco, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in the American Museum 1 Spinus magellanicus peruanus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, in the male sex, comes pretty close to S. m. paulus, but differs by brighter as well as deeper yellow under parts, somewhat darker and more greenish back, and duller yellow rump. Wing (males), 67-70; tail, 42-45. Birds from La Merced (topotypical), Utcuyacu (alt. 4,800 ft.), and Vista Alegre agree well together. Two males each from Garita del Sol and Chipa (12,000 to 14,000 ft. elev.) likewise belong here. An adult male from Chinchao, Huanuco, is exactly intermediate between peruanus and capitalis, so much so indeed that its reference to one form rather than to the other is largely a matter of personal preference. The whitish-bellied female from Garita del Sol, referred by Berlepsch tentatively to S. sclateri and by Todd to capitalis, is clearly but an individual variant of peruanus. Similar variation occurs also in S. m. urubambensis. We have not seen any material of this form from south of Junin, though Todd extends its range to the Marcapata Valley. Additional material examined. — Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 7; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 4; Utcuyacu, Junfn, 3; Chipa, Junin, 3. 1 Spinus magellanicus urubambensis Todd differs from S. m. peruanus merely by its larger size. Wing, 73-78, (female) 70-74; tail, 48-52, (female) 45-48 H- This is apparently an altitudinal representative of S.m. peruanus in the Temper- ate zone of the Andes of southern Peru. Birds from Tacna Province, Chile, agree 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII of Natural History, New York, examined); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 82, 1932— Putre and Palca, Tacna, Chile (crit.). (l)Spinus sclateri (not Chrysomitris sclateri Sharpe) Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Ornis, 13, p. 68, 1906 — Pauza and Coracora, Ayacucho. Spinus ictericus peruanus (not of Berlepsch and Stolzmann) Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 115, p. 110, 1921— part, Chospiyoc, Ttica-Ttica, Cuzco, Pisac, and La Raya, Urubamba, Peru (crit.). Spinus capitalis (not Chrysomitris capitalis Cabanis) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, pp. 37, 39, 1926— part, Putre, Tacna, and (?) Coracora and Pauza, Peru. Range. — Temperate zone of extreme northern Chile (Tacna) and southern Peru (depts. of Cuzco, Junin, and possibly Ayacucho). 2: Chile (Putre, Tacna, 2). *Spinus magellanicus bolivianus (Sharpe).1 BOLIVIAN SISKIN. Chrysomitris ictericus subsp. /3 Chrysomitris boliviano, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 220, 1888 — Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). Chrysomitris barbata (not Fringilla barbata Molina) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 125, 1862— part, spec, a, Bolivia. Spinus magellanicus bolivianus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 64, 1926 — highlands of Bolivia (monog.). Range. — Temperate zone of central Bolivia, in depts. of Cocha- bamba, Chuquisaca, and Potosi. 4: Bolivia (Arque, Cochabamba, 1; Parotani, Cochabamba, 3). with the typical series from the Cuzco region. Three adults in worn plumage taken by R. H. Beck at Oroya, Rio Mantaro, on the Junin plateau, in March, 1913, seem to be inseparable! A single adult female from Coracora, Ayacucho, with a wing of 73J/2, and a tail of 48 J^ mm., falls well within the measurements olurubam- bensis, but without further material it is, of course, impossible to allocate it with absolute certainty. While clearly distinct from S. m. peruanus, this form shows some analogy to the widely distant S. m. capitalis, of the Ecuadorian highlands, thereby demonstrating the conspecific relationship of all the Andean black-hooded siskins. It is exceedingly close to S. m. bolivianus, from which it seems to differ only by slightly brighter, more yellowish green dorsal surface. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cuzco, 3; Ttica-Ttica, 3; Pisac, 3; Oroya, Rio Mantaro, Junin, 3. — Chile: Palca, Tacna, 1. 1 Spinus magellanicus bolivianus (Sharpe) : Similar to S. m. alleni, but much larger. Wing, 73-76, (female) 71-73; tail, 47-51, (female) 45-47. All the specimens we have seen of this form are from the central Bolivian highlands of Cochabamba and Sucre, the type agreeing with males from that region. The single specimen from Chaco, Yungas of La Paz, identified by Todd as S. m. bolivianus, is before me. It is a male in juvenile plumage with a few black feathers appearing on the lower throat and pileum, and without knowing the adult stage it cannot be determined with any degree of confidence. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Cochabamba, 2; Vinto, Cochabamba, 3; Pulque, Sucre, 3; unspecified, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 281 *Spinus magellanicus tucumanus Todd.1 TUCUMAN SISKIN. Spinus magellanicus tucumanus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 62, June 9, 1926 — Lavalle, Santiago del Estero, Argentina (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 236, 1927 — Concepcion, Tucuman; Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 186, 187, 1928 (range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, p. 319, 1930 — Las Cuevas and Las Lenas, Cordillera of Mendoza. Chrysomitris magellanica (not Fringilla magellanica Vieillot) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 6, p. 160, 1858— Mendoza; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 355— Salta; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja. Chrysomitris barbata (not Fringilla barbata Molina) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 600— part, Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca. Chrysomitris icterica (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 217, 1888— part, spec, b-g, "Chile" [= Mendoza], Salta, and C6rdoba (Cosquin); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 64, 1888— Argentina (in part); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 120, 1891— Cordoba; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— part, spec, e-f, San Pablo, Tucuman, and Chilchas, Salta; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897 — Campo Santo, Salta; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 255, 1904 — Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— cerros de Tucuman. Chrysomitris magellanica (icterica) Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— C6rdoba. Carduelis icterica icterica Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 176, 1909— part, Tucuman and (?)Mocovf, Santa Fe\ Spinus ictericus ictericus Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 387, 1910— part, western Argentina (Salta to C6rdoba). Spinus ictericus Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Mendoza; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 433, 1926— part, El Salto, above Potrerillos, Mendoza; (?)Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 361, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 320, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Range. — Western Argentina, from Jujuy south to Mendoza, east to the Sierra of Cordoba and (?)Santa FC"; in winter occasionally to Buenos Aires (Quilmes). 9: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 9). 1 Spinus magellanicus tucumanus Todd : Very close to S. m. bolivianus, but on average slightly smaller; adult male with upper parts, especially wing and tail coverts uniform warbler green without any, or with very little, dusky spotting; female not distinguishable with certainty except for being smaller. Wing, 70-76, (female) 66-69; tail, 45-49, (female) 43-46. Though readily separable from S. m. magellanicus by duller coloration (green of upper parts duller with less yellow on the rump ; under surface and sides of neck duller, etc.), as pointed out by its describer, this form runs pretty close to bolivi- anus, and certain individuals are distinguishable only with difficulty. No material being available from Santa F6, the breeding form of that region remains in doubt. According to Todd, S. m. tucumanus migrates in winter to the coast of Buenos Aires. Four additional specimens from Tucuman (Tan, San Pablo) and two from Salta examined. 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Spinus magellanicus alleni Ridgway.1 ALLEN'S SISKIN. Spinus alleni Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 37, Jan., 1899 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Fringilla magellanica (not of Vieillot) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 178, 1821 — near Ressaque, Bahia-Minas boundary; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 620, 1830— Bahia. Carduelis magellanica Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 83, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Chrysomitris magellanica Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607— Chiquitos (ex d'Orbigny). Chrysomitris icterica (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 403— part, Catalao, Goyaz; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217— part, Bahia, Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 217, 1888 — part, spec, o, p, Bahia (spec, examined); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126 — Fortln Page, lower Pilcomayo, Paraguayan Chaco. Spinus yarrelli (not Carduelis yarrellii Audubon) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 375, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso. Spinus ictericus alleni Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 33, 1908 — Rio Thesouras and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz (crit., range); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 792, 1932— Tres Lagoas and Aquidauana, Matto Grosso (crit.). Chrysomitris icterica alleni Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— part, spec. Nos. 704, 751, Parnagua, Piauhy (spec, examined). Spinus magellanicus alleni Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 52, 1926 — Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and adjacent parts of Paraguay (excl. of Bernalcu6) and Argentina (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 186, 187, 1928 — Chaco and Formosa, Argentina; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 297, 1929— Certeza, Goyaz; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 352, 1930— Matto Grosso. Range. — Campo region of central Brazil, from southern Piauhy (Parnagua) and Bahia west through Goyaz (Certeza, Rio Perdido; Rio Thesouras; Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya; Catalao) to northern Sao Paulo (Bauru) and Matto Grosso (Tres LagSas, Aquidauana, Cha- pada, Estiva, Piraputanga), and eastern Bolivia (west to the eastern base of the Andes at Santa Cruz), and the adjoining parts of Para- guay (west of the Rio Parana) and northern Argentina (Chaco). 1 Spinus magellanicus alleni Ridgway: Similar to S. m. ictericus, but smaller; adult males with yellow of under parts brighter and clearer, and the yellow basal area of the tail less extensive; female brighter and clearer yellow below without the olivaceous shade on throat and chest. Wing, 63-69, (female) 64; tail, 38-45; (female) 40-41; bill, 9^-11. Birds from Chiquitos, Bolivia, agree with others from Brazil, but seem to have slightly shorter tails. I have not seen any material from the Paraguayan or Argentine Chaco w,hich Todd refers to the present form. Specimens from eastern Paraguay (Bernalcue, Sapucay) pertain unquestionably to S. m. ictericus. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Parnagua, Piauhy, 2; Bahia, 2; Cha- pada, Matto Grosso, 2; Estiva, Matto Grosso, 1; Rio Thesouras, Goyaz, 1; Rio Araguaya (Leopoldina), Goyaz, 1. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 283 3: Brazil (Baurii, Sao Paulo, 1; Certeza, Goyaz, 1; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 1). *Spinus magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein).1 BRAZILIAN SISKIN. Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 26, after Sept., 1823 — Sao Paulo, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Fringilla campestris (not of Schrank, 1789) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 48, pi. 61, fig. 3 (young male), 1825 — "in campis districti adamantini" = Minas Geraes, Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 680, 1906). Carduelis ictericus bavarici Collin and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 34, p. 50, 1927— new name for Fringilla campestris Spix, preoccupied. Chrysomitris magellanica (not Fringilla magellanica Vieillot) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 516, 1850— Sao Paulo; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 160, 1851— Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 255, 1856 — Lagoa Santa and Congonhas, Minas Geraes (spec, examined); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 92 — part, southern Brazil. Chrysomitris icterica Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 125, 1862— part, spec, a, b, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 231, 1870— Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Jaguaraiba, Itarare); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 403— part, Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa and Olleria); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 124, 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 217, 1888 — part, spec. 1-n, "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul, and Sao Paulo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— part, spec, a-d, Paraguay (Luque, Villa Rica, Colonia Risso); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Barra do Rio Camaquam, Pedras Brancas); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 23, 1899— Sao Paulo (Iguape); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 635— Sapucay, Paraguay. Chrysomitris barbata (not Fringilla barbata Molina) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 600— part, Conception, Misiones, and Santo Tome, Corrientes (spec, examined). 1 Spinus magellanicus ictericus (Lichtenstein) : Very close to S. m. magellanicus, but distinguishable by slightly smaller size, less extensive black gular patch, and absence of the buffy whitish area in the middle of the lower abdomen in the male sex. The wing, in adult males, ranges from 67 to 72 mm. Birds from eastern Paraguay (Bernalcue, near Asunci6n; Villa Rica; Sapucay) and Misiones, and a single male from Santo Tom6, northeastern Corrientes, agree precisely with Bra- zilian individuals. Since writing about the type of F. campestris, I have carefully examined six adult males from Minas Geraes and find them to be unquestionably referable to ictericus, though one from Congonhas slightly verges toward S. m, alleni. Besides, Spix's term campestris is preoccupied anyway, having been pre- viously used by Schrank. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 2; Con- gonhas, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio de Janeiro, 4; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 10; Matto- dentro, Sao Paulo, 3; ItararS, Sao Paulo, 1; Jaguaraiba, Sao Paulo, 1; Roca Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana, 2; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 3; Rio Grande do Sul, 4. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 1; Villa Rica, 2; Bernalcu6, 1. — Argentina: Concepci6n, Misiones, 1; Bonpland, Misiones, 2; Santo Tom6, Corrientes, J. 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spinus ictericus Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186, 1906 — Retire do Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 380, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Jundiahy, Itarare, Itatiba), Minas Geraes (Campos de Itatiaya), and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Liider- waldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 357, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya (habits); Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923— Retire do Ramos, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 263, 1923 — Monte Serrat, Itatiaya, Brazil. Spinus magellanicus ictericus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 54, 1926 — southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and Misiones (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 185, 187, 1928 (range). Spinus ictericus ictericus Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 316, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Spinus ictericus campestris Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 680, 1906 — Minas Geraes (crit.). Cardueles [sic] icterica Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro south to Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent parts of Paraguay (east of the Rio Parana) and extreme northeastern Argen- tina (Misiones and the adjoining section of Corrientes). 5: Brazil (Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1; Rio das Velhas, near Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, 4). Spinus magellanicus magellanicus (Vieillot). ARGENTINE SISKIN. Fringilla magellanica Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Chant. Zone Torr., pi. 30, circa 1805 — "la partie meridionale de 1'Amerique . . . et encore aux environs du detroit de Magellan" (errore); type locality, as designated by Todd (1926, p. 61), Buenos Aires.1 Chrysomitris magellanica Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 97, 1841 — Uruguay (Maldonado) and Rio Negro; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 161, 1866 — Montevideo and Buenos Aires (crit.); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, southern Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 159— Ranches, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 30— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs). Chrysomitris barbata (not Fringilla barbata Molina) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 549— Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 172— Baradero, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, 1, Zool., p. 40, 1 Although the habitat ascribed to the species is incorrect, since no other siskin than S. barbatus occurs in the Straits of Magellan, Vieillot's figure clearly represents a member of the black-headed group and, as has been explained by Cabanis and more recently again by Todd, corresponds fairly well to the Argentine form, which was already met with near Buenos Aires by the traveller Commerson, as quoted by Montbeillard (in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 402) in the account of "L'Olivarez." The type, it may be added, does not exist in the collections of the Paris Museum. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 285 1881 — Rio Sauce, Rio Colorado, and Rio Negro; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 132, 1883— Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos, and Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 83, 1884— Tandil, Buenos Aires. Chrysomitris iderica (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 217, 1888 — part, spec, h-k, Buenos Aires, Conchitas, and Campana; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 64, 1888 — part, eastern Argentina; Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 361— Est. Mate Grande, near Nueva de Julio, Buenos Aires; Holland, I.e., 1891, p. 16; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 197 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, I.e., 1894, p. 170— Santa Elena, Uruguay (habits); Grant, I.e., 1911, p. 101— Los Yngleses and Luiconia, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Gibson, I.e., 1918, p. 388 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Spinus ictericus Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920— Uruguay (Monte- video, Canelones, Colonia, San Jos6, Florida); Renard, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920 — Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 171, 1923 — Escobar, Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 433, 1926— part, Buenos Aires (Dolores, Lavalle) and Uruguay (San Vicente); Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 149, 1928— Cacharf, Buenos Aires (egg). Spinus ictericus ictericus Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 387, 1910— part, eastern Argentina; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397, 1916— La Plata; Marelli, Mem. Minist. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 658, 1924— Buenos Aires Province; idem, El Hornero, 5, p. 197, 1933 — Dorrego and Fortfn Chaco, southern Buenos Aires. Carduelis icterica icterica Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 176, 1909 — part, Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Spinus magellanicus magellanicus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 58, 1926 —Argentina (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 185, 187, 1928 (range in Argentina). Range. — Eastern Argentina, from Entre Rios and Buenos Aires south to the Rio Negro, and Uruguay.1 *Spinus magellanicus longirostris (Sharpe).2 RORAIMA SISKIN. Chrysomitris icterica subsp. y Chrysomitris longirostris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 220, 1888— Roraima, British Guiana (type in British Museum). Chrysomitris icterica (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 — Roraima. 1 Ten specimens from Buenos Aires and two from Uruguay (Montevideo) examined. 1 Spinus magellanicus longirostris (Sharpe): Similar to S. m. ictericus, but decidedly smaller, with somewhat longer, slenderer bill; dorsal surface of adult males more yellowish green with hardly a trace of the dusky mottling, and under parts brighter yellow without any olivaceous shading across chest and along flanks. Wing (males), 60-63; tail, 37-40; bill, 11. Additional material examined. — British Guiana: Roraima, 8. 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spinus longirostris Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 44, 1926— Roraima (monog.). Range. — Tropical zone of British Guiana (Roraima, Quonga). 1: British Guiana (Quonga, 1). Spinus santaecrucis Todd.1 SANTA CRUZ SISKIN. Spinus santaecrucis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 47, June 9, 1926— Sa- maipata, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). Range. — Tropical zone of the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Spinus siemiradzkii (Berlepsch and Taczanowski).2 SIEMIRADZKI'S SISKIN. Chrysomitris siemiradzkii Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 551, pi. 50 — Guayaquil (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort, examined);3 idem, I.e., 1884, p. 282 — Guayaquil; (?) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 50, 1886 — Tumbez, Peru (sight record). Chrysomitris icterica subsp. 8 Chrysomitris siemiradzkii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 221, 1888 — "Balzar," Ecuador. Spinus siemiradzkii Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 43, 1926 — Guayaquil and Puna Island, Ecuador (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 622, 1926— Puna Island, Ecuador. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (Guaya- quil and Puna Island). 1 Spinus santaecrucis Todd : Similar to S. magellanicus bolivianus, but de- cidedly smaller; adult male with the dorsal feathers extensively blackish in the center and narrowly margined with light olive-green, and the upper tail coverts also largely blackish with greenish edges. Wing (male), 70; tail, 44. A single adult male from Holguin, Santa Cruz, differs indeed strikingly by the above characters from a small series of S. m. bolivianus, from the highlands of Cochabamba. An immature male, with the black hood already largely developed, from Santa Cruz, is much less spotted above, being hardly different on this score from bolivianus, but has no yellow at all on the rump. These two specimens look almost like a connecting link between S. m. alleni, of Chiquitos, and S. m. bolivianus, of Cochabamba, but according to Todd, who does not seem to be very confident as to their taxonomic status, alleni and santaecrucis both occur at Santa Cruz, Buena Vista, and Rio Surutu! The case obviously requires renewed investigation with the help of more adequate material. 2 Spinus siemiradzkii (Berlepsch and Taczanowski), in spite of its bright yellow- ish coloration, which is indicated, though to a lesser degree, even in the female sex, may ultimately prove to be a geographic representative of S. magellanicus. It appears to be restricted to the arid tropical region around Guayaquil, including Puna Island. Stolzmann's sight record from "Tumbez" needs corroboration by actually secured material. The locality "Balzar" attached to a skin by Illing- worth, a native collector in the service of Clarence Buckley, is no doubt due to a confusion of labeling, this man having also visited Puna Island. Material examined. — Ecuador: Guayaquil, 3 (two males, one female). 8 The specimen in the Warsaw Museum listed by Sztolcman and Domaniewski (Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 170, 1927) as "type" has no valid claims to this dignity, the marked type being still in the Berlepsch Collection at Frankfort. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 287 *Spinus olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 OLIVACEOUS SISKIN. Spinus olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ibis, (6), 6, p. 387, July, 1894 — Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junfn, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 170, 1927); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353— Garita del Sol; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 46, 1926 — eastern Ecuador to Bolivia (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 622, 1926 — Zamora, eastern Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 468, 1930— Vista Alegre, Huanuco, Peru. Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Zamora), eastern Peru (Huayabamba, Dept. San Martin; Vista Alegre, Dept. Hua- nuco; Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junin; Marcapata, Dept. Cuzco), and northern Bolivia (Songo and San Antonio, Yungas of La Paz; Yungas of Cochabamba). 2: Peru (Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 2). *Spinus notatus2 notatus (Du Bus). BLACK-HEADED SISKIN. Carduelis notata Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux Arts Belg., 14, (2), p. 106, Aug., 1847— Mexico =Jalapa, Vera Cruz3 (type in Brussels Museum). Chrysomitris notata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 304, 1856— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 26, p. 303, 1858— Orizaba; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 365, 380, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and La Parada and Totontepec, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 275— Volcan de Fuego and Coban, Guatemala; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 92 — Mexico (crit.); Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876 — Gineta Moun- tains, Chiapas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 428, 1886 — Mexico (Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas) and Guatemala; Sharpe, 1 Spinus olivaceus Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Adult male superficially resem- bling S. magellanicus peruanus, but with proportionately and absolutely much shorter tail; upper parts decidedly darker, deep warbler green tinged with citrine; the yellow of the rump generally less contrasted with the color of the back; the terminal edges to the tertials much narrower and less conspicuous, in fresh plu- mage grayish green instead of clear yellowish white; chest, sides, and flanks strongly tinged with olivaceous. Wing, 63^-66; tail, 35-38; bill, 9-10. Female unknown to the author. The short tail, the inconspicuous edging to the innermost secondaries, and the olivaceous-tinged under parts are the best characters to tell this siskin from its allies. Birds from the Yungas of La Paz appear to be similar to others from Peru. S. olivaceus evidently is specifically different from the S. magellanicus group, being found side by side with races of the Magellanic Siskin (S. m. peruanus and S. TO. urubambensis) in part of its range. Additional material examined. — Peru: Huayabamba, 2; La Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 1. — Bolivia, Yungas of La Paz: San Antonio, 1; Songo, 3. tSpinus notatus is clearly related to S. magellanicus, but has a slenderer, more acute bill, very little yellow on the wing coverts and tertials, and the sexes are nearly alike in coloration. » As designated by Todd (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 68, 1926). 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 221, 1888— Mexico (Orizaba) and Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Calderas, pine ridge of Dolores, Santa Barbara, and Vera Paz). Chrysomitris notatus Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 550, 1869 — temperate region of Vera Cruz. Spinus notatus Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 149, 1886 — Teziut- lan, Puebla; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 30, 1898 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz. Spinus notatus notatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 102, 1901— part, Mexico and Guatemala; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 66, 1926— part, Mexico and Guatemala (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Chivela, Oaxaca; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 355, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Sepacuite, Secanquim, Nebaj, Chichicastenango, Momostenango, La Perla, Pana- jachel, San Lucas). Range. — Pine and oak forests of the mountains of southeastern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, Oaxaca, and Chiapas) and Guatemala.1 2: Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, 2). Spinus notatus forreri (Salvin and Godman). FORRER'S SISKIN. Chrysomitris forreri Salvin and Godmaix Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 429, Nov., 1886— Ciudad Durango, Durango, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 222, 1888— Ciudad Durango. Spinus notatus forreri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 103, 1901 — southwestern Mexico (monog.); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 69, 1926 (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (crit.); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 482, 1934 — Sonora (Mina Abundancia) and Chihuahua (Bravo, Chihuahua, Carmen). Range. — Mountains of western Mexico, from northeastern Sonora and Chihuahua south through Durango, Zacatecas, Jalisco, and Nayarit to Guerrero.2 *Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom.3 HONDURAN SISKIN. Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 13, p. 61, Nov. 7, 1932 — Cerro Cantoral, Distr. of Achaga, Honduras (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 1 Birds from Guatemala (Vera Paz) agree with a series from Jalapa, Vera Cruz. 2 Van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. CL, 58, p. 135, July 13, 1938) has recently subdivided the above form, restricting S. n. forreri to Durango and northwards and separating the birds from Guerrero to Nayarit as S. notatus griscomi (type, from Voican de Colima, Jalisco, in the British Museum). 3 Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom: Similar to S. n. notatus, but slightly smaller, with a slenderer bill; upper parts less yellowish, more olive-green; under parts dirty greenish yellow, without the rich gamboge shade of northern birds. Wing (males), 62-64. (Griscom, I.e.) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 289 Spinus notatus (not Carduelis notata Du Bus) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 470, 1891 — Santa Ana, Honduras. Spinus notaius notatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 102, 1901 — part, Santa Ana, Honduras; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 66, 1926 — part, Honduras (Santa Ana) and Nicaragua (Matagalpa); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932— Santa Ana, Honduras. Range. — Pine and oak forests of Honduras and northern Nicaragua. 1: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1). *Spinus xanthogaster xanthogaster (Du Bus). YELLOW-BELLIED SISKIN. Chrysomitris xanthogastra Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux-Arts Belg., 22, (1), p. 152, 1855— Ocana, Colombia (type in Brussels Museum; descr. of male); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 781, 785 — part, Meiida (Venezuela), "Bogota," and Costa Rica (crit.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 — Canuto and Cucuta Valley, Santander, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 508 — Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.). Chrysomitris bryantii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 91— Dota, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— Dota; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869— Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 56— Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica. Chrysomitris xanthogaster Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 430, pi. 31, fig. 3, 1886 — part, Costa Rica (Dota, Frailes, Irazu), Colom- bia, Venezuela, and (?)Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 209, 1888 — Costa Rica (Irazu, Frailes, Dota), Colombia (Bogota, Canuto, Santa Elena), Venezuela, and (?)Ecuador. Spinus xanthogastra Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Cartago, Dota, and Sarchi, Costa Rica. Spinus xanthogaster Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 105, 1901 —Costa Rica to Venezuela and (?)Ecuador (monog.); Piguet, Me"m. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914— Angelopolis, near Medellin, Colom- bia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 564, 1917 — San Antonio, western Andes, and Santa Elena, central Andes, Colombia. Spinus xanthogaster bryantLEangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 34, 1908 — Costa Rica (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 914, 1910 — Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Azahar de Cartago, Carrfllo, La Estrella de Cartago, Sarchf, Turrialba, Dota, Ujurras de Te>raba) (crit.). Spinus xanthogaster xanthogaster Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 70, 1926 (monog.); (?)Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 621, 1926— La Chonta, Ecuador (one female). Range. — Subtropical zone of Costa Rica and extreme western Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui), Colombia (except Santa Marta 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII region), and western Venezuela (Cordillera of MeYida east to the mountains around Caracas); (?)Ecuador.1 7: Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, 1; Juan Vinas, 1); Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 1); Colombia (Bogota, 1); Venezuela (Me>ida, 1; Teta de Niquitao, 2). Spinus xanthogaster stejnegeri (Sharpe).2 STEJNEGER'S SISKIN. Chrysomilris stejnegeri Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 210, 1888— Sorata and Nairapi, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia (type in British Museum). Chrysomitris xanthogastra (not of Du Bus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 785— part, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 607— Sorata and Nairapi. Chrysomitris xanthogaster Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 430, 1886— part, Bolivia. Spinus xanthogaster stejnegeri Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 72, 1926— Bolivia (monog.). Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz to Santa Cruz). *Spinus atratus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BLACK SISKIN. Carduelis stratus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 83, 1837 — La Paz, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voyage Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 364, pi. 48, fig. 2, 1844— La Paz; Philippi, Reise Wueste Atacama, p. 162, 1860— northern Chile; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 176, 1909 — Tucuman (Lara, Cerro Munoz) and Jujuy (Angosta Perchela). 1 Birds from Merida and the Venezuelan north coast mountains agree perfectly with a suite from the east Colombian Andes, both series varying to the same de- gree in the extent of the yellow wing-spot and the intensity of the under parts. Nine adult males from Costa Rica average slightly paler beneath and have gener- ally less yellow at the base of the tail, but these trifling divergencies are so largely bridged by individual variation that I do not see any practical advantage in recognizing a northern race under the name of S. x. bryantii. The status of the inhabitants of Ecuador, whence only a single female is known, remains to be determined. Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Volcan de Irazu, 11. — Colombia: "Bogota," 7; Santa Elena, 2; Antioquia, 1. — Venezuela: Merida, 5; above Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 3; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, near Caracas, 14. 2 Spinus xanthogaster stejnegeri (Sharpe): Similar to the nominate race, but slightly larger, with longer bill; tibial feathers in males extensively yellow instead of dusky tipped with yellowish or whitish; throat of females clouded with dusky. Wing, 66^-69, (female) 65; tail, 44-46M, (female) 41-44; bill, 10-11. This form, which is found chiefly in the western Yungas (of La Paz) — although there is also one record from Santa Cruz (Cerro Hosane) — is but slightly different from typical xanthogaster, which is rather strange considering the absence of any representative in the intervening Peruvian republic. Material examined. — Bolivia, Dept. La Paz: Chaco, 4; Iquico (Illimani), 6; Songo, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 291 Chrysomitris atrata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 515, 1850 (diag.); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — Sierra de Mendoza;1 idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 490, 1861 — Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza;1 Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 125, 1862 — Bolivia; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 91 (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 92, 1865— Chile (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 152— Pitumarca, Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 526 — Junin, Peru (descr. of eggs); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876 — Moho, Lake Titicaca, Peru (habits); Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877— near Uspallata and Portillo Pass, Mendoza; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607— La Paz, Bolivia; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 397— Huasco and Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Tac- zanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 53, 1886— Peru (Junm, Tarma, Huanta, Puno); Bartlett, Monog. Weaver-Birds and Finches, Part 1, pi. 1 and text, Feb., 1888 — La Paz (Bolivia) and Mendoza (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 212, 1888 — Bolivia, Mendoza, and Peru (Pitumarca); Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— "Colorados ii" [probably near Rio Loa, Antofagasta], Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 65, 1888— Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 134 — Sacaya and Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 290, 1895 — Catamarca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Tarapaca, Chile; Albert, I.e., 108, p. 196, 1901— Chile (monog.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 22 — Huasco, and Sacaya, Tarapaca; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 178, 1902 — Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— sierras of Tucuman. Chrysomitris anthracina Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 91, p. 675, 1895— Andes of San Fernando [Colchagua], Chile (type in National Museum, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 13, p. 19, 1930); idem, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 56, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1902— San Fernando. Spinus atratus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353 — Ingapirca, Maraynioc, Jauja, and Tarma, Dept. Junfn, Peru; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 387, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 110, 1921— Ollantaytambo and La Raya, Urubamba, Peru; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 73, 1926 (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 186, 187, 1928 — Argentina; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 467, 1930— La Quinua (Junin) and Huanuco Viejo (Huanuco), Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 84, 1932 — Antofagasta (Ojo de San Pedro) and Tarapaca (Cueva Negra, Huasco, Sacaya), Chile (crit.). Spinus atratus fasciatus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 82, p. 374, Dec. 15, 1930 — Opamayo, Lake Junin, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. — Puna zone of southern Peru (north to Huanuco), Bolivia, northern Chile (south to Antofagasta), and western Argen- 1 The alleged female described as "light gray with greenish edges to the feathers" does not fit that sex of the present species. 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tina (from Jujuy to the Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza); casual in central Chile (San Fernando, Colchagua; Cordillera of Santiago).1 7: Peru (La Quinua, Junin, 3; Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 1); Argentina (Angosta Perchela, Jujuy, 1); Chile (Ojo de San Pedro, Prov. Antofagasta, 2). *Spinus uropygialis (Sclater).2 YELLOW-RUMPED SISKIN. Chrysomitris uropygialis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 125, 1862 — Chile (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined) ; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 91— Chile (crit.); Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 92, 1865— Chile (spec, examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 338— Santiago, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 263, 1868— Cordilleras of central Chile; Land- beck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 254, 1877— high Cordillera [of Chile] at 5,000 to 10,000 ft. elev.; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 544, 1877— Valle de los Cipresos, Colchagua; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 54, 1886 — "San Mateo, Lima, Peru" (errore); Bartlett, Monog. Weaver-Birds & Finches, 1 Doering's record of Chrysomitris atrata from the Rio Guayquiraro, southern Corrientes (cf. Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874), must be due to misidentification of some other species. Subdivision of the Black Siskin is impracticable. On comparing good series from various parts of the range, I notice some variation in the extent and tone of the yellow abdominal zone in the male sex, which seems to be purely individual. In certain individuals the yellow runs up towards the breast, while in others this color is restricted to the anal region and lower tail coverts, but these divergencies are connected by every possible gradation, and are by no means peculiar to any geographic area. A specimen with only the under tail coverts yellow was de- scribed by Philippi as C. anthracina. Since discussing this alleged species in "The Birds of Chile," I have examined in the Vienna Museum an example correspond- ing to Philippi's description, which was obtained, in company of a full-grown young bird, by Dr. Segeth in the Cordillera of Santiago. While I cannot see in it anything but an extreme variation of the Black Siskin, its casual occurrence in central Chile seems now established beyond doubt. Adult females from Junin, Peru, differ nowise from Bolivian examples, having the median wing coverts apically edged with greenish or yellowish and the dorsal feathers margined with olivaceous. Carriker, when describing S. a. fasciatus, evidently used immature individuals having retained the wings of the juvenile plumage characterized by broad ochraceous-buffy tips to the median upper wing coverts. Additional material examined. — Peru: Tarma, 1; Maraynioc, 2; Jauja, 1; Ingapirca, 1; Anta, Cuzco, 3.— Bolivia: La Paz, 12; Esperanza, 1.— Chile: Tara- paca, 1; Sacaya, 1; Cueva Negra, Tarapaca, 1; Huasco, Tarapaca, 1; Cordillera of Santiago, 2. — Argentina: Lara, Tucuman, 3; Cerro Munoz, Tucuman, 3; Angosta Perchela, Jujuy, 2; Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza, 1; Mendoza, 1. 2 In "The Birds of Chile" (pp. 86-87), I have stated my reasons for provi- sionally according specific rank to the Yellow-rumped Siskin. Birds from the Aconcagua Valley, Mendoza, agree perfectly with a Chilean series. Taczanowski's locality, "San Mateo, Lima," is likely to be erroneous. [Chrysomitris] icterioides (Schimper MS.) Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 915, 1853; Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 15, 1854— Chile), of which the type is obviously lost, cannot be identified from the phrase "une espece a petit bee aiguise." Additional material examined. — Chile: Huasco Alto, Atacama, 1; Santiago, 1; unspecified, 6. — Argentina, Mendoza: Aconcagua Valley (Puente del Inca, Puente de Vacas), 6. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 293 Part 2, pi. 2, and text, April, 1888— Chile and "Peruvian Andes," errore (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 211, 1888— Chile; Reed, Ibis, 1893, p. 596— Chile (seasonal occurrence); idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Albert, I.e., 108, p. 194, 1901— Chile (monog.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 451— Moreno, Jujuy; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 188, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Gigoux, I.e., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 147, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago. Chrysomitris magellanicus (not Fringilla magellanica Vieillot) Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 113, 1843 — valleys of the Andes on the eastern and western sides. Chrysomitris xanthomelaena (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera [of Santiago], Chile (nomen nudum). Chrysomitris atratus (not Carduelis atrata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 181, 1855— interior of Chile. Chrysomitris atrata Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 109, 1927 — cerros of the Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso. Melanomilris uropygialis Gosse, in Fitzgerald, The Highest Andes, p. 347, 1899 — Aconcagua Valleys, Vacas, Mendoza (spec, examined). Spinus uropygialis Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 387, 1910 — Moreno, Jujuy, and Cordillera de Mendoza; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 356, 1914— Jujuy and Mendoza; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 76, 1926 (monog.); Deautier, El Hornero, 4, p. 187, 1928— Argentina and Chile; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, p. 315, 1930 — Juncal to Portillo, Santiago; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 86, 1932— central Chile (crit.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 136, 1934— Corral de las Ovejas, O'Higgins, Chile. Range. — Andes of central Chile, from Atacama to Colchagua, and of the adjoining parts of Argentina (Moreno, Jujuy; Aconcagua Valleys, Mendoza). 2: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 1; San Jos£ de Maipo, Santiago, 1). *Spinus barbatus (Molina). BLACK-CHINNED SISKIN. Fringilla barbata Molina,1 Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 247, 345, 1782— Chile = Valparaiso (as designated by Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 81, 1926); Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 27, 1860— Chile (synon.). Carduelis stanleyi Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 118, 1839— "Upper California," errore= Valparaiso, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 90); idem, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 3, p. 137, pi. 185, 1841— "California." Chrysomitris campestris (not Fringilla campestris Spix) Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 89, 1839— Tierra del Fuego and Valparaiso, Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 112, 1843— Valparaiso, Chile; Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 352, 1847— Chile; Boeck, 1 Molina's description is very poor and must have been drawn up from memory. 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Naumannia, 1855, p. 504— Valdivia, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 92, 1865— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 263, 1868 —Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 253, 1877— foothills of the Chilean Andes, also at Valdivia; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1893 — Ninhue, Maule, Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvii, clxxii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso, Quillota, Chile; Lataste, Extr. Proces-Verb. Seanc. Soc. Linn. Bord., 1923, p. 170— Santa Tereza, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Chrysomitris marginalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 517, 1850 — Chile (cotypes in Berlin and Paris Museums); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 160, 1851— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 181, pi. 17, 1855— Chile; Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 490, 1861— "near Mendoza," Argentina. Criihagra flavospecularis Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 213, 1853— Valdivia, Chile (location of type unknown). Chrysomitris barbata Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 26, (1), p. 27, 1860— Chile (crit., syn.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer., Bds. p. 125, 1862 — part, spec, b, Falkland Islands; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 90 — Chile (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 186 — Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan; idem, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Ancud, Chiloe, and Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 544, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 216, 1888— Falkland Islands, Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, and Maldonado (Uruguay); Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B99, 1891 — Punta Arenas, Orange Bay, and Picton Island, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896 — Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 21— Corral, Coronel, Calle-Calle, and Maque- gua, Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 722, 1898— Tumbes, Chile; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2), 20, p. 622, 1900— Punta Arenas and Penguin Rookery, Staten Island; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 198, 1901— Chile (monog.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 361, 1902 — Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 49, col. pi., 1907 — Rio McClelland Settlement; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 49, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 109, 1927— Marga-Marga Valley, Val- paraiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, pp. 125, 189, 1929— Cerro de Nahuelbuta and Angol, Malleco, Chile. Chrysomitris magellanicus (not Fringilla magellanica Vieillot) Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154— Stanley, East Falkland Island. Chrysomitris magellanica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 46— Falkland Islands; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 166, 1902 — Lago General Paz, Chubut. Spinus barbata Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 2, p. 83, 1889— Valparaiso, Chile. Spinus barbatus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 131, 1889— Sandy Point and Laredo Bay, Straits of Magellan; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 387, 1910 (range in Argentina); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 148, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 295 188, 1921 — Los Andes and Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 475, 1922— Coronel, Chile (habits); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 330, 1923— Bariloche, Rio Negro; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 147, 1925 — San Bernardo, Chile; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 17, p. 78, 1926 (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 434, 1926 — Concon (Valparaiso), Chile and General Roca, Rio Negro; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 464, 1926— Bariloche, Rio Negro; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), p. 830, 1928— Punta Arenas, Patagonia; Deautier, El Hornero, 4, pp. 184, 187, 1928 (range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 362, 1929— Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, Chile; Bennett, Ibis, 1931, p. 13— Falkland Islands; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 83, 1932— Atacama to Straits of Magellan, Chile; Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 343, 1934— Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 70 — Deceit Island, Cape Horn. Spinus ictericus ictericus (not Fringilla icterica Lichtenstein) Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923— Rio Colorado, Rio Negro (one female; fide W. E. C. Todd). Range. — Chile, from southern Atacama (Copiapo Valley) to the Straits of Magellan, and the adjoining portion of Argentina along the eastern base of the Andes from the vicinity of Lake Nahuel Huapi1 southwards to Tierra del Fuego; accidental on the Falkland Islands.2 20: Chile (Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, Atacama, 3; Romero, Coquimbo, 2; San Jose" de Maipo, Santiago, 1; Las Condes, Santiago, 1; Talcahuano, Conception, 1; Curacautin, Malleco, 1; Rio Colorado, Malleco, 1; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 5; Melinka, Ascension Island, Guaitecas Islands, 4); Argentina (Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 1). *Spinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus). EASTERN GOLDFINCH. Fringitta tristis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 181, 1758— based on "The American Goldfinch" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 43, pi. 43; Carolina, Virginia, and New York (South Carolina accepted as type locality). Fringilla taria P. L. S. Mtiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 163, 1776— based on "Tarin, de la nouvelle York" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 292, fig. 1 ; New York. Carduelis americana Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.- Amer., 2, "1831," p. 268, Feb., 1832 — new name for Fringilla tristis Linnaeus. Chrysomitris pistacina (Eversmann MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 515, end of 1850— "Sibiria," errore= eastern North America (type in Berlin Museum; = adult female, cf. Stresemann, Ornith. Monats- ber., 30, p. 41, 1922). 1 Burmeister's record from Mendoza is open to doubt. 1 Birds from western Argentina agree perfectly with Chilean ones. Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago, 5; Valdivia, 7; Desagxie, near Puerto Montt, 2. — Argentina, Neuquen: Lake Nahuel Huapi, 4; Arroytos, 2. 296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chrysomitris tristis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 195, 1888 (in part). Astragalinus tristis tristis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 109, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Astragalinus tristis Dwight, Auk, 19, pp. 149-164, 1902 (variation, plumages, measurements). Range. — Eastern North America, from southern Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to eastern Colorado, southern Oklahoma, central Arkansas, northern Alabama, and northern Georgia; winters south to the Gulf coast. 119: Maine (Upton, 4; New Vineyard, 1); New York (Cayuga County, 1; Suffolk County, 1; Shelter Island, 9; Peterboro, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 21); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 17; Del ton, 1; Neenah, 1); Michigan (St. Joseph, 1; Kalamazoo, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 2; Fox Lake, 1; Deerfield, 3; Fort Sheridan, 1; Lake Forest, 1; Auburn Park, 1; Addison, 3; Chicago, 9; Joliet, 3; Glen Ellyn, 1; Grand Chain, 6; Henry, 1; Hegewisch, 2; Nugard, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1; Dune Park, Lake County, 1; Bluffton, 3); Iowa (Knoxville, 1); District of Columbia (Washington, 1); Arkansas (Cleburne County, 1; Winslow, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4); Texas (Harlingen, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1; Vicksburg, 1); Louisi- ana (Chef Menteur, 3; Buras, 1; New Orleans, 1); Florida (Gaines- ville, 2). *Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns. PALE GOLDFINCH. Spinus tristis pallidus Mearns, Auk, 7, p. 244, July, 1890 — Forte Verde, Yavapai County, central Arizona (type in coll. of E. A. Mearns). Astragalinus tristis pallidus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. Ill, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911— Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas. Chrysomitris tristis (not Fringilla tristis Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 195, 1888— part, spec, v-x, Jalapa, Mexico. Range. — Rocky Mountains of North America from southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Manitoba south to central Nevada and southern Colorado; in winter south through eastern Mexico (Monterrey, Nuevo Leon; Sabinas, Coahuila; Santa Leonor, Tamaulipas; Texolo and Jalapa, Vera Cruz). 4: Colorado (unspecified, 3); Mexico (Sabinas, Coahuila, 1). *Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell. WTILLOW GOLDFINCH. Spinus tristis salicamans Grinnell, Auk, 14, p. 397, Oct., 1897 — Pasadena, California (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 304, 1932); Brooks, Auk, 17, p. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 297 106, 1900— Okanagan, British Columbia; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 158, 1928 — northwestern Lower California. Astragalinus tristis salicamans Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 112, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Huey, Auk, 43, p. 356, 1926— San Quintin plain and south of Ensenada, Lower California. Chrysomitris tristis (not Fringilla tristis Linnaeus) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 195, 1888 — part, spec, r-u, California. Range. — Pacific coast of North America from extreme south- western British Columbia south to northwestern Lower California, chiefly west of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada.1 23: British Columbia (Okanagan, 3); Oregon (Tillamook, 1); California (Claremont, 1; Menlo Park, 1; Hayward, 3; San Jose" 1; Los Gatos, 1; Los Banos, 3; Monterey, 1; Monterey County, 3; Los Angeles County, 1; Pomona, 1; Riverside, 2; Stockton, 1; Point Reyes, 1; Corona, 2; San Diego County, 1). *Spinus psaltria hesperophilus (Oberholser).2 GREEN-BACKED GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus psaltria hesperophilus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 116, Sept. 30, 1903 — San Bernardino, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 175, 1906 — Guanacevi, Durango; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 92, 1908 — San Bernardino Mts., California; Taylor, I.e., 7, p. 389, 1912— northern Nevada; Grinnell, I.e., 12, p. 165, 1914— lower Colorado Valley; Kellogg, I.e., p. 383, 1916— Scott River, northern California; Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 13, p. 83, 1923— Death Valley; Swarth, I.e., (4), 18, p. 323, 1929— southern Arizona. Spinus psaltria hesperophilus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 158, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 296, 1931— Sonora (El Doctor, Pesqueira, San Javier, Saric, southwest of Nogales, (?)Chinobampo, (?)Guirocoba); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, 1934 — Sonora (Hacienda de San Rafael, Nacozari, Oposura). Chrysomitris psaltria (not Fringilla psaltria Say) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 204, 1888— California (Red Bluff, Cohuilla Valley, Hayward, Pueblo, Fort Tejon). 1 An undetermined race of S. tristis has been taken at Panajachel, in the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala (cf. Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 356, 1932). It is known from a single unsexed immature specimen which is very small (wing, 63 Yi mm.) and in coloration even darker than salicamans. 1 Spinus psaltria hesperophilus (Oberholser): Similar to S. p. psaltria, but auriculars, sides of neck, with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult plumage olive green instead of black. As has been shown by Oberholser, Say's description of Fringilla psaltria was clearly based upon an immature green-backed specimen of the (eastern) Arkansas Goldfinch, leaving the western race unnamed, for which the subspecific term hesperophilus was accordingly proposed. 298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Astragalinus psaltria psaltria Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 114, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Astragalinus psaltria Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 135, 1902 — Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna and Cape region). Astragalinus psaltria arizonae (not of Coues) Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 136, 1902— San Jos6 del Cabo, Lower California (crit.). Range. — Western North America from southern Oregon and Utah to southern Lower California, northern Sonora, and extreme southwestern New Mexico; winters from California to Cape San Lucas, Lower California. 49: Utah (unspecified, 1); California (Placer County, 3; Berk- eley, 2; Nicasio, 6; Pasadena, 1; Pomona, 2; Hayward, 4; Los Gatos, 2; Palo Alto, 2; San Diego, 6); Arizona (Phoenix, 1; Fort Verde, 1; Fort Thomas, 1; Tucson, 3; Huachuca Mountains, 13; Calabasas, 1). *Spinus psaltria psaltria (Say).1 ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH. Fringilla psaltria Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 2, p. 40 (note), 1823 — Arkansas River near the mountains = near Pueblo, Colorado (type lost); Bonaparte, Amer. Orn., 1, p. 54, pi. 6, fig. 3, 1825 (fig. of type, then in Peale's Museum, No. 6278). Carduelis mexicanus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — Temiscaltepec and Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, now probably in the Swainson Collection in the University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Fringilla melanoxantha Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). Fringilla texensis Giraud, Sixteen Spec. N. Amer. Bds., pi. 5, fig. 1, 1841— Texas (type in U. S. National Museum). [Chrysomitris (Pseudomltris) mexicanus} var. arizonae Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, pp. 82, 83 — near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, and on the Gila River, Arizona (type, from near Fort Wingate, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 115, 1903). Chrysomitris mexicana Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 431, 1886 — part, Mexico (excl. of Yucatan) and Guatemala (San Gero- nimo, Coban); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 206, 1888 — part, spec. a-h, p-r, Mexico (Jalapa; Tres Marias Islands) and Guatemala (Coban). Astragalinus psaltria arizonae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 115, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. 16, p. 115, 1903 (crit.). Astragalinus psaltria mexicanus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 117, 1901— Mexico and southern Texas (monog., full bibliog.). 1 Fringilla catotol Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 914, 1789) is based on "Caca- tototl" Fernandez (Hist. Nov. Hisp., p. 52), which appears to me unidentifiable. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 299 Astragalinus psaltria psaltria Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 115, 1903 (crit., char., range); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Galindo, Rampa- huila, Yerba Buena, Guiaves, Montelunga, and Rio Martinez, Tamaulipas; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 307, 1926— Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena, Tres Marias Islands. Spinus psaltria mexicanus Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 780, 1894 — Soledad, San Luis Potosf, and El Molino, Jalisco (crit.). Spinus (Astragalinus) psaltria mexicanus Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 356, 1932 — Sacapulas and La Primavera, northern Guatemala. Spinus psaltria mexicana Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Spinus psaltria psaltria van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, 1934 — Chihuahua and Carmen, Chihuahua (winter). Range. — Southwestern United States, from northern Colorado to northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except the extreme northwestern and southeastern portions; casual in Wyoming.1 19: Texas (Ingram, 3; El Paso, 1); New Mexico (Santa F<§, 1); Mexico (San Luis Potosi, 2; Tuxpan, Jalisco, 7; Iguala, Guerrero, 5). *Spinus psaltria jouyi (Ridgway). YUCATAN GOLDFINCH. Astragalinus mexicanus jouyi Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 320, Oct., 1898— Temax, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum). Chrysomitris mexicana (not Carduelis mexicana Swainson) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 445 — Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 431, 1886— part, Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 263— Mujeres Island, Yucatan; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 206, 1888— part, spec, i, k, Yucatan and Mujeres Island. Spinus sp. Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1894— Yucatan (crit.). Astragalinus psaltria jouyi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 120, 1901 — Yucatan (monog.). Range. — Yucatan (including Mujeres Island). 1: Yucatan (unspecified, 1). *Spinus psaltria colombianus (Lafresnaye). COLOMBIAN GOLDFINCH. Carduelis colombianus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 292, 1843— "Colombie" = Bogota (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 378, 1930). (?) Chrysomitris nana Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 516, 1850 — "Columbia" (descr. of female or young; type lost, formerly in Paris Museum; fide J. Berlioz [in litt.]). Astragalinus columbianus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 159, Oct., 1851 — Colom- bia (descr. of adult male; type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal 1 Like Mr. H. C. Oberholser, I am unable to separate Mexican specimens (mexicanus) from those of the United States. 300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum, Halberstadt) ; idem, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 94, 1861— Costa Rica (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 913, 1910 — Juan Vinas and La Estrella de Cartage, Costa Rica. Chrysomitris columbiana(us) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855 —Bogota; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 124, 1862— Bogota; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 93— Bogota (crit.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— San Jose, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caracas, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Ocana, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 234— Me"rida, Venezuela; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 230 — Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 508— Concordia, Retire, Santa Elena, and Medellin, Colombia (eggs descr.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 199 — Callacate, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 51, 1886 — Peru (Tambillo, Callacate, Chota, Bambamarca, Cutervo); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895— Vina, Huamachuco, Peru; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 139, 1898— "Santa Marta"; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 27, 1899— Niebli, Ecuador. Chrysomitris colombiana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 208, 1888 — Colombia (Bogota, "Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta," Medellin, Retire, Concordia), Venezuela (Merida, Caracas), Ecuador, and Peru (Tambillo). Chrysomitris mexicana (not Carduelis mexicanus Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 34 — Duenas, Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 353 — Lion Hill, Panama; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868 — Costa Rica (Barranca, San Jose); Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 314— Costa Rica (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— [Calobre], Veraguas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 431, 1886— part, Guatemala (Duenas), Costa Rica, and Panama; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 206, 1888— part, spec, m-o, s-i, Guatemala (Duenas, Quezaltenango), Costa Rica (Volcan de Cartago, Irazu, San Jose), and Panama (Paraiso Station, Calobre, Lion Hill); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 139, 1898 — "Santa Marta"; Salva- dori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 356, p. 27, 1899— La Conception, Mira Valley, Ecuador. Chrysomitris mexicanus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332, 1862— Panama Railroad. Chrysomitris mexicana columbiana Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 296, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia (crit.). Spinus mexicanus Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Costa Rica (San Jose, Cartago, Volcan de Irazu) ; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 249, 1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica. Astragalinus mexicanus Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914— La Camelia, near Angelopolis (Medellin), Colombia. Spinus psaltria columbianus Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio, Bermudez, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 623, 1926— "Gualea," Ecuador. Spinus psaltria croceus Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, "1893," p. 780, pub. April 18, 1894 — Panama (type in U. S. National Museum); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 356, 1932— San Lucas, Panajachel, Lake 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 301 Amatitlan, and Pantaleon, Guatemala (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 380, 1935 — Pacific slope of western Panama. Astragalinus psaltria crocens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 118, 1901 — Chiapas to western Ecuador (monog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 115, 1907 — Mazatenango, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 913, 1910— Costa Rica (Escazu, Azahar de Cartago, El Salitral, Volcan de Irazu, San Jose", Cartago); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Bellavista, Peru; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 340, 1932— Cantarranas, Honduras. Astragalinus psaltria columbianus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 165, 1900— Bonda, Onaca, and Minca, Colombia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 120, 1901— Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru (monog.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 191, 1916— Alta- gracia and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 564, 1917 — Colombia (Caldas, Miraflores, San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, El Eden, Rio Toch6, Chicoral, near San Agustin, La Palma, La Candela, below Andalucia, El Consuelo above Honda, Fusugasuga, Bogota, Quetame, Buena Vista, La Holanda, La Hen-era, El Carmen, Pacho, Subia, Tenasuca, Puente Andalucia; crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 533, 1922 — Cincinnati and Minca, Colombia (crit., habits). Spinus mexicanus columbianus Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 27, 1902 — Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela. Range. — Central America, from southwestern Chiapas, Mexico, and the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala south to Colombia, western Ecuador, and northern Peru, and east through northern Venezuela to Sucre and Monagas, south to the Orinoco Valley.1 30: Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 2; Mazatenango, 1); Costa Rica (San Jose", 1); Colombia (Cachiri, Santander, 1; La Holanda, north- east of Bogota, 1; Bogota, 5); Venezuela (MeYida, 2; Col6n, Tachira, 3; Caracas, 7; Maracay, Aragua, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 4); Peru (Menocucho, 1). *Spinus lawrencei (Cassin). LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH. Carduelis lawrencei Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., p. 105, pi. 5, pub. Dec. 7, 1850— Sonoma and San Diego, California (type, 1 As has already been intimated by both Chapman and Todd, S. p. croceus, of Panama and farther north, appears to be inseparable. Individual variation in the presence and extent of the white markings on the lateral rectrices is con- siderable among specimens from the same locality, and while it cannot be denied that birds with wholly or nearly uniform black tail predominate in the eastern Andes of Colombia and in Venezuela, and those with extensive white tail spots in Central America, exceptions to this rule are so frequent that further subdivision of the form would serve no practical purpose. Additional material examined. — Guatemala: Duefias, 2. — Costa Rica: Irazu, 12.— Panama: Lion Hill, 2.— Colombia: Santa Marta, 2; "Bogota," 34; Cundina- marca, 5; Bucaramanga, 4. — Venezuela: M6rida, 7; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Caracas, 12; San Antonio, Sucre, 4. — Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 5. 302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII from Sonoma, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 30, 1899, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 304, 1932). Chrysomitris lawrencii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 223, 1888 — Califor- nia and Arizona. Astragalinus lawrencii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 121, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Astragalinus lawrencei Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 92, 1908 — San Bernardino Mountains; idem, I.e., 12, p. 166, 1914 — Riverside Mountain, lower Colorado Valley, California. Spinus lawrencei Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 158, 1928 — northern Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 296, 1931 — Tecoripa and twelve miles west of Magdalena, Sonora. Range. — Breeds in California, west of the Sierra Nevada, from about lat. 40° south to northern Lower California; winters over most of its breeding range, east to Arizona and western New Mexico, south to Sonora. 6: California (Lakeside, 1; Corona, 1; Monterey County, 1; Palo Alto, 2); Arizona (Phoenix, 1). Genus LOXIA Linnaeus1 Loxia Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 171, 1758— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 49, 1840), Loxia curvirostra Linnaeus. Crucirostra Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus., p. 12, 1816 — type, by monotypy, Crucirostra europaea Leach =L., 3, p. 58, 1886— Junin. Pseudochloris uropygialis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 776, 1888 — part, Peru (Junfn). Sicalis uropygialis sharpei Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 469, 1930 — La Quinua, Junin, and Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Range. — Puna zone of central and northern Peru, from Junin north to Cajamarca. 8: Peru (Huanuco Viejo, Huanuco, 3; La Quinua, Junin, 1; Junin, 4). Sicalis luteo-cephala (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).2 YELLOW- HEADED GROUND FINCH. region below the eye olive-yellow, and yellow more extensive on sides and flanks; female with the head yellower than in S. u. uropygialis" (Chapman, I.e.) Two males from La Raya, the only ones we have seen of this form, merely differ from individuals of uropygialis with yellow anterior ear coverts by the slightly lesser extent of the gray area on the sides of the body, whereby they mark a step in the direction of S. u. sharpei. Perhaps this form, if maintainable, should be called S. u. pentlandi, but we hesitate to employ this name until we have learned something definite about Pentland's travels. 1 Sicalis uropygialis sharpei (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) : Differs in the adult male from S. u. uropygialis by slightly smaller size, generally longer bill, and by lacking the grayish area on the flanks. While the sides of the head are as a rule olive yellowish like the crown, our male from La Quinua has the posterior auriculars distinctly grayish. A single male from Cajamarca agrees pretty well with others from Junin. * Sicalis luteo-cephala (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), in the male sex, is im- mediately distinguished from S. u. uropygialis by having the hindcrown, nape, rump, and upper tail coverts gray, the lesser wing coverts and the edges to the remiges olive-yellow, etc. Wing, 80-82; tail, 59-61; bill, 10-11. Female unknown to the author. Material examined. — Bolivia: Totora, Cochabamba, 1; Chuquisaca, 1; un- specified, 2. 312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Emberiza luteo-cephala Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, d. 2, p. 74, 1837— "Chuquisaca, rep. Boliviana" (type, from Totora, near Mizque, Cochabamba, in Paris Museum examined; part, descr. of male);1 d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 360, pi. 44, fig. 2 (=male), 1844 — "sur toutes les montagnes du versant oriental de la Cordillere, depuis Cochabamba et Valle Grande jusqu'a Chuquisaca," Bolivia. Crithagra luteocephala Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 521, 1850 (descr. of male). Sycalis luteocephala Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 46— Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607— Cochabamba, Valle Grande, and Chuquisaca (ex d'Orbigny). Pseudochloris luteocephala Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 776, 1888— Bolivia. Range. — Highlands of central Bolivia, in depts. of Cochabamba (Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Totora) and Chuquisaca (Sucre). *Sicalis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck.2 YELLOW-BELLIED GROUND FINCH. Sycalis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 49, 1864 — Cordilleras of the province of Santiago, Chile (types in Museo Nacional, Santiago; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 19, 1930); Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 255, 1877 — Prov. Santiago (habits). Sycalis aureiventris Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 342, 1864— Cordi- lleras of Santiago (habits); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile (crit.); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 264, 1868— Cordi- lleras of the central provinces of Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 47, pi. 3— Cordilleras of Santiago (monog.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 545, 1877 — Valle de los Cipresos and Valle del Yeso, Colchagua, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, 15, p. 57, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1902— Cordilleras of central provinces of Chile. Emberiza luteocephala (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 113, 1841— "the elevated valleys of the Andes [of Col- chagua], east and west sides." Pseudochloris aureiventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 777, 1888— Chile (Province of Santiago) and "Bolivia" [=Mendoza]; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Albert, I.e., 108, p. 226, 1901— Cordilleras of Chile (monog.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 188, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua. 1 The alleged females pertain to S. flaveola pelzelni Sclater. 1 Sicalis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck, a very distinct species, is perhaps most nearly related to S. luteo-cephala, but in addition to other characters is readily distinguished by its large size. Birds from the Mendoza side of the Andes (incae) are nowise different. The seemingly more "saturated" coloration of the specimens described by Chubb is merely due to their greasy condition. Additional material examined. — Chile: Cajon de Castro, Aconcagua, 1; Cor- dilleras of Santiago, 5; unspecified, 2. — Argentina: Puente del Inca, Mendoza, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 313 Sycalis lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Gosse, in Fitz- gerald, The Highest Andes, p. 352, 1899— "Lujan, south of Mendoza" (spec, examined). Pseudochloris lutea Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 389, 1910 — part, Cordillera of Mendoza (ex Gosse). Pseudochloris aureiventris incae Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 39, p. 71, Mar., 1919 — Puente del Inca, Aconcagua Valley, Mendoza (type in British Museum examined). Pseudosicalis aureiventris Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923— Huanuluan, western Rio Negro. Pseudochloris aureiventris mendozae (not of Sharpe) Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, p. 319, 1930— Puente del Inca, Mendoza. Sicalis auriventris Stone, Rep. Princ. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 833, 1928 — Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 91, 1932— Antofagasta (east of San Pedro), Coquimbo (Banos del Toro), and Santiago (San Jose de Maipo), Chile. Range. — Upper Temperate and Puna zones of Chile (from Antofagasta to Colchagua) and the adjoining section of Argentina (from west of Mendoza to the region south of Lake Nahuel Huapi). 7: Chile (twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 4; Cajon de Castro, Aconcagua, 1; San Jos6 de Maipo, Santiago, 1). *Sicalis olivascens salvini (Chubb).1 SALVIN'S GREENISH GROUND FINCH. Pseudochloris salvini Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 39, p. 70, Mar. 31, 1919— Vina, Huamachuco, Peru (type in British Museum examined). Pseudochloris lutea(!) (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 9, 1895 — Vifia and Chusgon, Huamachuco, Peru. Sicalis olivascens salvini Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 469, 1930— Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Range. — Temperate zone of northern Peru, from the upper Maranon Valley (Huamachuco) south to Huanuco. 2: Peru (Huanuco, 2). 1 Sicalis olivascens salvini (Chubb) : Similar in coloration to S. olivascens chloris, but decidedly smaller, with shorter, blunter bill. Wing, 73-75, (female) 73-76; tail, 47-53; bill, 10-11. The two Huanuco birds are unquestionably the same as the original series of P. salvini, with which they have been directly compared. The type and two other males collected by Baron are immature, the females are in very worn breeding plumage. The series merely differs from S. o. chloris in comparable condition by smaller size and shorter, thicker bill. Additional material examined. — Peru: Chusgon, Huamachuco, 2; Vifia, Hua- machuco, 3; Otuzco, 1. 314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sicalis olivascens chloris Tschudi.1 TSCHUDI'S GREENISH GROUND FINCH. Sycalis chloris (Cabanis MS.) Tschudi, Unters. Faun. Peru., Ornith., p. 216, 1846 — Peru, we suggest Matucana, above Lima (type in Berlin Museum examined);2 Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 568 — Arequipa, Peru (spec, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 57, 1886 — part, Arequipa and Andes of Lima, Peru. Sycalis lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 46 — part, "female," western Peru; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 487— Cordillera above Lima (alt. 8,000 ft.). Pseudochloris lutea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 775, 1888— part, spec, e-h, Arequipa and Andes of Lima. Sycalis aureiventris (not of Landbeck) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 397 — Chumisa, Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined); Gigoux, Rev. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama, Chile. Pseudochloris aureiventris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 133 — Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 23 — Andean valleys of Tarapaca. Pseudochloris chloris Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 225, 1901— Tarapaca and "Arica" (monog.). Pseudochloris olivascens chloris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 68, 1906 — Pauza, Ayacucho, Peru (spec, examined). Sicalis olivascens chloris Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 468, 1930— Matucana, above Lima, Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 92, 1932— Antofagasta (east of San Pedro) and Atacama (Domeyko), Chile (crit.). Range. — Temperate zone of the western Cordillera (de la Costa) of Peru, from above Lima southwards, and northern Chile, south to Atacama. 14: Peru (Matucana, 2); Chile (east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, 7; Domeyko, Atacama, 5). 1 Sicalis olivascens chloris Tschudi is exceedingly similar to the nominate race, but has a slightly shorter tail and a rather stronger bill, while the under parts, as a rule, are of a somewhat duller, more greenish yellow tone in the male sex. The differences are not very strongly pronounced, and should be corroborated by larger series. Birds from northern Chile agree in proportions and coloration with those from western Peru, and do not appear to be separable. Wing, 78-86, (female) 78-83; tail, 50-57, (female), 50-55; bill, 10-11. Additional material examined. — Peru: San Mateo, Dept. Lima (alt. 3,200 metr.), 2; Cordillera above Lima (alt. 8,000 ft.), 1; unspecified, 1 (the type); Pauza (alt. 7,300 ft.), Ayacucho, 2; Arequipa, 3. — Chile: Chumisa, Tarapaca, 1. 2 The type, No. 885, Berlin Museum, is labeled, evidently by error, "Cinchon- forests." It was collected by B. Philippi, who is known to have traveled from Lima to Maraynioc and thence down to the tropical forests. This Ground Finch does not occur in the forests, and as the type is a perfect match to specimens from the Coast Cordillera, Matucana may be substituted as a more likely terra typica. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 315 Sicalis olivascens berlepschi (Me'ne'gaux).1 BERLEPSCH'S GREEN- ISH GROUND FINCH. Pseudochloris olivascens berlepschi M6n£gaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 212, 1909— Pulacayo, Lake Poop6, Dept. Oruro, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Rev. Franc.. d'Orn., 1, p. "124" [=134], Jan., 1910 (reprint). Sicalis olivascens berlepschi Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 94 (in text), 1932 — Oruro and Pulacayo, Oruro, Bolivia (crit.). Range. — Temperate zone of western Bolivia, in Dept. Oruro (Oruro; Pulacayo, Lake Poopo). Sicalis olivascens olivascens (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BOLI- VIAN GREENISH GROUND FINCH. Emberiza olivascens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 75, 1837— La Paz, Bolivia (descr. of male and female; type [female] in Paris Museum examined).2 Crithagra chloropsis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 521, 1850— Bolivia (in part).3 Sycalis chloris (not of Tschudi) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 153— Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (in part; spec, in British Museum and Vienna Museum examined); (?)Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 522 — Huanta, Ayacucho; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 57, 1886— part, Tinta and (?)Huanta. Sycalis lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 46— part, "female," Bolivia; (?)Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 354, 1876 — Moho, east side of Lake Titicaca. Pseudochloris lutea Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— "Valpa- raiso," errore= Bolivia (spec, examined); (?)Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351 — Tarma and Jauja, Dept. Junin, Peru. Pseudochloris olivascens Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 127, 1906 — Puno, west shore of Lake Titicaca. Pseudochloris olivascens chloris Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. Ill, 1921 — part, Pisac, Urubamba, Peru. 1 Sicalis olivascens berlepschi (M6n6gaux): Very similar to S. o. olivascens, but with decidedly longer wings and tail. The type is by no means brighter yellow beneath than the average of S. o. chloris, while an adult male from Oruro fully attains the intensity of S. o. olivascens. A very doubtfully separable form, whose claims to recognition need confirmation by adequate material. Wing (adult males), 90, 92; tail, 60, 63; bill, 10^-11^. Material examined. — Bolivia: Pulacayo, Lake Poop6, 2; Oruro, 1. 1 The male type is no longer to be found in the French National Collection. 3 Cf. footnote 3 on page 309. 316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of northwestern Bolivia (depts. La Paz and Cochabamba) and southeastern Peru (Dept. Cuzco).1 *Sicalis olivascens sordida (Chapman).2 ARGENTINE GREENISH GROUND FINCH. Pseudochloris olivascens sordida Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p. 330, 1919 — Tilcara, Jujuy, Argentina (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Pseudochloris stewarti Chubb, El Hornero, 3, pp. 34, 35, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2 (male, female), 1923 — Gualfin, Prov. Catamarca, Argentina (type in British Museum examined). Pseudochloris uropygialis (not Emberiza uropygialis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Pseudochloris aureiventris (not Sycalis auriventris Philippi and Landbeck) Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Cerro Munoz, Tucu- man; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 389, 1910— Cerro Munoz. Pseudochloris lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 451— Moreno, Puna de Jujuy; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 389, 1910— part, Catamarca, Salta, and Jujuy. Pseudochloris aureiventris mendozae (not of Sharpe) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909 — Tucuman (Cerro Munoz) and Jujuy (Angosta Perchela, Tilcara) (spec, examined). Sicalis olivascens sordida Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 95 (in text), 1932 (crit., range). Range. — Puna zone of northwestern Argentina, in provinces of Catamarca, Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy. 2: Argentina (Maimara, Jujuy, 2). 1 Specimens from southeastern Peru (Tinta; Lucre, Cuzco; Urubamba) agree in every respect with a topotypical series from La Paz. Not haying seen any material from either Junin or northern Ayacucho (Huanta), I am in doubt as to which form is found in these parts of Peru. An adult male from "near Valparaiso, 1885" collected by H. H. Rusby is perfectly typical of the present race, and certainly never came from Chile. Material examined. — Bolivia: La Paz, 9; Tapacari, Cochabamba, 2; unspeci- fied, 2. — Peru: Tinta, 2; Lucre, Cuzco, 1; Urubamba (alt. 10,000 ft.), Cuzco, 1. 1 Sicalis olivascens sordida (Chapman): Exceedingly close to S. o. olivascens, but perhaps separable in the male sex by somewhat duller upper and under parts with more olivaceous shading on the throat, chest, and sides. Size about the same. Wing, 83-87, (female) 81-86; tail, 54-60, (female) 52-56. Direct comparison of the type with Jujuy specimens proves P. stewarti to be an absolute synonym of sordida. Additional material examined. — Jujuy: Tilcara, 2; Angosta Perchela, Jujuy, 1; Cerro Munoz, Tucuman, 1; Lara, Tucuman, 2; Gualfin, Catamarca, 1; Corral Quemado, Catamarca, 1; Antofagasta, Catamarca, 1; Lago Helado, Catamarca, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 317 Sicalis olivascens mendozae (Sharpe).1 MENDOZA GREENISH GROUND FINCH. Pseudochloris mendozae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 778, 1888 — Mendoza, Argentina (type in British Museum examined). Sycalis chloropis (not Crithagra chloropsis Bonaparte) Burmeister,1 Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — Mendoza (descr. of male and female; spec, in Halle Museum examined); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 489, 1861— Mendoza and "Catamarca"; Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 47 (crit.). Sycalis chloropsis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 126, 1862— part, spec, b, Mendoza. Pseudochloris aureiventris mendozae Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Las Cuevas, Mendoza. Pseudochloris lutea (not Emberiza lutea Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 775, 1888— part, spec, a, "Pampas Argen- tinas" (spec, examined). Sicalis lutea Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 403, 1926— near Potreri- llos, Mendoza. Range. — Western Argentina, in Province of Mendoza (Mendoza, Las Cuevas, Potrerillos). Sicalis lebruni (Oustalet). 3 LEBRUN'S GROUND FINCH. Pseudochloris lebruni Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B98, 1891— Mis- sioneros, Terr. Santa Cruz, Patagonia (type in Paris Museum examined). 1 Sicalis olivascens mendozae (Sharpe) : Similar in coloration to S. o. sordida, but considerably smaller. Wing, 76-78, (female) 76-77; tail, 51-53; bill, 10. This little-known form, which has been recorded only from the vicinity of the city of Mendoza, is merely a smaller edition of S. o. sordida, its coloration being exactly the same. The female bears some likeness to that of S. lebruni, and sometimes has just as little yellow beneath; it is, however, slightly smaller and much darker, less grayish, on the upper parts. Material examined. — Argentina: Mendoza, 5; "Pampas Argentinas," 1. 1 Although one of the specimens labeled "S. chlpropsis" in the Halle Museum pertains to S. flaveola pelzelni, Burmeister's description clearly refers to the present form. There are two males at Halle, and one male and one female in the British Museum from his trip to Argentina, all marked "Mendoza," but none from Catamarca. The spelling "chloropis" seems to be merely a slip for chloropsis, since Bonaparte is quoted as author of the specific name. » Sicalis lebruni (Oustalet), while about the same size as S. o. sordida, differs from the S. olivascens group by grayish (instead of olive yellow) outer margins to the remiges; nearly whitish tail-edging; grayish flanks; largely white-tipped under tail coverts, etc. In the male sex, it is not unlike S. auriventris, but, in addition to its smaller size, it differs by decidedly weaker bill; duller greenish yellow (instead of bright yellow) pileum ; mainly gray (not wholly greenish yellow) upper tail coverts; broad ashy-gray apical spots to the dorsal feathers; much lighter yellow under surface with grayish sides of the belly and white anal patch; largely white under tail coverts. The female is much smaller, the bill decidedly so, and the under parts are paler, less suffused with yellow. Until its breeding range is worked out, it may provisionally be regarded as a separate species of rather uncertain affinities. Wing, 81-85, (female) 78-84; tail, 53-57; bill, 10-11. Material examined. — Santa Cruz: Missioneros, 1 (the type); Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 6; Huanuluan, Rio Negro, 2; Maquinchao, Rio Negro, 2. 318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pseudosicalis lebruni Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 332, 1923— Huanuluan and Maquinchao, western Rio Negro (nesting). Sicalis kbruni Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 458, 1926 — Rio Negro (Arroyo Las Bayas and Lago Carilaufquen) and Santa Cruz (Rio Gallegos and Coy Inlet), Patagonia; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 833, 1928— Santa Cruz and Rio Gallegos; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 95 (in text), 1932— Patagonia (crit.). Range. — Patagonia, from Santa Cruz north to western Rio Negro. Sicalis columbiana1 columbiana Cabanis. VENEZUELAN YELLOW FINCH. Sycalis columbiana Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 147, October, 1851 — "Porto Cabello," errore; we suggest Ciudad Bolivar, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (types in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt, examined; descr. of male and female); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 126, 1862— "Trinidad" and Venezuela; idem, Ibis, 1872, p. 43— part, Venezuela ("Porto Cabello"); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 433— Angostura, Orinoco (descr. of female); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 379, 1888 — part, spec, a, b, Venezuela and "Trinidad"; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 28, 1902 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, and Caura Valley (Suapure, La Pricion), Venezuela. Sicalis columbiana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907 — part, Venezuela. Sicalis colombiana Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 209, 1913— La Pedrita (Rio Uracoa) and Cano Corozal, Orinoco Delta. Sicalis columbiana columbiana Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 8, 1907 — Vene- zuela ("Porto Cabello"; Orinoco and Caura Valleys) (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 193, 1916 — Orinoco region (descr. of plum- ages, nest, and eggs). Range. — Valley of the Orinoco and its affluents from the delta region up to San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela.2 *Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr.3 ARAGUAYA YELLOW FINCH. 1 Sicalis columbiana, a very distinct species, differs in the male sex from S. flaveola by much lesser dimensions; much smaller bill; darker, less yellowish green back without any trace of dusky streaking; by the broad bright yellow inner margin to the remiges being replaced by a narrow, rather indistinct, whitish fringe, etc. Furthermore, the female is quite differently colored, being pale brown above, and white below tinged with buffy anteriorly and laterally, while in S. f. flaveola the sexes are nearly alike in coloration. 2 Birds from the Caura Valley agree with an Orinocan series. We have called attention to the fact that various Orinocan species described by Cabanis in the "Museum Heineanum" are wrongly assigned to "Porto Cabello" [=Puerto Cabello], this locality evidently serving as their shipping port. "Trinidad" is another unreliable record for the present species. Material examined. — Venezuela: Angostura, 1; Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, 6; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 1; La Vuelta, Caura, 1; Suapure, Caura, 4; La Union, Caura, 1; La Pricion, Caura, 3; San Fernando de Apure, 2. 3 Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr: Similar to S. c. columbiana, but with shorter wings and much smaller bill; male slightly more yellowish green 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 319 Sicalis columbiana leopoldinae Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 85, April, 1906 — Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907— Leopoldina; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 9, 1907— Leopoldina (crit.); idem, I.e., 15, p. 34, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 299, 1929 — Tronco Falls, below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy (crit.). Sycalis arvensis minor (not Sycalis minor Cabanis) Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— part, Nos, 296, 1181, Joazeiro, Bahia, and Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy (spec, examined). Sycalis arvensis (not Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz) Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 178, 1925— part, Tronco Falls, Piauhy. Range. — River banks in the interior of Brazil, in states of Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya), Bahia (Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto), and Piauhy (Tronco Falls, below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba). 1: Brazil (Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1). *Sicalis columbiana goeldii Berlepsch.1 GOELDI'S YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis goeldii Berlepsch, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 97, May, 1906— "San- tar6m"= Paricatuba, south bank of Amazon, west of the junction of the Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined); idem, Ornis, 14, p. 350, 1907— Paricatuba (full descr.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907— Santarem; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 352, 1930 — Rio Solimoes and Calama, Rio Madeira. above with the frontal patch brighter, fiery orange, and without any greenish tinge on the sides of the chest; female paler, upper parts more grayish, and the ventral surface less shaded with brownish on chest and sides. Wing, 58, (female) 55-58; tail, 40-42; bill, 9-10. From Bahia and Piauhy females only being available, their subspecific status cannot be determined at present with absolute finality. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Leopoldina, Goyaz, 5; Joazeiro, Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, 1; Tronco Falls, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy, 1. 1 Sicalis columbiana goeldii Berlepsch: Agreeing in large bill withS. c. columbi- ana, but male with lower parts of a much deeper cadmium yellow to cadmium orange tone, this color also spreading over the cheeks and auriculars, both of which are yellowish-olive like the back in the two other races; the fiery orange of the forehead is even brighter than in S. c. leopoldinae and extends over the whole vertex; the hindneck and rump are much brighter yellow, and the remiges are interiorly more distinctly edged with yellowish. Female similar in paleness of under parts to that of S. c. leopoldinae, but with much larger bill; the flanks washed with buffy yellowish, the axillaries and under wing coverts more yellowish, and the whitish inner margin to the remiges more conspicuous. Wing, 58-63, (female) 57-59; tail, 40-45, (female) 38-42; bill, 11-12. Two adult males from Yana-yaco, Peru, do not differ from Brazilian birds, so far as I can see. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Paricatuba, south bank of lower Amazon, 2; Itaituba, Rio Tapaj6z, 2; Urucurituba, Rio Tapaj6z, 7; Obidos, 1; Manaos, 8. — Peru: Yana-yaco, 2. 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sycalis brasiliensis (not Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 573— north side of the Amazons [= Monte Alegre]. Sycalis columbiana (not of Cabanis) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 231, 1870— Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos] (spec, examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 43 — part, Barra do Rio Negro; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 7, p. 79, 1876 — Santarem; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 379, 1888 — part, spec. c-e, Barra do Rio Negro; Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890 — Santarem. Sicalis columbiana Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907 — part, Rio Negro. Sycalis goeldii Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907— Maraca and Monte Alegre, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 432, 1914— Rio Tapajoz (Boim, Pinhel), Maraca, Monte Alegre, Erere, and Rio Jamunda (Faro). Sicalis columbiana goeldii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, pp. 8, 9, 1907 — Rio Tapajoz (Urucurituba and Itaituba), Manaos, and Yana-yaco, Peru (crit.); idem, I.e., p. 30, 1907— Obidos. Range. — Northern Brazil, on the banks of the Amazon and its tributaries, from the Rio Maraca and the Rio Tapajoz westwards, south to the Rio Madeira (Calama), and the adjacent parts of northeastern Peru (Rio Yana-yaco, an affluent of the Rio Ucayali). 3: Brazil (Itacoatiard, Amazonas, 3). Sicalis flaveola jamaicae Sharpe.1 JAMAICAN YELLOW FINCH. Sycalis jamaicae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 523, 1888 — Jamaica (type in British Museum); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 113, 130, 151, 1892 — Jamaica. Crithagra brasiliensis (not Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin) Gosse, Bds. Jamiaca, p. 245, 1847— Mount Edgecumbe, Auchindown, Culloden, and Peter's Vale, eastern Westmoreland (introduced); idem, Illust. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 61, 1849. Crithagra braziliensis March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 298 — neighborhood of Hodge's Pen and Long Hill, Jamaica. Sycalis brasiliensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica. Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 41 — part, Jamaica; Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928— Constant Spring, eastern Jamaica. Sicalis flaveola Cory, Auk, 3, p. 213, 1886 — Jamaica; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 100, 1889— Jamaica. 1 Sicalis flaveola jamaicae Sharpe: Adult male similar to the Brazilian race of S. flaveola, but brighter yellow throughout, particularly below, and the orange crown patch farther extended toward the nape. Although there seems hardly any doubt that the bird was originally intro- duced to the island, where it has since gained rather a wide distribution, I cannot avoid recognizing the form, as three adult males from Jamaica differ from any continental individual by their brighter yellow coloring and more extensive orange crown-patch. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 321 Sycalis flam (not Fringilla flava P. L. S. Miiller) A. and E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 117, 1881 — Jamaica. Sycalis flaveola jamaicae Scott, Auk, 10, p. 179, 1893 — Jamaica. Sicalis jamaicae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 523, 1901— Jamaica. Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. *Sicalis flaveola valida Bangs and Penard.1 PACIFIC YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis flaveola valida Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 64, p. 396, Jan., 1921 — Sullana, Dept. Piura, Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 623, 1926— Guayaquil, Santa Rosa, Porto Velo, Casanga, Lunama, Rio Pindo, and Loja, Ecuador (crit.). Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 322 — Tumbez, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 244 — Tumbez (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Callacate, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 552— Yaguachi, Ecuador (crit.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 55, 1886— Peru (Guadalupe, Nancho, Paucal, Tumbez, Chepen, Callacate, Guajango); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 377, 1888 — part, spec, y, z, Tumbez; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895 — Tem- bladera, Peru; Men£gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Choquisongo, northeast of Otuzco, Peru. Sicalis flaveola Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Sullana, Huanca- bamba, and Bellavista, Peru. Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (from the Guayaquil district southward) and northwestern Peru, south to Libertad, east to the upper Maranon Valley. 1: Peru (Menocucho, 1). *Sicalis flaveola flaveola (Linnaeus). NORTHERN YELLOW FINCH. Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 321, 1766— patria ignota; = Surinam as designated by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 27, 1902 (type in coll. of Baron de Geer; descr. of adult male). (?) [Sycalis} aureipectus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 917, Dec., 1853 — "Nova Granata" = "Santa F6 de Bogota (type in coll. of J. Verreaux, now in Turin Museum, examined; descr. of young); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 17, 1854 (reprint); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 159, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 126, 1862— "Bogota." Sycalis brasiliensis (not Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 679, 1848 [=1849] — coast region, espe- 1 Sicalis flaveola valida Bangs and Penard: Similar to S.f. flaveola, but decidedly larger, with heavier bill; coloration of males on average slightly more yellowish. Wing (males), 78-83; tail, 57-61; bill, 11-12. Additional material examined. — Peru: Sullana, 3; Tumbez, 4; Huancabamba, 1. — Ecuador: Guayaquil, 2; Yaguachi, 1. 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII cially Georgetown; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83 — shores of the Orinoco; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 402— part, Caracas, Venezuela; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Santa Marta, Colombia. Sycalis flaveola Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 41— part, Santa Marta, "Bogota," Venezuela, and British Guiana; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 123 — Santa Marta; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 — British Guiana (ex Schomburgk); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 377, 1888 — part, spec, t-x, Venezuela (Valencia) and Colombia (Santa Marta, "Bogota"); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 165, 1900— Bonda, Cienaga, and Cacagualito, Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 27, 1902— Altagracia, Ciudad Bolivar, and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (nest and eggs descr.); Ber- lepsch, I.e., 15, p. 121, 1908 — French Guiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 401, 1910 — Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 148 — Venezuela (Guarico and Apure). Sicalis flaveola Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 191, 1916— Orinoco region (plumages, nest, and eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 565, 1917— Turbaco, La Playa, Calamar, and Boca de Chimi, Colombia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 454, 1921— Georgetown. Sicalis flaveola flaveola Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 521, 1922— Tucurinca, Bonda, Cienaga, Rio Hacha, Gaira, Mamatoco, and Fundacion, Colombia (plumages, habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 430, 1931 — Cienaga, etc., Magdalena, Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of French, Dutch, and British Guiana, Venezuela (Orinoco basin north to the Caracas region, Lake of Valencia, etc.), and northern Colombia (Santa Marta region and lower Magdalena west to Cartagena).1 31 : Colombia (Tucurinca, Magdalena, 2) ; Venezuela (Maracaibo, 5; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 2; Puerto Cabello, 2; Lake Valencia, Aragua, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 8; Cocollar, Sucre, 10). *Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin).2 BRAZILIAN YELLOW FINCH. 1 Specimens from Surinam and Venezuela agree well together. Two adult males from Baranquilla, while slightly more orange on the throat, are matched by occasional Venezuelan individuals, and it will require an adequate series to establish the claims of a Colombian form for recognition (cf. Miller, Auk, 42, p. 255, 1925). "Bogota" skins, whose exact origin is of course unknown, may be different again. They have remarkably stout, bulky bills, which are larger even than in S. f. valida, and an adult male closely approaches the Pacific race also in other dimensions (wing, 77; tail, 56). The type of S. aureipectus, actually in the Turin Museum, is marked "Santa Fe de Bogota." It is in the process of molting from the juvenile plumage (with buffy white throat, breast, and abdomen, and yellow pectoral band and under tail coverts) into the yellow dress, showing new yellow feathers in forehead, cheeks, chin, and belly. If separable, this form will have to bear Bonaparte's name, but we hesitate to admit it as valid on the present, all too meager evidence. Additional material examined. — Surinam: near Paramaribo, 2. — Venezuela: Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 1; Altagracia, Orinoco, 6; Rio Guayra, near Antfmano, Caracas, 2. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3; Baranquilla, 2. 1 Sicalis flaveola brasiliensis (Gmelin): Similar to S. /. flaveola, but upper parts more heavily streaked ; flanks slightly striated ; orange of f orecrown generally 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 323 Emberiza brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 872, 1789 — based mainly upon "Guiranheemgatu" Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 211; north- eastern Brazil.1 Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 338 — from Parahyba and Recife to the interior; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 377, 1888— part, spec, p-s, Bahia, "Para," and Pernambuco; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Pernambuco (Pao d'Alho, near Recife), Bahia (Fazenda Serra, Rio Grande), and Piauhy (Parnagua); idem, I.e., p. 178, 1925— same localities; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Sicalis flaveola flava (not Fringilla flava P. L. S. Miiller) Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 298, 1929— Maranhao (Cod6, Cocos), Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Arara), and Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu; Quixada; Serra de Baturite") (crit.). Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from southern Maranhao, Piauhy, and Cear£ south at least to Bahia (vicinity of Bahia City). 26: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 4; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Serra Baturite", Ceara, 4; Quixada, Ceara, 7; Jud, near Iguatu, Ceara, 6; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1). *Sicalis flaveola holti Miller.2 HOLT'S YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis flaveola holti Miller, Auk, 42, p. 254, 1925 — Monte Serrat, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo (type in the American Museum of Natural History, paler as well as less extensive. In the juvenile plumage the yellow prepectoral band is narrower, paler and frequently streaked with dusky. Additional specimens examined. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 3. — Pernambuco: Pao d'Alho, Recife, 1. — Bahia: Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, 1; unspecified, 10. 1 Although Daubenton's "Bruant du Bresil," PI. Enl., pi. 321, fig. 1, is quoted in the synonymy, Gmelin's description appears to be taken from Brisson, whose account is based on Marcgrave. Moreover, nearly all of the other references cited by Gmelin go back to this same source. In another paper I had used the term flava for this race. However, on again consulting Daubenton's picture of the "Bruant du Bresil" (PI. Enl., pi. 321, fig. 1), upon which Fringilla flava P. L. S. Miiller (Natursvst., Suppl., p. 164, 1776) is based, I am bound to agree with Sharpe and Miller that this figure showing a bird of indefinite coloring with short reddish legs is hardly identifiable, if referring to a Sicalis at all. 1 Sicalis flaveola holti Miller: Exceedingly similar to S. f. brasiliensis, but adult male more conspicuously striped above, with the orange of the crown more restricted; female much less greenish above, the upper and middle back with broad brown lateral edges to the feathers and much more heavily streaked with dusky or blackish; no well defined orange patch on the forecrpwn, only the fore- head tinged with dull orange; underneath paler yellow, this color frequently obscured by buffy edges on throat and sides. It is with some reluctance that we separate the Yellow Finch of southeastern Brazil from S. /. brasiliensis, with which we formerly united it. While the males are certainly very much alike and cannot be distinguished in every individual case, three females from Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao Paulo (Ypanema) look rather different, as may be gathered from the above description, which concurs perfectly with Miller's characterization of the Itatiaya birds. Certain Bahia trade-skins are, however, decidedly intermediate between a series of females from northeastern Brazil (brasiliensis) and those from southern Brazil. They 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII New York); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 316, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya. Emberiza brasiliensis (not of Gmelin) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, pp. 166, 178, 1821 — Barra da Vareda and road to Fazenda Ilha, eastern Minas Geraes. Fringilla brasiliensis Spix, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 47, pi. 61, figs. 1, 2 (male, female), 1825— Minas Geraes; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 614, 1830— Brazil (habits). Sycalis brasiliensis Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 253, 1856 — [Minas Geraes], Brazil (habits); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 212— part, Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelo) and Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro (spec, examined). Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 231, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Ypanema), and Parana (Jaguaraiba); Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 41— part, Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 377, 1888— part, spec, f-o, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Fe (Minas Geraes), "Pelotas" (Rio Grande do Sul), Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Sapitiba, and "Rio Claro, Goyaz"; Ihering, Ibis, 1899, pp. 434, 435 (occurrence in Rio Grande do Sul denied); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 164, 1899 — Piquete and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio. Sicalis flaveola Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Cachoeira, Sao Sebastiao, Caconde, Ypiranga); Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 358, 1909 — Serra do Itatiaya; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 488, 500, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 263, 1923— Monte Serrat, Itatiaya. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from Minas Geraes (? and southern Bahia) south to Parana.1 5: Brazil (Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 5). *Sicalis flaveola pelzelni Sclater.2 PELZELN'S YELLOW FINCH. agree with the latter in strongly streaked crown and dull orange-tinged forehead, but differ by much deeper yellow under parts and green (not brownish) back, resembling in both respects females from Piauhy and Ceara. One of these birds — except for its conspicuously striped flanks — corresponds well to Spix's figure of the female (pi. 61, fig. 1) said to be from Minas Geraes, which is no longer in the Munich Museum. Miller, it will be remembered, referred some skins collected by Beck at Bahia City, to S. f. holti, a procedure that serves to complicate matters even further. Without large series of properly sexed specimens it is impossible to determine whether the variation discussed in the preceding lines is of indi- vidual or geographical significance. Additional material examined. — Espirito Santo: Victoria, 1. — Rio de Janeiro: Cantagallo, 1; Sapitiba, 3; Rio de Janeiro, 1. — Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 3; Iguape, 1; Cachoeira, 1; Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, 1.— Parana: Jaguaraiba, 1. 1 The localities "Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul" and "Rio Claro, Goyaz" are unquestionably erroneous. 1 Sicalis flaveola pelzelni Sclater is so closely approached by certain males of S. f. holti that its conspecific relationship to the S. flaveola group cannot any longer 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 325 Passerina flava (not Fringilla flava P. L. S. Mttller, 1776) Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. M6th., On., livr. 93, p. 932, 1823 — primarily based on "Chuy" Azara, No. 133; Paraguay. Sycalis pelzelni Sclater, Ibis, (3), 2, p. 42, 1872— Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), Paraguay, and Buenos Aires (type, from Buenos Aires, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 172 — Buenos Aires (plumages); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 196, 1878 — Cordoba; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 125, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 10, 1887— Lambare, Paraguay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 380, 1888 — part,1 spec, f-u, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Conchitas, Punta Lara, Belgrano, Salta, Catamarca, C6rdoba, Cuyaba, and Bolivia; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 66, 1888— Argentina (habits); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889 — Reyes, Bolivia; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— C6rdoba; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; 1891, p. 16; 1892, p. 197 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 375, 1891— Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 171— Uruguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895 — Paraguay (Colonia Risso, Bahia Negra, Puerto Francia), Salta (Chilcas), and Matto Grosso (Corumba); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 6, 1900 — Urucum and Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 178; 1902 — Tucuman; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1903— Sapucay, Paraguay; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Rosario, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 636— Ybitimi and Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 101 — Los Yngleses, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 388 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires. Sycalis intermedia Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 31, p. 216, 1883 — Buenos Aires and C6rdoba (type, from Buenos Aires, in Berlin Museum examined). Emberiza brasiliensis (not of Gmelin) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 73, 1837 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, examined). Crilhagra(l) brasiliensis Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 88, 1839 — northern bank of the La Plata. Sycalis brasiliensis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 232, 1870— Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 83, 1884— Tandfl, Buenos Aires. Sicolis [sic] flaveola brasiliensis Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay. be challenged, inasmuch as it replaces its allies to the south and west. Besides, the juvenile plumage of S. /. holti, by the reduction of the yellowish tinge on the chest as well as by the almost complete absence of greenish tones on the upper parts, marks an undeniable step towards the female coloration of pelzelni. 1 Spec, a-d, from "Para," Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro have, no doubt, been incorrectly referred to the present form. 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sycalis chloropis (not Crithagra chloropsis Bonaparte) Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 489, 1861— part, Catamarca. Sycalis chloropsis Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 161, 632— Buenos Aires and Conchitas. Sycalis flaveola (not Fringilla flaveola Linnaeus) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 247, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607 — Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; White, I.e., 1882, p. 600 — Monte Grande and Flores, Buenos Aires; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 456, 470 — San Luis and Tatarenda, Bolivia. Siedlis flaveola Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 388, 1910— Posadas, Misiones; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— Misiones. Sicalis pekelni Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907 — part,1 Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo) and Buenos Aires (La Plata); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 177, 1909— Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud) and Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 388, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 23, p. 364, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397, 1916 — La Plata, Buenos Aires; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 5, p. 86, 1917 — Pocone and Caceres, Matto Grosso; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 245, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Florida, Maldonado, Minas); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 659, 1924 — Prov. Buenos Aires (Rosas, Isla Martin Garcia); Dinelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 256, 1924 — Colalao del Valle, Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 361, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 402, 1926— Buenos Aires (Bera- zategui, Lavalle, Bahia Blanca), Chaco (Resistencia), Formosa (Formosa), Tucuman (Tapia), Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), and Uruguay (La Paloma, San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 233, 1927 — Concepcion, Tucuman; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 148, 1928 — Cacharf, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 352, 1930— Paraguay (Trinidad, Fort Wheeler, Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Urucum, Descalvados, Palmiras); Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931— Maimara, Jujuy; Marelli, I.e., 5, p. 197, 1933— Fortin Chaco and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 321, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 396, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Sicalis pelzeni [sic] Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 79, 1918 — Curuzu Cuatia, Corrientes. Sicalis flaveola pelzelni Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vo'gel, p. 248, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, Yunca Viejo) and Bolivia (Cuevo, Chuquisaca; Ipias and Caraparicito, Santa Cruz). 1 The specimen from Cachoeira, Sao Paulo, proves on examination to be referable to S. f. holti. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 327 Sicalis pelzelni danisa Oberholser, Proc. Colorado Mus. N. HM 10, p. 28, Nov. 13, 1931 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in Colorado Museum). Range. — Extreme southern and southwestern Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul ; eastern and southern Bolivia; northern Argentina south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca); Paraguay and Uruguay.1 57: Bolivia (Trinidad, Rio Mamore", 2; Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 5; Parotani, Cochabamba, 6); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1); Brazil (Urucum de Corumba, 3; Santa Catharina, Joinville, 5); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 24); Uruguay (El Carrizal, Sierra Polanco, Minas, 3; Rio Cebollati, Passo de Averias, Minas, 4; west of Garzon, Dept. Rocha, 2; Estancia "El Corte," north of San Carlos, Mal- donado, 2). Sicalis luteola chrysops Sclater.2 MEXICAN YELLOW FINCH. Sycalis chrysops Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 376 — southern Mexico (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 9, p. 340, 1862 (reprint); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 194— Duenas, Guatemala; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 —near Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 45, pi. 2, fig. 1— Mexico and Guatemala (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 432, 1886— Mexico (Orizaba) and Guatemala (Duenas). [Sycalis arvensis] subsp. y Sycalis chrysops Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 384, 1888— Mexico and Guatemala (Duenas). Sicalis chrysops Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 523, 1901— Mexico (Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Palenque, Chiapas) and Guatemala (Duenas) ; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 357, 1932— Duenas, Guatemala. Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Orizaba) and Chiapas (Palenque), and Guatemala (Duenas). *Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman).3 LESSER YELLOW FINCH. Emberiza luteola Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc. 4, pi. 93, 1789 — habitat not stated, probably Surinam (type now in Stockholm Museum; cf. Sundevall, 1 With good series from various parts of the range we have not been able to make out any local variation. Adult males from Buenos Aires vary in the length of the wing from 66 to 71, others from Matto Grosso (danisa) from 66 to 68^ mm. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 7; Cambara, near Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 1; Blumenau, Santa Catharina, 2; Sao Lou- renco, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Taquara, 5; Rio Grande do Sul (unspecified), 5. — Bolivia: Mojos, 3; Guarayos, 1; Ayupaya, 2; Valle Grande, 2; Chuquisaca, 1. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, 3.— Argentina: Corrientes, 2; Buenos Aires, 10. 1 Sicalis luteola chrysops Sclater, in spite of its widely separated habitat, is exceedingly close to S. I. luteola, the racial characters being nearly bridged by individual variation. * Sicalis luteola luteola (Sparrman) is recognizable from the other Brazilian races by its small, slender bill. The adult male has the cheeks, auriculars, and 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 2, No. 3, p. 14, 1857, and Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 20, 1926). Sycalis minor Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 679, 1849 — British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum examined); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 232, 1870— Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217— British Guiana (ex Cabanis). [Sycalis arvensis] subsp. /3 Sycalis minor Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 384, 1888— part, spec, c, Caracas, Venezuela. Serinopsis arvensis minor Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 28, 1902— Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 209, 1913 — Cano Corozal, Orinoco Delta. Sicalis arvensis minor Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 35, 1908— British Guiana (Annai, Rio Rupununi), northern Brazil (Forte do Rio Branco), and Orinoco Valley, Venezuela (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 195, 1916 — San Mateo de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (song, nest, and eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 566, 1917 — part, Cali (Cauca) and Chicoral (Magdalena), Colombia. Sycalis arvensis (not Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz) Penard, Voy. Guyana, 2, p. 401, 1910— Surinam. Sicalis minor Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 455, 1921— Abary River, Mount Roraima, Rupununi River, and Georgetown. Sicalis luteiventris minor Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 15, 1924 — Venezuela (Caicara and Rio San Feliz) and Colombia (Cali; Chicoral). Range. — Tropical zone of extreme northern Brazil (upper Rio Branco); French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (Orinoco Valley, north to the Caracas region); Colombia (Chicoral, Mag- dalena Valley; Cali, Rio Cauca). 1: Brazil (B5a Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1). Sicalis luteola laetissima Todd.1 LARGE-BILLED YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis luteiventris laetissima Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 90, July 12, 1922 — Rocana, [northern] Para, Brazil (type in Carnegie Museum); Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 15, 1924 — Marajo (crit.). the sides of breast and abdomen strongly shaded with olivaceous, and the re- maining under parts very bright yellow with very little, if any, white at the tips of the tail coverts, while above the rump only is decidedly yellowish olive. In the females the throat is mainly buffy whitish. Birds from the upper Rio Branco and the Orinoco Valley are identical with others from Guiana, and one from "Caracas" does not differ either. Specimens from the Tropical zone of Colombia are not available for comparison. Wing (males), 63-66; tail, 44-48; bill, 8-9. As recorded in another connection (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, pp. 87-88, note 4, 1932), Emberiza luteola proves to be an earlier name for S. minor. Gyldenstolpe, on independent study of Sparrman's type specimen, has reached the same conclusion. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 4. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — British Guiana: Annai, 1; Rio Rupununi, 2; unspecified, 1. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 5; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 2; "Caracas," 1. 1 Sicalis luteola laetissima Todd: Similar to S. I. luteola, but with slightly longer wings, much larger, more curved bill, and with rump in adult male more 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 329 Sycalis hilarii (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 126, 1862— Mexiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 573 — Mexiana. Sycalis luteola (not Emberiza luteola Sparrman) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 44 — part, Mexiana. [Sycalis arvensis] subsp. ft Sycalis minor (not of Cabanis) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 384, 1888 — part, spec, a, b, Mexiana (spec, examined). Sycalis minor Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 29, 1907 — Mexiana. Sycalis arvensis minor Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907— part, Maraj'6.1 Sicalis arvensis chapmani (not of Ridgway) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 34, 1908 — part, Maraj6 and Mexiana (crit.); idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 119, 127, 1912— Mexiana and Maraj6 (Cachoeira). Serinopsis arvensis chapmani Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 432, 1914 — Maraj6 (Pacoval, Sao Natal, Magoary), Mexiana, and Monte Alegre. Range. — Northeastern Brazil, from the north bank of the Amazon (Monte Alegre) and the islands of Marajo and Mexiana north to the confines of French Guiana (Rocana). Sicalis luteola chapmani Ridgway.2 CHAPMAN'S YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis chapmani Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 37, 1899 — Diamantina [near Santar&n], Rio Tapaj6z, Brazil (type in U. S. National Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 381, 1907 (ex Ridgway). Sycalis minor (not of Cabanis) Chapman and Riker, Auk, 7, p. 268, 1890 — Santare'm (crit.). Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, on the banks of the Rio Tapajoz. *Sicalis luteola luteiventris (Meyen). MISTO YELLOW FINCH. Fringilla luteiventris Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol., 16, Suppl., p. 87, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1834— near Api, Altos de Toledo, southern Peru (type in yellowish, practically unstreaked. The female, which we have not seen, is stated by Todd to have the throat yellowish instead of buffy white. Wing (males), 65-69; tail, 44-48; bill, 10-11. Material examined. — Brazil: Mexiana, 2; Pacoval, Maraj6, 1; Cachoeira, Maraj6. 1. 1 The Maraca specimen proves to pertain to S. columbiana goeldii. 1 Sicalis luteola chapmani Ridgway: Similar to S. I. laetissima in large, strongly convex bill as well as in proportions of wing and tail, but upper parts much more yellowish green with narrower dusky streaking, and lower surface brighter, deep lemon yellow without any olive shading on chest or sides. Female unknown to the author. Wing, 69; tail, 50; bill, 11. A single adult male from Santar6m bears out the characters indicated by Ridgway and Todd, and seems to be separable from S. I. laetissima by its much brighter coloration. An undescribed race inhabits the banks of the Sao Francisco River, in the State of Bahia, Brazil. It was recorded by Reiser (Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— part, No. 295. Adult male, near Joazeiro) as Sycalis arvensis minor. We refrain, however, from naming it, since the only avail- able specimen could not be properly characterized, owing to its worn condition. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Berlin Museum examined); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 172, 1858 — Valley of Quillota, Chile. Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pe~tersb., sav. e~tr., 2, p. 470, pi. 4, August, 1835— Valley of Quillota, Valparaiso, Chile (type in Lenin- grad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 19, 1921). Crithagra(1) brevirostris Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 88, Nov., 1839— Maldonado, Uruguay, and Valparaiso, Chile (type lost, formerly in coll. of Zoological Society of London); Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 112, 1843— Chile; Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (egg descr.). Grithagra brevirostris Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, 1, p. 361, 1847 — Valparaiso (ex Darwin); Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860— Santiago, Chile (nesting habits); Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 163, 1860— Quebrada de la Encantada, Atacama; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 266, 1868— Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 258, 1877— Chile (habits); Lataste, Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1893— Ninhue, Maule; idem and Waugh, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvii, clxxii, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso, Quillota, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. xxxiv, 1895— Caillihue, Curico, Chile. Crithagra luteiventris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 521, 1850 — "Chile" (ex Meyen). Crithagra hilarii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 521, 1850— Brazil (nomen nudum);1 Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 309, 1906 (crit.). Sycalis hilarii Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 147, Oct., 1851 — Brazil (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 254, 1856— Minas Geraes (excl. of syn. S. minor); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 232, 1870— Goyaz (Fazenda do Jose Dias, Abrantes) and Matto Grosso (Fazenda do Santo Antonio); Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 403— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes. Crithagra luteiventris Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 181, 1855— Andes [of Chile]; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, 1, Vogel, p. 95, 1865— Chile. Sycalis luteoventris Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera of Santiago, Chile. Sycalis luteiventris Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — near Parana and Tucuman; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 489, 1861 — Argentina (descr., eggs); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 599 — Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874— Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 33— Ninfas Point, Chubut (eggs descr.); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 65, p. 513 (crit. on type). 1 The entry reads: "C. hilarii Bonap. Mus. Paris ex Brasil. Similis C. lutei- ventri." The name thus is an absolute nomen nudum, and the supposed type in Paris discussed by Hellmayr has no value as such. S. hilarii was not character- ized until a year later, when Cabanis, in making use of Bonaparte's term, refers to the somewhat smaller bill of the Brazilian bird. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 331 Sycalis arvensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 323, 338 — Chile; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 545, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 40, 1881— near Carhue, Rio Sauce, and Rio Colorado; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 433 — La Plata, Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 83, 1884 — Campos de Tandil, Buenos Aires; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 8, p. 84, 1884— Estancia de la Tala, Prov. Durazno, Uruguay (nest and eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 125, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 3, p. 61, 1886 — part, "Arequipa" =Tinta, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 382, 1888 — Argentina (Buenos Aires, Conchitas), Uruguay, Matto Grosso, Bolivia (Tilotilo), and Chile (Santiago, Coquimbo, Tal- cahuano); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— C6rdoba; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 375, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 24— Chile (Hacienda Mansel, Rio Bueno, Puerto Montt, and Laguna Llanquihue; habits); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Tala, Salta; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 722, 1898— Tumbes, Chile; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 165, 1899— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 203, 1901— Chile (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 178, 1902 — Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tucuman; Paessler, Zeits. Ool. Orn., 16, p. 29, 1906 — Coronel, Chile (nest and eggs); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 102— Luiconia and Los Yngleses, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 110, 1921 — Huaracondo Canyon, Urubamba, Peru; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama; Housse, I.e., 29, pp. 147, 226, 1925 — San Bernardo and Isla La Mocha, Chile; Jaffuel and Piri6n, I.e., 31, p. 110, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock, I.e., 35, p. 189, 1929— Angol, Malleco. Sycalis luteola (not Emberiza luteola Sparrman) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 44 — part, Peru (" Arequipa" =Tinta), Chile (Santiago), Buenos Aires, and Matto Grosso; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 172 — Prov. Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 394— Chubut Valley, Patagonia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 422 —Coquimbo and Talcahuano, Chile; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 132, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (nest and eggs); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 69, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 16; 1892, p. 198— Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 171 — Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 389 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nesting habits). Sicalis arvensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 382, 1907— Sao Paulo (Ypi- ranga) and Buenos Aires; Bertoni,Faun. Parag., p. 64,1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Mendoza; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Calelones, Maldonado, San 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Jos6, Colonia, Flores); Renard, I.e., 2, pp. 58, 60, 1920 — Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Wilson, I.e., 3, p. 361, 1926— General Lopez, Santa F6; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 148, 1928 — Cacharf (F.C.S.) and Santa Elena (eggs); Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 321, 1934 — Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Sicalis arvensis arvensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 34, 1908— Rio Thesouras, Goyaz (crit., range); Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 177, 1909— Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires) and Tucuman (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 388, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, 23, p. 363, 1912 — Paso Yuvay and Itap&nini, Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 397, 1916— La Plata, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 244, 1919— Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 148, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 188, 1921— Precor- dillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 331, 1923 — Huanuluan and Bariloche, Rio Negro; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 659, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 402, 1926 — Argentina (Lavalle and Carhue', Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro; Tunuyan, Mendoza) and Uruguay (Carrasco, La Paloma, San Vicente, Lazcano); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 458, 1926 — Bariloche, Rio Negro; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 189, 1926— Pinheirinhos, Parana; Stone, Rep. Princet. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 832, 1928 (range in Patagonia); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 362, 1929 — Aconcagua, Chile; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 247, 1930— Santa Fe (La Ger- mania), Formosa (San Jose), and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 197, 1933— Sierra de la Ventana, Buenos Aires. Sicalis arvensis luteiventris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 127, 1906 — Puno, Peru; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 287, 1905— Barbados (introduced); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 544, 1928— Bar- bados (introduced). Sycalis luteiventris luteiventris Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 476, 1922— Coronel, Chile (nesting habits). Sicalis luteiventris luteiventris Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 15, 1924— Tirapata, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 353, 1930— Matto Grosso. Sicalis paranensis Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 188, 1926 — Marechal Mallet, Parana, Brazil (type in Warsaw Museum). Sicalis luteola luteiventris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 87, 1932— Chile (crit.). Range. — Southern Brazil, from Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Bolivia; southern Peru, in depts. of Cuzco, Puno, and Moquegua; Chile, from Atacama south to Chilce* and the 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 333 Guaitecas Islands; northern Argentina, west to Mendoza and Rio Negro, south to the Chubut Valley. Introduced in Barbados.1 32: Chile (Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Caldera, Atacama, 1; Los Andes, Aconcagua, 1; Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepci6n, 2; Curacautin, Malleco, 2; Mafil, Valdivia, 4; Quellon, Chilce" Island, 7; Guaiteca Island, Guaitecas, 1); Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 2); Uruguay (Treinta y Tres, 1; La Lata, Colonia, 1; north of San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 1); Argentina (Concepci6n, Tucuman, 4); Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 4). *Sicalis luteola raimondii Taczanowski.2 RAIMONDI'S YELLOW FINCH. Sycalis raimondii (Jelski MS.) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 133 — vicinity of Lima, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 172, 1927); Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 65, p. 514, 1917— Lima (crit.). Sycalis raimondi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 522 — Lima. Sycalis luteiventris (not Fringilla luteiventris Meyen) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 342— near Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 522— vicinity of Lima (eggs descr.); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 230— Arenal, near Tambillo; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 59, 1886— Lima and Tambillo; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895 — Huamachuco, Cajabamba, and Cajamarca. 1 Further subdivision of this form is impracticable in the light of a very satisfactory series of upwards of one hundred specimens. Birds from southern Peru, including the type, are absolutely indistinguishable from the Chilean ones (arvensis). Neither are the under parts brighter or deeper yellow, nor is there any difference in the coloring or streaking of the upper surface. Brazilian skins, as a rule, have very slightly smaller bills, but certain individuals are unusually large^billed like S. /. chapmani, the type of S. paranensis being no doubt an example of this variation. Birds from Argentina and Uruguay average a trifle more brown- ish above, but the divergency is so completely bridged by individual variation that no practical purpose would be gained by recognizing a race brevirostris. Additional material examined. — Peru: Altos de Toledo, Puno, 1; Puno City, 5; Urubamba, Cuzco, 3. — Bolivia: Villa Montes, Tarija, 3. — Chile: 15. — Argentina: Estancia La Germania, Santa F6, 3; Buenos Aires, 5. — Brazil: Rio Grande, 1; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 2; Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, 1; Abrantes, Goyaz, 3; Jos6 Dias, Goyaz, 1; Fazenda do Santo An- tonio, Matto Grosso, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2. tSicalis luteola raimondii Taczanowski: Similar to S, I. luteiventris in large bill, but wings and tail shorter. Wing, (male) 67-74, (female) 67-69; tail, 46-52, rarely 54, (female) 47-50; bill, 9-10. Specimens from northern Peru do not appreciably differ from a topotypical collected in the Lima region, though they generally have the under parts slightly more deeply colored. Birds from Huanuco (Chinchao) are like the former. The coloring of the upper surface is as much subject to seasonal variation as in the other races. The whitish spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix is likewise variable. It is absent in numerous individuals of raimondii, more or less pronounced in others, while among more than seventy specimens of luleiventris there is only one (from Peru) with a slight suggestion of this marking. Additional specimens examined. — Peru: Lima, 9; Vitarte, Lima, 2; Cajamarca, 3; Chusgon (alt. 9,000 ft.), Huamachuco, 1; Cajabamba, 1; Santiago, Libertad, 10. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sycalis luteola (not Emberiza luteola Sparrman) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 44 — part, Lima. [Sycalis arvensis] subsp. a Sycalis luteiventris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 383, 1888— part, spec, a, Lima. Sycalis arvensis luteiventris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 377 — Lima (crit., eggs descr.). Sycalis arvensis (not Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 61, 1886 — part, Lima. Sicalis luteiventris raimondii Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 15, 1924 — Lima and Vitarte, Lima. Sicalis luteola raimondii Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 468, 1930 — Chinchao, Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Peru, from Lima northwards to Cajamarca. 8: Peru (Chinchao, 7; Cajamarca, 1). *Sicalis luteola bogotensis Chapman.1 BOGOTA YELLOW FINCH. Sicalis luteiventris bogotensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 143, p. 14, Nov., 1924 — savanna of Bogota, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 624, 1926 — Valle Cumbaya, Pichincha, Cerro Huamano, Cochaseca, Caja- bamba, and Riobamba, Ecuador. Sycalis sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 455, 1858 — Cuenca, Ecuador. Sycalis arvensis (not Fringilla arvensis Kittlitz) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 126, 1862— part, spec, c, Cuenca. Sycalis luteola (not Emberiza luteola Sparrman) Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 44 — part, Bogota and Cuenca; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 294— Cechce, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85— between Riobamba and Chimborazo, Ecuador. [Sycalis arvensis] subsp. a Sycalis luteiventris (not Fringilla luteiventris Meyen) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 383, 1888— part, spec, c-k, Ecuador (Sical, Cuenca) and Colombia (Bogota). Sycalis arvensis luteiventris Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 484, 1898— Ibarra and Cayambe, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 475 — near Quito and 1 Sicalis luteola bogotensis Chapman : Excessively close to S. I. raimondii, but bill on average smaller, and white spot on inner web of outermost rectrix more frequently present. Wing (males), 70-72; tail, 50-52; bill, 9-9 H- I am extremely doubtful if this form can be maintained, since all of the sup- posed color-characters turn out to be non-existent in the light of the large series of raimondii. The only point of distinction I can find is the slightly smaller bill, though one male from the Bogota region is just as large-billed as any from Lima. The other dimensions fall within the measurements of the Peruvian form. The white spot on the inner web of the outermost rectrix is more or less pronounced in eight (out of eleven) specimens, but in the series of raimondii there are twelve from various localities which have this marking just as well, if not more, developed. A single adult male from Conejos (alt. 3,000 metr.), M6rida, Venezuela, while intermediate in size and coloration taS. I. luteola, seems nearer to the present form. Material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 3; Fontiba, Cundinamarca, 1.— Ecuador: Tumbaco, 3; Canar, 1; Sinche, Guaranda, 1; unspecified, 1. — Venezuela: Conejos, Merida, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 335 Chillo Valley, Ecuador; M6n6gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B78, 1911— Tumbaco, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922— Ichimbia, above Quito, Ecuador. Sycalis luteiveniris Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899 — Tumbaco, Eucador. Sicalis arvensis minor (not Sycalis minor Cabanis) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 566, 1917— part, Bogota, Subia, Puente Andalucia, El Carmen, and La Mar, Colombia. Range. — Temperate zone of Ecuador, the eastern Andes of Colombia, and possibly western Venezuela (Cordillera of MeYida). 2: Colombia (Bogota, 2). Subfamily EMBERIZINAE. Sparrows and Buntings Genus DIUCA Reichenbach Diuca Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 78, June 1, 1850 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 79, 1855), Emberiza speculifera Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. Hedyglossa Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, October, 1851 — new name for Diuca Reichenbach. Diuca speculifera (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). WHITE-WINGED DIUCA FINCH. Emberiza speculifera Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 78, 1837 — "in summis Andibus, Bolivia" (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Me>id., Ois., p. 362, pi. 46, fig. 1, 1844 — crest of the eastern Cordillera separating La Paz from Yungas Province, Bolivia. Diuca speculifera Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 476, 1850 — Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— Bolivia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 41— Junin, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1881, p. 486— Cordillera above Lima (alt. 5,645 feet), Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 3, p. 41, 1886 — Peru (Junin; between Huancayo and the Cordillera of Huaritanga); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 802, 1888 — Bolivia and Peru (Andes of Lima; Salinas); Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351 — Bafios, Dept. Junin, Peru; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 233, 1901— Cordillera of Tarapaca, Chile; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, pp. 39, 113, 1921— La Raya, head of Urubamba Valley, Peru; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 75, 1932— Tarapaca and Tacna, Chile. Phrygilus speculifer Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985— Salinas, above Arequipa (alt. 14,000 ft.), Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 569— [Salinas], Peru. Range.— Puna zone of southern Peru (north to Junin), Bolivia, and apparently northern Chile (provinces of Tarapaca and Tacna).1 1 The occurrence of this bird at so low an elevation as that recorded by Nation (Sclater, 1881, p. 486) is certainly an exception. A single female (in worn plumage) 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Diuca diuca crassirostris Hellmayr.1 LARGE-BILLED DIUCA FINCH. Diuca diuca crassirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 74, 1932— Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, Atacama, Chile (type in Field Museum). Fringilla diuca (not of Molina) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 93, 1839 — part, desert mountains of Copiapo; Philippi, Reise Wliste Atacama, p. 163, 1860 — north as far as Miguel Diaz, Antofagasta; idem, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 265, 1868— part, northern Chile; idem, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Atacama. Diuca grisea (not of Lesson) Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 7 — Coquimbo; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421 — part, Coquimbo; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 86, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Diuca diuca Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 800, 1888— part, spec, i-1, Coquimbo. Range. — Temperate zone of northern Chile, from southern Antofagasta (Miguel Diaz) to Coquimbo. 7: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 2; Domeyko, Atacama, 3; Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Romero, Coquimbo, 1). *Diuca diuca diuca (Molina). CHILEAN DIUCA FINCH. Fringilla diuca Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 249, 1782 — Chile; Kitt- litz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., sav. etr., 1, p. 192, pi. 11, 1830— Chile (full descr., habits); Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 18, pi. 69, 1836— Valparaiso; idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), Ois., p. 44, pi. 17, 1839 —Valparaiso; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 93, 1839— part, humid from Banos, Junin, Peru, agrees fairly well with others from Bolivia in similar condition, but the white of the lateral rectrices encroaches a little onto the tip of the inner web, a feature not noticed in any other example. Since this was written, Diuca speculifera magnirostris Carriker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 359, Oct., 1935) was described from Yanac, Dept. Ancachs, Peru, its character being a longer, basally deeper bill. There is much variation, however, in the size of this organ among my Bolivian specimens. Six adults from Lima and Junin recently examined in the British Museum do not differ at all from a Bolivian series. Material examined. — Peru: Andes above Lima, 3; Galera, Junin, 3; Banos, Junin, 1; Salinas, Arequipa, 4.— Bolivia: Iquico (Illimani), La Paz, 10; Cordillera between Illimani and Huaina Potosi, 4; unspecified, 3. 1 Diuca diuca crassirostris Hellmayr: Similar to D. diuca diuca, but bill much heavier, both longer and considerably deeper, and outer web of outermost rectrix partly white. Wing (adult male), 88-93, (female) 86; tail, 72-76, (female) 69; bill, 16-18; its depth at base, 12-13. By the partly white outer web of the external rectrix and its large bill, D. d. crassirostris diverges in the direction of D. speculifera, but the latter bird differs in much greater dimensions (wing, 109-^118), in possessing an extensive white alar speculum, and in lacking the white tips to the rectrices as well as every trace of rufous on the abdomen. It may well be maintained as a distinct species, though it might ultimately prove to be merely a strongly characterized geographical representative form. Additional material examined. — Chile: Coquimbo, 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 337 forests of Chilo6 and Valparaiso; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 113, 1843— Chile (habits); Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (eggs descr.); Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 359, 1847— Chile generally; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 505— Valdivia, Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 114, 137, 147, 154, 1858— San Tom6 and near Valparaiso, Chile; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 637, 1860 — near Santiago, Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 265, 1868— Chile (except northern parts); Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 258, 1877— Chile (habits, nest, and eggs); Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, pp. cxiv, cxv, 1893— Bureo (Nuble) and Ninhue (Maule), Chile; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvii, clxxii, 1894— Penaflor (Santiago) and San Alfonso (Quillota), Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, pp. xxxiv, Ixxxvii, 1895— Callihue (Curic6) and Llohue" (Itata), Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 148, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago. Dolichonyx griseus Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834 — Valparaiso, Chile; idem, in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. The'tis, 2, p. 324, 1837 — Valparaiso. Emberiza diuca Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, el. 2, p. 77, 1837 — part, Valparaiso. Pipilo cinerea Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 123, 1848— road from Valparaiso to Santiago, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum). Diuca molinae (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera [of Santiago], Chile. Hedyglossa diuca Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, 1851 — Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 214, 1853— Valdivia, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, p. 93, 1865— Chile (eggs descr.). Phrygilus diuca Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 180, 1855 — Santa Lucia, Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860 — Santiago, Chile (nesting habits). Diuca vera Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860 — Mendoza (new name for Fringilla diuca Molina); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 483, 1861 — near Mendoza (spec, in Halle Museum examined). Diuca grisea Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862 — Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 327 — Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 499— Ancud, Chiloe; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421— part, Talcahuano, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 55, 1888— Chile and Mendoza; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B93, 1891 — Missioneros [near Santa Cruz], Patagonia (Nov., 1882; spec, examined); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 18— Hacienda Mansel (Santiago) and Coronel, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 231, 1901 — Chile (monog.); Reed, Av. Prov. Concepci6n, p. 21, 1904 — Con- cepcion, Chile; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 49, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Chile; Bullock, I.e., 33, pp. 125, 191, 1929— Cerro de Nahuelbuta and Angol, Malleco. Diuca griseus Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 544, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Diuca diuca Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 800, 1888 — part, spec, a-h, Chiloe" and Talcahuano, Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889— Valparaiso, Chile;1 Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), Suppl., 4, p. 723, 1898— Valparaiso and Santiago, Chile; Paessler, Zeits. Ool. & Orn., 16, p. 27, 1906 — Coronel, Chile (nest and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910 — Patagonia (Missioneros) and Mendoza; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 359, 1914 — Mendoza; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Las Catitas and Alto Verde, Mendoza; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 150, 1920— Nilahue, Curico; idem, I.e., 25, p. 191, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 408, 1926 — Concon, Valparaiso; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 463, 1926 — Arroyo Anecon Grande (Rio Negro), Maiten (Rio Chubut), Lago Mosquitos (Cholila) and Rio Corcovado, Chubut; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza; Stone, Rep. Univ. Princet. Patag. Exp., 2, (1), Orn., p. 845, 1928 (range). Diuca diuca diuca Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 478, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (habits, nest, and eggs); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 335, 1923 — Lake Nahuel Huapi and along the Rio Limay at least as far as Paso Flores, Neuquen; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 72, 1932 — Chile, from Aconcagua to Llanquihue (monog.). Dinca [sic] minor (not of Bonaparte) Paessler, Zeits. Ool. Orn., 16, p. 30, 1906 — Coronel, Concepcion, Chile. Diuca matutina [sic] Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 109, 1927 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso. Range. — Chile, from Aconcagua to Llanquihue, and extreme western Argentina, along the eastern base of the Andes from Men- doza south to western Chubut; accidental in eastern Patagonia (one record from Missioneros, near Santa Cruz; November, 1882). 2 22: Chile (El Sal to, Santiago, 1; Polpaico, Santiago, 1; Hacienda Gualpencillo, Concepcion, 3; Concepcion, 1; Curacautin, Malleco, 1; Mafil, Valdivia, 6; Quellon, Chiloe" Island, 8; Rio Nirehuau, 1). 1 The localities "Reyes" and "Mapiri," Bolivia, are due to a transposition of labels. 2 Three specimens from Mendoza are absolutely identical with a Chilean series, and five birds from the region round Lake Nahuel Huapi likewise agree in all essential particulars, notably in dimensions and large bill (wing of adult males, 90-91; tail, 70-72; bill, 13-14). Typical diuca thus appears to range in a narrow strip along the Argentine base of the Andes from Mendoza through the extreme western parts of Neuquen, Rio Negro, and Chubut, the most southerly locality being the Rio Corcovado, as reported by Wetmore. A single adult male collected by Lebrun at Missioneros (near Santa Cruz) in November, 1882, accord- ing to size and heavy bill (wing, 93; tail, 73; bill, 13), must also be referred to the present form, although its occurrence in eastern Patagonia is rather singular. Additional material examined. — Chile: Concon, Valparaiso, 3; Valparaiso, 1; Penaflor, Santiago, 1; Santiago, 1; Concepcion, 1; Valdivia, 1; Desagiie, Valdivia, 1; Puerto Varas, Llanquihue, 2. — Argentina: Mendoza, 3; Lago Nahuel Huapi, 1; Rio Traful, Neuquen, 3; Collon Cura, Neuquen, 1; Missioneros (near Santa Cruz), Santa Cruz, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 339 *Diuca diuca minor Bonaparte.1 LESSER DIUCA FINCH. Diuca minor Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 476, 1850 — Patagonia = Rio Negro (type in Paris Museum examined); Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860— Pampas region [of Argentina); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 483, 1861 — in the Pampa near San Luis, C6rdoba, and Las Palmitas (spec, in Halle Museum examined); Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 537— Rio Negro; Sclater, I.e., 1872, p. 548— Rio Negro; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 393— Tambo Point, Patagonia; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 39, 1881— between the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 131, 1883 — Concepci6n del Uruguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 277 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 56, 1888 — Rio Negro, Argentina (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 801, 1888— Rio Negro and Tambo Point, Patagonia; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 399, 1890 — Cordoba; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 318, 1890 — Fortin Castre, mouth of the Rio Negro; Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. B94, 1891 — vicinity of Santa Cruz (spec, in Paris Museum examined); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895 — Chilecito, La Rioja; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902— Rio Sail, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— Rio Sali; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910 (range in Argentina); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja (common in winter); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 661, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires and Entre Rfos; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 408, 1926— General Roca, Rio Negro, and Victorica, Pampa; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 464, 1926— Arroyo Tapiluque, Rio Negro; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— Conhelo, Pampa; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), Orn., p. 846, 1928 — Patagonia. Emberiza diuca (not Fringilla diuca Molina) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 77, 1837 — part, "varietas multo minor," Patagonia. Fringilla diuca Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 93, 1839— part, Rio Negro, Patagonia. Diuca diuca Castellanos, El Hornero, 5, p. 328, 1934 — Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Diuca diuca minor Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 336, 1923— Rio Colorado and San Antonio, Patagonia. 1 Diuca diuca minor Bonaparte: Similar to D. d. diuca, but considerably smaller, the bill particularly so. Wing, 81-85; tail, 62-70; bill, 11^-13. Breeding birds from Pampa (Victorica) are identical with a series from the Rio Negro. Others from San Luis (May, September) and Santa Cruz (no date), as well as a young male from Catamarca (Chumbicha; July 5) are likewise typical of this form. Specimens from Laguna Doro, Rio Limay, Neuqu6n (December 20) have the small bill of D. d. minor, but vary somewhat in other dimensions. While three (two males, one female) with wings of from 79 to 82 mm. fully agree with Rio Negro and Pampa specimens, one male has a wing of 88 mm., and thus closely approaches typical diuca. Additional material examined. — Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Negro, 5; General Roca, Rio Negro, 5; Victorica, Pampa, 4; San Luis, 1; Estancia El Bosque, San Luis, 1 ; Laguna Doro, Rio Limay, 4. 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Patagonia, from Santa Cruz north through Chubut and Rio Negro to the Rio Colorado, the Gobernacion de la Pampa, San Luis, and Cordoba; in winter migrating north to Tucuman (Rio Sali), Entre Rios (Conception del Uruguay), and Uruguay (Paysandu). 5: Argentina (Chumbicha, Catamarca, 1; Andalgala, Catamarca, 1; Belen, Catamarca, 1; Passo Ibanez, Santa Cruz, 2). Genus IDIOPSAR Cassin Idiopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 414 — type, by mono- typy. Idiopsar brachyurus Cassin. Idiopsar brachyurus Cassin. SHORT-TAILED FINCH. Idiopsar brachyurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 414— La Paz, Bolivia (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 240, pi. 7— La Paz (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 797, 1888 — La Paz; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1898, p. 62 — Iquico and Rinconada (Illimani), Bolivia (crit., meas.); Robinson, Ibis, 1906, p. 387 — neighbor- hood of La Paz, Bolivia; Swales, Auk, 43, p. 547, 1926 — Laguna Eslocada, Sierra de Zenta (alt. 4,500 metr.), Jujuy; Dabbene, El Hornero, 3, p. 390, 1926— Las Pavas, Sierra de Aconquija (alt. 4,000 metr.), Tucuman; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931— Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy. Range. — Puna zone of Bolivia (La Paz, Iquico, Rinconada, Dept. La Paz) and northwestern Argentina (Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy; Las Pavas, Sierra de Aconquija, Tucuman).1 Genus PHRYGILUS Cabanis2 Phrygilus Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 289, 1844— type, by orig. desig., Fringilla gayi [Eydoux and] Gervais. Rhopospina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, October, 1851 — type, by mono- typy, Fringilla fruticeti Kittlitz. Geospizopsis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 955, 1856— type, by tautonymy, Passerculus geospizopsis Bonaparte. Corydospiza Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 33, 1872 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla alaudina Kittlitz. *Phrygilus patagonicus Lowe.3 PATAGONIAN GRAY-HEADED FINCH. 1 Material examined. — Bolivia, La Paz: Iquico, 5; Rinconada, 7. 2 As to the limits of the genus, I am in complete agreement with Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 405-406, 1926), and do not consider Corydospiza to be of more than subgeneric value. 3 In "The Birds of Chile" (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, pp. 54-55, 1932), we have stated our reasons for regarding P. patagonicus, at least for the present, as a separate species, and we cannot see pur way of following Dr. Dab- bene's proposal to associate P. patagonicus specifically with P. atriceps. The 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 341 Fringilla formosa (not of Latham, 1790) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 93, Nov., 1839— Tierra del Fuego (type, from Good Success Bay, now in British Museum, examined). Phrygilus gayi patagonicus Lowe, Ibis, (11), 5, p. 515, 1923 — new name for Fringilla formosa Gould, preoccupied. Chlorospiza gayi (not Fringilla gayi Gervais) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Polit. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 355, 1847— part, descr. and hab. "sur de la Repub- lica"; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 264, 1868— Valdivia, Chile; Land- beck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 255, 1877 — restricted to the south of Chile, very rare in the north; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1894— Ninhue, Maule. Phrygilus gayi Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 214, 1853— Valdivia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 186— Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits; idem, Ibis, 1869, p. 285 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 432 — Puerto Bueno; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 7— Tom Bay, Magellan Straits; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 781, 1888— "Chile," Straits of Magellan (Puerto Bueno, Tom Bay, Hermit Island), and Tierra del Fuego; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 132, 1889 — part, Laredo Bay; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B84, 1891 — Santa Cruz, Beagle Channel, Orange Bay, Hoste Island, and Pictou Island; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896— southern Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 16— from Chiloe to Arauco; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 727, 1898— Tierra del Fuego and Ushuaia; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 209, 1901— part, southern Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 362, 1902 — Ushuaia and Lapataia, Tierra del Fuego; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 45 — Gray's Harbour, Smythe's Channel; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 52 (col. pi.), 1907 — Rio McClelland Settlement; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910 (range in Argentina); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 334, 1923— about Lake Nahuel Huapi, Rio Negro; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 125, 190, 1929— Nahuelbuta and Angol, Malleco. Phrygilus formosus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 477, 1850 — Tierra del Fuego; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 432, 1887— Straits latter is closely connected with P. g. punensis by certain individual variations, and both are inhabitants of the Puna zone, whereas P. patagonicus, in spite of the frequent presence of orange-chestnut or tawny tones on the back, stands apart by the coloration of the female and immature plumages, and besides has a somewhat different habitat, being restricted to the lower Temperate zone. P. patagonicus, may, however, ultimately prove to be a geographical representative of the P. gayi group. This problem needs detailed field-work in western Argen- tina, and until the breeding ranges of P. g. caniceps and P. patagonicus have been worked out, the latter may provisionally be accorded specific rank. Series from western Argentina agree with others from southern Chile and the Straits of Magellan. Additional material examined. — Chile: Santiago, 1 (August); Maquegua, Arauco, 1; Temuco, Maquehue, Cautin, 1; Corral, Valdivia, 1; Valdivia, 3; Lago Llanquihue, Llanquihue, 1 ; Desagiie, near Puerto Montt, Llanquihue, 4 ; unspeci- fied, 8. — Straits of Magellan: Punta Arenas, 16; Laredo Bay, 2; Puerto Bueno, 2; Gray's Harbor, Smythe's Channel, 1; Hermit Island, 3; Good Success Bay, Tierra del Fuego, 1; Tierra del Fuego, 3; Santa Cruz, Patagonia, 1. — Argentina: Bari- loche, Lago Nahuel Huapi, 10; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 8 (Feb., Oct., Nov.). 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII of Magellan, Punta Arenas, Tierra del Fuego (monog.); idem, I.e., 12, p. 131, 1889 — Sandy Point (spec, examined). Phrygilus gay aldunatei (not Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs) Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 226, 1925— Isla La Mocha, Chile. Phrygilus gayi gayi Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 149, 1920— Nilahue, Curic6, Chile. Phrygilus patagonicus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 458, 1926— Bariloche, Rio Negro, and Rio Corcovado, Chubut; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 838, 1928— Patagonia (Cape Fairweather, Punta Arenas, Coy Inlet, Santa Cruz); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 53, 1932 — Chile (monog., plumages, range); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 342, 1934— Tierra del Fuego; idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 70— Cape Horn (breeding). Phrygilus atriceps patagonicus Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 300, 1933 — Chile and western Argentina (monog.). (?) Phrygilus caniceps (not of Burmeister) Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909 — part, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego. Range. — Central and southern Chile (most northerly breeding record from the Nilahue Valley, Curico) south to Tierra del Fuego, and on the Argentine side of the Andes north to Neuque"n (Lake Nahuel Huapi). 24: Chile (Rio Colorado, Maule, 4; Lake Gualletue", Cautin, 1; Quellon, Chilo4 Island, 14; Rio Inio, Chilo<* Island, 3; Melinka, Ascencion Island, Guaitecas Islands, 2). *Phrygilus gayi gayi (Gervais).1 GAY'S GRAY-HEADED FINCH. Fringilla gayi [Eydoux and] Gervais, Mag. Zool., 4, cl. 2, pi. 23, 1834 — Chile (type lost); Eydoux and Gervais, Voyage Favorite, Zool., 5, (2), p. 46, 1838— Valparaiso; Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841— Chile, between 34° and 35°, near the summit of the Andes; Fraser, I.e., 11, p. 143, 1843— Chile, in winter on the coast. Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 356, 1847 — part, Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 264, 1868 — central and northern provinces of Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 256, 1877— vicinity of Santiago; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Phrygilus gayi Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Valparaiso; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 180, 1855— Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 93, 1865— Chile (spec, examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 337— Chile; 1 In "The Birds of Chile" we have discussed at length the nomenclature of the large, yellow-backed, white-vented species with pronounced sexual dimorphism. The type of F. gayi being lost, there has been much controversy about the appli- cability of Geryais's term, and the question will probably always remain more or less uncertain. If F, gayi be rejected, Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs, the type of which we have examined in the Paris Museum, will have to take its place. Additional material examined. — Chile :Coquimbo, 1; Santiago, 5; unspecified, 17. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 343 Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421 — Coquimbo (spec, examined); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 431, 1887— Santiago, Chile (monog.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 209, 1901— part, northern Chile. Phrygilus aldunatei Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 285 — part, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 783, 1888— part, spec, a-g, Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896— northern Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 109, 1927— Marga- Marga Valley, Valparaiso. Phrygilus aldonatii [sic] Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 543, 1877— Banos de Cauquenes, Colchagua. Phrygilus gayi gayi Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 514 — part, Chile (crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 56, 1932 — Atacama to Colchagua, Chile (monog., plumages, range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 136, 1934— Cordillera Peuco, O'Higgins. Phrygilus gayi aldunatei Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 189, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 147, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago. Chlorospiza gayi Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 84, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Range.— Cordilleras of Chile, from Atacama to Colchagua; in winter descending to the coast. 19: Chile (Caldera, Atacama, 5; Domeyko, Atacama, 2; Paiguano, Coquimbo, 2; Balala, Rio Turbio, Coquimbo, 1; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 4; Los Andes, Aconcagua, 2; Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, 1; Los Condes, Santiago, 1; unspecified, 1). *Phrygilus gayi caniceps Burmeister.1 BURMEISTER'S GRAY- HEADED FINCH. 1 Phrygilus gayi caniceps Burmeister: Exceedingly similar to P. g. gayi, but on average larger with somewhat heavier, longer bill ; dorsal surface of adult male in fresh plumage less yellow, more greenish. Wing (adult males), 90-98; tail, 65-72; bill, 13-15. Much uncertainty existed about the name of the Argentine representative of Gay's Gray-headed Finch and its distinctness from the Chilean bird. Bur- meister described P. caniceps from specimens in female plumage obtained near Mendoza, but failed to recognize their specific identity with other examples (adult males) from the same locality recorded by him as P. gayi. Thanks to the courtesy of 'Professor Briihl, I have been favored with the loan of Burmeister's material consisting of four specimens from near Mendoza. Nos. 1444a, 1444b, in female plumage, are the originals of P. caniceps. Nos. 1445a, 1445b, in the garb of the adult male [although the second is marked "female"], are the speci- mens listed by Burmeister as P. gayi. There can be no question whatever that the four birds pertain to one and the same form, the differences being merely sexual. While No. 1445b is too much worn to be of any use, the other male (No. 1445a), which is in very good plumage, compares well with ours from Rio Turbio, Chile (P. g. gayi), resembling it notably in broad green jugular band and deepness of yellow color below, and differs only by stronger bill and somewhat more greenish back. The types of P. caniceps, in coloration, are identical with Chilean females (P. g. gayi) from Domeyko and Paiguano. Study of very extensive series from various points on the Argentine slope of the Andes and from southeastern Pata- gonia (Rio Gallegos, Coy Inlet, Santa Cruz) failed to reveal any constant 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phrygilus caniceps Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860 — Mendoza, Argentine (types in Halle Museum examined; descr. of female); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 487, 1861— Mendoza; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 393 — Chubut Valley (spec, in British Museum examined); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 130, 1883 — Sierra de la Ventana, Prov. Buenos Aires (spec, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 53, 1888 — Mendoza, Chubut, and Sierra de la Ventana; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Sierra de Cordoba; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909 — part, Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 516 — Puente del Inca, Mendoza (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — San Rafael, Mendoza. Phrygilus gayi (not Fringilla gayi Gervais) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860 — near Mendoza (spec, in Halle Museum examined; descr. of male); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 487, 1861 — near Mendoza; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 599 — Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca (spec, examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 52, 1888 — near Mendoza; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 132, 1889— part, Gregory Bay (spec, examined); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 290, 1895— Catamarca; Gosse, in Fitzgerald, The Highest Andes, p. 347, 1899— Horcones and Inca, Aconcagua Valley, Mendoza (spec, examined); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 459, 1926— Loma Partida and Arroyo Salado, Rio Negro; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 837, 1928 — part, Punta Arenas, Patagonia. Phrygilus aldunatii(ei) (not Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 783, 1888— part, spec, h-k, Santa Cruz (Patagonia) and Catamarca (spec, examined); Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2), 20, p. 618, 1900 — Santa Cruz and Gregory Bay, Patagonia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— Lara, Tucuman difference. Birds in comparable plumage from so widely distant localities as Tu cumin (Lara; Colalao del Valle), Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala), Mendoza (Puente del Inca), western Rio Negro (Huanuluan; Maquinchao), Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco), and the Santa Cruz region of Patagonia agree perfectly together. Two adult males from the Straits of Magellan (Gregory Bay) are not different either. Birds in fresh plumage are more greenish above and purer yellow below than males in abraded condition, P. g. koslowskii being based on the first-named "phase." Specimens with orange^tinged chest and practically concealed greenish jugular band are individual variants found alongside normally colored birds. We have seen this mutation from Huanuluan and Chubut. While — aside from the slightly more greenish dorsal surface of the males recognizable only in fresh plumage — no color difference exists between Chilean and Argentine examples, the latter — with few exceptions — have markedly larger, longer bills, and, in general, somewhat greater dimensions, so that their segregation under Burmeister's term caniceps seems justifiable. The breeding range of P. g. caniceps remains to be determined by future field work. Birds in more or less worn breeding con- dition have been examined from Tucuman (Lara), Mendoza (Puente del Inca), Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala), Rio Negro (Maquinchao), and Straits of Magellan (Gregory Bay). For measurements, cf. "The Birds of Chile," p. 58. Material examined. — Tucuman: Lara, 1; Colalao del Valle, 1. — Catamarca: Fuerte del Andalgala, 3. — Mendoza: Puente del Inca, 6; Potrerillos, 1; unspecified, 4. — Rio Negro: Huanuluan, 11; Maquinchao, 2. — Chubut: Valle del Lago Blanco, 15; Chubut Valley, 2. — Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz, 3; Rio Gallegos, 9; near Coy Inlet, 5; Cape Fairweather, 6; Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan, 2. — Buenos Aires: Rio Colorado, 2; Sierra de la Ventana, Naposta Chica, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 345 (ex Baer); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910 — Patagonia (Santa Cruz), Tucuman (Lara), and Catamarca; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Chacras Coria, Mendoza; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 334, 1923 — Maquinchao and Huanuluan, Rio Negro (spec, examined); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza. [Phrygilus gayi] subsp. a Phrygilus caniceps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 784, 1888— Fuerte de Andalgala, Catamarca, and Chubut, Pata- gonia (spec, examined). Phrygilus aldunatei var. caniceps Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904 — Lara, Tucu- man (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Phrygilus aldunatii subsp. caniceps Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910— Chubut, Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala), Mendoza, and Sierra de la Ventana. Phrygilus gayi koslowskii Lowe, Ibis, (11), 5, p. 515, 1923— Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut (type in British Museum examined). Phrygilus gayi gayi Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 183, 1933— Cata- marca (Lago Helado, Gualfin, Laguna Blanca), Chubut (Quitripile), and Santa Cruz (Aguada Grande) (monog.). Phrygilus gayi caniceps Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 34, p. 319, 1930 — Las I. en as, Puente del Inca, and Caj6n de las Vacas, Cordillera de Mendoza; Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 188, 1933 — Chubut (Puerto Burro, Salina Grande, Leleque), Neuquen (Pilcomayen), Mendoza (Guamperito), and Tucuman (Aconquija, Cumbres Calchaqules) (monog.). Range. — Western and southern Argentina, from the Cordilleras of Tucuman and Catamarca along the eastern slope of the Andes south to the Dept. of Santa Cruz and the Straits of Magellan; in winter occasional in Buenos Aires Province (Sierra de la Ventana). 1: Argentina (Las Pavas, Tucuman, 1). *Phrygilus gayi chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann.1 OLIVE- BACKED GRAY-HEADED FINCH. 1 Phrygilus gayi chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann differs in the male sex from P. g. punensis by larger (longer as well as stouter) bill; paler plumbeous head; yellowish olive, not tawny upper back; lighter, more yellowish under parts with little, if any, tawny suffusion on the chest; while the female may be dis- tinguished by its paler coloration and larger bill. Wing (male), 94-100; tail, 65-70; bill, 16 3^-18. In a large series from northern and central Peru I do not find any approach to the tawny-russet upper back of punensis, as represented by specimens from La Paz, Bolivia, though certain individuals, irrespective of locality, have a more orange tinge above than others. Specimens from southeastern Peru (Urcos, Cuzco; Urubamba; Ollachea, near Macusani, Carabaya) are also decidedly referable to the present form, but average darker, more orange below than the inhabitants of the more northern parts of Peru. Chapman's remarks on the variability in the coloring of the upper parts were possibly based on the birds from La Raya, at the head of the Urubamba Valley, where intergradation to punensis may be expected to take place. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba, 3; Cutervo, 1; Tarma, Junfn, 2; San Mateo, Lima, 3; Tinta, 2; Pitumarca, 1; Urcos, Cuzco, 2; Urubamba Valley, alt. 3,000 metr., 3; Ollachea, near Macusani, Carabaya, 2. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phrygilus chloronotus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 350 — Ingapirca and Tarma, Dept. Junin, Peru (type, from Tarma, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 175, 1927). Phrygilus gayi (not FringiUa gayi Gervais) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 218, 1846— Peru; Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — Maraynioc, Acancocha, and Junin, Dept. Junin; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 199 — Cutervo, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1881, p. 486— western side of the Cordillera of Lima (alt. 15,000 ft.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 32, 1886 — Peru (Maraynioc, Acancocha, Junin, Chupun, Cacas, Palcamayo, Tarma, San Mateo, Cutervo). Phrygilus atriceps (not Emberiza atriceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 780 — Paucartambo, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; idem and Salvin, I.e., 1876, p. 16 — Paucartambo (spec, examined). [Phrygilus gayi] subsp. /3 Phrygilus punensis (not of Ridgway) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 785, 1888— Andes of Lima and Tinta, Peru. Phrygilus punensis (?) Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 9, 1895— Cajabamba, Huama- chuco, and Cajamarca, Peru. Phrygilus gayi punensis Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 112, 1912— La Raya, Cuzco, and Huaracondo Canyon, Urubamba, Peru (crit.). Phrygilus punensis chloronotus Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 517 — Peru (crit.). Phrygilus gayi chloronotus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 472, 1930 — Cerro de Pasco, La Quinua, and Cullcui (Maranon River), Peru (crit.). Range. — Upper Subtropical to Puna zones of Peru, from Caja- marca south to Cuzco (Andes of Carabaya). 14: Peru (Cajamarca, 1; Macate, Ancachs, 7; Cullcui, Maranon River, 3; La Quinua, Junin, 2; Cerro de Pasco, Junin, 1). Phrygilus gayi punensis Ridgway.1 BOLIVIAN GRAY-HEADED FINCH. Phrygilus punensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 434, Nov., 1887 — "basin of Lake Titicaca, in Peru and Bolivia" (type, from La Paz, Bolivia, in Lafresnaye Collection, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 389, 1930); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 127, 1906— Puno, Peru. Phrygilus saturatus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 785, 1888— Tilotilo, Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). Phrygilus aldunatii punensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 2, p. 83, 1889— "near Valparaiso," errore,=La Paz, Bolivia. 1 Phrygilus gayi punensis Ridgway, in the male sex, approaches P. g. atriceps by the tawny-russet upper back and rusty-tinged chest, but is less intensely colored, and differs furthermore by its dark plumbeous instead of black head. A single male from Puno does not materially differ from a topotypical series. Material examined. — Peru: Puno, 1. — Bolivia: La Paz, 13; Iquico, Ulimani, 1; Tilotilo, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 347 Emberiza gayi (not of Gervais) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 75, 1837— La Paz, Bolivia (spec, examined). Phrygilus gayi Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876— Moho and Tiquina, Lake Titicaca. Phrygilus caniceps (not of Burmeister) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 606— La Paz and Tilotilo, Bolivia. Phrygilus punensis punensis Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 516 — Bolivia and Lake Titicaca, Peru (crit.). Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of extreme southern Peru (Lake Titicaca) and northwestern Bolivia (Dept. La Paz). *Phrygilus gayi atriceps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).1 BLACK- HEADED FINCH. Emberiza atriceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 76, 1837 — "in Peruvia, in summis Andibus, prope Tacora" = Tacora, Prov. Tacna, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Or- bigny, Voy. Am£r. Me>id., Ois., p. 363, pi. 47, fig. 2, 1844 — "sur le grand plateau Bolivien, sur le plateau occidental, et m£me a 1'ouest de la Cordil- lere, surtout commun aux environs d'Oruro et de Potosi"; Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, pp. 81, 162, 1860— "Pugios" [=Puquios, alt. 10,800 ft.], Atacama, Chile. Phrygilus atriceps Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 289, 1844 — Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 248, 1846— Tacora (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862— Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985— Chihuata, Dept. Arequipa, Peru (spec, exam- ined); idem, I.e., 1879, p. 606— Oruro and Potosf, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 397— Sacaya and "Llalcalhuay," Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 435, 1887 — southern Peru and Bolivia (monog.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, 1 Phrygilus gayi atriceps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), the most deeply colored member of the group, is recognizable in the male sex by black head, bright chest- nut-tawny back, and deeper yellow rump. Specimens from northern Chile agree with those from southwestern Peru (Arequipa and Tacna) and Oruro, while birds from central Bolivia (Cochabamba, Potosi) and Argentina, as a rule, have longer bills (for measurements, cf. "The Birds of Chile," p. 60). Jujuy birds, furthermore, are somewhat more strongly tinged with orange^brown across the chest and along flanks, an adult male from Maimara being particularly noticeable in this respect. It is quite possible that more extensive series might lead to sub- division of the black-headed race. In its breeding range P. g. atriceps is obviously more westerly than its allies. In Peru, it replaces in the coast range of Arequipa the plumbeous-headed P. g. punensis found in the Titicaca basin, and in Bolivia it inhabits the plateau region of Oruro, Cochabamba, and Potosf, whereas in the Cordillera of La Paz P. g. punensis again takes its place. In northwestern Argentina, its distributional area appears to be confined to Jujuy, Los Andes, and the adjacent section of Catamarca, while farther to the east, in the Cordilleras of Tucuman and Ancaste (Fuerte de Andalgala), another gray-headed form (P. g. caniceps) is met. Additional material examined. — Peru: Arequipa, 1; Chihuata, above Arequipa, 1; Tacora, Tacna, 1.— Bolivia: Sajama, Oruro, 1; El Cabrada, Posta, Chuquisaca, 2; Vacas, Cochabamba, 1.— Chile, Tarapaca: Abricoya, 1; Sacaya, 3; Huasco, 1. —Argentina, Jujuy: Angosta Perchela, 3; Tilcara, 3. 348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 786, 1888— Bolivia and Chile (Tarapaca, "Iquique"); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 133— Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 17— Sacaya and Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 211, 1901— Tarapaca and Tacna (monog.); Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 451 — Moreno, Jujuy; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909— Maimara, Jujuy; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909 — "Tucuman"=Angosta Perchela and Tilcara, Jujuy (spec, in Tring Museum examined); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910 — Moreno and Maimara, Jujuy; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 358, 1914— same localities; Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 517— Bolivia, southern Peru, and Chile (crit.). Chlorospiza atriceps Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888 — Antofagasta. Phrygilus gayi atriceps Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 58, 1932— northern Chile (crit., range). Phrygiliis atriceps atriceps Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 192, 1933 — northwestern Argentina from Jujuy to Catamarca (monog.). Phrygilus aldunatii (not Chlorospiza aldunatei Des Murs) Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931— Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy. Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of extreme southwestern Peru (Chihuata, above Arequipa; Tacora and Putre, Tacna), the northwestern and central parts of Bolivia (depts. of Oruro, Cocha- bamba, and Potosi), northern Chile (provinces of Tarapaca, Antofa- gasta, and Atacama), and northwestern Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Los Andes, and northwestern Catamarca). 11: Chile (Putre, Tacna, 1; Ojo de San Pedro, Antofagasta, 1; east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, 4; Rio Inacaliri, Antofagasta, 1; Antofagasta, Los Andes, 1; Pasto Ventura, Catamarca, 1; Maimara, Jujuy, 2). *Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti (Kittlitz). MOURNING FINCH. Fringilla fruticeti Kittlitz, Kupfert; Naturg. Vogel, Part 2, p. 18, pi. 23, fig. 1, 1832— Valparaiso, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 21, 1921); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 94, 1839— northern Chile [=Coquimbo], Cordillera of central Chile, and Patagonia; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 113, 1843 — Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 154, 1858 — near Valparaiso. Fringilla erythrorhyncha Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, 1834— Co- quimbo, Chile flocation of type unknown); idem, in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. The"tis, 2, p. 324, 1837— Coquimbo. Emberiza luctuosa Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 24, pi. 71, 1836— Chile (location of type unknown); idem, Voy. Favorite, 5, (2), p. 50, pi. 19, 1839— Chile; Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841 —Chile (lat. 34°-35°). Chlorospiza fruticeti Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 357, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 264, 1868— Chile; Land- beck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 256, 1877— Chile (habits, altitudinal range); 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 349 Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 543, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Philippi, Ornis, 4, p. 159, 1888— Sibaya (Tarapaca) and Antofagasta; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1893 — Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. clxxii, 1895 — San Alfonso, Quillota, Chile; Lataste, Proc.-Verb. Seanc. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1923, p. 170— Santa Teresa, Chile; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 86, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Phrygilus fruticeti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 476, 1850— Chile and Patagonia; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astr. Exp., 2, p. 179, 1855— Chile; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860 — Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 487, 1861 — Cordilleras of western Argentina; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 93, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 337— Chile; Hudson, I.e., 1872, p. 537— Rio Negro, Patagonia; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 393 — lower Chubut (nesting); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 39, 1881 — between the Rio Colorado and the Rio Negro; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 7— Coquimbo, Chile; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 397— Sibaya, Tarapaca, Chile (spec, examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 54, 1888— Rio Negro (Carmen) and Mendoza (habits); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 790, 1888— part, spec, a-1, q, Chile (Coquimbo, "Iquique") and Patagonia (Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz) ; Bartlett, Monog. Weaver-Bds. & Finches, Part 3, pi. 1 (fig. of female), 1889 — part, Argentina and Chile; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— near Valparaiso; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 9, p. B88, 1891— Santa Cruz and Missioneros, Patagonia; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 724, 1898— Ovalle, Coquimbo; Gosse, in Fitz- gerald, The Highest Andes, p. 348, 1899 — Aconcagua Valley, Mendoza; Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, (2), 20, p. 619, 1900 — Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 216, 1901— Chile (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902 — Cordilleras of Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 451 — Moreno, Jujuy; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Lara, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904 — La Poma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905 — near Tafi, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909— Roca, Rio Negro; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 398, 1910 (range in Argentina); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 65, 1918 — cerros de Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy (nest and eggs descr.); Sanzin, I.e., 1, p. 152, 1918— Mendoza; Reed, I.e., 1, p. 273, 1919— Casa de Piedra and Guamperito, Sierra de Mendoza (breeding); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 149, 1920— Nilahue, Curic6, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 190, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 147, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 110, 1927 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 842, 1928— upper Rio Chico and Arroyo Eke, Patagonia; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 363, 1929— Aconcagua, Chile; idem, I.e., 34, p. 319, 1930 — Caj6n de las Vacas, Cordillera de Mendoza; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931— Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy. Rhopospina fruticeti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, 1851— Chile; Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 519; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 335, 1923— Rio Colorado, Huanuluan, and Bariloche, western Patagonia. 350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Emberiza carbonaria (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bibra, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853— Cordillera [of Santiago], Chile. Chlorospiza erythrorrhyncha Philippi, Reise Wiiste Atacama, p. 162, 1860 — Miguel Diaz, Antofagasta. Phrygilus coracinus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 133, pi. 13 — eight leagues from Sacaya, Tarapaca, Chile (type in British Museum examined) ; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Tarapaca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 18 — near Sacaya. Phrygilus fruticeti fruticeti Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 405, 1926 — General Roca and Zapata, Neuquen; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 459, 1926 — Nahuel Niheu, Paja Alta, Arroyo Seco, Arroyo Anecon Grande, and Arroyo Cumallo, Rio Negro; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 64, 1932— Chile (crit., variation, range); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 304, 1933 (range); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 38, p. 136, 1934— Puerta Vieja, O'Higgins, Chile. Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of western Bolivia (depts. of Oruro and Potosi), Chile (south to Curico), western Argentina, and southern Patagonia, north to the Rio Colorado.1 22: Chile (Putre, Tacna, 5; Domeyko, Atacama, 2; La Compafiia, Coquimbo, 1; Romero, Coquimbo, 3; Olmue", Aconcagua, 6; Lampa, Santiago, 2; Los Andes, Aconcagua, 1; near Sewell, O'Higgins, 1); Argentina (Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 1). *Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus Zimmer.2 PERUVIAN MOURNING FINCH. Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 63, April, 1924 — Matucana, Dept. Lima, Peru (type in Field Museum); 1 In "The Birds of Chile" (pp. 65-66) we have demonstrated the identity of P. coracinus with P. fruticeti, and this conclusion has since been corroborated by Dr. Dabbene's independent investigations. Birds from the highlands of Bolivia (Oruro and Potosf) are identical with a Chilean series, and others from various parts of Argentina do not seem to be distinguishable either. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Pampa Olliaga, Oruro, 1 (adult male); Potosi, Chuquisaca, 1 (adult male). — Chile: eight leagues east of Sacaya, Tarapaca, 2; Sibaya, Tarapaca, 1; Coquimbo, 1; unspecified, 5. — Argentina: Lara, Tucuman, 1 ; Puente del Inca, Mendoza, 1 ; Sierra de la Angostura, Neuquen, 3; Paso Limay, Neuquen, 1; Rio Traful, Neuquen, 2; Collon Cura, Neuquen, 4; Rio Negro (near Carmen), 3; lower Chubut Valley, 1. 2 Phrygilus fruticeti peruvianm Zimmer: Differs from the nominate race by somewhat shorter wings, proportionately larger bill, and more heavily streaked upper parts. It also appears that the lateral margins to the dorsal feathers in fresh plumage are of a brighter rufescent tone. Wing, 92-99, (female) 84-94; tail, 72-81, (female) 70-81; bill, 15-16. As has been observed by Wetmore, the lesser size is not an absolutely constant feature of this form, and some individuals from Argentina and Chile are hardly larger. Still, the difference holds in the majority of specimens. Adult males (thirty-four) from Peru (Cajamarca to Arequipa) have wings of 92 to 99, while an equal number from Chile and Argentina vary from 98 (four) to 105. Birds from 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 351 idem, I.e., 17, p. 472, 1930— Matucana, Lima, and Cullcui, Maran6n River, Huanuco, Peru. Emberiza luctuosa (not of Eydoux and Gervais) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 80, 1837— La Paz, Bolivia (spec, examined). Phrygilus fruticeti (not Fringilla fruticeti Kittlitz) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985— Chihuata and Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 569— Arequipa; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 152— Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780— Paucartambo, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 521 — Huanta and Junin, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1874, p. 677 — Paucartambo; idem, I.e., 1876, p. 16 — Paucartambo; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 606— La Paz and Tilotilo, Bolivia; Sclater, I.e., 1881, p. 486— Cordillera above Lima (alt. 14,000 ft.); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 353, 1876— south end of Lake Titicaca; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 37, 1886 — Peru (Huanta, Junin, Paucartambo, Puno); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 790, 1888 — part, spec, m-p, r, Peru (Andes of Lima, Arequipa, Chihuata) and Bolivia (Tilotilo); Bartlett, Monog. Weaver- Bds. & Finches, Part 3, pi. 1 (fig. of male), 1889— part, Bolivia (La Paz, Tilotilo) and Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 9, 1895— Cajamarca, Caja- bamba, and Huamachuco, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351 — Chicla and Tarma, Junm, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, pp. 69, 103, 1906 — Coracora, Ayacucho, and Luatanay, Cuzco, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 112, 1921— La Raya, Cuzco, Pisac, and Huaracondo Canyon, Urubamba, Peru. Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of Peru and northwestern Bolivia (Cordillera of La Paz). 33: Peru (Cajamarca, 8; Cullcui, Marafi6n River, Huanuco, 3; Macate, Ancachs, 15; Matucana, Lima, 7). *Phrygilus unicolor unicolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). CHILEAN PLUMBEOUS FINCH. Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 79, 1837— "la Cordillere du Tacora (Perou), pampa d'Oruro, Bolivie," we accept Tacora, Prov. Tacna, as type locality (type lost, formerly in Paris Museum). Sporophila concolor Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — near Mendoza (cf. idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 488, 1861). Chlorospiza plumbea Philippi and Landbeck, Arch. Naturg., 30, (1), p. 47, 1864— Cerro de San Crist6bal, Las Aranas, Valle Larga, "Yceba" [= Verbal Loca, etc., Prov. Santiago, and Hacienda de la Puerta, Prov. Colchagua, Chile (type from Prov. Santiago, in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile; La Paz, northern Bolivia, in size (wing, 95-98) and heavy streaking above, resem- ble those from Peru, while others from Oruro and Potosi are undoubtedly referable to typical fruticeti. Additional material examined. — Peru: Surco, Lima, 5; Andes of Lima, 5; Matucana, 1; Banos, Cajamarca, 1; Queta, Tarma, Junin, 2; Chicla, Junin, 1; Luatanay, Cuzco, 1; Coracora, Ayacucho, 2; Arequipa, 2; Chihuata, Arequipa, 1. — Bolivia: La Paz, 8. 352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 20, 1930); Land- beck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 24, p. 341, 1864— same localities; Philippi, I.e., 31, p. 265, 1868— Prov. Santiago; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 257, 1877— provinces of Santiago and Colchagua; Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 15, p. 59, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2, 1902— Chile. Phrygilus unicolor Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 180, 1855— mountains and "plains" of Chile; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862 — part, spec, f, g, Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 322, 337 — Cordillera of Santiago (crit.); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 544, 1877 — Cordillera of Colchagua; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 606 — part, Pampa de Oruro, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 397— Huasco, Tarapaca, Chile; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888— part, spec, a-h, Straits of Magellan, Chile (Santiago), Mendoza, and "Pampas Argentinas"; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 53, 1888— part, Mendoza; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 18 — Huasco, Tarapaca; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 726, 1898 — Punta Anegada, Tierra del Fuego; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 619, 1900— Punta Arenas, Rio Pescado, and Brunswick Peninsula, Straits of Magellan; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 218, 1901— Cordilleras of Chile (monog.) ; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 168, 1902— Lago General Paz, western Chubut; Dabbene, I.e., 18, p. 398, 1910 — part, Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego (Punta Anegada), Cordillera of Mendoza, and Chubut (Lago General Paz); idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 358, 1914 — part, Mendoza and western Chubut (Lago General Paz); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 190, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 147, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Stone, Rep. Univ. Princet. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 844, 1928— part, Chile. Phrygilus rusticus (not of Tschudi) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860 — Sierra de Mendoza (spec, in Halle Museum examined); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 487, 1861— near Mendoza. Phrygilus unicolor plumbeus(a) Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 5, 1925— Chile (crit.); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, pp. 460, 461, 1926 — Arroyo Cumallo and Cerro Anecon Grande, Rio Negro, and Lago San Martin, Santa Cruz (crit.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 30, p. 139, 1926— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile. Phrygilus unicolor unicolor Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 60, 1932— Tacna to Straits of Magellan (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 313, 1933— Mendoza, Chubut, and Patagonia (monog.). Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of extreme southwestern Peru (Prov. Tacna), the whole of Chile, and western Argentina, from the Sierra de Mendoza south to Tierra del Fuego and southeastern Patagonia (Terr, of Santa Cruz).1 1 In "The Birds of Chile" (pp. 61-62, 1932) we have shown that E. unicolor strictly applies to the pale Chilean form named C. plumbea by Philippi and Land- beck, since topotypes from above Tacna agree in every detail with birds from Santiago and Aconcagua. A single adult male from Mendoza is an exact match 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 353 17: Peru (Choquelimpie, Tacna, 2); Chile (twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, 11; Banos del Toro, Coquimbo, 3; Guardia Vieja, Aconcagua, 1). *Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman.1 TUCUMAN PLUM- BEOUS FINCH. Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 4, Feb., 1925 — above Tafi del Valle, Tucuman (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 315, 1933— Jujuy to C6rdoba (monog.). Phrygilus unicolor (not Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862 — part, spec, d, e, Bolivia; Cabanis, Joum. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878 — Sierra de Achata, C6rdoba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888— part, spec, i-1, Bolivia; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 53, 1888 — part, C6rdoba; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Sierra de C6rdoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 41, p. 119, 1891 — northern Sierra de Cordoba; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902 — Cuesta de Malamala and La Ci6naga, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905 — same localities; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 398, 1910— part, Tucuman, C6rdoba, and San Luis; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 358, 1914— part, same localities; Dinelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 258, 1924 — northwestern Argentina (nest and eggs descr.); Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931 — Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy. Phrygilus unicolor unicolor Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909 — La Ci6naga, Tucuman. Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, from Jujuy and Salta south to the Sierra of C6rdoba. 21: Argentina (Las Pavas, Tucuman, 21). *Phrygilus unicolor inca Zimmer.2 PERUVIAN PLUMBEOUS FINCH. for some of our Chilean birds. Specimens from the Straits of Magellan and Chubut appear to be slightly larger (wing of males, 95-97, against 91-94 in Chile). Additional material examined. — Chile: Cordillera of Santiago, 1; Cajon del Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, 2; Valle de los Piuquenes, Aconcagua, 1; unspecified, 3. — Argentina: Sierra de Mendoza, 2; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 1. — Tierra del Fuego: Punta Anegada, 2. 1 Phrygilus unicolor tucumanus Chapman: Very similar in the adult plumage to P. u. unicolor, but beneath slightly darker gray (approaching light neutral gray, especially anteriorly) with the anal region less whitish and the white edges to the tail coverts narrower; on the upper parts also somewhat darker, neutral gray rather than light neutral gray. The juvenile plumage is on average more broadly streaked on the under surface. Birds from Cochabamba, Bolivia, agree very well with those from Las Pavas, Tucuman. Wing (males), 89-94; tail, 61-70; bill, 10-11. Additional material examined. — Bolivia, Dept. Cochabamba; near Cocha- bamba, 1; Mollemolle, 1; Caluya, 1; Colomi, 5; Incachaca, 1; Cerro San Benito, 3. 1 Phrygilus unicolor inca Zimmer: Similar in adult plumage to P. u. tucumanus, but decidedly darker throughout, the upper parts varying from deep neutral gray to slate gray, the lower surface scarcely paler and lacking, at least in the male sex, 354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phrygilus unicolor inca Zimmer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 88, March, 1929 — mountains near Huanuco, Peru (type in Field Museum); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 473, 1930— La Quinua, Junin, and mountains near Huanuco, Peru. Phrygilus unicolor (not Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tacza- nowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — Maraynioc and Junin, Peru (eggs descr.) ; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1874, p. 677— "Paucartambo"= Cchachupata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888 — part, spec, m, n, Junin and Ninarupa, Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 9, 1895— Cajamarca; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351 — Ingapirca and Maraynioc, Peru. Phrygilus unicolor unicolor Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 113, 1921 — Ocobamba Pass (above Ollantayambo) and above Matchu Picchu, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 460, 1926 — Matchu Picchu, Peru (crit.). Phrygilus rusticus (not of Tschudi) Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 38, 1886 — Peru (Maraynioc, Junin, Cchachupata, Paucal). Range. — Temperate and Puna zones of Peru and possibly north- western Bolivia (La Paz). 10: Peru (mountains east of Balsas, 2; mountains near Huanuco, 7; La Quinua, Junin, 1). *Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapman.1 ECUADORIAN PLUMBEOUS FINCH. Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 651, 1915 — Santa Isabel, central Andes, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 572, 1917— Santa Isabel; idem, I.e., 55, p. 627, 1926— Pichincha, above Chambo, the whitish abdominal area as well as the white edges to the under tail coverts; juvenile plumage more heavily streaked with blackish both above and below, and with the sides of the head olivaceous (olive lake) instead of streaked with pale brown on a dingy whitish ground; size smaller. Wing, (males) 83-89, (female) 82-86; tail, 57-62, (female) 56-59; bill, 10-12. As in P. u. unicolor and P. u. tucumanus, the sexes, when adult, are nearly alike in color, the females differing merely by slightly paler posterior under parts, dusky-streaked mantle, and suggestion of similar markings on sides of throat and chest. Certain individuals, however, are indistinguishable from the males. Birds in juvenile plumage are much more heavily streaked than the corresponding stage of the more southern representatives, these markings being also darker, blackish rather than dusky, and they have the sides of the head distinctly olivaceous. Birds from the southeastern border of Peru (Ollachea, Carabaya) agree in every particular with the type, some being even darker. The inhabitants of the La Paz region, Bolivia, need further investigation. According to notes made thirty years ago, a series from Iquico (Illimani) was found to be similar in size (wing of adult males, 85-89) and coloration to birds from Maraynioc, while one from the Sierra de Cordoba (tucumanus) is stated to be paler and larger (wing, 94 mm.). Additional material examined. — Peru: Ingapirca, 2; Maraynioc, 2; Ollachea, twenty miles north of Macusani, Sierra of Carabaya, 6. 1 Phrygilus unicolor grandis Chapman : Adult male similar to P. u. inca, but larger and coloration, especially below, much paler gray with whitish fringes to the under tail coverts; female apparently never gray, but heavily streaked with 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 355 Urbina, Chimborazo, Cochaseca, Taraguacocha, Bestion, Cerro Huamani, and above Oyacachi, Ecuador; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 24, p. 461, 1926 — Paramo zone of Ecuador and central Andes of Colombia (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928— Cerro Mojanda, Ecuador. Phrygilus unicolor Jardine, Contrib. Orn., 1849, p. 44, pi. 20 — Andes of Quito, Ecuador; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 76, 1860— Panza and Gugua, Pichincha, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862 — part, spec, a-c, Panza, Ecuador; Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 85 — San Rafael and Chimborazo, Ecuador; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888 — part, spec, o-v, Ecuador (Panza, Quito, Sical); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 25, 1899— Quinoas (Cuenca), Paredones (Paramos del Azuay), Chaupi (Illiniza), Pichincha, and Vallevicioso (Cotopaxi), Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474 — El Egido (north of Quito) and Aloag (above Machachi), Ecuador; Rhoads, Auk, 29, p. 142, 1912 — Paramo of Pichincha; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922— Pichincha. Phrygilus unicolor unicolor Me"ne"gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B80, 1911 — Mozo, Pichincha, and Pichan, Ecuador. Range. — Paramo zone of Ecuador and central Andes of Colombia (Santa Isabel). 3: Ecuador (Antisana, 1; Pichincha, 2). *Phrygilus unicolor nivarius (Bangs).1 SANTA MARTA PLUM- BEOUS FINCH. Haplospiza nivaria Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 102, 1899— Paramo de Chiruqua, Santa Marta Mts., Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. dusky above and below, thus closely resembling the juvenile plumage of the southern races (unicolor, tucumanus, incd). Wing (male), 90-95; tail, 64-70; bill, 11-12. This form, in the male sex, is remarkably similar to P. u. unicolor and differs merely by slightly darker under parts with less white on the tail coverts. Judging from the few examples at hand, the female, however, is quite different, and like the same sex of the two Colombian races, apparently never assumes an entirely gray, almost unstreaked plumage, but retains a dress very similar to the juvenile livery of unicolor and tucumanus. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Santa Isabel, central Andes, 2. — Ecuador: Pichincha, 4; Tortorillas, Chimborazo, 1; Chimborazo, 3; Guallabamba, Riobamba, 1; Paramos southeast of Riobamba, 1; Canar, 1. 1 Phrygilus unicolor nivarius (Bangs): Similar in coloration to P. u. grandis, but smaller. Wing, (male) 80-84, (female) 77-81; tail, 60-64, (female) 55-61; bill, 10-11. In this form, the female appears to be always striped, this assumption being corroborated by Mr. Todd's remark on a large series of birds from the Santa Marta region. H. montosa, from the Cordillera of Me>ida, I cannot distinguish from birds of the latter district. Males in gray plumage are perfectly alike, while of five females only two are more boldly streaked underneath. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 6; Paramo de Chiruqua, 2. — Venezuela, M6rida: Quintero, 4; San Antonio, 5; Culata, 2; Conejos, 1; Escorial, 1. 356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 390, 1930); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, pp. 121, 164, 1900— Paramo de Chiruqua and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Haplospiza montosa Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 220, 1905— San Antonio, Andes of Me'rida, Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum). Phrygilus unicolor (not Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, pp. 781, 785— Paramos of Me'rida, Venezuela (crit.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 128, 328— Paramo de Pamplona, above Vetas, Santander, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 122 — Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888 — part, spec, a'-f, h', i', Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta and Merida, Venezuela. Phrygilus unicolor nivarius Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 652, 1915 — Santa Marta Mountains and Andes of Me'rida, Venezuela (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 521, 1922— Cerro de Caracas, Paramo de Mamarongo, and Paramo de Chiruqua, Colombia (habits); Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 460, 1926— Santa Marta Mountains (crit.). Phrygilus unicolor montosus Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 460, 1926— Venezuela (crit.). Range. — Paramo zone of northeastern Colombia (Santa Marta region and Andes of Santander) and the adjacent parts of Venezuela (Cordillera of Me'rida). 7: Colombia (Paramo de Guerrero, Santander del Norte, 2); Venezuela (Escorial, Me'rida, 1; Montana Sierra, Merida, 1; Pa- ramo Frias, Me'rida, 2; Culata, Me'rida, 1). *Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis (Bonaparte).1 BOGOTA PLUM- BEOUS FINCH. Passerculus geospizopsis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, No. 25, p. 921, Dec., 1853 — Colombia (type in coll. of E. and J. Verreaux, present location unknown;2 descr. of female); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 306 (in text), 1856 (crit.). Geospizopsis typus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, p. 955, 1856 — new name for Passerculus geospizopsis Bonaparte. 1 Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis (Bonaparte) : Male, according to Chapman, distinguished from P. u. grandis by smaller size; female differing from both P. u. grandis and P. u. nivarius, by olive-buff instead of grayish or buffy auriculars and olive-buff suffusion on chin and throat. Wing, (two adult males) 90, 94, (female) 84; tail, 64, 69, (female) 60; bill, 11-12. The only two adult males I have been able to examine do not differ either in size or coloration from the average Ecuadorian birds. A single female has the auriculars indeed olivaceous, and a distinct, though faint olive-buffy hue on the upper throat. I must confess that the distinctness of this form from P. u. grandis appears to me to require further substantiation. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. 2 The type is neither at Paris nor in the British Museum. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 357 Phrygilus geospizopsis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855 — Bogota; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862— Bogota. Phrygilus unicolor geospizopsis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — vicinity of Bogota; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 652, 1915— Paramo de Choachi.near Bogota (crit.); idem, I.e., 37, p. 572, 1917— Paramo de Choachi; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 461, 1926 — Paramo zone of eastern Colombia. Phrygilus unicolor (not Emberiza unicolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 792, 1888— part, spec, w-z, Bogota. Range. — Paramo zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Bogota region). 1: Colombia (Bogota, 1). *Phrygilus dorsalis Cabanis. RED-BACKED FINCH. Phrygilus dorsalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 31, p. 109, 1883 — Cerro "Vayo" [=Bayo], near the snow-line, Prov. Tucuman (type in Berlin Museum examined); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 53, 1888— Cerro Bayo; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 70, 1932— Silala, Antofagasta-Bolivia boundary (crit., range, meas.); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 317, 1933 — Sierra del Cajon, Salta, and Laguna Blanca, Catamarca (monog.). Phrygilus erythronotus (not Chlorospiza erythronota Philippi and Landbeck) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 796, 1888— Cerro "Voyo" [= Bayo], Tucuman; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902— Cerro Bayo (ex Cabanis); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904 — Cerro Pelado, Tucu- man; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905 — Cerro Bayo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910 — Cerro Bayo. Phrygilus erythronota Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909— Cerro Mufioz and Laguna Alta, Tucuman (spec, examined). Range. — Puna zone of northwestern Argentina, in provinces of Catamarca, Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy, and adjacent section of extreme southwestern Bolivia (Silala, Dept. Potosi, on the Antofa- gasta boundary).1 3: Bolivia (Silala, on Chile-Bolivia border, 2); Argentina (Mai- mara, Jujuy, 1). *Phrygilus erythronotus (Philippi and Landbeck).2 BERN'S FINCH. 1 Two males from Silala (Chile-Bolivia boundary) are identical with others from Argentina. The sexes, in this species, are alike, both having an extensive area on the back, including the scapulars, plain pecan brown. Additional specimens examined. — Argentina, Tucuman: Cerro de Bayo, 1 (the type); Cerro Munoz, 3; Cerro Pelado, 2; Cumbre de Calchaquies, 1; Laguna Alta, 1. 1 Phrygilus erythronotus (Philippi and Landbeck) : Adult similar to P. dorsalis, but above from head to tail coverts slate gray without any trace of the pecan brown dorsal area, only the outer margins to the tertials being in fresh plumage pale 358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chlorospiza erythronota Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 610, 1861 — Putre or "Parunicota" [=Parinacota], Prov. Tacna, Peru (descr. of immature; type in Museo Nacional, Santiago);1 idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 121, 1863— same locality. Sy calls erythronota Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 48 (ex Philippi and Landbeck); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 62, 1886 (ex Philippi and Landbeck). Diuca behni Reichenow, Orn. Monatsber., 15, p. 201, 1907— Potosi, Bolivia (descr. of adult male; type in Berlin Museum examined); Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 210, 1909— Pulacayo, Oruro, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Phrygilus erythronotus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 19, p. 67, 1932 — Peru (Choquelimpie and Las Cuevas, near Putre, Dept. Tacna) and Bolivia (Pulacayo, Oruro; Potosi and Cordillera de Livichuco, Potosi) (crit., plumages, meas.). Range. — Puna zone of extreme southern Peru (Dept. Tacna) and Bolivia (in depts. of Oruro and Potosi). 4: Peru (Choquelimpie, Tacna, 3; Las Cuevas, near Putre, Tacna, 1). *Phrygilus plebejus plebejus Tschudi. ASH-BREASTED FINCH. Phrygilus plebejus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 289, 1844 — "Peru" = probably Junin highlands (type in Neuchatel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 219, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1846— Peru; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 476, 1850— Peru (diag.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 568— Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 152— Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Sclater, I.e., 1886, p. 397— Huasco, Sitani, and "Lalcalhuay," Tarapaca, Chile; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 39, 1886 — Peru (Huanta, Tarma, Palcamayo, Junin, Chota, Chachapoyas, Arequipa) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 795, 1888— Mendoza, Tarapaca, and Peru ("Lima," Arequipa, Tinta); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 10, 1895 — wood brown. The immature plumage differs by somewhat duller, more brownish gray, dusky-streaked pileum and hind neck; dingier (brownish gray rather than light neutral gray) pectoral band and sides of the head; deeper buff flanks and under tail coverts; wider and brighter (avellaneous) edges to the inner secondaries; and especially by having the back and scapulars wood-brown, each feather being largely centered with dusky. Wing (males), 97, 101 (Tacna), 104 (Pulacayo), 107-111 (Potosi); tail, 67, 71 (Tacna), 78 (Pulacayo), 74-79 (Potosi) ; bill, 11%-13. As has been pointed out in "The Birds of Chile" (pp. 67-69), Chlorospiza erythronota was obviously based on the immature plumage of the present species. Topotypes from the Putre region correspond well to the original description and were, furthermore, compared by Mr. K. P. Schmidt in the Chilean National Museum. The adult birds are what Reichenow described as Diuca behni. Bolivian specimens are slightly larger, but the variation is rather insignificant and will doubtless disappear in a fuller series. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Pulacayo, Oruro, 2; Potosi, 4; Cor- dillera de Livichuco, Potosi, 3. 1 Gigoux and Looser (Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 20, 1930) state that they have failed to find the type in the National Museum at Santiago; but, as recorded in "The Birds of Chile" (p. 68), No. 458 of that collection is almost certainly the individual which formed the basis to Philippi and Landbeck's description. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 359 Cajamarca and Huamachuco, Peru; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896 — Tarapaca, Chile; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351 — Ingapirca and Maraynioc, Dept. Junln, Peru; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 222, 1901— Tarapaca and Tacna, Chile (monog.); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902— Taff, Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 452 — Moreno, Jujuy (eggs descr.); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Lara, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Incahuasi, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— Taff, Tucuman; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 127, 1906 — Puno, Peru; Menegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 211, 1909— Chepepe Pazna, Oruro, Bolivia; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910 — Sierra de Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy (Moreno); Chap- man, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 113, 1921— La Raya, Pisac, Cuzco, and Ocobamba Pass, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— San Rafael, Mendoza; Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931— Sierra de Zenta, Jujuy. Phrygilus plebejus plebejus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 17, p. 474, 1930 — Matucana, La Quinua, mountains near Huanuco, and Huanuco Viejo, Peru; Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 64, 1932— twenty miles east of San Pedro, Antofagasta, Chile; Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 311, 1933 — San Antonio de los Cobres, Los Andes (monog.). Phrygilus ocularis (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520— Huanta and Junin, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 229— Chota, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 17— Chachapoyas, Peru. Range. — Puna zone of Peru (excepting the extreme northwest), Bolivia, extreme northern Chile (south to Antofagasta), and north- western Argentina (from Jujuy south to Mendoza).1 27: Peru (mountains near Otuzco, 2; Cajamarca, 3; Macate, Ancachs, 5; Matucana, 1; La Quinua, 2; Junin, 2; Huanuco Moun- tains, 2; Huanuco Viejo, 2; Puno, 3); Chile (San Pedro, Antofagasta, 2); Argentina (Maimara, Jujuy, 2; Laguna Blanca, Catamarca, 1). Phrygilus plebejus ocularis Sclater.2 ECUADORIAN ASH- BREASTED FINCH. Phrygilus ocularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 454, pi. 145, 1858— Cuenca, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 26, p. 552, 1858 — Riobamba, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1 Birds from Argentina, Chile, and the southern parts of Peru agree together, while specimens from Cajamarca possibly average slightly smaller. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajamarca, 30; Lauramarca, Cuzco, 1; Anta, Cuzco, 2. — Bolivia: La Paz, 1. 2 Phrygilus plebejus ocularis Sclater merely differs from the nominate race by its decidedly smaller size. No constant color differences exist, although a good many Ecuadorian specimens are somewhat whiter beneath. We have not seen any material from Piura referred by Bangs and Noble to the Ecuadorian race. We venture to question the correctness of the locality "Lechugal" based on an example in the Raimondi Collection. Eighteen specimens from the Temperate zone of Ecuador examined. 360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII I860— Calacali, near Quito; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— Cuenca; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 40, 1886— "Lechugal," Tumbez, Peru (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 796, 1888— Ecuador (Cuenca, Sical); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Cayambe", Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Tambo de Quinoas (Cuenca), Sigsig, Cuenca, Canar, La Concepci6n (Chota), "Nanegal," Tumbaco, and Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— near Quito and Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Mene"gaux, Miss. Serv. Ge"ogr. ArmSe Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B81, 1911— Tumbaco, Ecuador; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918 — Sullana and Huancabamba, Piura, Peru; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928 — Volcan de Tumbaco, Ecuador. Phrygilus plebeius (not of Tschudi) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 294— Alausi, Ecuador. Phrygilus plebejus ocularis Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— Tumbaco, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 628, 1926— Guallabamba Canyon, Tumbaco, Cumbaya, Bestion, Mocha, Chimborazo, Casanga, Lunama, and Loja, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627, 1932— Cuenca, Ecuador. Range. — Temperate zone of Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru ("Lechugal," Tumbez; Sullana and Huancabamba, Piura). *Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus (Kittlitz). CHILEAN LARK-LIKE FINCH. Fringilla alaudina Kittlitz, Kupfert. Naturg. Vog., Part 2, p. 18, pi. 23, fig. 2, 1832 — Chile= Valparaiso (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 20, 1921); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 94, 1839— Valparaiso; Eraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 112, 1843— Chile (breeding habits); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 135, 178, 1858— Valparaiso and Quillota, Chile. Emberiza guttata Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Carol., 16, Suppl., p. 85, pi. 12, fig. 1, 1834— Santiago, Chile (type in Berlin Museum). Fringilla (Niphaea) laciniata Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 121, 1848 — Valpa- raiso, Chile (type in U. S. National Museum). Chlorospiza alaudina Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 357, 1847— Chile; Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860— Santiago (breeding habits); Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 265, 1868— central provinces of Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 257, 1877— sea coast mountains at Llico, Curico; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 544, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, p. cxv, 1893 — Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, p. clxxii, 1894 — San Alfonso, Quillota; Lataste, I.e., 5, pp. xxxiv, Ixii, 1895 — Cerro de las Lajuelas, Curico, and Llohue, Maule; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 86, 1924 — Caldera, Atacama. Phrygilus alaudina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 476, 1850 — Chile. Phrygilus alaudinus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, 1851— Chile; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— part, spec, c, d, Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 93, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 361 1867, pp. 322, 337— Chile; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 421— Coquimbo; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 793, 1888— spec, a-g, a, t, Chile (Coquimbo, Valparaiso); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— Valparaiso; Bartlett, Monog. Weaver-Birds and Finches, Part 3, pi. 2, 1889— part, spec, h-s, v, w, Chile (Santiago); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 18— Vina del Mar (Valparaiso) and Coronel (Arauco); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chil., 108, p. 220, 1901— Chile (monog.); Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 149, 1920— Nilahue, Curic6; idem, I.e., 25, p. 190, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 148, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 110, 1927— Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 190, 1929— Angol, Malleco. Phrygilus alaudinus alaudinus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 407, 1926 — Concon, Valparaiso; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 62, 1932 — Atacama to Curic6 (crit., range). Range. — Temperate zone of Chile, from Atacama to Cautin.1 12: Chile (Ramadilla, Atacama, 1; Domeyko, Atacama, 2; La Compania, Coquimbo, 1; Tambillos, Coquimbo, 1; Romero, Co- quimbo, 1; Paiguano, Coquimbo, 3; Olmue", Valparaiso, 1; Rio Lolen, Lonquimai Valley, Cautin, 1; unspecified, 1). Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert.2 VENTURI'S LARK-LIKE FINCH. Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert, in Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909 — Lagunita, Tucuman, Argentina (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 407, 1926— Sierra San Xavier, above Taff Viejo, Tucuman (crit.). Phrygilus alaudinus (not Fringilla alaudina Kittlitz) Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 398, 1890 — Sierra de Cordoba; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902 — Taff, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904 — Lara, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— Tafi; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 399, 1910— Sierra de C6rdoba and Taff, Tucuman. Corydospiza alaudina venturii Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 319, 1933 — Jujuy (La Quiaca, Volcan), Tucuman (Sierra del Caj6n, Aconquija), and C6rdoba (Potrero de Moyano, Valle de los Reartes) ; Castellanos, El Hornero, 5, p. 326, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Range.— Temperate zone of northwestern Argentina, from Jujuy to the Sierra de Cordoba. 1 Ten additional specimens from Chile examined. 1 Phrygilus alaudinus venturii Hartert: Very similar to, and agreeing with, P. a. excelsus in proportions of wing and tail, but bill larger and gray of chest in males paler, approaching that of P. a. alaudinus. Wing (males), 80-84; tail, 64-68; bill, 13^-15. Material examined. — Argentina, Tucuman: Lagunita, 2; Tafi del Valle, 2; Las Ci£nagas, 2. 362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Phrygilus alaudinus excelsus Berlepsch.1 BOLIVIAN LARK-LIKE FINCH. Phrygilus alaudinus excelsus Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 127, 1906 — Puno, Peru (nom. nudum) ; Berlepsch, Ornis, 14, p. 351, Feb., 1907 — Vacas, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 113, 1921— La Raya and Tirapata, Dept. Puno, Peru. Emberiza guitata (not of Meyen) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 78, 1837 — Sicasica, Bolivia. Range. — Temperate zone of extreme southern Peru (Puno, La Raya, and Tirapata, Dept. Puno) and Bolivia (Sicasica, La Paz; Vacas and Parotani, Cochabamba). 6: Peru (Puno, 2); Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 4). *Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus Zimmer.2 PERUVIAN LARK-LIKE FINCH. Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 61, April, 1924— Cajamarca, Peru (type in Field Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 627, 1926— Santa Elena, Lloa, Tumbaco, Chimborazo, and El Paso, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 474, 1930 — Vitarte and Matucana, Lima, and Huanuco, Peru. Passerina guttata (not Emberiza guttata Meyen) Eydoux and Gervais, Mag. Zool., 6, cl. 2, p. 22, pi. 70, 1836— "Bolivia."3 Phrygilus alaudinus (not Fringilla alaudina Kittlitz) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 552, 1858 — above Punin, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 87, 1860— Calacali, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— part, spec, a, b, above Punin and Riobamba, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985 — Islay and Arequipa, Peru; 1 Phrygilus alaudinus excelsus Berlepsch: Similar to P. a. alaudinus, but conspicuously larger; the gray on the anterior under parts of the males darker Birds from Puno and Tirapata, Peru, agree with the Bolivian ones, but seem to be slightly smaller. Additional material examined. — Peru: Puno, 1; Tirapata, 2. — Bolivia: La Paz, 1; Vacas, Cochabamba, 1; Cosmini, Cochabamba, 2; Caracollo, Cochabamba, 1. 2 Phrygilus alaudinus bipartitus Zimmer: Nearest to P. a. excelsus, but smaller, and in the male sex easily distinguished by having the throat and chest decidedly darker gray, sometimes blackish on the chin, this area being abruptly defined against the clear white of the posterior under parts. Wing (males), 72-78; tail, 54-60; bill, 12-13. A single adult male from Ecuador appears to be similar to a Peruvian series. Three males from southwestern Peru (Islay and Huanta) are likewise typical. Additional material examined.— Peru: Lima, 18; Surco, Lima, 2; Caraz, Ancachs, 2; Cajabamba, 2; Malca, 2; Succha, Huamachuco, 3; Huanta, Ayacucho, 1; Arequipa, 2; Islay, Arequipa, 3. 3 The plate is a good representation of the present form, although the habitat is given as "Bolivia." 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 363 idem, I.e., 1868, p. 568— near Arequipa (nest descr.); Sclater, I.e., 1871, p. 496 — a few miles from Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 521 — Lima and Huanta (Ayacucho); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1884, p. 294— Cechce, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85— Chimborazo, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 35, 1886— Peru (Lima, Paucal); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 793, 1888— part, spec, h, Lima, and 1, Islay; Bartlett, Monog. Weaver-Bds. & Finches, Part 3, pi. 2, 1889 — part, Peru (spec, a-g, Arequipa and "Tinta"); Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 377— Lima and lea, Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 9, 1895— Malca, Cajabamba, Peru; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 351— Tarma and Jauja, Dept. Junin, Peru; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Cayambe, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 25, 1899 — Canar, La Conception (Chota Valley), and Tumbaco, Ecuador; Good- fellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 454— around Quito and Chillo Valley, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 69, 1906— Coracora, Aya- cucho, Peru (crit.); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Huanca- bamba, Peru; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922 — Quito and Chaupicruz, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 76, 1928 — Volcan de Tumbaco, Ecuador. Range. — Temperate zone of western Ecuador and of the western parts of Peru south to Lima, Junin, Ayacucho, and Arequipa. 17: Peru (Cajamarca, 4; Milluachaqui, 2'; Huanuco, 4; Matucana, 3; Vitarte, 1; Macate, Ancachs, 3). Phrygilus carbonarius (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BLACKISH FINCH. Emberiza carbonaria Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 79, 1837— "in Patagonia" = Rio Negro (descr. of adult male; type lost1); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mend., 4, Ois., p. 361, pi. 45, fig. 2 (male), 1844— Rio Negro, Patagonia. Fringilla carbonaria Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 94, 1839— desert plains between the rivers Negro and Colorado, Patagonia. Phrygilus carbonaria Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 476, 1850 — Patagonia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 181, 1909— Roca, Rio Negro. Phrygilus carbonarius Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860 — Sierra de Mendoza (spec, in Halle Museum examined); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 487, 1861 — Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 38, 1881 — Laguna de Marra-C6, Rio Negro, and Rio Colorado; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 54, 1888— Sierra de Uspallata (Mendoza), Rio Negro, and Rio Colorado; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 791, 1888— Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza; Stempel- mann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890 — C6rdoba; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, p. B281, 1891 (range); 1 The type is not to be found in the collections at Paris nor is it inscribed in the Museum registers. 364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Holland, Ibis, 1897, p. 166— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (Oct. 13, 1895; spec, in British Museum examined) ; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902 — Rio Sail, Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Rio Salf; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 398, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reed, Av. Prov. Mendoza, p. 46, 1916— Precordillera of Mendoza; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Chacras Coria, Mendoza; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja (rare); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 407, 1926— near Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, and Victorica, Pampa; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 460, 1926— Nahuel Niyeu, Rio Negro; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, p. 842, 1928— Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires (descr. of male and female). Corydospiza carbonaria Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 322, 1933 — Buenos Aires (Rosas, Sancti Spiritus), Pampa (Conhella), Cordoba (La Primavera), and Rio Negro (monog.). Range. — Central Argentina, from the Rio Negro north to western Buenos Aires (Santa Elena), Tucuman (Rio Sali), and La Rioja, and west to Mendoza (Chacras Coria; Sierra de Uspallata).1 Genus MELANODERA Bonaparte2 Melanodera Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 470, 1850— type, by tautonymy, Emberiza melanodera Quoy and Gaimard. *Melanodera melanodera melanodera (Quoy and Gaimard).3 BLACK-THROATED FINCH. 1 Nothing is known about the breeding range of this species, which, in structural details as well as in yellow bill and feet, resembles P. alaudinus, type of the sub- genus Corydospiza, but differs by the black under parts and the absence of the white band across the inner web of the rectrices, not to mention various minor characters. The female was, for the first time, described by Stone, and a specimen from Bahia Blanca answers perfectly to his description, the white external edge to the otherwise blackish outermost rectrix being quite pronounced. A single male, obtained by A. H. Holland at Santa Elena, Buenos Aires, on October 13, 1895, is in non-breeding livery, with pale brown, dusky-streaked upper parts, and wide, pale gray apical margins on the ventral surface. Birds secured by Burmeister in June near Mendoza are in nuptial plumage. Though Bolivia is sometimes included in its range, there is absolutely no evidence for the species occurring anywhere outside Argentina. Material examined. — Argentina: Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza, 3; Santa Elena, Entre Rios, 1; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, 3; Roca, Rio Negro, 1. 1 Melanodera Bonaparte may be separated from Phrygilus by more conical bill with acute tip; greatly exaggerated wing-tip, which is equal to about one- third of the length of the wing, and differently colored juvenile plumage. 8 Melanodera melanodera, in comparison to M. xanthogramma, is characterized by lesser dimensions and the white (instead of yellow) coloration of superciliary and malar streaks. The males are evidently not dimorphic and show relatively little variation, which concerns mainly the amount of gray suffusion on the back. They generally resemble the blue-gray variant of xanthogramma, but lack the greenish frontal band; the blue-gray is chiefly confined to pileum and hind neck, and if the dorsal feathers are margined with blue-gray, the green color always largely predominates on the back; the upper wing coverts are always uniform yellowish green, without any or with but occasional small grayish tips, to the 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 365 Emberiza melanodera Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voy. Uranie et Physi- cienne, Zool., 1, livr. 3, p. 109, August, 1824— "les lies Malouines" (co- types in Paris Museum). Chlorospiza (tymelanodera Gray, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 95, pi. 32, 1839 — part, East Falkland Island. Melanodera typica Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 470, 1850 — new name for Emberiza melanodera Quoy and Gaimard; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859— Falkland Islands (eggs descr.). Phrygilus melanoderus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 385, 1860 — Falkland Islands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 153— Falklands; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. Ill, 1862— Falklands; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, pp. 185, 186— part, Falklands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 432— Falklands; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 786, 1888— part, spec, a-t, Falklands (Port Louis, Berkeley Sound); Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. B282, 1891— part, Falkland Islands; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 725, 1898— Port Stanley, Falklands (descr. of male and female) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910 — part, Falklands; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 159, 1917 — Falklands; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 204, 1921— Falklands (nesting). Phrygilus melanoderus melanoderus Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 332— Falklands (breeding; crit. on color variation); Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 840, pi. 15 (male), 1928— part, Falklands. Chlorospiza melanoderma [sic] Vallentin, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 43, 1904— Port Stanley (nest and eggs descr.). Melanodera melanodera Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 518 — part, Falklands. Melanodera melanodera melanodera Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 175, 1933— Falkland Islands (monog.). Range. — Falkland Islands. l 1: Falkland Islands. greater series; the outer margin to the remiges greenish yellow, very rarely with traces of grayish white edges to tertials; the under parts bright yellow, more like the green variety of xanthogramma, but the chest-feathers apically edged with bluish gray, and the lower abdomen white; the light portions of the lateral rectrices decidedly yellow. A male believed by Sharpe to be possibly a hybrid between xanthogramma and melanodera has the malar stripe indeed slightly tinged with yellowish, but in other respects it is a typical melanodera. Measurements.— Wing, 90-96, (female) 87-92; tail, 62-68, (female) 60-64; tail, 11-12. Material examined. — Falkland Islands: Berkeley Sound, 1; East Falkland, 1; Port Stanley, 4; Sappers Hill, 1; West Falkland, 1; Teal Inlet, 5; Carcass Island, 5; unspecified, 11. The "Yellow-winged Bunting" of Portlock (Voyage round the World, p. 36, pi. facing p. 35, 1789 — Falkland Islands), upon which Emberiza chrysoptera Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 401, 1790) is based, very likely was intended for the Black- throated Finch, but the description can hardly be reconciled with its characters. While the light lateral rectrices and the greenish yellow patch on the wings are conspicuous enough, yet one of the figures shows an extensive area of white occupy- ing the throat and lower sides of the head up to the eyes, bounded below by a broad dusky jugular crescent! In view of this discrepancy and other ambiguities I hesitate to advocate the adoption of Latham's specific term. 1 Phrygilus malvinarum Brooks (Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 25, 1916; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 159, 1917; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 204, 366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melanodera melanodera princetoniana (Scott).1 PATAGONIAN BLACK-THROATED FINCH. Phrygilus princetonianus Scott, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 10, p. Ixiv, April 30, 1900 — Cheike, Patagonia (type in Museum of Zoology, Princeton Univer- sity); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 621, 1900— Santa Cruz, Patagonia (descr.) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910— Santa Cruz. Chlorospiza (t)melanodera (not Emberiza melanodera Quoy and Gaimard) Gray, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 95, 1839 — part, Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Phrygilus melanoderus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, pp. 185, 186— part, Patagonia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 786, 1888 — part, spec, u-x, Straits of Magellan and Santa Cruz, Patagonia; Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. B282, 1891 — part, Patagonia (Santa Cruz); Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 54, col. pi., 1907— Useless Bay Settlement; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 397, 1910 — part, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego; Pozzi, El Hornero, 3, p. 184, 1923— Aguada Grande, Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Phrygilus melanoderus melanoderus Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 840, 1928 — part, Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Melanodera melanodera Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 518 — part, Patagonia. Melanodera princetoniana Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 518 — Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Melanodera melanodera princetoniana Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 462, 1926— Rio Coyle, Santa Cruz (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 177, 1933— Aguada Grande, Santa Cruz, and Bahia Por- venir, Tierra del Fuego (monog.). Phrygilus melanoderus princetonianus Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 841, pi. 15 (male, female), 1928 — Cheike and Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Range. — Tierra del Fuego and southern Patagonia (Santa Cruz, Aguada Grande, and Cheike, Dept. Santa Cruz). 1921; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 332; idem, Ibis, 1931, p. 13), based on a single unsexed immature specimen from Port Stephens, West Falkland Island, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., probably belongs likewise here. The existence of a third distinct species on the Falkland Islands appears altogether unlikely. No additional examples have come to hand since its description. 1 Melanodera melanodera princetoniana (Scott) : Similar to the nominate race, but with smaller, slenderer bills; wings on average shorter; wing coverts and edges to outer primaries, in adult males, yellower. Wing, 90-93, (female) 85-90; tail, 61-65, (female) 58-64; bill, 10-11. Scott's diagnosis is misleading, being based on seasonal characters, as all of the specimens then in the British Museum were in fresh autumn plumage. It is remarkable that P. Reynolds obtained breeding birds with young of both M. m. princetoniana and M. x. xanthogramma in Tierra del Fuego, although the differences of degree separating them would seem to indicate conspecific relationship. Material examined.— Tierra del Fuego: Sara, 1; Canchicol, 1; Cape Penas, 2; Viamonte, 5.— Patagonia: Santa Cruz, 2; Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, 2; Straits of Magellan, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 367 Melanodera xanthogramma1 xanthogramma (G. R. Gray). YELLOW-BROWED FINCH. Chlorospiza (?) xanthogramma G. R. Gray, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 96, pi. 33, Nov., 1839— East Falkland Island and Tierra del Fuego (type lost).1 Melanodera xanthogramma Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 470, 1850 —Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands; Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 95, 1859— Falkland Islands; Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 518— part, Pata- gonia and Falkland Islands; Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 332— Falklands. 1 Melanodera xanthogramma, though obviously related to M. melanodera, differs nevertheless by markedly longer wings, stronger bill, and in the male sex by bright yellow color of superciliary and malar streaks, while the blue-gray variety is, furthermore, distinguished by a distinct green frontal band. The males appear to be dimorphic and show two different color types. One variety is above (from forehead to tail coverts) light green (about Warbler green, duller on hind crown and nape, including the upper wing coverts; remiges and rectrices edged with green; sides of head, aside from the bright yellow superciliary and malar streaks, green like the back; throat extensively black; chest and sides duller green than back, middle of breast and abdomen as well as under tail coverts bright yellow; light portion of three lateral rectrices decidedly yellow. This variety, which is faithfully depicted on pi. 33 in the "Zoology of the Beagle," is represented in my series by two birds in fresh plumage from Hermit Island and Viamonte, Tierra del Fuego (Aug. 19), respectively, and by a male in worn breeding dress from Tierra del Fuego (mountains north of Moat Bay, Jan. 8). Reynolds (Ibis, 1932, p. 39) takes this plumage for a postjuvenile dress, but the three specimens have all the appearance of being adult and do not show the least traces of immaturity. The other variety is bluish gray above, most of the feathers with half-concealed sub- terminal spots of green; the yellowish green upper wing coverts are terminally edged with bluish gray, the inner secondaries and rectrices likewise margined with gray; face-markings bright yellow as in green variety; across the forehead a broad green band; sides of head blue gray, only anteriorly washed with green; sides of neck, sides, and flanks bluish gray like back; chest bluish gray, subapical portion of feathers greenish yellow, more or less showing through; middle of lower abdomen and under tail coverts white or but slightly tinged with yellowish; pale portion of lateral rectrices white, only basally yellow. This plumage is represented by five specimens, all in fresh plumage, from Hermit Island and Tierra del Fuego (Cape Penas, Aug. 12; Viamonte, Aug. 19 and 21). The Paris Museum has an example of the green form from Oazy Harbour, Tierra del Fuego, and two gray birds from Vauverland Island. M . x. xanthogramma seems to be the only finch of this group to occur on the islands in the Cape Horn region, but in Tierra del Fuego P. W. Reynolds found it breeding at Viamonte side by side with M. melanodera princetoniana, which forces us to treat the Black-throated Finch and the Yellow-browed Finch as specifically different. It is rather curious that none of the more recent naturalists has suc- ceeded in getting this bird on the Falkland Islands, where, according to Darwin, it is met in flocks, often in company of M. m. melanodera. The British Museum has, in fact, a wholly typical adult male shot by Macgillivray, naturalist of the "Rattle- snake," on July 11, 1850, at Port Stanley, and an unquestionable female obtained at Port Louis, East Falkland, by the Antarctic Expedition. Wing, 100-107, (female) 100-102; tail, 63-72; bill, lljf-13. Wetmore refers birds from western Rio Negro (Arroyo Las Bayas) to the present form, though their wing-measurements are very slightly in excess of those of a breeding male from Santa Cruz (Lago Viedma). Material examined.— Falkland Islands: Port Stephens, 1; Port Louis, 1.— Tierra del Fuego: Cape Penas, 2; Viamonte, 5; mountains north of Moat Bay, 3; Oazy Harbour, 1.— Hermit Island, 3.— Vauverland Island, 3. 1 The specimen from Hermit Island, erroneously listed by Sharpe as type, did not reach the Museum until five years after Gray's description was published. 368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Phrygilus xanthogrammus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 385, 1860 — Falkland Islands; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, pp. 185, 186— Patagonia and Falklands; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 789, 1888— part, spec. a-e, Falkland Islands, Hermit Island, and Tierra del Fuego; Oustalet, Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, 6, p. B90, 1891 — Orange Bay, Oazy Harbour, and Vauverland Island (crit., variation); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 724, 1898 — Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego (descr. of immature male); Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 40, p. 620, 1900— Santa Cruz and Punta Arenas, Patagonia (crit., variation); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 398, 1910 (range) ; Wace, El Hornero, 2, p. 204, 1921 — Falklands; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, Orn., p. 841, 1928 — Punta Arenas, Patagonia. Melanodera xanthogramma xanthogramma Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 462, 1926 — Upper Arroyo Las Bayas, Rio Negro, and Lago Viedma, Santa Cruz (crit., meas.); Dabbene, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 115, p. 179, 1933— Hermit Island (monog.); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 342, 1934— Tierra del Fuego (dichromatism of males); idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 70 — Otaries, Deceit, Freycinet, and Hershell Islands, Cape Horn. Range. — Falkland Islands (occasional), Tierra del Fuego, and southern Patagonia, north to western Rio Negro (Upper Arroyo Las Bayas). Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman.1 CHILEAN YELLOW-BROWED FINCH. Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 96, p. 12, 1923 — Rio Blanco, Prov. Aconcagua, Chile (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 71, 1932 — high Cordilleras of Chile, in provinces of Aconcagua, Santiago, and Colchagua (crit.). Chlorospiza xanthogramma (not of Gray) Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, 1841 — "valleys near the summit of the Andes on the east and west sides" [between 34° and 35° lat. south] = Prov. Colchagua; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 264, 1868— Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 255, 1877 — not rare on the highest passes over the Cordillera between Chile and Mendoza (descr. of male and female). Phrygilus xanthogrammus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 789, 1888 — part, spec, f, Chile (spec, examined); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 214, 1901— part, Cordilleras of Santiago; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 25, p. 190, 1921— Salto de los Piuquenes up to Castro, Prov. Aconcagua. Melanodera xanthogramma Lowe, Ibis, 1923, p. 518 — part, Chile. 1 Melanodera xanthogramma barrosi Chapman: Similar to the nominate race, but larger, with stouter, longer bill; breast more extensively yellow; light markings on lateral rectrices pure white instead of canary yellow. Wing (male), 110-117; tail, 70; bill, 13^-14^- A single adult male (in worn breeding condition) from an unspecified locality in Chile differs from several comparable examples from the Falklands and Hermit Island by much larger (both thicker and longer) bill and decidedly greater dimensions. The color-characters need confirmation by adequate series, the extent of yellow on the breast as well as the tone of the light markings on the tail being somewhat variable in the southern race. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 369 Phrygilus xanthogrammus barrosi Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, p. 363, 1929— Cordillera of Aconcagua. Range. — Cordilleras of central Chile, in provinces of Aconcagua, Santiago, and Colchagua, at elevations of from 8,000 to 11,000 feet. Genus SPODIORNIS Sclater Spodiornis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 322 — type, by orig. desig., Spodiornis jardinii Sclater= Phrygilus rusticus Tschudi. Spodiornis rusticus rusticus (Tschudi). TSCHUDI'S SLATY FINCH. Phrygilus rusticus (Lichtenstein MS.) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, May, 1844 — Peru (type in Berlin Museum examined); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 219, 1846— Peru.1 Spodiornis jardinii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 322 — Quitian Andes, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined; descr. of adult male); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 84— La Union, Ecuador (spec, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 798, 1888— Ecuador (Nanegal, Quito) and Colombia ("Bogota"); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 350— Garita del Sol, Junin, Peru (crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— Milligalli, Ecuador (spec, examined); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 573, 1917— Almaguer, central Andes, Colombia. 1 As has already been recorded by Zimmer (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 89, in text, 1929), examination of the type in the Berlin Museum showed P. rusticus to have been based on an immature male of the present species. It is labeled "F. rustica N. Cinchonwalder. B. Philippi," and presents the following dimensions: wing, 67; tail, 45; bill, 11 mm. The bird is in the process of molting from the olivaceous juvenile into the slaty adult plumage. On the upper parts the oliva- ceous feathers are in preponderance over the slaty ones excepting the rump and tail coverts, which are nearly uniform gray; there are a number of newly grown slaty feathers along the scapular edge of the wing, whereas the wing coverts and remiges — retained from the juvenile livery — are dusky brown with brownish olive external margins, and the edges to the rectrices are also slightly tinged with olivaceous. The ventral surface is dingy gray, the feathers with light-colored (dingy whitish or pale olivaceous) edges, producing a kind of indistinct streaking on throat and chest; the under tail coverts are brown edged with buffy. The coloration of the under parts is very similar to, though less olivaceous than, in an immature bird from Bolivia (Cillutincara) and in another from Venezuela (Galip&n, Cerro del Avila). Proportions and shape of bill as well as wing-formula are quite normal. Phrygilus unicolor, to which Tschudi's name had been referred by authors, is quite different, being much larger with shorter, stouter bill, more rounded culmen, and decidedly inflated bases of the maxilla below the nasal fossa. Though Tschudi's description reads as if he had before him several specimens of different ages, Philippi does not appear to have obtained more than one (cf. Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol., p. 43, 1854), and it is evident that Tschudi composed his description of the various plumages from the single molting example still in the collection of the Berlin Museum. Another possible synonym of P. rusticus is Conirostrum columbianum Lesson (Echo du Monde Savant, lie annee, 2nd sem., No. 7, col. 158, July 25, 1844) from "Colombia" (type in coll. of Dr. Abeilld, Bordeaux). There are, however, various discrepancies, notably the color of the tarsi ("rougeatre"), which do not well agree with any plumage of the present species. 370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spodiornis jelskii Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 42, 1886— Ropaybamba, Dept. Junfn, Peru (descr. of female; type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolc- man and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 175, 1927); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 798, 1888 (ex Taczanowski). Coryphospingus sp. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 88, 1860— Nanegal, Ecuador. Coryphospingus cristatus (not Fringilla cristata Gmelin) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862 — part, spec, b, Nanegal. Cyanospiza sp. Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — Ropay- bamba, Peru. Spodiornis jardinii jardinii Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 628, 1926 — junction of Chanchan and Chiguancay rivers, below Calacali, upper Sumaco, below San Jose, and above Baeza, Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz), eastern Peru (Caradoc, Marcapata; Ropaybamba and Garita del Sol, Junin), Ecuador, Colombia (central and eastern Andes), and northern Venezuela (Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Dept. Federal).1 Spodiornis rusticus barrilesensis Davidson.2 COSTA RICAN SLATY FINCH. Spodiornis barrilesensis Davidson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 167, 1932— Barriles, Chiriqui, Panama (type in the California Academy of Sciences). Spodiornis uniformis (not Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 308, 1906— part, Carrillo, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 893, 1910— Carrillo (ex Hellmayr). 1 Subdivision of the South American representatives of the species appears to be impracticable. Birds from the Caracas region I am unable to separate from those of Ecuador and Colombia. No adult males are available from Peru or Bolivia, but females and immature males from these countries are exactly like others from more northern localities. Material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 10. — Colombia: "Bogota," 6. — Ecuador: Quitian Andes, 2; Milligalli, 1; La Union, 1. — Peru: Garita del Sol, Vitoc, 2; Caradoc, Marcapata Valley, 1. — Bolivia, La Paz: Cillu- tincara, 2; Cocapata, 2. 2 Spodiornis rusticus barrilesensis Davidson : Adult male similar to S. r. rusticus, but bill longer and deeper, also broader and more tumid at the base. Female unknown. Wing, 71; tail, 46; bill, 14. The bill-characters of the adult male from Carrillo, Costa Rica, re-examined some years ago in the Tring Museum, are in such close agreement with the de- scription of S. barrilesensis that we have no hesitation in referring it to that form, though we have not yet seen the type. We believe that the immature birds listed by Bangs and Griscom s.n. S. j. jardinii will also turn out to belong here. The altitudinal range of S. r. barrilesensis requires further investigation. While the type was obtained at an elevation of 4,500 feet, the Costa Rican specimens come from considerably lower altitudes, both Cachi and Carrillo being in the Tropical zone not much above 2,000 feet. There is, however, the possibility that the localities noted on the labels merely indicate the region in a general sense, and that the birds were actually taken on the ridges above those places. Material examined— Costa. Rica: Carrillo, 1 (male adult; Dec. 4, 1898). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 371 Spodiornis jardinii jardinii (not of Sclater) Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 52, 1932— Cachf, Costa Rica (two immature specimens). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Panama (Barriles, Chiriqui) and Costa Rica (Cachi, Carrillo). Spodiornis rusticus un if or mis (Sclater and Salvin).1 MEXICAN SLATY FINCH. Haplospiza uniformis Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 157, 1873 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined; descr. of adult male); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 366, pi. 27, fig. 1, 1886— Jalapa; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 627, 1888— Jalapa; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 521, 1901— Jalapa. Spodiornis uniformis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 308, 1906 — part, Jalapa, Mexico (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in State of Vera Cruz (Jalapa). Genus ACANTHIDOPS Ridgway2 Acanthidops Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 335, March 10, 1882— type, by orig. desig., Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway. *Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway. PEG-BILLED FINCH. Acanthidops bairdi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 336, March 10, 1882 — Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum; descr. of female); idem, I.e., 6, p. 414, 1884; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 241— Volcan de Irazu (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 434, 1886— Volcan de Irazu; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 234, 1888— Volcan de Irazu; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 196, 1888 — El Alto, Volcan de P6as, Costa Rica (descr. of adult male); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 519, 1901— Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de P6as, and "San JoseV' Costa Rica (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 894, 1910— Costa Rica (Volcan de P6as, Escazu, Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de Turrialba). Range.— Temperate zone of Costa Rica (Volcan de Poas; Volcan de Turrialba; Volcan de Irazu; Altos de Escazu, above San Jose").3 4: Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, 3; Volcan de Irazu, 1). 1 Spodiornis rusticus uniformis (Sclater and Salvin): Similar to S. r. barrile- sensis, but larger, and the lower mandible light-colored. Wing (adult male), 75; tail, 50; bill, 14. Material examined. — Mexico: Jalapa, Vera Cruz, 1 (the type). * Acanthidops Ridgway, though allied to Spodiornis, is quite distinct by reason of its differently shaped bill. 'Additional material examined. — Costa Rica: Volcan de P6as, 1; Volcan de Irazu, 5; Altos de Escazu, above San Jose, 1. 372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus HAPLOSPIZA Cabanis1 Haplospiza Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 147, October, 1851— type, by mono- typy, Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis. *Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis. UNIFORM FINCH. Haplospiza unicolor Cabanis,2 Mus. Hein., 1, p. 147, October, 1851 — Rio Grande [do Sul], Brazil (type in Heine Collection, now in the Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 108, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 227, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sao Luiz d'Almeida) and Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Itarare, Serra de Cubatao); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 123, pi. 8, figs. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1885 — Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 626, 1888— "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul, and Ypanema, Sao Paulo; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Mundo Novo; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 165, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 5, p. 293, 1902— Bauru, Sao Paulo (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 383, 1907— Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, Estagao Rio Grande, Salto Grande do Rio Paranapanema, Bauru) ; Bertoni, Rev. Inst. Parag., 1907, p. 3 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 639 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 437, 1910 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 99, 1913— Alto Parana; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Puerto Bertoni and Iguasu, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 359, 1914 — Paraguay and Misiones; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 190, 1926— Marechal Mallet, Fazenda Concordia, Fazenda Ferreira, and Candido de Abreu, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 319, 1928— Alto Itatiaya, Sao Paulo. Range. — Wooded region of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro (Serra dos Orgaos; Sao Luiz d'Almeida) to Rio Grande do Sul, and adjacent sections of Paraguay (Alto Parana; Sapucay) and Argentina (Iguazu and Eldorado, Misiones); accidental in Buenos Aires (San Pedro).3 2: Argentina (Eldorado, Misiones, 2). 1 Haplospiza Cabanis comes very close to Spodiornis Sclater, but may be separated by its thicker, basally more inflated bill and more pointed wing. 8 As intimated by Bertoni (Rev. Inst. Parag., 1907, p. 3), the "Pico de punzon obscuro aplomado" Azara (Apunt. Hist. Nat. Paxaros, 1, p. 424, No. Ill), ob- served at San Ignacio Guasu, Paraguay, by Noseda, upon which Pipra plumbea Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 19, p. 162, 1818) is based, may be referable to the Uniform Finch, but in view of the impossibility of identifying the bird with absolute certainty a change in current nomenclature seems hardly warranted. 3 An adult male secured by A. G. Freis at San Pedro, Buenos Aires, on August 15, 1914, and preserved in the National Museum at Buenos Aires, agrees with Brazilian specimens. Material examined. — Brazil: Colpnia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro, 2; Sao Luiz d'Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 5; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 6; unspecified, 3. — Argentina: San Pedro, Buenos Aires, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYB 373 Genus LOPHOSPINGUS Cabanis Lophospingus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878 — type, by orig. desig., Gubernatrix pusilla Burmeister. Schistospiza Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 806, 1888— type, by mono- typy, Emberiza griseo-cristata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. "Lophospingus pu si 11 us (Burmeister). BLACK-CRESTED FINCH. Gubernalrix pusilla Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860— Tucuman, Argentina (descr. of young male and female; type in Halle Museum). Lophospiza pusilla Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 483, 1861— Manantial de Marlopa, Tucuman. Lophospingus pusillus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878 — C6rdoba; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 460— Cordoba; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 48, 1888 — C6rdoba to Tucuman; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 805, 1888 — Cordoba and Tucuman; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 6, 1895— Santa Rosa, Salta (descr. of adult male); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897— Campo Santo, Salta (descr. of female); Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902— vicinity of Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904— Tapia, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— vicinity of Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 400, 1910 — C6rdoba, Salta, and eastern Jujuy; Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 66, 1918 — northwestern Argentina (nest and eggs descr.); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja (in winter); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 423, 1926— near Tapia, Tucuman, and Laguna Wall (200 kilom. west of Puerto Pinasco), Paraguay (crit.). Lophospingus pusilla Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 182, 1909 — Tapia, Tucuman. Coryphospingus pusillus Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 354, pi. 9, fig. 1 (=young)— Tucuman. Range. — Southern Bolivia (Guanacos, Prov. Cordillera, Dept. Santa Cruz de la Sierra) ; western Argentina, from Salta and Jujuy south to La Rioja and Cordoba; western Paraguay (200 kilom. west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguayan Chaco).1 1: Argentina (Monte Toro, Tucuman, 1). 1 Adult males, which are rather scarce in collections, have the pileum, crest, and sides of the head deep black; a very conspicuous, pure white loral spot; gray dorsal surface without any brownish suffusion; and a large black patch occupying chin and middle throat. This plumage has been correctly indicated by Salvadori, while all other descriptions refer to females or young males. A single adult male (with black head and throat-patch) from Guanacos, Bolivia, merely differs from typical Argentine birds by more extensive white ends to the three external rec- trices, a divergency which requires corroboration by additional specimens. Additional material examined. — Tucuman: Tapia, 5; C6rdoba, 1. — Bolivia: Guanacos, 1. 374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Lophospingus griseo-cristatus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).1 GRAY-CRESTED FINCH. Emberiza griseo-cristata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av.f 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, d. 2, p. 79, 1837 — Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of adult and young); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. MeYid., Ois., p. 363, pi. 47, fig. 1, 1844— "tout le versant oriental de la Cordillere de Bolivia, prov. de Cochabamba, Mizque, and Valle Grande." Lophospiza griseo-cristata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 471, 1850 (ex d'Orbigny). Coryphospingtis griseocristatus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 145, 1851 (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862 — Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1879, p. 605 — Tilotilo (Yungas) and d'Orbigny's localities, Bolivia. Schistospiza griseocristata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 806, 1888— Tilotilo, Bolivia. Range. — Subtropical zone of the Andes of Bolivia (Tilotilo, La Paz; Cochabamba; Mizque; Parotani; Samaipata and Valle Grande, Santa Cruz). 4: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 4). Genus CHARITOSPIZA Oberholser2 Tiaris. (not of Swainson, June, 1827) Swainson, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 351, Dec., 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla ornata "Temminck." Charitospiza Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, Part 1, p. 67, May 13, 1905 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla ornata Wied (not of Vieillot, 1817) = Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser. *Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser. WIED'S CRESTED FINCH. Fringilla ornata (not of Vieillot, 1817) Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 191, 1821— Fazenda Valo, near the frontier of Minas Geraes, Bahia (cotypes in coll. of M. von Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 225, 1889);' Temminck, 1 Lophospingus griseo-cristatus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), while differing in many details of coloration, is closely similar to the genotype in structural char- acters. The only divergencies are the slightly stouter bill, the lesser development of the crest (only some of the median crown-feathers being elongated and at the same time more attenuated), and the somewhat shorter first primary. I agree with the late W. De W. Miller (Auk, 45, p. 380, 1928) that nothing is gained by separating the present bird generically under Schistospiza. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: "Mojos" (errore), 1 (the type); Samaipata, 2; unspecified, 3. 2 Charitospiza Oberholser: Closely allied to Lophospingus Cabanis, but crest- feathers decidedly narrower; wing-tip longer, the first primary being shorter than, rarely equal to, the fifth; tail somewhat shorter and nearly even; bill smaller, with broader nasal operculum; basal half of all but the middle pair of rectrices white, etc. Cf. Miller, Auk, 45, p. 381, 1928. 1 Allen gives Barra da Vareda, which is in the same particular district of Bahia, as locality of the cotypes. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 375 Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 35, pi. 208 (male, female), June 20, 1823— Brazil (fig. of cotypes); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 610, 1830 — vicinity of Barra da Vareda, interior of Bahia. Tiaris ornata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 471, 1850— Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 257, 1856— Lagoa Santa and Congonhas, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Nas Lages), Minas Geraes (Nas Furnas), Goyaz (Araguaya), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 410 — Minas Geraes (Sanf Anna dos Alegres, Andrequec£, Curvelho, Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 807, 1888— Bahia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 372, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 169, 1899 — Sao Paulo. Charitospiza eucosma Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, p. 67, 1905— new name for Fringilla ornata Wied, preoccupied; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 391, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 304, 1929— Maranhao (Cod6, Cocos; Fazenda Inhuma, Alta Parna- hyba; Tranqueira); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 359, 1930— Rio do Color, Matto Grosso. Charitospiza ornata Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910 — Bahia (Fazenda de Santo Antonio) and Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez and Chapada da Varzea Grande); idem, I.e., p. 182, 1925— same localities (plumages). Range. — Campo region of Brazil, from southern Maranhao and Piauhy, and the interior of Bahia south to western Minas Geraes, northern Sao Paulo (Nas Lages), and Matto Grosso.1 8: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 3; Inhuma, Alta Parnahyba, Maranhao, 2; Tranqueira, Maranhao, 2; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 1). Genus CORYPHOSPINGUS Cabanis2 Coryphospingus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 145, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 73, 1855), Fringilla cristata Gme\in=Fringilla cucullata P. L. S. Miiller. *Coryphospingus cucullatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Miiller). NORTHERN RED-CRESTED FINCH. Fringilla cucullata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 166, 1776— based on "Moineau, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 181, fig. 1 (=male); Cayenne. 1 In the large series examined I notice some seasonal and individual variation, but, aside from that, northern and southern examples seem to agree. Additional material examined. — Piauhy: Chapada da Varzea Grande, 1; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, 4. — Bahia: Fazenda de Santo Antonio, Rio Preto, 3. —Goyaz: Rio Araguaya, 2.— Minas Geraes: Nas Furnas, 1.— Sao Paulo: Nas Lages, 5. J Coryphospingus Cabanis differs, as has been pointed out by Miller (Auk, 45, p. 381, 1928), from the allied genera by the very different form of the crest, shorter upper tail coverts, and slenderer, more elongated bill. 376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passer cristatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 11, Dec., 1783— based on "Moi- neau, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 181, fig. 1. Emberiza ruticapilla Sparrman, Mus. Carlson., fasc. 2, pi. 44, 1787 — patria not stated (type now in Stockholm Museum; cf. Gyldenstolpe, Ark. Zool., 19, A, No. 1, p. 21, 1926).1 Fringilla crisiata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 926, 1789 — part, "male," mainly based on "Moineau, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 181, fig. 1. Fringilla araguira Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Chanteurs, p. 52*, pi. 28*. 1806 — part, "la Guiane."2 Coryphospingus cristatus Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380 — Para (spec, examined); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216— Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 803, 1888— part, spec, n, o, Para and Bartica Grove; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907— Para and Santo Antonio do Prata, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 407, 1910 — Surinam. Coryphospingus cucullatus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 278, 1905 — Igarape- Assu, Para (crit.); idem, I.e., 13, p. 359, 1906— Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 391, 1907— part, Guiana and Para; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 122, 1908— Cayenne; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 17, 88, 1912— Para localities (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 434, 1914 — Para, Benevides, Peixe-Boi, and Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 136, 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 93, 1918— Rijsdijkweg, Dutch Guiana; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 465, 1921— Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bonasika River, Takutu, Mazaruni River, and Bartica; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928— Para. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana, and northeastern Brazil (Para district, east of the Rio Tocantins).3 2: British Guiana (Hyde Park, Demerara River, 1; Mazaruni River, 1). *Coryphospingus cucullatus rubescens (Swainson).4 SOUTHERN RED-CRESTED FINCH. 1 Although Sundevall (Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 2, No. 3, p. 9, 1857) identified Sparrman's species with Coryphospingus p. pileatus, the notes on the type supplied by Dr. Lonnberg clearly indicate its pertinence to C. cucullatus, the specimen still showing remains of the original red coloring in spite of its excessively bleached condition. 1 While Vieillot also quotes Azara's No. 136, from which the specific name is derived, his description and figure are doubtless based on the Guianan specimen. » Additional material examined.— British Guiana: 10.— Brazil, Para: Para, 2; Igarap6-Assu, 1; Santo Antonio do Prata, 3. 4 Coryphospingus cucullatus rubescens (Swainson) : Similar to C. c. cucullatus, but with smaller, slenderer bill; under parts of adult male much darker, vinous red rather than rosy red', and the gular feathers at the extreme bases only dull grayish; female distinguishable by smaller bill. I am not quite certain that the color-characters will prove to be constant, since the single Guianan male (topotypical cucullatus) that I have been able to 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 377 Tachyphonus rubescens Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. & Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 39, p. 64, October, 1825— "sent from Rio de Janeiro" (descr. of adult male; type in coll. of W. Swainson, now probably in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Emberiza araguira (not Fringilla araguira Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837— Yungas and Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Lophospiza cristata (not Fringilla cristata Gmelin) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 470, 1850— Brazil and Paraguay. Coryphospingus cristalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 145, 1851 — Brazil; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 213, 1856 — southern Brazil (Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and Chiquitos; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862— part, spec, a, Bolivia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1870— Sao Paulo (Unaiva, Ypanema, ItararS, Irisanga, Rio Parana), Parana (Cimeterio), and Goyaz (Goyaz), Brazil; Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 408 — Minas Geraes (Uberaba) and Sao Paulo (Campinas, Sao Bento de Araraquara) ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 16— Potrero, Urubamba, Peru; Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 230— Guajango, Rio Maran6n, Peru; examine closely approaches southern individuals in the intensity of the lower surface. The series of typical cuctdlatus, however, is inadequate, and as there exists evidently a large gap in the distribution, it seems advisable to keep the two races apart for the present. I formerly applied the name araguira to the southern form, but on recent reinvestigation of the case I came to the conclusion that Vieillot's full description and figure must have been made from the Guianan specimen, there being no Paraguayan material in collections at the time of his writing. Recent study of the large series in the British Museum tends to show that there are three races instead of two. Seven males from British Guiana and one from Para, when compared to southern birds, are not only decidedly paler, more pinkish, underneath, but differ also by their duller, less reddish (about Hay's brown) upper parts, thereby closely resembling the recently described C. c. fargoi. The other points of distinction mentioned above do not hold. An extensive series of males from Bolivia and western Argentina may be distinguished from those of eastern Paraguay and southern Brazil by their duller, less reddish, about Hay's brown upper parts and on average slightly lighter red ventral surface, while the females are likewise duller, less reddish brown above. Two females from Potrero, Urubamba, Peru, and one male in worn plumage from Guajango, Maraft6n Valley, agree well with Bolivian specimens in corre- sponding condition. This race, whose proper name is C. cucullatus fargoi Brodkorb (Occas. Pap. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., 357, p. 4, Apr. 5, 1938 — type, from 265 kilom. west of Puerto Casado, Paraguayan Chaco, in University of Michigan Museum of Zoology), thus seems to range from eastern Peru through Bolivia to Paraguay and Argentina west of the Rio Parana. Additional material examined. — C. c. rubeacens. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 15; Mborero, 1; Villa Rica, 4; Bernalcue, 1; Concepcidn, 2; Colonia Risso, 2. — Argen- tina: Santa Elena, Entre Rios, 1. — Brazil: Rio Jordao, Araguary, Minas Geraes, 4; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 4; Alambary, Sao Paulo, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 12; Sao Bernardo Velho, Sao Paulo, 1; Goyaz City, Goyaz, 1 ; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 7. C. c. fargoi. — Peru: Guajango, 1; Potrero, 2. — Bolivia: Tilotilo, 3; Rio Tanam- paya, 2; Chulumani, 10; Cochabamba, 1; San Jos6, Chiquitos, 3; Villa Montes, Tarija, 8; Carapari, 1; Aguairenda, 2; Caiza, 2; San Francisco, 1. — Argentina: San Lorenzo, Jujuy, 2; Salta, 3; Tapia, Tucuman, 1; Mocovl, Santa F6, 2; Tapikiol6, Formosa. 1. 378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 605— Tilotilo, Yungas; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 354— Salta; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 598— Oran, Salta; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 28, 1886 — Guajango and Potrero, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 9, 1887 — Lambare, Paraguay (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 803, 1888— part, spec, a-m, Salta, Brazil ("Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul; Itarare), Bolivia (Tilotilo), and Peru (Guajango, Potrero); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 48, 1888 — Salta, Argentina; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126— Fortin Nueve and Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1893, p. 484 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 6, 1895 — Villa Rica, Colonia Risso, and Puerto Francia, Rio Apa, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897 — Jujuy (San Lorenzo) and Bolivia (Aguairenda, San Francisco, Caiza); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 168, 1899— Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos de Pinhal); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224— Villa Conception and Paraguayan Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 180, 1902 —Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 471 — Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904 — Santa Ana and Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Salta and Jujuy; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— vicinity of Tucuman; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 638— Sapucay and Ybitimf, Paraguay (habits, nest); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 97— Colonia Risso and Curuzu Chica, Paraguay; Bertoni, El Hornero, 1, p. 191, 1918— Paraguay (nest). Coryphospingus cucullata(us) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 370, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso (molt and eggs); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 5, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 144, 1902— Sapucay, Paraguay; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 84, 1906 — Pampa de Derrumbe and Idma, Urubamba, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 391, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Sao Carlos de Pinhal, Rio Feio, Bauru, Itatiba) (range excl. of Guiana and Para); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Goyaz and Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 181, 1909 — Mocovl, Chaco, and Tucuman (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 400, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 23, p. 368, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 5, p. 86, 1917 — Sao Luiz de Caceres, Matto Grosso; I.e., 5, p. 335, 1918— Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918 — Bellavista and Perico, Rio Maranon, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 113, 1921 — Rio Cosireni, Santa Ana, and Chauillay, Uru- bamba, Peru; Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 66, 1918— Tucuman (habits, nest, and eggs); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires (May 10, 1920); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja (rare); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Moreno, F.C.O.; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 661, 1924 — Las Talas, Buenos Aires; Bertoni, El Hornero, 3, p. 397, 1926— Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 427, 1926 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 379 p. 190, 1926— ParanA (Therezina, Rio Ubasinho, Candido de Abreu, and Salto Guayra); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 358, 1930 — Paraguay (Asunci6n, Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Belvedere de Urucum, Urucum, Descalvados, Tapirapoan); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 396, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Castellanos, El Hornero, 5, p. 328, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Coryphospingus cucullatus eucullatus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 258, 1930— Formosa (Tapikiote), Santa F6 (Est. La Germania), and Bolivia (Villa Montes and Fortfn Esteros, Tarija; San Josr and Buena Vista, Santa Cruz. Coryphospingus cucullatus araguira (not Fringilla araguira Vieillot) Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 18 (in text), 1912 — southern Brazil to Bolivia and Argentina; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 410, 1926 — Argentina (crit.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 233, 1927 — Concepci6n, Tucuman. Range. — Southern Brazil, from western Minas Geraes (Uberaba; Rio Jordao, near Araguary; Agua Suja, near Bagagem), southern Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya; Goyaz City), and Matto Grosso south through Sao Paulo, Parana, and Santa Catharina to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northern Argentina, south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires (rare) eastern Bolivia; eastern Peru (Urubamba Valley; upper Maranon Valley). 21: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 5; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1 ; Bauru, Sao Paulo, 5) ; Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 4); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 5; Metan, Salta, 1). *Coryphospingus pileatus1 pileatus (Wied). PILEATED FINCH. Fringilla pileata Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 160, 1821— Barra da Vareda, Rio Pardo, southern Bahia, Brazil (type in coll. of Prince Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 225, 1889); idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 605, 1830— interior of Bahia. 1 Coryphospingus pileatus is probably conspecific with C. cucullatus, such relationship being enhanced by the reoccurrence in northern Venezuela and Colombia of a gray-backed, white-bellied form (breticaudus), whose range is separated from that of the typical race by the interposition of the red-colored C. c. cucullatus. The distribution of the gray and red representatives in certain parts of interior Brazil, however, calls for caution. While C. c. rubescens inhabits the western section of Minas Geraes (Uberaba; Rio Jordao, Araguary; Agua Suja, near Bagagem), C. p. pileatus is found in the eastern districts of the same state (Curvelho; Lagoa Santa). Their respective ranges thus come close together, and it is well to remember that both have been collected by the late G. A. Baer, near Leopoldina, on the upper Araguaya, Goyaz, though not exactly at the same season. Otherwise, they evidently replace one another geographically. 380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tanagra cristatella Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 40, pi. 53, fig. 1 (male), 1825 — "in sylvis Rio de Janeiro," errore (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 674, 1906). Tachyphonus fringilloides Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci. Litt. & Arts Roy. Inst., 20, No. 39, p. 65, October, 1825— tableland of Bahia (descr. of male; type in coll. of W. Swainson). Fringilla ornata (not of Temminck, 1823) Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 440, 1831 — Brazil (type in Paris Museum). Passerina ornata Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., lie annee, 2nd sein., No. 10, col. 232, August 4, 1844— Brazil. Lophospiza pileata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 471, 1850 — Brazil and "Paraguay" (errore). Coryphospingus pileatus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 146, 1851 — Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862— part, spec, b, Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1870— "Pompeio" [=Pompeo], "western" [=eastern] Minas Geraes; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 409 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Curvelho); Tacza- nowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 28, 1886 — "Peru," errore (ex Sclater and Salvin); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 804, 1888 — part, spec, a-e, Bahia, Brazil; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 391, 1907 — Bahia and Espirito Santo (range in part); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908— Rio Ara- guaya, Goyaz; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 181, 1925— Bahia (Rio Preto, Santa Rita) and Piauhy (Remanso Surupi and Melansia, Rio Parnahyba) (eggs descr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926 — Ceara. Coryphospingus crislatellus Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910— Bahia (Alagoinhas; Solidade, near Carnahyba; Carnahyba; Joazeiro; Fazenda Taboa, Rio Preto). Coryphospingus pileatus pileatus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 303, 1929 — Maranhao (Barra da Corda, Grajahu, Sao Fran- cisco), Piauhy (Arara, Ibiapaba), and Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Serra de Baturite; Quixada; Jua, near Iguatu). Range. — Interior of eastern Brazil, from southern Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to northern Goyaz (Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya), eastern Minas Geraes (Curvelho, Pompeo, Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas), and southern Bahia, and according to Ihering even to Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro (Cantagallo).1 51: Brazil (Barra da Corda, Maranhao, 5; Grajahu, Maranhao, 2; Sao Francisco, Maranhao, 1; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 4; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1; Serra de Baturite*, Ceara, 1; Quixada, Ceara, 6; Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 19; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 10). 1 Additional material examined. — Goyaz: near Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 1 (adult male). — Minas Geraes: Pompeo, 1. — Bahia: Alagoinhas, 3; Solidade, 1; Joazeiro, 1; Carnahyba, 1; Fazenda Taboa, Rio Preto, 1; unspecified, 14. BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 381 "Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus Cory.1 SHORT-TAILED PILEATED FINCH. Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 346, 1916— Margarita Island, off Venezuela (type in Field Museum); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 529, 1922— Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Fonseca, and Valencia, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit.). Coryphospiza pileata (not Fringilla pileata Wied) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 160, 1855— "Bogota." Coryphospingus pileatus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862 — part, spec, a, "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Carupano, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 252— Lake of Valencia, Venezuela; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 804, 1888— part, spec, f-i, "Bogota," Colombia, and Carupano, Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 53, 1892 — Carupano, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902 — Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, Venezuela; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 322— Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 249, 1909— near Macanao, Margarita Island; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 201, 1916— Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Venezuela (including Margarita Island) south to the Orinoco Valley, and adjacent parts of Colombia (northeastern and eastern side of Santa Marta Moun- tains; not uncommon in native "Bogota" collections). 9: Colombia (Bogota, 3); Venezuela (Margarita Island, 2; Rio Aurare, 4). Genus RHODOSPINGUS Sharpe2 Rhodospingus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 808, 1888— type, by virtual monotypy, Twin's cruenta Lesson. *Rhodospingus cruentus (Lesson). CRIMSON FINCH. Tiaris cruentus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 435, 1844 — "habite les provinces baigne"es par 1'Oc^an Pacifique et notamment celle de Guayaquil," Ecuador (descr. of male and female; location of type not stated). Lophospiza cruenta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 471, 1850 — Guaya- quil (ex Lesson). 1 Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus Cory: Very similar to C. p. pileatus, but tail shorter, and loral spot decidedly white instead of gray. The wing measure- ments are not constantly different, though they average slightly less. The tail (in adult males) ranges from 48 to 55, against 57 to 64 in the nominate form. "Bogota" skins agree with others from Venezuela. Their precise origin is, of course, unknown, though they probably came from the llanos of the Rio Meta. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cariaco, 3; Carupano, 6; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 4.— Colombia: "Bogota," 8. 1 Rhodospingus Sharpe, as has been correctly pointed out by Miller (Auk, 45, p. 381, 1928), may be distinguished from Coryphospingus and the allied genera by longer, slenderer bill, shorter tail with subacute rectrices, and its unique coloration. 382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coryphospingus cruentus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 276, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862— Babahoyo and Pallatanga, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 322 — Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 551 — Guayaquil; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 30, 1886 — Lechugal and "Tarapoto" (errore), Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— Santo Domingo, Ecuador. Rhodospingus cruentus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 808, pi. 15, fig. 1, 1888— Ecuador (Balzar, Babahoyo, Pallatanga) and Peru (Lechugal); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Guayaquil, Vinces, and Rio Peripa, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 629, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Rio de Oro, Manta, Bahia de Caraques, Guayaquil, Chongoncito, Puna Island, Santa Rosa, and Pullango, Ecuador (crit.). Rhodospingus mentalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 809, pi. 15, fig. 2, 1888 — Puna Island, Ecuador (type in British Museum). Rhodospingus cruentatus Brabourne and Chubb, Bds. S. Amer., 1, p. 384, 1913 — emendation, Range. — Arid Tropical zone of western Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru (Prov. Tumbez).1 1: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 1). Genus PEZOPETES Cabanis Pezopetes Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 415, Nov., 1860 — type, by monotypy, Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis. Pezapetes Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 69, 1902 — emendation. *Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis. LARGE-FOOTED SPARROW. Pezopetes capitalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 415, Nov., 1860 — Costa Rica (type in Berlin Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868— Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 189— Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 254, 1886— Costa Rica (Volcan de Cartago, Irazu) and Volcan de Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 472, 1901 — Costa Rica and Chiriqui (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 895, 1910 — Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, Volcan de Irazu, Las Vueltas de Dota, Azahar de Cartago, Cachi, Poas, Ujurras de Terraba); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 281, 1910— Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1104, 1912— Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu and Volcan de Barba) and Volcan de Chiriqui. 1 The presence of black on the chin, which gave rise to the description of a supposed second species R. mentalis, is an individual character without any geo- graphical significance. The locality "Tarapoto" cited by Taczanowski is un- questionably erroneous. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Yaguachi, 2; Guayaquil, 6; Puna Island, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 383 Buarremon capitalis Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 55 — Volcan de Irazu; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 322, pi. 23, fig. 1, 1884— Irazu, Costa Rica, and Volcan de Chiriquf; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Volcan de Irazu. Pezapetes capitalis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 69, 1902— Volcan de Chiriquf. Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui).1 8: Costa Rica (El Roble, Irazu, 1; Volcan de Irazu, 2; Volcan de Turrialba, 5). Genus PSELLIOPHORUS Ridgway Pselliophorus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 225, July, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence. *Pselliophorus tibialis (Lawrence). YELLOW-THIGHED SPARROW. Tachyphonus tibialis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 71, June, 1864 — San Jos6, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 9, p. 101, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jos6, Dota, Volcan de Irazu, Rancho Redondo, Quebrada Honda); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 299, 1869— Costa Rica (Dota, Rancho Redondo, La Palma, Quebrada Honda). Buarremon tibialis Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 56 — Navarro and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 322, pi. 23, fig. 2, 1884— Costa Rica (San Jose", Dota, Parita, Rancho Redondo, La Palma, Quebrada Honda, Volcan de Irazu, Navarro) and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 262, 1886— Costa Rica (Rancho Redondo, Volcan de Cartage, Parita, Irazu) and Chiriquf; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— La Palma de San Jos6 and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica; Alfaro, Gaceta Offic. de Costa Rica, No. 288, Dec., 1888— Volcan de Poas, Costa Rica. Pselliophorus tibialis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 470, 1901 —Costa Rica and Chiriquf (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 69, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 280, 1910— Coliblanco and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 896, 1910 — Costa Rica (Volcan de Turrialba, Coliblanco, El Copey, Las Vueltas, La Lagunaria de Dota, Achi6te de P6as, Estrella de Cartago, Azahar de Cartago, Burgos de Irazu, Escazu, La Hondura; habits, nest, and eggs); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1101, 1912— highlands of Costa Rica and Chiriquf. Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui).2 22: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 7; Volcan de Irazu, 1; Volcan de Turrialba, 10; Juan Vinas, 1; Barba, 1; "Lim6n," 1; Boruca, 1). 1 Six specimens from Chiriquf with a Costa Rican series. J Specimens from the Volcan de Chiriquf appear to be identical with a Costa Rican series. 384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom.1 YELLOW-GREEN SPARROW. Pselliophorus luteoviridis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 141, p. 10, October, 1924 — Cerro Flores, eastern Chiriqui, Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Known only from the Cerro Flores, in eastern Chiriqui, Panama. Genus ATLAPETES Wagler2 Atlapetes Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 526— type, by monotypy, Atlapetes pileatus Wagler. Chrysopoga Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 480, 1850 — type, by monotypy, Chrysopoga typica Bonaparte=A., 2, p. 525, 1884 — Cchachupata. Atlapetes melanolaemus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912 — Cchachupata and Marcapata, Peru; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 30, 1920— Chuhuasi, Carabaya, Peru (crit.). Buarremon rufinuchus (not Embernagra rufinucha Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 293, 1858— from some district of Peru bordering on Bolivia (crit.). 1 After examining upwards of twenty specimens, I came to the conclusion that there is only one form of rufous-capped Atlapetes in Bolivia. The characters of B. melanops based on Buckleyan examples from Simacu, Yungas, appear to be individual. The intensity of the yellow color underneath and the amount of olivaceous suffusion on chest and flanks are exceedingly variable. Most of the specimens have a distinct yellow supraloral streak, but it varies in extent, and a male from San Jacinto has hardly a trace of it. The chin is as a rule plain yellow, though small black dots are present in many birds. The variation is not confined to any particular region, birds with or without yellow supraloral streak and with duller or brighter under parts occurring side by side in the Yungas of La Paz. It may also be remarked that the yellow loral spot, being a mutational character in these birds, certainly does not denote specific distinctness. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Simacu, 3; Chulumani, 1; Tusiguaya, Chulumani, 2; Chaco, Yungas of La Paz, 5; Sandillani, 4; San Antonio, 2; Yungas (the type), 1; Cocapata, 3; San Crist6bal, 1; San Jacinto, 2; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba, 1. lAttapetes rufinucha melanolaemus (Sclater and Salvin) chiefly differs from A. r. rufinucha in having the throat largely black like the sides of the head. There is no trace of a yellow supraloral streak, and the black and yellow stripes in the malar region are likewise missing. The throat is rarely wholly black and, as a rule, medially variegated with yellowish or white at the base of the feathers. The under parts, in this form, are generally duller yellow with more extensive olivaceous shading across chest and along sides. The dimensions are about the same as in A. r. rufinucha. Additional material examined. — Peru: Marcapata Valley (alt. 2,000 meters), 8; Chuhuasi, Sierra de Carabaya (alt. 7,000 ft.), 3; Limbani, Puno, 3; Oroya, Puno, 2. 394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Peru, in depts. of Cuzco (Cchachupata; Marcapata Valley) and Puno (Limbani, Oroya, and Chuhuasi, Sierra de Carabaya). 1: Peru (Limbani, Puno, 1). *Atlapetes rufinucha latinuchus (Du Bus). SLATY-BACKED ATLAPETES. Buarremon latinuchus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci., Lettr. et Beaux Arts Belg., 22, (1), p. 154, 1855— "de la Colombie et du Perou"1 (type prob- ably in Brussels Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1879, p. 426, pi. 10, fig. 1 — Tambillo, Peru, and "Sical" [=Jima], Ecuador (crit.); Taczanow- ski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 197— Cutervo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 16 — Tamiapampa and Chachapoyas, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 264, 1886— Tambillo, Peru, and Jima, Ecuador. Buarremon specularis (Salvin MS.) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 228 — Tambillo and Montana de Palto, Prov. Jaen, Peru (no type indicated; type from Tambillo, in British Museum, examined).2 Carenochrous latinuchus Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 524, 1884 — Peru (part, Tambillo, Montana de Palto, Cutervo, Chachapoyas, Tamiapampa). Atlapetes latinuchus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1097, 1912— Ecuador (Jima) and Peru (Tambillo, Montana de Palto, Chachapoyas) . Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 250, p. 6, 1927 — Peru (La Lejia, near Chachapoyas; Chaupe, near Huancabamba) and Ecuador (Loja); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 631, 1926— Loja, Ecuador, and Chaupe, Peru. Atlapetes latinucha latinucha Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 627, 1932 — Las Palmas, east of Gualaceo, Prov. Azuay, Ecuador. 1 Though given as "de la Colombie et du Perou," the description seems to apply best to the form inhabiting northern Peru. The white alar speculum men- tioned by Du Bus excludes A, r. simplex, while the color of the back ("supra obscure cinereus") eliminates the olive-backed A. r. elaeoprorus. Yet, examination of the type, if still extant, would be desirable. In the meantime we accept Berlepsch's designation of northeastern Peru as type locality, and it may still more be restricted to the region around Chachapoyas. 2 It appears that Taczanowski, when publishing the name specularis, had no proper material to compare with, but made use of information received from Salvin. The "latinuchus" of British authors prior to 1879 was what we now call A. r. spodionotus, and it is no doubt with the latter bird that Stolzmann's specimens were compared. Thanks to the courtesy of Mr. J. von Domaniewski, I have been enabled to examine a female from Tambillo, which, although not in very good condition, seems to be inseparable from Chachapoyas skins. The posterior part of the pileum, it is true, is somewhat lighter ochraceous-tawny than the (hazel) fore-crown, but the feathers are worn and bleached. An immature male from Tamiapampa showing the same coloration of the head, I am led to refer birds from the Tambillo region to latinuchus, though study of more adequate material is desirable. Additional material since examined shows that there is no difference between Tambillo and Chachapoyas birds. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 395 Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Ecuador (Las Palmas, Prov. Azuay; Loja) and northern Peru (on both sides of the Maranon south to Balsas and Chachapoyas).1 3: Peru (Uchco, 1; 10 miles east of Molinopampa, 2). *Atlapetes rufinucha baroni (Salvin).2 BARON'S ATLAPETES. Buarremon baroni Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1895 — Cajabamba and Huamachuco, Peru (type from Cajabamba, Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). Atlapetes baroni Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912 — Peru (Cajabamba, Succha, Huamachuco). Range. — Subtropical zone of the upper Maranon Valley, in depts. of Cajamarca (Cajabamba) and Libertad (Succha, Huama- chuco), northern Peru. 1: Peru (Cajabamba, 1). Atlapetes rufinucha chugurensis Chapman.3 CHUGUR ATLAPETES. Atlapetes latinuchus chugurensis Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 250, p. 5, Feb., 1927 — Chugur, 40 miles northwest of Cajamarca, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 1 Two adult males from Las Palmas, Proy. .Azuay, Ecuador, seem to be identical with others from the Chachapoyas region of Peru. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Las Palmas, 2. — Peru: Tambillo, 2; Tamiapampa, 3; Chachapoyas, 7; mountains east of Balsas, 1. 1 Atlapetes rufinucha baroni (Salvin): Not unlike A. r. latinuchus, but easily distinguished by much lighter pileum, the forecrown being ochraceous-tawny, paling gradually to warm buff or light buff on the nape; paler, deep mouse gray rather than dark mouse gray back, upper tail and wing coverts; less blackish wings and tail; absence of the white alar speculum; a conspicuous yellow supraloral spot; paler, empire yellow rather than lemon chrome under parts fading abdominally into pinard yellow; more grayish flanks, etc. The yellow spot at the base of the bill, the strongly marked black malar stripe, and the absence of the alar speculum are characters in common with A. r. complus, from which A. r. baroni differs, however, by much jighter pileum and much paler yellow under parts, not to mention several minor points of distinction. In certain respects A. r. baroni bears close resemblance to A. p. pallidinucha, but it is much paler and distinctly gray above (without any olivaceous shading), much paler yellow below, in particular abdominally, and the buffy nuchal area is by no means narrowed posteriorly nor variegated with black edges. Wing (male), 76^-83; tail, 80-85. Additional material examined. — Peru: Cajabamba, 9; Succha, 3. * Atlapetes rufinucha chugurensis Chapman: "Similar to A. r. latinuchus, of northeastern Peru, but crown paler and fading to ochraceous-buff on the nape (thus resembling many specimens of A. r. comptus); the upper parts averaging grayer, the under parts paler. Wing (male), 80-81; tail, 80-87." (Chapman, I.e.) This race, which we have not seen, would seem to form the transition to A. r. baroni by slightly paler upper and under parts, as well as by the color of the crown fading to ochraceous-buff on the nape; but it evidently differs by possessing a white alar speculum, by lacking the yellow supraloral spot, and by generally darker coloration of the body plumage. 396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Carenochrous latimtchus (not Buarremon latinuchus Du Bus) Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 524, 1884— part, Paucal, Peru. Range. — Subtropical zone of the Pacific slope of northwestern Peru (Chugur, Taulis, and Paucal, Dept. Cajamarca). *Atlapetes rufinucha comptus (Sclater and Salvin).1 YELLOW- LORED ATLAPETES. Buarremon comptus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, (4), 3, p. 426, 1879— Maravina, Prov. Azuay, Ecuador (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 264, pi. 15, 1886— Maravina. Atlapetes comptus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912— Maravina. Atlapetes spodionotus comptus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 632, 1926 — southwestern Ecuador (above Zaruma, Salvias, Chical, Taragua- cocha, San Bartolo, Celica, Alamor, Guachanama, Bestion) and north- western Peru (Palambla and El Tambo) (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, in provinces of Canar, Azuay, El Oro, and Loja (west of the Andes), and the adjacent parts of northwestern Peru (Palambla and El Tambo, Dept. Piura). 1: Ecuador (Chical, Canar, 1). *Atlapetes rufinucha spodionotus (Sclater and Salvin). SLATY- BACKED ATLAPETES. Buarremon spodionotus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, (4), 3, p. 425, 1879— Guapulo and Calacali, Ecuador (type, from Guapulo, three miles northeast of Quito, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in the British Museum) ; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 91, 1862 — Ecuador (Guapulo, Calacali); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 264, 1886 — Ecuador (Guapulo, Calacali, above Puellaro, Quito, "Sical," and "Maravina"); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— Cayambe, Ecuador; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 20, 1899— Ecuador (Pun; La Conception, Chota; Huaca; Chaupi, Illiniza; "Nanegal"; Frutillas) (crit.); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 471— Papallacta, Corazon, and Pichincha; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B83, 1911— Lloa, Pongo, and Afilana; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— Chinquil, below Lloa. 1 Atlapetes rufinucha comptus (Sclater and Salvin): Like A. r. spodionotus without white alar speculum, but crown paler rufous, under parts richer yellow, black malar stripe more developed, and with a distinct yellow spot at the base of the bill above the lores. Five specimens from southwestern Ecuador, including one from Jima, wkich may be considered as practically topotypical, agree in the characters given above, when compared with a series of spodionotus. Birds from the upper Chanchan Valley are intermediate between comptus and spodionotus. One example from Chical (Sical), south of Huigra, is referred to comptus by Chapman, while another from the same locality in the British Museum appears to be inseparable from average specimens from northern Ecuador. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 397 Buarremon latinuchus (not of Du Bus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 87, 1856 — vicinity of Quito (monog.); idem, I.e., 27, pp. 76, 85, 1859 — Guapulo, Calacali, and above Puellaro. Carenochrous spodionotus Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 292— Cechce (crit.). Atlapetes spodionotus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912 — western Ecuador (Quito, Guapulo, Cechce, Calacali, above Pue- llaro, "Sical," "Maravina"); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Cerro Mojanda and Volcan de San Pedro Tingo, Ecuador. Atlapetes spodionotus spodionotus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 631, 1926 — northwestern Ecuador (Hacienda Garz6n, Mojanda Mountains, Pichincha, Yanacocha, Verdecocha). Range. — Upper Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of north- western and northeastern Ecuador, south to Chimborazo (Cechce) and east of the Andes at least to Papallacta.1 1: Ecuador (unspecified, 1). Atlapetes rufinucha caucae Chapman.2 CAUCA ATLAPETES. Atlapetes latinuchus caucae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 250, p. 6, 1927 — Cerro Munchique, west of Popayan, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Atlapetes latinuchus latinuchus (not Buarremon latinuchus Du Bus) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 575, 1917— Cerro Munchique. Range. — Subtropical zone of the western Andes of Colombia (Cerro Munchique, west of Popayan). Atlapetes rufinucha elaeoprorus (Sclater and Salvin).3 OLIVE- BACKED ATLAPETES. 1 There does not seem to be any constant difference between birds of the western and those of the eastern side of the Andes. While specimens from the Quito region generally have no yellow above the lores and hardly any traces of black in the malar region, there are exceptions to this rule. An adult from Lloa has the blackish malar streak just as well developed as comptus, and the yellow spot at the base of the bill is slightly suggested, while in a female from Huaca tne latter marking, though small, is well visible. Birds from Cechce (near Alausf), Prov. Chimborazo, form the transition to comptus, one having the yellow supraloral spot well defined, though less extensive than in the latter. Various individuals, notably one from Pun, another from the Chota Valley, and the one from Huaca have traces of a white alar speculum, thus proving that there is no reason for separating the latinuchus group specifically from rufinucha. Maravifia must be a wrong locality for this form. Material examined. — Ecuador: Lloa, 5; Huaca, 1; Chota Valley, 1; "Nanegal," 5; Pichincha, 3; Cechce, 3; Papallacta, 4; unspecified, 3. 1 Atlapetes rufinucha caucae Chapman: Resembles A. r. latinuchus in possessing a conspicuous white alar speculum, but with a small yellow supraloral spot; the crown darker; wings and tail shorter. Wing (males), 72-74; tail, 74-76. Two specimens from the type locality examined. 'Atlapetes rufinucha elaeoprorus (Sclater and Salvin): Like A. r. caucae with a conspicuous white alar speculum and a small, yellow supraloral spot, but back strongly tinged with olivaceous instead of being sooty gray. Material examined. — Colombia: Santa Elena, 1; Medellin, 1. 398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremon elaeoprorus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 504, pi. 42, fig. 7 (egg)— Medellin and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colom- bia (type, from Santa Elena, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 265, 1886— Santa Elena. Atlapetes elaeoprorus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912— Santa Elena. Atlapetes latinuchus elaeoprorus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 575, 1917— Santa Elena (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of the northern part of the central Andes of Colombia (Santa Elena, Medellin). Atlapetes rufinucha simplex (Berlepsch).1 BOGOTA ATLAPETES. Buarremon simplex Berlepsch, Ibis, (5), 6, p. 128, 1888 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined). Atlapetes simplex Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912— "Bogota." Range. — Known only from native "Bogota" collections, probably the representative of the group in the eastern Andes of Colombia. Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapman.2 DUSKY-HEADED ATLAPETES. 1 Atlapetes rufinucha simplex (Berlepsch): Similar to A. r. elaeoprorus, but the white alar speculum absent or just faintly suggested. Wing (unsexed adults), 77-78; tail, 80-85. While variable in intensity of the ground-color, the four specimens examined — all of the well-known "Bogota" preparation — show a more or less distinct olivaceous tinge on the dorsal surface, thus closely resembling A. r. elaeoprorus, of the central Andes of Colombia. The coloration of the loral region is not quite constant, two having a distinct, small spot of yellow at the base of the bill like elaeoprorus, while this feature is barely apparent in the two remaining individuals. Three specimens have no trace of a visible alar speculum, but on the fourth the white shows a little beyond the tips of the primary coverts. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. 2 Atlapetes fusco-olivaceus Chapman : Upper parts dark olive green, brightest on rump; crown and sides of the head more blackish and decidedly darker than the back; loral feathers basally yellow; wings and tail fuscous, the primaries externally edged with olive, the three outermost with grayish on apical half; under parts rich lemon yellow, the sides and flanks strongly washed with olive green; under tail coverts olive green; a well defined, though rather narrow maxillary stripe blackish; inner web of remiges conspicuously margined with white; feet dark brown; bill blackish. Wing (male), 76; tail, 80; bill, 14. Aside from its more graduated tail and the total absence of rufous on the pileum, this bird, in style of coloration, bears a remarkable likeness to the East Andean A. rufinucha simplex, which it resembles in the strongly olive dorsal surface, lack of a white wing speculum, etc. It has, however, a somewhat heavier bill and a distinct blackish maxillary streak. The only specimen seen by us — it is the one with yellowish tips to the feathers of the pileum mentioned by Chapman — is unquestionably immature, and I wonder if the other examples supposed to be adult really represent the perfect plumage. It appears to me that more adequate material is needed to establish status and relationship of the present "species." Material examined. — Colombia: La Palma, Huila, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 399 Atlapeies fusco-olivaceus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 185, March, 1914 — San Agustin, Huila, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 575, pi. 40, 1917— San Agustin and La Palma, Colombia. Range. — Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones of the central Andes of Colombia (at the head of the Magdalena Valley). *Atlapetes albo-frenatus albo-frenatus (Boissonneau). Mous- TACHED ATLAPETES. Tanagra (Arremon) albo-frenatus Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 68, 1840 — Santa F6 de Bogota, Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 392, 1930). Buarremon albifrenatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 484, 1850 — Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 88, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 92, 1862— Bogotd; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327— Alto, Santander, Colombia (alt. 5,000 to 7,000 ft.); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 293, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 265, 1886— Colombia (Bogota, Ocana). Arremon mysticalis Sclater, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 8, 1852— "Nouvelle Grenade" = Bogota (type in Paris Museum); idem, Contrib. Orn., 1852, p. 131, pi. 99— New Granada. Attapetes albifrenatus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1098, 1912 — Colombia (Bogota, Ocana, Bucaramanga); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 576, 1917— Aguadita, El Roble, and Anolaima, Colombia. Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia.1 3: Colombia (Bogota, 1; Cachiri, Santander, 2). *Atlapetes albo-frenatus meridae (Sclater and Salvin).2 MERIDA ATLAPETES. Buarremon meridae Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 785 — near M6rida, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 266, 1886— near Me>ida. Attapetes meridae Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912— Andes of Me>ida. 1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 10; Bucaramanga, 1. 1 Attapetes albo-frenatus meridae (Sclater and Salvin) is easily distinguished from the nominate form by yellow throat, much narrower black submalar streak, and by lacking the black forehead, not to mention various minor divergencies. I cannot, however, see in it more than a well-marked geographic race, since the juvenile plumage of albo-frenatus also has a partly yellow throat. Additional material examined. — Venezuela, Me>ida: M6rida, 6; Capas, 1; Sierra, 1. 400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of western Venezuela (Cordillera of MeYida). 8: Venezuela (Valle, MeYida, 2; Escorial, 1; Nevados, 2; Culata, 1; Conejos, 1; Rio Mucujon, 1). Atlapetes leucopterus leucopterus (Jardine). WHITE-WINGED ATLAPETES. Arremon leucopterus Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 3, No. 1, p. 92, Jan., 1856 — "eastern Cordillera of Ecuador" (type in coll. of Sir W. Jardine, present location unknown). Buarremon leucopterus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 214, pi. 109, pub. Feb. 5, 1856— "eastern Cordillera of the Andes near Quito at 6,000 ft. elevation" (descr. and fig. of type); idem, I.e., 24, p. 87, 1856 — western slope of the Andes near Quito (descr. of type, monog.); idem, I.e., 27, p. 138, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Ibis, 1859, p. 114— Palla- tanga; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 91, 1862— Pallatanga; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 266, 1886— Ecuador (Pallatanga, "Jima"); Sal- vadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 20, 1899— Niebli, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 470— Pichincha; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— road to Nanegal. Carenochrous leucopterus Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 548— Cayandeled; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 292— Cayandeled, Cechce, Surupata, and Bugnac. Atlapetes leucopterus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912 — western Ecuador (Pallatanga, "Jima," Cayandeled, Cechce); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 632, 1926 — Huigra, junction of Chanchan and Chiguancay rivers, Chunchi, Cumbaya, Pomasqui, Tumbaco, Pallatanga, and above Bucay; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— Volcan de Tumbaco. Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of western Ecuador south to the Chimbo Valley.1 Atlapetes leucopterus dresseri (Taczanowski).2 DRESSER'S ATLAPETES. 1 A series of this bird is fairly uniform. There is some individual variation in the tone of the rufous crown, the development of the buffy white supraloral spot, and the amount of blackish admixture on the forehead. Some individuals have hardly a trace of this color, while others show a distinct blackish frontlet, though this is still smaller and more dusky than in the specimens of dresseri with the least amount of black. The wing, in adult males, ranges from 67 to 74, the tail from 65 to 73. A Buckleyan skin labeled "Jima" agrees perfectly with others from the Pacific slope, so I believe the locality to be erroneous. Although the type was originally ascribed to the "eastern Cordillera," Sclater subsequently gave "the western slope of the Andes near Quito" as its patria. Material examined. — Western Ecuador: Niebli, 3; Pichincha, 4; Surupata, 1; Cayandeled, 1; Pedregal, 1; Cechce, 1; "Jima," 1; "Quito," 3; Sinche, Guaranda, 2. 1 Atlapetes leucopterus dresseri (Taczanowski) : Very similar to, and agreeing with, A. I. leucopterus in dimensions, but forehead much more extensively black; back paler, grayish to light brownish olive; buffy white supraloral spot larger; 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 401 Carenochrous dresseri Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 70 — Montana de Nancho, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (type in Raimondi Col- lection, now in Lima Museum);1 idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 528, 1884 — Nancho. Buarremon dresseri Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 266, 1886— Paucal, Montana de Nancho. AOapetes dresseri Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912— Montana de Nancho; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. EL, 55, p. 633, 1926— Ecuador (Lunama, Las Pinas, Guainche, Alamor) and Peru (Milagros, Palambla) (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of the Pacific slope of southwestern Ecuador, in provinces of El Oro and Loja, and northwestern Peru (Milagros, Tumbez; Palambla, Piura; Nancho, Cajamarca). Atlapetes celicae Chapman.2 CELICA ATLAPETES. Allapetes celicae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 7, 1925— Celica, Prov. Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 633, 1926— Celica. Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (known only from Celica, Prov. Loja). Atlapetes simonsi (Sharpe).3 SIMONS'S ATLAPETES. auriculars generally not so black; black mystacal stripe as a rule more strongly pronounced; breast and abdomen more or less strongly washed with buffy. Wing, (male) 68-72, (female) 64-67; tail, 69-74, (female) 65-69; bill, 13-14. This southern representative exhibits much more variation than the nominate race. A good many individuals have the forepart of the crown solidly black, this color extending laterally in a broad stripe to the sides of the neck; in others this frontal band is decidedly narrower, but, even when interspersed with albinistic white feathers, still more extensive than in leucopterus. The auriculars are some- times just as black as in the form of western Ecuador, and in one or two examples the black mystacal streak is by no means more pronounced. The under parts, as a rule, are strongly tinged with buff, though in a female from Guainche, Ecuador, they are just a faint shade more buffy than in the white-bellied leucopterus. Albi- nistic feathers, in a more or less irregular way, are frequently distributed over the forehead and sides of the head, forming sometimes a compact white area around the eye. Birds from southwestern Ecuador average slightly darker and more grayish above. Material examined. — Peru: Palambla, Piura, 4. — Ecuador, Prov. Loja: Alamor, 1; Las Pinas, Alamor Range, 2; Guainche, southeast of Alamor, 1. 1 The specimen formerly in the Warsaw Museum (cf . Sztolcman and Domani- ewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927) was at best a cotype. 1 Atlapetes celicae Chapman: "Agreeing in size and general coloration with A. I. leucopterus, but with no white [alar] speculum or evident white supraloral spot. Wing (male), 68^; tail, 63." (Chapman, I.e.) This species, based on a single male, we have not seen. The dimensions given by the describer are sufficient to show that, in spite of the absence of the white alar speculum, it can have no relation to the much larger A. seebohmi. The occurrence of another "species" of the same group in the range of A. I. dresseri is certainly very striking, and more information regarding this bird is badly needed. 1 Atlapetes simonsi (Sharpe) is another form of doubtful standing. When I examined the type, no material of either A. dresseri or A. seebohmi was available, comparison being therefore made with its seemingly nearest relative A. leucopterus. My original note dating from 1905 reads as follows: "Nearest to A. leucopterus, but 402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremon simonsi Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 2, Oct., 1900 — Loja, Ecuador (type in British Museum examined). Atlapetes simonsi Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912— Loja; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 633, 1926— Loja. Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Ecuador (Loja, Prov. of Loja). *Atlapetes seebohmi (Taczanowski).1 SEEBOHM'S ATLAPETES. Carenochrous seebohmi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1883, p. 70 — Cajacay, Prov. Cajatambo, Dept. Ancachs, Peru (type in Raimondi Collection, now in Lima Museum); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 527, 1884 — Cajacay. Buarremon seebohmi Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 267, 1886 — Cajacay. Atlapetes seebohmi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912— Cajacay. Range. — Subtropical zone of the Pacific Cordillera of Peru, from Libertad (Maynapall, Otuzco) to Ancachs (Macate, Cajacay, Caras). 8: Peru (Macate, Ancachs, 8). without visible alar speculum, only some of the primaries showing very little white at the extreme bases wholly concealed by the primary coverts. No trace of blackish suffusion on the forehead; rufous of crown darker; back paler, grayish brown; the white supraloral spot smaller; chin blackish; black mystacal stripe much broader. Wing (adult female, Loja, alt. 2,000 metr., June 3, 1899), 72; tail, 68^; bill, 14^." The dimensions are seen to be decidedly greater than in the corresponding sex of A. I. leucoptenLs (wing, 67-69; tail, 63-67), which is in agreement with Chapman's figures for another female from Loja (wing, 76; tail, 75), and fall well within the measurements of female examples of A. seebohmi. In coloration, A. simonsi would seem to be intermediate, combining the blackish chin and absence of white alar speculum of A. seebohmi with the paler crown and other characters of A. leucop- terus, but to differ from both by having no black whatever on the forehead. The larger size of the Loja form (simonsi) suggests the possibility of conspecific relation- ship between the leucopterus group and seebohmi, inasmuch as the presence or absence of a white alar speculum is a mutational character in other sections of the genus, as shown by A. rufinucha and allies. Since writing this, I have had an opportunity of comparing the two original specimens of simonsi with a small series of seebohmi from Otuzco and Caras, and find that they differ merely by the complete absence of black suffusion about the forehead, by lacking the gray tinge across the chest, and somewhat lighter, pos- teriorly tawny pileum. In all principal characters, such as absence of white alar speculum, small white supraloral spot, black chin and malar stripe, extensively gray sides and flanks, buffy under tail coverts, etc., the two forms are perfectly alike, and there can be no question as to their being conspecific. Wing, (male) 78, (female) 72; tail, 78, (female) 683^ (much worn); bill, 14-15. Two specimens from Loja examined. 1 Atlapetes seebohmi (Taczanowski) differs from A. I. dresser i by much greater size; much larger, heavier bill; much deeper, chestnut rufous rather than och- raceous-tawny or tawny crown; smaller white supraloral spot; lack of the white alar speculum; blackish chin; pure white throat and abdomen with strongly cinereous chest and sides, only the under tail coverts being buff. Wing, 74-81, (female) 74-76; tail, 80-87, (female) 75-77; bill, 15-16, (female) 14-15. Additional material examined. — Peru: Maynapall, near Otuzco, 2; Otuzco, 3; Caras, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 403 *Atlapetes rufigenis (Salvin).1 RUFOUS-EARED ATLAPETES. Buarremon rufigenis Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1895 — Huamachuco and Cajabamba, Peru (type, from Huamachuco, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). Atlapetes rufigenis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1101, 1912 — Peru (Huamachuco, Cajabamba, Santiago); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 475, 1930— Cullcui, Maran6n River, Peru (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of the upper Maranon Valley and its tributaries, northern Peru (Cajabamba, Dept. Cajamarca; Huama- chuco and Santiago, Dept. Libertad; Cullcui, Dept. Huanuco). 1: Peru (Cullcui, Huanuco, 1). *Atlapetes schistaceus castaneifrons (Sclater and Salvin).2 CHESTNUT-FRONTED ATLAPETES. Buarremon castaneifrons Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 235, pi. 35, fig. 1 — upper wood region of the Paramo de Culata, Me>ida, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 268, 1886— Andes of MeYida. Atlapetes castaneifrons Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912— Andes of Merida. Buarremon schistaceus (not Tanagra schistaceus Boissonneau) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 781 — upper wood region of Culata, Venezuela. Range. — Upper Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of western Venezuela (Cordillera of MeYida). 4: Venezuela (Culata, MeYida, 1; Paramo Frias, MeYida, 2; Rio Mucujon, MeYida, 1). 1 Atlapetes rufigenis (Salvin): Similar to A. seebohmi, but still larger; no black on forehead or sides of the head, the whole pileum, nape, auriculars, and sides of the neck being clear Sandford's brown; the entire lores buffy white; chin white like the throat; under tail coverts light grayish olive, narrowly edged with light buff, instead of wholly warm buff, etc. Wing, 87-89, (female) 86; tail, 89-92, (female) 85; bill, 15-16. Additional material examined. — Peru: Huamachuco, 4; Santiago, 1. 1 Atlapetes schistaceus castaneifrons (Sclater and Salvin) is recognizable by the clear rufous (between orange-rufous and Sandford's brown) color of the pileum without any, or with but traces of, black on the forehead; distinct, though small, white supraloral spot; lack of the white alar speculum, etc. All but one of the eighteen specimens examined have a small white spot at the base of the bill, although the figure of the type fails to show this feature. Three or four examples exhibit a few blackish streaks or dots at the very edge of the forehead. Additional material examined. — Venezuela, MeYida: Culata, 4; Montanas, Sierra de Merida, 2; Sierra Nevada, 1 ; "Merida," 7. 404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Atlapetes schistaceus tatnae Cory.1 TAMA ATLAPETES. Atlaptes [sic] castaneifrons tamae Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 292, May, 1913 — Paramo de Tama, Tachira, Venezuela (type in Field Museum). Range. — Subtropical zone of the Paramo de Tama, on the con- fines of Colombia and the Venezuelan Province of Tachira. 7: Venezuela (Paramo de Tama, Tachira, 5); Colombia (Paramo de Tama, Santander del Norte, 2). *Atlapetes schistaceus schistaceus (Boissonneau). ASHY- BREASTED ATLAPETES. Tanagra (Arremori) schistaceus Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 69, 1840 — Santa Fe de Bogota, Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 392, 1930). Buarremon schistaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 484, 1850 — Bogota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 88, 1856— Bogota (monog.); idem, I.e., 26, p. 551, 1858— Matos, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 92, 1862 — Bogota; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 267, 1886 — Colombia (Bogota) and eastern Ecuador ("Intag"); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 20, 1899— Pun, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 471— Papallacta, Ecuador; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922 — "road to Nanegal," western Ecuador. Atlapetes schistaceus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912— Colombia (Bogota) and Ecuador ("Intag," San Rafael); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 576, 1917— Colombia (Paramillo, west of Popayan, Valle de las Pappas, Almaguer, Laguneta); idem, I.e., 55, p. 633, 1926 — Ecuador ("road to Nanegal," above Baeza, Papallacta, Oyacachi, upper Sumaco, upper Rio Upano); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932 — Yunguilla, upper Pastaza, Ecuador. Carenochrous schistaceus Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 84— San Rafael, Ecuador. Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Colombia and Ecuador.2 4 : Colombia (coast range west of Popayan, Cauca, 2 ; Bogota, 2) . I Atlapetes schistaceus tamae Cory: Very close to A. s. castaneifrons, but pileum darker (between Sandford's brown and burnt sienna); frontal edge slightly mottled with blackish; back on average more blackish; whitish supralpral spot obsolete; mystacal stripe less purely white or even grayish; under parts slightly darker gray; the throat less white, more or less shaded or mottled with gray. Wing, 74-78, (female) 73-74; tail, 79-82, (female) 76-78. This is a connecting link to the nominate race of the Bogota region. Two specimens, by their somewhat darker crown, closely approach certain light-capped individuals of typical schistaceus, whereas the opposite extreme (No. 44,726) is hardly a shade darker than castaneifrons. One male shows a trace of white beyond the tips of the primary coverts, and its back is by no means any darker than in the^ M6rida form. Three specimens have in the supraloral region a small grayish spot barely suggested in the remaining skins. The throat is generally more grayish, but in one or two individuals very nearly as whitish as in castaneifrons. I 1 do not find any difference, even in size, between specimens from various parts of the range. The largest example I have seen is an adult from "Intag" 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 405 *Atlapetes schistaceus taczanowskii (Sclater and Salvin).1 TAO ZANOWSKI'S ATLAPETES. Buarremon mystacalis (not Arremon mysticalis Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 575 — Maraynioc, Higos, and Sillapata, Dept. Junln, Peru (type, from Maraynioc, lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927). Buarremon taczanowskii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 235, pi. 35, fig. 2 — new name for Buarremon mystacalis Taczanowski, preoccupied; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, pi 267, 1886— Peru (Higos,* Sillapata). Carenochrous taczanowskii Taczanowski, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 526, 1884 — Peru (Maraynioc, Higos, Sillapata). Pipilopsis mystacalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 347 — Maraynioc. Atlapetes mystacalis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1099, 1912 — Peru (Higos, Sillapata, Maraynioc, Pariayacu). Atlapetes schistaceus mystacalis Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 475, 1930 — mountains near Huanuco and Panao, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.; descr. of young). Range. — Upper Subtropical and humid Temperate zones of central Peru, in depts. of Huanuco and Junin. 7: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, 3; Panao Mountains, 4). Atlapetes schistaceus canigenis Chapman.3 GRAY-CHEEKED ATLAPETES. with a wing of 84, and a tail of 86 mm. East Ecuadorian birds agree well with a series of "Bogota" skins. I must confess the occurrence in western Ecuador appears to me to require confirmation, the authorities for the two recorded localities "Intag" and "road to Nanegal" — Buckley and So'derstrom, respectively — being not absolutely trustworthy. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 7; Andes west of Popa- yan, 6. — Ecuador: Pun, 2; Papallacta, 7; "Intag," 1. 1 Atlapetes schistaceus taczanowskii (Sclater and Salvin), as has been pointed out by authors, approaches A. s. castaneifrons in certain respects such as light- colored pileum and absence of white alar speculum, but may be distinguished by its black forehead and much larger white supraloral spot, the latter feature being the only essential character it shares with A. s. schistaceus. Additional material examined. — Peru : Maraynioc, 2. 'The Higos specimen is incorrectly listed as "the type." 'Atlapetes schistaceus canigenis Chapman: Similar to A. s. taczanowskii in color of pileum and in the absence of a white alar speculum, but without black on the forehead, and differs, furthermore, from all other members of the group by lacking the white malar streak, as well as the black mystacal stripe, these parts being nearly uniform dark gray. There is no trace of a white supraloral spot, the whole region between the eye and the base of the bill being deep neutral gray. The under parts appear to be more evenly gray than in taczanowskii, more like A. 8. tamae, and the median portion of the throat is not clear white, but grayish as in 406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Atlapetes canigenis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 41, p. 330, Sept., 1919 — Torontoy, Urubamba Canyon, Peru (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 113, 1921— Torontoy, above Torontoy, and Ocobamba Valley. Range. — Humid Temperate zone of southeastern Peru (Uru- bamba Valley, Dept. Cuzco). Atlapetes tricolor1 tricolor (Taczanowski). TRICOLORED ATLAPETES. Buarremon tricolor Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 516, pi. 65 — Chilpes,2 Paltaypampa, Ninabamba, Pumamarca, and "Tempobata," Dept. Junin, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 269, pi. 16, 1886— Pumamarca and "Tambapata," Peru. Arremon rufinucha (not Embernagra rufinucha Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 289, 1844— Peru (crit.); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 212, 1846— hot wood region between 8° and 9° latitude south, Peru. Carenochrous tricolor Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 525, 1884 — Peru (Chilpes, Paltaypampa, Ninabamba, Pumamarca, Tambopata). Pipilopsis tricolor Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 347— Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Peru. Atlapetes tricolor Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912 — central Peru. Range. — Subtropical zone of central Peru, in Dept. Junin. Atlapetes tricolor crassus Bangs.3 NORTHERN TRICOLORED ATLAPETES. the Tama race. In opposition to all other races, the inner margin at the base of the remiges is dingy pinkish buff instead of pure white. One specimen shows, in the mystacal region, a few blackish dots. Wing, 75, (female) 73; tail, 75-76. Material examined. — Peru: Torontoy, 2. 1 Atlapetes tricolor, a very peculiar species, cannot be confused with any other member of the genus. The color of the pileum varies from empire yellow through light cadmium to ochraceous-orange, and that of the back from olive-citrine and deep olive to dark olive. Material examined. — Peru, Dept. Junfn: Rumicruz, 2; Chelpes, 2; Garita del Sol, 1. 2 Chilpes designated as type locality by Berlepsch (1912, p. 1100). 3 Atlapetes tricolor crassus Bangs: Exceedingly close to the nominate race, but with larger, heavier bill; pileum duller, varying from old gold to pale tawny olive; back as a rule blacker, apparently never olive; chest and sides more strongly^ washed with olive. Wing, 77-80; tail, 78-79; bill, 15. The color-characters being very nearly bridged by individual variation, the larger, stouter bill seems to be the only absolutely constant distinction. Material examined. — Colombia: San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres, 1; Ricaurte, 1; Buena Vista, Narino, 1. — Ecuador: Mindo, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 407 Atlapetes crassus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 161, 1908 — San Antonio, western Andes, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 392, 1930); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912— western Colombia (San Antonio, San Pablo); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 577, 1917— Ricaurte and Buena Vista, Narino, Colombia. Atlapetes tricolor crassus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 634, 1926 — Mindo and La Chonta, Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Ecuador (Mindo, La Chonta) and extreme southwestern Colombia (Ricaurte and Buena Vista, Narino; San Pablo, Prov. Tuqueres). Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman.1 YELLOW-CROWNED ATLAPETES. Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 162, July, 1912 — Rio Toch£, Quindio Trail, central Andes, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 574, pi. 40, 1917— Rio Toche. Range. — Subtropical zone of the central Andes, Colombia (known only from the Rio Toch^, Magdalena drainage). *Atlapetes semirufus semirufus (Boissonneau). RUFOUS- BREASTED ATLAPETES. Tanagra (Arremon) semirufus Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 69, 1840— Santa F£ de Bogota, Colombia (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 392, 1930). Pipilopsis semirufus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 — Bogota; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855— Bogota. Buarremon semirufus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 88, 1856— part, Bogota (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 92, 1862— Bogota; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 269, 1886 — part, spec, g-m, Bogota. 1 Atlapetes flaviceps Chapman: "Crown chrome-yellow with an olivaceous tinge; a dull olive-green postocular streak joining its fellow on the hind neck; sides of the head chrome-yellow extending to a narrow nuchal collar; back, rump, and upper tail coverts dark olive-green; tail strongly graduated, fuscous, all but the outer pair of feathers externally margined with olive-green; wings and their coverts fuscous margined externally with olive-green, the outer webs of the outer primary whitish; the inner margin of the inner webs of all the wing-quills white, increased in extent from the outer primary inwardly; under parts rich chrome- yellow; sides, flanks, thighs, crissum, and under tail coverts olivaceous; feet and bill brownish black. Wing (male), 72; tail, 82; bill, 14." (Chapman, I.e.) The only specimen that we have seen is a female from the type locality. The pale brown lower mandible and the acutely pointed rectrices, together with its unfinished coloration, clearly show it to be a young bird. Even the type, according to Chapman's description, appears to be immature, and until specimens in adult plumage come to hand it will be difficult to say anything definite about its affinities and specific characters. 408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Atlapetes semirufus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912— Bogot&; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 577, 1917— Choachi and Quetame, eastern Andes, Colombia. Range. — Temperate and arid Subtropical zones of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Bogota region).1 2: Colombia (Bogota, 2). Atlapetes semirufus majusculus Todd.2 GREATER RUFOUS- BREASTED ATLAPETES. Atlapetes semirufus majusculus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 113, June, 1919 — Pena Blanca, Santander, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum). Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia, in State of Santander (Pefia Blanca). *Atlapetes semirufus denisei (Hellmayr).3 DEMISE'S ATLAPETES. Buarremon semirufus denisei Hellmayr, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, No. 22, p. 24, 1911 — Andes inland of Cumana [Sucre], Venezuela (type in Munich Museum); Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 66, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.). Pipilopsis semirufa (not Tanagra semirufus Boissonneau) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 139, 1851— Caracas. Buarremon semirufus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 89, 1856 — part, "Cumana," Venezuela; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 167— Caracas; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 269, 1886— part, spec, a-f, Venezuela (Caracas and "Puerto Cabello"). Atlapetes semirufus denisei Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1100, 1912— Venezuela ("Puerto Cabello," Cumbre de Valencia, Caracas, "Cumana"); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 204, 1924 — Galipan and Silla de Caracas, Venezuela (crit.) ; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 191, p. 11, 1925 — Carapas and Neveri, northeastern Venezuela. 1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bogota, 10. 1 Atlapetes semirufus majusculus Todd: "Similar to A. s. semirufus, of the Bogota region, but averaging slightly larger and much paler throughout; throat tinged with yellowish; back, wing-and-tail edgings, and flanks lighter olive-green; breast and sides paler, aniline yellow instead of raw sienna. Wing (adult female), 78; tail, 81; bill, 13 y2." (Todd, I.e.) Evidently a northern representative which diverges in coloration even farther from the Venezuelan race than does the nominate form. 8 Atlapetes semirufus denisei (Hellmayr): Differs from A. s. semirufus by more intense coloration of the rufous parts of the plumage; pileum and nape darker orange-rufous, passing into Sandford's brown on sides of the head and chin; throat and breast much deeper, between raw sienna and Sudan brown, the former without any yellowish suffusion; back brighter and greener, dark citrine rather than dull olive. Wing, 70-76, (female) 66-70; tail, 70-77, (female) 65-70; bill, 13^-15.— The localities "Puerto Cabello" and "Cumana" are without doubt inexact. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Andes of Cumana, 6; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 20; Silla de Caracas, 2; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 6. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 409 Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from the hinter- land of Cumand west to Trujillo. 18: Venezuela (Mount Turumiquire, 15; Maracay, Aragua, 1; Guamito, Trujillo, 2). Atlapetes fulviceps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).1 BOLIVIAN Mous- TACHED ATLAPETES. Emberiza fulviceps Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, pi. 2, p. 77, 1837 — "Tacora" [=Totora], Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. M&rid., Ois., p. 362, pi. 46, fig. 2, 1844 — near Totora, Prov. Mizque, Bolivia. Pipilopsis fulviceps Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850— Bolivia. Buarremon fulviceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 88, 1856 — Prov. Mizque, Bolivia (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 603 — Bolivia (Totora, Mizque; Tilotilo, Yungas); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 532, 1884— "Tacna"= Totora, Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 270, 1886— Tilotilo, Bolivia; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 7, 1897— Lesser, Salta, Argentina. Atlapetes fulviceps Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 396, 1910 — Lesser, Salta; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1101, 1912— Bolivia ("Tacora," Tilotilo, Santa Ana). Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia and extreme northwestern Argentina (San Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua, Dept. Valle Grande, Jujuy; Lesser, Salta). * Atlapetes personatus2 personatus (Cabanis). RORAIMA ATLAPETES. Arremon personatus Cabanis,1 in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 678, 1849— Roraima, alt. 6,500 ft., British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum). Pipilopsis personatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 485, 1850 — Guiana. Buarremon personatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 89, 1856 — Roraima (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 — Roraima; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 270, 1886— Roraima. 1 Atlapetes fulviceps (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), a little known species with very slender bill, seems to be nearly related to the section comprising A. semirufus and A. personatus. Birds from Argentina are identical with a small Bolivian series. Material examined. — Bolivia: Totora, Prov. Mizque, 2; Santa Ana, Prov. Valle Grande, 1; Rio Bermejo, Chuquisaca, 1; unspecified, 1. — Argentina: San Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua, Dept. Valle Grande, Jujuy, 2. 1 Atlapetes personatus is possibly conspecific with A. fulviceps, as has been suggested by Chapman. Unfortunately, the latter species is at present not avail- able for direct comparison. » Nomen nudum in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 269, 1848. 410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Atlapetes personatus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1101, 1912— Roraima; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 471, 1921— Roraima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 123, 1931 — Roraima. Range. — Subtropical zone of Mount Roraima, on the confines of British Guiana and Venezuela.1 1: British Guiana (Roraima, 1). Atlapetes personatus duidae Chapman.2 DUIDA ATLAPETES. Atlapetes duidae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 380, p. 26, Oct., 1929 — Cerros de Savanna, tableland of Mount Duida, Venezuela (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 123, 1931— Mount Duida. Range. — Subtropical zone of Mount Duida, southern Venezuela. *Atlapetes citrinellus (Cabanis). YELLOW-STRIPED ATLAPETES. Buarremon (Atlapetes) citrinellus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 31, p. 109, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1883 — near Chaquevil and San Xavier, Tucuman (type in Berlin Museum). Buarremon citrinellus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 270, 1886— Tucu- man; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 41, 1888— Tucuman; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902 — mountains of Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904 — Lagunita, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 41, 1905 — mountains of Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 172, pi. 2, fig. 23 (egg), 1909— Malamala, Tafi Viejo, Villa Nougues, and Lagunita, Tucuman (eggs descr.) ; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 409, 1926— Sierra San Javier, above Tafi Viejo, Tucuman (crit.). Atlapetes citrinellus Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 396, 1910— Tucuman and western Salta; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1101, 1912— Andes of Tucuman; Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 67, 1918— cerros of Tucuman (habits, nest, and eggs); Bertoni, I.e., 3, p. 279, 1924— Rio Aguaraih-guasu, northern Paraguay (April, 1920); Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 147, 1928 (eggs descr.). Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Argentina, in states of Tucuman and Salta; (?)accidental in northern Paraguay (one record from the Rio Aguaraih-guasu). 11: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 6; Anfama, Tucuman, 2; Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 2; Lagunita, Tucuman, 1). 1 Material examined. — Mount Roraima, 9. 2 Atlapetes personatus duidae Chapman: Similar in form and size to A. p. personatus, but rufous of head much darker, chestnut instead of Sandford's brown, and extended all over the throat and chest; back, wings, and tail deep black instead^ of iron gray; middle of breast and abdomen somewhat brighter yellow; sides and1 flanks deeper, dark citrine rather than yellowish olive. Wing, 80-82, (female) 75-76; tail, 78-80; bill, 14-15. Though strongly marked, A. p. duidae is clearly conspecific with the Roraima Atlapetes, since various individuals of the latter show some scattered rufous streaks or spots in the yellow of the throat and chest. Material examined. — Venezuela: Mount Duida, 5. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 411 Atlapetes pallidiceps (Sharpe).1 AZUAY ATLAPETES. Buarremon pallidiceps Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 11, p. 2, Oct., 1900— "Ona," Ecuador (type, from Guishapa, Ona, Prov. Azuay, in British Mu- seum, examined). Pogonospiza pallidiceps Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108, 1912— Ona, Ecuador (ex Sharpe). Range. — Arid Subtropical zone of southern Ecuador (Guishapa, Ona, Prov. Azuay). Atlapetes albiceps (Taczanowski).2 WHITE-HEADED ATLAPETES. Buarremon albiceps Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 533, 1884 — Paucal, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (type in Raimondi Collection, now in Lima Museum). Pogonospiza albiceps Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108, 1912— Paucal, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 636, 1926— Casanga, Ecuador, and Paletillas (Piura), Peru (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical and Subtropical zones of southwestern Ecuador (Casanga, Prov. Loja) and northwestern Peru (Paletillas, Piura; Paucal, Cajamarca). *Atlapetes nation! nation! (Sclater). NATION'S ATLAPETES. Pipilo mystacalis (not Buarremon mystacalis Taczanowski) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 521 — Ninarupa, Dept. Junin, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927). Buarremon nationi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 485, pi. 46 — western Cordillera of Peru above Lima (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 533, 1884 — Ninarupa and Andes above Lima. Pyrgisoma nationi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 736, 1888 — western Cordillera of Peru. 1 Atlapetes pallidiceps (Sharpe) appears to be perfectly distinct, though it may prove to be conspecific with A. albiceps, which unfortunately is not available for comparison. The three specimens secured by P. O. Simons in May near Ofta (alt. 6,000 ft.) are very much alike and differ from a series of A. n. nationi by decidedly slenderer, basally more constricted bill and much shorter, slenderer tarsi. The coloration, too, is quite different. The top and sides of the head are dingy white to pale smoke gray with a pale brown streak through the eye, a brown spot on the forehead, and some brownish mottling on the hind crown; back and wing coverts lighter, more brownish; an extensive alar speculum white; entire under surface milky white, only the inner flanks shaded with smoke gray and the under tail coverts with pale buffy. Wing (males), 76, 77, 81; tail, 78, 78, 84; bill, 15-16. A. albiceps, according to Taczanowski, resembles A. nationi on the under parts, but like A. pallidiceps has a white alar speculum. * Atlapetes albiceps (Taczanowski) is probably but a northern representative of Nation's Atlapetes, its chief distinguishing character being the partly white pileum, the presence of a white alar speculum, and the shorter tail. While in typical nationi the ground color is dark brown, the presence of a varying number of intermixed white feathers on the head strongly suggests close affinity. 412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremdn matucanensis Brabourne and Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 35, p. 20, Nov., 1914 — Matucana, above Lima, Peru (type in British Museum examined). Atlapetes nationi nationi Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 477, 1930 — Matucana, Peru (crit.). Pogonospiza mystacalis Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108, 1912— Peru (Ninarupa, Junin; "Lima"). Range. — Arid Subtropical and Temperate zones of western Peru, in depts. of Lima and Junin.1 3: Peru (Matucana, Lima, 3). Atlapetes nationi brunneiceps (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).2 BROWN-HEADED ATLAPETES. Pogonospiza mystacalis brunneiceps Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 67, Sept., 1906 — Pauza and Coracora, Dept. Ayacucho, Peru (type, from Pauza, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 177, 1927); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1108, 1912— Ayacucho (Pauza, Coracora). Range. — Arid Subtropical and Temperate zones of southwestern Peru (Pauza and Coracora, Dept. Ayacucho). *Atlapetes brunnei-nucha brunnei-nucha (Lafresnaye). CHESTNUT-CAPPED ATLAPETES. Embernagra brunnei-nucha Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 97, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of C. Brelay, Bordeaux).3 1 We have no material from Junin, but birds from Lima (nationi-matuca- nensis) agree perfectly with Sclater's description and figure. The number of white feathers on top and sides of the head varies considerably in different individuals from the same locality. Specimens from Lima measure as follows: wing, 77 (female) to 87 (male); tail, 76-88; bill, 15-16. Additional material examined. — Peru, Dept. Lima: Matucana, 2; Andes above Lima, 2; San Mateo, 2; Surco, 2. * Atlapetes nationi brunneiceps (Berlepsch and Stolzmann): Similar to A. n. nationi, but above much paler; pileum lighter and more reddish, snuff brown rather than mummy brown; lores, cheeks, and auriculars much less blackish, hair brown instead of clove brown, with a varying amount of white feathers; back, wing coverts, and rump light hair brown rather than between mouse gray and deep mouse gray; chin spot, though not larger, more solidly black; malar stripe and throat decidedly buffy instead of nearly pure white; gray of chest on average paler. Wing, 81-87; tail, 78-87; bill, 15-16^. This seems to be a good race. Though the color of the pileum varies to some extent, Ayacucho birds, when compared to a small series from Matucana, have^ the head conspicuously paler, less blackish, and differ by several other minor characters. I fail, however, to find any divergency in the length of the bill. Material examined. — Peru: Coracora, 5. 1 Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 393, 1930) lists a specimen from "Bogota" in the Lafresnaye Collection as type. However, this can hardly be correct, since Lafresnaye described the species from a Mexican example in the collection of Charles Brelay at Bordeaux. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 413 Tanagra (Embernagra) brunnei-nucha Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 68, 1840 —Santa F6 de Bogota. Arremon frontalis Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 289, 1844— Peru (type in Neuchfitel Museum); idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Orn., p. 212, pi. 19, fig. 2, 1846 — eastern wood region between 8° and 9° lat. south and Jaen de Bracamoras, Peru. Buarremon brunneinucha(us) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 484, 1850— Mexico, Colombia, and Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855— Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 85, 1856— part, Mexico, Guate- mala, Bogota, and Peru (monog.); idem, I.e., 26, pp. 72, 303, 1858— Rio Napo, Ecuador, and La Parada, Oaxaca, Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 364, 377, 1859— vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Teotalcingo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 15 — Guatemala; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 414, 1860— Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862— Bogota, Jalapa, and Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170— Dota, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 140— Santiago and Cordillera de Tote, Veraguas; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, Turrialba, Dota, GrScia); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869 — Costa Rica; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 549, 1869 — temperate and alpine regions of Vera Cruz;Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.Lond.,1870,p. 189— Calo- vevora, Veraguas, and Volcan de Chiriquf; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 515— Ropaybamba, Peru; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 56— Costa Rica (Cartago, Navarro, Rancho Redondo); Taczanowski, I.e., 1879, p. 228— Tambillo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 504 — Concordia, Medellin, and Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 197 — Cutervo, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 15 — Tamiapampa, Peru; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 495, 1882— Irazu, Costa Rica (habits); Tac- zanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 529, 1884— Peruvian localities; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 319, 1884 (excl. Venezuela); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 84— Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 258, 1886 — part, spec, a-m, p-w, Mexico (Jalapa), Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Vera Paz), Costa Rica (Dota, Irazu), Veraguas (Santiago, Cordillera de Tote, Calovevora), Panama (Volcan de Chiriquf), Colombia ("Bogota," Santa Elena, "Pasto"), and Ecuador (Rio Napo); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 141, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887 — Costa Rica (Cartago, El Zarcero de Alaju&a, Santa Maria de Dota, Volcan de Irazu, Rio Sucio) ; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 347— Garita del Sol, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 28, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 20, 1899— La Concepci6n and Niebli, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 470 — western Coraz6n, Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 465, 1901 (monog., excl. of Venezuela); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 69, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqul; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Ornis, 13, pp. 83, 111, 1906— Idma and Rio Cadena, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 218, 1907— above 414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Tecpam, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 898, 1910— highlands of Costa Rica (descr. of immature, nest, and eggs); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1117 — Pueblo Rico, Colombia; Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 2, p. 9, 1911 — Cueva Seca, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 470, 1912 — part, Mexico to Peru; Piguet, Me"m. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 808, 1914— Medellin, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 577, 1917— Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, Cerro Munchique, La Florida, Ricaurte, Miraflores, Salento, Santa Elena, El Eden, La Candela, La Sierra, Andalucia, Fusuga- suga, and Buena Vista, Colombia; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 114, 1921 — Idma, San Miguel Bridge, and Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru; Lonn- berg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— road to Nanegal, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 246, 1923 (monog., excl. of Venezuela); idem, I.e., 55, p. 635, 1926— Mindo, Santa Rosa, El Chiral, Zaruma, Salvias, Zamora, Macas region, lower Sumaco, San Jose de Sumaco, lower Sardinas, Baeza, and below Oyacachi, Ecuador; Griscom, I.e., 64, p. 370, 1932 — Volcan San Lucas and Tecpam, Guate- mala; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932— Mera, Rio Pastaza, Ecuador; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 421, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; idem, I.e., 78, p. 382, 1935 — Panama. Buarremon brunneinuchiis brunneinuchus Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz. Atlapetes brunneinucha Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 341, 1932 — San Juancito, Honduras. Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Mexico (in states of Vera Cruz, Mexico, Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chiapas) and south through Central America to Colombia (excepting Santa Marta region), Ecuador (excepting the Chimbo-Chanchan river system), and Peru.1 26: Mexico (Misantla, Vera Cruz, 1); Honduras (mountains west of San Pedro, 1); Guatemala (San Marcos, Volcan de Taju- mulco, 8; Santa Elena, Chimaltenango, 2; near Tecpam, 3); Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, 1; Volcan de Turrialba, 3); Panama (Boquete, Chiriqui, 1); Colombia (Paramo de Tama, 2; San Antonio, Cauca, 1; Rio Lima, 1; Bogota, 2). *Atlapetes brunnei-nucha xanthogenys (Cabanis).2 VENEZU- ELAN CHESTNUT-CAPPED ATLAPETES. 1 Like Dr. Chapman, I am unable to separate South American birds from those of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, though they may have — on average — slightly less grayish suffusion underneath. Additional material examined. — Mexico: Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba), 4. — Honduras: San Pedro, 2; Volcan de Puca, 2. — Costa Rica: Villa Quesada,, 2. — Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 5. — Colombia: Pueblo Rico, 1; "Bogota," 10.-1 Ecuador: Mindo, 1; Banos, 2; Corazon, 3. — Peru: Garita del Sol, 1; Santa Ana, 1; Rio Cadena, 1; Chuhuasi, near Ollachea, Carabaya, 4. 2 Atlapetes brunnei-nucha xanthogenys (Cabanis) differs from the nominate race by longer, slenderer bill and whiter under parts, the grayish suffusion below the black jugular band and on the sides of the body being more restricted. This form is perhaps not worthy of recognition. Although large series from Venezuela are very constant in their characters, certain Colombian and Peruvian 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 415 Buarremon xanthogenys Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 141, Oct., 1851 — Caracas, Venezuela (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Hal- berstadt, Germany). Buarremon brunneinuchus(a) (not Embernagra brunnei-nucha Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 85, 1856 — part, Caracas; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 627 — Caracas; idem, I.e., 1875, p. 234 — upper wood region of Me'rida, Venezuela; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 258, 1886 — part, spec, n, o, Me'rida and Caracas, Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 465, 1901— part, Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Congr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912— part, Venezuela ("Puerto Cabello," Caracas, Me'rida); Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 66, 1912— Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 246, 1923— part, Venezuela. Buarremon brunneinucha xanthogenys Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 203, 1924 — Galipan and Silla de Caracas, Venezuela (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of Venezuela, from the Caracas region west to Me'rida. 1: Venezuela (Me'rida, 1). Atlapetes brunnei-nucha inornatus (Sclater and Salvin).1 WHITE-BREASTED ATLAPETES. Buarremon inornatus Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, (4), 3, p. 427, 1879 — Pallatanga and "Jima," Ecuador (type, from Pallatanga, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 291 — Cayandeled, Ecuador (spec, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 259, 1886— Pallatanga and "Jima"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 253, 1923— Chimbo-Chanchan river system of western Ecuador (monog.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 635, 1926 — Pagma Forest, junction of Chanchan and Chiguancay, Rios Coco and Chimbo, and Pallatanga. specimens cannot be distinguished in color, and even the shape of the bill is largely bridged by individual variation. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 14; Silla de Caracas, 4; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 19; Me'rida region (El Valle, Culata, etc.), 10. 1 Atlapetes brunnei-nucha inornatus (Sclater and Salvin): Similar to A. b. brunnei-nucha, but somewhat smaller; the under parts whiter (more like A. b. xanthogenys), and the black pectoral band either absent or but faintly suggested laterally. Wing (male), 74-78; tail, 72-75. This is clearly a local race of A. brunnei-nucha with a peculiarly restricted range in the Chimbo-Chanchan river system. Dr. Chapman has so exhaustively dealt with its affinities and variation that we need not dwell on this subject further. The specimen from Cayandeled, which we have examined in the Berlepsch Collec- tion, has a rather white belly and just a few half-concealed black spots on the sides of the chest, being thus inornatus as to color-characters. In dimensions (wing, 82 ; tail, 79), however, it agrees with brunnei-nucha,, and it is hard to say whether it should be classed as a mutational variant of the nominate race, or as an excep- tionally large individual of inornatus. Material examined. — Ecuador: Pallatanga, 2; Porvenir, 1; Cayandeled, 1. 416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremon brunneinuchus (not Embernagra brunnei-nucha Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 138, 1859— Pallatanga. Buarremon brunneinucha inornatus Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912 — western Ecuador. Range. — Subtropical zone in the Chimbo-Chanchan river system of western Ecuador, in provinces of Chimborazo (Pallatanga; Cayan- deled; junction of Chanchan and Chiguancay rivers; Pagma Forest; Rio Chimbo) and Bolivar (Porvenir). Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps (Bonaparte).1 GREEN-STRIPED ATLAPETES. Buarremon virenticeps Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 41, p. 657, 1855 — Mexico (location of type not stated); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 85, 1856 — Mexico (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862 — Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 319, 1884— southern Mexico; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 257, 1886— La Puebla, Puebla; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 467, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912 — southern Mexico; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 266, 1923— southern Mexico (crit.). Range. — Southern parts of Mexican tableland, in states of Jalisco (San Sebastian),2 Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Morelos (Huitzilac), Puebla (La Puebla), Mexico (Amecameca, City of Mexico), and Guanajuato.3 *Atlapetes torquatus costaricensis (Bangs).4 COSTA RICAN ATLAPETES. Buarremon costaricensis Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 310, 1907 — Boruca, Barranca, and Lagarto, Costa Rica (type, from Boruca, in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, 1 Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps (Bonaparte), though readily distinguished from the more southern forms by greenish-yellow postocular streak, decidedly grayish breast, and yellowish green posterior portion of the median crown-stripe, is clearly the northern representative of the torquatus-assimilis group, in which certain primitive characters have been retained. Its resemblance to the juvenile plumage of costaricensis and assimilis is strongly suggestive of this explanation. 2 Specimens from Jalisco (Sierra Nevada de Colima) have the supra-auricular stripe frequently, though not always, somewhat brighter and more yellowish. They have been named Buarremon virenticeps colimae van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 125, July 13, 1938). 3 An additional race has been described from north of Santa Lucia, Sinaloa, northwestern Mexico, as B. virenticeps verecundus Moore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 51, p. 70, May 19, 1938). * Atlapetes torquatus costaricensis (Bangs): Closely similar to A. t. assimilis, but with larger (both longer and stouter) bill; the white marking at the base of the bill usually absent, and the supraloral streak gray instead of white. Wing, 81-86, (female) 78-81; tail, 76-80, (female) 72-75; bill, 18-19. Nine specimens from Boruca, Costa Rica, examined. No representative of this group has yet been found in the countries between southern Mexico and southwestern Costa Rica. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 417 now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 393, 1930); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 897, 1910— P6zo Azul de Pirrls, El General de TSrraba, and Boruca, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912— Costa Rica. Buarremon assimilis costaricensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 263, 1923— Costa Rica (crit.). Buarremon assimilisC!) (not Tanagra assimilis Boissonneau) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868— Guaitil, Costa Rica (crit.); Frant- zius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 308— Costa Rica (crit.). Buarremon assimilis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 318, 1884— part, Guaitil, Costa Rica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 257, 1886— part, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893— Boruca and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 468, 1901— part, Costa Rica. Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica, north to the Rio Grande de Pirris. 3: Costa Rica (Boruca, 2; Buenos Aires, 1). *Atlapetes torquatus assimilis (Boissonneau). BOISSONNEAU'S ATLAPETES. Tanagra (Arremon Vieillot; Embernagra Lesson) assimilis Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 67, 1840— Santa Fe" de Bogota, Colombia (location of type unknown).1 Buarremon assimilis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 484, 1850 — Colombia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 155, 1855 — Bogota; idem, I.e., 24, p. 85, 1856 — Bogota and western declivity of the Andes near Quito (monog.); idem, I.e., 27, p. 441, 1859 — Rio Napo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 76, 1860— Lloa, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862— Bogota, Venezuela, and "Pallatanga" ; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 234— Me>ida, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 504 — Medellin and Santa Elena, Colombia; Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 196 — Cutervo and Callacate, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 15 — Chachapoyas, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 531, 1884 — part, Cutervo, Callacate, and Chachapoyas, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 291— Cechce, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 84— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 257, 1886— Venezuela, Colombia (Bogota, Medellin), Ecuador (Sical, "Quito"), and Peru (Cu- tervo, Callacate); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 71, 1889— Nono, Ecuador; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 19, 1899— Pun, "Nanegal," Niebli, and Coraz6n, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 470— Pichincha and Papallacta,' Ecuador; M6ne"gaux, Miss. Serv. G6ogr. Arm6e Mes. Arc M6rid. Equat., 9, p. B82, 1911— Pichincha, 1 Unlike the other species described by Boissonneau in the same paper, the type of the present one does not seem to have passed into the collection of F. de Lafresnaye, since it is not listed by Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, pp. 145-426, 1930). 418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Alaspungo, and Lloa, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912 — part, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (excl. Paucal); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 577, 1917— west of Popayan, Laguneta, Santa Isabel, Almaguer, El Pinon, and Chipaque, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— Chinquil (below Lloa) and below Nono, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928 — Cerro Mojanda and Aluguincho, Ecuador. Buarremon assimilis assimilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 262, 277, 1923— Colombia and Ecuador (monog.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 635, 1926— Ecuador (Hacienda Garzon, near Nono, Yanacocha, Verdecocha, Lloa, Corazon, Oyacachi, below Papallacta, above Baeza, upper Sumaco, and upper Rio Upano). Range. — Temperate zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta region), extreme western Venezuela (Sierra of Me"rida), Ecuador (except southwestern section), and northeastern Peru (Cutervo, Callacate, Chachapoyas, Molinopampa).1 6: Colombia (Coast Range west of Popayan, Cauca, 1; Bogota, 2); Ecuador (unspecified, 1); Peru (Molinopampa, 2). Atlapetes torquatus nigrifrons (Chapman).2 BLACK-FRONTED ATLAPETES. Buarremon assimilis nigrifrons Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 11, 1923— Las Pinas, Alamor Mts., Prov. Loja, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 263, 277, 1923— southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru (crit.); 1 Two specimens from Culata, Merida, agree well with a series of Bogota skins and others from Ecuador. Two birds from Molinopampa, Peru, also resemble those from more northern localities, especially in head-markings, but show some suggestion of a black pectoral band on the extreme sides of the breast. While this feature does not necessarily indicate intergradation to B. a. poliophrys, since similar individuals are occasionally also met with in Colombia (we have seen one from Bogota, and Chapman mentions another from Laguneta), it serves to strengthen the belief that too much importance has been placed on the presence or absence of the black pectoral band. This character certainly is of no more than subspecific value, and we have, therefore, no hesitation in merging torquatus and assimilis in one specific group. Additional material examined. — Venezuela; Culata, M6rida, 2. — Colombia: Bogota, 11; west of Popayan, 4; Laguneta, 3; Medellin, 1. — Ecuador: Pichincha, 5; Alaspungo, 1; Lloa, 3; below Nono, 2; Papallacta, 4; Banos, 4. 2 Atlapetes torquatus nigrifrons (Chapman): Similar to A. t. assimilis, but gray median crown stripe less extensive, not reaching the forehead, and black lateral stripes correspondingly larger; gray postocular streak less pronounced, sometimes nearly absent; bill slightly longer. Wing, 80-85; tail, 80-86; bill, 17M- Two specimens from Porto Velo exhibit the racial characters pointed out by Chapman. The reduction of the gray areas on the head seems to suggest an approach to the black-headed A. atricapillus. According to Chapman, specimens from Palambla, Pacific slope of the Andes in Piura, Peru, belong to the present race, and it may be assumed that the Paucal bird mentioned by Taczanowski refers here too. On the eastern side of the north Peruvian Andes it is probably replaced by A. t. assimilis, though no material has been available from the eastern slope of the western Cordillera (Callacate, Cutervo). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 419 idem, I.e., 55, p. 636, 1926— La Puente, Zaruma, Porto Velo, Punta Santa Ana, Las Pifias, Salvias, Guachanama, Guainche, Alamor, Cebollal, and Loja, Ecuador. Buarremon assimilis (not Tanagra assimilis Boissonneau) Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 531, 1884— part, Paucal, Peru; Berlepsch, Verhandl. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912 — part, Paucal, Peru. Range. — Subtropical zone of southwestern Ecuador and north- western Peru (Palambla, Piura; Paucal, Libertad). Atlapetes torquatus basilicus (Bangs).1 SANTA MARTA ATLAPETES. Buarremon basilicus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 159, 1898— Pueblo Viejo, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 392, 1930); idem, I.e., 13, p. 104, 1899— Chirua and San Francisco (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 167, 1900— Val- paraiso and El Libano; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912— Santa Marta region; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 523, 1922— El Libano, Cincinnati, San Lorenzo, Paramo de Mamarongo, Pueblo Viejo, and Heights of Chirua (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 270, 278, 1923 — Santa Marta Mountains (monog.). Range. — Subtropical zone of the Santa Marta Mountains, northern Colombia. Atlapetes torquatus phaeopleurus (Sclater). BUFFY-FLANKED ATLAPETES. Buarremon phaeopleurus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 85, July, 1856 — Caracas, Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 90, 1862 — Venezuela; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 256, 1886— Venezuela; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912— Venezuela (Monte La Pena and Rio Ma- me>a, Caracas); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 270, 278, 1923 — Caracas region (monog.). Buarremon lorquatus phaeopleurus Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 90, A, Heft 2, p. 202, 1924— Silla de Caracas and Galipan, Venezuela (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of north-central Venezuela (Caracas region).2 1 Atlapetes torquatus basilicus (Bangs): Closely allied to A. t. phaeopleurus, but back more brownish (between olive-citrine and medal-bronze); tail brownish fuscous, not olivaceous; superciliary streak gray, only in supra-loral portion inclining to whitish; flanks and under tail coverts more decidedly brownish. Size about the same. This race, of which we have examined several specimens from Valparaiso, is merely an intensely colored edition of the Caracas form, though the mainly gray instead of white superciliaries serve to separate it at a glance. 1 Material examined. — Venezuela: Caracas, 2; Silla de Caracas, 1; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, 2; Monte La Pena, 1; Rio Mamera, 1. 420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Atlapetes torquatus phygas (Berlepsch).1 BERLEPSCH'S VENE- ZUELAN ATLAPETES. Buarremon torquatus phygas Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1102, 1144, Feb., 1912— Los Palmales [Sucre], Venezuela (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum, examined); Chap- man, Amer. Mus. Novit., 191, p. 11, 1925— Carapas and Neverf, Vene- zuela (crit.). Buarremon phygas Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 271, 278, 1923 — Guacharo, Venezuela (monog.). Buarremon phaeopleurus exortus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 219, 1932 — La Elvecia, Sucre, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). Range.— Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones of northeastern Venezuela, in states of Sucre and Monagas (Los Palmales, El Gua- charo, La Elvecia, Carapas, Never!) . 7: Venezuela (Mount Turumiquire, Sucre, 7). *Atlapetes torquatus poliophrys (Berlepsch and Stolzmann).2 GRAY-BROWED ATLAPETES. Buarremon poliophrys Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 347 — Maraynioc, Dept. Junin, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1103, 1912 — Culumachay and Tambo de Aza, Maraynioc; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 271, 278, 1923— Maraynioc (monog.). Buarremon torquatus poliophrys Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 475, 1930 — mountains near Huanuco and Panao, Peru (crit.). Buarremon torquatus (not Embernagra torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 515 — Maraynioc; idem, Orn. Pe"r., 2, p. 530, 1884 — Maraynioc. Range. — Temperate zone of central Peru, in depts. of Huanuco and Junin. 4: Peru (Huanuco Mountains, Huanuco, 3; Panao Mountains, Huanuco, 1). 1 Atlapetes torquatus phygas (Berlepsch): Similar to A. t. phaeopleurus, but upper parts decidedly greenish (dark citrine) with the tail more dusky, less brown- ish; the gray sides and flanks tinged with greenish instead of with buffy brown; the under tail coverts greenish, without any buffy tone. Size about the same. This interesting race closely resembles the Bolivian A. t. torquatus in possessing an unfringed black pectoral collar, but differs by longer bill, duskier under surface of the tail, paler and more yellowish green crissum, and clearer grayish sides. Material examined. — Venezuela: Los Palmales, Sucre, 8. 2 Atlapetes torquatus poliophrys (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) is truly inter- mediate between assimilis and torquatus, combining the gray superciliaries of the former with the complete black pectoral collar of the latter. In other respects it is essentially like torquatus. Wing (adult female), 81; tail, 84; bill, 16. Additional material examined. — Peru: Maraynioc, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 421 Atlapetes torquatus torquatus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BLACK-COLLARED ATLAPETES. Embemagra torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 34, 1837 — Yungas, Bolivia (type, from Carcuata, in Paris Museum examined). Arremon affinis d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. MeYid., Ois., p. 282, pi. 27, fig. 1, 1839 — Carcuata, Prov. Yungas (new name for Embernagra torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). Buarremon torquata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 — "Gan- gas" = Yungas, Bolivia. Buarremon torquatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 84, 1856 — Yungas, Bolivia (monog.); idem and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 602— Bolivia (Carcuata, Ramosani, Tilotilo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 256, 1886— Ramosani and Tilotilo; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912 — part, Ramosani, Tilotilo, Carcuata, Chaco, Cillutincara, Unduavi, Sandillani, San Antonio; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 271, 278, 1923 — Yungas and Incachaca (Cochabamba), Bolivia (monog.). Buarremon torquatus torquatus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 4, 1925 — Bolivia (crit.). Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of northwestern Bolivia (depts. of La Paz and western Cochabamba).1 Atlapetes torquatus fimbriatus (Chapman).2 WHITE-FRINGED ATLAPETES. Buarremon fimbriatus Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 11, April 11, 1923 — Tujma (alt. 8,200 ft.), near Mizque, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 271, 278, 1923— Tujma (monog.). 1 Individual variation in this form is comparatively small. The white super- ciliaries never extend to the base of the bill, while the black pectoral collar, though usually uniform, sometimes shows traces of white fringing. Material examined. — Bolivia: Carcuata, 1 (the type); Chulumani, 1; San- dillani, 5; Chaco, La Paz, 2; San Antonio, 1; Cillutincara, 1; Unduavi, 1. 1 Atlapetes torquatus fimbriatus (Chapman): Similar to A. t. torquatus, but white superciliaries reaching very nearly to the base of the bill; back somewhat more tawny; outer webs of rectrices like the back, not dusky or blackish; black pectoral band conspicuously margined with white; bill smaller. Wing (female), 78-80; tail, 77-84; bill, 14. This is truly a connecting link between A. t. torquatus and A. t. borellii, but much nearer the latter. On comparing three females from Tujma with three specimens of the same sex from Jujuy, I find complete agreement in all essential characters with the exception that the Bolivian birds have a distinct black, white- edged collar totally absent in the Argentine specimens. This black crescent, how- ever, varies somewhat in extent and development, and the gap separating the Tujma birds from borellii is very nearly bridged by an adult male from Santa Ana, Bolivia, in which the feathers of the pectoral collar have merely some isolated subapical spots of black. This specimen is somewhat larger (wing, 84; tail, 86; bill, 15), doubtless owing to its being a male. Material examined. — Bolivia: Tujma, near Mizque, 3; Santa Ana, near Valle Grande, 1. 422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremon torquatus (not Embernagra tor quota Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912— part, Santa Ana, Bolivia. Buarremon borelli (not B. borellii Salvadori) Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912 — part, Santa Ana, Bolivia (spec. examined). Buarremon torquatus borellii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 4, 1925 — part, Santa Ana, Bolivia. Range. — Subtropical zone of central Bolivia, in eastern Cocha- bamba (Tujma, near Mizque) and western Santa Cruz (Santa Ana, near Valle Grande). Atlapetes torquatus borellii (Salvadori).1 BORELLI'S ATLAPETES. Buarremon borellii Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 6, 1897 — San Lorenzo, Jujuy, Argentina (type in Turin Museum); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 395, l£>10 — San Lorenzo. Buarremon torquatus borelli Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1102, 1912— part, Jujuy (San Lorenzo). Buarremon borelli Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Y., 48, p. 266, 1923— San Lorenzo, Jujuy (crit.). Buarremon torquatus borellii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 4 (in text), 1925 — part, San Francisco, Jujuy (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of northwestern Argentina, in Province of Jujuy (San Lorenzo; San Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua). * Atlapetes atricapillus2 atricapillus (Lawrence). LAWRENCE'S BLACK-HEADED ATLAPETES. Buarremon atricapillus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 396, 1874 — "Bogota," Colombia (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 259, 1886— Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1104, 1912— "Bogota"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 578, 1917— La Frijolera (eastern slope of western Andes) and west of Honda, Colombia. 1 Atlapetes torquatus borellii (Salvadori): Precisely like A. t. fimbriatus, but without trace of the black, white-fringed pectoral band. Wing (female), 75-81; tail, 74-82; bill, 14^-15. Material examined. — Argentina, Jujuy: San Francisco, Cerro de Calilegua (alt. 1,500 metr.), Dept. Valle Grande, 3. 2 Atlapetes alricapillus, in general aspect, is so similar to A. t. assimilis that one is tempted to suspect conspecific affinity. Its chief differences are the larger, thicker bill with more decurved culmen, and the solid black color of the head with- out median or superciliary stripes. The value of the color characters is, however, lessened by the occasional suggestion of a white supraloral streak in the typical race, and the distinguishing features of the Panama form (tacarcunae), which mark a decided step in the direction of A. t. assimilis. The range of A. a. atri- capillus, which is sometimes met with in native Bogotd collections, is, however, so incompletely known that it is at present better kept as a separate species. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 423 Buarremon atricapillus atricapillus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 265, 277, 1923 — La Frijolera and west of Honda, Colombia (monog.). Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (La Frijolera, east slope of western Andes; west of Honda, central Andes). 1: Colombia (Bogota, 1). Atlapetes atricapillus tacarcunae (Chapman).1 TACARCUNA BLACK-HEADED ATLAPETES. Buarremon atricapillus tacarcunae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 67, p. 11, 1923 — Mount Tacarcuna, eastern Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, pp. 265, 277, 1923 — Mount Tacarcuna (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 185, 1929— Cana, Darien. Range. — Subtropical zone of eastern Panama (Mount Tacar- cuna and Cana, Darien). Genus LYSURUS Ridgway Lysurus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 225, July, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Buarremon crassirostris Cassin. Lysurus crassirostris (Cassin). BARRANCA SPARROW. Buarremon crassirostris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170 — Barranca, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 140, pi. 14 — Santiago de Veraguas and Cordillera de Tol6, Veraguas (crit.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 101, 1868— Barranca, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 188— Cordillera del Chucu, Veraguas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr. Amer., Aves, 1, p. 323, 1884— Costa Rica (Barranca) and Veraguas (Santiago, Cordillera de Tole, Cordillera del Chucu); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 262, 1886 — Costa Rica (Buena Vista) and Veraguas (Cordillera de Tole", Cordi- llera del Chucu); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 110, 1887— Rio Sucio, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 11, p. 540, 1888 — Rio Sucio, Costa Rica. Lysurus crassirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 458, 1901 — Costa Rica and Veraguas (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 69, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 900, 1910 — Costa Rica (La Lagunaria de Dota, La Hondura, Carrfllo, Cariblanco, Cachl, Volcan de Turrialba, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1104, 1912 — Costa Rica to Veraguas. Buarremon mesoxanthus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 72 — Veraguas (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum). 1 Atlapetes atricapillus tacarcunae (Chapman) : Differs from the nominate race by having a gray postocular streak, a more or less developed gray vertical stripe, and a thicker, on average longer bill. We are not acquainted with this seemingly well-marked race. 424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Subtropical and upper Tropical zones of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas).1 Lysurus castaneiceps2 (Sclater). CHESTNUT-CAPPED SPARROW. Buarremon castaneiceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 441, 1859 — Rio Napo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 28, p. 86, 1860— Nanegal, Ecuador; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 505 — Frontino, upper Rio Sucio, Colombia (eggs descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 261, 1886— Ecuador (Rio Napo, Nanegal) and Colombia (Frontino). Lysurus castaneiceps Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me'rid. Equat., 9, p. B82, 1911— Oyacachi, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1104, 1912 — Colombia (Frontino), Ecuador (Rio Napo, Nanegal), and Peru (Marcapata); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 574, 1917— western Andes of Colombia (Novita Trail, Cocal, Gallera); idem, I.e., 55, p. 631, 1926— lower Sumaco and Macas region, Ecuador. Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (western Andes), Ecuador (both slopes), and southeastern Peru (Marcapata, Dept. Cuzco). Genus ARREMON Vieillot Arremon Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 32, April, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Oiseau Silencieux" Buffon=Tanagra taciturna Hermann. *Arremon taciturnus taciturnus (Hermann). PECTORAL SPARROW. Tanagra taciturna Hermann, Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 214 (note), 1783 — based upon "L'Oiseau Silentieux" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 304, and Dauben- ton, PI. Enl., pi. 742; Cayenne (cf. Stresemann, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 328, 1920). Tanagra silens Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 46, Dec., 1783 — based upon Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 742, Cayenne; Wied, Reise Bras., 2, p. 148, 1821— Rio Catole", southern Bahia; idem, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 507, 1830— eastern Brazil. Arremon torquatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 2, p. 549, 1816— primarily based upon Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 742; "Guiane";3 Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 1, (2), p. 105, pi. 78, circa 1820— Cayenne;3 Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862 — Brazil. 1 Birds from Chiriqui (Boquete) appear to agree with a Costa Rican series. 2 Lysurus castaneiceps, a very rare bird in collections, may turn out to be merely a geographical representative of the genotype, from which it differs chiefly by uniform dusky gray throat and absence of yellow on the belly. With only a single Ecuadorian specimen before me, I am not in the position to pass a definite judgment on its taxonomic rank. Years ago, I saw in the Berlepsch Collection an example collected by Otto Garlepp in the Marcapata Valley, Peru, of wnat appeared to be the present species, though direct comparison with topotypical material was not possible at the time. Material examined. — Ecuador: Lower Sumaco, 1. 1 The birds described by Azara, which Vieillot believed to be of the same species, are different. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 425 Arremon silens Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 677, 1849— Roraima; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 487, 1850— Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 221, 1856— Bahia and Para; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 80, 1856— Cayenne, Rio Capim, and "southeastern" Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862 — Para, Cayenne, and "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 572— Rio Capim, Para; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 216, 1870— Goyaz City, Engenho do Gama (Matto Grosso), Manaos, and Serra Carauman (Rio Branco), Brazil (spec, examined); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380 — Para; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 212 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merum6 Mountains, Camacusa, Atapurau River, Roraima); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 273, 1886— Cayenne, Oyapock, Bartica Grove, Camacusa, Atapurau River, MerumS Mts., Roraima, Maroni River (Surinam), Rio Capim, Pernambuco, Bahia, and "Trinidad"; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 23, 1902— Orinoco River (Maipures) and Caura Valley (Suapur6, La Pricion, Nicare, La Uni6n), Venezuela; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 363, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Me"ne"gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 182, 1904 — Saint Georges d'Oyapock, French Guiana; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 275, 1905— Igarap6-Assu, Para; idem, I.e., 13, p. 358, 1906— Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 386, 1907 — Bahia and Rio Doce, Espirito Santo (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 295, 1907 — Para, Santo Antonio, and Cussary, Brazil; idem, I.e., 56, p. 499, 1908 — Ilha Campinho, Rio Tapajoz; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 30, 1908— Rio Thesouras and Goyaz, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, pp. 117, 317, 1908 — Cayenne, Ipousin (Approuague River), and St. Georges d'Oyapock, French Guiana; Reiser, Denies. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 83, 1910— Santa Maria and Matinha, Piauhy; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 279, 1910 — Allianca and Jamarysinho, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 13, 87, 1912 — Ipitinga and Peixe-Boi, Para (Para localities); Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1105, 1912 (range); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 458, 1914— Para, Providencia, Santa Isabel, Quati-puru, Santo Antonio, Rio Tocantins (Cameta, Baiao, I. Bocca do Manapiri, Arumatheua), Cussary, Tamucury, Rio Tapaj6z (Boim, Campinho), Rio Jamauchim (Tucunare), and Obidos, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 197, 1916— Maipures (Orinoco) and Caura, Venezuela; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 136, 1917— Bartica; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 93, 1918— Paramaribo and Lelydorp, Surinam; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 — Belmonte to Ilh&>s, southern Bahia; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 42, 60, 1926— Serra do Ibiapaba, Ceara; Anil, Sao Bento, and Tury-assu, Maranhao; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 174, 1928— Para. Arremon taciturnus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 469, 1921 — Mount Roraima, Ituribisci River, Bartica, Camacabra Creek, Bonasika, Makauria River, Abary River, Anarica River, and Tiger Creek. Arremon taciturnus taciturnus Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 288, 1929— Maranhao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Grajahu, Fazenda 426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Inhuma) and Ceara (Varzea Formosa, Serra de Baturite"); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 361, 1930— Utiarity and Campos Novos, Matto Grosso; Chapman, I.e., 63, p. 122, 1931— Roraima (Paulo and Arabupu). Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela (Orinoco-Caura basin); northern and eastern Brazil, west to the Rio Negro (Manaos) and the Rio Madeira, south to Espirito Santo, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso.1 8: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 1); Brazil (Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Grajahu, Maranhao, 1; Inhuma, Alto Parnahyba, Maranhao, 1; Varzea Formosa, Ceara, 1; Serra Baturite", Ceara, 1; Utinga, Para, 1). Arremon taciturnus nigrirostris Sclater.2 BLACK-BILLED SPARROW. Arremon nigrirostris Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 276, 1886 — Cosni- pata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in British Museum); Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Ornis, 13, p. Ill, 1906 — Chontapunco and Huaynapata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— Peru (Cosnipata, Huaynapata) and Bolivia (San Mateo, Songo). Arremon silensC!) (not Tanagra silens Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 185, 187 — Cosnipata, Peru. Arremon taciturnus nigrirostris Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 32, 1920 — San Gaban, Chaquimayo, and Yahuarmayo, Sierra of Carabaya, Peru (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and northern Puno) and northern Bolivia (Songo, Dept. La Paz; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba). 1 1 cannot satisfactorily separate birds from eastern Brazil, though I have yet to see from Guiana or Amazonia specimens with such an extensive grayish suf- fusion across chest and along flanks as is the case in some individuals from Bahia. Other differences I am unable to perceive. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2; Ipousin, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 3; River Atapurau, 1; Merume Mts., 1; Roraima, 2. — Venezuela: Maipures, 1; Munduapo, 1; Caura, 6. — Brazil: Para region, 10; Serra Carauman, Rio Branco, 1; Manaos, 3; Jamarysinho, Rio Machados, 1; Engenho do Gama, Matto Grosso, 1; Goyaz City, Goyaz, 6; Matinha, Piauhy, 1; Santa Maria, Piauhy, 1; Bahia, 11. 2 Arremon taciturnus nigrirostris Sclater: Agreeing with the nominate race in all essential characters, viz., wholly black bill, black chin-spot, and white super- ciliaries reaching nearly to the base of the bill, but adult male with only a black spot on each side of the neck (in lieu of a continuous black jugular band), and female without trace of a dusky crescent on the foreneck. Wing, 76-80, (female) 74-T5; tail, 64-67, (female) 58-60; bill, 14-15. Material examined. — Peru, Dept. Puno, Sierra of Carabaya: San Gaban, 6; Chaquimayo, 1; Yahuarmayo, 1. — Bolivia: Songo, Dept. La Paz, 2; San Mateo, Dept. Cochabamba, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 427 * Arremon taciturnus axillaris Sclater.1 YELLOW-SHOULDERED SPARROW. Arremon axillaris Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 97, pub. April 5, 1855 — "in Nova Grenada" (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 23, p. 154, 1855 — "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 82, 1856— "Bogota" (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862— "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 277, 1886— "Bogota"; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— "Bogota"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 574, 1917— Villavicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Villa- vicencio, eastern base of eastern Andes). 1: Colombia (Bogota, 1). Arremon taciturnus semitorquatus Swainson.2 HALF- COLLARED SPARROW. Arremon semitorquatus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 357, Dec. 31, 1837 — Brazil3 (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cam- bridge, Eng.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850— Brazil; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 82, 1856— South Brazil (monog.); idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862— southern Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 217, 1870— Ypanema, Sao Paulo; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 84, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 277, 1886 — Nova Friburgo, Rio; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 120, 1899 — Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 155, 1899— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Iguape") and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); idem, I.e., 4, p. 153, 1900— Cantagallo and 1 Arremon taciturnus axillaris Sclater: Similar to A. t. semitorquatus in yellow lower mandible, and in having a large black patch on each side of the lower neck, but with lesser upper wing coverts and bend of the wing bright yellow. This bird, of which the only recorded exact locality is Villavicencio, at the eastern base of the east Colombian Andes, is frequently met with in native "Bogota" collections. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 10. * Arremon taciturnus semitorquatus Swainson: Similar to A. t. taciturnus, but with the lower mandible yellow, the lesser upper wing coverts nearly the same color as the back instead of bright yellow, and the black jugular band interrupted in the middle. The black chin-spot is just as well-marked, and the white super- ciliaries extend as far towards the base of the bill as in A. t. taciturnus. Individual variation in the series examined clearly indicates conspecific relationship to the black-billed form found north of Rio de Janeiro. Certain specimens show a slight yellowish tinge on the carpal edge of the wing, while the black jugular band is very nearly confluent in the middle. The latter feature is especially developed in two adults from the Serra dos Orgaos, and a male from S5o Paulo (Ypanema) also runs very close in that respect. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 6; Petropolis, 1. — Sao Paulo: Iguap4; Ypanema, 6. 1 Rio de Janeiro suggested as type locality by Berlepsch (Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912). 428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 386, 1907— Sao Paulo (Piquete, Estacao Rio Grande); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— Nova Friburgo, Rio. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Brazil, from Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo). *Arremon schlegeli Bonaparte.1 SCHLEGEL'S FINCH. Arremon schlegeli Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850— "ex Amer. merid." = Caracas, Venezuela (type in Leyden Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 83, 1856 — Santa Marta and Cartagena, Colombia, and Caracas, Venezuela (monog.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140— Cartagena; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862— Santa Marta; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 121— Minca, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 279, 1886— Caracas and Minca; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 140, 178, 1898— Santa Marta, Palomina, and San Miguel, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 313, 1899— La Popa, Cartagena, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 167, 1900 — Bonda, Minca, Onaca, and Val- paraiso, Colombia; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1107, 1912— northern Colombia (Santa Marta, Bonda, Minca, Car- tagena) and Venezuela (Caracas); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 525, 1922— La Conception, Chirua, Onaca, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Agua Dulce, Minca, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo, and La Tigrera, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit., habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 420, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. Range. — Tropical (and lower Subtropical) zone of northern Venezuela (Caracas) and northern Colombia west to Cartagena. 2: Colombia (Turbaco, Bolivar, 2). Arremon flavirostris2 flavirostris Swainson.3 SWAINSON'S PECTORAL FINCH. 1 Arremon schlegeli Bonaparte is perhaps more nearly related to the A. flaviros- tris group than to any other species. It differs, however, very markedly by the reddish bill with merely a black spot at the base of the culmen, and wholly black pileum without any trace of white superciliaries. The broad gray, anteriorly whitish nuchal collar, in abrupt contrast to the yellowish green mantle, forms another characteristic feature. A single adult obtained by Levraud near Caracas, the only one from Venezuela we have seen, is not different from others of the Santa Marta region. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Caracas, 1. — Colombia: Minca, 2; Bonda, 2; "Santa Marta," 2; Cartagena, 1. 2 Arremon flavirostris, in spite of its superficial resemblance, is quite distinct specifically from A. taciturnus, races of both groups occurring side by side in parts of Brazil (Bahia and Matto Grosso). Its principal characters are the absence of the black mental spot and the coloration of the bill, the latter being wholly orange except for the blackish upper surface of the culmen. Besides, in the typical forrii and the two gray-backed races, the white superciliaries commence above the eye (while in A. taciturnus they are carried forward above the lores to within a short distance from the base of the bill), and the gray vertical stripe is barely suggested. 1 Arremon flavirostris flavirostris Swainson resembles in every particular the better known A. f. polionotus and merely differs by having the dorsal surface from 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 429 Arremon flavirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 347, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil," we suggest interior of Bahia (type in coll. of W. Swainson) j1 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 81, 1856— "Cameta" [Rio Tocantins], Brazil (monog.; spec, in Berlin Museum examined); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 222, 1856— "Cameta," Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 274, 1886— "Cameta"; Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, 6, p. 8, 1890 — Santa Maria, "in Goyaz"-two days' journey south of Monte Alegre, Prov. Araguary, Minas Geraes (spec, in Berlin Museum ex- amined); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 421— Lag5a Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 386, 1907— Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal, Barretos, Bebedouro, Rio Feio, Bauru);2 Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1105, 1144, 1912 — "Cameta," Bahia, "Goyaz" (Santa Maria), Minas Geraes (Sete Lagoas), and Sao Paulo (Bebedouro); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 458, 1914— "Cameta." Arremon wuchereri Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., pp. 25, 157, 1873 — Bahia (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 278, pi. 17, 1886— Bahia; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 265, 1902— Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 313, 1906 (crit., range). Arremon affinis (not of d'Orbigny) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 223, 1856— Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes (descr. of young; spec, in Halle Museum examined). the nape to the tail coverts olive-green instead of gray. In another connection (Nov. Zool., 13, p. 313, 1906) we had already hinted at the apparent identity of A. wuchereri (from Bahia) and A. flavirostris, and this conclusion has been fully substantiated by a series since received from Minas Geraes. One of the adult males is even larger than the type of A. wuchereri, and, like it, has the top of the head uniform deep black with only a few gray edges in the middle of the nape. Other specimens from the same locality, however, do not differ in the least from Sao Paulo birds. The example recorded by Burmeister s. n. A. affinis, which we have examined in the Halle Museum, is a young bird in change o! plumage. An individual in similar, though less advanced state, is in the Munich Museum (No. 11.1502. Agua Suja, Minas Geraes). Adult females, when compared with the males, are smaller and have a broad continuous olive grayish stripe along the mid- dle of the crown, while the median abdomen is more or less tinged with buffy with the sides and flanks pale brownish instead of gray. Wing, (male) 78-85, (female) 74-77; tail, 73-77, (female) 67-71; bill, 14-15. The range of A. f. flavirostris appears to center in Minas Geraes, whence it extends east into the adjoining parts of Bahia and west into the eastern section of Sao Paulo. Still farther west in the latter state, along the rivers Tiete" and Parana, it is replaced by the gray-backed A. f. devillii. The locality "Cameta" [lower Tocantins, Para) attached to a specimen in the Berlin Museum (No. 6245) is unquestionably due to some confusion, the collector, Sieber, having also worked in the State of Bahia (cf. Streubel, Isis, 1848, p. 359; Wied, Reise Brasilien, 2, p. 270, 1821; Temminck, Hist. Nat. Pig. & Gall., 1, p. 337, 1813). Material examined. — Bahia: unspecified, 1 (type of A. wuchereri). — Minas Geraes: Santa Maria, 1; Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary, 1; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 5; Sete Lagoas, 1.— Sao Paulo: Barretos, 1; Bebedouro, 2; Jaboticabal, 1.— "Cameta," 1. 1 1 could not find the type in the University Museum at Cambridge, England. 2 The localities Avanhandava and Itapura are erroneously listed by Ihering under the present heading. 430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buarremon torquatus (not Embernagra torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1870, p. 423 — Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes (ex Arremon affinis Burmeister); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., I, p. 386, 1907 — part, Minas Geraes (ex Burmeister). Arremon flavirostris flavirostris Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 795, 1932— Sant' Anna do Paranahyba, Matto Grosso. Range. — Interior of eastern Brazil, in states of Bahia (exact limits unknown), Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa; Sete Lagoas; Rio Jordao, Agua Suja, near Bagagem, and Santa Maria, Prov. Ara- guary), northeastern Sao Paulo (Barretos, Bebedouro, Jaboticabal, Bauru), and the adjacent parts of southeastern Matto Grosso (Sanf Anna do Paranahyba). * Arremon flavirostris devillii Des Murs.1 DEVILLE'S PECTORAL FINCH. Arremon devillii (Bonaparte MS.) Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp. Amer. Sud, Ois., p. 69, pi. 20, fig. 2, June 30, 1856— no locality given (the type ex- amined in the Paris Museum is marked "Province de Goyas," Brazil); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 81, July 30, 1856— Prov. Goyaz, in Brazil; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 274, 1886— Goyaz. Embernagra sileus (not Tanagra silens Boddaert) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 34, 1837— part, Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Arremon silens d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 281, 1839 — part, "female," Chiquitos, Bolivia. Arremon polionotus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 81, 1856 — part, Cuyaba, Matto Grosso (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 217, 1870— Cuyaba (spec, examined); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., II, p. 278, 1886— Cuyaba; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 362, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso (plumages, eggs descr.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 4, 1900 — Urucum and Corumba, Matto Grosso. Arremon polionotus demllii(ei) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 312, 313, 1906— central Brazil and Chiquitos, eastern Bolivia (crit., range); Ihering, Cat. 1 Arremon flavirostris devillii Des Murs: Very similar to A. p. polionotus, but upper parts paler gray with a slight olivaceous suffusion, and black jugular band narrower. Size the same. Two adult males and a female from northwestern Sao Paulo (lower Tiete) agree with a series from Matto Grosso and the Chiquitos district of eastern Bolivia. While the narrow jugular band (from three to seven millimeters wide) serves to distinguish this form from polionotus, the coloration of the back is not an absolutely constant feature, some adult males having the dorsal surface of the same uniform gray tone as birds from Paraguay. The type, a slightly immature individual, unquestionably pertains to the present form. It is labeled "Province of Goyaz" and was obtained by the Castelnau Expedition. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 2; San Jose, Chiquitos, 2. — Brazil: "Goyaz," 1 (the type); Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 9; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 10; Avanhandava (Sao Jeronimo), lower Tiete, 2; Itapura, junction of the Tiete and Parana rivers, Sao Paulo, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 431 Faun. Braz., 1, p. 387, 1907— Itapura and Avanhandava [=Sao Jer6nimo], Rio Tiete, northwestern Sao Paulo (spec, examined); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1107, 1912 — "Goyaz" and Matto Grosso; Menegaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 5, p. 86, 1917— Caceres, Matto Grosso. Arremon flavirostris devillii Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 3, 1925 — Chiquitos, eastern Bolivia (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 361, 1930 — Urucum and Belvedere de Urucum, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 263, 1930— San Jose, Chiquitos, Bolivia; Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 796, 1932— Val- paraiso, Sao Paulo. Arremon orbignii (not A. d'orbignii Sclater) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 603— part, Chiquitos (ex d'Orbigny). Range. — Interior of Brazil, in states of Goyaz and Matto Grosso and in the northwestern section of Sao Paulo (lower Tiet6 to its junction with the Rio Parana), and adjoining parts of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos). 5: Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 1; Aracatuba, Sao Paulo, 1). Arremon flavirostris polionotus Bonaparte. GRAY-BACKED PEC- TORAL FINCH. Arremon polionotus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 — Cor- rientes, Argentina (type in Paris Museum examined); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 81, 1856— part, Corrientes; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 125— Fortln Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 4, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay (spec, examined); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 311, 1906 — Corrientes and Paraguay (crit.); Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909— Mocovf, Santa Fe; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 631 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 94 — Rio Ancho, Chaco, and Villa Franca, Paraguay; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912 — Corrientes and Paraguay (Sapucay, Colonia Risso); Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 99, 1913— Alto Parand (Iguazu), Misiones. Arremon silens (not Tanagra silens Boddaert) d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Meiid., Ois., p. 281, 1839— part, "male," Corrientes. Arremon callistus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 188, 1901 — Sapu- cay, Paraguay (type in U. S. National Museum examined); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1902— Sapucay. Arremon flavirostris polionotus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 172, pi. 2, fig. 24 (egg), 1909— Ocampo, Santa Fe (habits, nest, and eggs descr.); Hellmayr, I.e., 32, p. 3, 1925 — Corrientes (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 190, 1926 — Salto Guayra, Rio Parana, Parana, Brazil; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 606, 1935— Estrella, Rio Apa, Matto Grosso (crit.). Arremon polionotus polionotus Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 395, 1910 — Corrientes, Chaco (Mocovf, Ocampo), and Paraguay 432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (lower Pilcomayo); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Paraguay (Alto Parana, central and southern parts) ; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 410, 1926 — Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas) and Formosa (Riacho Pilaga). Arremon polionotus calistus [sic] Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Paraguay (ex Oberholser). Range. — Northeastern Argentina, in provinces of Corrientes, Misiones (Iguazu), Formosa, and Chaco, and Paraguay, extending into adjacent districts of the Brazilian states of Parana (Salto Guayra, Rio Parana) and Matto Grosso (Estrella, Rio Apa).1 *Arremon flavirostris d'orbignii Sclater.2 D'ORBiGNY's PECTORAL FINCH. Arremon d'orbignii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 81, July 30, 1856— Prov. Yungas, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); White, I.e., 1882, p. 597— Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca. Arremon orbignii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 603 — part, Valle Grande and Yungas, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 274, 1886 — Bolivia and Argentina (Catamarca); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 41, 1888 — Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 7, 1897— Tala, Salta, and Aguairenda, Bolivia; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 176, 1902 — Rio Sali, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904 — Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— Rio Sali, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 395, 1910 (range in Argentina); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 233, 1927 — Concepcion, Tucuman. Arremon orbignyi Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1105, 1912— Bolivia (Samaipata, Santa Cruz, Valle Grande, Omeja, Quebrada Onda) and Argentina (Catamarca); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 67, 1918 — Tucuman (habits, nest, and eggs). 1 Specimens from Santa Fe (Ocampo) and Paraguay are identical with the type collected by d'Orbigny in Corrientes. An adult male from Sapucay with gray upper wing coverts was described by Oberholser as A. callistus, but as other Paraguayan specimens have the yellowish green humeral area just as well developed as Bonaparte's type, this is clearly an individual mutation. Material examined. — Paraguay: Island near Concepcion, 2; Colonia Risso, Rio Apa, 1; Sapucay, 2; Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, 1. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1 (the type); Mocovi, Santa Fe, 6. 2 Arremon flavirostris d'orbignii Sclater resembles A . f. flavirostris in citrine back, though the tone is somewhat duller and darker, but differs from the nominate, as well as the other races, by having the white superciliaries extended very nearly to the nostrils (much as in A. taciturnus) and by possessing, even in the plumage of the adult male, a broad gray stripe along the median portion of the pileum. Argentine birds agree with others from Bolivia. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Yungas, 1 (the type); Omeja, Yungas of La Paz, 1 ; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba, 1 ; Samaipata, Santa Cruz, 1; Caraparicito, Santa Cruz, 1. — Argentina: Ledesma, Jujuy, 2; Metan, Salta, 2; Norco, Tucuman, 1; San Pablo, Tucuman, 1; Vipos, Tucuman, 2; Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 433 Arremon flavirostris d'orbignii Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 172, 1909 — Tucuman (Vipos, San Pablo, Norco), Salta (Metan), and Jujuy (Ledesma); Hellmayr, I.e., 32, p. 3, 1925 — Yungas (note on type); Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 263, 1930— Cara- paricito, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Embernagra sileus (not Tanagra silens Boddaert) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 34, 1837— part, Valle Grande, Bolivia. Arremon silens d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 281, 1839— part, "female," Yungas and Valle Grande, Bolivia. Range. — Tropical zone of Bolivia (excepting the Chiquitos district in the extreme east) and western Argentina, in provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman, and Catamarca (Sierra de Totoral). 11: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 11). *Arremon aurantiirostris saturatus Cherrie.1 NORTHERN ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW. Arremon aurantiirdstris saturatus Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 345, Sept., 1891— part, Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala (type from Choctum in U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 456, note 2, 1901); Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929— Cayo district, British Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 369, 1932 — Chimoxan, Finca Sepacuite, and Secanquim, Guatemala (crit.). Arremon aurantiirostris (not of Lafresnaye) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 377, 1859 — Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 32— Coban, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862 — Choctum, Guatemala; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 43, 1878— Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 324, 1886— part, Mexico (Playa Vicente), British Honduras (Belize), and Guatemala (Coban, Choctum, Chisec); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Mexico, Guatemala (Choctum, Chisec), and British Honduras (Belize); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 455, 1901— part, Mexico (Oaxaca; Teapa, Tabasco) and Guatemala (Coban); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 117, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— part, Mexico, Guatemala, and British Honduras. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca (Playa Vicente) and Tabasco (Teapa), eastern Guatemala (depts. of Alta Vera Paz and Izabal), and British Honduras (Belize and Cayo districts). 3: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1; Escobas, Izabal, 1); British Honduras (Middlesex, 1). 1 Arremon aurantiirostris saturatus Cherrie: Similar to A. a. rufidorsalis, but larger; the black pectoral band decidedly wider; the dusky suffusion on the sides and flanks more extensive, as well as darker, in both sexes. Wing (males), 82-86; tail, 70-73; bill, 16. Three additional specimens, from Coban, Vera Paz, examined. 434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Arremon aurantiirostris rufidorsalis Cassin.1 EASTERN ORANGE-BILLED FINCH. Arremon rufidorsalis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170 — Turri- alba, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868— Turrialba; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 300, 1869 (ex Cassin). Arremon rufodorsalis Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 308 — Costa Rica (crit. on type). Arremon aurantiirostris (not of Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 180, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 317— Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 56— San Carlos, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 400, 1883— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 324, 1886— part, Nicaragua (Chontales, Greytown) and Costa Rica (Tucurrlqui, Turrialba); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886 — part, spec, f, h, Nicaragua (Chontales) and Costa Rica (Tucurriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — part, Jimenez and Pacuare, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 586, 1888— Segovia River, Honduras; Cherrie, I.e., 14, p. 343, 1891— part, Talamanca, Costa Rica; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 490, 1893— Rio Frio, Costa Rica, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits, nest, and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 455, 1901— part, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama (monog.) ; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, 1903 — Yaruca, Honduras; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912 — part, Honduras and Nicaragua; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 341, 1932 — Segovia River, Honduras. Arremon aurantiirostris rufidorsalis Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 902, 1910 — Caribbean Costa Rica (crit., nest and eggs descr.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 339, 1931 — Boquete Trail, Guabo, and Cricamola, Almirante Bay, Panama (crit.); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 243, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua. Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean side of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and extreme northwestern Panama (Almi- rante Bay region). 3: Nicaragua (Lake Nicaragua, 1); Costa Rica (Siquirres, 2). *Arremon aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Lafresnaye. WESTERN ORANGE-BILLED SPARROW. Arremon aurantiirostris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 72, 1847 — Panama (type in coll. of T. B. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 51, 1899) ;2 1 Arremon aurantiirostris rufidorsalis Cassin: Similar to A. a. aurantiirostris, but green of upper parts somewhat darker, and the white supra-orbital stripe broader, more extended anteriorly (almost to the nostrils) and pure white, for its entire length, not shaded with grayish in the postocular portion as in A. a. aurantiirostris. The above diagnosis is based on a series from Caribbean Costa Rica. No material is available from either Nicaragua or Honduras. 2 A cotype is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. (cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 391, 1930). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 435 Des Mure, Icon. Orn., livr. 10, pi. 55, after Sept., 1847— Panama (fig. of type); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 83, 1856— Panama (monog.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 298, 1862— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 351 — Panama Railroad; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 102, 1868 — San Mateo, Dota, and Guaitfl, Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 140— Santa F6, Veraguas; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 188— Veraguas (Cordillera del Chucu) and Chiriqui (Mina de Chorcha, Bugaba); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 324, 1886 — part, Costa Rica (San Mateo, Dota, Guaitfl) and Panama (Bugaba, Mina de Chorcha, Cordillera del Chucu, Santa F£, Lion Hill); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886 — part, spec, g, i-n, San Mateo, Costa Rica, and Panama (Santa F6, Bugaba, Lion Hill); Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887 — part, Trojas de Puntarenas and P6zo Azul, Costa Rica (crit.); Cherrie, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 343, 1891— part, P6zo Azul, Costa Rica; idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 139, 1893— Lagarto, Boruca, Te>raba, and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica; Under- wood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 32, 1900— Loma del Le6n, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 369, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 455, 1901 — part, western Costa Rica and Panama (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 310, 1907— Boruca, Paso Real, Barranca, Lagarto, and Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— part, Costa Rica (Te>raba Valley), Veraguas, and Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 277, 1918 — Gatun, Panama. Arremon aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 901, 1910— Pacific Costa Rica (Miravalles to the Te"rraba region). Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Costa Rica and Panama east to the Canal Zone.1 6: Costa Rica (Miravalles, 2; Buenos Aires, 1; Boruca, 2) ; Panama (Chiriqui, 1). Arremon aurantiirostris strictocollaris Todd.2 TODD'S ORANGE- BILLED FINCH. Arremon aurantiirostris strictocollaris Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 90, July 12, 1922— "Sautata" = [Saotata], lower Rio Atrato, Colombia (type 1 A series from the Te>raba Valley agrees with another from Panama (Chiriquf and Panama Railroad). We have no material at present from the more northern parts of Pacific Costa Rica. 1 Arremon aurantiirostris strictocollaris Todd: Nearest to A, a. aurantiirostris, but slightly more yellowish green above; the black pectoral band narrower; under parts more extensively white with flanks and crissum paler. Size about the same. In the whiteness of the under parts, this form resembles A. a. occidentalis. While the narrower pectoral band and the more yellowish green upper parts like- wise lead in the direction of that race, A. a. strictocollaris in both respects is nearer to the nominate form, with which it also shares the large, heavy bill and the brown- 436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 229, 1922— Rio Esnape, Darien, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 69, p. 185, 1929 — Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 82, p. 372, 1932 — Perme, eastern Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of extreme eastern Panama (Darien) and the adjacent parts of Colombia (lower Atrato). *Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellmayr.1 PACIFIC ORANGE-BILLED FINCH. Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, pp. 1118, 1119 — Condoto, Rio Condoto, Pacific Colombia (type in Munich Museum); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 80, 1922— Nanegal, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. EL, 36, p. 574, 1917— Dabeiba, Alto Bonito, Novita Trail, Buenaventura, San Jose, Munchique, Cocal, Barbacoas, and Buena Vista (Narino), Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 630, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Manavi, and Cerro Manglar Alto, Ecuador (crit.). Arremon erythrorhynchus (not of Sclater, 1855) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, pp. 85, 274, 293— Nanegal, Babahoyo, and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862— Nanegal and Babahoyo; Sal- vadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 21, 1899— Rio Peripa and Gualea, Ecuador (crit., synon.). Arremon spectabilis (not of Sclater, 1855) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886 — part, spec, i-n, Santa Rita, Nanegal, and Babahoyo, western Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898— part, Cachabi, Prov. Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 471 — Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B81, 1911— Santo Domingo and Pachijal (Esmeral- das), Ecuador. Arremon spectabilis occidentalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1105, 1912 — part, western Colombia and Ecuador (excl. of Chimbo). ish feet. It is truly intermediate between the Central American and the South American representatives, as has been demonstrated by Chapman (Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 6, 1925). Three specimens from Rio Esnape, Darien, examined. 1 Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellmayr: Somewhat intermediate between A. a. spectabilis and A. a. erythrorhynchus in color of upper parts, which are neither dark brownish olive nor clear yellowish green, but intense olive-green with a golden hue; bend of wing lemon to gamboge yellow, never flame-orange; bill considerably longer and slenderer. Wing, 70-75, (female) 67-70; tail, 58-63, (female) 53-58; bill, 14-15^. Birds from northwestern Ecuador (prov. Esmeraldas and Imbabura) are precisely like the Colombian ones, even in the color of the feet, which, in both series, are marked by the various collectors as "flesh-color" or "pink" in life. A "Quito" specimen does not appreciably differ either, so far as I can see. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Condoto, Rio Condoto, 1; Juntas, Rio Tamana, 1; San Jos6, 2; Juntas, Rio Dagua, 2. — Ecuador: Carondelet, Prov. Esmeraldas, 1; San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 6; Lita, Prov. Imbabura, 5; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 5; "Quito," 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 437 Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Colombia, from the Rio Sucio southwards, and western Ecuador (except southwestern section). 3: Colombia (Alto Bonita, Antioquia, Novita; Novita Trail, Cauca, 1); Ecuador (San Javier, Esmeraldas, 1). *Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae Chapman.1 SANTA ROSA ORANGE-BILLED FINCH. Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 6, Feb., 1925 — Santa Rosa, Prov. del Oro, Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 630, 1926— Duran, Bucay, Chimbo, Rio Jubones, La Chonta, Santa Rosa, La Puente, Cebollal, and Rio Pullango, southwestern Ecuador. Arremon spectabilis (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 332— Palmal, near Guayaquil, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Tacza- nowski, I.e., 1883, p. 548— Chimbo; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 483, 1898 — part, Chimbo. Arremon aurantiirostris occidentalis Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1119 — part, Palmal and Chimbo. Arremon spectabilis occidentalis Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, pp. 1105, 1145, 1912— part, Chimbo (crit.). Range. — Southwestern Ecuador north to the Rio Chimbo. 1: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 1). *Arremon aurantiirostris spectabilis Sclater.2 EAST ECUADORIAN ORANGE-BILLED FINCH. Arremon spectabilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, "1854," p. 114, pi. 67, pub. April, 1855 — Quijos, eastern Ecuador (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British Museum);3 idem, I.e., 24, p. 82, 1856 — Quijos (monog.); 1 Arremon aurantiirostris santarosae Chapman: "Most nearly resembling A. a. erythrorhynchus, but with a broader pectoral band and somewhat browner upper parts; similar to its near geographic ally, A. a. occidentalis, of western Colombia, but bill less deep at the base, vertical stripe lighter gray, superciliaries whiter, upper parts yellower green, sides and flanks *whiter'(?); feet flesh-color instead of brownish (?); bill (in skin) paler. Wing (males), 74-76; tail, 62-66; bill, 15-15 M; depth at base 7-8 mm." (Chapman, I.e.) A single adult male from within the range ascribed to this form hardly differs from the series of A. a. occidentalis by slightly duller, paler dorsal surface, and perhaps a shade less yellow feet. Compared to A. a. erythrorhynchus, it is decidedly duller, more brownish above with deeper yellow shoulder-spot. Material examined. — Ecuador: Chimbo, 2. * Arremon aurantiirostris spectabilis Sclater: Differs from the western races by much deeper, decidedly reddish or brownish olive back; bright orange to flame- orange bend of the wing; and reduction of the gray vertical stripe in the male sex. Additional material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: road to La Concepci6n, 5; Rio Napo, 1; Sarayacu, 2; Rio Zamora, 1; Rio Santiago, 3. — Peru: Huambo, 1. 3 The type was originally in the collection of J. Gould, and it is clearly in error that Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886) lists a specimen from the "Rio Napo," evidently the one subsequently received through Verreaux (cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 72;= No. 548b, of Sclater's collection) as type. The real type appears to be specimen f, said to be from the "Rio Napo" and acquired from J. Gould. 438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Jardine, Edinb. New Phil. Journ., (n.s.), 3, p. 92, 1856— Rio Napo; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 72, 1858— Rio Napo; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 93, 1862— Rio Napo; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886 — part, spec, e-h, p, Rio Napo and Sarayacu (Ecuador) and eastern Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 72, 1889 — Rio Napo; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 20, 1899— Rio Zamora and Rio Santiago, Ecuador (crit.); Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1105, 1912— eastern Ecuador (Quijos, Rio Napo, Sarayacu) and northeastern Peru (Huambo); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 629, 1926 — Zamora, Rio Suno, and below San Jose", Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 241, 1932— Sarayacu, Ecuador. Arremon aurantiirostris spedabilis Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1118 — eastern Ecuador and northern Peru (crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 34, p. 75, 1928— San Jose", Ecuador. Arremon erythrorhynchus (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 16— Huambo, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 535, 1884— Huambo. Range. — Tropical and lower Subtropical zones of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru (Huambo, Moyobamba). 1: Peru (Moyobamba, 1). Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Sclater.1 RED-BILLED FINCH. Arremon erythrorhynchus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, "1855," p. 83, pi. 89, pub. June, 1855 — "in Nova Granada, Bogota" (type in coll. of J. Gould, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., p. 154, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, I.e., 24, p. 83, 1856— "Bogota" (monog.). Arremon spedabilis (not of Sclater, 1855) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 505 — Remedies, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 275, 1886— part, spec, a-d, "Bogota" and Remedies, , Colombia; Stone, Prqc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899— Honda, Colombia. Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1119— "Bogota" (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 573, 1917— Chicoral and west of Honda, Magdalena Valley, and Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca, Colombia. Arremon spectabilis erythrorhynchus Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1106, 1912— "Bogota" and Antioquia, Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia (Magdalena Valley west to the lower Cauca in Antioquia). 1 Arremon aurantiirostris erythrorhynchus Sclater: Much paler, clear yellowish green, above than A. a. occidentalis, and bend of the wing lighter lemon yellow; black chin-spot reduced in extent or even absent. A specimen from Remedies, Antioquia, by somewhat darker back, tends toward A. a. occidentalis. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 9; Remedies, Antioquia, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 439 Arremon abeillei abeillei Lesson. ABEILLE'S FINCH. Arremon abeillei Lesson, Rev. Zool., 7, p. 435, 1844 — Guayaquil, Ecuador (location of type not stated, probably in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 534, 1884— Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch, Verb. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1107, 1912 (range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 630, 1926— Ecuador (Manta, Chongoncito, Chongon Hills, Guayaquil, Santa Rosa, Porto Velo, Zaruma, Rio Pindo, Lunama, Cebollal, Alamor, Guainche, Pullango) and Peru (Paletillas, Milagros, Palambla). Arremon abeillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 82, 1856 — Guayaquil (monog.). Arremon abeillaci Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 744 — Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 548— Guayaquil, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 278, 1886 — Santa Rita, Ecuador. Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador (from Manta, Manavi, southwards) and northwestern Peru (depts. of Tumbez and Piura).1 Arremon abeillei nigriceps Taczanowski.2 BLACK-HEADED FINCH. Arremon nigriceps Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 196 — Callacate, upper Maranon Valley, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 176, 1927); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 535, 1884— Callacate; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 277, 1886— Callacate; Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Intern. Orn. Kongr. Berlin, p. 1107, 1912— Callacate. Range. — Tropical zone of northwestern Peru (Callacate and Conloco, upper Maranon Valley, Prov. Jaen). Genus ARREMONOPS Ridgway Arremonops Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., pp. 434, 605, 1896 — type, by orig. desig., Embcrnagra rufivirgata Lawrence. *Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus (Lawrence). TEXAS SPARROW. Embernagra rufivirgata Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 112, pi. 5, fig. 2, May, 1851 — "Rio Grande in Texas" = Brownsville, Texas (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 487, 1858— part, Texas (Ringgold Barracks) and Mexico (Nuevo Leon); idem, Bds. 1 Nine specimens from southwestern Ecuador examined. 1 Arremon abeillei nigriceps Taczanowski, though differing by olive-green back, rump, and lesser wing coverts, as well as by flesh-colored feet, buffy tinged lower abdomen, and yellow bend of the wing, is otherwise so similar in style of coloration and proportions that I have no hesitation in associating it in the same specific group with A. abeillei, which it obviously replaces in the upper Maraft6n Valley. Material examined. — Peru: Callacate, 1 (the type). 440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII N. Amer., atlas, pi. 55, fig. 2, 1860; Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1, p. 89, 1876 — Fort Brown, Texas (breeding habits, nest, and eggs descr.); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 128, 1878 — Fort Brown (song, nest, and eggs); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 22, 1878— Browns- ville and Hidalgo, Texas; idem, I.e., 5, p. 394, 1879— Lomita, Texas (descr. of young) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 411, 1886— Rio Grande Valley and Nuevo Leon; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 760, 1888 — Rio Grande Valley to northern Mexico; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 326, 1891 — Corpus Christi, Texas; Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 109 — Corpus Christi and San Patricio, Texas (breeding). Embernagra rufivirgata 8 rufivirgata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 248, 249, 1878— Rio Grande Valley, Texas (crit.). Arremonops rufivirgatus rufivirgatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 447, 1901 — southern Texas to northeastern Mexico (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— Tamaulipas (Matamoros, Guiaves, Rio Cruz, Rio Santa, San Fernando, Caballeros, Alta Mira, Rio Martinez); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 44, 1923 — northeastern Mexico to Texas (crit.). Arremonops rufivirgatus Friedmann, Auk, 42, p. 551, 1925 — Rio Grande Valley, Texas (habits); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 26, 1926— Brownsville, Texas. Zonotrichia plebeja (Lichtenstein MS.) Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 413, 1856 — quoted as synonymous with Embernagra rufivirgata. Range. — Southeastern Texas (Fort Clark, Corpus Christi, Brownsville, San Patricio) south to Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and San Luis Potosi. 28: Texas (Corpus Christi, 2; Harlingen, 4; Brownsville, 5); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 13; Matamoros, Tamaulipas, 3; "Tamaulipas," 1). Arremonops rufivirgatus crassirostris (Ridgway). C6RDOBA SPARROW. [Embernagra rufivirgata] /3 crassirostris (Baird MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 248, 249, 1878 — Cordoba and Orizaba, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 306, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, p. 380, 1859— Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, 1862— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — hot and temperate regions of Vera Cruz. Embernagra crassirostris Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 412, 1886— Mexico (Cordoba, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 761, 1888— southern Mexico. Arremonops rufivirgatus crassirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 448, 1901— southeastern Mexico (monog.); Todd, Proc. Biol. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 441 Soc. Wash., 36, p. 43, 1923 — southeastern Mexico (crit.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presidio and Motzo- rongo, Vera Cruz. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca. *Arremonops rufivirgatus verticalis (Ridgway).1 SCHOTT'S SPARROW. [Embemagra rufivirgata] y verticalis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 248, 249, 1878— Merida, Yucatan, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Embemagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence, 1851) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 201, 1860— Me>ida. Embemagra chloronota (not of Salvin) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 444 — Yucatan (in part). Embemagra verticalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 414, 1886— Me>ida, Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 262— Meco Island, Yucatan. [Embemagra striaticeps} subsp. 5 Embemagra verticalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 765, 1888— Yucatan and Meco Island. Embemagra rufivirgata verticalis Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209 — Tekanto, Yucatan. Arremonops rufivirgata striaticeps (not Embemagra striaticeps Lafresnaye) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 280, 1896— Chichen-Itza, Yucatan (habits). Arremonops verticalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 451, 1901— Yucatan (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 143, 1906— Chichen-Itza; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 42, 1923— Yucatan and Campeche (crit.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 235, p. 16, 1926 — eastern Yucatan. Range. — Northern Yucatan and Campeche, including Meco Island, southeastern Mexico. 2: Mexico (Yucatan, 2). Arremonops rufivirgatus sinaloae Nelson.2 MAZATLAN SPARROW. Arremonops superciliosus sinaloae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 28, 1899— near Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 450, 1901— southern Sinaloa and Tepic (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905— 1 A well-marked race, though clearly conspecific with A. rufivirgatus. It is hard to understand that it was ever associated with the A. conirostris group. Four specimens from Yucatan examined. 2 This and the three succeeding forms have been regarded by recent authors as constituting a separate specific entity. The differences between the super- ciliosus group and the rufivirgatus series are, however, slight, consisting mainly of the coloration of the crown-stripes. In other respects and proportions they agree closely, and as they replace each other geographically, I do not see any reason why they should not be merged into one "formenkreis." 442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Escuinapa and Juanna Gomez River, Sinaloa; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 43, 1926— southern Sinaloa and Tepic (crit.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 47, 1927— Labrados, Sinaloa. Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence) Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 487, 1858— part, Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Range. — Tropical zone of western Mexico, in southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Rosario, Escuinapa, Juanna Gomez River, Labrados) and Nayarit. *Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti (Sharpe). ACAPULCO SPARROW. E [mbernagra] sumichrasti Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 762 (in text), 1888 — "Huamela" = Huamelula, southern Oaxaca (type in British Museum) . Embernagra rufivirgata (not of Lawrence, 1851) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876 — Huamelula, Oaxaca. [Embernagra rufivirgata] /3 crassirostris Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 249, 1878 — part, Venado Island, Mexico. Embernagra superciliosa (not of Salvin, 1864) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 412, 1886— part, Huamelula, Oaxaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 761, 1888 — part, spec, d, Huamelula. Arremonops rufivirgata sumichrasti Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 157, 1898— from the Chiapas border north along the west coast of Mexico to Colima. Arremonops superciliosus sumichrasti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 450, 1901 — southwestern Mexico from Colima to Oaxaca; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 43, 1923 — southern Mexico (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 421, 1934 — Acapulco and Coyuca, Guerrero. Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Mexico, in states of Colima (Manzanillo), Guerrero (Acapulco, Coyuca), and Oaxaca (Huame- lula, Puerto Angel) to near the Chiapas border. 4: Mexico (Colima, 4). Arremonops rufivirgatus chiapensis Nelson.1 CHIAPAS SPARROW. Arremonops superciliosus chiapensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 17, p. 152, 1904 — San Bartolome, Chiapas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Todd, I.e., 38, p. 89, 1925— valley of the Chiapas River, Chiapas (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in State of Chiapas (valley of the Chiapas River). 1 Arremonops rufivirgatus chiapensis Nelson: Nearest to A. r. sumichrasti, but top of head darker; vertical stripe grayer; back dark green as in A. r. puper- ciliosus; distribution of buffy tone on under parts as in sumichrasti, but color of a deeper creamy shade; size of sumichrasti. According to Todd, this form, with which we are not acquainted, differs from A. r. superciliosus by the grayish suffusion of the upper parts, the vertical stripe and the sides of the head in particular being grayish instead of buffy; paler brown lateral crown-stripes; and much more buffy breast and sides. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 443 *Arremonops rufivirgatus superciliosus (Salvin). NICOYA SPARROW. Embernagra superciliosa Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 582— "Costa Rica (Nicoya)" (type, from BebedeYo, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868 — Nicoya; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869 — Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 391, 1882— La Palma de Nicoya; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 412, 1886— part, Nicoya, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 761, 1888— part, spec, a-c, Costa Rica (Bebede>o); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Mira- valles, Bebede>o, and Bagaces. Arremonops superciliosus superciliosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 449, 1901— Costa Rica (Bebedero and La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 310, 1907— Barranca de Puntarenas; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 904, 1910— Pacific Costa Rica (Santo Domingo de San Mateo, Coyolar, Bolson, Coraldlo, Miravalles, Bebede>o, Esparta) (nest and eggs); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 42, 1923 — Costa Rica (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of Pacific Costa Rica, from Santo Domingo de San Mateo north through Nicoya and Guanacaste to the Nicaraguan border.1 3: Costa Rica (Miravalles, 1; Las Cafias, 2). Arremonops tocuyensis Todd.2 TOCUYO SPARROW. Arremonops tocuyensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 8, p. 198, 1912 — Tocuyo, Lara, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum); idem and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 529, 1922 — Rio Hacha and Arroyo de Arenas, La Goajira, Colombia 1 Six additional specimens from Bebedero, Guanacaste, examined. 1 Arremonops tocuyensis Todd: "Above plain olive; wings and tail dusky, externally edged with dull olive green, the secondaries with cinnamon-rufous; lesser and median wing coverts also edged externally with olive green, the greater coverts more brownish; edge of the wing pale yellow; under wing coverts white, tinged with yellow; pileum with two broad lateral stripes of black mixed with brown, separated by a broad median stripe of smoke-gray, but tending to coalesce on the hindneck; broad superciliaries also smoke-gray, slightly paler than the median stripe; a transocular stripe of brownish black; sides of the head and neck smoke-gray; below white, the breast tinged with smoke-gray, and the flanks and under tail coverts buffy cream-color; feet horn color; bill black, leaden blue below." Wing, (Tocuyo) 72, (Rio Hacha) 65-67, (females, Rio Hacha) 61-62; tail, 52- 56, (females) 47-54; bill, 13JiH5. This species, which we have not seen, is stated by Mr. Todd to belong to that section of the genus in which the pileum is paler gray, and the lateral stripes tend to be brown or brownish (A. rufivirgatus). "It is apparently most closely related to A. [rufivirgatus] verticalis of Yucatan, from which it differs in rather smaller size, relatively stouter bill, grayer (less greenish) coloration, and blacker head-stripes. These latter are black in front, but more or less mixed with brown posteriorly. The species is perfectly distinct from A. conirostris, for, while the under parts are about the same in color, the upper surface is much paler and grayer, the pileum and sides of the head are also paler gray, the lateral crown-stripes and postorbital 444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (crit.); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 42, 1923— arid coast of north- western Venezuela (Tocuyo, Lara; Paraguana, Falcon) and La Goajira, Colombia (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northwestern Venezuela (Tocuyo, southwest of Barquisimeto, Lara; Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon) and northeastern Colombia (Rio Hacha and Arroyo de Arenas, La Goajira). *Arremonops conirostris chrysoma (Sclater).1 SCLATER'S SPARROW. Embernagra chrysoma Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 275, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum) ; idem, I.e., 28, p. 293, 1860— Esmeraldas; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, pi. 11, 1862 — Babahoyo and Esmeraldas; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 332 — Palmal, near Santa Rosa, Prov. Guayas, Ecua- dor; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 475 — Gualea, Ecuador. Embernagra striaticeps (not of Lafresnaye) Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 551— Chimbo, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 85— Yaguachi, Ecuador. [Embernagra striaticeps] subsp. /3 Embernagra chrysoma Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 764, 1888— Ecuador ("Quito," Balzar, Babahoyo, Esmeraldas). Embernagra striaticeps chrysoma Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Cachavi, Chimbo, and Paramba, Ecuador; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B79, 1911 — Mindo and Santo Domingo, Ecuador. Arremonops conirostris chrysoma Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 570, 1917 — Tumaco, Barbacoas, and Buena Vista, Narino, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 79, 1922 — above Mindo and road to Nanegal, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 626, 1926 — western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manavi, Mindo, Duran, Bucay, Chimbo, Rio Jubones, Santa Rosa, La Chonta, Zaruma, Port Ovelo, Guainche, Cebollal, Alamor); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932— La Palma, Rio Babahoyo, Ecuador. Arremonops striaticeps chrysoma Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 40, 1923 — Pacific slope of Ecuador and Colombia north to the lower Atrato (crit.). stripes are browner, approaching thus A. (r.) super ciliosus, and the size is much less." (Todd.Lc.) From the preceding account it results that A. tocuyensis must be close to the rufivirgatus group, of which it is probably a geographical race. Its small size, in conjunction with its range, seems to preclude any near affinity to the A. conirostris section. 1 Arremonops conirostris chrysoma (Sclater): Exceedingly close to A. c. striaticeps, of Panama, but under tail coverts mainly yellowish (instead of buffy), flanks less brownish, and tail more greenish, particularly below. The difference in the coloration of the pileum alluded to by Todd is not borne out by my series. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Ventana, Prov. Esmeraldas, 1; San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 2; Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 3; above Mindo, 2; Gualea, 1; Chimbo, 3; Zaruma, 2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 445 Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and Pacific Colombia north to the lower Atrato (Saotata). 3: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, 2; San Juan, 1). Arremonops conirostris inexpectatus Chapman.1 ANDALUCIA SPARROW. Arremonops conirostris inexpectata Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 184, March, 1914 — west slope of eastern Andes below Andalucia, sources of the Magdalena River, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 570, 1917— Andalucia. Arremonops conirostris inexpectata Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 39, 1923— headwaters of the Magdalena River (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone at the head of the Magdalena River, Colombia (Andalucia). *Arremonops conirostris conirostris (Bonaparte). BONAPARTE'S SPARROW. Arremon conirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 488, 1850 — "Brazil," errore, = Colombia (type in Paris Museum examined);2 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 154, 1855— "Bogota" and Santa Marta, Colombia. Embernagra conirostris Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, 1862 — Santa Marta and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 123— Santa Marta, Colombia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 296, 1884— Bucaramanga, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Ambalema, Colombia. [Embernagra slriaticeps] subsp. a Embernagra conirostris Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 763, 1888— part, spec, a-f, Colombia (Bogota, Santa Marta) and Venezuela (Carupano). Embernagra striaticeps conirostris Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumanacoa and San Antonio [Bermudez], Venezuela. 1 Arremonops conirostris inexpectatus Chapman: Somewhat intermediate between A. c. conirostris and A. c. chrysoma, but markedly smaller than either. Body plumage very nearly the same as in conirostris, but wings and tail bright yellowish green as in chrysoma. Wing (two males), 71, 72; tail, 66. In spite of its isolated habitat, this form is so decidedly intermediate between the dull-backed races and those with bright yellowish green dorsal surface that their conspecific affinity cannot be questioned. Material examined. — Colombia: Andalucia, 2. 2 The type, which we have recently re-examined, has no history. It was acquired by the Paris Museum in 1837 with a miscellaneous lot of birds of which no records exist in the Museum registers. In spite of its soiled and somewhat faded condition, its pertinence to the form here designated as A. c. conirostris is beyond doubt. In size (wing, 77; tail, 69; bill, 15), it agrees particularly well with Bogota skins, which it also resembles in the pronounced buffy suffusion of the flanks. The throat and foreneck are decidedly more buffy than in any other speci- men seen, but we do not attach much importance to this feature, as there is some variation in other forms of this group with respect to the coloration of these parts. 446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Arremonops conirostris canens Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 140, June 3, 1898— "Santa Marta," Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and 0. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 389, 1930); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 291, 1905 — Bonda, Colombia (nest and eggs descr.). Arremonops venezuelensis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 228, July, 1898— Puerto Cabello [Carabobo], Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 104, 1899— Santa Marta (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 163, 1900— Bonda; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901— La Guayra, Venezuela. Arremonops canens Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 103, 1899— Santa Marta (crit.); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 164, 1900— Santa Marta. Buarremon assimilis (not Tanagra assimilis Boissonneau) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 167, 1900— Bonda (plumages); idem, I.e., 21, p. 276, 1905 (crit.). Arremonops conirostris venezuelensis Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 29, 1902 — Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 69, 1912 — Las Quiguas and Cumbre Chiquita, Carabobo, Venezuela (crit.); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 197, 1916— Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (nest and eggs descr.). Arremonops conirostris conirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 453, 1901— part, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 569, 1917— Colombia (Puerto Berrio, Malena, Nare, Honda, Chicoral, Buena Vista, Villavicencio) ; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 526, 1922 — Bonda, Dibulla, Mamatoco, Tucurinca, and Loma Larga, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit.); Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 38, 1923 — Venezuela and Colombia west to the Sinu River (monog.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 420, 1931— Rio Frio, Mag- dalena, Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of northern Venezuela south to the Orinoco Valley (but excepting the humid section south of Lake Maracaibo) and eastern Colombia (eastern base of eastern Andes in Terr, de San Martin and State of Boyaca; Magdalena Valley excepting its headwaters; Santa Marta region, west through Mag- dalena and Bolivar to the Sinu River).1 1 Birds from Santa Marta (A. canens) appear to be exactly like typical coni- rostris from eastern Colombia (Magdalena Valley and "Bogota"), this conclusion having already been reached by Mr. Todd on independent investigation. Speci- mens from the north coast of Venezuela and the Orinoco Valley, while similar in coloration, are on average a trifle smaller, but this divergency is slight and so largely obliterated by individual variation that the recognition of an additional form (venezuelensis) seems hardly warranted. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Caicara, Orinoco, 4; inland of Cumana (San Antonio, Los Palmales, etc.), 6; Rio Mamera, Caracas, 2; San Esteban Valley, Carabobo, 8; Puerto Cabello, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 10; Bucaramanga, 2; Aracataca, 2; Santa Marta, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 447 19: Colombia (Cartagena, Bolivar, 1; Puerto Zapote, Bolivar, 1; "Bogota," 1; Honda, Magdalena River, 1; Malena, Antioquia, 1); Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 8; Caracas, 3; Macuto, Caracas, 1; Puerto Cabello, 2). *Arremonops conirostris umbrinus Todd.1 MARACAIBO SPARROW. Arremonops conirostris umbrinus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 38, 1923 Santa Elena, Me>ida, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum). [Embernagra striaticeps] subsp. a Embernagra conirostris (not Arremon coni- rostris Bonaparte) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 763, 1888 — part, spec, g, Tachira, Venezuela. Range. — Humid Tropical zone south of Lake Maracaibo, in states of MeYida, Tachira, and Zulia, and the adjacent section of northeastern Colombia (El Guayabal, ten miles north of Cucuta, Santander del Norte). 15: Venezuela (Catatumbo River, Zulia, 2; Encontrados, Zulia, 2; Col6n, Tachira, 8); Colombia (El Guayabal, 10 miles north of Cucuta, Santander del Norte, 3). * Arremonops conirostris striaticeps (Lafresnaye).2 LAFRES- NAYE'S SPARROW. Embernagra striaticeps Lafresnaye, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 5, p. 61, 1853 — Panama (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 388, 1930); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 352— Panama; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 422— Panama; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- 1 Arremonops conirostris umbrinus Todd: Similar to A. c. conirostris, but decidedly darker throughout; vertical stripe, superciliaries, and sides of the head neutral gray instead of light neutral gray; back mostly dark gray, shaded with Saccardo's olive, especially posteriorly; wings externally darker, citrine to dark citrine rather than pyrite yellow. Wing, 76-80, (female) 73-76; tail, 66-72, (female) 65-68. A well-marked race by reason of its duskier coloration. As a rule, the back is mostly dark gray in its anterior portion, and if shaded with olivaceous, as is some- times the case, particularly in immature birds, the tone is decidedly duller and less yellowish, Saccardo's olive rather than citrine. The darker gray of the head and the duller, less yellowish outer aspect of the wings are other distinctive features. This form is clearly restricted to the humid country south of Lake Maracaibo, which owns so many peculiar races. The specimens from El Guayabal are in every respect typical. 1 Arremonops conirostris striaticeps (Lafresnaye) is easily distinguished from A. c. conirostris by the uniform bright citrine coloration of the back. Besides, the inner flanks are more decidedly shaded with greenish, and the under tail- coverts are much brighter yellowish buff. It is exceedingly close to, and sometimes barely separable from, A. c. chrysoma, of Pacific Colombia and Ecuador. Birds from extreme eastern Darien agree with a Panama series. Additional material examined. — Panama: Paraiso Station, 1; Loma del Le6n, 3; Perme", 2; Obaldia, 1. 448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Amer., Aves, 1, p. 414, 1886 — part, Panama (Lion Hill, Obispo, Panama City); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 762, 1888— part, spec, f-k, p, Panama (Paraiso Station, Panama). Embernagra conirostris (not Arremon conirostris Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 332, 1861— Panama Railroad. Arremon conirostris Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 32, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; Hallinan, Auk, 46, p. 321, 1924— Sosa Hill, Farfan, and Mindi, Panama. Arremonops conirostris conirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 453, 1901 — part, Panama; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 222, 1906— savanna of Panama; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 276, 1918— Gatun and Fort Lorenzo, Panama. Arremonops striaticeps striaticeps Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 40, 1923 — Panama (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 185, 1929— Cana, Darien; idem, I.e., 72, p. 372, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, Panama; idem, I.e., 78, p. 381, 1935— eastern Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama, from the Canal Zone east to the Colombian line. 9: Panama (Colon, 8; unspecified, 1). *Arremonops conirostris richmondi Ridgway.1 RICHMOND'S SPARROW. Arremonops richmondi Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 228, July, 1898 — Greytown, Nicaragua (type in U. S. National Museum). Embernagra conirostris (not Arremon conirostris Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 143, 1856— David, Chiriquf. Arremonops conirostris Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901 — Divala, Chiriquf. Embernagra striaticeps (not of Lafresnaye) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 170 — Angostura, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 181, 1866 — Greytown, Nicaragua; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 142— Veraguas (Cordillera de Tole, Santa Fe) and Chiriqui (David); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— Chiriquf (Bugaba) and Veraguas (Chitra, Calovevora); Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 56 — San Carlos and (seen at) Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 401, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 414, 1886 — part, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and western Panama (David, Bugaba, Chitra, Cordillera de Tole, Calovevora, Santa Fe); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Costa Rpi 1 Arremonops conirostris richmondi Ridgway: Very similar to A. c. striaticeps, but gray of head darker; back brighter, purer green; gray of chest and flanks darker. Birds from Chiriqui agree with others from Costa Rica. We have not seen any material from Veraguas or Honduras. Additional material examined. — Nicaragua: Los Sabalos, 2. — Costa Rica: P6zo Azul de Pirris, 2; Puerto Jimenez, Golfo Dulce, 2; Castilla, Rio Reventazon, 2; Waldeck, near Puerto Limon, 1. — Panama: Bugaba, Chiriquf, 5. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 449 (Las Trojas, P6zo Azul de Pirrts, Naranjo de Cartago, Angostura); Ridg- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 587, 1887— Segovia River, Honduras; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 762, 1888— part, spec, a-e, l-o, Nicaragua (Los Sabalos), Costa Rica (Tucurrfqui, BebedeYo, Angostura), Chiriqui (Bugaba), and Veraguas (Chitra, Santa Fe, Cordillera de Tole); Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 140, 1893— Costa Rica (Palmar, Boruca, Te>raba, Buenos Aires); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 493, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits, nest, and eggs); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles and Bagaces, Costa Rica. Arremonops conirostris richmondi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 453, 1901 — southern Honduras to Veraguas (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 70, 1902— Boquete and Bugaba, Chiriquf; idem, Auk, 24, p. 310, 1907— Costa Rica (Boruca, Barranca, Lagarto, Pozo del Rio Grande); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 903, 1910— Costa Rica (habits, nest, and eggs); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 280, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica. Arremonops striaticeps richmondi Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 40, 1923 — southern Honduras to Chiriquf (crit.); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 461, 1928— Almirante and Chiriquicito, Almirante Bay, Chiriquf; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 338, 1931— Almirante Bay region of Panama (Changuinola, Almirante, Quebrada Nigua); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 242, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 381, 1935— western half of Panama. Range. — Tropical zone from the southern border of Honduras (Segovia River=Rio Coco) through Nicaragua and Costa Rica to western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). 25: Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, 2); Costa Rica (Miravalles, 1; Juan Vinas, 2; Guayabo, 4; Limon, 12; Matina, 2; El General, 2). Arremonops conirostris centratus Bangs.1 HONDURAS SPARROW. Arremonops conirostris centraius Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 156, July, 1903 — Ceiba, north coast of Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 389, 1930). Embernagra striaticeps (not of Lafresnaye) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 580, 1887— Trujillo, Honduras. 1 Arremonops conirostris centratus Bangs: Described as similar to A. c. rich- mondi, but slightly smaller, especially the bill; inner secondaries without any brownish tinge; breast paler gray; flanks less greenish; under tail coverts less buffy. Wing (female), 72; tail, 67; bill, 15-16. Todd considers this form to be doubtfully maintainable pending the receipt of additional material. The smaller size and shorter bill would seem to indicate an approach to A. c. chloronota, which is said to exist already at San Pedro Sula in the northwestern corner of Honduras. 450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Arremonops striaticeps centratus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 41, 1923 — north coast of Honduras (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of northern Honduras (Ceiba, Trujillo). *Arremonops conirostris chloronotus (Salvin).1 GREEN-BACKED SPARROW. Embernagra chloronota Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 202 — "in Prov. Verae Pacis regione calida" (type, from Choctum, Guatemala, in Salvin- Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1861, p. 353— Chisec, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, 1862— Guate- mala; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 44, 1878 — Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 444 — Yucatan (in part); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 413, 1886— Yucatan (Chable), British Honduras, and Guatemala (Choctum, Chisec). Arremonops chloronota(us) Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 157, 1898 — Yajalon, eastern Chiapas; Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899— Cayo, British Honduras; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 452, 1901— southeastern Mexico to northwestern Honduras (monog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 117, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 380, 1913 — Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 36, p. 41, 1923— northern Honduras to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (crit.). Arremonops striaticeps chloronotus Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929— Cayo, British Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 368, 1932 — Guatemala (Secanquim, Chimoxan, Finca Chama); van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, p. 43, 1935 — northern Peten, Guatemala (Uaxactun, Chuntuqui, Pacomon, La Libertad). [Embernagra striaticeps} subsp. y Embernagra chloronota Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 764, 1888— Guatemala (Choctum, Chisec), British Honduras, and Yucatan (Chable). Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Chiapas (Yajalon, Palenque), Campeche (Apazote), Tabasco (Fron- tera, Monte Cristo), and Quintana Roo (Camp Mengel, Xcopen), southern Yucatan (Chable), Guatemala, British Honduras, and northwestern Honduras (San Pedro Sula). 3: Guatemala (Los Amates, 2; "unspecified," 1). Genus OBERHOLSERIA Richmond Chlorura (not Chlorurus Swainson) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, 1862 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla chlorura Audubon. 1 Arremonops conirostris chloronotus (Salvin) is most nearly related to A. c. richmondi, from which it differs chiefly by lesser dimensions and markedly shorter bill. In British Honduras, it intergrades with the more southerly race, according to Austin. Additional specimens examined. — Guatemala: Teleman, 2. — Mexico: Chable, Yucatan, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 451 Oreospiza (not of Keitel, 1857) Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 439, 1896 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla chlorura Audubon. Oberholseria Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28, p. 180, Nov. 29, 1915— new name for Oreospiza Ridgway, preoccupied. "Oberholseria chlorura (Audubon). GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. Fringilla chlorura Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 336, 1839— Ross' Creek= about twenty miles southwest of Blackfoot, Idaho (descr. of young; type in U. S. National Museum). Fringilla blandingiana Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 260, April, 1843 — "Rocky Mountains, about halfway between New Mexico and the Colorado of the west" (descr. of adult; type lost, cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 20, 1899). Pipilo rufo-pileus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 176, 1848 — Mexico (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam- bridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 388, 1930). Attapetes chlorurus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 738, 1888 (monog.). Embernagra chlorura Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 415, 1886 — North America south to Mexico (Mazatlan and Guanajuato). Oreospiza chlorura Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 400, 1901 — (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 364, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 172, 1906 — Rio Sestin, Durango. Oberholseria chlorura Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 184, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 296, 1931 — Sonora (Pesqueira, Tecoripa, Saric, Obregon, T6sia, Chinobampo, Guaymas); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, 1923— Sonora and Chihuahua. Range. — Breeds in the western United States from Oregon and southern Montana to southern California, southeastern New Mexico, and western Texas; winters from California and Texas south to Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and Guanajuato, Mexico.1 59: California (Willow Creek Valley, Lassen County, 1; Chap- aral, Butte County, 1; Nicasio, 1; Big Bear Valley, 5; San Bernar- dino County, 1); Nevada (Carson, 1); Colorado (Williams Range, Routt County, 1; Hot Sulphur Springs, 4; Fort Lyon, 3; Mount Vernon Canyon, 1; Mill City, 1; unspecified, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 1; Tucson, 3; Davidson's Canyon, 30 miles south of Tucson, 1; Whitstone Mountains, 1; Calabasas, 5; Fort Huachuca, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 25); Mexico (Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1). 'Since the above was written, Oberholser (Sci. Publ. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 10, Sept. 19, 1932) has described O. chlorura zapolia (type, from Hart Mountain, northern end of Warner Valley, Oregon, in Cleveland Museum of Natural History). It is characterized as being more grayish (in winter less rufescent) above and more grayish, less buffy, below, with the flanks paler. Its breeding range is given as central Oregon to southwestern Nevada and southeastern California, and east to northeastern Nevada; it is said to winter from southwestern California and southern Arizona to Lower California, southern Sonora, and casually to Texas. 452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus PIPILO Vieillot Pipilo Vieillot, Analyse Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 32, April, 1816— type, by monotypy, "Pinson aux yeux rouges" Buffon=Fnn0iMa erythrophthalma Linnaeus. Pipillo Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 286, July 1, 1837 — emendation. Oriturus Bonaparte,1 Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 469, 1850 — type, by subs. desig. (Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 3, p. 361, 1855), Oriturus urrangelii ("Brandt") Hartlaub =(?) Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vigors). Chamaeospiza Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 304, Nov. 9, 1858— type, by monotypy, Pipilo torquatus Du Bus. Pipilo torquatus2 torquatus Du Bus. COLLARED TOWHEE. Pipilo torquatus Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Sci. Lettr., Beaux-Arts Belg., 14, (2), p. 105, 1847 — Mexico (type in Brussels Museum); idem, Rev. Zool., 11, p. 246, 1848 (reprint);3 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 487, 1850— Mexico. Chamaeospiza torquata Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 304, 1858 — La Parada, Oaxaca; idem, I.e., 27, p. 365, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120, 1862— Oaxaca; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — mountains of Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 399, 1886 — La Parada, Oaxaca, Jalapa, etc.; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 148, 1886— Zoquitlan (Tehuacan), Puebla; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 730, 1888— La Parada, Oaxaca; Cox, Auk, 12, p. 357, 1895— Mount Orizaba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 41, 1898— Las Vegas, Vera Cruz. Buarremon ocai Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 126, May, 1865 — Jalapa, Mexico (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 315 (crit.). 1 Oriturus Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, [2], p. 469, 1850), diagnosed as "Rostrum Montifringillae, cauda elongata, gradata," was originally created for "O. mexlcanus" ex Mexico ("unicolor, uniformis") and "O. wrangeli Brandt (Oriturus sibiricus Bp. in litt.)" ex "As. s. maxime or." ("variegatus"), both, as they stand here, being practically nomina nuda. Five years later, Hartlaub (Jour. Orn., 3, p. 361, 1855) gave a full description of "Oriturus wrangelii Brandt," thus applying the generic name unequivocally to the second of Bonaparte's species, which virtually becomes the genotype. The fact that Bonaparte subsequently (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, p. 413, 1856) designated as typeO. mexicanus, which, in correcting the so-called diagnosis, he now declares to be the same as Aimophila [= Plagiospiza] superciliosa, cannot have any bearing on the case. ( 2 Pipilo torquatus is rather difficult to place, combining, as it does, certain characters of Atlapetes and others of Pipilo, from both of which it differs by its heavy feet and unusually long, stout hind claw. The olivaceous tail without white terminal spots and the style of coloration strongly suggest A. brunnei-nucha, but proportion and shape of the tail are more like Pipilo, while the bill, in form and length, is almost intermediate between the two. In other respects, however, the bird is obviously related to P. macronyx and P. maculatus, and I do not see my way clear to put it in another genus. 3 The sometimes quoted plate (36) of Du Bus's Esq. Orn. does not seem to have ever been published. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 453 Pipilo torquatus torquatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 406, 1901 (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 421, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Temperate zone of southern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Jalapa, Orizaba, Las Vegas, Cofre de Perote), Puebla (Zoquitlan, Mount Orizaba), Oaxaca (La Parada, Cerro San Felipe, Mount Zempoaltepec, near Ozolotepec), and Guerrero (near Chilpancingo).1 Pipilo torquatus alticola (Salvin and Godman).2 JALISCAN COLLARED TOWHEE. Chamaeospiza alticola Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 1, p. 381, July, 1889 — Sierra Nevada de Colima, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum). Pipilo torquatus alticola Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 408, 1901 — Colima and Jalisco (monog.). Range. — Temperate zone of southwestern Mexico, in states of Colima (Sierra Nevada) and Jalisco (Sierra Madre, La Laguna, etc.). Pipilo macronyx macronyx Swainson.3 SWAINSON'S TOWHEE. Pipilo macronyx Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 409, June, 1827 —part, (?)Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.; cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 407, 1886, and Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 751, 1888); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, 1 Two races, P. t. brunnescens, from Oaxaca (type from Totontepec), and P. t. guerrerensis, from the Sierra Madre, Guerrero, have recently been discriminated by van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 131, July 13, 1938). 1 Pipilo torquatus alticola (Salvin and Godman) is rather an unsatisfactory race, nearly all of its characters being bridged by individual variation in a series of typical torquatus from Cofre de Perote. 3 Pipilo TO. macronyx and P. TO. virescens require further investigation, and their ranges, as given in literature, seem to overlap, which is hardly likely to be the case, considering their close affinity. Swainson, when describing the species, ob- viously had two specimens (from Real del Monte, Hidalgo, and Temascaltepec, Mexico, respectively) before him. Unfortunately they appear to represent the two races as generally recognized. His original diagnosis, "Olive; head and throat black, body white, sides and vent ferruginous; wings and lateral tail-feathers (in one sex) with yellow spots," would seem to point to virescens. In his later account (in Anim. Menag., p. 347), Swainson, however, clearly describes the form with yellow spots on the upper parts and conspicuous yellow tips to the lateral rectrices, viz., the one which authors are accustomed to call macronyx, whereas the specimen with unspotted back, wings, and tail is incidentally mentioned as the probable "female." Salvin and Godman discuss both of Swainson's specimens, while Sharpe describes the spotted bird as the "type" of P. macronyx in the Cam- bridge Museum. On the other hand, P. virescens Hartlaub as well as P. chlorosoma Baird unquestionably belong to the plain-backed form. Until the significance of the variation has been ascertained by adequate material, nomenclature may provisionally remain undisturbed. A splendid series of nearly forty specimens from the Valley of Mexico (Chimalpa, Tlalpam, etc.) in the British Museum shows conclusively that the differences said to exist between macronyx and virescens are not racial, but either individual or due to age. 454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 361— Valley of Mexico; Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, p. 105 (footnote), 1874— City of Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 406, 1886 — part, Real del Monte, Mexico (crit.); Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 438, 1887 — Valley of Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 751, 1888— near Mexico City (descr. of "type"). Pipillo macronyx Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 347, 1837 — part, Mexico. Pipilo macronyx macronyx Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 409, 1901— mountains around the Valley of Mexico (monog.). Range. — Mountains bordering the Valley of Mexico, in states of Hidalgo, Mexico, Puebla, and Morelos. Pipilo macronyx virescens Hartlaub.1 HARTLAUB'S TOWHEE. Pipilo virescens Hartlaub, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 228, 1863 — Mexico (type in Bremen Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 752, 1888— southern Mexico. Pipilo macronyx Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 409, June, 1827 — part, (?)Temiscaltepec, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 406, 1886 — part, Oaxaca and (?)Temiscaltepec. Pipilo chlorosoma Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, p. 105 (footnote), 1874— Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 438, 1887— Oaxaca. Pipilo macronyx virescens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 410, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.). Range. — Mountains along southern border of Mexican plateau, from the State of Mexico to Oaxaca.2 *Pipilo maculatus arcticus (Swainson). ARCTIC TOWHEE. Pyrgita (Pipilo) arcticus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 260, pis. 51, 52, Feb., 1832— Carlton House, plains of Saskatchewan (type probably in the Swainson Collection, Uni- versity Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). [Pipilo maculatus] subsp. a Pipilo arcticus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 748, 1888— Texas, Yellowstone River, and Nebraska. 1 See footnote 3, page 453. 2 Two puzzling "species" of this complex have been described from the sa>me region: Chamaeospiza nigrescens Salvin and Godman (Ibis, [6], 1, p. 381, 1889 — Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico; type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined) and Pipilo complexus Ridgway (Auk, 3, p. 332, 1886; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 147, 1886— Teziutlan, Puebla; type in National Museum of Mexico) . By the color of the sides and flanks, as well as by having a more or less dis- tinct cinnamon-rufous patch on the occiput they form the transition to P. t. torquatus, and as has been intimated by Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 408, 1901), they are probably the result of hybridization between the Collared Towhee and P. macronyx. Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 218) recorded a bird of this group as Chamaeospiza torquata from the vicinity of Patzcuaro, . Eight specimens (from Michoacan, Vera Cruz, and Puebla) form an almost unbroken chain between macronyx and torquatus, and clearly indicate Michoacan. an almost hybridization. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 455 Pipilo maculatus arclicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 412, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, 1934— Chihuahua. Range. — Breeds in western North America from southern Alberta and the Forks of the Saskatchewan south to west-central Montana and northwestern Nebraska; occurs in migration in western Wyoming and northeastern Utah, and winters from eastern Colorado and southern Nebraska to Chihuahua and southern Texas; casual in Illinois and Wisconsin. 12 : Colorado (Mount Vernon Canyon, 1 ; Fort Lyon, 1 ; unspeci- fied, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 1); Texas (Ingram, 2; Waring, 1; Laredo, 1; Cooke County, 1; Fort Worth, 2; Kerrville, 1). *Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth.1 SPURRED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth, Condor, 7, p. 172, Nov. 22, 1905— Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (type in coll. of H. S. Swarth); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911 — Galindo, Tamaulipas; Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 106, 1930— Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 296, 1931 — fifteen miles southwest of Nogales, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, 1934 — Chihuahua and Sonora (Nacozari). Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not P. megalonyx Baird) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Los Pinitos, Sonora; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 415, 1901 — part, southeastern California, Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to New Mexico, western Texas, and north- eastern Mexico. Range. — Rocky Mountains from Wyoming south to Sonora (southern limit undetermined), Tamaulipas, and southeastern Cali- fornia, east to Colorado, New Mexico, and central western Texas.2 26: Utah (Provo, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4; Mt. Vernon Canyon, 1); New Mexico (Rincon, 2; Fort Union, 1); Arizona (Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 2; Huachuca Mountains, 13; Fort Verde, 1); Mexico (30 miles west of Minaca, Chihuahua, 1). Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem.3 GRAY-RUMPED TOWHEE. 1 Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth : Similar to P. m. megalonyx, but generally lighter colored, and with white markings on tail, wing-coverts, and scapulars more extensive; rump grayish; wing and tail longer. Wing, (average of males) 92, (females) 84 } jj; tail, 106 H, (female) 97. » Van Tyne and Sutton (Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 37, p. 102, Aug. 24, 1937 — type, from southeast of Boot Spring, Chisos Mts., Texas, in Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.) distinguish the towhee of southwestern Texas (Brewster and Jeff Davis counties) and parts of New Mexico as P. maculatus gaigei. » Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem: "Similar in size and proportions to P. m. montanus, but backs of males with more of olive and less of black; rump 456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 482, Dec., 1934— Jesus Maria, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). (l)Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not of Baird) Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 172, 1906— Cienaga de las Vacas, Durango (crit.). Range. — Mountains of southwestern Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, Pinos Altos), south probably to Durango. *Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell.1 NEVADA TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell, Condor, 7, p. 309, Aug. 24, 1911 — Big Creek Ranch, base of Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Swarth, Condor, 15, p. 173, 1913 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 12, p. 177, 1914— lower Colorado Valley. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not P. megalonyx Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 415, 1901— part, Nevada and eastern Oregon. Range. — Breeds in central southern British Columbia to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and northeastern California; winters south to the Colorado River Valley, in southeastern California. 12: British Columbia (Okanagan, 11); Washington (Wawawai, 1). *Pipilo maculatus oregonus Bell. OREGON TOWHEE. Pipilo oregonus Bell, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 6, 1849— "Oregon Territory "= Fort Vancouver, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum). Pipilo maculatus oregonus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 420, 1901 — part, coast of British Columbia to Oregon (monog.); Swarth, Condor, 15, p. 172, 1913 (crit., range). Range. — Coast district of southern British Columbia, including the southern part of Vancouver Island, south through western Washington to southwestern Oregon. 10: Oregon (Portland, 1; Tillamook, 1; Newport, 2; Linn County, 1; Logan, 3; Eagle Point, 2). more extensively gray; upper tail coverts gray, concplor with the rump, instead of black. Females parallel males in comparative differences." (Van Rossem.) The limits of range of this form remain to be determined by further researches. 1 Pipilo maculatus curtatus Grinnell: Similar to P. m. montanus, but wings shorter, tail much shorter, and coloration slightly darker. From P. m. megalonyx it is distinguished by paler colors, much greater extent of white markings, and much shorter hind-toe-and-claw; while from P. m. arcticus, which it closely resembles in the male sex, it may be separated by slightly longer tail and hind-toe- and-claw, as well as by the dull slate color instead of brownish ground color of the upper parts. Wing (males), 83^-86Ji; tail, 95-101; bill, 13-15; hind-toe-and-claw, 18-19. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 457 *Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth.1 SACRAMENTO TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth, Condor, 15, p. 172, Oct. 15, 1913 — Marysville Buttes, four miles northwest of Sutter, Sutter County, Cali- fornia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not P. megalonyx Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 415, 1901— part, California. Range. — Interior of California from Tulare County north to southwestern Oregon (Jackson County). 4: California (Clipper Gap, Placer County, 3; Oroville, Butte County, 1). *Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor.2 SAN FRANCISCO TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor, Condor, 2, p. 43, March 16, 1900 — Palo Alto, California (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 305, 1932); Swarth, I.e., 15, p. 171, 1913 (crit., range). Pipilo maculatus oregonus (not P. oregonus Bell) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 420, 1901— part, northern California. Range. — Coast region of California from the northern boundary of the state south to Monterey County. 34: California (Nicasio, 12; San Geronimo, 4; Palo Alto, 6; Portola, San Mateo County, 1; San Mateo, 1; San Jose", 2; Los Gatos, 2; Pacific Grove, 1; Monterey, 5). *Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Baird. SAN DIEGO TOWHEE. Pipilo megalonyx Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 515, 1858— Fort Tejon [Kern County], California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 305, 1932). Pipilo maculatus atratus Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 254, July, 1899 — [west of] Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 305, 1932); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 419, 1901 — southern coast district of California (monog.); Swarth, Condor, 7, p. 171, 1905 (crit.); Ridgway, I.e., 8, p. 100, 1906 (crit.). Pipilo maculatus megalonyx Linton, Condor, 10, p. 208, 1908 — Santa Cruz Island (crit.); Swarth, Condor, 15, p. 170, 1913 — Pacific slope of southern 1 Pipilo maculatus falcinellus Swarth: Most nearly similar to P. m. megalonyx, but differs in weaker feet with noticeably shorter, weaker hind claw, somewhat greater extent of white markings, and olivaceous or grayish rump. From P. m. curtatus it may be distinguished by slightly longer hind claw, decidedly darker brown sides and crissum, and by having the black areas more intensely and glossy black. Wing (males), 84-88; tail, 96-103; bill, 13-15; hind-toe-and-claw, 18-20. 1 Pipilo maculatus falcifer McGregor: Distinguished from P. m. megalonyx by very dark coloration with the white markings more restricted (though much more extensive than in P. m. oregonus), and smaller, weaker hind claw. 458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII California (crit., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 179, 1928 — northwestern Lower California. Range. — Pacific slope of southern California (north to San Luis Obispo County, in the interior to northern Kern County), including Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands, and extreme northwestern Lower California (Tecate). 12: California (Santa Cruz Island, 1; Los Angeles County, 2; Alhambra, 1; Lakeside, 1; Pasadena, 1; San Dimas Canyon, 2; Big Bear Valley, 1; Glenn Ranch, 1; San Clemente Canyon, San Diego, 1; San Diego County, 1). Pipilo maculatus clementae Grinnell. SAN CLEMENTE TOWHEE. Pipilo clementae Grinnell, Auk, 14, p. 294, July, 1897— Smuggler's Cove, San Clemente Island, California (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 305, 1932); idem, Pub. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, p. 19, 1897 (habits). Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (not P. megalonyx Baird) Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 140, 1890— San Clemente Island; Grinnell, Auk, 15, p. 235, 1898 — Santa Catalina Island. Pipilo maculatus clementae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 418, 1901 — part, San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands (monog.); Swarth, Condor, 15, p. 172, 1913— San Clemente and Santa Catalina (crit.). Range. — San Clemente and Santa Catalina Islands, California. Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth.1 CAPE COLNETT TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth, Condor, 28, p. 130, May 15, 1926 — Colnett, lat. 31°, Lower California, Mexico (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 179, 1928— Lower California. Pipilo maculatus umbraticolus Huey, Auk, 43, p. 358, 1926 — Sierra Juarez and Sierra San Pedro Martir. Range. — Northwestern Lower California, north of latitude 30°. *Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster. LARGE-BILLED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus magnirostris Brewster, Auk, 8, p. 146, April, 1891 — Sierra de la Laguna, Lower California (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 388, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 414, 1901 (monog., bibliog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1 Pipilo maculatus umbraticola Grinnell and Swarth: Very similar to P. m. megalonyx, but bill smaller and coloration darker, especially the females being dorsally decidedly slaty instead of tinged with brownish. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 459 41, p. 150, 1902— part, Cape district of Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 181, 1928— Cape district. Range. — Mountains of the Cape district of Lower California. 5: Lower California (Sierra Laguna, 1; El Sauz, 4). *Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway.1 GUADALUPE TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, No. 2, p. 189, April, 1876— Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum). Pipilo consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 2, p. 60, 1877 — Guadalupe; Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2, No. 6, p. 303, 1887— Guadalupe (habits, song, descr. of young); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 422, 1901— Guadalupe (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 181, 1928— Guadalupe. Range. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (probably extinct). 1: Lower California (Guadalupe Island, 1). Pipilo maculatus carmani Lawrence.1 SOCORRO TOWHEE. Pipilo carmani (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 7, Feb., 1871— Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Grayson, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 299, 1871— Socorro (habits); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 422, 1886 — Socorro; Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 135, 1890— Socorro; McGregor, Auk, 15, p. 264, 1898 — Socorro (descr. of young); Anthony, Auk, 15, p. 317, 1898— Socorro; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 422, 1901— Socorro (monog.); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 309, 1926— Socorro Island. Pipilo erythrophthalmus var. carmani Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 277, 1874— Socorro. Range. — Socorro Island, Revillagigedo group, off western Mexico. Pipilo maculatus maculatus Swainson. MEXICAN SPOTTED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculata Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 434, June, 1827— Real del Monte [Hidalgo], Mexico (types in coll. of W. Bullock, present location unknown);2 Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn., Part 2, pis. 30, 31, June, 1827 — Real del Monte, Mexico (descr. and fig. of types). Pipilo maculatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 304, 1856— Maltrata, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 304, 380, 1858 — La Parada and Cinco Sefiores, 1 1 cannot see in P. m. consobrinus and P. m. carmani anything but strongly marked insular races, their characters being only degree of such. 1 The type does not seem to have passed into the Swainson Collection, now in the University Museum at Cambridge, Eng. (cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 408, 1886). 460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1869, p. 361 — Valley of Mexico; Sumi- chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — high mountains of Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876— Cieneguilla, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 408, 1886— part, Mexican localities; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 747, 1888— part, spec, a-d, Mexico (Real del Monte, Oaxaca); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 215— Chalchicomula, Puebla (crit.); Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 157, 1898— Mount Orizaba (crit.). Pipilo oregonus (not of Bell) Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 140, 1868 — Guana- juato, Mexico. Pipilo submaculatus Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 332, July, 1886— Tezuitlan, Puebla, Mexico (type in National Museum of Mexico); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 146, 1886 — Tezuitlan. Pipilo orizabae Cox, Auk, 11, p. 161, April, 1894 — Mount Orizaba, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 12, p. 357, 1895 — Mount Orizaba; Nelson, I.e., 15, p. 157, 1898 (crit. ;= female). Pipilo maculatus maculatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 410, 1901 — part, Mexico (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Tableland of Mexico, from San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria, Alvarez), Zacatecas (Plateado, Sierra Valparaiso), and Nayarit south to Oaxaca and Chiapas.1 *Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom.2 GUATEMALAN SPOTTED TOWHEE. Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 12, Dec. 15, 1930 — Zanzon, western Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 366, 1932— Guatemala (Barrillos, Nebaj, Momoste- nango, Chichicastenango, Zanzon, San Mateo, Tecpam, Panajachel, Volcan San Lucas, Quezaltenango). Pipilo oregonus (not of Bell) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193— Quezaltenango, Solola, and Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Pipilo maculatus (not of Swainson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 408, 1886 — part, Guatemala; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 747, 1888 — part, spec, d, Quezaltenango, Guatemala. Pipilo maculatus maculatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 410, 1901 — part, Guatemala. 1 Breeding specimens from San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas seem to be inter- mediate to P. m. montanus, to which birds from Tamaulipas have generally been referred. Study of adequate series is imperative to define the ranges of the two races in northeastern Mexico. One more race, P. m. chiapensis van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 130, July 13, 1938), has lately been described. 2 Pipilo maculatus repetens Griscom: Similar to P. m. maculatus, but on average larger; upper parts darker, much more blackish in the male sex; the white dorsal streaking more conspicuous. This form approaches P. m. montanus in the coloration of the dorsal surface, but is not so dark above, with a lesser amount of white markings on back and wings. Wing (males), 86-92. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 461 Hortulanus maculatus Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 117, 1907 — Lake Atitlan and Sierra Santa Elena, Guatemala. Range. — Highlands of Guatemala. 10: Guatemala (near Tecpam, 5; Volcan Tajumulco, 2; Santa Elena, Chimaltenango, 1; Lake Atitlan, 2). *Pipilo erythrophthalmus1 erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus). RED- EYED TOWHEE. Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 180, 1758 — based on "The Towhe-Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 34, pi. 34; South Carolina. Pipilo aler Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 34, p. 292, 1819 — new name for Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus. Pipilo erythrophthalmus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 744, 1888 (monog.) . Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 423, 1901 (monog., full bibliog. excl. of breeding records from the Gulf coast). Range. — Breeds in eastern North America, east of the Great Plains, from southeastern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba, Ontario, and Maine south to Kansas and northern Georgia; winters from Nebraska, Wisconsin, and the Ohio and Potomac valleys to Texas, the Gulf coast, and Florida. 100: Massachusetts (Natick, 2; Brookline, 1; Taunton, 1; un- specified, 2); Connecticut (East Hartford, 6); Rhode Island (Fruit Hill, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 9; Suffolk County, 1); Wis- consin (Beaver Dam, 11); Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Chicago, 2; Addison, 1; Wolf Lake, 2; Hegewisch, 3; Joliet, 10; Brainerd, 2; Henry, 3; Grand Chain, 6) ; Indiana (Liverpool, 2; Bluffton, 3) ; North Dakota (Cannonball River, 1); Iowa (Cedar Rapids, 1); Missouri (unspecified, 1) ; Texas (Fort Worth, 1) ; Louisiana (Chef Menteur, 4) ; Mississippi (Vicksburg, 2); Florida (Mary Esther, 3; Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 12; Santa Rosa Island, 3; East Pass, 2; Gaines- ville, 1). Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell.2 ALABAMA TOWHEE. Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 202, Oct. 23, 1913 — Spring Hill, near Mobile, Alabama (type in U. S. National 1 1 follow general custom in keeping the Red-eyed Towhee as specifically distinct from P. maculatus, though I feel almost certain that their proper relation- ship would be more correctly expressed by uniting them in one complex. The ranges of P. e. erythrophthalmus and P. m. arcticus, as given in the A. O. U. Check List, do not seem to oppose such a treatment. 2 Pipilo erythrophthalmus canaster Howell: Similar to the nominate race, but with larger bill and slightly longer tail; white markings on tail less extensive; sides and flanks on average paler; females with head, neck, chest, and upper parts 462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum); Golsan and Holt, Auk, 31, p. 228, 1914 — Alabama (breeding); Howell, Bds. Alabama, p. 249, 1924 — Alabama (range, habits). Pipilo erythrophihalmus erythrophthalmus (not Fringilla erythrophthalma Linnaeus) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 423, 1901— part, breeding records from Georgia and Alabama. Range. — Southern United States from central Georgia west to Alabama (resident). *Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Coues. WHITE-EYED TOWHEE. Pipilo alleni Coues, Amer. Nat., 5, No. 6, p. 366 (note), August, 1871— based on P. erythrophthalmus Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 2, p. 282, 1871, "Florida" (cotypes from Dummitt's Grove, Indian River, Florida, in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 388, 1930). Pipilo leucopis Maynard, Bds. Florida, Part 5, p. 113, pi. 4, July, 1878 — Dummitt's Grove, Florida (no type indicated). [Pipilo erythrophthalmus} subsp. a Pipilo alleni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 746, 1888— Florida. Pipilo erythrophthalmus alleni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 426, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Coast region of the United States from about Charleston, South Carolina, southward to Florida. 74: South Carolina (Weston, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 1; Nassau County, 3; Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 8; Santa Rosa Island, 21; East Pass, 7; Grove City, 1; Enterprise, 1; Indian River, 3; Wilson, 6; Banana River, 2; West Jupiter, 5; Lake Worth, 3; Lantana, 3; Pine Island, 1; Puntarasa, 4; Miami Beach, 1; Southwest Harbor, 1; unspecified, 2). *Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and Swarth.1 OREGON BROWN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 431, April 6, 1926 — Eagle Point, Jackson County, Oregon (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Pipilo crissalis carolae (not of McGregor) Grinnell, Condor, 14, p. 199, 1912 — part, Kerby, Oregon; Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 119, 1918 — part, Oregon. more grayish (dark olive brown instead of Prout's brown) ; iris red. Wing, 85-93, (female) 86; tail, 90-101, (female) 96; bill, 14-16. From P. e. alleni the Alabama Towhee is easily separated by its large size and red iris. 1 Pipilo fuscus bullatus Grinnell and Swarth: Nearest to P. f. carolae, but on average larger with long, heavy bill; coloration tending to a slate gray; sides and flanks more heavily and extensively saturated with brownish slate. Wing (males), 94-99; tail, 108-110 H; bill, 14-16. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 463 Range. — Valleys of Josephine and Jackson counties, southwestern Oregon, and extreme northern California (Klamath River and south base of Table Rock, Siskiyou County). 2: Oregon (Eagle Point, 2). *Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor.1 SACRAMENTO BROWN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Cl., 1, No. 1, p. 11, Jan., 1899 — Battle Creek [boundary line between Shasta and Tehama counties], California (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 306, 1932); Grinnell, Condor, 14, p. 199, 1912 (crit., excl. of Kerby, Oregon). Pipilo crissalis carolae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 435, 1901— northern Sacramento Valley, California; Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 119, 1918— part, California (crit.). Pipilo crissalis crissalis (not Fringilla crissalis Vigors) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 434, 1901— California west of the Sierra Nevada. Range. — Interior valleys and foothills west of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern County2 north to Shasta County. 3: California (Clipper Gap, Placer County, 2; Mariposa, 1). *Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth.3 SAN FRANCISCO BROWN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 430, April 6, 1926— Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Pipilo crissalis crissalis (not Fringilla crissalis Vigors) Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 119, 1918 — part, northwestern California (from Santa Cruz to Hum- boldt County). Range. — Northwestern coast region of California from Humboldt Bay to the vicinity of Santa Cruz. 18: California (Nicasio, 5; San Geronimo, 2; Menlo Park, 2; Saint Helena, 2; Palo Alto, 3; San Jose", 1; Los Gatos, 2; unspecified, 1). 1 Pipilo fuscus carolae McGregor: Distinguished from P./. crissalis by slightly larger size, and paler, more slaty and less brownish coloration; from P. f. senicula by decidedly larger size and deeper, slaty brown tones of coloration (Grinnell, I.e.). Wing (males), 95-100; tail, 103-117. 1 Birds from Kern County have lately been separated as P. f. kernensis Grinnell and Behle (Condor, 39, p. 177, July, 1937 — type from two miles north of Sorrell Ranch, Kelso Valley, Kern County, in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). 1 Pipilo fuscus petulans Grinnell and Swarth: Intermediate in size between P. /. carolae and P. /. crissalis, but separable by the decidedly reddish tone of the plumage. Wing (males), 91 J £-100 1/2; tail» 98^110; bill, 15-16. 464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vigors).1 CALIFORNIA TOWHEE. Fringilla crissalis Vigors, in Zool. Beechey's Voyage Blossom, p. 19, 1839 — no locality stated (type, from Monterey, California, now in the British Museum ex coll. Zool. Soc. of London; cf. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 754, 1888, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 306, 1932). Pipilo crissalis crissalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 434, 1901 — part, southern California; Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 119, 1918 — part, from Monterey County south to San Luis Obispo County, California. Pipilo fuscus crissalis Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 430, 1926 (crit.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 181, 1928— Tecate, extreme northern Lower California. Pipilo crissalis senicula (not of Anthony) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 436, 1901 — part, southern California; Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 120, 1918 — part, southern California (crit.). Range. — Coast district of California from Monterey south to the Mexican boundary and east to the western margins of the San Joaquin Valley. 13: California (Pasadena, 1; Alhambra, 1; Arcadia, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Angeles County, 2; Colton, 1; Claremont, 3; San Diego, 4). Pipilo fuscus eremophilus van Rossem.2 ARGUS MOUNTAINS TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus eremophilus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 8, p. 70, Aug. 24, 1935 — Lang Spring, Mountain Springs Canyon, Argus Moun- tains, Inyo County, California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Pipilo fuscus crissalis (not Fringilla crissalis Vigors) Fisher, N. Amer. Faun., 7, p. 105, 1893 — part, Cajon Pass, California. Pipilo crissalis crissalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 434, 1901 — part, San Bernardino County. Range. — Argus Mountains and adjacent ranges in southeastern California. 1 "Oriturus wrangeli Brandt (Oriturus sibiricus Bp. in litt.)" Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 470, 1850 — "ex As. s. maxime or."), the whole diagnosis of which reads "variegatus," has been quoted as a synonym of P. f. crissalis. In a sub- sequent communication (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 43, No. 8, p. 413, 1856), Bonaparte not only corrects the locality to Russian America, but also the diagnosis to "unicolor (uniformis)." In the meantime, however, Hartlaub (Jour. Orn., 3, p. 361, 1855) had published a full description of the very same specimen in the Leyden Museum under the name Oriturus wrangelii (Brandt MS.). According to Dr. C. G. W. Junge (in litt.), the type differs from examples of P. f. crissalis by more brownish upper parts (wing, 90) , and it is quite possible that wrangelii may prove to be an earlier name for P. f. petulans. The locality is obviously erroneous. 2 Pipilo fuscus eremophilus van Rossem: "Most closely similar to P. f. carolae, but bill smaller, tarsi and toes decidedly shorter, and coloration slightly darker and grayer. Resembles P. f. fuscus, but wings and tail longer, bill much more slender, both in lateral and vertical profiles, and coloration paler. Wing (male), 94-95; tail, 103-108; bill, 14.5-14.7." (Van Rossem, I.e.) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 465 Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony. ANTHONY'S TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus senicula Anthony, Auk, 12, p. Ill, April, 1895 — San Fernando, Lower California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Mu- seum; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 363, 1928). Pipilo crissalis senicula Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 436, 1901— part, Lower California; Swarth, Condor, 20, p. 120, 1918— part, Lower California; Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 427, 1926 (crit.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 181, 1928 — Lower California (range). Range. — Pacific side of Lower California south at least to latitude 29°. Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser.1 SAN PABLO TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser, Condor, 21, p. 210, Sept. 30, 1919— San Pablo, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 182, 1928— Lower California (crit.). Range. — Middle portion of Lower California. *Pipilo fuscus albigula Baird. SAN LUCAS TOWHEE. Pipilo albigula Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, Oct.-Nov., 1859, p. 305, pub. Jan. 12, 1860 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 755, 1888 —Cape San Lucas; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 433, 1901— Cape region (monog., full bibliog.). Pipilo fuscus albigula Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 151, 1902 — Cape district (crit., descr. of young, habits, nest, and eggs); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 182, 1928— Cape district. Range. — Cape region of Lower California. 7: Lower California (El Valle, 1; La Paz, 2; Todos Santos, 1; Cape San Lucas, 1; unspecified, 2). *Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Baird. CAfiON TOWHEE. Pipilo mesoleucus Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, May-June, p. 119, pub. July 3, 1854— Bill Williams Fork [ = Big Sandy, just south of lat. 35° north], Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. Pacif. R. R., 9, p. 519, 1858). [Pipilo fuscus} subsp. /3 Pipilo mesoleucus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 754, 1888 (monog.). Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893 — Sonora (Granados, Nacory) and Chihuahua (San Diego, Neuvencha Plain); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 432, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 329, 1929— southern Arizona; Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 106, 1930— 1 Pipilo fuscus aripolius Oberholser: Similar to P. f, albigula, but with longer tail; upper parts much darker and more grayish; breast, sides, and flanks darker and less brownish (more purely grayish); crissum slightly and throat decidedly darker, and the latter not much paler than the posterior lower parts (Oberholser, I.e.). 466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 297, 1931 — Sonora (Saric, El Alamo, southwest of Nogales, Altar, Caborea); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 483, 1934 — Nacozari, Sonora. Range. — Southwestern United States, from west-central Arizona and southeastern Colorado1 south to western Texas, and the adjacent section of northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. 56: Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4); Arizona (Fort Grant, 1; Tucson, 7; Huachuca Mountains, 13; Calabasas, 11; Fairbank, 1; Tombstone, 1; Paradise, 1); New Mexico (Santa F£, 3); Mexico (Cerro Blanco, Sonora, 2; Babicora, Chihuahua, 2; 30 miles west of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 7; Bustillos, Chihuahua, 2; "Chihuahua," 1). *Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem.2 TEXAN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 371, May 31, 1934 — Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Southern Texas, from Kerr County west at least to Valverde County. 2: Texas (Kerrville, 2). Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem.3 DESERT TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 483, Dec., 1934 — Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in Museum of Compara- tive Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Arid deserts "of central Chihuahua, Mexico. Pipilo fuscus jamesi Townsend.4 TIBUR6N ISLAND TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus jamesi Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 20, pi. 1, March 9, 1923 — Tiburon Island, Sonora, Mexico (type in the American 1 Birds from Colorado have recently been separated by Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 118, Aug. 7, 1937) as P. f. mesatus (type, from Gaume's Ranch, Baca County, in U. S. National Museum). 2 Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem: "Most nearly resembling P. f. mesoleucus, but darker and grayer; tail equal to, instead of longer than, the wing; not unlike P. f. potosinus in size and relative proportions of wing and tail, but coloration paler and lacking the rich brown tones of that race. Wing, (male) 92-95, (female) 88-93; tail, 90-93, (female) 89-95." (Van Rossem, I.e.) 3 Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem: Nearest to P. f. mesoleucus, but paler and grayer, and size slightly smaller, with proportionately, and actually, shorter tail. Wing (males), 90-94; tail, 93-100. According to the describer, this is the palest and most ashy of the known races of P. fuscus, save only P. f. jamesi. 4 Pipilo fuscus jamesi Townsend: Nearest to P./. intermedius, but considerably smaller (even smaller than P. /. albigula) with stouter bill, and very much paler in coloration, the upper parts and flanks being much more ashy, the crown lighter 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 467 Museum of Natural History, New York); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 143, 1932— Tibur6n Island (crit.). Range. — Tiburon Island, off Sonora, northwestern Mexico. Pipilo fuscus intermedius Nelson. ALAMOS TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus intermedius Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 27, May 29, 1899 — Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 432, 1901 — southern Sonora and northern Sinaloa (monog.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 296, 1931 — Sonora (Pesqueira, Tecoripa, San Javier, Tesia, Chino- bampo, Guirocoba, Agiobampo); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 483, 1934— Sonora (Alamos, Oposura) and western Chihuahua (Pinos Altos, Bravo, Carmen, Durazno). Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in State of Sonora (excepting the northern section) and the adjoining districts of western Chi- huahua and northern Sinaloa. Pipilo fuscus potosinus Ridgway. PLATEAU BROWN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus potosinus Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 254, July, 1899 — Guanajuato, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 431, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (not of Baird) Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 173, 1906— Rosario, Las Bocas, Matalotes, La Cienaga de las Vacas, Rio Sestin, Rancho Baillon, and Arroyo del Buey, Durango (crit.). Range.— Central portion of Mexican tableland from Hidalgo1 and Guanajuato north to Nuevo Leon, Durango, and southeastern Chihuahua. *Pipilo fuscus fuscus Swainson. BROWN TOWHEE. Pipilo fuscus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 434, June, 1827— Temascaltepec, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, now in the Swainson Collection in the University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.; cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 410, 1886). Pipilo fuscus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 752, 1888 (monog.). Pipilo fuscus fuscus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 430, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Southern and western portion of Mexican tableland from states of Mexico, Puebla, and Vera Cruz west through Michoa- can to Jalisco and Nayarit.2 7: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 7). rufous, the anal region and under tail coverts lighter tawny. Wing (males), 84-88; tail, 90-96; bill, 15. 1 Birds from Vera Cruz and Puebla, which have been referred to potosinus by Ridgway, are darker brown above with the crown less rufescent, and judging from the few specimens at hand, seem to be nearer to typical fuscus. The question requires, however, further investigation with the help of more adequate material. 2 The ranges of P. f. fuscus and P. f. potosinus, as given by authors, certainly need readjustment, but without series of breeding birds it is impossible to say 468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pipilo rutilus (Lichtenstein).1 SCLATER'S TOWHEE. Tanagra rutila Lichtenstein, Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830 — Mexico (type, from Oaxaca, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 423, 1934); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 57, 1863 (reprint of orig. descr.). Pipilo albicollis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 304, Nov. 9, 1858— San Miguel de las Peras, Oaxaca (type in British Museum);2 idem, I.e., 27, p. 380, 1859 — Totontepec and Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120, 1862— Oaxaca; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876 — Huitzo, near Oaxaca. Pipilo rutilus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 410, 1886 — Oaxaca (San Miguel de las Peras, Totontepec, Huitzo); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 428, 1901 — southern Mexico, in states of Puebla, Oaxaca, and Guerrero (monog.). Range. — Southern Mexico, in states of Puebla (Tehuacan), Oaxaca (San Miguel de las Peras, Totontepec, Huitzo, Mount Zempoal tepee), and Guerrero (Ayusinapa). *Pipilo aberti Baird. ABERT'S TOWHEE. Pipilo aberti Baird, in Stansbury, Rep. Exp. Utah, Zool., p. 325, June, 1852— New Mexico (present whereabouts of type unknown); Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 198, 1882 — Colorado, Gila, and San Pedro rivers, Arizona (habits, nest, eggs, and young); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 756, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 427, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 12, p. 177, 1914— lower Colorado Valley; idem, I.e., 32, p. 183, 1928— Colorado delta, Lower California. Range. — Lower Austral zone from southeastern California (Colorado River valley and delta), southern Nevada, and south- western Utah to northeastern Lower California, northwestern Sonora, southern Arizona, and southwestern New Mexico. 17: Arizona (Phoenix, 12; Tucson, 1; Fairbank, 1; Fort Lowell, 1); California (Fort Yuma, 1; Mecca, 1). anything definite. Before all, material from the type locality in sufficient quantity should be examined in order to determine what form P. fuscus really represents. Matters have been further complicated by the addition of another race, P. f. tenebrosus van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 38, p. 132, July 13, 1938) from Jalisco (type, from Zapotlan, in British Museum). 1 Pipilo rutilus (Lichtenstein), which is not available at present for study, may be merely a well-marked race of the P. fuscus complex. However, its breeding range is too imperfectly known. 2 Spec, "c, Mexico, A. Salle (C.)" (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus.) is probably the actual type of the species which was based upon a single male secured by A. Salle in May, 1857, at San Miguel de las Peras. The example listed by Sclater (Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120) and Sharpe (p. 429) as type, has no claims to this dignity, having been obtained by Boucard subsequent to the description. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 469 Genus TORREORNIS Barbour and Peters1 Torreornis Barbour and Peters, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 9, p. 96, May 12, 1927 — type, by monotypy, Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters. *Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters.2 ZAPATA FINCH. Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 9, p. 96, May 12, 1927 — Santo Tomas, Peninsula de Zapata, Cuba (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Barbour, Auk, 45, pp. 30, 31, pi. 3, 1928— Cuba. Range.— Swamps of the Zapata Peninsula, Cuba, Greater Antilles. 3: Cuba (Santo Tomas, 3). Genus MELOZONE Reichenbach Melozone Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 79, fig. 1, June 1, 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 731, 1888), Pyrgita biarcuata Prevost and Des Murs. Pyrgisoma (Pucheran MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 486, end of 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 731, 1888), Pyrgita biarcuata Prevost and Des Murs. Kieneria Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 40, p. 356, 1855 — type, by orig. desig., Pyrgisoma kieneri Bonaparte. Meloxene Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 75, 1855 — emendation of Melozone Reichenbach (same type). Melanzona Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 412 (footnote), 1860 — emendation of Melozone Reichenbach. 1 Torreornis Barbour and Peters: Bill moderately stout with convex culmen and indistinct rictal bristles; wing very short, three times as long as tarsus, much rounded; third and fourth primaries longest, only slightly exceeding the second, fifth, and sixth, which are subequal; first (outermost) primary not longer than ninth; tip of longest secondaries reaching to end of eighth primary; tail somewhat longer than wing, slightly graduated, middle pair of rectrices exceeding the outer pair by about one-half the length of the tarsus; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw; lateral toes about equal, their claws reaching beyond the base of the middle claw; hind toe and claw about equal, together not exceeding the claw and middle toe; plumage long and lax. 1 Torreornis inexpectata Barbour and Peters: Crown rufous, with an indistinct grayish median line; rest of upper parts grayish olive, the middle portion with dusky centers; rump and tail coverts brighter; lores whitish; supraorbital stripe and sides of neck gray, auricular region darker; a white malar stripe separated from the white throat by a narrow black maxillary streak; lower border of throat pale gray; breast and abdomen bright lemon-yellow, shading into grayish olive on the chest and olive on the flanks; wings and tail dusky brownish, narrowly margined with olive along the outer webs. Wing, 65-67, (female) 64; tail, 73-75, (female) 70; tarsus, 22-23; bill, 17-17 H- This is a very peculiar bird by reason of its very short, much rounded wings, and its striking coloration, the combination of rufous crown and yellow under parts being unusual in the family. Two specimens from Santo Tomas, Cuba, examined. 470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melozone kieneri grisior van Rossem.1 NORTHERN GROUND SPARROW. Melozone rubricatum grisior van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 283, March 31, 1933 — Hacienda de San Rafael, Sonora (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Melozone kieneri grisior van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 484, 1934— Hacienda de San Rafael. Melozone rubricatum xantusii (not Pyrgisoma xantusii Lawrence) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 441, 1901— part, San Rafael, "Chi- huahua'^ Sonora. Range.— Extreme southeastern Sonora (Hacienda de San Rafael), northeastern Sinaloa (Questa del Tigre), and probably contiguous portions of Chihuahua, northwestern Mexico. *Melozone kieneri kieneri (Bonaparte). KIENER'S GROUND SPARROW. Pyrgisoma kieneri Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 486, end of 1850 — "ex Amer. occ."2 (type in Paris Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 325, 326 — western Mexico (crit. note on type); idem, Exot. Orn., p. 130, pi. 65, fig. 2, 1868 (descr. and fig. of type); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 401, 1886 — Mexico (?); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 732, 1888— Mexico(?); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 423, 1934 (crit. note on type). Melozone kieneri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 439, 1901— Mexico. Pyrgisoma xanthusii (Baird MS.) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 480, May, 1867— plains of Colima, western Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Pyrgisoma rubricatum (not Atlapetes rubricatus Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 326— part, plains of Colima; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 127, 1868— part, Colima; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 278, 1874— Sinaloa (Mazatlan), Colima, and Tepic (San Bias); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 402, 1886 — part, Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio), Tepic (San Bias), and Colima; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 731, 1888— part, spec, a-d, Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 780, 1893— Barranca Ibarra (near Guadalajara), Jalisco. Pyrgisoma rubricatum xantusi Nelson, Auk, 15, p. 156, 1898 — Colima, Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Tepic (crit.). 1 Melozone kieneri grisior van Rossem : Nearest to M. k. kieneri, but coloration throughout paler and grayer; back, wings, tail, flanks, and forehead deep grayish olive rather than olive brown or deep olive; hind neck and face cinnamon rufous or tawny instead of Sandford's brown to hazel; under tail coverts pale cinnamon rather than ochraceous-tawny; bill perhaps slightly shorter. Five specimens examined. * Van Rossem (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 423, 1934) suggests San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico, as type locality. The same author, by examination of Bona- parte's type, has established the identity of P. xantusii with P. kieneri. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 471 Melozone rubricatum xantiisii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 441, 1901 — part, Colima to Durango and Tepic (monog.). Range. — Western Mexico, from southern Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio, Plomosas) and southwestern Durango (Chacala) through Jalisco and Nayarit to Colima. 16: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 16). *Melozone kieneri rubricatum (Cabanis). LICHTENSTEIN'S GROUND SPARROW. Atlapetes rubricates Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 140 (footnote), Oct., 1851— Real Arriba [Pueblal, Mexico (type in Berlin Museum); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 413 (in text), 1860 (crit.). Melozone rubricata Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 234, 1866 — Mexico (crit.).1 Pyrgisoma rubricatum Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 326 — part, Atlixco, Puebla; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 127, pi. 64, fig. 1, 1868— part, Atlixco, Puebla; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 402, 1886 — part, Real Arriba and Atlixco; Ferrari- Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 148, 1886— Chietla and Acatlan, Puebla; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 731, 1888— part, spec, e-g, Oaxaca (Putla) and Puebla (Atlixco). Melozone rubricatum rubricatum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 440, 1901 — Puebla, Oaxaca, and Guerrero (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 421, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range.— Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in states of Puebla (Atlixco, Real Arriba, Chietla, Acatlan), Morelos (Cuerna- vaca), Oaxaca (Cuicatlan, Putla), and Guerrero (Tlalixtacilla, Chilpancingo, Iguala). 1: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 1). Melozone kieneri hartwegi Brodkorb.2 CHIAPAS GROUND SPARROW. Melozone biarcuatum hartwegi Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 369, p. 6, April 11, 1938 — Finca Esperanza, Chiapas, Mexico (type in Univ. Mich. Museum of Zoology). Melozone biarcuatum chiapensis van Rossem, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 126, July 13, 1938— Tuxtla, Chiapas (type in British Museum examined). Melozone biarcuatum (not Pyrgita biarcuata Prevost and Des Murs) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 443, 1901— part, Chiapas (Chicharras). 1 The type specimen, marked "female," is said to lack the dusky pectoral spot. 2 Melozone kieneri hartwegi Brodkorb: Exceedingly close to M. k. biarcuatum, but perhaps distinguishable by very slightly darker, less rufous back and whiter chest. The other characters mentioned by the describers do not hold. A very poor race, hardly worthy of recognition. Material examined.— Mexico, Chiapas: Tuxtla, 5; Tapachula, 1; Eureka, Volcan de Tacana, 3. 472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in State of Chiapas (Finca Esperanza, Tuxtla, Chicharras). *Melozone kieneri biarcuatum (Provost and Des Murs).1 GUATEMALAN GROUND SPARROW. Pyrgita biarcuata Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. V6nus, Atlas, Ois., pi. 6, 1846. Emberiza biarcuata Prevost and Des Murs, Voy. Venus, 5, Ois., p. 216, 1849 — "California" and Guatemala (type, from Guatemala, in Paris Museum). Pyrgisoma biarcualus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 486, 1850 — "California" and Guatemala. Pyrgisoma biarcuatum Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, pp. 5, 18, pi. 5, fig. 2 (egg) — Duenas, Guatemala (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120, 1862— part, spec, a, Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 325— Guatemala; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 234, 1882— Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 401, 1886 — Guatemala (Duenas, Escuintla, Retalhuleu, Coban); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 733, 1888 — Guatemala (Duenas, Barranca Honda, Retalhuleu, Coban). Melozone biarcuata Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 14, p. 233, 1866 — part, Guatemala (crit.). Melozone biarcuatum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 443, 1901— part, Guatemala; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 117, 1907 — Guatemala (Fiscal, Lake Amatitlan, Lake Atitlan, Patulul, Maza- tenango); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 367, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca Sepur, Finca Concepcion, Finca Sepacuite, San Lucas, Antigua, Panajachel, Lake Amatitlan, La Carolina, Finca El Cipres) (crit.). Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and El Salvador.2 12: Guatemala (Lake Amatitlan, 2; Lake Atitlan, 6; Patulul, Solola, 3; Mazatenango, 1). *Melozone kieneri cabanisi (Sclater and Salvin). CABANIS'S GROUND SPARROW. Pyrgisoma cabanisi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 234 — San Jose, Costa Rica (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum) ; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 129, pi. 65, fig. 1, 1868— San Jose; Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 314— Costa Rica (crit.); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 56— San Jose and Cartago, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 499, 1883— below San Jose; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 403, 1886— San Jose, Grecia, and Irazu, Costa Rica; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Costa Rica (Alajuela, San Jose, Grecia, Cartago, Navarro); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 734, 1888— San Jose and Irazu, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 248, 1892— San Jose (habits, nest, and eggs). 1 Melozone biarcuatum and M. cabanisi, though characterized by trenchant features, are clearly geographic races of M. kieneri, and should accordingly be classed trinominally. 2 Sixteen additional specimens from Guatemala and nine from El Salvador examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 473 Melozone biarcuata (not Pyrgita biarcuata PreVost and Des Murs) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 412, 1860— San Jos6 (crit.); idem, I.e., 14, p. 233, 1866— part, Costa Rica. Pyrgisoma biarcuatum Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120, 1862— part, spec, b, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— San Jose"; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— San Jose". Pyrgisoma kieneri (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 169— Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— San Jos6 and Gre"cia; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869 (ex Lawrence). Melozone cabanisi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 441, 1901 —Costa Rica (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 905, 1910— Costa Rica (San Jos£, Alajue'la, Cachf, Tierra Blanca). Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica.1 8: Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Cartago, 4; San Jose", 3; unspeci- fied, 1). *Melozone leucotis occipitalis (Salvin). SALVIN'S GROUND SPARROW. Pyrgisoma occipitale Salvin, Ibis, (4), 2, p. 446, Oct., 1878 — Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 404, 1886— Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua above San Diego, and Savanna Grande) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 404, 1888 — Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Savanna Grande, Barranca Honda). Chamaeospiza torquata (not Pipilo torquatus Du Bus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 274— Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Pyrgisoma leucote (not Melozone leucotis Cabanis) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205 — Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 326 — part, Guatemala; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 128, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1868 — part, Volcan de Agua, Guatemala. Melozone occipitalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 445, 1901 — Guatemala (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 368, 1932— Chanquevelje and Palin, Amatitlan, Guatemala. Melozone occipitalis grandis Brodkorb, Occ. Pap. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., 369, p. 7, April 11, 1938— Finca Juarez, Chiapas, Mexico (type in Univ. Mich. Mus. of Zoology). Range. — Highlands of Guatemala and southeastern Mexico (State of Chiapas).2 1: Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, 1). 1 No representative of the M . kieneri complex has yet been recorded from either Honduras or Nicaragua. 2 Three adults from Chiapas (Las Chicharras and Volcan de Tacana) do not differ, either in size or color, from twelve Guatemalan skins. 474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom.1 BLACKISH GROUND SPARROW. Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 4, Sept. 24, 1925 — Matagalpa, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Pyrgisoma leucote (not Melozone leucotis Cabanis) Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 373 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 403, 1901— part, Nicaragua (Chontales); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 736, 1888— part, spec, a, Chontales, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 326 — Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Melozone leucotis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 444, 1901— part, Nicaragua (Chontales). Range. — Highlands of Nicaragua (Matagalpa, Chontales, etc.). 1: Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1). *Melozone leucotis leucotis Cabanis. WHITE-EARED GROUND SPARROW. Melozone leucotis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 413, 1860 — Costa Rica (type in Berlin Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— Costa Rica (San JosS, Angostura, Guaitil, San Juan); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869— Costa Rica (Guaitil, Angostura); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 444, 1901— part, Costa Rica (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 905, 1910 — Costa Rica (Rio Maria Aguilar, Sarchf, Alajuela, Carrfllo, Escazu, San Jose, Irazu). Melozone leucote Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 169— Angostura. Pyrgisoma leucote Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 120, 1862 — part, spec, a, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 326— part, Costa Rica; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 128, 1868— part, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 56— Cartago and San Jos6; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 403, 1886 — part, Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 736, 1888— part, spec, b-h, Costa Rica (San Jose, Irazu). Range. — Highlands of Costa Rica.2 6: Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Cartago, 5; San Jose", 1). Genus PLAGIOSPIZA Ridgway Plagiospiza Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 224, July, 1898— type, by orig. desig., Aimophila superciliosa Swainson. 1 Melozone leucotis nigrior Miller and Griscom: Very similar to M. I. leucotis, but black pectoral patch more extensive laterally and the black gular area usually confluent with the black chest, the white and tawny band separating them reduced or even absent. 2 Nine specimens examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 475 *Plagiospiza superciliosa (Swainson). STRIPED SPARROW. Aimophila superciliosa Swainson,1 Anim. Menag., p. 314, Dec. 31, 1837 — Mexico (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cam- bridge, Eng.); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869— upper alpine region of Vera Cruz between 3,000 and 4,000 metr. elev.; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 215 — Chalchicomula, Puebla; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Bavispe River and Pacheco, Sonora; Cox, Auk, 13, p. 357, 1895— from San Andres up to 11,000 ft., Vera Cruz; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 41, 1898— Las Vegas, Vera Cruz (habits). Haemophila superciliosa Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 395, pi. 30, fig. 1, 1886 — Durango; idem, Ibis, 1889, p. 239 — environs of Mexico City, near Puebla, Popocatepetl (10,000 to 12,000 ft.), Cofre de Perote, San Luis Potosf, Aguas Calientes, and Durango, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 722, 1888— Durango. Plagiospiza superciliosa Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 229, 1901— Mexico (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 173, 1906 — Arroyo del Buey, Durango; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 484, 1934— "Chihuahua." Range. — Mexican tableland, from northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua,2 Durango, and San Luis Potosi south to Michoacan, Morelos, Puebla, and Vera Cruz.3 18: Mexico (40 miles southwest of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 9; Babicora, Chihuahua, 7; Mt. Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 2). Genus CALAMOSPIZA Bonaparte Calamospiza Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List Bds. Eur. & N. Amer., p. 30, 1838 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla bicolor Townsend. Corydalina Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 129, 1839 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla bicolor Townsend. *Calamospiza melanocorys Stejneger. LARK BUNTING. Fringilla bicolor (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 189, 1837— plains of Platte River, Nebraska (cotypes in U. S. National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 14, 1899). Calamospiza melanocorys Stejnegor, Auk, 2, p. 49, Jan., 1885 — new name for Fringilla bicolor Townsend, preoccupied; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 40, 1893— Oputo, Sonora; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 168, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. 1 First published as a nomen nudum by Swainson in Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 287, July, 1837. 2 Birds from Chihuahua (Tutuaca) have recently been separated as P. 8. palliata van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 127, July 13, 1938). 3 Nine specimens, mostly from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, examined. 476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII N. H., 21, p. 363, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 172, 1906— Rancho Baillon, Durango; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 186, 1928 — Lower California; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 332, 1928— southern Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 297, 1931— Obreg6n and T6sia, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 484, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Bacuachi) and Chihuahua. Calamospiza bicolor Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 417, 1886 — North America south to Sonora (Espia, Guaymas) and Guana- juato, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 593, 1888 (monog.). Range. — Great Plains of North America, from southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba south to southeastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas, and east to Nebraska and western Minne- sota; winters from southern Texas and Arizona south to southern Lower California, Durango, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas, Mexico; accidental in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina. 95: Alberta (Pakowki Lake, 1); Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 3); North Dakota (Carrington, 1; Jamestown, 4; Steele, 1); California (National City, 1); Colorado (Loveland, 1; Altona, Boulder County, 1; 2 miles north of Fraser, 1; Denver, 1; Lake- wood, 4; Fort Lyon, 12; Kremmling, 2; near Weston's Ranch, Arkansas River, 1); Arizona (Mesa City, 1; Phoenix, 9; Tucson, 3; Fairbank, 1; Fort Lowell, 3); New Mexico (Deming, 22); Texas (Corpus Christi, 19; Crystal City, 1; Laredo, 1; Rio Grande, 1). Genus MYOSPIZA Ridgway Myospiza Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 224, July, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Frin- gilla manimbe Lichtenstein=Tanagra humeralis Bosc. Myiospiza Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 637 — emendation. Myospiza humeralis columbiana Chapman.1 COLOMBIAN GRASS- HOPPER SPARROW. Myospiza manimbe columbiana Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 162, 1912 — Cali, Cauca, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 567, 1917 — Cali and La Manuelita (Cauca), near Honda and Chicoral (Magdalena Valley), Colombia. Myospiza humeralis columbiana Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 429, 1926— Cali (Cauca) and Yumbo (Valle), Colombia (crit.). 1 Myospiza humeralis columbiana Chapman: Very close to M. h. humeralis, but on average darker above with the black streaking broader. Wing, 57-59; tail, 43-46. I am exceedingly doubtful about the distinctness of this form. Three (some- what worn) specimens from Cali, Cauca, and a single Bogota skin are absolutely indistinguishable in color from M. h. xanthornus in corresponding plumage, while two from Bucaramanga, with more pronounced reddish brown submarginal edges to the dorsal feathers, can be matched by various individuals from eastern Brazil. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 477 Coturniculus manimbe (not Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 296, 1884 — Bucaramanga (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of Colombia, in the valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena rivers. Myospiza humeralis meridana Todd.1 VENEZUELAN GRASS- HOPPER WARBLER. Myospiza humeralis meridanus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 127, July, 1917— Guarico, Lara, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 532, 1922 — Taquina, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 429 1926 — part, Colombia (Palmar, Boyaca; Paramo de Macotama) (crit.). Coturniculus manimbe (not Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Caracas, Venezuela. Ammodramus manimbe Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 691, 1888 — part, spec, b, Caracas, Venezuela. Myospiza manimbe Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 13, p. 103, 1899 — Paramo de Macotama (alt. 9,000 ft.), Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 164, 1900— Bonda. Range. — Tropical (chiefly) zone of northern and eastern Colombia (Santa Marta region; Palmar, State of Boyaca) and northwestern Venezuela (Guarico, Lara; Me"rida; Caracas). *Myospiza humeralis humeralis (Bosc). GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Tanagra humeralis Bosc, Journ. d'Hist. Nat. (Choix de M6moires), 2, No. 17, p. 179, pi. 34, fig. 4, Sept. 1, 1792 — Cayenne (location of type not stated, doubtless lost); cf. Chubb, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 31, p. 39, 1913 (nomencl.). Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, after Sept., 1823 — Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 600, 1830— Muribeca, Rio Itabapuana, Rio de Janeiro, and Espirito Santo, Brazil. Emberiza manimbe Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 77, 1837 — part, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (spec, examined). Coturniculus manimbe Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 481, 1850 — part, Bahia; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 133, 1851— Brazil; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 1, p. 163, 1853 — Nova Friburgo, Rio (descr. of nest and eggs); idem, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1856 — Nova Friburgo; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 116, 1862 — Brazil and Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 572— Mexiana; Reinhardt, Vidensk. 1 Myospiza humeralis meridana Todd: Stated by Wetmore to be darker above than M. h. humeralis, with the pileum more heavily streaked, especially in front, and the gray edgings to the dorsal feathers less prominent; from M. h. columbiana distinguished by brownish, instead of black, ground-color of the upper parts. A single specimen from Me>ida can be matched by numerous individuals from Guiana and Brazil, and I feel almost certain that when adequate series become available, this, as well as the preceding race, will be found to be inseparable from M. h. humeralis. 478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 215 — Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Uberaba, Curvelo, Piauhy) and Sao Paulo (Taubate, Sao Bento de Araraquara, Mugy das Cruzes); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 230, 1870— Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Itarare), Parana (Rio Verde Pequeno, Cimeterio, Curytiba), Matto Grosso (Villa Bella), and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 337 — Caxanga, Pernambuco; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 — Roraima, British Guiana. Coturniculus peruamis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 481, 1850 — "Amer. m. occ." = Goyaz, Brazil (type in Paris Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673 [note], 1906). Ammodromus manimbe Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 691, 1888 — part, spec, c-x, e', "Trinidad," Roraima, Cayenne, Mexiana, Pernambuco, Bahia, and Bolivia; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— "Porto Real," Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 374, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio and Caripe, Bermudez, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 166, 1899— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Can- tagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 6, 1900 — Carandasinho and Urucum, Matto Grosso; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 54, p. 520, 1906 — Marajo Island; idem, I.e., 55, p. 297, 1907 — Marajo and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 13, p. 499, 1907— French Guiana; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910— Bahia (Alagoinhas) and Piauhy (Apertado Hora and coast region); Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 408, 1910 — Surinam. Myospiza manimbe Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 28, 1902 — Orinoco (Altagracia, Quiribana de Caicara, Perico, Maipures, Puerto Samoro, Ciudad Bolivar) and Caura (Suapure), Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 385, 1907— part, Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Cachoeira, Bebedouro, Itapura, Itarare, Jundiahy, Sao Jose do Rio Pardo) and Matto Grosso (Porto da Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 353, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Goyaz and Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 121, 1908— Cayenne, French Guiana; Hell- mayr, I.e., 17, p. 281, 1910 — Humayta; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 119, 127, 1912— Mexiana and Marajo, Brazil; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 209, 1913— La Pedrita, Rio Uracoa, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 — Monte Alegre, Marajo, and Faro, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 433, 1914— Marajo (Rio Arary, Sao Natal, Tuyuyu, Pindobal), Monte Alegre, and Rio Jamunda (Faro); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 196, 1916 — Orinoco Valley and Maripa, Caura, Venezuela (nest and eggs); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 42, 61, 1926— Ceara and Maranhao (Sao Bento); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 189, 1926 — Invernadinha, Parana. Myospiza humeralis Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 87, 1917— Caceres and Pocone", Matto Grosso; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 460, 1921— Roraima, Upper Takutu Mts., and Abary River; Young, Ibis, 1929, p. 246— coast land of British Guiana (habits). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 479 Myospiza humeralis humeralis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92, 1918— vicinity of Paramaribo (crit.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, pp. 427, 428, 1926 (range, crit.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 301, 1929 — Maranhao (Miritiba, Sao Bento, Codo [Cocos], Tranqueira) (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 353, 1930 — part, Matto Grosso (Urucum, Tapirapoan, Juruena, Rio Roosevelt) (crit.); Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 253, 1930 — Bolivia (Cuevo, Chuquisaca; Fortfn Esteros, Tarija). Myospiza humeralis manimbe Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92 (in text), 1918— eastern Brazil (crit.); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 317, 1928— Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Myiospiza (Ammodromus) manimbe Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 181, 1925— Alagoinhas (Bahia) and Piauhy. Myospiza humeralis meridana (not of Todd) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 120, 1931— Roraima (crit.). Range.— Eastern and southern Venezuela (savannas of the Orinoco basin, northeast to the hinterland of Cumana) ;' the Guianas; all of eastern Brazil, from the northern confines (locally in the Amazon Valley, west to Humayta, Rio Madeira) south to Matto Grosso and Parana; eastern Bolivia.2 31: Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 2; Piacoa, Delta Amacuro, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, 1 No authentic record exists from the island of Trinidad. 2 Careful examination of one hundred specimens covering the whole range as outlined above fails to disclose any other than seasonal and individual variation. Birds from the Orinoco basin, the Guianas (including a good series of topotypical humeralis), the upper Rio Branco, and eastern Brazil (manimbe) prove to be abso- lutely identical, if specimens in corresponding condition are compared. Twelve skins from Roraima, at first would seem to be separable by having broader rufous brown submarginal edges to the dorsal feathers, thus causing a brownish rather than grayish appearance of the upper parts. However, all of them, except two, are in exceedingly fresh plumage, and a series from southeastern Brazil (Sao Paulo and Parana) in similar stage have just as much reddish brown suffusion above. The two worn individuals from Roraima, on the other hand, are much less brownish, and can be matched by numerous Venezuelan and Brazilian specimens picked at random. There is considerable variation among the series from northeastern Brazil, some being very nearly as dark as xanthornus, notably one from the island of Marajo (estuary of the Amazon), which has no trace whatever of brown on the dorsal surface, exactly as certain very dark individuals from Argentina. Birds from Matto Grosso cannot be separated in any way from a Cayenne series, and the same remark applies to single examples examined from the Rio Madeira (Humayta) and Bolivia. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 8. — British Guiana: Roraima, 13. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 15.— Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1; Island of Marajo, 1; Miritiba, Maranhao, 1; Amaragao, Piauhy, 1; Apertada Hora, Piauhy, 1; Alagoinhas, Bahia, 2; Bahia, 8; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio Verde Pequeno, Sao Paulo, 1; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 1 ; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 7; Curytiba, Parana, 1 ; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 1; Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso, 4; Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso, 1; Rio Juruena, Matto Grosso, 1; Urucum, Matto Grosso, 3. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 1; Cuevo, Chuquisaca, 1; Fortfn Esteros, Tarija, 1. 480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Amazonas, 4; Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 6; Santar^m, Para, 2; Sao Ben to, Maranhao, 2; Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 3; Tranqueira, Maranhao, 1 ; Santo Amaro, Bahia, 1 ; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 1 ; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 3; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 2). *Myospiza humeralis xanthornus (Darwin).1 DARWIN'S GRASS- HOPPER SPARROW. Ammodramus xanthornus (Gould MS.) Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, pi. 30, July, 1839— Maldonado, Uruguay (cf. text, p. 90; type in British Museum examined). Emberiza manimbe (not Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein) Lafresnaye and d' Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 77, 1837 — part, Corrientes (spec, examined). Ammodramus manimbe Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 90, Nov., 1839 — Maldonado, Uruguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223— Paraguayan Chaco. Coturniculus manimbe Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 481, 1850 — part, Maldonado; Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 486, 1861 — near Parana; Doering, in Roca, Inf. One. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 40, 1881— Valley of the Rio Colorado, Patagonia; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 600— Santo Tome, Corrientes; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 131, 1883— Entre Rios (Conception del Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca and Sierra de la Ventana); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 8, 1887 — Lambare, Paraguay; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 198, 1890— Cordoba. 1 Myospiza humeralis xanthornus (Darwin): Similar to M. h. humeralis, but without, or with very little, rufescent or brownish submarginal edges to the dorsal feathers, the prevailing tone of the upper parts being blackish and gray. The only distinctive feature of this form is the reduction or even absence of brownish tones on the upper parts, and yet this is far from being constant. While a good many individuals from western Argentina are very dark indeed, others have distinct, though narrow reddish brown lateral margins to the black central streaks, and run very close to certain specimens from Brazil and Guiana. For instance, two from Uruguay are hardly separable from one taken at Sao Bento, Maranhao, and another from the island of Marajo, as we have remarked in the preceding footnote, is indistinguishable from Formosa birds. The type of M. m. nigrostriata is an adult in very worn breeding plumage, and the type of M. m. v^r. dorsalis is, also. Further subdivision of the Argentine form is impossible, the alleged characters of tucumanensis being completely bridged by individual variation. The proper allocation of the inhabitants of eastern Paraguay and the adjoining districts of Corrientes is a matter of personal preference, and largely depends on the hazards of the available material. One bird from Villa Rica is as typical of xanthornus, as one from Bernalcue (east of Asuncion) and another from Corrientes are of hume- ralis. The region appears to be an area of intergradation, as might be expected from its geographical intermediacy. A single adult from Rio Grande do Sul (in rather worn condition) again is "ultratypical" xanthornus. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, Asuncion, 2; Rio Negro, 1; Puerto Pinasco, 1. — Argentina: Tucuman, 4; San Jose, Formosa, 5; Tapikiole, Formosa, 5; Tacaagl£, Formosa, 1; Estancia Inez, near Hersilia, Santa Fe, 1; La Pastora, Cordoba, 1; near Parana, Santa F6, 1; Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, 2; Corrientes, 1. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 1 (the type); Santa Elena, 1. — Rio Grande do Sul: Pedras Brancas, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 481 Coturniculus peruanus (not of Bonaparte) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860 — near Parana, Santa F£; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 60, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1893, p. 484 — Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (habits, nest, and eggs); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 170 — Uruguay (Porongos, Santa Elena). Coturniculus manimbe var. dorsalis Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 549, 1874 — Buenos Aires and Uruguay (type, from Buenos Aires, in U. S. National Museum). Ammodromus manimbe Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 691, 1888 — part, spec, y-d', Rio Grande do Sul (Pelotas), Uruguay (Maldonado, Monte- video), Buenos Aires (Quilmes), and C6rdoba (Cosquin); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul. Myospiza manimbe Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 146, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902— Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 385, 1907 — part, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909 — from Buenos Aires northwards (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 393, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 146— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 99— Paraguay (Villa Oliva, Monte Alto) and Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 660, 1924 — Buenos Aires and Entre Rfos. Myiospiza manimbe Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Paraguay (Mondafh, Encarnacion). Myospiza manimbe nigrostriata Cherrie, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 35, p. 189, May, 1916 — Rio Negro (a small tributary of the Rio Pilcomayo, thirty miles from its mouth), Paraguay (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined). Myospiza humeralis tucumanensis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92, April, 1918 — Tucuman, Argentina (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Dinelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 258, 1924 —Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 430, 1926— Tapia, Tucuman, and Victorica, Pampa (crit.); Castellanos, El Hornero, 5, p. 325, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. Myospiza humeralis (not Tanagra humeralis Bosc) Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 23, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado, Canelones, Flores, San Jose). Myospiza humeralis manimbe Seri6 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, I.e., 4, p. 199, 1933 — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires. Myospiza humeralis dorsalis Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 429, 1926 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), Argentina (Riacho Pilaga, Formosa; Las Palmas, Avia Terai, and General Pinedo, Chaco; Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Buenos Aires, Guaminf, and Carhue, Buenos Aires), Uruguay (Montevideo, Lazcano), and Rio Grande do Sul (Santa Maria) (crit.); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 361, 1926 — General L6pez, Santa F6 (habits); Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 146, 1928 — Santa Elena (eggs descr.). 482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Myospiza humeralis humeralis Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 353, 1930— part, Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay (crit.). Myospiza humeralis xanthornus Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 254, 1930 — San Jose, Tapikiole, and Tacaagle, Formosa (crit.); idem, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 326, 1934— La Geraldina, Santa Fe (crit.). Range. — Argentina, from Tucuman and Formosa south to the Rio Colorado of Patagonia; Paraguay; Uruguay; and extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul). 4: Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1); Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, 45 km. north of Treinta y Tres, 2); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucu- man, 1). *Myospiza aurifrons1 aurifrons (Spix). YELLOW-BROWED SPARROW. Tanagra aurifrons Spix, Av. Bras. Spec. Nov., 2, p. 38, pi. 50, fig. 2, 1825 — "in provincia Bahia," errore, Fonte Boa, Rio Solimoes, Brazil, suggested as type locality by Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 281, 1910 (type lost, formerly in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673, 1906). Coturniculus peruanus (not of Bonaparte) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 455, 1858 — Gualaquiza, eastern Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 117, 1862 — Ecuador (Gualaquiza) and Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — Peru (Nauta, upper and lower Ucayali); idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 750, 977 — Chyavetas and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 597— Cosnipata, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 230, 1870— Rio Mamore (Cachoeira de Guajara Guacu), Rio Madeira (Borba), and Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 264 — Peru (Nauta, upper and lower Ucayali, Chyavetas, Pebas); Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 521 — Monterico, Amable Maria, and Ropaybamba, Peru; idem, I.e., 1882, p. 17 — Yuri- maguas, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, I.e., 1885, p. 85 — Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 43, 1886— Peru (Monterico, 1 Myospiza aurifrons differs from M. humeralis chiefly by its more strongly graduated tail and the much greater amount of yellow about the face. Instead of merely a short yellow supraloral streak, it has practically the whole loral region bright yellow (excepting a small dusky spot in front of the eye), and this color is not only continued in a distinct (somewhat duller, more olive yellow) superciliary stripe along the upper margin of the auriculars, but also extends down to the lower eyelid and cheeks, and frequently borders even the chin. Besides, the upper parts nearly always lack the rufous brown lateral margins, so conspicuous in some races of M. humeralis, and the first (outermost) primary is generally shorter, being equal to the sixth, seventh, or eighth instead of falling between the fourth and sixth primaries. Certain individuals of M. humeralis, however, have it equally short. The nature and variability of these differences, together with the fact that the two entities to a large extent replace one another geographically, would seem to speak for conspecific relationship. Yet the distribution of M. a. aurifrons and M. h. humeralis in Lower Amazonia is so singularly "interwoven," both having even been taken at Faro, Rio Jamunda, that caution warrants keeping them for the present as separate specific units. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 483 Amable Maria, Ropaybamba, Ucayali, Chyavetas, Pebas, Yurimaguas) ; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 27, 1899— Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador. Ammodromus peruanus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 693, 1888 — Ecuador (Gualaquiza, "Jima," Sarayacu), Peru (Cosnipata, La Merced, Sarayacu, Yurimaguas, Ucayali, Nauta), and Bolivia; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 299, 1889 — Yurimaguas; idem and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353 — La Merced, Peru; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 54, p. 520, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata and Rio Capim, Para. Myospiza peruana Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, "1904," p. 432, pub. 1905 — Rio Jurua (eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 84, 112, 1906— Santa Ana and Huaynapata, Peru. Ammodramus peruanus Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907 — Rio Guama (Our6m), Santo Antonio do Prata, and Castanhal, Para. Myospiza aurifrons peruana Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. Ill, 1921— Rio Comberciato, Idma, and Santa Ana, Peru (crit.). Myospiza aurifrons Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 673, 1906 (nomencl.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 385, 1907— Rio Jurua (range excl. of Goyaz); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, pp. 9, 45, 1907— Itaituba (Rio Tapajoz) and Teffe (Rio Solimoes), Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 11, 500, 524, 1908 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua) ; Hell- mayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 281, 1910 — Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 16, 88, 1912— Peixe- Boi, Para, and Para localities; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 9, p. 486, 1914— Rio Jurua, Brazil (nest and eggs descr.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 433, 1914 — Castanhal, Peixe-Boi, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Guama (Ourem), Rio Tocantins (Baiao, Arumatheua), Rio Iriri (Cachoeira Grande), Rio Tapajoz (Goyana), Rio Jamauchim (Santa Helena), Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar), Arumanduba, and Rio Jamunda (Faro); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 567, 1917— Florencia and La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia; Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918 — Bellavista, Peru; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 173, 1928 — Castanhal and Para. Myospiza aurifrons aurifrons Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 355, 1930— northern Matto Grosso (Guajara Guacu); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 470, 1930 — Vista Alegre, Chinchao, and Puerto Bermudez, Peru (crit.). Myospiza aurifrons meridionalis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 71, 1920 — Rio Surutu, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). Myospiza aurifrons zamorae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 2, Feb., 1925 — Zamora, eastern Ecuador (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 625, 1926 — Zamora and Rio Suno, Ecuador. Coturniculus manimbe (not Fringilla manimbe Lichtenstein) Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381— Para; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, pp. 481, 498— Rio Capim, Para. Ammodromus manimbe Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 840, 1888 — spec, f, Para. 484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ammodramus manimbe Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 83, 1889— falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia. Range. — Valley of the Amazon east to Para (chiefly south of the river, but also recorded from various spots on the north bank, such as Arumanduba, Faro, Itacoatiara, Manaos), and in Upper Amazonia, from southeastern Colombia (Caqueta) south through Ecuador1 and Peru to the northern and eastern foot of the Andes in Bolivia.2 34: Peru (Moyobamba, 3; Yurimaguas, Loreto, 9; Chinchao, Huanuco, 2; Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 3; Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 1; San Ramon, Junin, 3); Brazil (Manaos, 3; Itacoatiara, 6; Porto Velo, Rio Madeira, 3); Bolivia (Todos Santos, 1). Myospiza aurifrons cherriei Chapman.3 CHERRIE'S YELLOW- BROWED SPARROW. Myospiza cherriei Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 183, March, 1914 — Villa vicencio, llanos at eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia 1 Hartert's record (Nov. Zopl., 5, p. 485, 1898) of Ammodramus cf. peruanus, based on a single bird in juvenile plumage from Cayambe (alt. 9,300 ft.), north- western Ecuador, certainly does not belong here, and probably refers to A. savan- narum caitcae Chapman. 2 Further subdivision of this race appears to be impracticable. Seasonal and individual variation are considerable in these birds, and extreme caution must be used in making comparisons. With a very full series before me I am unable to appreciate any differences between Brazilian birds (aurifrons) and others from eastern Ecuador and northern Peru (zamorae). On the other hand, specimens from southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo and Inambari Valley), Bolivia, and the Rio Madeira average slightly paler, more grayish above with the dusky central streaks to the feathers less pronounced, and somewhat whiter beneath with less grayish suffusion on the chest, but the divergency is so largely bridged by individual varia- tion that I doubt the advisability of recognizing this form, for which M. a. meri- dionalis would be available. A specimen from the mouth of the Rio Curaray, eastern Ecuador, is above very nearly as brown as M. humeralis, and has the yellow cheek spot but faintly suggested. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Zamora, 4; Gualaquiza, 4; mouth of the Rio Curaray, 3; "Rio Napo," 1; Sarayacu, 1. — Peru: Yurimaguas, 2; Rioja, 1 ; La Merced, 4 ; Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 4 ; La Aroya, Inambari Valley, 3 ; Caradoc, Marcapata Valley, 3. — Bolivia: Yungas of Cochabamba, 2. — Brazil: Peixe-Boi, Para, 3; Rio Tocantins, 1; Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Manaos, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Guajara Guagu, Rio Mamore, northern Matto Grosso, 1; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 1. 3 Myospiza aurifrons cherriei Chapman: Similar to M. a. aurifrons, but without any yellow on the cheeks. Wing (female), 59; tail, 45. In strongly graduated tail, length of outermost primary (equal to the seventh), yellowish loral region (without any white), and distinct yellow superciliary streak, this bird, of which but one adult (the type) is known, agrees precisely with M. aurifrons, and the only constant distinctive feature is the absence of yellow on the cheeks. This character, however, loses much of its value in view of the fact that also in two or three individuals of aurifrons this spot is merely suggested. There is no yellow border around the gonydeal angle as in numerous specimens of aurifrons, and only a few pale yellowish plumules on the lower eyelid. The coloration of the upper parts, which was 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 485 (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, examined); idem, I.e., 36, p. 567, 1917— Villavicencio. Range. — Tropical zone of the eastern base of the eastern Andes of Colombia (Villavicencio). Genus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte1 Passerculus Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, p. 33, 1838 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840), Fringilla savanna Wilson. *Passerculus sandwichensis princeps Maynard. IPSWICH SPARROW. Passerculus princeps Maynard, Amer. Nat., 6, No. 10, p. 637, Oct., 1872 — based on Centronyx bairdii (not Emberiza bairdii Audubon) Maynard, Naturalist's Guide, p. 113, col. pi., 1872— Ipswich Beach, Massachusetts (type in coll. of C. J. Maynard, present location unrecorded); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 679, 1888— Long Island and Duxbury (Mas- sachusetts); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 189, 1901 (monog.); Saunders, Auk, 19, p. 267, 1902— Sable Island (habits, nest, and eggs). Ammodramus princeps Dwight, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 2, pp. 1-56, col. pi., 1895 (monog.). Passerculus sandwichensis princeps Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 447, 1938 (crit.). Range. — Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia; winters from Sable Island south along the sand dunes of the Atlantic coast of North America to Georgia. 13: Maine (Scarboro, 1); Massachusetts (Ipswich, 1; Chatham, 1; Barnstable, 1; Duxbury, 3; Hyannis, 2; Mount Sinai Harbor, 2); Connecticut (New Haven, 1; West Haven. 1). *Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe.2 LABRADOR SAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe, Contrib. N. Amer. Orn., 1, p. 1, Oct. 14, 1901 — Lance au Loup, Labrador (type now in Museum of Corn- thought by the describer to approach M. humeralis, is by no means different from various examples of aurifrom, an adult female from Todos Santos, Bolivia, being an exact match of the type. Therefore, I cannot see that M. cherriei has any close relation to M. humeralis, and consider it a race of M. aurifrons, which it obviously represents in the northern parts of Amazonian Colombia. Further information on its range is much desired. Material examined. — Colombia: Villavicencio, 1 (the type). 1 An excellent revision of this genus was published by Peters and Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, pp. 443-478, 1938) while this volume was passing through the press. 1 Passerculus sandwichensis labradorius Howe: Similar to P. s. savanna, but in unworn plumage darker, the centers of the dorsal feathers blacker, and the ventral surface richer in tone. The supposed larger size is denied by recent authors. 486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 382, 1930); idem, Auk, 19, p. 85, 1902 (crit.); Emilio and Griscom, Auk, 49, p. 229, 1932 (migration and winter range; crit.); Peters and Gris- com, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 452, col. pi., figs. 3, 3a, 1938 (crit.). Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (not Fringilla savanna Wilson) Townsend and Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 33, p. 395, 1907— Labrador (crit.). Range. — Coast of the Labrador Peninsula south to the Mingan Islands and Newfoundland; migrates along the Atlantic coast of North America and winters in Florida. 8: Newfoundland (Brigus, Avalon Peninsula, 4); Labrador (Battle Harbor, 1; Indian Harbor, 3). *Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson). EASTERN SAVAN- NAH SPARROW. Fringilla savanna Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 55, pi. 22, fig. 3, 1811— Atlantic coast, from Savannah, Georgia, to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (the first place accepted as type locality; type in Peale's Museum, evidently lost). Ammodramus (Passerculus) sandwichensis wilsonianus Coues, Auk, 14, p. 93, 1897 — new name for Fringilla savanna Wilson. Passerculus sandwichensis bradburyi Figgins, Proc. Color. Mus. N. H., 2, No. 1, p. 2, April, 1918 — James Island, South Carolina (type in Colorado Museum of Natural History). Passerculus sandwichensis savanna Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 192, 1901 — eastern North America (in part); Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 450, 1938 (crit.). Range. — Breeds in eastern North America from Nova Scotia, northern New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and southern Ontario south to northern Iowa (casually Missouri), northern Indiana,1 the mountains of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and New Jersey; winters from southern Indiana and southern New Jersey south to north- eastern Mexico, the Gulf coast, Bahamas, and Cuba; casual in Bermuda.2 157: Maine (Brewer, 1; Upton, 1; Bethel, 1); New York (Orient, 1; Shelter Island, 1; Kings County, 3); Massachusetts (Brookline, 1; Revere Beach, 1; Cambridge, 2; Chatham, 4; West Yarmouth, 1 Birds from the central United States should be carefully studied with respect to their relation to P. s. campestris. 2 Messrs. Peters and Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 454, Jan., 1938) distinguish P. s. oblitus (type, from Fort Churchill, Manitoba, in National Museum of Canada). It breeds from the west side of Hudson Bay south to northern Minnesota and Lake Superior, east to western Ontario and Lake St. John, Quebec, and migrates between the Alleghenies and the eastern border of the Great Plains. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 487 5); Connecticut (East Hartford, 30); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 13); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 3; Fox Lake, Lake County, 2; Lake Forest, 2; Chicago, 6; Worth, 1; Joliet, 3; Roby, 1; Normal, 1; Warsaw, 1); Indiana (English Lake, 1); Texas (Giddings, 1; Port Lavaca, 1; Corpus Christi, 16); Louisiana (Buras, 5; Chef Menteur, 4); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 4; Pilot Town, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 6; Gainesville, 5; Enterprise, 1; Canaveral Club, 1; Wilson, 5; Banana River, 2; Jupiter, 2; West Jupiter, 1; Palm Beach, 1; Puntarasa, 1; Miami Beach, 5; Key West, 1; Pine Island, 1); Great Bahama Island, 1; Andros, 3; Cuba (Ysnaga, Prov. Santa Clara, 2); Mexico (Yucatan, 1). *Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis (Gmelin). ALEUTIAN SAVANNAH SPARROW. Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 875, 1789— based on "Sandwich Bunting" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 202; "at Aoona- lashka and Sandwich Sound" (type in coll. of Sir Joseph Banks, evi- dently lost). Emberiza arctica Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 414, 1790 — new name for Emberiza sandwichensis Gmelin. Emberiza chrysops Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 45, pi. 48, fig. 1, "1811" — Unalaska. Passerculus sandwichensis sandwichensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 190, 1901— Unalaska Island, in winter to northern California (monog.); Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p. Ill, 1930— Aleutian Islands; Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 244, 1933 (crit.); idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 48, 1934— Unalaska and Akutan Islands; Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 448, 1938 (crit.). Range. — Breeds on Unalaska and others of the Aleutian Islands and on the adjacent part of Alaska Peninsula; winters eastward and southward along the coast of British Columbia to northern California. 6: Alaska (Dutch Harbor, 3; Unalaska Island, 1; Amaknak Island, 2). *Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Bonaparte.1 KODIAK SAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus anthinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, No. 25, p. 920, 1853 — "Kadiak" Island (location of type not stated and unknown); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 20, 1854 (reprint). 1 Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Bonaparte: Similar to P. s. sandwichensis, but smaller, with slenderer, shorter bill, and more tawny upper parts. From the form of the Savannah Sparrow breeding in northern and interior Alaska it is dis- 488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passerculus sandwichensis anthinus Brooks and Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 17, p. 91, 1925 — southeastern coast of Alaska (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 161, 1928— Lower California (near San Ramon and San Luis Island); Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p. Ill, 1930— part, coast of Alaska; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 297, 1931— Te"sia, Sonora; Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 244, 1933— coast of Alaska (crit., range); idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 48, 1934 — Sitkalidak Island; Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 463, 1938 (crit.). Ammodramus sandwichensis xanthophrys Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 21, Jan., 1901 — St. Paul, Kodiak, Alaska (type in Stanford University). Range. — Breeds on the coast of Alaska from Kodiak Island south- eastwards (apparently not in the Prince William Sound region), on islands and adjacent mainland west of the Coast Range from Cross Sound south perhaps to Dixon Entrance; migrates along the coast to Vancouver Island and in smaller numbers into northern California (fide H. S. Swarth), northern Lower California (fide J. Grinnell), and Sonora (Te"sia). 2: Alaska (Howkan, 1; British Columbia (Sumas, 1). *Passerculus sandwichensis subsp.1 WESTERN SAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (not of Bonaparte) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 194, 1901— in part (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 160, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 298, 1931— Tesia, Sonora; Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 244, 1933 (crit., range); idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 48, 1934— Nome and Nunivak Island, Alaska (breeding; crit.). Range. — Breeds in Alaska, coast and interior from the Alaska Peninsula northward; inland of the coast ranges from Prince William Sound southeastwards at least to central British Columbia (fide tinguished by richer brown coloration, extensive suffusion of yellow on head and neck, smaller size, and decidedly heavier bill. According to Swarth, who has had excellent opportunities of investigating its status, this form is restricted to the area outlined above, and should be kept separate from the bird of interior Alaska. Peters and Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, pp. 465-466, 1938) give good reasons for disagreeing with Swarth's nomenclature of these birds. They claim that breeding birds from Kodiak are identical with the inhabitants of Alaska generally, and describe the Sitka bird as P. s. crassus (p. 459). 1 Passerculus sandwichensis subsp. is the form until recently known as P. s. alaudinus, a term which turned out to apply to P. s. bryanti. As compared with P. s. sandwichensis and P. s. anthinus, it is characterized by Swarth as being more grayish in general coloration with lessening of the yellowish and brownish tinges and having a relatively long and slender bill. It may remain unnamed pending the results of the forthcoming revision of the group by Messrs. Peters and Griscom. This paper has since come out, and a discussion of the present form is found s. n. P. s. anthinus (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, pp. 463-467, 1938). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 489 H. S. Swarth) ; winters in California and Lower California and from Texas to Mexico, and in migration east to the Great Plains. 29: Alaska (Nome, 1); California (Nicasio, 1; Hay ward, 6; Miller, 1; San Francisco, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Baden, San Mateo County, 1; Stockton, 1; Monterey, 4; National City, 1; Los Angeles County, 1; Sausolito, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 2; Tucson, 1; Fort Mohawk, 1); Texas (Brill, 1); Mexico (Babicora, Chihuahua, 4). *Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell.1 NEVADA SAVANNAH SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, No. 9, p. 312, Feb. 21, 1910— Soldier Meadows, Humboldt County, Nevada (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, I.e., 32, p. 161, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 298, 1931— Tesia, Sonora; Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 467, 1938 (crit.). Passerculus sandwichensis brooksi Bishop, Condor, 17, p. 187, Sept., 1915 — Chilliwack, British Columbia (type in coll. of Louis B. Bishop); Ober- holser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, pp. 110, 111, 1930— coast of southwestern British Columbia and Washington (crit.); Swarth, Condor, 35, p. 245, 1933 (crit.). Passerculus sandwichensis campestris Taverner, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 204, Nov., 1932— Red Deer, Alberta (type in National Museum of Canada). Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (not of Bonaparte) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 194, 1901 (monog., in part); Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p. Ill, 1930— (range). Range. — Breeds in the Transition and Upper Austral zones of the Great Basin District from extreme southern British Columbia, eastern Oregon, and northeastern California, east to northern Colorado, Montana, and North Dakota, and south to the Kern River Valley, California, southern Nevada, and northern New Mexico; winters south to northern Lower California and northern Mexico.2 1 Passerculus sandwichensis nevadensis Grinnell: Resembling the preceding race, but much paler throughout in all plumages; white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted, there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less. Birds from the coast of British Columbia (lower Fraser Valley) have been described by Bishop as P. s. brooksi. While Oberholser thinks it might be separated by reason of brighter colors and smaller size, Swarth declares himself unable to distinguish between brooksi, of the coast, and nevadensis, of the interior. Peters and Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 461, 1938), however, have reinstated the name for the birds of Vancouver Island and the coast of British Columbia and Washington. 2 The Chancol specimen, upon which the extension of the winter range of P. 8. "alaudinus" to Guatemala is based, requires careful re-examination in order to determine its subspecific status. 490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 31 : British Columbia (Okanagan, 3) ; Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 8; Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 2) ; North Dakota (Carrington, 1) ; South Dakota (Wakonda, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2); Nebraska (Gresham, 2); California (Nicasio, 2; Searsville, 1; Los Banos, 2; Pacific Beach, 1); Texas (Waring, 2; Harlingen, 3); Mexico (Sabinas, Coahuila, 1). *Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus Bonaparte. BRYANT'S SPARROW. Passerculus alaudinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 918, Dec., 1853 — California, probably San Francisco (type in Paris Museum); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 18, 1854 (reprint); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 346, 1933 (crit.).1 Passerculus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, "1884," p. 157, pub. Feb. 25, 1885 — Oakland, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 307, 1932); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 197, 1901— part, California (monog.); Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p. Ill, 1930 (range). Range. — Coast of Curry County, Oregon, and coast district of California (Transition and Upper Austral zones) from Humboldt Bay south to Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, and east in the San Francisco Bay district to Solano County. 25: California (Eureka, 1; San Francisco, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Pesca- dero, 3; Berkeley, 1; Oakland, 2; San Gregorio, 1; Hayward, 1; Alameda, 4; Santa Cruz, 1; Los Angeles County, 1; Monterey, 6; Pacific Grove, 2). Passerculus sandwichensis brunnescens (Butler).2 MEXICAN SAVANNAH SPARROW. Ammodramus sandwichensis brunnescens Butler, Auk, 5, p. 265, 1888 — Valley of Mexico, Mexico (type in coll. of Amos W. Butler, now in the U. S. National Museum). Passerculus sandwichensis brunnescens Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, pp. 110, 111, 1930 — Mexico (crit., range); Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 471, 1938 (crit.). 1 As pointed out by van Rossem, who made a critical study of it some years ago, the type of P. alaudinus is a partially albinistic example of Bryant's Sparrow in worn summer plumage. Bonaparte's name, consequently, replaces Ridgway's much later term bryanti. Cf. also Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 80, p. 473, 1938. 2 Passerculus sandwichensis brunnescens (Butler), originally based on winter birds from the Valley of Mexico and united to P. s. bryanti [=alaudinus Bonaparte] by Ridgway, is, in the opinion of Mr. H. C. Oberholser, a recognizable race. Accord- ing to this author, it differs from P. s. nevadensis {alaudinus apud Oberholser] by reason of its thicker bill, longer tail and darker brownish upper parts with heavier black streaking. It is stated to be much like P. s. anthinus in large size and dark brownish coloration, but distinguished by thicker bill, darker, more heavily striped upper surface, and less yellow suffusion on the head and superciliary region. Wing (average of males), 71 J2; tail, 54; bill, 10^. We have no material. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 491 Passerculus sandwichensis bryanii (not of Ridgway, 1885) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 197, 1901— part, Mexico. Range. — Tableland of Mexico and northwestern Guatemala ( Huehuetenango) . l *Passerculus sandwichensis holding! Ridgway. BELDING'S SPARROW. Passerculus beldingi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, "1884," p. 516, pub. Feb. 25, 1885— San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 307, 1932); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 198, 1901— southern California and Lower California (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 161, 1928 — Lower California. Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, pp. 110, 111, 1930 — coast of southern California to northwestern Lower Calif ornia(crit.). Range, — Salt marshes of southern California (north about to Santa Barbara) and Lower California to Todos Santos Islands and San Quintin Bay. 11: California (Santa Barbara, 2; San Diego, 4; Pacific Beach, 3; Seal Beach, Los Angeles County, 2). Passerculus sandwichensis anulus Huey.2 SCAMMON LAGOON SPARROW. Passerculus rostratus anulus Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, No. 10, p. 204, Aug. 30, 1930 — Scammon Lagoon, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Passerculus sandwichensis anulus Oberholser, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, pp. 110, 111, 1930— Lower California (crit.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 219, 1930— Scammon Lagoon, Lower California. Passerculus halophilus (not Ammodramus halophilus McGregor) Bancroft, Condor, 29, p. 56, 1927 — part, Scammon Lagoon. Passerculus rostratus halophilus Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 163, 1928— part, Scammon Lagoon. 1 The Guatemalan birds have recently been separated as P. s. wetmorei by van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 129, July 13, 1938— type, from Hacienda Chancol, in British Museum). 2 Passerculus sandwichensis anulus Huey: In coloration, dorsally, the olive wash is lighter than in either P. s. beldingi or P. s. halophilus; black markings narrower and more penciled than in either; light emargination of feathers on back as in beldingi; bill and general size more nearly like those of halophilus; breast, sides, throat, and yellow interorbital stripe the same as in its two allies. In other words, anulus is a connecting link between beldingi and halophilus. Wing (average of ten males), 66.! L>; tail, 45; bill, 12' <>. (Huey, I.e.) From van Rossem's remarks (I.e., p. 217) it clearly results that the characters of P. s. anulus so completely bridge the gap separating beldingi from the sand- wichensis group that the only logical course is to unite the whole assemblage under one specific name. 492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds at Scammon Lagoon (east shore of Viscaino Bay), in the north-central section of the Pacific coast region of Lower California. Passerculus sandwichensis halophilus (McGregor). ABREOJOS SPARROW. Ammodramus halophilus McGregor, Auk, 15, p. 265, 1898 — Abreojos Point, Lower California (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in the Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Passerculus rostratus halophilus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 202, 1901— Abreojos Point (monog.); Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 19, p. 353, 1919 — southern half of Lower California (monog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 163, 1928 — Lower California (excl. of Scammon Lagoon). Passerculus sandwichensis halophilus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 219, 1930 (range). Range.— Pacific coast of Lower California, from Abreojos Point south to Magdalena Bay, straggling south in winter to the Cape Region. *Passerculus sandwichensis sanctorum Coues.1 SAN BENITO SPARROW. Passerculus sanctorum (Coues MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, pp. 538, 539, 1883 — San Benito Islands, Lower California (nomen nudum); Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 364, 1884— San Benito Islands (type in U. S. National Museum).2 Ammodramus (Passerculus) sanctorum Coues, Auk, 14, p. 92,, 1897 — San Benito Islands (crit.). Ammodramus sanctorum McGregor, Osprey, 2, p. 42, 1897 — San Benito Islands (habits, nest, and eggs); idem, Auk, 15, p. 264, 1898— San Benito Islands (young descr.). Passerculus rostratus sanctorum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 200, 1901 — San Benito Islands (monog.); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 19, 1923— San Benito Islands. Passerculus rostratus guttatus (not of Lawrence) Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 19, p. 349, 1919— part, San Benito Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 163, 1928— part, San Benito Islands. 1 Passerculus sandwichensis sanctorum Coues: Similar to P. s. rostratus, but decidedly darker and grayer than even the grayish "variety (guttatus)," the streaking below broader and blacker, and the bill more slender. Van Rossem, who had access to a good series, considers this form to be recogniz- able, and points out its sedentary habits. No specimen exactly similar has been found outside the San Benito Islands at any season. 2 It appears to me that Coues should be quoted as the authority for the sub- specific name, as there is nothing definite in Ridgway's remarks to enable one to recognize the San Benito bird. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 493 Passerculus sandwichensis sanctorum van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, pp. 217, 219, 1930— San Benito Islands (crit.). Range. — Resident on the San Benito Islands, off Lower California. 8: Lower California (San Benito Islands, 8). *Passerculus sandwichensis rostratus (Cassin).1 LARGE-BILLED SPARROW. Emberiza rostrata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., p. 184, pub. Dec. 3, 1852— seashore at San Diego, California (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 30, 1899, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 307, 1932). Passerculus guttatus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 473, May, 1867 — San Jos£ [del Cabo], Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 680, 1888— Cape San Lucas. Ammodromus rostratus Cassin, 111. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 226, pi. 38, 1855 — California (San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Pedro). Passerculus rostratus Grinnell, Auk, 22, p. 16, 1905 (not breeding in Cali- fornia); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 215, 1930 (crit.). Passerculus rostratus rostratus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 199, 1901 — southern California, Lower California, and Sonora to Guaymas (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 19, p. 346, 1919 (monog.); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 19, 1923— Tiburon Island; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 161, 1928 — Lower California. Passerculus rostratus guttatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 201, 1901 — southern Lower California (monog., full bibliog.); Ober- holser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 19, p. 349, 1919— part, Lower California and California (monog.); Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 19, 1923— Lower California (Abreojos Point, Santa Maria Bay, Magdalena Bay); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 163, 1928 — part, Lower California (excl. of San Benito Islands). Ammodramus rostratus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 138, 1902 — Cape region of Lower California and Sonora (Guaymas). Ammodramus rostratus guttatus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 139, 1902— Lower California (in part, excl. of P. r. halophilus). Ammodramus rostratus sanctorum Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 141, 1902— part, Cape region of Lower California (excl. of San Benito Islands). Passerculus sandwichensis rostratus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 219, 1930 (range); idem, I.e., 6, p. 298, 1931— Sonora (El Doct6r, mouth of Colorado River, Port Lobos); idem, I.e., 7, p. 145, 1932— Tibur6n Island; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 484, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora (January). 1 Van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, pp. 215-217, 1930), has fur- nished convincing evidence to show that "P. guttatus" is "simply the gray, small- billed manifestation of rostratus." 494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds in the delta of the Colorado River in Lower California and Sonora; winters from Santa Cruz, California, south along both coasts of Lower California to Cape San Lucas and on the coast of Sonora to Guaymas; casual (?) inland as at Yuma, Arizona, and at Mecca and Salton Sea, southeastern California (van Rossem). 16: California (Seal Beach, Los Angeles County, 1; Mecca, River- side County, 1; San Diego, 3; San Clemente Island, 1); Lower Cali- fornia (La Paz, 5 ; Cape San Lucas, 1 ; San Jos£ del Cabo, 3 ; Carmen Island, 1). Passerculus sandwichensis atratus van Rossem.1 SONORA SPARROW. Passerculus sandwichensis atratus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 218, Nov., 1930— Tobari Bay, southern Sonora (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); idem, I.e., 6, p. 298, 1931— Sonora (Tobari Bay, Guasimas Lagoon, Kino Bay, and mainland opposite north end of Tiburon Island). Range. — Resident on the coast of central and southern Sonora, from opposite the north end of Tiburon Island and Kino Bay south to Tobari Bay. Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson Ammodramus Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — type, by monotypy, Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson (cf. Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, p. 67, 1905). Coturniculus Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, p. 32, 1838 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840), Fringilla passerina Wilson. Centronyx Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 440, 1858— type, by monotypy, Emberiza bairdii Audubon.2 Ammodromus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 683, 1888 — emendation of Ammodramus Swainson. 1 Passerculus sandwichensis atratus van Rossem: Nearest to P. s. rostratus, in size equal to, or even larger than that race, but with an even larger and more tumid bill. In coloration very much darker (sometimes almost brownish black dorsally) both above and as regards the streaking below; the ventral streaking denser and wider; the super ciliaries and pale markings on the head narrower, sometimes almost obsolete, and grayish or creamy white instead of, as in all other races, tinged or strongly suffused with yellow. Wing (breeding male), 71; tail, 55; bill, 14. This form, which we have not seen, appears to be a very well-marked one. 2 Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 141, 1919) claims generic distinction for this species. Howeyer, I am rather in agreement with the authors of the A. O. U. Check List that the slight structural divergencies hardly warrant this procedure. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 495 *Ammodramus savannarum caribaeus (Hartert).1 CARIBBEAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Coturniculus savannarum caribaeus Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 298, 1902 — Bonaire Island, Dutch West Indies (type in coll. of W. L. Rothschild, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Ammodramus savannarum caribaeus Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 208, 213, 254, 1909— Curacao and Bonaire. Ammodramus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. xii, 1892 — Bonaire and Curagao. Ammodromus savannarum Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 314, 327 — Curacao (near Beckenburg) and Bonaire (near Kralendijk). Coturniculus savannarum savannarum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 206, 1901 — part, Curagao and Bonaire. Range.— Islands of Curagao and Bonaire, off Venezuela, in the Caribbean Sea. 1: Bonaire, 1. *Ammodramus savannarum savannarum (Gmelin). JAMAICAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Fringilla savannarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 921, 1789— based on "Savanna Bird" Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jam., 2, p. 306, pi. 259, fig. 5; Jamaica. Coturniculus tixicrus Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 242, 1847 — Jamaica (type in British Museum); idem, Illustr. Bds. Jamaica, pi. 60, 1849; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74— Freeman's Hall and Santa Cruz Mountains, Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 116, 1862 — Jamaica. Coturniculus lixicrus [sic] Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 481, 1850 — Jamaica (ex Gosse). Coturniculus passerinus (not Fringilla passerina Wilson) March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 298— near Spanish Town (habits, nest, and eggs); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 1, p. 553, 1874— part, Jamaica; Cory, List Bds. W. Ind., p. 13, 1885 — part, Jamaica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 384, 1886 — part, Jamaica. Ammodramus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Cory, Auk, 3, p. 212, 1886— part, Jamaica; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 99, 1889 — part, Jamaica; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 112, 1892— part, Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 179, 1893— near Constant Springs Hotel, Jamaica. Ammodromus savannarum Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 687, 1888 — part, spec, z-g', Jamaica. Coturniculus savannarum savannarum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 206, 1901— part, Jamaica. 1 Ammodramus savannarum caribaeus (Hartert): Very similar to A. s. savan- narum, of Jamaica, but smaller, with shorter, slenderer bill, and the lateral crown- stripes more of a brownish, less blackish hue. Wing, 56-58; tail, 41-43; bill, 9 J^-IO. Additional material examined. — Bonaire, 4. 496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ammodramus savannarum savannarum Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 491, 1928 — near Kingston, Jacksontown, and Brown's Town. Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles.1 2: Jamaica (Kingston, 2). *Ammodramus savannarum borinquensis Peters.2 PORTO Rico GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Ammodramus savannarum borinquensis Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 95, 1917 — Cabo Rojo, Porto Rico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, 10, p. 105, 1926— Cartagena and Guanica lagoons; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Islands, 9, p. 560, 1927— Porto Rico (monog., habits); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 15, p. 105, 1931 — Porto Rico. Fringilla passerina (not of Wilson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866— Porto Rico. Fringilla (Coturniculus) passerina Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. Stockholm, 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico. Coturniculus passerinus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 311, 1874 — Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 160, 173, 1878— Bayamon (July); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 203, 1878— Porto Rico; Cory, List Bds. W. Ind., p. 13, 1885 — part, Porto Rico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 384, 1886 — part, Porto Rico. Ammodramus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Cory, Auk, 3, p. 212, 1886— part, Porto Rico; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 99, 1889— part, Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 112, 1892— part, Porto Rico; Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 13, 1903— San Juan, Aguadilla, and Mayagiiez (nest). Ammodromus savannarum Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 687, 1888 — part, spec, y, Porto Rico. Coturniculus savannarum savannarum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 206, 1901 — part, Porto Rico. Coturniculus savannarum intricatus (not Ammodramus s. intricatus Hartert) Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 127, 1916— Porto Rico (food, habits); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 478, 1923— Manati. Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles (resident). 2: Porto Rico (unspecified, 2). 1 Eight specimens from Jamaica examined. 2 Ammodramus savannarum borinquensis Peters: Similar to A. s. savannarum, but on average smaller; median crown stripe, edgings of interscapulars, inner secondaries, and upper tail coverts deeper in tone, warm buff rather than light buff; sides of head, pectoral zone, flanks, and under tail coverts darker, between cinnamon buff and clay color. Wing, 57-58, (female) 55; tail, 44-47; bill, 12. (After J. L. Peters.) A single unsexed adult from Porto Rico is very similar to Jamaican birds, but has more buffy upper tail coverts. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 497 Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert.1 DOMINICAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 19, p. 73, April 29, 1907— El Valle, Dominican Republic (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909— El Valle; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 426, 1917 — Arroyo Savanna, Dominican Republic; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 519, 1928— St. Michel, Haiti; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 375, 1929— Hato Mayor; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 326, 1929— San Juan de Maguana, Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 443, 1931— Hispaniola (monog.); Wetmore and Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 25, p. 68, 1933— west of San Juan, Dominican Republic, and Las Cahobes, Haiti. Range.— Island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles (resident). Ammodramus savannarum florid an us (Mearns).2 FLORIDA GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Coturniculus savannarum floridanus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 915, Oct. 3, 1902— Kissimmee Prairie, seven miles east of Alligator Bluff, Osceola County, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). Ammodramus savannarum floridanus Baynard, Auk, 30, p. 246, 1913 — Paines Prairie, Alachua County, Florida (June). Range. — Breeds in central Florida, in Osceola and Alachua counties. *Ammodramus savannarum pratensis (Vieillot). EASTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Fringilla passerina (not of Bechstein, 1798) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 76, pi. 24, fig. 5, 1811— lower parts of New York and Pennsylvania (type in Peale's Museum, No. 6585, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 382, 1930). Passerina pratensis Vieillot,3 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. eel., 25, p. 24, 1817 — New York; idem, Tabl. Enc. Meth., Orn., livr. 93, p. 937, 1823— New York. 1 Ammodramus savannarum intricatus Hartert: Similar to A. s. savannarum and A. s. borinquensis, but with somewhat stouter bill and more blackish upper parts. Wing, 56-59, (female) 53-56; tail, 41-46, (female) 39-40; bill, 12-13. Two specimens from El Valle examined. By the blackish dorsal surface, this form seems to approach A. s. floridanus, but is evidently smaller and darker underneath. Direct comparison of the two races, however, may reveal other differences. 2 Ammodramus savannarum floridanus (Mearns): Similar to A. s. pratensis, but smaller, with larger bill, longer tarsus, and much darker colored above and paler below; chestnut of upper surface much reduced and largely replaced by black; lateral dark crown stripes almost solid black. Differs from A. s. savannarum and A. s. borinquensis by much darker coloration above and much less ochraceous under parts. Wing, 63, (female) 61; tail, 49; bill, 12. The breeding range of this form is imperfectly known and needs further investigation. s Vieillot, whose name has been entirely overlooked, gives an excellent descrip- tion of the Eastern Grasshopper Sparrow. 498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ammodromus australis Maynard, Amer,. Exch. and Mart, 3, No. 3, p. 33, Jan. 15, 1887; idem, I.e., No. 6, p. 69, Feb. 5, 1887— Nassau, New Provi- dence, Bahamas (type in coll. of C. J. Maynard, subsequently in coll. of Gerrit S. Miller,1 now in British Museum, examined). Ammodromus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 687, 1888 — part, eastern North America. Coturniculus savannarum passerinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 207, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Bangs and Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 46, 1908— Toledo District, British Honduras (Dec.). Ammodramus savannarum australis Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Alta Mira and Galindo, Tamaulipas; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 128, 1923 — Cuba; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 358, 1932— Chichicaste- nango and Nebaj, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 417, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Nov. to March). Range. — Breeds in Austral zones (sporadically in Transition) east of the Great Plains from southern Wisconsin, southern Ontario, and southern New Hampshire south to southern Louisiana, central Alabama, northern Georgia, and northern South Carolina; winters from Illinois and North Carolina south to the Bahamas, Cuba, Cozumel Island, Yucatan, Guerrero, British Honduras, and western Guatemala.2 58: New York (Shelter Island, 4) ; Massachusetts (Newtonville, 1) ; Connecticut (Bloomfield, 2; New Haven, 1); New Jersey (Princeton, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 5; Milton, 2); Illinois (Oregon, Ogle County, 1; Chicago, 4; Homewood, 5; Warsaw, 1; Lewistown, 1; Olive Branch, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1; Liverpool, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 3; Gainesville, 6; Rosewood, 1; Miami Beach, 6; Key West, 2; Eau Gallie, 1); Bahamas (Nassau, 3; Bimini, 2; unspecified, 1); Cuba (near Palacios, 1). *Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus (Coues). WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. [Coturniculus passerinus] var. perpallidus (Ridgway, MS.) Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., p. 137 (in text), Oct., 1872 — "dry western regions" (type, from Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake, Utah, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 211, footnote, 1901). Ammodromus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 687, 1888— part, western United States. 1 Cf. Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 916 (in text), 1902. 2 Western Guatemala seems to constitute the southern limit of its winter range. ' Records from Costa Rica pertain most probably to the resident breeding race (A. s. bimaculalus). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 499 Coturniculus savannarum bimaculatus (not Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 209, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 142, 1902 — San Jos£ del Cabo and Triunfo, Cape region, Lower California; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 116, 1907— Patulul, Guatemala; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 164, 1928— Cape district, Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 298, 1931— Sonora (Obregon, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 359, 1932 — Guatemala (Saca- pulas, Momostenango, Chanquejelve, Ocos); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 417, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Nov. to March). Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 360, 1934 (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 484, 1934— Sonora (Alamos) and Chihuahua. Range.— Breeds in the Transition and Austral zones from south- eastern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, North Dakota, and southern Minnesota south to southern California and southern Texas; winters from central California and southern Texas south to Cape San Lucas, Lower California, Mexico, and Guatemala. 27: Texas (Ingram, 1; Port O'Connor, 1; Corpus Christi, 19; Harlingen, 1); Arizona (Crittenden, 1); Mexico (Bustillos, Chi- huahua, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 1); Guatemala (Patulul, Solola, 2). *Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus Swainson. SWAIN- SON'S GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Ammodramus bimaculatus Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — Temiscaltepec, Mexico (type, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng., examined); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 359, 1934 (crit. note on type).1 Ammodramus savannarum obscurus Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 61, 1897 — Minatitlan, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Coturniculus savannarum obscurus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 209, 1901— part, descr. of male, Vera Cruz (Minatitlan) to Chiapas (Palenque); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 910, 1910 — Tenorio and Miravalles, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (May 25 to June 23; crit.). Coturniculus passerinus (not Fringilla passerina Wilson) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 411, 1860— Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 103, 1868— Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— San Isidro and Guadalupe (northeast of San Jose), Costa 1 The type of A. bimaculatus in the Cambridge Museum agrees with breeding specimens from Oaxaca and Chiapas (obscurus), as has been shown by van Rossem. Years ago, when examining the type, we had come to the same conclusion, but the fact remained unpublished in our notes. Our measurements of Swainson's type read as follows: Wing, 55; tail, 40; bill, \2\-2. Six additional specimens examined. 500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 384, 1886 — part, Mexico (Oaxaca) and Costa Rica (San Isidro); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Miravalles, Costa Rica. Cotumiculus savannarum bimaculatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 209, 1901— part, Costa Rica. Range. — Breeding and resident in southern Mexico, in states of Mexico (Temascal tepee), Vera Cruz (Minatitlan), Oaxaca (Oaxaca City, Sola), and Chiapas (Palenque, Rio Blanco, Jitotal), and in Costa Rica (Tenorio and Miravalles, Guanacaste; San Isidro de San Jose", and Guadalupe, near San Jose").1 10: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 1); Costa Rica (Miravalles, 1; Orosi, 8). Ammodramus savannarum cracens (Bangs and Peck).2 GUATE- MALAN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW. Cotumiculus savannarum cracens Bangs and Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 45, Feb. 29, 1908— Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 382, 1930). Cotumiculus passerinus (not Fringilla passerina Wilson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 384, 1886— part, Sakluk (Peten), Guate- mala. Ammodromus savannarum (not Fringilla savannarum Gmelin) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 687, 1888— part, spec, t, Sakluk, Guatemala. Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus (not of Swainson) Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 359, 1934— part, Peten. Ammodramus savannarum cracens van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ., 27, p. 40, 1935— La Libertad, Peten, Guatemala (Sept.); Griscom, Ibis, 1935, p. 553— eastern Guatemala (Sakluk, Peten; Sierra de las Minas); idem, Ibis, 1935, p. 810— Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala. Range.— Breeding and resident in British Honduras and northern Guatemala (Sakluk and La Libertad, Peten; Sierra de las Minas, Zacapa). 1 Costa Rican specimens, which we have not seen, are stated by Todd to be referable to the Mexican form (bimaculatus), differing merely by slightly larger size. While the only recorded breeding places of this form are in southern Mexico and northwestern Costa Rica, respectively, its range may be supposed to extend uninterruptedly along the Pacific slope of Central America, though more informa- tion about its exact distribution and relationship to A. s. cracens is very desirable. 2 Ammodramus savannarum cracens (Bangs and Peck): Most like A. s. bimacu- latus, but decidedly smaller and colors darker, the upper parts with dusky greatly predominating and with scarcely any rusty-brown mottling; chest, sides, and flanks darker, dull tawny-ochraceous. Wing, 53, (female) 50-52; tail, 35-38; bill, 9-10. This form, with which we are not acquainted, has recently been traced to northern Guatemala. We have since examined two skins from British Honduras, (Southern Pine ridge) and six from Guatemala (Sakluk and Sierra de la Minas). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 501 Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman.1 CAUCA GRASS- HOPPER SPARROW. Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 161, June, 1912 — Cali, Cauca, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 566, 1917— Cali; M6ne- gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn.,3, p. 87, 1913 — "Quito," Ecuador; idem, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 19, p. 148, 1913— "Quito" (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 624, 1926— "Quito" (ex Me"n6gaux). (?) Ammodramus cf . peruanus (not Coturniculus peruanus Bonaparte) Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898— Cayamb6 (alt. 9,300 ft.), Ecuador (one young). Coturniculus savannarum passerinus (notFringilla passerina Wilson) M£n£gaux, Miss. Serv. G£ogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me>id. Equat., 9, p. B79, 1911— "Quito," Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of western Colombia (Cali, Valle de Cauca) and Ecuador. * Ammodramus bairdii (Audubon). BAIRD'S SPARROW. Emberiza bairdii Audubon, Birds Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 359, pi. 500, 1844 — "Prairie of the upper Missouri" = Old Fort Union, North Dakota (cotypes in U. S. National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 18, 1899). Centronyx ochrocephalus Aiken, Amer. Nat., 7, p. 237, April, 1873 — El Paso County, Colorado (type in coll. of C. E. Aiken); Scott, I.e., p. 564, 1873 (crit.; type stated to be in U. S. National Museum). Centronyx bairdii Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, p. 190, Nov., 1873 — El Paso, Colorado (crit.); Coues, Amer. Nat., 7, p. 696, 1873 — along the northern border of Dakota between the Pembina and Turtle Mountains (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 203, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Passerculus bairdi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 681, 1888 (monog.). Range. — Breeds mainly in the Transition zone of North America from southwestern Saskatchewan and central Manitoba to central Montana, North Dakota, and northwestern Minnesota; migrates through Arizona and New Mexico and winters from Texas to north- western Mexico; accidental on Long Island, New York. 1 Ammodramus savannarum caucae Chapman: Very similar to A. s. bimaculatus, but decidedly larger and coloration paler; the grayish margins to the feathers of the dorsal plumage wider; the chest paler buffy; flanks just faintly tinged with buff. Wing (unsexed adult), 61; tail, 48; bill, 12. The only example seen is the adult bird from Ecuador discussed by M6n6gaux. It is a skin of the typical "Quito" preparation, and corresponds admirably to Chapman's diagnosis. Compared with A. s. perpallidus, of Arizona, and A. s. savannarum, of Jamaica, it has the chestnut brown areas above more restricted and the marginal edges grayish rather than buffy. Comparison with A. s. caribaeus and A. s. cracens was not possible. There is little doubt that the young specimen from Cayamb6, Ecuador, doubt- fully referred by Hartert to "A. peruanus," belongs to the present form. 502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 4: Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 1); North Dakota (Carrington, 1; Souris River, 2). Genus PASSERHERBULUS Stone Passerherbulus1 Stone, Auk, 24, p. 193, 1907 — type, by orig. desig., Emberiza leconteii Audubon=Fringilla caudacuta Latham. Nemospiza Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 17, No. 8, p. 335, June, 1917 — type, by orig. desig., Emberiza henslowii Audubon.2 *Passerherbulus caudacutus (Latham). LECONTE'S SPARROW. Fringilla caudacuta Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 459, 1790 — interior of Georgia (location of type not stated); Ridgway, Auk, 14, p. 320, 1897 (crit.). Emberiza le conteii Audubon, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 338, pi. 488, 1843 —prairies of the Upper Missouri River (type lost). Ammodromus lecontei Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 695, 1888 (monog.). Ammodramus leconteii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 224, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Peabody, Auk, 18, p. 129, pi. 3, 1901— Red River Valley, Minnesota (nesting habits). Passerherbulus leconteii Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 17, p. 335, 1917 (crit.). Passerherbulus caudacutus Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 47, 1919 (nomencl.). Range. — Breeds in the Canadian and Transition zones of North America from Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie, southern Saskatchewan, and Manitoba south to North Dakota and southern Minnesota; winters from southern Kansas, southern Missouri, and western Tennessee to Texas, Florida, and the coast of South Carolina; occasionally to North Carolina. 15: Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, 1); North Dakota (Oakes, 1); Minnesota (Kinbrae, 1); Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, 2); Illinois (Chicago, 1; Chicago Ridge, 1; Worth, 2); Kansas (Hamilton, 2); Iowa (Colo, Story County, 1); Texas (Gainesville, 1); Florida (Rosewood, 2). *Passerherbulus henslowii (Audubon). HENSLOW'S SPARROW. Emberiza henslowii Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio), 1, pi. 70, 1829; idem, Orn. Biog., 1, p. 360, 1831— opposite Cincinnati, in the State of Kentucky (type lost). Ammodramus henslowii occidentalis Brewster, Auk, 8, p. 145, 1891 — Moody County, South Dakota (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of 1 First proposed by Maynard (Bds. East. N. Amer., 2nd ed., Part 40, p. 707, 1895), but invalid under the Rules, as the type species is indicated only with the vernacular name "Leconte's Bunting." 2 While admitting that the species presents certain structural divergencies, such as the stouter bill and shorter first primary, it is in other respects closely similar to P. caudacutus, and generic separation would merely serve to obscure its natural affinities. Cf . also Todd and Worthington, Wils. Bull., 38, p. 218, 1926. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 503 Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 383, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 228, 1901— South Dakota. Passerherbulus henslowii swswrrons Brewster, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 6, p. 78, Feb. 6, 1918— Falls Church, Fairfax County, Virginia (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 383, 1930). Ammodromus henslowi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 690, 1888 (monog.). Ammodramus henslowii henslowii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 226, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Nemospiza henslowii Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 17, p. 335, 1917. Passerherbulus henslowi Todd and Worthington, Wils. Bull., 38, p. 217, 1926 — Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida (crit.). Range. — Breeds in North America from South Dakota, Ontario, New York, and southern New Hampshire south to northern Virginia and northern Texas; winters from Texas to Florida.1 28: South Dakota (Edmunds County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 12; Rock County, 1 ; Delavan, 1) ; Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1; Chicago, 2; Worth, 1; Joliet, 1; Momence, 2); Indiana (Liver- pool, 3); Georgia (Sapelo Island, 2); Florida (Rosewood, 1). Genus XENOSPIZA Bangs2 Xenospiza Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 12, p. 86, Sept. 1, 1931 — type, by orig. desig., Xenospiza baileyi Bangs. Xenospiza baileyi Bangs.3 BAILEY'S SPARROW. Xenospiza baileyi Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 12, p. 87, Sept. 1, 1931— Bolanos, Jalisco, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 1 Messrs. Todd and Worthington claim subdivision of Henslow's Sparrow to be impracticable, and judging from the material we have seen their conclusions seem to be well founded. 2 Xenospiza Bangs: "Bill slender, very similar to Passerherbulus caudacutus, culmen to base of forehead 12 mm., exposed culmen 11 mm. Wing short, much rounded, the distance from end of secondaries to tip, 8 mm.; second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries subequal and longest; first primary equal to sixth; the secon- daries very broad, with very blunt ends; tail relatively long, slightly graduated, the rectrices broad and rounded at tips. In general appearance, this curious little bird resembles both Melospiza, as represented by M. lincolni, and Passerherbulus, as represented by P. caudacutus. From M. lincolni it differs by slightly more slender and smaller bill, and conspicu- ously by the much broader secondaries and by the plumage of the upper parts being composed of long, loose, particolored feathers, somewhat similar to those of P. caudacutus and quite different from the close plumage of M. lincolni. From P. caudacutus, which it resembles in slender bill and texture of dorsal plumage, it differs readily by the broad, rounded rectrices. Its longer tail and narrow bill distinguish it from Ammodramus (according to Bangs). 3 Xenospiza baileyi Bangs: "Upper parts much varied; crown with an ill- defined gray mesial streak; sides of crown striped with chestnut and black; below 504 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Marshes in the mountains of western Mexico (thirty miles southwest of Durango, Durango; Bolanos, Jalisco). Genus AMMOSPIZA Oberholser Ammodramus Swainson (not of Swainson, June, 1827), Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 348, Sept.-Dec. 31, 1827 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla caudacuta Wilson =Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin. Ammospiza Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 48, p. 68, May 13, 1905— new name for Ammodramus Swainson, Dec., 1827, preoccupied. Thryospiza Oberholser, Ohio Journ. Sci., 17, p. 332, June, 1917 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla maritima Wilson.1 * Ammospiza caudacuta subvirgata (D wight). ACADIAN SHARP- TAILED SPARROW. Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight, Auk, 4, p. 233, July, 1887 — Hillsborough, Albert County, New Brunswick (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Auk, 13, pp. 273, 276, pi. 4, 1896 (crit., range); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 223, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus Macoun and Macoun, Cat. Canad. Bds., p. 507, 1909 — maritime provinces of Canada (nest and eggs descr.). Passerherbulus nelsoni subvirgatus Lewis, Auk, 37, p. 587, 1920 — Yarmouth Harbor, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (nest, young, habits); Norton, Auk, 44, p. 568, 1927 — Phippsburg, Maine (habits, nest, and eggs descr.). Ammospiza caudacuta subvirgata Wetmore and Lincoln, Auk, 49, p. 231, 1932 — Cornfield Harbor and Ocean City, Maryland. Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of North America from southeastern Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and this, over the eye, on sides of head, lores, and behind the eye the color is plain dull grayish; auriculars dusky with pale shaft-streaks; on sides of neck behind ear coverts a cream-colored patch; feathers of back and rump, together with the scapulars, chestnut basally with broad, tear-shaped, central markings towards the ends and widely fringed towards the tips with buffy grayish; lesser wing coverts pale chestnut; greater wing coverts and secondaries with chestnut outer edges basally, with black centers, and with marginal ends and tips of grayish white; primaries dusky, edged with dull grayish buff; carpal edge yellow; under wing coverts buffy white; tail dusky, the rectrices fringed with grayish buff; under parts mostly white; a series of black malar spots forming a stripe; chest and upper sides striped and spotted with black; lower sides and under tail coverts buffy, striped with black; throat, breast, and middle of belly unspotted white; feet and tarsus (in dried skin) yellowish. Wing (male), 62-63; tail, 52-53; tarsus, 19-20; bill, 12 mm. "The color and pattern of the under parts are quite the same as in Passerculus s. savanna, except that the under tail coverts are brown with black streaks, not white; but its relatively long tail and short wing separate it easily from the Savannah Sparrow group." (Bangs, I.e.) We have lately examined in the British Museum seven skins of this interesting bird from the Sierra Bolanos, Jalisco. 1 The structural divergencies of the Seaside Sparrows seem to me good specific characters, but hardly warrant generic segregation. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 505 Cape Breton Island south to Penobscot Bay, Maine; winters on the coasts of South Carolina, Georgia, and northwestern Florida. 17: Massachusetts (Cambridge, 2; Revere Beach, Lynn, 1); Connecticut (Lyme, 10); South Carolina (Charleston, 2; Mount Pleasant, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 1). *Ammospiza caudacuta caudacuta (Gmelin). SHARP-TAILED SPARROW. Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 394, 1788 — based on "Sharp- tailed Oriole" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 1, (2), p. 448, pi. 17; New York (type in coll. of Mrs. Blackburn). Fringilla liltoralis Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 1, p. 504, 1832— new name for Oriolus caudacutus Latham (ex Gmelin). Ammodramus caudacutus Dwight, Auk, 13, pp. 273, 275, 1896 (in part). Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 220, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., in part). Ammospiza caudacufa caudacuta Wetmore and Lincoln, Auk, 49, p. 231, 1932 — coast of Maryland (Sept. to April). Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United States from New Hampshire to New Jersey; winters from New Jersey to Florida. 46: New York (Piermont, 5; Napeague Harbor, 1; Orient, Long Island, 3; Long Island, 8; Shelter Island, 2); Massachusetts (Mono- moy Island, 1; Revere Beach, 2); Connecticut (Lyme, 18); South Carolina (Charleston, 1); Georgia (St. Mary's, 1; Mclntosh County, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 3). Ammospiza caudacuta diversa (Bishop).1 SOUTHERN SHARP- TAILED SPARROW. Ammodramus caudacutus diversus Bishop, Auk, 18, p. 269, July, 1901— Wanchese, Roanoke Island, North Carolina (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop). Ammospiza caudacuta diversa Oberholser, Auk, 48, p. 610, 1931 (crit., range); Wetmore and Lincoln, Auk, 49, p. 231, 1932 — Maryland (Ocean City, Chesapeake Bay, Cornfield Harbor). Ammodramus caudacutus (not Oriolus caudacutus Gmelin) Dwight, Auk, 13, pp. 273, 275, 1896— part, South Carolina. 1 Ammospiza caudacuta diversa (Bishop): "Differs from A. c. caudacuta in darker, more rufescent upper parts, the colors of which are more contrasted, the blackish areas more intense, and the superciliary stripe more richly rufescent; separable from A. c. nelsoni by decidedly larger size, duller (less rufescent) upper parts, and much more heavily streaked jugulum and sides of the body." Accord- ing to Oberholser, from whose account the above characters are taken, this is the breeding race of the Atlantic coast from Maryland to North Carolina. Its dis- tinctness is also admitted by Wetmore and Lincoln, who collected it during the 506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ammodramus caudacutus caudacutus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 220, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., in part). Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United States from Maryland to North Carolina; winters from North Carolina to Florida. *Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni (Allen).1 NELSON'S SHARP- TAILED SPARROW. Ammodramus caudacutus var. nelsoni Allen, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 17, p. 293, 1875 — Calumet Marshes, Ainsworth [= South Chicago], Illinois (cotypes now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 383, 1930); Nelson, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 1, p. 40, 1876 — Illinois (Calumet region, Grass Lake, Illinois River) and Wisconsin (Racine). Ammodramus caudacutus becki Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 14, p. 483, Oct. 22, 1891 — Milpitas, Santa Clara County, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 307, 1932). Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Dwight, Auk, 13, pp. 273, 275, pi. 4, 1896 (crit., range); Barlow, Condor, 2, p. 132, 1900— Milpitas, California (Jan. and May); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 221, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Wetmore and Lincoln, Auk, 49, p. 231, 1932 — Ocean City and Cornfield Harbor, Maryland (October). Ammodramus nelsoni Woodruff, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6, p. 137, 1907— Chicago region. Ammospiza nelsoni Breckenridge, Univ. Minn. Mus. Nat. Hist., Occ. Pap. 3, p. 29, col. pi. 3, 1930 — Minnesota (breeding range, bibliog.). Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni Eifrig, Auk, 40, p. 132, 1923 — between Hyde and Wolf Lakes, Chicago (May 27). Range. — Breeds in the marshes in the Canadian and Upper Transition zones of North America from Great Slave Lake and western Alberta south to southwestern Manitoba, northeastern South Dakota, and Minnesota; winters on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from North Carolina to Florida and Texas; accidental in California. 21: Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1); Wisconsin (Lake Koshkonong, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 4; Worth, 2); South Carolina (Charleston, 1; Mount Pleasant, 1); Texas (High Island, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 4); Georgia (Cumberland Island, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 1; Nassau County, 3; New Berlin, 1). breeding season at points of the Maryland coast. Some of the specimens listed above under A. c. caudacuta may actually refer to diver sa. The material of the genus has not been available to the author. 1 An additional race, nearly related to A. c. nelsoni, has recently been described by Todd (Auk, 55, p. 117, Jan., 1938) as A. c. altera from East Main, James Bay, Quebec (type in the Carnegie Museum). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 507 *Ammospiza maritima maritima (Wilson). NORTHERN SEASIDE SPARROW. Fringilla maritima Wilson, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 68, pi. 34, fig. 2, 1811— "sea islands along our Atlantic coast" = Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, as designated by Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 124, 1931) (no type extant). Ammodramus maritimus maritimus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 214, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.; range in part, excl. of Georgia). Passerherbulus maritimus maritimus Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 20, 1920— south to Cobb's Island, Virginia (descr. of young). Thryospiza maritima maritima Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 124, 1931 — Massachusetts to North Carolina (crit.). Range. — Breeds in the salt marshes of the Atlantic coast of the United States from Massachusetts to extreme northeastern North Carolina (Elizabeth City); winters from Virginia south to Florida (Amelia Island; Grassy Island in Taylor County). 30: New York (Piermont, 6; Gardiner's Island, 1; Orient, Long Island, 3; Long Island, 1); Connecticut (Lyme, 5); Virginia (Fisher- man's Island, 1); South Carolina (Charleston, 2; Mount Pleasant, 3); Georgia (St. Mary's, Camden County, 1; Mclntosh County, 1); Florida (Amelia Island, 3; Nassau County, 2; New Berlin, 1). *Ammospiza maritima macgillivraii (Audubon).1 MACGILLI- VRAY'S SEASIDE SPARROW. Fringilla macgillivraii Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 2, p. 285, 1834— Charleston, South Carolina (probable type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bds. Amer. (folio), pi. 355, 1837. Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 216, 1901 — part, South Carolina (monog.). Passerherbulus maritimus macgillivraii Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 20, 1920— part, North and South Carolina (crit., descr. of young). Passerherbulus maritimus macgillivraii Sprunt, Auk, 41, p. 482, 1924 — fifteen miles south of Charleston, South Carolina (breeding); idem, I.e., 43, p. 549, 1926 -near Rantowles, South Carolina (breeding); Wayne, I.e., 44, p. 259, 1927— South Carolina (crit.); Sprunt, I.e., 44, p. 423, 1927— fifteen miles north of Charleston (nest descr.). 1 Ammospiza maritima macgillivraii (Audubon) is characterized by Oberholser as similar to the nominate race, but with darker, more strongly streaked upper parts, generally broader and darker striping on breast and flanks, and much broader, more conspicuous shaft-streaks on the median tail-feathers. Mr. Oberholser considers breeding birds from the Charleston region as "practically identical" with those from Pea Island, North Carolina, although the late Arthur T. Wayne emphatically insisted that they were different. 508 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Thryospiza maritima macgillivraii Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 125, 1931— central eastern North Carolina south to the South Edisto River (crit.). Range. — Breeds in salt marshes on the Atlantic coast of the United States from central eastern North Carolina (Pea Island) to the South Edisto River, South Carolina; winters to Georgia, eastern Florida (Amelia Island) and western Florida (Cedar Keys and Taylor County). 2: South Carolina (Mount Pleasant, 2). Ammospiza maritima waynei (Oberholser).1 WAYNE'S SEASIDE SPARROW. Thryospiza maritima waynei Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 125, Oct. 17, 1931 — Chatham County, Georgia (type in coll. of A. T. Wayne, now in Charleston Museum). Passerherbulus maritimus maritimus (not Fringilla maritima Wilson) Wayne, Auk, 29, p. 103, 1912— Cabbage Island, Warsaw Sound, coast of Georgia (breeding). Passerherbulus maritimus macgillivraii (not Fringilla macgillivraii Audubon) Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 20, 1920 — part, Georgia (crit.). Range. — Breeds in salt marshes on the Atlantic coast of the United States in Georgia and the extreme southeastern corner of South Carolina (Turtle Island, near the mouth of the Savannah River); winters south to Amelia Island, Florida (fide Oberholser). Ammospiza maritima pelonota (Oberholser).2 SMYRNA SEASIDE SPARROW. Thryospiza maritima pelonota Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 44, p. 126, Oct. 17, 1931 — New Smyrna, Volusia County, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 Ammospiza maritima waynei (Oberholser): "Similar to A. m. macgillivraii, but smaller and much lighter, with less blackish markings above, including the middle rectrices. Similar to A. m. maritima, but smaller and somewhat darker above, also rather darker and usually more extensively grayish below, particularly in worn plumage. Wing (male), 57-63^; tail, 51^-61; bill, 14-15." (Oberholser, I.e.) While Griscom and Nichols attributed the puzzling variation exhibited by birds from the South Atlantic coast to intergradation, Oberholser claims that two addi- tional races should be recognized in that region. It appears to me that the problem needs further investigation with the help of still larger series of breeding birds than are at present available in any museum. 2 Ammospiza maritima pelonota (Oberholser): "Similar to A. m. macgillivraii, of North Carolina, which it closely resembles in color, but it has no broad shaft stripes on the middle tail-feathers and is smaller; wing and especially tail shorter; the bill and tarsus, however, are of the same size, thus being relatively larger. Similar to A. m. waynei, but much darker, more grayish (less yellowish olive) 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 509 Thryospiza maritimus shannoni Bailey, Bull. Bailey Mus. N. H.f No. 7, p. 1, "Aug. 1, 1931" [=Dec. 2, 1931]— Duval County, Florida (type in coll. of H. H. Bailey). Ammodramus maritimus macgillivraii (not Fringilla macgillivraii Audubon) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 216, 1901— part, Anastasia Island and Matanzas Inlet, Florida. Passerherbulus maritimus macgillivraii Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 20, 1920— part, northeastern Florida (crit.). "Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow" Nicholson, Wils. Bull., 40, p. 226, 1928— Matanzas Inlet and New Smyrna (Volusia County), Florida (breeding habits). Range. — Resident in the coast marshes of northeastern Florida, from Nassau County south to Volusia County (New Smyrna). *Ammospiza maritima peninsulae (Allen). SCOTT'S SEASIDE SPARROW. Ammodramus maritimus peninsulae Allen, Auk, 5, p. 284, July, 1888— Tarpon Springs, Florida (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York);1 Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 216, 1901— west coast of Florida (monog.). Ammodramus peninsulae Scott, Auk, 6, p. 322, 1889 — mouth of Anclote and Withlacoochee rivers, Florida (winter). Passerherbulus maritimus peninsulae Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 24, 1920— Gulf Coast of Florida from St. Marks to Tampa Springs (crit.); Du Mont, Auk, 48, p. 252, 1931— Wall Springs and Indian Pass, south of Tarpon Springs; Baynard, Auk, 49, p. 97, 1932 — Tarpon Springs (nest and eggs). Range. — Resident in the salt marshes on the west coast of Florida from Lafayette County to Indian Pass (twenty miles south of Tarpon Springs). 6: Florida (Tarpon Springs, 6). Ammospiza maritima juncicola (Griscom and Nichols).2 WAKULLA SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus juncicola Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 25, Nov. 3, 1920— East Goose Creek, Wakulla County, Florida (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). brown above, and usually more heavily marked with black on the dorsal region. Wing (male), 59^-63; tail, 53-57^; tarsus, 22-25; bill, 14^-16." (Oberholser, I.e.) See the remarks under the preceding footnote. 1 The specimens from Grand Isle, Louisiana, pertain to another form sub- sequently separated by Chapman. * Ammospiza maritima juncicola (Griscom and Nichols): "The darkest and blackest race, our single female in fresh plumage being a decided approach to nigrescens. Never with a brownish tinge as in peninsulae, the crown almost 510 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Gulf Coast of Florida, from St. Andrews Bay to southern Taylor County (exact limits unknown). *Ammospiza maritima howelli (Griscom and Nichols).1 HOWELL'S SEASIDE SPARROW. Passerherbulus maritimus howelli Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. H., No. 32, p. 22, Nov. 3, 1920— Dauphine Island, Alabama (type in U. S. National Museum); Wright and Bailey, Auk, 48, p. 123, 1931— island off the east coast of Louisiana (June). Thryospiza maritima howelli Howell, Bds. Alabama, p. 234, 1924 — Alabama (breeding range). Range. — Breeds on the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana (east of the Mississippi); spreading to northern Florida and Texas in winter. 2: Louisiana (Buras, 1); Texas (High Island, 1). *Ammospiza maritima fisheri (Chapman). LOUISIANA SEASIDE SPARROW. Ammodramus maritimus fisheri Chapman, Auk, 16, p. 10, pi. 1 (upp. fig.), Jan., 1899— Grande Isle, Louisiana (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 217, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Passerherbulus maritimus fisheri Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 24, 1920 (crit.). Thryospiza maritima fisheri Howell, Bds. Alabama, p. 235, 1924 — Bayou La Batre, Alabama (Feb.)- Range. — Breeds in salt marshes of the Gulf Coast from Grande Isle, Louisiana, west to High Island, Texas; winters along the coast from western Florida to Corpus Christi, Texas. unmarked (never sharply streaked), and the markings of the under parts diffuse and vaguely defined, except in fresh plumage when they are much broader and blacker. Only the faintest suggestion of buff on the breast in any plumage, an additional character separating it from fisheri. Wing (male), 57^-61 ; bill, 12-13." (Griscom and Nichols, I.e.) Birds from St. Marks appear to be intergrades between peninsulae and juncicola. 1 Ammospiza maritima howelli (Griscom and Nichols): "Close to maritimus and macgillivraii [including waynei and pelonota], the tone of the upper parts most like maritimus, paler than macgillivraii, slightly more olive, less grayish than either. The crown streaked like macgillivraii, though less conspicuously so; the nape immaculate like maritimus. The back with broad, ill-defined markings. The under parts darker, more extensively washed with gray than in either, and in fresh plumage the breast is deep ochraceous-buff, deeper than in any other race except fisheri. Bill on average slightly larger than in any other Gulf Coast race. Wing (male), 60-64; bill, 14-15." (Griscom and Nichols, I.e.) This form has been found breeding on the coast of Alabama (Dauphine Island; Bayou La Batre; Petit Bois Island), Mississippi (Grande Batture Island, Horn Island), and on islands off the east coast of Louisiana. In opposition to other races, it does not inhabit the typical salt marshes, but frequents the Iva bushes on the outer islands. Winter stragglers have been taken in Florida (East Goose Creek, Wakulla County) and Texas (High Island). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 511 3: Florida (Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 1); Texas (High Island, 1). *Ammospiza maritima sennetti (Allen). TEXAS SEASIDE SPARROW. Ammodramus maritimus sennetti Allen, Auk, 5, p. 286, July, 1888 — Corpus Christi, Texas (type in coll. of G. B. Sennett, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 218, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Ammodramus sennetti Chapman, Auk, 16, p. 3, pi. 1 (low. fig.), 1899 (crit.). Passerherbulus maritimus sennetti Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 20, 1920— coast of Texas (crit.). Range.— Breeds on the coast of Texas from Galveston at least to Corpus Christi, possibly to Brownsville. 1: Texas (Corpus Christi, 1). Ammospiza (maritima?) nigrescens (Ridgway).1 DUSKY SEA- SIDE SPARROW. Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 5, p. 198, Dec., 1873 — Indian River, Fla.= Merritt Island's, Florida (type in coll. of R. Ridgway, now in U. S. National Museum). Ammodramus melanoleucus Maynard, Amer. Sportsman, 5, p. 248, Jan. 16, 1875— Salt Lake, Florida (type in coll. of C. J. Maynard, now in British Museum). Ammodramus nigrescens Chapman, Auk, 16, p. 2, 1899 (range, crit.). Passerherbulus nigrescens Griscom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 27, 1920 (crit., descr. of young); Bent and Copeland, Auk, 44, p. 384, 1927 — Merritt's Island, Florida (resident). "Dusky Seaside Sparrow" Nicholson, Wils. Bull., 40, p. 229, 1928— Merritt's Island (nesting habits). Range. — Marshes at the northern end of Indian River, east coast of Florida. 34: Florida (Banana Creek, 4; Indian River, 4; Merritt's Island, Indian River, 6; Wilson, 20). Ammospiza mirabilis (Howell).- CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW. Thryospiza mirabilis Howell, Auk, 36, p. 86, Jan., 1919— Cape Sable, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum); Holt and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 16, p. 435, pi. 39, 1926— near Coconut Grove, Florida (habits). 1 Although no material is at present available, I cannot help thinking that nigrescens is merely a race of A. maritima, inasmuch as certain individuals of A. m. juncicola seem to approach it very closely indeed. 2 Ammospiza mirabilis (Howell): "Most like A. m. sennetti, but smaller; the upper parts brighter and more greenish, the edges on the tertials and scapulars more whitish; under parts much more extensively whitish and the streaks much 512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passerherbulus mirabilis Griacom and Nichols, Abstr. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Y., No. 32, p. 19, 1920— Cape Sable (crit.). "Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow" Nicholson, Wils. Bull., 40, p. 234, 1928— Cape Sable region (nesting habits). Range. — Coastal marshes in the vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida. Genus POOECETES Baird Pooecetes Baird, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. xxxix, 1858— type by monotypy, Fringilla graminea Gmelin. Poocaetes Baird, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, pp. 439, 447, 1858— same type. *Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin). EASTERN VESPER SPARROW. Fringilla graminea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 922, 1789 — based on "Grass Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 375; New York. Pooecetes gramineus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 670, 1888 (monog.). Pooecetes gramineus gramineus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 182, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 144, 1906 — Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. Range. — Breeds from central Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to eastern Nebraska, Missouri, Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina, and west to western Minnesota; winters from the southern part of its breeding range to the Gulf Coast, southern Florida, and middle Texas; casual in Bermuda and Yucatan. 84: Maine (Lincoln, 1); Michigan (Grand Rapids, 1); Wisconsin (Waupaca, 1; Sheboygan County, 1; Plymouth, 1; Beaver Dam, 7; Madison, 1; Milton, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 4; Waukegan, 1; Lake Forest, 2; Glen view, 1; Chicago, 2; South Chicago, 1; Hegewisch, 1; Addison, 2; Momence, 1; Wolf Lake, 3; Joliet, 2; Warsaw, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 3; Davis Station, 1); Ohio (Colum- bus, 1); New York (Cayuga County, 1; Shelter Island, 4); Massa- chusetts (Hyannis, 1; Cambridge, 1); Connecticut (East Plartford, 21); New Jersey (Englewood, 2); North Carolina (Raleigh, 1); Florida (Key West, 1; Gainesville, 3; Mary Esther, 9). *Pooecetes gramineus affinis (Miller). OREGON VESPER SPARROW. Poocaetes gramineus affinis Miller, Auk, 5, p. 404, Oct., 1888— Salem, Oregon (type in coll. of Gerrit S. Miller, now in British Museum). darker and more sharply defined. Wing (male), 57-60-; tail, 50-53; bill, 12-12^." (Howell, I.e.) This very distinct form, which has more yellow around the eye than the races of A. maritima, may ultimately prove to be conspecific with that group, as a casual inspection of the series in the Carnegie Museum seemed to suggest. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 513 Pooecetes gramineus affinis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 186, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 160, 1928 — Santo Domingo, Lower California. Range. — Breeds in the Transition zone of the Pacific Coast district from extreme southern British Columbia to southwestern Oregon; winters from central California to northern Lower Cali- fornia (Santo Domingo) and Arizona. 2: Oregon (Logan, 1; 10 miles north of Salem, 1). *Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird. WESTERN VESPER SPARROW. [Poocaetes gramineus} var. confinis Baird, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 448, 1858 — western United States (type, from Loup Fork of the Platte River, Nebraska, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 11, 1932). [Pooecetes gramineus] subsp. a P. confinis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 672, 1888 (monog.). Pooecetes gramineus confinis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 184, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 160, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 298, 1931— Sonora (Tecoripa, Obreg6n, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 358, 1932— Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 485, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos) and Chihuahua. (l)Pooecetes gramineus definitus Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 11, Sept., 1932 — Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, nine miles south of Adel, Oregon (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History).1 Range. — Breeds from southeastern British Columbia, north- eastern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan to middle eastern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and east to the middle of the Great Plains; winters from southern California and Texas to southern Lower California, southern Mexico, and occasionally to Louisiana and Guatemala. 60: British Columbia (Okanagan, 1); Alberta (Edmonton, 1); Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 1); Montana (Billings, 1; Dry Creek, 1); California (Corona, 1; Riverside, 2); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Colorado (Boulder, 1; Lakewood, Denver, 1; Hot Sulphur Springs, 1; Fort Lyon, 8); Arizona (Phoenix, 6; Tucson, 1; unspecified, 1); New 1 The characters indicated for this form (slightly paler upper parts and lesser extent of white on the lateral rectrices) do not strike me as being of much conse- quence in view of their considerable individual variability within the same locality. According to Oberholser, the breeding range of confinis comprises the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region north to central Canada, west to Idaho and Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona, east to North Dakota, while definitus breeds in Nevada and central eastern California, north to interior Washington, and east to southeastern Oregon. The matter appears to require further investigation. 514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Mexico (Deming, 9; Mimbres, 1); Texas (El Paso, 3; Ingram, Ken- County, 2; Waring, Kendall County, 1; Giddings, 1; Gainesville, 1; Corpus Christi, 11; Harlingen, 1); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1; San Luis Potosi, 1). Genus CHONDESTES Swainson Chondestes Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — type, by monotypy, Chondestes strigatus Swainson. *Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say). EASTERN LARK SPARROW. Fringilla grammaca Say, in Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, p. 139 (note), 1823 — Prairies on the Missouri between the Kansas and Platte= Belief ontaine, four miles from the mouth of the Missouri River, Missouri (type lost). Chondestes grammica Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 591, 1888 (in part). Chondestes grammacus grammacus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 176, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Breeds mainly in the Austral zone of North America from eastern Nebraska, northwestern Minnesota, central Wisconsin, and southern Ontario south to southern Louisiana and central Alabama, east to extreme western Pennsylvania, Maryland, and northwestern Virginia; winters in southern Mississippi, southeastern Texas, and eastern and southern Mexico. 19: Illinois (Lake Forest, 1; Worth, 2; Grand Tower, 3; Grand Chain, 1); Missouri (Cliff Cave, 1); Texas (Brownsville, 1; Corpus Christi, 3); Louisiana (Buras, 2); Florida (Key West, 1); Mexico (Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 1; San Luis Potosi, 1; Morelia, Michoacan, 1). *Chondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. WESTERN LARK SPARROW. Chondestes strigatus Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — Temascaltepec, tableland of Mexico (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 485, 1934); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 375, 1886 — part, western United States and Barranco Hondo, Guatemala. Chondestes grammica (not Fringilla grammaca Say) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 591, 1888 (in part). Chondestes grammacus strigatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 178, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Tamauli- pas (Matamoros, San Fernando, Montelunga, Rio Cruz); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa (crit.); idem, I.e., 22, p. 175, 1906— Rancho Baillon, Durango; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 47, 1927— Labrados, Sinaloa; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 515 Zool., 32, p. 164, 1928— Lower California; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Chivela, and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 299, 1931 — Sonora (Saric, Obreg6n, Tesia, Guirocoba, fifteen miles southwest of Nogales); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 358, 1932— Sacapulas, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 416, 1934— Taxco and Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 485, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Alamos, Oposura, Granados, Bacuachi) and Chihuahua (crit.). Range. — Breeds mainly in the Austral zone of North America from southern British Columbia and southern Saskatchewan south to the Mexican tableland (Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango) and from the Pacific coast east to central North Dakota and eastern Texas; winters from California and Texas through Lower California and Mexico to Guatemala. 62: Oregon (Eagle Point, 1); California (Clipper Gap, Placer County, 5; Placer County, 1; San Geronimo, 1; Nicasio, 4; Hayward, 1 ; Monterey, 1 ; San Jose", 1 ; Los Gatos, 1 ; Anderson, 1 ; Pomona, 1 ; Corona, 1; Fairfax, 1; Sargent, 1; San Diego, 3); North Dakota (Cannonball River, 2); Colorado (Larimer County, 1; Hot Sulphur Springs, 1; Fort Lyon, 5; Kremmling, 1; unspecified, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 3; Tucson, 2; Santa Rita Mountains, 1; Huachuca Plains, 2; Huachuca Mountains, 2; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 1; Calabasas, 3); Arkansas (Faulke, 1); Texas (Gainesville, 1; Fort Clark, 1; Fort Worth, 1; Ingram, 2; Laredo, 1; Kendall County, 1; Corpus Christi, 4); Mexico (Nuevo Leon, 1). Chondestes grammacus actitus Oberholser.1 OREGON LARK SPARROW. Chondestes grammacus actitus Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 12, Sept. 19, 1932 — mouth of Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, Oregon (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History). Range. — Breeds in the Warner Valley of southern Oregon; in migration south to southern Arizona (Redington). Genus RHYNCHOSPIZA Ridgway2 Rhynchospiza Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 224, 1898— type, by orig. desig., Haemo- phila stolzmanni Taczanowski. 1 Chondestes grammacus actitus Oberholser: "Similar to C. g. strigatus from Mexico, but with the upper parts, excepting the chestnut stripes of the head, decidedly paler; wing somewhat longer. Wing (male), 87J--r-95!.->; tail, 68-75; bill, 11-12 '2." (Oberholser, I.e.) While it seems hard to believe that a peculiar race should exist in the heart of the range of C. g. strigatus, it may be found expedient to subdivide the latter form, since both Miller and van Rossem mention pale individuals among winter birds from Sinaloa and Sonora. The matter, at any rate, deserves investigation. 2 Rhynchospiza Ridgway: Very similar to Aimophila, but tail much shorter than the wing instead of being equal to it, or longer; rectrices broader and less 516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rhynchospiza stolzmanni (Taczanowski). STOLZMANN'S SPARROW. Haemophila stolzmanni Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 322, pi. 36, fig. 2 — Tumbez, Peru (type lost, formerly in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 175, 1927); idem, I.e., 1877, p. 750— Tumbez (habits) ; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 47, 1886— Peru (Tumbez, Chongollape, Nancho, Paucal); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 727, 1888— Tumbez. Rhynchospiza stolzmanni Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 625, 1926 — Ecuador (Casanga) and Peru (Pillares, Dept. Tumbez). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of extreme southwestern Ecuador (Casanga Valley, Prov. de Loja) and northwestern Peru, in depts. of Tumbez (Tumbez, Pillares), Piura (Marropon), Lambayeque (Chongollape), Libertad (Tembladera), and Cajamarca (Nancho).1 Genus AIMOPHILA Swainson Aimophila Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 287, July, 1837 (generic characters only);2 idem, Anim. in Menag., p. 314, Dec. 31, 1837 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840), Aimophila rufescens Swainson = Pipilo rufescens Swainson. Haemophila Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 132, Oct., 1851 — new name for Aimo- phila Swainson. Haimophila Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 922, 1853— emendation. Peucaea Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 112, 1839— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 60, 1841), Peucaea bachmanii Audubon. Aimophila quinquestriata quinquestriata (Sclater and Salvin). FIVE-STRIPED SPARROW. Zonotrichia quinquestriata Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 323 — Mexico3 (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Ridgway, Ibis, 1883, p. 400 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, pi. 27, fig. 2, 1886 (fig. of type). rounded terminally; nostrils nearly hidden by latero-frontal plumules; maxilla deeper, with the culminal line straighter and less convex. The species constituting this monptypic genus resembles certain Central American Aimophilae, notably A. sumichrasti, so closely in color-pattern and general features that the propriety of separating it generically may well be ques- tioned, although the differently shaped rectrices and the short, nearly even tail are good taxonomic characters. 1 Material examined. — Ecuador: Casanga, Prov. de Loja, 1. — Peru: Tumbez, Ij'Marropon, Piura, 1; Tembladera, Libertad, 2. 2 The two species cited by Swainson were at the time undescribed, and were not characterized until six months later. Gray designated A. rufescens, one of the two species described by Swainson in "Anim. in Menageries" in connection with the generic name Aimophila, as genotype. 3 The type was collected by Floresi, probably at Bplanos, Jalisco. At any rate it agrees with authentic Jalisco specimens except for its longer wing (68 mm.), as has been shown by van Rossem (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 386, 1934). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 517 Amphispiza quinquestriata Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 368, 1886— Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 632, 1888— Mexico. Aimophila quinquestriaia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 236, 1901— part, Jalisco (Bolanos, Mesquitic). Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in State of Jalisco (Bolanos, Mesquitic, etc.). Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem.1 NORTH- ERN FIVE-STRIPED SPARROW. Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 485, Dec., 1934— Hacienda de San Rafael, Sonora, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Aimophila quinquestriata (not Zonolrichia quinquestriata Sclater and Salvin) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 238— Nuri, Sonora; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 236, 1901— part, Sonora and Chihuahua; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 300, 1931— Guirocoba, Sonora. Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and probably northern Sinaloa.2 Aimophila mystacalis (Hartlaub).3 BRIDLED SPARROW. Zonotrichia mystacalis Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 4, p. 2, 1852— Rio Frio, Puebla, and City of Mexico (type, from Rio Frio, Puebla, in Bremen Museum);4 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 305, 1856 — southern Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, p. 379, 1859 — Oaxaca; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 21, 1876— Tehuacan, Puebla; Ridgway, Ibis, 1883, p. 400 (crit.). Amphispiza mystacalis Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 143, 1886 — Chietla, Puebla. Haemophila mystacalis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 398, 1886— Puebla (Tehuacan) and Oaxaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 728, 1888— Puebla and Oaxaca (San Juan del Rio). Aimophila mystacalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 236, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog.). Range. — Southern extremity of Mexican plateau, in states of Vera Cruz (Orizaba), Puebla (Rio Frio, Tehuacan, Atlixco, Chietla), and Oaxaca (San Carlos, Mitla, Oaxaca, Cuicatlan, etc.). 1 Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem: Similar to the nominate race, but somewhat larger, and coloration paler, with smaller breast spot. Wing of males, 67-73 (against 63-68); tail, 67-72 (against 61-65). 2 No material from Durango has been critically studied. 3 We are not acquainted with this species. 4 A cotype from Mexico City is in the Hamburg Museum (cf. Bolau, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 15, p. 61, 1898). 518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Aimophila humeralis humeralis (Cabanis). FERRARI-PEREZ'S SPARROW. Haemophila humeralis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 132, Oct., 1851— Mexico (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 398, pi. 29, fig. 1, 1886— Chietla, Puebla; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 727, 1888— eighteen leagues from Puebla, towards Chietla; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 239— Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero. Haimophila humeralis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 922, 1853— "City of Mexico" (descr.). Amphispiza ferrariperezi Ridgway, Auk, 3, p. 332, 1886 — Chietla, Puebla (type in National Museum of Mexico); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 143, 1886— Chietla. Aimophila humeralis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 237, 1901— southern Mexico (monog.). Aimophila humeralis humeralis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 417, 1934 — Taxco and Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in states of Puebla (Chietla), Morelos (Cuernavaca, Yautepec), and Guerrero (Tlapa, Tlakisala, Taxco, Chilpancingo, Iguala, Sierra Madre del Sur). 12: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 12). Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom.1 COLIMA SPARROW. Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 417, Dec., 1934 — Colima, Colima, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in State of Colima (Colima). *Aimophila ruficauda ruficauda (Bonaparte). RUSSET-TAILED GROUND SPARROW. Chondestes ruficauda Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 918, 1853 — Nicaragua (type in Paris Museum); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 18, 1854 (reprint). Haemophila ruficauda Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 383, 1884 — Sucuya, Nicaragua; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 396, 1886 — part, San Salvador (Acajutla), Nicaragua (Sucuya), and Costa Rica; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 724, 1888— part, spec, c, Nicaragua and Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436— Costa Rica (Miravalles, Bebedero, Bagaces); Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899 — Granada, Nicaragua. Aimophila ruficauda ruficauda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, pp. 238, 673, 1901 — part, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, 1 Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom: Similar to the nominate race, but with- out black streaks on the back, these being replaced by more diffuse dusky centers ; rump concolor with back, instead of grayish brown, with or without faint rufescent tips to some of the feathers (Griscom, I.e.). This form, which rests on a single adult male, is unknown to the author. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 519 p. 910, 1910— Mojica, Bebedero, Bagaces, Bolson, Coralfllo, and Tenorio, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 32, 1919 — Masaya and Granada, Nicaragua. Range.— Arid Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of El Salvador (Acajutla), Nicaragua, and northwestern Costa Rica (Guanacaste).1 13: Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 7); Costa Rica (Las Canas, 6). *Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom.2 MOTAGUA VALLEY GROUND FINCH. Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 9, Dec. 15, 1930— Progreso, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 359, 1932 — Progreso and Gualan, Guatemala. Haemophila ruficauda (not Chondestes ruficauda Bonaparte) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 398— Valley of the Rio Motagua, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862— Chuacas, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 396, pi. 30, fig. 2, 1886 — part, Guatemala (Choi, Chuacas, and Motagua Valley from Guastatoya to Gualan); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 724, 1888 — part, spec, a, b, Guatemala (Chuacas). Aimophila ruficauda Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 238, 1901— part, Guatemala. Aimophila ruficauda lawrencei (not Haemophila lawrencii Salvin and Godman) Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 116, 1907— El Rancho, Guatemala (crit.). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Guatemala, chiefly in the Motagua Valley and near-by districts of Baja Vera Paz (Choi, Chuacas). 5: Guatemala (El Rancho, 5). Aimophila ruficauda lawrencii (Salvin and Godman).3 TEHUAN- TEPEC GROUND SPARROW. Haemophila lawrencii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 397, Aug., 1886— Juchitan, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, 1 A series from Bebedero, Costa Rica, agrees well with two adults from the west shore of Lake Nicaragua. 2 Aimophila ruficauda connectens Griscom: Very near to A. r. ruficauda, but dorsal plumage more grayish, less tinged with rufescent, thus closely resembling A. r. lawrencii, from which it may be separated by decidedly rufescent tail. While not strongly marked, this form cannot well be united to either of its allies, combining, as it does, the distinctly rufescent tail of one with the grayish brown plumage of the other. I do not find any difference among the three races in the color of the dark stripes on the pileum. 3 An earlier name for either this or the succeeding form is Aimophila tolteca J. W. von Miiller (Reisen Ver. St., Canada, and Mexico, 3, p. 584, 1865) from 520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII now in British Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 723, 1888 — Juchitan. Haemophila ruficauda (not Chondestes ruficauda Bonaparte) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876— Tehuantepec City, Santa Efigenia, and Juchitan, Oaxaca. Aimophila ruficauda lawrencii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 239, 1901 — Pacific side of Oaxaca (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Chivela, Lagunas, and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Mexico, in State of Oaxaca (Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Chimalapa, Huilo- tepec, Chivela, Lagunas, Tapanatepec). * Aimophila ruficauda acuminata (Salvin and Godman) . l COLIMA GROUND SPARROW. Haemophila acuminata (ex Fringilla acuminata Lichtenstein, MS.) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 397, August, 1886— "Yuan- tepee" [=Yautepec], plains of Colima, Acapulco, and between Puebla and Chietla, Mexico (type, from Yautepec, Morelos, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 723, 1888 — same localities; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 239 — Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero. Zonotrichia melanotis (not Geospizopsis melanotis Bonaparte) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 473, May, 1867— plains of Colima, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 430 (crit.). Haemophila melanotis Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 422 — Acapulco, Guerrero. Aimophila melanotis Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 277, 1874 — plains of Colima; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 145, 1886— Chietla, Puebla (crit.). Aimophila acuminata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 240, 1901 — southwestern Mexico (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 417, 1934— Coyuca, Guerrero. Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in states of Guerrero (Acapulco, Tierra Colorada, Tlapa, Iguala, Coyuca), Colima, and Jalisco Mexico. The description fits the one just as well as the other, except the passage "pectore griseo" which points rather to lawrencii, while the measurements, no sex being indicated, are practically useless. Von Miiller travelled in the ranges of both races, and as there is no clue to the exact locality of the type specimen, which cannot be located, the name must remain indeterminable. 1 Aimophila ruficauda acuminata (Salvin and Godman) may be distinguished by smaller size (sex for sex), blacker head stripes, less rufescent tail, and whitish breast with at best traces of grayish suffusion. Eight additional specimens examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 521 (Ameca, Etzatlan, Tuxpan, San Sebastian), east to Morelos (Cuerna- vaca, Yau tepee), Puebla (Chietla), and Durango (Huasamota).1 17: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 14; Tuxpan, Jalisco, 3). *Aimophila carpalis carpalis (Coues). RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW. Peucaea carpalis Coues, Amer. Nat., 7, No. 6, p. 322, June, 1873 — Tucson, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, pi. 46, fig. 8, 1874; Henshaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., p. 291, 1875— Camp Lowell, Arizona (habits); Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 195, 1882— Tucson and Camp Lowell, Arizona; Stephens, Auk, 2, p. 228, 1885 — southeastern Arizona; Scott, Auk, 4, p. 203, 1887 — Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 715, 1888— Arizona (Santa Catalina Mts., Tucson, Camp Lowell); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Granados, Sonora. Aimophila carpalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 241, 1901 —part, Arizona and Sonora (Ortiz, Alamos); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 328, 1929 (not observed in southern Arizona); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 299, 1931— Sonora (part, Guaymas, Pesqueira, Saric, El Alamo, between Sasabe and Altar). Aimophila carpalis carpalis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 485, 1934 — Guaymas and Oposura, Sonora. Range. — Southern Arizona2 and the northern and western parts of Sonora (south approximately to the vicinity of Guaymas), north- western Mexico. 1: Arizona (Tucson, 1). Aimophila carpalis bangsi Moore.3 SONORA RUFOUS-WINGED SPARROW. Aimophila carpalis bangsi Moore, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 232, Dec. 23, 1932 — Guirocoba, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 485, 1934— Alamos, Sonora. 1 Van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, p. 128, July 13, 1938) recently split the above form into three, separating three molting birds with incomplete tails from Tepic, Nayarit, as A. acuminata nayaritensis, and the inhabitants of Guerrero as A. acuminata guerrercnsis (type from Acaguazotla, Guerrero, in British Museum). 2 Although searched for in vain for many years in Arizona, the species has recently again been found at Fresnal by R. T. Moore. * Aimophila carpalis bangsi Moore: Similar to A. c. carpalis, but smaller; bill slenderer; legs and feet likewise weaker; wing more rounded; mandible and tarsi lighter in color. Wing, 55-61 (against 61-64), (female) 55-58 (against 57J£-61); tail, 52-61 (against 61-65), (female) 54-60 (against 60-64); bill, 9-10 j^. This form is typical in southern Sonora (from Obregon to Guirocoba). Speci- mens from Tecoripa and San Javier are stated by the describer to be intermediate to carpalis. 522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aimophila carpalis (not Peucaea carpalis Coues) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 241, 1901 — part, Sonora (Alamos) and Sinaloa (Culia- can); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 299, 1931— part, southern Sonora (Tecoripa, San Javier, Obregon, T6sia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba). Range. — Southern Sonora, north approximately to Obregon, and the adjacent parts of Sinaloa (Culiacan), northwestern Mexico. 2: Mexico (Alamos, Sonora, 2). Aimophila sumichrasti (Lawrence).1 SUMICHRAST'S SPARROW. Haemophila sumichrasti Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 6, Feb., 1871 — Juchitan, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876— Juchitan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 395, 1886 — Juchitan, Oaxaca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 726, 1888 — Juchitan. Aimophila sumichrasti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 240, 1901 — Oaxaca, southern Mexico (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Chivela, Oaxaca. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southern Mexico, in State of Oaxaca (Santo Domingo, Tehuantepec, San Bartolo, Juchitan, Salina Cruz, Chivela). Aimophila notosticta (Sclater and Salvin).2 OAXACA SPARROW. Peucaea notosticta Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 322— "in Mexico meridionali," either in the State of Mexico or in Puebla (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Ridgway, Ibis, 1883, p. 400 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 393, pi. 28, fig. 1, 1886 — probably Puebla, Mexico. [Peucaea ruficeps] subsp. 7 Peucaea notosticta Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 715, 1888— Oaxaca. Aimophila notosticta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 242, 1901 — Cerro San Felipe and Ejutla, Oaxaca (monog.). Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in State of Oaxaca (Cerro San Felipe, Ejutla) and probably adjacent parts of Puebla. Aimophila rufescens mcleodii Brewster. McLEOD's SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens mcleodii Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 92, Jan., 1888 — El Carmen, Chihuahua, Mexico (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 383, 1930); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— 1 Aimophila sumichrasti seems to be nearly related to A. carpalis, from which it differs chiefly by greater dimensions, much larger bill, rufescent tail, and much more brownish dorsal plumage with heavier blackish markings. It may ultimately prove to be merely a strongly marked geographical race, but with only a single adult specimen before me I cannot say anything positive about its proper status. 2 Aimophila notosticta (Sclater and Salvin), which we have not yet met with, seems to be remarkable for its black bill and dark brown crown-stripes. Its natural affinities are in doubt. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 523 Puerto de los Pinitos, Sonora; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 246, 1901— northwestern Mexico (monog.). Aimophila cahooni Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 93, Jan., 1888 — near Oposura, Sonora, Mexico (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 384, 1930). Peucaea megarhyncha Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 1, p. 238, April, 1889 — Santa Ana, Sonora, Mexico (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum). Peucaea notosticla (not of Salvin and Godman) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893 — Bavispe River and Guanopo, Sonora. Aimophila rufescens mcleodii van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 486, 1934 — Sonora (Mina Abundancia, Hacienda de San Rafael, Oposura) and Chihuahua (Jesus Maria, Carmen). Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango (Chacala).1 Aimophila rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer.2 ETZATLAN SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer, Auk, 11, p. 43, Jan., 1894 — Etzatlan, Jalisco, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 245, 1901— Michoacan, Jalisco, and Sinaloa (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905 — Juan Lisiarraga Mountains, Sinaloa. (l)Aimophila rufescens sinaloa Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 254, 1899— Tatemalis, Sinaloa (type destroyed, formerly in the California Academy of Sciences); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 245, 1901— Tatemalis; cf. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 418 (in text), 1934 (crit.). Range.— Southwestern portion of Mexican plateau, from southern Sinaloa through Tepic and Jalisco to Michoacan (Uruapam). Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom.3 GUERRERO SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 418, Jan., 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 1 According to van Rossem, the identity of A. cahooni with A. r. mcleodii is not quite established beyond doubt. 1 Aimophila rufescens pallida Nelson and Palmer, judging from the few speci- mens on hand, is very close to A. r. mcleodii, but browner above with more chestnut on the pileum, and seems to have a stouter, larger bill. Griscom considers it a good form, but questions the possibility of recognizing sinaloa, which was based on a single example from the lowlands of Sinaloa, probably a straggler from the pine forests. 1 Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom: Size about the same as A. r. pallida, hence larger than A. r. rufescens; in fresh plumage paler and duller than rufescens, grayer and browner, less rufous on back and tail; lateral crown-stripes more rufous, 524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aimophila rufescens rufescens (not Pipilo rufescens Swainson) Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Range. — Southwestern Mexico, on the Pacific slope of the states of Guerrero (Chilpancingo) and Oaxaca (Tapanatepec). *Aimophila rufescens rufescens (Swainson). RUSTY SPARROW. Pipilo rufescens Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 434, June, 1827 — "Temiscaltipec" [=Temascaltepec], Mexico (type in Bullock Collection, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Aimophila rufescens Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 315, Dec. 31, 1837 — Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — temperate region of Vera Cruz (between 600 and 1,500 metr. elev.); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 145, 1886— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 212, 1890— Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Nelson and Palmer, Auk, 11, p. 44 (in text), 1894— Temascaltepec, Jalapa, and city of Orizaba, Mexico (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 29, 1898— Jalapa, Vera Cruz (habits). Embernagra pyrgitoides Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 97, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of C. Brelay, Bordeaux). Geospizopsis melanotis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 42, No. 20, p. 955, May, 1856 — Mexico (descr. of young); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 306, 1856— southern Mexico (crit.).1 Haemophila rufescens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 98, 1858— southern Mexico; idem, I.e., 27, p. 365, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; (?)idem, I.e., 27, p. 380, 1859— Juquila and Villa Alta, northern Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862 — part, spec, c-f, Orizaba and (?)g, Oaxaca; Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 140, 1868 — Guanajuato; (?)Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 22, 1876 — Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 394, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1886— part, Mexican localities and San Geronimo, Guatemala; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 725, 1888— part, spec, a-k, Mexico (Orizaba, Jalapa) and Guatemala (Vera Paz); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 326— Matagalpa, Nica- ragua (crit.) ; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899— Coatepec, Vera Cruz. Aimophila rufescens rufescens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 243, 1901 — part, Mexico and southwards through Guatemala to El Salvador; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 360, 1932— very nearly as pale as in pallida, but with some black intermixed, and the grayish median crown-stripe better pronounced. Wing (males), 73-76. Griscom, when describing this form, had an ample series to work with. Two specimens from the type locality are not very different from pallida, but they are not in very good plumage. 1 According to Sclater, the type — the only specimen obtained by Auguste Sall6 in Vera Cruz (vicinity of Cordoba or near Orizaba) — was an immature bird with imperfect wings. Although Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 98, 1858) confesses his inability to distinguish between A. r. rufescens and Plagiospiza super- ciliosa in juvenile plumage, Bonaparte's description seems to point to the first- named species. I do not know what became of the type specimen. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 525 Guatemala (Secanquim, Finca Concepci6n, La Primavera); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 342, 1932— San Juancito, Honduras. Range. — Chiefly Arid Temperate zone of southeastern Mexico (in states of San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, Mexico, Morelos, Vera Cruz, (?)northern Oaxaca,1 and Chiapas) and south through the central parts of Guatemala (Huehuetenango, El Quiche", Alta Vera Paz, and Baja Vera Paz) to the highlands of El Salvador (San Salvador, etc.), Honduras (San Juancito), and northern Nicaragua (Matagalpa).2 3: Guatemala (8 miles east of Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 2; "Vera Paz," 1). Aimophila rufescens pectoralis Dickey and van Rossem.3 SAN MIGUEL RUSTY SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens pectoralis Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 6, Jan. 8, 1927 — Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Range. — Grass and lava slopes of Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador (above 3,000 ft.). *Aimophila rufescens gigas Griscom.4 GREATER RUSTY SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens gigas Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 9, Dec. 15, 1930 — Nebaj, fifty miles north of Quiche, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collec- 1 Birds from northern Oaxaca ( Juquila, Villa Alta, Guichicovi) need re-examina- tion. They may be referable to A. r. subvespera. 2 In the absence of proper material, the southward extension of the range has been adapted from published records. While Dickey and van Rossem noticed slight differences in El Salvador birds, Griscom pronounces specimens from the Coban district of Guatemala and others from Nicaragua to be inseparable from Mexican skins. Two from Coban, the only ones we have seen, appear to us indeed exactly like a series from Vera Cruz. Birds from Huehuetenango and northern Quiche are stated by Griscom to approach A. r. gigas. 3 Aimophila rufescens pectoralis Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to A. r. rufescens, but under parts grayer, particularly on chest, flanks, and under tail coverts; throat and median under parts whiter; pectoral band darker and much more pronounced; wing and tail slightly longer. Wing, 77^-79^, (female) 72-74; tail, 84-87, (female) 78-78^. This form, which we have not seen, is stated to be restricted to the Volcan San Miguel, in eastern El Salvador, while birds from other parts of that country are referred to typical rufescens both by the describers and by Griscom. It re- sembles A. r. gigas in size, but differs by more grayish under parts, especially on the breast, whereas from A. r. hypaethrus, of Costa Rica, it would seem to be separable by much more grayish breast. Direct comparison with the Costa Rican form is, however, imperative. 4 Aimophila rufescens gigas Griscom: Similar to A. r. rufescens, but decidedly larger; upper parts paler, less rufescent; the hind neck more grayish; sides and flanks very slightly more grayish, less tinged with buffy. Wing (males), 76-80; tail, 83-85. While separable from rufescens by larger size, this race is evidently very close to A. r. pectoralis, of eastern Salvador, and adequate material of both forms in strictly comparable plumage may yet show them to be identical. Griscom does not indicate in what way gigas differs from pectoralis. This author mentions, on the other hand, that certain individuals from northwestern Guatemala are inter- mediate to rufescens. 526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII tion, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 361, 1932— Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala (Momostenango, Chichicastenango, Nebaj, Antigua, La Montanita, San Lucas, Panajachel, Lake Amatitlan). Haemophila rufescens (not Pipilo rufescens Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 34— Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862 — part, spec, a, b, Guatemala (Duenas, Volcan de Fuego); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 394, 1886— part, Guatemala (Duenas, Quezaltenango, Carrizal); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 725, 1888 — part, spec. 1-p, Duenas and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. Aimophila rufescens rufescens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 243, 1901— Guatemala (in part). Aimophila rufescens Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 116, 1907 — Lake Atitlan and below Tecpam, Guatemala. Range. — Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala. 5: Guatemala (near Tecpam, 1; Tecpam, 1; Lake Atitlan, 3). Aimophila rufescens discolor Ridgway.1 LESSER RUSTY SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens discolor Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 587 (in text), 1887 — Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs and Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 21, p. 46, 1908 — Ycacos Lagoon, British Honduras (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 360, 1932— Poctun, Pete"n, Guatemala. Haemophila rufescens (not Pipilo rufescens Swainson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 394, 1886— part, Poctun, Pete"n (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 725, 1888— part, spec, q, pine ridge of Poctun. Aimophila rufescens (?)Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 587, 1887— Segovia River, Honduras. Aimophila rufescens rufescens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 243, 1901 — part, Guatemala (Poctun, Peten) and Honduras (Segovia River); Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929 — Augustine, British Honduras. Range. — Pine forests of the tropical lowlands of British Honduras (Ycacos Lagoon, Augustine), eastern Guatemala (Poctun, Pete"n), and Honduras (Segovia River). 1 Aimophila rufescens discolor Ridgway: Differs, according to Bangs, from A. r. rufescens by shorter wings and tail; heavier bill; darker gray sides of the head; and paler (less brownish) breast and flanks. Wing, 66-68, (female) 63; tail, 68-69, (female) 66; bill, 16^-17. Birds from the lowlands of British Honduras and Peten apparently constitute a recognizable race characterized by small size, relatively stout bill, and certain details of coloration. It seems, however, very doubtful if the name discolor is properly applicable. The original specimens from the Segovia River in south- eastern Honduras are larger, and their extremely worn condition makes proper comparison impossible. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 527 Aimophila rufescens hypaethrus Bangs.1 COSTA RICAN RUSTY SPARROW. Aimophila rufescens hypaethrus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 22, p. 37, March, 1909— Cerro Santa Maria, Costa Rica (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 383, 1930); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 909, 1910— Costa Rica (Cerro de Santa Maria, Tenorio, Miravalles). Haemophila rufescens (not Pipilo rufescens Swainson) Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 436 — Miravalles, Costa Rica. Aimophila rufescens rufescens Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 673, 1901— part, Miravalles, Costa Rica. Range. — Northwestern Costa Rica north of the Gulf of Nicoya. *Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (Cassin). RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW. Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, No. 5, "October," p. 184, pub. Dec. 31, 1852 — Calaveras River [east of Stockton], California (cotypes in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 31, 1899); idem, Illust. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 135, pi. 20, 1854— Calaveras River. Peucaea ruficeps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 712, 1888 — Nicasio, California. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 246, 1901— part, California (in part). Range. — Upper Austral zone of California west of the Sierra Nevada from Sonoma, Solano, Sutter, and Placer counties south to Kern County. 6: California (Nicasio, 4; Pasadena, 1; Milpitas Hills, 1). Aimophila ruficeps obscura Dickey and van Rossem.2 SANTA CRUZ SPARROW. Aimophila obscura Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 25, p. 128, July 28, 1923 — Prisoner's Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 246, 1901— part, Santa Catalina Island. 1 Aimophila rufescens hypaethrus Bangs: Nearest to A. r. rufescens, but with larger bill; upper parts distinctly darker; lateral crown-stripes much more dusky; shaft-streaks on back and scapulars much broader and more conspicuous. From A. r. discolor it may be distinguished by larger size, darker upper surface, and much less grayish sides of head, breast, and flanks. Wing, 72-77, (female) 69-71; tail, 74-78, (female) 75; bill, 17-18. Four specimens from Miravalles examined. J Aimophila ruficeps obscura Dickey and van Rossem: Differs from A. r. ruficeps and A. r. canescens by darker and less rufescent coloration with the central streaking of the dorsal feathers much darker and less rusty; heavier maxillary streaks; heavier and basally more swollen bill; on average slightly longer and heavier tarsi and feet. 528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Santa Cruz Island and probably Santa Catalina and Santa Rosa Islands, California. *Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd.1 ASHY SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd, Condor, 24, p. 126, July 29, 1922 — San Diego, California (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 173, 1928— Tecate, Lower California. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 246, 1901— part, California (in part). Range. — San Diego district of southern California from Ventura County south across the Mexican boundary into extreme northern Lower California (Tecate). 1: California (San Diego, 1). Aimophila ruficeps Iambi Grinnell.2 CAPE COLNETT SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps Iambi Grinnell, Auk, 43, p. 244, April 7, 1926 — Colnett, lat. 31°, Lower' California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Ber- keley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 173, 1928— northern Lower California. Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 246, 1901— part, Lower California. Range. — Northern Lower California, west of the Colorado desert from lat. 30° 30' nearly to the United States boundary. *Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway. LACUNA SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps sororia Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 226, July, 1898 — Victoria Mountains, Lower California, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 248, 1901— southern Lower California (monog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 148, 1902— Cape district of Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 174, 1928 — Lower California. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (not Zonotrichia boucardi Sclater) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 348, 1883 — Victoria Mountains; Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 302, 1889 — Victoria Mountains and (?) llanos de San Julian. Range. — Mountains of the Cape district of Lower California.3 4: Lower California (El Sauz, 4). 1 Aimophila ruficeps canescens Todd: Similar to A. r. ruficeps, but with longer wings and tail, and under parts less buffy, more grayish in tone; similar also to A. r. sororia, but darker above, and darker, more grayish below. Wing (male), 64-67; tail, 67-70; bill, 11-12. 2 Aimophila ruficeps Iambi Grinnell: Generally similar to A. r. canescens, but decidedly darker, less ashy brown, more slaty; light edging to upper parts scantier and darker; sides of head, neck, and body, and dark band across chest darker; wings and tail darker, more slaty brown; bill and feet slaty rather than flesh-color. Size and proportions about the same as in A. r. ruficeps; the bill smaller than in A. r. sororia and A. r. obscura. 3 The record from San Julian (near Comondu) belongs doubtfully to the present form, the specimen in question being no longer extant. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 529 *Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossem.1 SONORA RUFOUS- CROWNED SPARROW. Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 486, Dec., 1934 — Mina Abundancia, Sonora (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Aimophila ruficeps scottii (not of Sennett) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 248, 1901— part, Durango; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 173, 1906 — Rio Sestin, Arroyo del Buey, and Cienaga Corales, north- western Durango. Range. — Mountains of southern Sonora (Mina Abundancia), southern Chihuahua (Bravo, Jesus Maria), and south to northwestern Durango (Rio Sestin, Arroyo del Buey, Cienaga Corales, Durango City) and Nayarit. 1: Mexico (Mina Abundancia, Sonora, 1). *Aimophila ruficeps scottii (Sennett). SCOTT'S SPARROW. Peucaea ruficeps scottii Sennett, Auk, 5, p. 42, January, 1888 — Final County, Arizona (cotypes in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). [Peucaea ruficeps} subsp. a Peucaea homochlamys Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 713, 1888— Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona (type in British Museum). Peucaea ruficeps boucardi (not Zonotrichia boucardi Sclater) Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 196, 1882 — Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., and Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, and Fort Bayard, New Mexico; Scott, Auk, 3, p. 83, 1886 — Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona (habits, nest, and eggs); Scott and Allen, Auk, 4, p. 203, 1887— Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona (plumages); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Bisbee, Arizona, and Bavispe River, Sonora. Aimophila ruficeps scottii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 248, 1901 — northern Chihuahua (Casas Grandes), Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas (excl. of Durango; monog.); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 328, 1929 — southern Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 299, 1931 — Saric, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 486, 1934 — Oposura, Sonora. Range. — Mountains of southern Arizona, New Mexico, south- eastern Colorado, and southwestern Texas, and the adjoining districts of northern Sonora (Bavispe River, Oposura, Saric) and Chihuahua (Casas Grandes). 1 Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossem: Almost exactly similar in coloration and size to A. r. sororia, but bill just as small as in A. r. scottii. Differs from the latter in redder dorsal coloration, whiter under parts, smaller size, and propor- tionately, as well as actually, shorter tail. Wing (male), 60-64 (against 65-71); tail, 62-67 (against 67-75). Nayarit specimens are, according to van Rossem, intermediate to A. r.fusca. 530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 31: Arizona (Cochi Canyon, 1; Calabasas, 2; Chiricahua Moun- tains, 1; Huachuca Mountains, 15; Paradise, 1); Texas (Fort Davis, 1); Mexico (Babicora, Chihuahua, 6; Cerro Blanco Mines, Sonora, 4). *Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca (Brown). ROCK SPARROW. Peucaea ruficeps eremoeca N. C. Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, p. 26, Jan., 1882 — Boerne, Kendall County, Texas (type in coll. of N. C. Brown). Peucaea boucardi (not Zonotrichia boucardi Sclater) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 391, 1886— part, Texas. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi Sennett, Auk, 5, p. 42, 1888— part, Texas (Kendall and Presidio counties). Aimophila ruficeps eremoeca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 251, 1901— Texas, in winter to Mexico (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Guiaves, Tamaulipas. Range. — Breeds in the Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, and from Cooke County, Texas, southwest to the Pecos River; winters in Mexico south to Tamaulipas (Guiaves), Puebla (Chachapa), and Vera Cruz (Maltrata). 4: Texas (Austin, 1; Ingram, 2; Kerrville, 1). Aimophila ruficeps boucardi (Sclater). BOUCARD'S SPARROW. Zonotrichia boucardi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 1, pi. 1 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz, and La Puebla, Puebla, Mexico (type, from La Puebla, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum). Peucaea boucardi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 323 — Orizaba, Atlixco, and La Puebla; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 391, 1886— part, Vera Cruz (Puente Colorado, Orizaba) and Puebla, Mexico. Peucaea ruficeps var. boucardi Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 21, 1876— Puente Colorado, Puebla. Peucaea ruficeps boucardi Sennett, Auk, 5, p. 42, 1888 — part, eastern Mexico (heights of Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Puebla, and City of Mexico) (crit.). Peucaea ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — temperate zone of Vera Cruz. Aimophila ruficeps boucardi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 252, 1901 — eastern portion of Mexican plateau (excl. of Guerrero; monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Tamaulipas (Rampahuila, Carricitos, Guiaves, Montelunga, Yerba Buena, Galindo, Realito). [Peucaea ruficeps] subsp. /3 Peucaea boucardi Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 714, 1888— part, spec, a-f, La Puebla and Orizaba, Mexico. Range. — Eastern parts of Mexican highlands from southern Tamaulipas and the adjacent parts of Coahuila and San Luis Potosi south to Mexico, Puebla, and Vera Cruz. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 531 Aimophila ruficeps australis (Nelson).1 OAXACA SPARROW. Peucaea ruficeps australis Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 63, Jan., 1897 — city of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Peucaea ruficeps (not Ammodromus ruficeps Cassin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 380, 1859— Oaxaca. Peucaea boucardi (not Zonotrichia boucardi Sclater) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 391, 1886— part, Oaxaca. Aimophila ruficeps australis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 250, 1901 — Oaxaca (monog.). Range. — Southern extremity of Mexican plateau in State of Oaxaca (city of Oaxaca; near Totolopa). Aimophila ruficeps fusca (Nelson). ETZATLAN SPARROW. Peucaea ruficeps fusca Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 62, Jan., 1897 — Etzatlan, Jalisco, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Aimophila ruficeps fusca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 250, 1901 — southwestern Mexico (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 418, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (crit.). Range. — Southwestern Mexico, from Jalisco to Guerrero. * Aimophila aestivalis bachmanii (Audubon). BACHMAN'S SPARROW. Fringilla bachmanii Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio), 2, pi. 165, 1833; idem, Orn. Biog., 2, p. 366, 1834— Pine Barrens near Charleston, South Carolina (type in U. S. National Museum). Peucaea illinoensis Ridgway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 4, p. 219, Oct., 1879— southern Illinois and Cooke County, Texas (type, from Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois, in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., 5, p. 52, 1880 (crit.). Peucaea illinoisensis Langdon, Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 4, p. 339, 1881 — Bardstown, Kentucky. [Peucaea aestivalis} subsp. a Peucaea bachmani Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 710, 1888 (range). Aimophila aestivalis bachmanii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 256, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range.— Breeds in the United States from central Illinois (locally to southeastern Iowa), southern Indiana and Ohio, extreme south- western Pennsylvania, and central Virginia south to central Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and northwestern Florida; winters from southern North Carolina southward into Florida; accidental near Washington, D.C., New Jersey, and Ontario. 1 An imperfectly known race, of which more material is badly needed. As emphasized by Griscom, characters and ranges of the three Mexican races cannot be worked out satisfactorily until an adequate series of topotypical boucardi from Puebla becomes available. 532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 16: Illinois (Grand Chain, 3); Kentucky (Russellville, 1); South Carolina (Charleston, 4; Mount Pleasant, 1); Alabama (Elmore County, 1); Texas (Bowie County, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1); Florida (Gainesville, 4). *Aimophila aestivalis aestivalis (Lichtenstein). PINE-WOOD SPARROW. Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 25, 1823 — Georgia (type in Berlin Museum).1 Peucaea aestivalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 132 (footnote), 1851 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 709, 1888 (monog.). Aimophila aestivalis aestivalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 254, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in the southeastern United States from south- eastern Georgia to the Florida Peninsula; winters in the southern parts of Florida. 14: Georgia (St. Mary's, Camden County, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 1; Rosewood, 1; Gainesville, 2; Dunedin, 1; Tarpon Springs, 4; West Jupiter, 2; Palm Beach, 1; Whitfield, 1). *Aimophila botterii (Sclater).2 BOTTERI'S SPARROW. Zonotrichia bolterii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, "1857," p. 214, pub. Jan. 12, 1858 — vicinity of Orizaba, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum). Peucaea botterii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 323 — Orizaba and Atlixco, Puebla (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 389, 1886 — part, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico (plains of Colima; Los Nogales, Sonora; Guanajuato; Orizaba; Atlixco; Putla); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 25, 1926— Brownsville, Texas. Peucaea cassinii (not Zonotrichia cassinii Woodhouse) Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 485, 1858— part, Los Nogales, Sonora (crit.) ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869— Valley of Orizaba, Vera Cruz. Coturniculus mexicanus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 474, May, 1867 — plains of Colima, western Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Peucaea aestivalis var. Arizonae Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, p. 616, Oct., 1873, Los Nogales, Sonora (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 The type needs re-examination, since it might possibly have been a migratory individual of A. a. bachmanii. Lichtenstein's description, "abdomine toto cinereo," points, however, to the breeding race. 2 Aimophila botterii (Sclater) is almost certainly conspecific with A. aestivalis, but neither time nor the material at hand allow me to investigate its relationship, and the problem must be left to others for further study. While it is fairly estab- lished that birds from Arizona (where the species has not been seen in recent years), the lower Rio Grande, and southern Mexico are the same, the breeding range of A. botterii is quite incompletely known. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 533 Peucca [sic] aestivalis var. botteri Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 277, 1874 — plains of Colima. Peucaea arizonae Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 127, 1878 — Fort Brown, Texas (crit.); Merrill, I.e., 1, p. 127, 1878— Fort Brown (habits, eggs descr.); Scott, Auk, 2, p. 226, 1885— Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona; Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 121 — Tucson and Oracle, Arizona (habits, song). Peucaea mexicana Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 98, 1885— Fort Brown, Texas, and Guanajuato (crit.). Peucaea aestivalis (not Fringilla aestivalis Lichtenstein) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 709, 1888— part, spec, f, Putla, Oaxaca. [Peucaea aestivalis] subsp. /3 Peucaea arizonae Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 710, 1888 — Crittenden, Arizona. [Peucaea aestivalis] subsp. y Peucaea botterii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 711, 1888— Mexico (Orizaba, Atlixco). Aimophila botterii botterii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 257, 1901 (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, pp. 88, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Aug. 13-Sept. 13); Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 3, 1925 (crit.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 402, 1928 — Chivela and Cacoprieto, Oaxaca (crit.); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 328, 1929— southern Arizona (not seen); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 300, 1931— Guirocoba, Sonora; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range: — Highlands of Mexico, from the Pacific side of Chiapas (Ocuilapa, Ocozucuantla, Jiquipilas) through Oaxaca, Vera Cruz (Orizaba), Puebla (Atlixco), Guerrero, and Morelos to Guanajuato and Colima; also recorded from the lower Rio Grande Valley (Mata- moros) and southern Arizona.1 6: Arizona (Fairbank, 2; Calabasas, 2; "southern Arizona," 1); Texas (Corpus Christi, 1). Aimophila petenica2 petenica (Salvin). PETEN SPARROW. Ammodromus petenicus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 189 — plains of Peten, Guatemala (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British 1 A nearly allied, yet unnamed race, of which but a single example from An- tigua exists in collections, lives in the Pacific Cordillera of Guatemala. It has been discussed by Miller and Griscom (Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 3, 1925), Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 362, 1932), and van Tyne (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ., 27, p. 42, 1935). The last-named author calls attention to its simi- larity to A. petenica vulcanica, a fact that is apt to cast serious doubts on the specific distinctness of the two groups. 2 Aimophila petenica, a much discussed bird, is considered by van Tyne as specifically different from A. botterii. Even in juvenile plumage, it is distinguished by smaller size (wing, 54-55); darker coloration above; the scapulars being broadly black, narrowly edged with dark chestnut, the wing coverts narrowly edged with buff; dusky (not light colored) lores; spotted chin and malar region. Van Tyne found the type of A. sartorii and examples from northern Chiapas (Palenque) to be inseparable from Pet6n birds. Wing of adult males, 56-57. We have no material. 534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum); idem, Ibis, 1866, p. 193— Pete"n; Ridgway, Ibis, 1884, p. 44 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 694, 1888 — pine ridge of Poctun, Guatemala. Coturniculus petenicus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 385, pi. 28, fig. 2, 1886 — pine ridge of Poctun, near Peten. [Peucaea aestivalis] var. botterii (not Zonotrichia botterii Sclater) Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, p. 38, 1874— part, Huatusco, near Mirador, Vera Cruz. Peucaea botterii Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 389, 1886 — part, Mirador, Vera Cruz. Aimophila sariorii Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 227, July, 1898 — part, Huatusco, near Mirador, Vera Cruz (type in U. S. National Museum). Aimophila botterii sartorii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 259, 1901— part, Vera Cruz (Huatusco) and Chiapas (Palenque); Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 3, 1925 (crit.). Aimophila botterii petenica Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 260, 1901— Pete"n, Guatemala; Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 3, 1925 (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 361, 1932— Pete"n. Aimophila petenica petenica van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub., 27, pp. 41, 42, 1935— La Libertad, Peten (crit., range). Range. — Pine ridges of the Caribbean lowlands of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Huatusco, near Mirador; Jalapa) and Chiapas (Palenque), and Guatemala (Poctun and La Libertad, Pete'n) .l Aimophila petenica vulcanica Miller and Griscom.2 NICARAGUAN SPARROW. Aimophila botterii vulcanica Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 184, p. 2, Sept. 24, 1925— Vol can Viejo, Nicaragua (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Aimophila petenica vulcanica van Tyne, Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ., 27, p. 42 (in text), 1935— Nicaragua (Volcan de Chinandega) and Costa Rica (Miravalles) (crit.). Aimophila sartorii Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 227, 1898— part, Nicaragua. 1 The range of A. p. petenica, in opposition to that of A. botterii, seems to be confined to the pine ridges in the Caribbean lowlands. In Vera Cruz, it has been found at Huatusco (near Mirador), while higher up, in the Valley of Orizaba, A. botterii is said to be resident. In the State of Chiapas, the present form has been obtained in the northern lowlands at Palenque, whereas on the Pacific side, at various localities, A. botterii was met with. More exact information about the breeding ranges of these finches is urgently needed. 2 Aimophila petenica vulcanica Miller and Griscom: Similar to A. p. petenica in dark dorsal coloration, but rufescent edgings even broader, conspicuous on wing coverts and secondaries; also darker below, more intensely smoke-gray and brown, less buffy; size larger (wing of males, 60-65). In spite of its dimensions, which are just as large as those of A. botterii, van Tyne ranks the Nicaraguan Sparrow with A. petenica, though even in coloration it seems to exhibit a certain approach to A. botterii. There is no doubt that we have yet to learn a good deal about the relationship of these birds. Two topotypes recently examined seem to bear out van Tyne's conclusion. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 535 Aimophila botterii sartorii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 259, 1901— part, El Volcan, Chinandega, Nicaragua; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 908, 1910 — Miravalles, Costa Rica (crit.). Range. — Western Nicaragua (Volcan Viejo, Chinandega) and northwestern Costa Rica (Miravalles). * Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse).1 CASSIN'S SPARROW. Zonotrichia cassinii Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, No. 2, March- April, p. 60, pub. June 9, 1852 — San Antonio, western Texas (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Baird, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 486, 1858). Passerculus cassinii Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreave's Expl. Zufii and Col. R., p. 85, pi. 4, 1853— near San Antonio, Texas. Peucaea cassini(i) Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 18, 1878— Brownsville, Texas; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 128, 1878— Fort Brown, Texas (song, nest, and eggs) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 712, 1888 — Texas (Laredo) and Arizona (Crittenden, Tucson, Camp Lowell); Sal vin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 238— Nuevo Le6n and Tamau- lipas; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893— Cochise County, Arizona (Aug. 24-Sept. 4); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 25, 1926— Brownsville, Texas; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 327, 1928 — southern Arizona. Aimophila cassinii(i) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 253, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Aug. 17-Nov. 25); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 300, 1931 — Saric and Tesia, Sonora (Sept., March). Range. — Breeds in the western United States from southeastern Nevada, southeastern (casually central) Colorado, and southwestern Kansas south to northern Sonora and the mouth of the Rio Grande, Texas; winters from southern Arizona to southern Sinaloa (Mazat- lan), Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas. 15: Arizona (Crittenden, 1; Huachuca Siding, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 4); Texas (Corpus Christi, 6; Harlingen, 2; unspecified, 1). Aimophila strigiceps strigiceps (Gould). STRIPED-HEADED SPARROW. Zonotrichia strigiceps Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 92, Nov., 1839 — Santa F6, Argentina (type in coll. of J. Gould, subsequently in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 479, 1850 — Santa F6; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860— Parana and Santa Fe"; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 486, 1861 — same localities (breeding, eggs descr.; spec, in Halle Museum examined); Sclater, Ibis, 1877, p. 47, pi. 1, fig. 2— Santa F6 (crit., fig. of 1 Aimophila cassinii (Woodhouse) is another member of the A. aestivalis botterii complex, but may really be specifically distinct. Merrill claims to have discovered nest and eggs of both A. cassinii and A. botterii near Fort Brown (Brownsville), Texas, though of late neither species has been found breeding in that vicinity. 536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII type); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 38— Cosquin, Cordoba; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 608, 1888— Santa Fe; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 60, 1888 — Argentina (Santa Fe, Parana) and "Patagonia" (errore). Zonotrichia whitii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 608, pi. 13, 1888— Cosquin, Cordoba (type in British Museum); Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 120, 1891 — near Cordoba. Haemophila whitii Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 64, 1888 — near Cordoba. Zonotrichia whitei Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba. Aimophila whitii Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 391, 1910— part, Sierra de Cordoba. Aimophila strigiceps Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Pueblo Brugo, Entre Rios. Zonotrichia strigiceps strigiceps Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 11, p. 189, 1912— banks of the Rio Parana (Santa Fe, Parana) west to Cordoba (crit., range). Range. — Eastern Argentina, from the banks of the Rio Parana (Parana and Pueblo Brugo, Entre Rios; Santa Pe", Santa F6") west to Cordoba (Cosquin).1 Aimophila strigiceps dabbenei (Hellmayr).2 DABBENE'S STRIPED-HEADED SPARROW. Zonotrichia strigiceps dabbenei Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 11, p. 190, July, 1912 — Tapia, Tucuman, Argentina (type in Munich Museum); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 63, 1918— Tucuman (habits). Haemophila whitei (not Zonotrichia whitii Sharpe) Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— Salta; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Lesser, Salta. 1 Birds from Cordoba (Z. whitii), in dimensions and coloration are identical with topotypical examples from the Rio Parana, as we have shown in another connection (1912, pp. 187-189), the alleged differences being clearly seasonal. The type of Z. strigiceps, which we have since examined in the British Museum, owing to the fresh condition of its plumage (October), is more intensely colored through- out than the original example of Z. whitii, taken in June, which shows signs of wear and bleaching. Two July birds from Parana, Entre Rios, however, are still paler than those from Cosquin, instead of agreeing with the dark-colored type of Z. strigiceps. Wing, 63-67; tail, 68-76; bill, 12. As to the systematic position of this species, I am now inclined to concur with Wetmore's contention that the smaller, slenderer feet are hardly important enough to separate it from Aimophila. Material examined. — Argentina: Santa Fe, 1; Parana, Entre Rfos, 2; Cosquin, Cordoba, 2. 2 Aimophila strigiceps dabbenei (Hellmayr) : Similar to the nominate race, but larger, with longer, heavier bill ; lateral crown-stripes much darker, chestnut rather than hazel; lores and subocular region sooty blackish, forming a large dusky patch on the sides of the head. Wing, 72-75, (female) 70-71; tail, 78-85; bill, 14^-15. Material examined. — Argentina: Tapia, Tucuman, 4; Lesser, Salta, 1; Arenal, Salta, 5. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 537 Haemophila whitii Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 178, 1902 — Tapia, Tucuman (crit.); Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Tapia; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 255, 1904— Metan, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905 — Tapia; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 178, 1909 — Tucuman [=Tapia] and province of Salta [ = Arenal] (spec, examined). Aimophila whitii Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 391, 1910— part, Sierra de Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy, "Catamarca," and "La Rioja." Aimophila strigiceps dabbenei Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 424, 1926— Tapia, Tucuman (crit.). Range. — Northwestern Argentina, in provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman.1 Genus INCASPIZA Ridgway2 Incaspiza Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 224, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Haemophila pulchra Sclater. Incaspiza pulchra pulchra (Sclater).3 NATION'S SPARROW. Haemophila pulchra Sclater, Ibis, (5), 4, p. 259, pi. 8, 1886 — Matucana, in the upper valley of the Rimac River, Dept. Lima, Peru (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 729, 1888— Valley of Rimac, Peru. 1 No authentic record exists for either Catamarca or La Rioja. "Chaco Central," given in the "Ornitologia Argentina," signifies Chaco Salteno (fide Dabbene, in litt.). * Incaspiza Ridgway: Closely similar to Aimophila, but tail proportionately shorter; bill slenderer; maxillary tomium without any convexity in middle portion; style of coloration very different. Although the proportionate length of the tail is less diagnostic than was supposed by the late Robert Ridgway, the birds united here under Incaspiza constitute a natural group characterized by their peculiar coloration and somewhat differently shaped bill, and may well be kept separate. * Incaspiza pulchra pulchra (Sclater) is unquestionably a very close ally of /. p. personata, but appears to be slightly smaller, the tail especially shorter, while the bill, on the contrary, is rather stouter. It also differs in certain details of coloration. The rufous dorsal "saddle," so conspicuous a feature in /. p. personata, is absent, the whole back being pale earthy brown like the pileum; there is no black frontal band, the feathers of the forehead being ashy gray apically edged with pale brown; from the base of the bill there runs above the eye a light slate gray superciliary streak, widening posteriorly and merging with the gray on the sides of the neck, barely suggested in personata; the sides of the head and neck, as well as foreneck and chest, are purer gray, not tinged with olivaceous; the black gular patch is larger and more sharply defined posteriorly, the belly paler, more yellowish buff; the upper wing coverts and inner secondaries are lighter, cinnamomeous rather than rufous. The extent of the white apical portion of the two lateral pairs of rectrices is the same as in personata, but the third pair has no white at all or merely a narrow fringe. Wing, 72-74, (female) 70; tail, 70-72, (female) 68; bill, 15-1 5 Ji. While two adults from Surco (alt. 2,050 metr.) have plain brown dorsal surface, it is somewhat significant that in the type the feathers of the mantle are tinged with cinnamomeous along the middle portion, thus suggesting an approach to personata. Material examined. — Peru: Matucana, 1 (the type); Surco, 2 (all in the British Museum). 538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Arid Subtropical zone of western Peru, in Dept. of Lima (Matucana and Surco). "Incaspiza pulchra personata (Salvin). RUFOUS-BACKED SPARROW. Haemophila personata Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 8, 1895 — near Cajamarca, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). Incaspiza personata Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 470, 1930 — Cullcui, Maranon River, Dept. Huanuco, Peru. Range. — Arid Subtropical zone of northern Peru, in depts. of Cajamarca (near Cajamarca; Banos), Libertad (Chusgon, Huama- chuco; near Otuzco), and Huanuco (Cullcui, Maranon River).1 2: Peru (Cullcui, Maranon River, 1; mountains near Otuzco, 1). *Incaspiza laeta (Salvin).2 SALVIN'S PERUVIAN SPARROW. Haemophila laeta Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 8, 1895— Cajabamba, Vina (Huama- chuco), Chusgon (Huamachuco), Cajamarca, and Malca (Cajabamba), Peru (type, from Cajabamba, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). Range. — Arid Subtropical zone of northern Peru, in depts. of Cajamarca (San Marcos, Cajabamba, Malca) and Libertad (Chus- gon and Vina, near Huamachuco). 1: Peru (Hacienda Limon, 1). 1 Our own examples agree precisely with the series in the British Museum, including the type. Wing, 75-79, (female) 75; tail, 73-80; bill, 13-14 M. Additional material examined. — Peru: near Cajamarca, 3; Banos, Cajamarca, 1; Chusgon (near Huamachuco), 1. 2 Incaspiza laeta (Salvin) : Similar to /. p. personata, but decidedly smaller, with much slenderer (though not shorter) and bright yellow (instead of greenish yellow) bill ; the black of the chin continued in a broad stripe over the middle of the throat, this black area bordered on either side by a broad buffy malar stripe; remainder of under parts distinctly bicolored, the neutral gray chest being abruptly defined against the ochraceous-buff abdomen; two lateral pairs of rectrices nearly wholly white. Wing, 65-68; tail, 59-62; bill, 13-14. This species is so close to /. p. personata that one is tempted to regard it as pertaining to the same specific group. Their ranges, as far as they are known, seem, however, to preclude such an arrangement. O. T. Baron, their discoverer, obtained an adult male of /. laeta in February, 1894, at Chusgon (Huamachuco) at an elevation of 8,500 feet, while at the same place, though a little higher up, at 11,500 feet, an equally typical example of /. p. personata was secured on March 23, 1895. There is, of course, the possibility that these birds may be subject to some seasonal migrations, and that they do not actually breed together, but until such has been proved to be the case it appears advisable to maintain their specific distinctness. Additional material examined. — Peru: San Marcos (alt. 2,500 metr.), Caja- marca, 1 (Nov. 24); Cajabamba (alt. 9,000 ft.), 1 (the type; Jan.); Malca (alt. 8,000 ft.), Cajabamba, 2 (April 17-19); Chusgon, Huamachuco (alt. 8,500 ft.), Libertad, 1 (February). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 539 Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman.1 WATKINS'S SPARROW. Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 160, p. 3, Feb., 1925 — Perico, Rio Chinchipe, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Peru (Perico, on the Rio Chinchipe, Maranon drainage, Dept. Cajamarca).' Genus AMPHISPIZA Coues Amphispiza Coues, in U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Misc. Pub., 3 (Birds North west), p. 234, 1874 — type, by orig. desig., Emberiza bilineata Cassin. *Amphispiza bilineata bilineata (Cassin). BLACK-THROATED SPARROW. Emberiza bilineata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., p. 104, pi. 3, pub. Dec. 7, 1850 — Texas, on the Rio Grande (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 30, 1899). Amphispiza bilineata Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 367, 1886 — part, Texas and Tamaulipas; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 628, 1888— part, spec, h-k, Texas (Laredo). Amphispiza bilineata bilineata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 263, 1901— part, Texas and northeastern Mexico (Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Tamaulipas (Matamoros, San Fernando); Friedmann, Auk, 42, p. 551, 1925 — Brownsville, Texas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 25, 1926 — Brownsville. Range. — Lower Austral zone of northern central Texas south into Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, northeastern Mexico. 19: Texas (Laredo, 2; Corpus Christi, 5; Harlingen, 5; Lomita Ranch, 1); Mexico (Sabinas, Coahuila, 4; San Pedro, Nuevo Leon, 1; Tamaulipas, 1). *Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway. DESERT SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 229, July, 1898 — Tucson, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 265, 1901— (monog., full bibliog.; excl. of southern Sonora); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 171, 1928— northern Lower Cali- 1 Incaspiza watkinsi Chapman: About the size of /. laeta, but with shorter tail, and resembling /. pulchra personata in various color-details, notably in facial pattern (small black chin-spot, laterally not bounded by a buffy malar stripe; faintly suggested grayish supercilium) and coloration of under parts. It differs, however, from both of its allies by having the middle back streaked with blackish, its ground color being, besides, snuff brown, becoming more rufescent laterally and passing into hazel on the scapulars only. The three outer tail-feathers are entirely white on the inner webs. The bill of the male, according to Chapman, is bright yellow (as in /. laeta), while the female has the culminal part largely dusky. Wing, 65, (female) 62; tail, 47 }$, (female) 45; bill, 14-15. Of this well-marked form we have seen but a single female from Perico. We are, therefore, not in the position to say anything definite on its affinities. 540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII fornia; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 327, 1929— southern Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 221, 1930 (crit., range); idem, I.e., 6, p. 300, 1931— Saric and twelve miles west of Mag- dalena, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 487, 1934 — Sonora (Cumpas, Bacuachi, Guaymas). Amphispiza bilineata (not Emberiza bilineata Cassin) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 367, 1886— part, Utah, Nevada, and California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 628, 1888— part, spec, a-d, g, Nevada, Arizona (Tucson, Camp Lowell), and California; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 39, 1893 — Arizona (Bisbee) and Sonora (Oputo). Range.- — Breeds in the southwestern United States from north- eastern California, northern Nevada and Utah, northwestern Colo- rado, and central western Texas to northern Lower California (about 27° lat.), northern Sonora (south to about 29°), and northern Chi- huahua (Casas Grandes). 50: California (east of Victorville, 3; Palm Springs, 2); Arizona (Tucson, 3; Charleston, 2; Tombstone, 1; Calabasas, 11; Fairbank, 2; Huachuca Plains, 3; Huachuca Mountains, 4; Fort Verde, 2); New Mexico (Deming, 17). Amphispiza bilineata pacifica Nelson.1 PACIFIC SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata pacifica Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 267, July, 1900 — Alamos, Sonora (type in U. S. National Museum) ; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 221, 1930— southern Sonora (crit.); idem, I.e., 6, p. 300, 1931 — Guaymas and six miles north of Guaymas, Sonora; idem, I.e., 7, p. 145, 1932— Tiburon Island. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola (not of Ridgway, 1898) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 265, 1901— part, southern Sonora. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora, north at least to Kino Bay (latitude 29°) on the coast and probably a little farther up the Yaqui River valley inland, western Mexico (van Rossem). *Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell.2 BANGS'S SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell, Auk, 44, p. 71, Jan. 5, 1927 — La Paz, Lower California (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 1 Amphispiza bilineata pacifica Nelson: "Size somewhat smaller than deserti- cola, particularly in length of tail; coloration dorsally a distinctly darker shade of brown; darker and decidedly browner than cana; very similar to A. b. bangsi in relative darkness, but size larger and coloration less slaty. Wing of males (average) 64; tail, 58." (Van Rossem.) 2 Amphispiza bilineata bangsi Grinnell: Similar to A. b. deserticola, but smaller (in fact smallest of all the races), and color tone of upper parts and flanks slightly darker and more slaty. According to van Rossem, it is decidedly darker than A. b. cana, very much paler than A. b. tortugae, and more slaty (less brownish) than A. b. pacifica. Wing of males (average), 61>o; tail, 54K- 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 541 Mass.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 171, 1928 — southern Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 221, 1930— Lower California (crit.). Amphispiza bilineata (not Emberiza bilineata Cassin) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 540, 1883 — Cape region; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Cent.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 367, 1886— part, La Paz, Lower California (descr.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 628, 1888— part, spec, e, f, La Paz, Lower California; Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 302, 1889— Cape region. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola (not of Ridgway, 1898) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 265, 1901— part, Cape region of Lower California; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 148, 1902 — Cape region; McLel- lan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 308, 1926— Magdalena Bay, San Bartolome Bay, and Cedros Island. Range. — Southern Lower California and adjacent islands north to about latitude 27°, Mexico. 5: Lower California (Espiritu Santo, 2; La Paz, 1; San Jose" del Cabo, 1; Pichilinque Island, 1). Amphispiza bilineata tortugae van Rossem.1 TORTUGA SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata tortugae van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 222, Nov. 28, 1930 — Tortuga Island, Lower California, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Range. — Tortuga Island, Gulf of California, Lower California, Mexico. Amphispiza bilineata cana van Rossem.2 ASHY SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata cana van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 223, Nov. 28, 1930 — San EstSban Island, Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); idem, I.e., 6, p. 300, 1931— San Este"ban Island. Range. — San Este"ban Island, Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico. 1 Amphispiza bilineata tortugae van Rossem: In comparison to A. b. bilineata the upper parts are slightly darker and more slaty, the tail spots are smaller, and the under parts, instead of being extensively white with only a tinge of grayish brown on the sides and flanks, are neutral gray with the white reduced to a narrow median area extending from the black gular patch to the under tail coverts. Size similar to the nominate race, but with relatively slightly shorter wings. Wing of males (average), 62.7; tail, 58 (Van Rossem, I.e.). 1 Amphispiza bilineata cana van Rossem: Palest and grayest of the races; most closely resembling A. b. deserticola, but smaller, particularly the tail shorter; coloration paler and more ashy (less brownish) on upper parts and flanks. From A. b. pacifica distinguished by much more ashy (less brownish) as well as paler coloration. Wing of males (average), 63; tail, 58 '2 (Van Rossem, I.e.). 542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem.1 CHIHUAHUA SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 487, Dec., 1934 — Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Range.— Deserts of central Chihuahua, northwestern Mexico. 3: Mexico (Chihuahua, 3). Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson. MEXICAN BLACK- THROATED SPARROW. Amphispiza bilineata grisea Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 61, 1898— Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 266, 1901 — central Mexico (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 173, 1906 — Rancho Baillon, Durango (crit.). Range. — Tableland of Mexico, from southern Chihuahua (Parral) through Durango (Durango, Rancho Baillon) and San Luis Potosi (Ahualulco, Hacienda La Parada) to Hidalgo (Tula). * Amphispiza belli belli (Cassin). BELL'S SPARROW. Emberiza belli Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., p. 104, pi. 4, pub. Dec. 7, 1850 — California, near Sonoma and San Diego (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 30, 1899). Amphispiza belli Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 629, 1888— California. Amphispiza belli belli Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 267, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., excl. of Santa Barbara Islands); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 172, 1928— Lower California (excl. of Santa Catalina Landing). Range. — Upper Austral zone of California, west of the Sierra Nevada, south in the interior from Shasta County and on the coast from Marin County through the San Diego district to lat. 30° in Lower California. 16: California (Nicasio, 1; Claremont, 5; Santa Cruz, 1; San Diego, 6; Dulzura, 1; Ballena, San Diego County, 1); Lower Cali- fornia (San Fernando, 1). 1 Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem: About the same size as A. b. grisea, but coloration throughout very much paler; similar to A. b. deserticola, but even paler and lacking the pale brown tones. In color, it is nearest to A. b. cana, but even grayer, and also definitely larger. Wing of males (average), 67; tail, 64. Characters and range of this and the succeeding race are taken from van Rossem, who made a thorough study of the group on the basis of long series of the various forms. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 543 *Amphispiza belli clementeae Ridgway.1 SAN CLEMENTE SPARROW. Amphispiza belli clementeae Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 230, July, 1898 — San Clemente Island, Santa Barbara group, off California (type in U. S. National Museum); van Rossem, Auk, 49, p. 490, 1932— San Clemente Island (crit.). Amphispiza belli belli (not Emberiza belli Cassin) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 267, 1901— part, Santa Barbara Islands. Range.— San Clemente and probably San Nicolas and Santa Barbara Islands, Santa Barbara group, off California. 11: California (San Clemente Island, 11). Amphispiza belli xerophilus Huey.2 SANTA CATARINA SPARROW. Amphispiza belli xerophilus Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 229, Dec. 24, 1930— Santa Catarina Landing, Lower California (type in coll. of San Diego Society of Natural History). Amphispiza belli (not Emberiza belli Cassin) Huey, Auk, 43, p. 357, 1926— Santa Catarina Landing. Amphispiza belli belli Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 172, 1928— part, Santa Catarina Landing. Range. — Pacific coast of Lower California, at Santa Catarina Landing, lat. 29° 30' north. Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend. GRAY SAGE SPARROW. Amphispiza belli cinerea Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 136, Sept. 9, 1890 — Ballenas Bay, Lower California, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 269, 1901— Lower California (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 172, 1928— Lower California. Range.— Middle Lower California, between lat. 29° and lat. 26°. *Amphispiza belli nevadensis (Ridgway). NORTHERN SAGE SPARROW. Poospiza bellii var. Nevadensis Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 11, p. 191, Nov., 1873 — "entire area of Middle Province of the U. S.; east to Green 1 Amphispiza belli clementeae Ridgway: Similar to A. b. belli, but with slightly longer bill; dorsal coloration in fresh plumage paler, grayer, and more distinctly streaked; young birds paler with very much narrower ventral streaking, thus more nearly resembling the corresponding age of A. b. canescens. Bill (exposed culmen), 10 (against 9 mm.). This form is admitted on the authority of van Rossem, who had occasion to study an adequate series from San Clemente Island. 2 Amphispiza belli xerophilus Huey: Intermediate between A. b. belli and A. cinerea. The head and nape are neutral gray, the back is slate gray, the two colors differing but little from each other. The back lacks the brownish color of belli, but is darker than in cinerea. The throat streaks are dark (as in belli), but much 544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII River, Wyoming; northward resident to beyond the parallel of 40°"; idem, I.e., No. 12, p. 198, Dec., 1873 — type stated to be from West Hum- boldt Mountains, Nevada (in U. S. National Museum). Amphispiza belli nevadensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 270, 1901 — part, excl. of Los Angeles County, California (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 173, 1928— Colorado desert, Lower California (winter visitant); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 300, 1931— El Doctor, Sonora (Jan. 22). Range. — Breeds in the western United States, mainly in the Great Basin district, from Washington, eastern Oregon, northeastern California, Idaho, southwestern Montana, and western Colorado south to central eastern California, southern Nevada, Utah, and northwestern New Mexico; in winter to extreme northeastern California (Colorado delta), Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and the northern parts of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. 15: Arizona (Phoenix, 5); New Mexico (Deming, 10). *Amphispiza belli canescens Grinnell.1 CALIFORNIA SAGE SPARROW. Amphispiza belli canescens Grinnell, Condor, 7, p. 18, Jan., 1905 — Seymour Creek Meadow, Mount Pinos, Ventura County, California (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; cf. Grin- nell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 309, 1932); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 172, 1928 — Colorado desert, Lower California. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (not of Ridgway, 1873) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 270, 1901— part, Los Angeles County. Range. — Breeds in east-central California, from Fresno south at least to Mount Pinos, Ventura County, west to Carrizo Plain, San Luis Obispo County, and east to Owens Valley; in winter more widely distributed, reaching extreme northwestern Lower California (Colorado delta). 1: California (Lone Pine Canyon, 1). Genus JUNCO Wagler2 Junco Wagler, Isis, 1831, Heft 5, col. 526, May, 1831— type, by monotypy, Junco phaeonotus Wagler. narrower, more like cinerea. The brownish cast of the flanks is decidedly lighter than in belli, and the black stripes on the flanks are heavier, while these parts, in cinerea, are almost unstreaked (Huey, I.e.). 1 Amphispiza belli canescens Grinnell: Similar to A. b. nevadensis, but much smaller, and coloration slightly darker; differs from A. b. belli in somewhat larger dimensions and very much paler coloration. Wing (males), 69-73; tail, 74-77. 2 No attempt has been made to investigate the complicated inter-relationship of the various species of this genus, and the catalogue as here presented is mainly based upon the arrangement of the Fourth Edition of the A. O. U. Check List. Dwight, in his review of the juncos (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, pp. 269-309, 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 545 Struthus (not of Boie, 1826) Bonaparte, Geogr. & Comp. List Bds., p. 31, 1838— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 46, 1840), Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus. Niphaea Audubon, Syn. Bds. N. Amer., p. 106, 1839 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 60, 1&41), Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus. *Junco aikeni Ridgway.1 WHITE-WINGED JUNCO. Junco hyemalis var. aikeni Ridgway, Amer. Nat., 7, No. 10, pp. 613, 615, Oct., 1873— near Fountain, El Paso County, Colorado (type in coll. of C. E. Aiken, now in Colorado Springs Museum). Junco danbyi Coues, Nidiologist, 3, p. 14, 1895 — Black Hills, South Dakota (type now in U. S. National Museum; cf. Coues, Auk, 14, p. 94, 1897;= young). Junco aikeni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 649, 1888— El Paso County, Colorado; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 277, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 290, 1918 (crit.). Range. — Breeds in the Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming, the Black Hills, South Dakota, and in northwestern Nebraska; winters from the Black Hills to southern Colorado and western Kansas and casually to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, and New Mexico. 4: Wyoming (Hat Creek, 2); Colorado (El Paso County, 1; unspecified, 1). *Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus). SLATE-COLORED JUNCO. Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 183, 1758 — based on "The Snow-bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, I, p. 36, pi. 36; in Virginia and Carolina in winter. Fringilla hudsonias Forster, Philos. Trans., 62, pp. 406, 428, 1772 — Severn River, Hudson Bay. Fringilla hudsonia Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 926, 1789 — new name for Fringilla hudsonias Forster. Fringilla nivalis (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 129, pi. 16, fig. 6, 1810 — new name for Fringilla hyemalis Linnaeus. (?)«7[unco] h[yemalis\ connectens Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 378, 1884— Colorado City [= Colorado Springs], Colorado (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 385, 1930); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 243, 1922 — Telegraph Creek, etc., Stikine River region, 1918), tried to explain their unusual variation by admitting hybridization on a large scale, but this theory has been challenged by Swarth (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, pp. 243-249, 1922) and van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, pp. 330- 332, 1931), both of whom incline to the view that the so-called "hybrids" are really intergrades or geographical races whose breeding ranges remain to be determined by extended field-work. 1 Junco aikeni Ridgway may prove to be merely a strongly marked local race of J. hyemalis. 546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII northern British Columbia (crit.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 355, 1924— Kispiox Valley, Skeena River, British Columbia.1 Junco hyemalis hyemalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 278, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 285, 1918 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 168, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934 — Chihuahua, Mexico (Nov.). Range. — Breeds in northern North America from northwestern Alaska (Point Barrow), northern Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and central Quebec, south to the base of the Alaska Peninsula, southern Yukon, central Alberta, northern Minnesota, central Michigan, Ontario, Maine, Nova Scotia, and in the mountains of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania; winters throughout the eastern United States and in southern Ontario to the Gulf coast; casual in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Lower California; accidental in northeastern Siberia. 140: Alberta (Hastings Lake, 1; Bon Accord, 1); Labrador (Bowdoin Harbor, 1) ; Ontario (Toronto, 6) ; Maine (New Vineyard, 1; Upton, 1); Massachusetts (Waverly, 1; Great Island, 1; Duxbury, 1; Boston, 1; Brookline, 1; Middlesex, 1; Arlington, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 18; New Hartford, 1; Stamford, 2; Pawtucket, 1); New York (Auburn, 1; Suffolk County, 1; Shelter Island, 3); North Carolina (Munroe County, 1; Vanceville, 1); South Carolina (Aiken, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 14; Woodruff, Vilas County, 7); Illinois (Waukegan, 2; Pistakee Bay, Fox Lake, 1; Deerfield, 2; Highland Park, 7; Lake Forest, 3; Chicago, 6; Jackson Park, Chicago, 1; Batavia, 1; Glen Ellyn, 5; Joliet, 1; Grand Chain, 2; Mound City, 2; Lewistown, 1); Indiana (Miller, 4; Dune Park, 1; Liverpool, 4; Brookville, 1; Davis, Starke County, 1; Bluff ton, 3); Ohio (Columbus, 4) ; Kentucky (Bardstown, 1) ; Iowa (Knoxville, 8) ; Kansas (Fort Riley, 2; Independence, 1); Texas (Kerrville, 1; El Paso, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 3); New Mexico (Fort Marcy, 1). *Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster. CAROLINA JUNCO. Junco hyemalis carolinensis Brewster, Auk, 3, p. 108, Jan., 1886 — Black Mountain, North Carolina (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Mu- 1 The authors of the last edition of the A. O. U. Check List, following Ridgway (1901, p. 276), regard the type of J. h. connectens as a hybrid, and obviously refuse to accept Swarth's conclusions. However, this most painstaking and conscientious author has advanced very good arguments for the recognition of a separate race in the Stikine River region (and doubtless other contiguous areas), to which Coues' term would seem to be applicable, and, what is even more important, his remarks on the coloration of the females cast serious doubts on the specific distinctness of J. oregonus. Swarth's discussion of the problem — the so-called hybridization among juncos — is a very lucid exposition of the facts, and deserves careful consideration in further studies of the subject. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 547 seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 385, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 282, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.) ; Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 285, 1918 (crit.). Range. — Breeds in the mountains of the southeastern United States, from western Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia south to northern Georgia; winters in the adjacent lowlands. 3: Virginia (Mountain Lake, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 2). *Junco oreganus oreganus (Townsend).1 OREGON JUNCO. Fringilla oregana Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, Part 2, p. 188, Nov. 21, 1837— forests near the Columbia River=Fort Vancouver, Wash- ington (cotypes in U. S. National Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 14, 1899) . Fringilla oregona Audubon, Orn. Biogr., 5, p. 68, 1839— Columbia River. Fringilla (Zonotrichia) atrata (not Fringilla atrata Lichtenstein, 1819) Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 199, 1858 — substitute name for Fringilla oregana Townsend. Junco oreganus oreganus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 283, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 253, 1922— lower Stikine Valley, Alaska (crit.). Junco oregonus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 650, 1888 (monog.). Junco oregonus oregonus Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, pp. 291, 292, 1918— Alaska and British Columbia (crit.). Range.— Breeds from Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to the Queen Char- lotte Islands and Vancouver Island, British Columbia; winters south- ward along the coast to Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties, California, and casually to Nevada. 21: Alaska (Kelp Bay, Baranof Island, 1); Oregon (Tillamook, 2; Logan, 9); California (Nicasio, 2; near Plymouth, 1; Oakland, 1; Los Gatos, 1; Hayward, 1; Pacific Grove, 1; San Jose", 2). *Junco oreganus shufeldti Coale. SHUFELDT'S JUNCO. Junco hyemalis shufeldti Coale, Auk, 4, p. 330, Oct., 1887— Fort Wingate, New Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Junco oregonus couesi Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 291, 1918— Okanagan, British Columbia (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Junco oreganus shufeldti Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 285, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 355, 1924 — Skeena River region, British Columbia (breeding; crit.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 168, 1928— northwestern Lower California; Oberholser, Sci. 1 The names cismontanus and transmontanus tentatively proposed by Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 295, 1918) do not seem to have any geographical significance 548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 123, 1930— Cloudcroft, New Mexico (winter); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931— Saric and south of Nogales, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct. to Dec.). Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America from central British Columbia (Skeena Valley) east to western central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over the entire Rocky Moun- tain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and northwestern Lower California; casual in Illinois. 37: British Columbia (Okanagan Landing, 3; Okanagan, 5; Sumas, 1); Washington (Pullman, 3; Prescott, 1); Oregon (Tillamook, 1; Mulino, 1; Salem, 1); Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); California (Nicasio, 2; Pacific Grove, 1; Mariposa, 2); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 3; Boulder, 1; Pueblo, 1; Loveland, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 2; Whipple Barracks, 2; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 1); New Mexico (Fort Wingate, 1); Texas (El Paso, 1); Mexico (30 miles west of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 1). *Junco oreganus montanus Ridgway. MONTANA JUNCO. Junco montanus Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 321, Oct., 1898 — Columbia Falls, Montana (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 289, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Junco oreganus montanus Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 122, 1930— Cloudcroft, New Mexico (March). Range.— Breeds in the Rocky Mountains of North America from southern Alberta south to Idaho, eastern Oregon, and northwestern Montana; winters south to Arizona, New Mexico, Chihuahua, and Texas; casually east to Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Maryland. 6: Montana (Columbia Falls, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1; Love- land, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 1; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 1; Chiricahua Mountains, 1). *Junco oreganus thurberi Anthony. THURBER'S JUNCO. Junco hyemalis thurberi Anthony, Zoe, 1, No. 8, p. 238, "Oct." [=Nov.], 1890— Wilson's Peak [San Gabriel Range], California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 362, 1928). Junco oreganus thurberi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 287, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 10, p. 276, 1913— San Jacinto area, California; Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 168, 1928 — Lower California. Junco oregonus thurberi Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 291, 1918 (crit.). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 549 Range. — Breeds in the western United States from southern Oregon south through the Sierra Nevada, the mountains immediately east, and many of the coast ranges to San Diego County, California; winters at lower levels within the breeding area southward to Arizona and to lat. 30° in Lower California. 42: Oregon (Prospect, 2); California (Nicasio, 12; Clipper Gap, 1; Portola, San Mateo County, 2; Hayward, 2; Marysville, 1; Eldorado, 1 ; Sierra Madre, 2; Yosemite, 2; Oakland, 1 ; Santa Barbara, 3; Pacific Grove, 2; Monterey, 1; Green Valley, 2; Blue Canyon, 1; Horse Camp, 1; San Bernardino County, 4; Little Bear Valley, 1; Piute Mountains, Kern County, 1). Junco oreganus mutabilis van Rossem.1 NEVADA JUNCO. Junco oreganus mutabilis van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 329, June 5, 1931 — Lee Canyon, Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Range. — Transition zone in the Charleston and Sheep Moun- tains, Clark County, Nevada; winter range unknown. * Junco oreganus pinosus Loomis. POINT PINOS JUNCO. Junco pinosus Loomis, Auk, 10, p. 47, Jan., 1893 — vicinity of Monterey [ = Point Pinos], California (type in Stanford University, California; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 309, 1932). Junco hyemalis pinosus Loomis, Auk, 11, p. 265, pi. 7, 1894 — Point Pinos; Kaeding, Bull. Cooper Orn. Cl., I, p. 81, 1899— vicinity of Monterey and Alameda. Junco oreganus pinosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 288, 1901 (monog.). Junco oregonus pinosus Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 291, 1918 (crit.). Range. — Coastal district of California from San Mateo and Alameda counties to southern Monterey County. 12: California (Pacific Grove, 2; Monterey, 10). Junco oreganus pontilis Oberholser.2 HANSON LACUNA JUNCO. Junco oreganus ponlilis Oberholser, Condor, 21, p. 119, "May" [=June 6], 1919 — El Rayo, Hanson Laguna Mountain, Lower California (type in 1 Junco oreganus mutabilis van Rossem: Differs from its geographical neighbor J. o. thurberi in possessing a red (not pinkish brown) back, a very much grayer (not black) head and chest, and less extensively colored sides and flanks; while from J. caniceps it is distinguished by its darker head and chest, with relatively sharply defined pectoral area, duller back, and more or less pinkish tinted sides. According to the describer's observations, variation in this form seems to bridge the gap between caniceps and thurberi, at least in certain color-characters, and shows once more that the last word on the proper classification of the members of this genus has not yet been said. 1 Junco oreganus pontilis Oberholser: Similar to J. o. townsendi, but head and throat darker slate color, and back more rufescent; similar also to J. o. thurberi, 550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII U. S. National Museum); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 169, 1928 — Laguna Hanson and Los Pozos. Junco hyemalis oregonus (not Fringilla oregana Townsend) Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 301, 1889— in the pine region about "Hansen's." Range. — Resident in the Sierra Juarez, in northern Lower California. *Junco oreganus townsendi Anthony. TOWNSEND'S JUNCO. Junco townsendi Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 76, Oct. 11, 1889 — San Pedro [Martir] Mountains, Lower California (cotypes in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 362, 1928); idem, Zoe, 4, p. 241, 1893 — pine region of San Pedro Martir Mts. (nest and eggs descr.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 293, 1901 (monog.). Junco mearnsi townsendi Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 296, 1918 — San Pedro Martir Mts. (crit.). Junco oreganus townsendi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 170, 1928 —Sierra San Pedro Martir. Range. — Resident in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California. 4: Lower California (San Pedro Martir, 4). * Junco oreganus insularis Ridgway.1 GUADALUPE JUNCO. Junco insularis Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 2, No. 2, p. 188, April, 1876— Guadalupe Island, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Bryant, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2, No. 6, p. 300, 1887— Guada- lupe (habits, nest, and eggs); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 652, 1888 (monog.); Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 138, 1890— Guadalupe; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 293, 1901 (monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Condor, 10, p. 106, 1908 — Guadalupe; Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 19, 1923— Guadalupe; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 308, 1926— Guadalupe; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 170, 1928— Guadalupe. Junco mearnsi insularis Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 296, 1918 (crit.). Range.— Guadalupe Island, off Lower California. 4: Lower California (Guadalupe Island, 4). but with head and throat much less blackish, back much less extensively rufescent brown, and flanks paler as well as more pinkish. This form is thus seen to be intermediate between J. o. thurberi and J. o. townsendi. 1 Junco insularis Ridgway and J. bairdi Ridgway are clearly representatives of J. oreganus, and their segregated ranges alone cannot well justify their retention as separate species. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 551 *Junco oreganus bairdi Ridgway. BAIRD'S JUNCO. Junco bairdi (Belding MS.) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 155, Oct. 5, 1883 — Laguna, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum); Beld- ing, I.e., p. 348, 1883— Victoria Mts., Lower California; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 653, 1888 (ex Ridgway); Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 2, p. 301, 1889 — Victoria Mountains and La Laguna; idem, Zoe, 2, p. 198, 1891— Victoria Mts.; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 294, 1901 — Cape district (monog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 147, 1902 — Cape region of Lower California (plumages, habits); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 302, pi. 12, fig. 2, 1918 (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 170, 1928— Victoria Mts., Cape district. Range. — Victoria Mountains, Cape district of Lower California, Mexico. 5: Lower California (El Sauz, 3; Sierra de las Lagunas, 1; unspecified, 1). *Junco (oreganus?) mearnsi Ridgway. PINK-SIDED JUNCO. Junco mearnsi Ridgway, Auk, 14, p. 94, Jan., 1897 — Fort Bridger, Wyoming (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 291, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 122, 1930— Cloudcroft, New Mexico (Mar .-Apr.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931— Nogales and fifteen miles southwest of Nogales, Sonora (Jan., Feb.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico (Oct.-Dec.). Junco mearnsi mearnsi Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 296, pi. 11, fig. 3, 1918 (crit.). Range. — Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming; winters south through Wyoming, northwestern Nebraska, and Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Sonora, and Chihuahua. 22: Colorado (Clear Creek, Denver, 1; Colorado Springs, 1; Windsor, 2; Fort Lyon, 7); New Mexico (Mimbres, 3; Fort Union, 2; Fort Marcy, 1; Santa Fe, 1); Arizona (Chiricahua Mountains, 1); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1 ; 30 miles west of Minaca, Chihua- hua, 2). *Junco (oreganus?) caniceps (Woodhouse). GRAY-HEADED JUNCO. Struthus caniceps Woodhouse, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 6, No. 6, Nov.- Dec., 1852, p. 202, pub. Feb. 7, 1853— San Francisco Mountain, "New Mexico" ( = Arizona) (type possibly in the U. S. National Museum);1 idem, in Rep. Sitgreave's Expl. Zuni and Colorado R., pi. 3, 1853. 1 Though San Francisco Mountain is now accepted as type locality, it is by no means certain that Woodhouse actually based his description on the specimen from that locality. He mentions several males in the Philadelphia Academy, 552 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Junco caniceps Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 654, 1888 (monog.); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 295, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 174, 1906— Cienaga de las Vacas, Durango (March-April); Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 298, pi. 11, fig. 4, 1918 (crit.); Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, pp. 108, 122, 1930 — Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Oct.), and Cloudcroft, New Mexico (March, April); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931— Nogales, Sonora (Feb.). Junco caniceps caniceps van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934 — Chihuahua (Nov., Dec.). Range. — Breeds in the Rocky Mountains in southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada (Toyabe Mountains), and northern New Mexico (upper Pecos River) ; winters at lower elevations and south to northwestern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, and northwestern Durango).1 36: Colorado (Williams Range, Routt County, 2; Berthoud's Pass, 4; west slope of Gore Range, 2; Beulah, 1; Platte Canyon, 1) ; Arizona (Pinery Canyon, 3; Chiricahua Mountains, 1; Huachuca Mountains, 6); New Mexico (Fort Cummings, 1); Mexico (30 miles west of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 8; Bustillos, Chihuahua, 5; unspecified, 2). Junco phaeonotus2 dorsalis Henry. RED-BACKED JUNCO. Junco dorsalis Henry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 10, p. 117, pub. after April 19, 1858 — Fort Thorn, New Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum) ; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 297, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 121, 1930— Cloudcroft and Mayfield, New Mexico (March to May 15). one in Cassin's possession, and a female obtained by himself in the San Francisco Mountains. The range is given as "western Texas and New Mexico." I am not sure that the specimen supposed to be in the U. S. National Museum can really be regarded as the type. 1 A bird of doubtful standing is Junco annectens Baird (in Cooper, Ornith. Calif., p. 564, 1870— type, from Fort Bridger, Wyoming, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, note 2, 1901), redescribed as Junco ridgwayi Mearns (Auk, 7, p. 243, July, 1890— type, from Whipple Barracks, Arizona, in U. S. National Museum; cf. Ridgway, Auk, 14, p. 94, 1897). Though considered of hybrid origin by Ridgway and others, van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 332, 1931) thinks it not unlikely that it might yet prove to be a transitional form between mearnsi and caniceps with a definite, though necessarily limited range, since certain winter birds from southeastern Arizona closely resemble Baird's type. 2 The relationship of J. phaeonotus to J. oregonus requires further elucidation. Dwight (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, pp. 299-300, 1918) regards J. dorsalis as a "hybrid" between J. (oreganus?) caniceps and J. phaeonotus (palliatus?) , but he applied the word "hybrid" to facts and conditions it is not commonly called upon to cover, using it for populations of wide stretches of country showing inter- mediacy between the characters of neighboring races. Still, his treatment in this particular case suggests close affinities of the birds in question, and as the phaeo- notus complex obviously represents the northern group in its breeding range to the exclusion of any other form, they might yet be found to be conspecific. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 553 Junco cinereus dorsalis Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 364, 1885 — eastern Arizona and New Mexico (crit.). Range. — Breeds in high mountains of northern Arizona and New Mexico; winters south to southwestern Texas, Sonora, and Chihuahua. *Junco phaeonotus palliatus Ridgway. ARIZONA JUNCO. Junco cinereus palliatus Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 364, Oct., 1885 — Mount Graham, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum). Junco phaeonotus palliatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 301, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 174, 1906— Arroyo del Buey, Durango (crit.); Dwight, I.e., 38, p. 300, 1918— southern Arizona and northern Mexico (crit.); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 327, 1929— Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona; Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 107, 1930— Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934 — Chihuahua (Pinos Altos, Jesus Maria, Carmen). Junco cinereus (not Fringilla cinerea Swainson) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 653, 1888 — part, spec, d-f, Ciudad Durango. Range.— Breeds in the mountains of southern Arizona (Mount Graham, Chiricahua Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Huachuca Mts.) and of the adjacent districts of Sonora (San Jos£ Mountain), Chihuahua, and (?)western Durango (Durango, Arroyo del Buey),1 Mexico. 37: Arizona (San Pedro Slope, Final County, 1; Chiricahua Mountains, 3; Pinery Canyon, 2; Huachuca Mountains, 14; unspeci- fied, 1); Mexico (30 miles west of Mifiaca, Chihuahua, 15; Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1). Junco phaeonotus phaeonotus Wagler. MEXICAN JUNCO. Fringilla cinerea (not of Gmelin, 1789) Swainson, Philos. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827— Temascaltepec, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock). Junco phaeonotus Wagler, Isis, 1831, col. 526 — Mexico (type in Munich Museum examined). Junco cinereus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 306, 1856— El Jacale, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 26, p. 304, 1858— La Parada, Oaxaca; idem, I.e., 27, p. 365, 1859— Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 115, 1862 — Popocatepetl and Jalapa, Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico; Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 140, 1868 — Guanajuato; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 551, 1869 — alpine region of Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Auk, 2, p. 364, 1885— Sierra Madre of Chihuahua to Vera Cruz (crit.); Ferrari-Perez and Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 145, 1886 — Teziutlan, Puebla (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 373, 1886 — Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 653, 1888 — part, spec, a-c, g-k, Jalapa and Popocate- 1 Specimens from Durango, according to Miller, tend towards J. p. phaeonotus. 554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII petl; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 215— Chalchicomula, Popocatepetl, and Volcan de Toluca, Mexico; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 779, 1894 — mountains west of Charcas, San Luis Potosf; Cox, Auk, 12, p. 357, 1895— San Andres, foot of Mount Orizaba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 41, 1898— Las Vegas, Vera Cruz (habits). Junco phaeonotus phaeonotus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 299, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Galindo, Tamaulipas; Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 300, pi. 12, 1918 (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — High mountains of Mexico, from southern Chihuahua (Colonia Garcia), Tamaulipas (Galindo), and San Luis Potosi south to Jalisco, Guerrero, and Oaxaca.1 Junco phaeonotus fulvescens Nelson.2 CHIAPAS JUNCO. Junco fulvescens Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 61, Jan., 1897— San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 302, 1901 (monog.). Junco alticola fulvescens Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 302, 1918 (crit.). Range. — Highlands of southeastern Mexico, in State of Chiapas. *Junco phaeonotus alticola Salvin. GUATEMALA JUNCO. Junco alticola Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 189 — "Guatemala in regione alta" = pine forests of Volcan de Fuego (cotypes in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193— Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, Quetzaltenango, and Totonicapam, Guate- mala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 374, pi. 26, fig. 1, 1886— Guatemala (Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, Altos, Quet- zaltenango, Totonicapam) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 656, 1888 — same localities; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 303, 1901— Guatemala (monog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 116, 1907— Sierra Santa Elena; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 362, 1932 — Guatemala (Chichicastenango, Momostenango, Zanzon, Santa Ilania, San Mateo, Quetzaltenango, Tecpam). Junco alticola alticola Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 38, p. 302, pi. 12, fig. 3, 1918 (crit.). Range. — High mountains of Guatemala. 20: Guatemala (near Tecpam, 7; Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, 10; Santa Elena, Chimaltenango, 3). 1 Specimens from the highlands of Vera Cruz agree with the type. Two races, J. phaeonotus colimae, from the Sierra Nevada de Colima, Jalisco, and J. p. australis, from the Sierra Madre of Guerrero, have recently been segregated by van Rossem (Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, pp. 132, 133, July 13, 1938). 2 Junco phaeonotus fulvescens Nelson, in the color of the upper parts, is just intermediate between the rusty-backed J. p. phaeonotus and the brown-backed J. p. alticola. Three specimens examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 555 *Junco vulcani (Boucard).1 iRAZti JUNCO. Zonotrichia vulcani Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 57, pi. 4 — Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (type in coll. of A. Boucard, now in Paris Museum);. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 371, pi. 26, fig. 2, 1886— Volcan de Cartago [ = Irazu]; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 602, 1888— Volcan de Irazu. Junco vulcani Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 255, 1878— Volcan de Irazu (crit.); Nutting, I.e., 5, p. 495, 1883— Volcan de Irazu (habits); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Volcan de Irazu; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 304, 1901 (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 70, 1902 — Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama; idem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 112, 1906 — Volcan de Chiriquf and Irazu (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 907, 1910 — Volcan de Irazu, Las Vueltas de Dota, and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica (habits); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 280, 1910— Volcan de Turri- alba, Costa Rica; Dwight, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 38, p. 303, pi. 4, 1918 (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 381, 1935 — Volcan de Chiriquf. Range. — High mountains of Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, Volcan de Turrialba, Las Vueltas de Dota) and extreme western Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui). 10: Costa Rica (Volcan de Irazu, 1; Volcan de Turrialba, 9). Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte Spizella Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico, 52, p. 205, 1831 — type, by orig. desig. Fringilla pusilla Wilson. Spinites Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 133, Oct., 1851 — new name for Spizella Bonaparte. *Spizella arborea arborea (Wilson). EASTERN TREE SPARROW. Fringilla montana (not of Linnaeus, 1758) Forster, Philos. Trans., 62, p. 405, 1772 — Hudson's Bay. Fringilla arborea Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 123, pi. 16, fig. 3, 1810— Penn- sylvania (type in Peale's Museum, apparently lost). Spizella monticola (not Fringilla monticola Gmelin)2 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 657, 1888 (monog.). Spizella monticola monlicola Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 307, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Northern North America from central Mackenzie (Great Bear Lake) and northern Quebec to Great Slave Lake, 1 Junco vulcani (Boucard), though rather an aberrant member of the genus, does not seem to have any near relationship to Zonotrichia. 1 am unable to find any difference whatsoever between seven skins from the Volcan de Chiriqui and twenty from Costa Rica (volcanoes of Irazu and Turrialba). 2 Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32, p. 139, 1919. 556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII northern Manitoba, central Quebec, and Newfoundland; winters from southern Minnesota, Ontario, and the Maritime Provinces south to eastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, South Carolina, and Georgia. 97: Maine (Lincoln, 1; New Vineyard, 1); Massachusetts (Wel- lington, 1; Cambridge, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 26; Ivory- ton, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 2); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 11); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 13; Pistakee Bay, Fox Lake, 1 ; Deerfield, Lake County, 1 ; Highland Park, 3; Chicago, 2; Lavergne, Cook County, 1; Glen Ellyn, 1; Hyde Lake, 1; Warsaw, 1; Lewistown, 2; Clearing, 1; Morris, 1; Mound City, 1); Iowa (Knoxville, 13); Indiana (Bluff ton, 4); Ohio (Columbus, 6). *Spizella arborea ochracea Brewster. WESTERN TREE SPARROW. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 7, No. 4, p. 228, Oct., 1882— Fort Walla Walla, Washington (cotypes in coll. of W. Brew- ster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 386, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 309, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 242, 1922— north of Telegraph Creek, Stikine River region, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 30, p. 129, 1926— Atlin region, British Columbia. [Spizella monticola] subsp. a Spizella ochracea Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 659, 1888 (monog.). Range. — Northwestern North America from the coast of Bering Sea and Point Barrow east to the Anderson River and south in the mountains to northern British Columbia; winters from New Mexico and Texas to eastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas; casual in north- eastern California and Arizona. 21: Alaska (Nome, 4); Alberta (Medicine Hat, 1); California (Butte County, 1; Hayward, 1); Utah (Ogden, 1); Colorado (Altona, Boulder County, 1; Windsor, 2; Colorado Springs, 2; Loveland, 1; Clear Creek, Denver, 1; Turkey Creek, El Paso County, 1; Fort Lyon, 4); Texas (Giddings, 1). *Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein). EASTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. Fringilla passerina (Borkhausen MS.) Bechstein, Latham's Allg. Uebers. Vogel, 3, (2), p. 544, pi. 120, fig. 1, 1798— Canada (type in Darmstadt Museum). Fringilla socialis Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 127, pi. 16, fig. 5, 1810— eastern Pennsylvania (type in Peale's Museum, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 385, 1930). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 557 Spizella domestica Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, p. 351 — new name for Fringilla socialis Wilson. Spizella socialis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 660, 1888 (in part). Spizella socialis socialis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 311, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Spizella passerina passerina Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 243, 1922 — Stikine Valley, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 30, p. 130, 1926— Atlin region, British Columbia. Range. — Breeds from Yukon, Mackenzie, northern British Columbia, Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, northern Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island to central Texas, southern Mississippi, and central Georgia; winters in the southern states; casual in Cuba and northeastern Mexico. 67: Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Belmont, 1; Brookline, 3; Watertown, 1) ; Connecticut (East Hartford, 10) ; New York (Auburn, 1; Shelter Island, 4; Long Island, 1); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 20); Illinois (Beach, 2; Waukegan, 1; Lake Forest, 1; Warsaw, 1; Grand Tower, 2; Grand Chain, 7); Indiana (Brookville, 1; Liverpool, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 1; Holly Springs, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 4; Gaines- ville, 1). *Spizella passerina arizonae Coues. WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. [Spizella socialis] var. Arizonae Coues, Key N. Amer. Bds., p. 143, 1872 — Arizona (type, from Fort Whipple, in U. S. National Museum). Spizella passerina stridula Grinnell, Condor, 29, p. 81, Jan., 1927 — Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 166, 1928— Lower Cali- fornia. Spizella socialis (not Fringilla socialis Wilson) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 660, 1888 (in part). Spizella socialis arizonae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 315, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Spizella passerina arizonae Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Santa Leonor, Montelungo, and Galindo, Tamaulipas; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 326, 1929— southern Arizona (fall migrant); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931— Nogales, Tecoripa, San Javier, T£sia, Saric, Chinobampo, and twelve miles west of Magdalena, Sonora; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Nov. 27); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 488, 1934 — Chihuahua (Mina Abundancia, Chihuahua, Durazno; Apr., Oct. to Dec.) and Sonora (Naco- zari; March). 558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia and western Alberta south through the Pacific coast district and the Rocky Mountains to the Mexican border;1 winters from California and Texas south to Cape San Lucas, Lower California, and the Mexican tableland; casual on Guadalupe Island and at Point Barrow, Alaska. 58: Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 3); British Colum- bia (Okanagan, 7); Oregon (Prospect, 2; Logan, 2; Trail, 1); Cali- fornia (Cloverdale, 1 ; Riverside, 1 ; Fair Oaks, 1 ; Meyer's Station, 2 ; Eagle Lake, 1 ; Los Gatos, 1 ; La Puerta Valley, 1) ; Colorado (Williams Range, Routt County, 1; Routt County, 1; Berthoud's Pass, 1; Hot Sulphur Springs, 1; Fort Lyon, 6); Arizona (Tucson, 1; Chiricahua Mountains, 1; Fort Huachuca, 1; Huachuca Mountains, 2; Whipple Barracks, 1); New Mexico (Mimbres, 7; Rincon, 1); Texas (Crystal City, 1; El Paso, 1; Cooke County, 1); Mexico (30 miles west of Miiiaca, Chihuahua, 1; Babicora, Chihuahua, 4; unspecified, 2; San Luis Potosi, 1). *Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson. MEXICAN CHIPPING SPARROW. Spizella socialis mexicana Nelson, Auk, 16, p. 30, Jan., 1899 — San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 313, 1901 — southern Mexico and northwestern Guatemala (Sacahaja, Quiche) (monog., full bibliog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 362, 1932 — Uspantan and Momostenango, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934 — Taxco, Guerrero. Spizella passerina mexicana Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928— -Chivela, Oaxaca. Range. — Southern Mexico, from Vera Cruz, Tlaxcala, Michoacan, Jalisco, and Nayarit south to Chiapas, and the adjacent section of northwestern Guatemala (Dept. El Quiche"). 3: Mexico (Jalapa, Vera Cruz, 2; Cuernavaca, Morelos, 1). 1 Birds from the Pacific coast (Vancouver Island to San Pedro Martir, Lower California) are slightly smaller and not quite so pale. They have been separated as S. p. stridula. The characters are stated to be fairly constant to the west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, but in the higher sierras of California and eastwards among the Great Basin Ranges the Chipping Sparrows are said to be variously intermediate to typical arizonae. The fourth edition of the A. 0. U. Check List refuses to admit this race, however, and we have not enough material to form an independent judgment as to its merits. Birds from western Chihuahua (and probably also those from northwestern Durango) are, according to van Rossem, intergrades between arizonae and mexicana. Cf. S. s. arizonae Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 174, 1906 (Villa Ocampo, Matalotes, Rio Sestin, Arroyo del Buey, and Guanacevi, northwestern Durango) and S. p. mexicana van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 488, 1934 (Pinos Altos, Chihuahua). They have since been separated as S. p. atremaeus Moore (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50, p. 203, Nov. 30, 1937 — type, from Los Frailes, Chihuahua, in coll. of R. T. Moore). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 559 *Spizella passerina pinetorum Salvin. GUATEMALAN CHIPPING SPARROW. Spizella pinetorum Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 189 — "Peten, in regione campestri," Guatemala (type, from pine-ridge of Poctum, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, Ibis, 1866, p. 193— pine-ridge of Poctum, Pete"n; Ridgway, Ibis, 1884, p. 44 (crit.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 378, pi. 27, fig. 3, 1886 — pine-ridge of Poctum and "Vera Paz," Guatemala; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 587, 1887 — Segovia River, Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 262 — Ruatan Island, Honduras; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 663, 1888 — Guatemala (near Poctum) and Ruatan Island; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1892, p. 326— Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Spizella socialis pinetorum Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 314, 1901 — Guatemala (Pet6n) south to Honduras (monog.); Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 390, 1929 — Augustine, Cayo District, British Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 417, 1932— San Juancito, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 363, 1932— Peten, Guatemala. Spizella passerina pinetorum van Tyne, Misc. Pub. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., 27, p. 42, 1935— Uaxactun, Pet6n, Guatemala. Range. — Tropical pine forests of eastern Guatemala (Pete"n district), British Honduras, Honduras, and northeastern Nicaragua (Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte). 2: Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, 2). Spizella passerina cicada Dickey and van Rossem.1 SALVADOR CHIPPING SPARROW. Spizella passerina cicada Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 30, p. 359, Nov., 1928 — San Jos6 del Sacare, Dept. Chalatenango, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Range. — Pine forests along the Pacific slope of the Cordillera in El Salvador. *Spizella pallida (Swainson). CLAY-COLORED SPARROW. Emberiza pallida Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 251, pub. Feb., 1832— Carlton House, Saskatchewan (type in Swainson Collection, now in the University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Emberiza shatluckii Audubon, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 347, pi. 493, 1843 — Fort Union, Nebraska (type in U. S. National Museum). 1 Spizella passerina cicada Dickey and van Rossem: Very close to S. p. pine- torum, but gray of rump and hind neck slightly paler and with the blackish nuchal markings reduced to some broken streaks laterally; reddish cap slightly paler, burnt sienna rather than chestnut, and more extended posteriorly; under parts slightly darker gray. This form needs renewed comparison with S. p. pinetorum, of which material was very scarce when the Salvador race was described. 560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spizella pusio1 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 666, 1888— North America and Puebla, Mexico. Spizella pallida Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 324, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 365, 1905 — Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 174, 1906 — Rosario and Rancho Baillon, Durango; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Matamoros and San Fernando, Tamaulipas; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 166, 1928— Cape district, Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931 — Saric, Obregon, Tesia, Chinobampo, and Guirocoba, Sonora; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 363, 1932 — Sacapulas, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 489, 1934 — Alamos, Sonora, and Chihuahua. Range. — Breeds in North America from southern Mackenzie (Great Slave Lake), central Manitoba, and Michigan (Isle Royale) to western Montana, southeastern Colorado, northern Nebraska, and northwestern Illinois; winters from southern New Mexico and southern Texas to Cape San Lucas, Lower California, southern Mexico, and Guatemala (one record from Sacapulas). 23 : Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 2) ; North Dakota (Carrington, 1); Minnesota (Twin Lake, Hennepin County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 1; Stevens Point, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 8); Texas (Laredo, 1; Cooke County, 1; Kerrville, 2; Harlingen, 2; Gainesville, 1; Brownsville, 1); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 1). Spizella breweri taverneri Swarth and Brooks.2 TIMBERLINE SPARROW. Spizella taverneri Swarth and Brooks, Condor, 27, p. 67, March 15, 1925 — Spruce Mountain, ten miles east of Atlin, British Columbia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 130, 1926 — Monarch Mountain and Otter Creek; idem, Condor, 32, p. 255, 1930 — Monarch Mountain, Atlin (nest and eggs descr.). Spizella breweri taverneri Grinnell, Condor, 34, p. 231, 1932— half-a-mile southwest of Escondida, Otero County, New Mexico (Oct. 13, 1931) (crit.); van Tyne, Auk, 53, p. 92, 1936 — Musquiz Canyon, Jeff Davis County, Texas (Mar. 9, 1935). lFringilla pusio Lichtenstein (Preis.-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 2, 1830; cf. Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863) is a nomen nudum. 2 Spizella breweri taverneri Swarth and Brooks differs from the nominate race by slightly larger size, with rather longer tail; slenderer and dusky (instead of pale colored) bill; darker feet; darker coloration, with heavier streaking on top of head and back; darker flanks, and a tendency toward the development of narrow streaks on breast and flanks. Wing, 61^-66, (female) 60-62; tail, 62^-68, (female) 57-62; bill, 7-8^. (Adapted from Swarth and Brooks, I.e.) Grinnell mentions certain specimens of the nominate race offering slight intergradation toward the characters of taverneri, which is, accordingly, more properly treated as a strongly marked geographical form. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 561 Range. — Breeds on the mountains in the Atlin district of north- western British Columbia; on migration in southeastern British Columbia; winters in New Mexico (near Escondida, Otero County) and western Texas (Musquiz Canyon, Jeff Davis County).1 *Spizella breweri breweri Cassin. BREWER'S SPARROW. Spizella breweri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 8, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., p. 40, pub. Mar. 25, 1856 — "Western North America, California, New Mexico" (type, from Black Hills, North Dakota, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 30, 1899, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 323, 1932); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 668, 1888 (monog.) ; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 327, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 145, 1902— La Paz, Triunfo, San Jos6 del Cabo, and Carmen Island, Lower California; Taylor, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 393, 1912— northern Nevada; Grinnell, I.e., 14, p. 171, 1914— Colorado Valley, Cali- fornia; idem, I.e., 32, p. 167, 1928 — Lower California (winter visitant); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 327, 1929 — southern Arizona; Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 35, p. 425, 1930— Lassen Peak region, California (crit.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 301, 1931 — Sonora (Tecoripa, Obregon, Tesia, Guaymas, twelve miles west of Magdalena, Sasabe Valley). Spizella breweri breweri Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 1, p. 107, 1930 — Huachuca Mountains, Arizona; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934 — Sonora (Guaymas, Oposura, Granados) and Chihuahua. Range. — Breeds in the Rocky Mountains of North America, from southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, east-central Mon- tana, and northwestern Nebraska south to southern California, southern Arizona, and central Texas;2 winters from southern Cali- fornia and Texas south in Mexico through Lower California to Jalisco. 44: California (Riverside, 1; San Diego County, 1); Colorado (Hot Sulphur Springs, 2; Denver, 1; Fort Lyon, 3); Arizona (Phoenix, 3; Desert Wells, 2; Tucson, 3; Benson, 1; Fort Lowell, 3; Fort Mojave, 1; Fairbank, 1; Calabasas, 2; Huachuca Mountains, 2); New Mexico (Deming, 14); Texas (El Paso, 1; Crystal City, 1; Brownsville, 1); Lower California (La Paz, 1). 1 Griscom's record (Auk, 45, p. 509, 1928) of S. taverneri from near Cameron, Madison County, Montana (Sept. 14, 1927), proves to have been based on an individual of S. b. breweri of slightly aberrant coloration. Cf. Grinnell, Condor, 34, pp. 231-232, 1932. a According to Grinnell, birds from Montana, Wyoming, and northern Cali- fornia show certain minor tendencies toward the characters of S. b. taverneri. 562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson). EASTERN FIELD SPARROW. Fringilla pusilla Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 121, pi. 16, fig. 2, 1810— Pennsyl- vania= Philadelphia (type in Peale's Museum, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 386, 1930). Spizella agrestis Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, p. 351 — new name for Fringilla pusilla Wilson. Spizella pusilla Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 664, 1888 (monog.). Spizella pusilla pusilla Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 318, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in eastern North America, from southern Minne- sota, Michigan, Quebec, Magdalen Islands, and southern Maine south to central Texas and Louisiana, and northern Florida; winters in the southern parts of its breeding range to the Gulf coast. 118: New York (Shelter Island, 6; Holley, 2; North Haven, 1); Massachusetts (unspecified, 2; Natick, 1); Connecticut (East Hart- ford, 14); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); Rhode Island (Fruit Hill, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 3) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 12) ; Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 3; Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest, 3; Glen view, Cook County, 1; Chicago, 4; Hegewisch, 1; Homewood, 1; Joliet, 10; Momence, 2; Henry, 1; Mound City, 1; Grand Chain, 7; Brainerd, 1; Olive Branch, 1); Indiana (Brookville, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Iowa (Hillsboro, 2); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 8; Vicksburg, 1); Texas (Waring, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 1; Santa Rosa Island, 4; Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 3; Mary Esther, 12; Gainesville, 2; unspecified, 1). *Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne. WESTERN FIELD SPARROW. Spizella pusilla arenacea Chadbourne, Auk, 3, p. 248, April, 1886 — Laredo, southern Texas (type in coll. of A. P. Chadbourne, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 386, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 320, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Mata- moros, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 25, 1926 — Lomita (Feb. 22) and El Sauz (Dec. 12), lower Rio Grande, Texas. Range. — Breeds in the western United States from southeastern Montana and southwestern North Dakota south to central Nebraska; winters from south of its breeding range to southern Texas, Louisiana, and northeastern Mexico (Monterey, Nuevo Leon; Matamoros, Tamaulipas). 6: Texas (Kerr County, 1; Ingram, 1; Waring, 1; Giddings, 1; Corpus Christi, 2). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 563 Spizella wortheni Ridgway. WORTHEN'S SPARROW. Spizella wortheni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 259, Sept., 1884— Silver City, New Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 666, 1888— New Mexico and "western Texas"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 321, 1901 (monog.) ; Thayer, Condor, 27, p. 34, 1925 — northern Tamaulipas (eggs descr.). Range. — Breeds in the southwestern United States (Silver City, New Mexico) south to northern Tamaulipas, Mexico; winters to southern Mexico (Chalchicomula, Puebla). Spizella atrogularis caurina Miller.1 SAN FRANCISCO BLACK- CHINNED SPARROW. Spizella atrogularis caurina Miller, Condor, 31, p. 206, Sept. 16, 1929 — Las Trampas Peak, Contra Costa County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); van Rossem, Condor, 37, p. 283, 1935 (crit., range). Range. — Coast range foothills of central California, in Contra Costa and Alameda counties; winter home unknown. *Spizella atrogularis cana Coues.2 CALIFORNIA BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW. Spizella cana (Baird MS.) Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, No. 1, Jan.-Mar., p. 88, pub. June 11, 1866 — Cape San Lucas, Lower California (type in U. S. National Museum). Spizella atrigularis (not Spinites atrogularis Cabanis) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 669, 1888 — part, spec, b, c, Santa Anna river and Cajon Pass, California. Spizella atrogularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 322, 1901 — part, southern California and Lower California; Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 146, 1902 — Cape district, Lower California. Spizella atrogularis cana Grinnell and Swarth, Auk, 43, p. 478, 1926 — part, California (excl. of Alameda County) and Lower California (crit.); Grin- nell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 167, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Condor, 37, p. 283, 1935 — California from Monterey and Inyo counties south to about lat. 30° N. in Lower California (crit.). Range. — Foothills of California from Monterey and Inyo counties south to about lat. 30° N. in Lower California; winters from Los Angeles County, California, south to Cape San Lucas. 3: California (Sweet Water River, San Diego County, 1); Lower California (El Valle, 2). 1 Spizella atrogularis caurina Miller: Nearest to S. a. cana, but larger, and coloration darker and grayer; approaching S. a. atrogularis in depth of color, but more grayish or slaty (less brownish), the back not nearly so reddish, and with lores and chin-patch, while darker than in cana and evura, less deeply black. Wing (males), 61>£-65; tail, 69-70^; bill, 8-9. 2 Spizella atrogularis cana Coues: Close to S. a. evura, but smaller and of slightly darker, less purely gray coloration. Wing (males), 60-64; tail, 61-65. 564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Spizella atrogularis evura Coues.1 ARIZONA BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW. Spizella evura Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, No. 1, Jan.-Mar., p. 87, pub. June 11, 1866 — based on Spizella sp. Coues, Ibis, 1865, pp. 118, 164; Fort Whipple, Arizona (cotypes in U. S. National Museum; cf. van Rossem, Condor, 37, p. 283, 1935).2 Spizella atrigularis (not Spinites atrogularis Cabanis) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 669, 1888— part, spec, a, Fort Whipple, Arizona. Spizella atrogularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 322, 1901 — part, Arizona and New Mexico; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 12, p. 172, 1914 — The Needles, Colorado Valley, southeastern California. Spizella atrogularis atrogularis Grinnell and Swarth, Auk, 43, p. 476, 1926 — part, Arizona and Colorado River (opposite The Needles), California (crit.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934 — Oposura, Sonora. Spizella atrogularis evura van Rossem, Condor, 37, pp. 282, 283, 1935 (crit., range). Range. — Southwestern United States, in southern Nevada (Charleston Mountains), southeastern California (Providence Moun- tains and Colorado Valley, opposite The Needles), southern Arizona (north to the Hualpai Mountains and Fort Whipple), and south- western New Mexico, and adjacent parts of Sonora (Oposura); winters probably in northwestern Mexico. Spizella atrogularis atrogularis (Cabanis). MEXICAN BLACK- CHINNED SPARROW. Spinites atrogularis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 133, Oct., 1851 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Struthus atrimentalis Couch, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 67, April, 1854 — Agua Nueva, State of Coahuila, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Spizella atrigularis Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 380, 1886 — part, Mexico (Agua Nueva, Coahuila; Guanajuato; Chapulco); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 669, 1888— part, spec, d-h, Puebla, Mexico. Spizella atrogularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 322, 1901 — part, Mexican plateau; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. 1 Spizella atrogularis evura Coues : Similar to S. a. atrogularis, but with slightly larger bill; coloration decidedly paler and grayer; back paler, more sandy or clay- color; black gular patch in adult males duller and more restricted; and lores gray or slaty, not velvety black. Wing (males), 64-67; tail, 68-74. 2 Though the name evura was merely proposed in synonymy, Coues' reference to "The Ibis," where a short characterization of the bird is given, seems to make it valid under the Rules. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 565 Spizella atrogularis atrogularis Grinnell and Swarth, Auk, 43, p. 476, 1926 —part, Mexican plateau; van Rossem, Condor, 37, pp. 282, 284, 1935— southern Mexico (crit.). Range. — Resident in the eastern and southern portions of the Mexican tableland from southern Coahuila south through Guana- juato, Hidalgo, Mexico, and Tlaxcala to Puebla and Guerrero, and west to Jalisco (Lagos). Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson1 Zonotrichia Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 493, pub. Feb., 1832 — type, by subs, desig. (Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcadico, 52, p. 206, 1831), Fringilla pensylvanica Latham = Fringilla albicollis Gmelin. Zonitrichia Bonaparte, Giorn. Arcad., 52, p. 206, 1831— emendation. Brachyspiza Ridgway,2 Auk, 15, p. 224, July, 1898 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla capensis P. L. S. Miiller. *Zonotrichia querula (Nuttall). HARRIS'S SPARROW. Fringilla querula Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2nd ed., 1, p. 555, 1840 — a few miles west of Independence, Missouri (location of type, if there was any, unknown). Fringilla comata Wied, Reise Nord-Amer., 2, p. 352 (footnote), 1841 — in the bushes of the Missouri and near the Platte River (type in Wied Collec- tion, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Journ. Orn., 6, p. 279, 1858 — Bellevue, not far from the Platte River, Nebraska (full descr.). Fringilla harrisii Audubon, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 331, 1843 — upper Missouri (cotypes now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 18, 1899). Zonotrichia querula Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 597, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 331, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Harris, Auk, 36, p. 180, 1919 (history); Nice, Condor, 31, p. 57, 1929 — Oklahoma (song, notes); Swenk and Stevens, Wils. Bull., 41, pp. 129-177, col. pi., 1929 (monog., range, migration, habits, plumages); Semple and Sutton, Auk, 49, pp. 166-183, pis. 6-8, 1932— Churchill, Mani- toba (habits, nest, and eggs). Range. — Breeds in the Hudsonian zone at Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay, Artillery Lake, Mackenzie, and probably at Great Bear Lake and in the district just south of the Barren Grounds; in migration to Ontario, southwestern Ohio, eastern Illinois, Michigan, and west to 1 Hortulanus Vieillot (Hist. Nat. Ois. Amer. Sept., 1, pp. iii, iv, 1807), which has been so much discussed (cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 23, p. 360, 1907; I.e., 24, p. 23 [footnote], 1907; Stone, Auk, 24, p. 193, 1907; Allen, Auk, 25, p. 223, 1908), is now rejected as having no standing. 2 Not separable from Zonotrichia. Cf. van Rossem, Auk, 46, pp. 548-549, 1929. 566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado (casually in South Dakota in July); winters from northern Kansas, southern Nebraska, and western Missouri to southern Texas; casual in British Columbia; accidental in California, Oregon, Washington, and Massachusetts. 24: Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 1); South Dakota (Wakonda, 3); Iowa (Knoxville, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 1); Indiana (Miller, 1); Missouri (unspecified, 1); Kansas (Hamilton, 5; Saline County, 6; Greenwood County, 2; Blue Valley, 1); Texas (Kendall County, 1; Gainesville, 1). *Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (Forster).1 WHITE- CROWNED SPARROW. Emberiza leucophrys Forster, Philos. Trans., 62, p. 426, 1772— Severn River, west shore of Hudson Bay (location of type unrecorded). Spizella maxima Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 922 (foot- note), Dec., 1853 — Mexico (type in Brussels Museum; descr. of immature). Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. N. H., 4, No. 1, p. 12, Sept. 19, 1932— Barley Camp, Warner Mountains, fourteen miles southwest of Adel, Oregon (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History);2 van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934— Chi- huahua and Sonora. Zonotrichia leucophrys Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 603, 1888 (in part); Winge, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 297, 1899— Greenland; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 302, 1931— Sonora (El Doctor, Tecoripa, Obregon, Tesia, Chinobampo, twelve miles west of Magdalena). Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 336, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 265, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 175, 1906— Rosario and Rancho Baillon, Durango (Dec., May 7 to 10); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 164, 1928 — Lower California; van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934— Chihuahua. Range. — Breeds in the Rocky Mountains of North America from British Columbia and Oregon south to central California, east to Wyoming and southern New Mexico, and from tree limit in northern Manitoba and Quebec to central Manitoba, southern Quebec, and lFringilla canadensis Boddaert (Tabl. PI. Em., p. 13, 1783) and Fringilla monticola Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 912, 1789), exclusively or chiefly based upon "Le Moineau du Canada" Brisson (Orn., 3, p. 102) and "Moineau du Canada" Daubenton (PI. Enl., pi. 223, fig. 2=Buffon's Soulciet), while possibly referring to a juvenile specimen of the White-crowned Sparrow, cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 98, 1918, and I.e., 32, p. 139, 1919. 1 The supposed racial color characters seem to be those of the worn summer plumage, and the slightly larger average dimensions hardly justify the recognition of a separate form. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 567 southern Greenland; winters from southern Lower California, southern Arizona and Kansas, and the Ohio Valley south to the Gulf coast, and over the Mexican plateau to Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, and Guanajuato. 99: Labrador (Curlew Harbor, 2; Hopedale, 1; Indian Harbor, 5); Maine (Lincoln, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 1; Shelter Island, 1); Massachusetts (Boston, 2; Great Island, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2; Meridian, 1); Michigan (Grand Rapids, 1); Illinois (Deer- field, 1; Chicago, 4; Worth, 1; Joliet, Will County, 1; Grand Tower, 2; Grand Chain, 2; Bowmanville, 1); Indiana (Bluffton, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 1); California (Lassen County, 1; Plumas County, 1; Placer County, 1; Los Bafios, 2; Riverside, 2; San Diego, 2; Blue Canyon, 1); Idaho (Bear River, Bear Lake County, 1); Colorado (Denver, 1; Williams Range, Routt County, 1; Routt County, 2; Fort Lyon, 3; unspecified, 1); Arizona (Tucson, 9; Calabasas, 2); New Mexico (Deming, 2); Texas (Brill, 1; El Paso, 2; Laredo, 2; Port Lavaca, 3; Corpus Christi, 21; Harlingen, 3); Mexico (Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1); Lower California (San Jose" del Cabo, 1). *Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Nuttall). GAMBEL'S SPARROW. Fringilla gambelii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2nd ed., 1, p. 556, 1840 — near Fort Walla Walla, Washington (type formerly in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 19, 1899). Zonotrichia leucophrys var. intermedia Ridgway,1 Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 12, p. 198, Dec., 1873 — "middle Province of the U. S., north to Alaska in the interior" (type, from Fort Kenai, Alaska, in U. S. National Museum). Zonotrichia leucophrys (not Emberiza leucophrys Forster) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 603, 1888 (in part). Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 339, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 88, 1911— Mata- moros, Tamaulipas; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 165, 1928 — Lower California; idem, Condor, 30, p. 189, 1928 (crit.). Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 241, 1922 — Telegraph Creek, Stikine region, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 352, 1924— Skeena River region, British Columbia. Zonotrichia gambelii Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, p. 121, 1926— Atlin region, British Columbia (crit.); idem, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 326, 1929— southern Arizona (transient); idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 52, 1934— Nunivak Island. 1 First published as a nomen nudum by Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 11, p. 182, Nov., 1873. 568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Zonotrichia gambelii gambelii van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 302, 1931— Sonora (El Doctor, Pesqueira, Tecoripa, San Javier, Obreg6n, T<§sia); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934— Chihuahua and Sonora (Guaymas, Cumpas, Nacozari, Oposura). Range, — Breeds from the tree limit in northwestern Alaska and northern Mackenzie south to central Montana and west to the coast mountains of southwestern Alaska and southeastern British Columbia; winters from California and Utah south to San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, and Lower California; casual in the eastern states. 72: Alaska (Nome, 2) ; Saskatchewan (Lake Johnston, Moose Jaw, 2); Oregon (Logan, 1); California (Placer County, 5; Saint Helena, 1; Pescadero, 1; Palo Alto, 3; Pasadena, 3; Stockton, 2; San Jose", 2; Los Gatos, 3; Sansevaine Flats, 1; San Bernardino, 1; Menlo Park, 1; Colton, 1; San Diego, 3; Battle Creek, 1; Dry town, 1; San Clemente Island, 3); Colorado (Buford, 1; Berthoud's Pass, 1; El Paso County, 1; Fremont County, 1; Fort Lyon, 2); Arizona (Fort Mojave, 4; Phoenix, 2; Calabasas, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 12; Mimbres, 1); Texas (El Paso, 10; Port Lavaca, 1); Mexico (Cerro Blanco, Sonora, l;Sabinas, Coahuila, 1); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1). *Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis Grinnell.1 PUGET SOUND SPARROW. Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis Grinnell, Condor, 30, p. 187, May 15, 1928 — Parksville, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 342, 1901 — part, Pacific coast of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. [Zonotrichia leucophrys] subsp. o Zonotrichia gambeli (not Fringilla gambelii Nuttall) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 606, 1888— part, Fort Simp- son, Vancouver Island, and British Columbia. Range. — Breeds in the Pacific coast belt of North America from Vancouver Island and the mouth of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south to extreme northwestern California (Mendocino County) ; winters south to San Diego County, California. 6: Oregon (Tillamook, 2; Salem, 1); California (Nicasio, 3; Ascata, 1). *Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway. NUTTALL'S SPARROW. Zonotricbia leucophrys nuttalli Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 36, Jan., 1899 — new name forZ. gambelii auct., not of authors; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, lZonolrichia leucophrys pugetensis Grinnell: Nearly related to Z. I. nuttalli, but with slightly smaller bill, shorter hind claw, slightly longer wings and tail; more pointed wings; narrower and less intensely black dorsal streaks on a grayer ground color; and more grayish under parts with less deeply brown flanks. Wing (type), UK; tail, 72 Y2; bill, Sy2. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 569 Part 1, p. 342, 1901— part, California (type, in U. S. National Museum, stated to be from Santa Cruz, California; cf. Grinnell, Condor, 30, p. 188, 1928, and Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 309, 1932); Hubbs, Auk, 35, pp. 321-326, 1918 (ecology, range in California). [Zonotrichia leucophrys] subsp. a Zonotrichia gambeli (not Fringilla gambelii Nuttall) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 606, 1888— part, California. Range.— Pacific coast of California from Mendocino County to Point Concepcion, Santa Barbara County, including the San Fran- cisco Bay region.1 30: California (Nicasio, 3; San Francisco, 2; Hayward, 1; Oak- land, 1; San Jose", 3; Santa Cruz, 1; Los Gatos, 1; Monterey, 11; Berry essa, 1). *Zonotrichia coronata (Pallas). GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. Emberiza coronata Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 44, 1811 — "in insula Kadiak" = Kodiak Island, Alaska. Fringilla aurocapilla Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2nd ed., 1, p. 555, 1840 — near Fort Vancouver, Washington (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 19, 1899). Zonotrichia galapagoensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 479, end of 1850 — "Galapagos," errore= California (type in Paris Museum examined); Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 491 (footnote), 1876 (crit.). Zonotrichia coronata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 600, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 333, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 401, 1910— Prince William Sound region, Alaska; Swarth, I.e., 24, p. 241, 1924— Stikine region, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 24, p. 353, 1924— Skeena River region, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 30, p. 124, pi. 4 (young), 1926— Atlin region, British Columbia (descr. of young, nest, and eggs); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 165, 1928 — Lower California; Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 52, 1934 — Sitkadilak and Nunivak Islands, Alaska. Range. — Breeds in northwestern North America, from Kotzebue Sound to the Shumagin Islands, Alaska Peninsula, and Kodiak Island to British Columbia; winters from Oregon south through California to the Cape district of Lower California, also on the Santa Barbara Islands and casually on Guadalupe Island; in migration to western Alberta, Nevada, and Colorado; accidental in Massa- chusetts and Wisconsin. 39: Alaska (Nome, 2); Oregon (Tillamook, 2); California (Placer County, 1; San Dimas Canyon, 2; Saint Helena, 1; Nicasio, 6; Sebastopol, 1; San Geronimo, Marin County, 2; Palo Alto, 5; San 1 No authentic record exists for Lower California (cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 244, 1928). 570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Jose", 3; Los Gatos, 2; Mariposa, 3; Pacific Grove, 1; Monterey, 2; Carmel, Monterey County, 2; Alhambra, Los Angeles County, 1; Los Angeles County, 1 ; Lakeside, 1 ; Searsville, San Mateo County, 1). *Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin). WHITE-THROATED SPARROW. Fringilla albicollis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 921, 1789— based on "The White-throated Sparrow" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 198, pi. 304; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fringilla pensylvanica Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 445, 1790 — new name for Fringilla albicollis Gmelin. Zonotrichia albicollis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 598, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 343, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 558, 1919— Deer Lake, Newfoundland (breeding); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 354, 1924 — Kispiox Valley, Skeena River region, British Columbia (June 21; breeding); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 165, 1928— Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range.— Breeds in northern North America, from northern Mackenzie (Fort Good Hope), northern Manitoba, central Quebec, and Newfoundland to central Alberta, southern Montana, central Minnesota, and Wisconsin, southern Ontario, northern New England, Nova Scotia, and the mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts, also locally in British Columbia (Skeena region) ; winters from Missouri, the Ohio Valley, southern Pennsyl- vania, Connecticut, and Massachusetts south to Florida and north- eastern Mexico; casual in Oregon, California, Utah, and Colorado, and on Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 146: Maine (Upton, 1); New York (Suffolk County, 1; Shelter Island, 4; Brockport, 1); Massachusetts (Brookline, 4; Natick, 2; Dighton, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 19; New Haven, 1); New Jersey (Englewood, 4); Michigan (McCargoes Cove, Isle Royale, 1); Wisconsin (Woodruff, Vilas County, 1; Beaver Dam, 11); Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 2; Deerfield, 2; Lake Forest, 4; Highland Park, 2; Chicago, 12; Hegewisch, 3; Worth, 1; Hins- dale, 1; Glen Ellyn, 1; Joliet, 8; Henry, 2; Warsaw, 2; Mound City, 3; Grand Tower, 5; Villa Ridge, 2; Grand Chain, 16); Indiana (Dune Park, 1; Bluffton, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 4); Maryland (Howard County, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 2); Texas (Brill, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 5); Georgia (Sapelo Island, 2); Florida (Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 9; Santa Rosa Island, 1; Pilot Town, 1; Gainesville, 1). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 571 *Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom.1 GUATEMALAN SPARROW. Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 12, Dec. 15, 1930— Chichicastenango, Guatemala (type in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 363, 1932 — Guatemala (many localities); Car- riker and de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 87, p. 449, 1935— Tecpam, Guatemala. Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 18 — Duenas and plains of Antigua, Guatemala (nest and eggs descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 370, 1886— part, Guatemala (Guatemala City, Antigua, Duenas, Quezaltenango, Altos of Guatemala, Coban); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 610, 1888 — part, spec, r'-u', Guatemala (Duenas, Quezaltenango) and Mexico. Brachyspiza capensis peruviana (not Pyrgita peruviana Lesson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 347, 1901 — part, Chiapas and Guatemala; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 117, 1907— Guatemala City, Lake Atitlan, and Tecpam; (?)Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 342, 1932— San Juancito, Honduras. Range. — Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in State of Chiapas (San Cristobal, Pinabete, near Comitan), Guatemala, and (?) Honduras (San Juancito). 12: Guatemala (Samac, Alta Vera Paz, 1; Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, 5; Quezaltenango, 2; Lake Atitlan, 2; near Tecpam, 2). *Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen.2 COSTA RICAN SPARROW. Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 374, Sept. 29, 1891 — San Jose, Costa Rica (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 438, p. 11, 1930— Costa Rica and western Panama (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 78, p. 381, 1935 — mountains of Chiriqui and Veraguas. Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 411, 1860— Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, 1 Zonotrichia capensis septentrionalis Griscom: Very similar to Z. c. costari- censis, but less heavily streaked above, and the rufous nuchal collar less sharply defined, more gradually passing into the color of the back. The larger size is not a constant feature, since certain Costa Rican males have wings of 70 to 72 mm. While no material from Honduras has been available for study, the birds of that country are more likely to pertain here than to Z. c. costaricensis. Fifteen skins from Chiapas agree well with a Guatemalan series. 2 Zonotrichia capensis costaricensis Allen differs from the form of the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador by more richly rufous nuchal collar and whiter under parts with more black across the foreneck. While these differences are quite pronounced, when Costa Rican birds are compared with typical Z. c. peruviensis, from the coast of Peru and extreme northern Chile, certain Colombian and Ecuadorian specimens run very close toZ. c. costaricensis. Specimens from Chiriquf are exactly like a Costa Rican series. Additional material examined.— Costa Rica, 14; Boquete, Chiriqui, 5; Chitra, Veraguas, 2. 572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 103, 1868— San Jose, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 301, 1869— Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— Chiriqui (Volcan de Chiriquf), and Veraguas (Chitra, Calovevora); Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 57— San Jose, Cartago, Zarcero, and Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica (eggs descr.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 370, 1886 — part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Irazu) and Panama (Volcan de Chiriqui, Chitra, Calovevora, Castillo); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. Ill, 1887— Costa Rica (Alajuela, Santa Maria de Dota, Cartago, San Jose); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 610, 1888— part, spec. l'-q', Panama (Chitra, Castillo, south slope of Volcan de Chiriqui) and Costa Rica (Irazu, San Jose). "Zonotrichia" pileata Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, pp. 496, 500, 1883— Volcan de Irazu and San Jose, Costa Rica. Brachyspiza capensis peruviana (not Pyrgita peruviana Lesson) Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 321, 1898— part, Costa Rica; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 347, 1901 — part, Costa Rica and Panama; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 70, 1902 — Boquete and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Car- riker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 906, 1910 — Costa Rica (habits, nest, and eggs); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 280, 1910— Coliblanco and Volcan de Turrialba, Costa Rica. Range. — Upper Tropical and Subtropical zones of Costa Rica and western Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas). 28: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 16; Volcan de Turrialba, 9; San Jose", 3). *Zonotrichia capensis peruviensis (Lesson).1 PERUVIAN SPARROW. Pyrgita peruviensis Lesson, L'Institut, 2, No. 72, p. 317, Sept. 27, 1834— Callao, Peru (location of type unknown); idem, in Bougainville, Journ. Navig. Thetis, 2, p. 325, 1837— Callao. Pyrgita peruviana Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 45, 1839 — vicinity of Lima, Peru (location of type unknown). Fringilla australis (not of Latham) Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 119, 1848— part, near Callao, Peru. Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, pp. 454, 552, 1858 — Cuenca and Riobamba, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 27, p. 140, 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 28, p. 76, 1860— Panza, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 113, 1862— Cuenca, Ecuador, and "Bogota," Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 Zonotrichia capensis peruviensis (Lesson) differs from Z. c. chilensis by the much broader black lateral crown-stripes. This form undoubtedly requires subdivision, as has been intimated by both Chapman and Zimmer. While specimens from northern Chile (Tacna) agree in dimensions and coloration with those from the coast near Lima, the inhabitants of the interior as well as those from Ecuador and Colombia exhibit certain charac- ters of their own. The problem should be studied with the assistance of extensive series from all parts of the Andes. Seventy additional specimens from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru examined. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 573 Lond., 1867, p. 985— Islay and Arequipa, Peru; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— Cachiri and Pamplona Road, Colombia; Nation, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 329 — Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 521 — Lima, Maraynioc, and Pumamarca, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 230 — Tambillo and Pacasmayo, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 507— Retire, Envigado, and Mede- llin, Colombia (eggs descr.); Taczanowski, I.e., 1880, p. 199— Cutervo, Peru; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200 — Atanques, Colombia; idem, Ibis, 1880, p. 182 — San Sebastian and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 551 — Cayandeled, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1884, p. 294— Cechce, Ecuador; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 34, p. 295, 1884— Bucaramanga, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 45, 1886— Peru (Lima, Maraynioc, Puma- marca, Junfn, Acancocha, Chorillos, Cutervo, Tambillo, Pacasmayo); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 610, 1888 — part, spec, x-f, Peru (Arequipa), Ecuador (Cuenca), and Colombia (Bogota, Medellin, San Sebastian, Atanques, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 377— Lima, Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895— Peru (Cajamarca, Cajabamba; Malca, Caja- bamba; Huamachuco); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 26, 1899— Ecuador (Pun; Cuenca; La Conception, Chota Valley; Lloa; Chillo Valley; Quito; Sigsig); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 474— Ecuador (Quito and western Andes). Brachyspiza capensis peruviana Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 321, 1898 (part); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 178, 1898— San Miguel, Colombia; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 1, p. 79, 1899 — San Sebastian and El Mamon, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 164, 1900— Santa Marta region; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 347, 1901 — part, Colombia to Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 31, p. 568, 1917 — Colombia (many localities); (?)idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. Ill, 1921 — San Miguel Bridge, Idma, Torontoy, Ollantaytambo, Huaracondo Canyon, Ttica-Ttica, Cuzco, Calca, and La Raya, Peru;1 Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 462, 1918— Huancabamba, Peru; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 531, 1922 — San Lorenzo, Chirua, San Miguel, Cerro de Caracas, and Macotama, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); L*0 g,064, from Bahia, in Berlin Museum examined) ; Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (1), p. 623, 1830— Bahia and Rio de Janeiro. Tanayra ruficollis (not of Gmelin, 1789) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p. 39, pi. 53, fig. 3, 1825 — near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 674, 1906). Zonotrifhia subtorquata Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Bds., 2, p. 288, 1837— new name for Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, pi. 53, fig. 3 (erroneously quoted as "T. graminta"). Zonotrifhia matutina Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 132, 1851 — part, Rio Grande [do Sul!, Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 229, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Euler, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 412, 1867— Can- tagallo, Rio (breeding habits). Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 229, 1870— Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba, and Ypanemft (Sao Paulo), Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 407— Minas Geraes, Brazil; Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303— round Sao Paulo; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 246, 1873— Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Cabanis, I.e., 22, p. 84, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Pelzeln, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 337 — Canotinho and Garanhuns, Pernambuco; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 124, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Ber- lepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 9, 1887 — Rio Lambare, near Asuncion, Para- guay; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 610, 1888— part, spec, p-t, Brazil and Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, !•, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— Paraguay (Villa Rica, Baranquera la Nova, Colonia Risso); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899 — Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Rio Grande, Barra do Rio Cama- quam, Pedras Brancas); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 165, 1899 — Ypiranga and Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223 — Villa Conception, Paraguay; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910 — Bahia (Queimadas and Fazenda Imburana, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Santo Antonio de Gilboez). 1 Zonotriehia eapensis matutina (Lichtenstein): Nearest to B. e. capensis, but apparently distinguishable by larger size and somewhat deeper rufous nuchal collar. Wing, 65-71, (female) 63-67. Birds from Rio Grande do Sul do not appreciably differ from those of Bahia and other northern localities, and a single adult female from Urucum, Matto Grosso, as well as several others from eastern Paraguay are equally typical of the present form. Additional material examined. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, 1; Asuncion, 1; Rio Lambare, 1; Sapucay, 3. — Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, 9; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 5; Faxina, Sao Paulo, 1; Agua Suja, Minas Geraes, 1; Urucum, Matto Grosso, 1; Goyaz, 5; Rio de Janeiro (Mangulnhos, Sapitiba), 12; Victoria, Espirito Santo, 4; Bahia, 5; Queimadas, Bahia, 1; Fazenda Imburana, Rio Preto, Bahia, 1; Santo Antonio de Gilboez, Piauhy, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 583 Zonotrichia capensis (not FringiUa capensis P. L. S. M tiller) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 372, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 185, 1906— Retire do Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Brachyspiza capensis capensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 146, 1902— Sapucay, Paraguay; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 35, 1908— Goyaz, Brazil. Brachyspiza capensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 382, 1907— part, Sao Paulo (Ypiranga, Estacao, Rio Grande, Itapura, Guarulhos) and Minas Geraes (Serra do Itatiaya); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 637— Sapucay, Para- guay; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 489, 500, 1912— Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; M6negaux, Rev. Prang. d'Orn., 5, p. 86, 1917 — Pocone, Matto Grosso; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Retiro do Ramos, Serra do Itatiaya; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926 — Ceara. Brachyspiza (Zonotrichia) capensis Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 358, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Brachyspiza pileaia Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 98 — part, Villa Franca, Paraguay. Brachyspiza capensis subsp. Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 318, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Brachyspiza capensis matuiina Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 300, 1929 — Maranhao (Grajahu; Codo, Cocos) and Piauhy (Ibiapaba, Arara); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 356, 1930— Matto Grosso (Urucum) and Paraguay (Asuncion) (crit.); Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 17, (2), p. 106, 1932— Tres Lagoas, Matto Grosso. Range. — Eastern and southern Brazil, from interior Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Rio Grande do Sul, west through Goyaz to southern Matto Grosso, and the adjoining section of Paraguay (east of the Rio Paraguay) and Argentina (Misiones). 49: Brazil (Grajahu, Maranhao, 2; Cocos, Maranhao, 2; Arara, Piauhy, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1; Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 3; Veadeircs, Goyaz, 2; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 12; Rio do Peixe, Bahia, 1; Sao Marcello, Bahia, 2; Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 4; Bauru, Sao Paulo, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 5; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2; Therezopolis, Rio de Janeiro, 5); Argentina, Misiones (Caraguatay, 4; Rio Paranay, 2). Zonotrichia capensis macconnelli Sharpe.1 McCoxxELL's SPARROW. Zonotrichia macconndli Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lend., (2), 8, Zool., p. 53, pi. 4, fig. 1, Sept., 1900— summit of Mount Roraima (type in British Museum). 1 Zonotrifhia capensis macconntUi Sharpe: Similar toZ. c. capensis, but larger, with more rounded wing; coloration of upper parts darker; gray central crown- 584 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Brachyspiza macconnelli Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 461, 1921 — Mount Roraima. Zonotrichia capensis macconnelli Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 121, 1931 — summit of Roraima (crit.). Range. — Summit of Mount Roraima, on the confines of British Guiana and Venezuela. Zonotrichia capensis roraimae (Chapman).1 RORAIMA SPARROW. Brachyspiza capensis roraimae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 341, p. 5, Feb. 2, 1929— Philipp Camp, 6,000 ft., Roraima, Venezuela (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 120, 1931 — slopes and savanna of Mount Roraima. Zonotrichia matutina (not Fringilla matutina Lichtenstein) Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 679, 1849 — near Roraima. Zonotrichia pileata (notEmberiza pileata Boddaert) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216 — Merume Mountains and Roraima; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 610, 1888 — part, spec, g'-k', Merume Mountains and Roraima. Range. — Savannas and slopes of Roraima and Merum£ Moun- tains, British Guiana. *Zonotrichia capensis capensis (P. L. S. Miiller). CAYENNE SPARROW. Fringilla capensis P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 165, 1776 — based on "Bruant, du Cap de Bonne Esperance" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 386, fig. 2, "Cape of Good Hope," errore, = Ile de Cayenne, French Guiana (cf. Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 369, 1778). Emberiza pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 23, Dec., 1783 — based on Dauben- ton, PI. Enl., pi. 386, fig. 2, and "Le Bonjour-Commandeur" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 369; He de Cayenne. Zonotrichia matutina (not Fringilla matutina Lichtenstein) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 132, 1851— part, Caracas, Venezuela. Zonotrichia pileata Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — Cumana, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 297, 1907 — Rio Acara and Para. Brachyspiza capensis Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 28, 1902— Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 315, stripe decidedly narrower; rump and sides of the body gray without any brownish tinge. Wing (male), 71; tail, 65. A single specimen from the summit of Roraima examined. 1 Zonotrichia capensis roraimae (Chapman): Agreeing with Z. c. macconnelli in rounded wing as well as in gray rump and sides, but smaller and the gray center of the pileum more extensive, being about as broad as the black lateral stripes. Wing, 64, (female) 61; tail, 57, (female) 55. Two adults from the Merume Mountains, though not in comparable plumage, seem to be of the same form as a single bird from the lower slopes of Roraima. This is obviously a connecting link between McConnell's Sparrow and typical Z. c. capensis, combining size and crown-coloration of the latter with the gray rump and sides of the former. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 585 1908 — Cayenne; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 521, 1913 (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 433, 1914— Rio Acara (Para) and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 195, 1916— Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco. Brachyspiza capensis capensis Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 88, 1912— Rio Acara, Para; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 68, 1912 — Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 106, 1916— Para; Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 191, p. 11, 1925 — Cardpas and Cocollar, northeastern Venezuela; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 356, 1930— northern Matto Grosso (Tapirapoan, Juruena, Utiarity). Range. — Venezuela (from the north coast south to the Ori- noco Valley); French Guiana;1 northern Brazil (Para; Rio Acara; Monte Alegre; Tapirapoan, Juruena, and Utiarity, northern Matto Grosso).2 17: Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 6; Mount Turumiquire, 10; Rio Mucujon, 1). *Zonotrichia capensis insularis (Ridgway). CURACAO SPARROW. Brachyspiza capensis insularis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 321, Oct., 1898 — Curacao (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 349, 1901— Curacao and Aruba (monog.); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 298, 1902— Curacao and Aruba (crit.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 201, 207, 254, 1909— Aruba and Curacao. Zonotrichia pileata (not Emberiza pileata Boddaert) Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 82, 1892— Curacao (crit.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 295, 314— Aruba and Curacao (nest and eggs descr.); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 165, 1895 — Curacao. Range. — Islands of Curasao and Aruba, Caribbean Sea. 29: Aruba, 12; Curacao, 17. 1 Zonotrichia pileala Penard (Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 406, 1910) seems to be exclu- sively based on Schomburgk's reference, which pertains, however, to Z. c. roraimae. No instance of the occurrence of any representative of this group in Dutch Guiana appears to be on record. • In the absence of satisfactory material from French Guiana, which — according to Buffon's rectification — must be regarded as type locality of Daubenton's "Bruant, du Cape de Bonne Espe>ance," I am by no means certain that the range as here given is correct. A single unsexed Cayenne skin in the American Museum of Natural History, the only one we have seen from that country, seems to be inseparable from a series of Venezuelan skins and, as pointed out by Mrs. Naum- burg, specimens from northern Matto Grosso are apparently of the same form, differing from Z. c. matutina in smaller size, slenderer bill, and paler nuchal collar. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Cumana, 6; Galipan, Cerro del A vila, Caracas region, 20; La Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 4; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 2. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Brazil: Monte Alegre, 1; Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso, 1; Rio Juruena, Matto Grosso, 1. 586 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Zonotrichia capensis antillarum (Riley).1 CONSTANZA SPARROW. Brachyspiza antillarum Riley, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 15, p. 2, Dec. 1, 1916 — Constanza, Santo Domingo (type in U. S. National Museum). Brachyspiza capensis antillarum Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 37, p. 333, 1917 — Loma Tina, Loma Rucilla, and Las Cafiitas (crit.); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 326, 1929— Loma del Medio; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 444, 1931 (monog.). Range. — Highlands (Cordillera Central) of the Dominican Republic, island of Hispaniola, Greater Antilles. 9: Dominican Republic (Mount Rusilla, 1; Las Cafiitas, 1; Con- stanza, La Vega, 7). Genus PASSERELLA Swainson2 Passerella Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Class. Bds., 2, p. 288, July 1, 1837— type, by monotypy, Fringilla iliaca " Wilson" = Merrem. *Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem). EASTERN Fox SPARROW. Fringilla iliaca Merrem, Avium Rar. Icon, et Descr., 2, p. 37, pi. 10, 1786 — North America (type not extant). Fringilla ferruginea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 921, 1789 — based on "The Little Sparrow" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 299, pi. 354 (Pennsyl- vania) and "Ferruginous Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 375 ("New- foundland and as low as Pennsylvania"). Fringilla rufa Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 53, pi. 22, fig. 4, 1811— Connecticut River, Vermont, etc. (type in Peale's Museum, lost). Emberiza pratensis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 4, p. 402, 1816 — new name for Fringilla ferruginea Gmelin. Passerella obscura Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 9, p. 143, Dec., 1862— Anticosti Island (descr. of young; cotypes in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 387, 1930). Passerella iliaca iliaca Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 386, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 114, 1920 (monog.). Passerella iliaca Schi01er, Dansk. Orn. Tidskr., 6, p. 79, 1911 — Sukkertoppen, Greenland (male, Oct. 13, 1910). lZonotrichia capensis antillarum (Riley): Nearest to Z. c. costaricensis, but black gular band wholly or nearly confluent in the middle, and tail longer (as long as in Z. c. peruviensis) . Wing, 62-69, (female) 61-64; tail, 59-69, (female) 58-68. The close similarity of this interesting insular race to costaricensis points to its Central American origin. 2 The list of the subspecies is based upon Swarth's exhaustive revision in Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, pp. 75-224, 1920. With respect to general variation, osteology, and relationship, Linsdale's study, I.e., 30, pp. 251-392, 1928, should be consulted. The material in Field Museum has not been seen by the author. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 587 Range. — Northern North America, from the tree limit in north- eastern Alaska, northern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, Ontario (Moose Factory), and Quebec south to Manitoba, Magdalen Islands, and Newfoundland; winters from the lower Ohio and Potomac valleys to Texas and Florida; casual in Greenland (one record from Sukkertoppen), on the coast of Alaska, in Arizona, and California. 69: Alaska (Nome, 2); Labrador (Anatalok Bay, 1; Bowdoin Harbor, 2); Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Dighton, 1; un- specified, 1); New Jersey (Englewood, 2; East Orange, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 4; Sennett, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 13); Ohio (Columbus, 2; Garretsville, 1); Indiana (Miller, 3); Illinois (Chicago, 5; Deerfield, 2; Worth, 3; Joliet, 1; Ravinia, 1; Highland Park, 1; Evanston, 1; Mound City, 1; Fort Sheridan, 1; Glen Ellyn, 1; Colehour, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 7); Iowa (Knoxville, 1); Kansas (Fort Riley, 1); Texas (Waring, 2); North Carolina (Raleigh, 4); South Carolina (Frogmore, 1). *Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley.1 ALBERTA Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 234, Nov. 28, 1911— Moose Branch of the Smoky River, Alberta (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Canad. Alp. Journ., 1912, Spec. No., p. 69 — Moose Pass, British Columbia, and Smoky River, Alberta; Oberholser, Auk, 35, p. 186, 1918 (crit., range); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 119, 1920 (monog.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 357, 1924 — Skeena River region, British Columbia (crit.); Grinnell, Auk, 43, p. 324, 1926— Alta Lake region, British Columbia; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. ,32, p. 177, 1928— northern Lower California. Range. — Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and extreme western Alberta; winters mainly in California west of the Sierra Nevada and in the San Diego district, and in northwestern Lower California. 5: California (San Dimas Canyon, 4; Palmer's Canyon, 1). *Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmelin). SHUMAGIN Fox SPARROW. Emberiza unalasclicensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 875, 1789 — based on "Unalascha (sic) Bunting" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 364; "Unalaschca," Alaska. Emberiza aoonalaschkensis Latham, Ind. Orn., 2, p. 415, 1790 — new name for Emberiza unalaschcensis Gmelin. 1 Passerella iliaca altivagans Riley: Very similar to P. i. iliaca, but, according to Swarth, distinguishable by somewhat smaller size and duller coloration; from P. i. unalaschcensis and allied races separable by rather brighter coloration with more strongly contrasting reds and grays. 588 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passerella iliaca unalaschensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 389, 1901 — Shumagin Islands and Alaska (monog., full bibliog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Faun., 46, p. 96, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (ex Hanna). Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 127, 1920 (monog.); Hanna, Condor, 22, p. 173, 1920— North East Point, St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (May 20); Huey, Condor, 29, p. 154, 1927— La Grulla, Lower California; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 179, 1928 — La Grulla, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California. Range. — Breeds on the base of the Alaska Peninsula, on the Shumagin Islands, Unalaska, and (?)Pribilof Islands (one record from North East Point, St. Paul Island, May 20); winters chiefly in California south to the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Lower California. 13: California (San Bruno, 2; San Dimas Canyon, 2; Clipper Gap, 1; Pacific Grove, 2; Nicasio, 5; San Geronimo, 1). Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway.1 KODIAK Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway, Auk, 17, p. 30, Jan., 1900 — Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 391, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 132, 1920 (monog.) ; idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 53, 1934— Sitkalidak Island (May 15). Range. — Breeds on Kodiak Island, Alaska; winters chiefly in the coast district of California from Marin County south to Los Angeles County. *Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell.2 VALDEZ Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 405, Mar. 5, 1910 — Drier Bay, Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Swarth, I.e., 21, p. 135, 1920 (monog.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Fauna, 46, p. 96, 1923 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 179, 1928— Lower California. 1 Van Rossem (Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, pp. 360, 361, 1934) has recently proposed to supplant Ridgway's subspecific name by hyperborea Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 477, 1850), but we cannot possibly agree to his argumentation. Bonaparte did not describe a new species, but merely transferred Enberiza [sic] hyperborea Pallas (Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 2, p. 35), an unidentifiable bird observed by Dr. Merk "in terris Tschuktschicis," to the genus Passerella. The specimens from Sitka and Kodiak in the Leyden Museum, which van Rossem, on the late Dr. van Oort's authority, believes to have served as basis for Bonaparte's descrip- tion, are not even mentioned in the "Conspectus," where merely Pallas's habitat is repeated. Van Rossem clearly errs in assuming that his name was "exclusively and explicitly" based on a specimen in the Leyden Museum. The name "Passerella hyperborea Bp. Mus. Lugd.," given in parenthesis, is simply a synonym quoted from a Museum label, as was the general custom among authors of that period. 2 Passerella iliaca sinuosa Grinnell: Nearest to P. i. unalaschcensis, but with slenderer bill and a decidedly ashy tinge on the back as well as on the sides of the neck. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 589 Passerella iliaca insularis (not of Ridgway) Evermann, Auk, 30, p. 18, 1913 —St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands (Sept. 7). Passerella iliaca annectens (not of Ridgway, 1900) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 392, 1901 — part, Prince William Sound. Range.— Breeds in the Prince William Sound region (islands and mainland), on Middleton Island, and on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters chiefly in California south to northern Lower California. 6: California (Los Gatos, 1; San Bruno, 1; Monterey, 2; Clipper Gap, 1; San Dimas, 1). *Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway.1 YAKUTAT Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca annectens Ridgway, Auk, 17, p. 30, Jan., 1900 — Yakutat, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 392, 1901 (in part) ; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub.Zool., 21, p. 140, 1920 (monog.). Range. — Breeds in the coast district of Alaska in the vicinity of Yakutat Bay; winters chiefly in the coast district of central Cali- fornia from Marin County south through Monterey County, casually to Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. 7: California (Nicasio, 3; Monterey, 1; San Bruno, 1; Los Gatos, 1; Palo Alto, 1). Passerella iliaca townsendi (Audubon). TOWNSEND'S Fox SPARROW. Plectrophanes townsendi Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), 4, pi. 424, fig. 7, 1838— "shores of the Columbia River, Oregon" [ = Fort Vancouver, Washington] (cf. Audubon, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 236, 1839) (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 144, 1920). Passerella iliaca townsendi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 392, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 144, 1920 (monog.); Willett, Condor, 23, p. 36, 1921 (range); Bailey, Auk, 44, p. 361, 1927— shores of Glacier Bay and outer Beardslee Island, Alaska. Range. — Breeds in the southern coast district of Alaska (main- land and islands) from Glacier Bay and Lynn Canal south over the Alexander Archipelago to Forrester Island, also on the Queen Charlotte Islands; winters on the coast of Oregon and of California from Humboldt County south to Santa Cruz County; accidental in Arizona. lFringilla meruloides Vigors (Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. 19, 1839), based on a winter bird taken at Monterey, which is no longer extant (cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 310, 1932), has been applied by Grinnell (Condor, 4, p. 45, 1902; I.e., 10, p. 238, 1908) to this form, and while this author still holds to its acceptance, we are rather inclined to follow Swarth in rejecting it as being —to say the least — somewhat uncertain, since no less than five different races of Fox Sparrow have been found during winter at Monterey. 590 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway. SOOTY Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca fuliginosa Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 36, Jan., 1899 — Neah Bay, Washington (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Auk, 17, p. 30, 1900— from south side of Dixon Entrance to northwestern Washington; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 394, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 149, 1920 (monog.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 261, 1922 — Stikine region, southeastern Alaska (crit.). Range. — Breeds from the mainland of southeastern Alaska south along the coast of British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, to northwestern Washington; winters south from Vancouver Island to central California, rarely to the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California. 7: Washington (Jefferson County, 3); Oregon (Tillamook, 4). *Passerella iliaca schistacea Baird. SLATE-COLORED Fox SPARROW. Passerella schistacea Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 490, 1858— "Head of the Platte"=south fork of Platte River, about 25 miles east of the northeastern corner of Colorado, in Nebraska1 (type in U. S. National Museum). Passerella iliaca schistacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 395, 1901— part, excl. of California and Oregon (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 152, 1920 (monog.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 178, 1928— Lower California. Range. — Breeds in mountains of the Great Basin District from extreme southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta south to Nevada and probably eastern Wyoming; winters south to southern California, northern Lower California, southern Arizona, and New Mexico. 5: Washington (Pullman, 1); California (Nicasio, 1; San Dimas, 3). Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth.2 WARNER MOUNTAINS Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 162, Dec. 30, 1918— Sugar Hill, Warner Mountains, Modoc County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. 1 The specimens from Fort Tejon, California, mentioned by Baird, belong to another form. About the exact type locality — taken from the fourth edition of the A. 0. U. Check List— the critical remarks by Swarth (1920, pp. 153-154) should be consulted. 2 Passerella iliaca fulva Swarth: Bill intermediate in size between P. i. schistacea and P. i. mariposae, about the same size as in P. i. monoensis, but more slender and attenuated than the short, but rather heavy bill of that race; coloration about as in P. i. schistacea, hence more brownish than in mariposae and monoensis; wing and tail somewhat shorter than in mariposae, about the same as in schistacea (Swarth, I.e.). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 591 Zool., 21, p. 158, 1920 (monog.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 178, 1928— Sierra Juarez, Lower California; idem, Dixon, and Linsdale, I.e., 35, p. 440, 1930— Butte Lake, Lassen Peak region, California (crit.). Passerella iliaca schistacea (not of Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 395, 1901 — part, northeastern California and Oregon. Range, — Breeds in extreme northeastern California (mountains of Modoc and Lassen counties) and north in Oregon east of the Cascades to Crook County; winters in Los Angeles County, Cali- fornia, and in northern Lower California (one record from Laguna Hanson, Sierra Juarez). *Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Baird. THICK-BILLED Fox SPARROW. Passerella megarhynchus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 925, 1858— Fort Tejon [Kern County, Cali- fornia] (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 311, 1932). Passerella iliaca megarhyncha Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 397, 1901— California (in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 178, 1928— Lower California. Passerella iliaca megarhynchus Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 161, 1920 (monog.). Range. — Breeding range unknown; winters in California, west of the high Sierras, from Tehama County south to the Mexican boundary and in northwestern Lower California. 3: California (San Dimas, 1; San Antonio, 1; Nicasio, 1). *Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard.1 TRINITY Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard, Condor, 20, p. 139, July 22, 1918 — half a mile south of South Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County, Cali- fornia (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 9, p. 291, 1919— Mount Sanhedrin; Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 165, 1920 (monog.); Clark, Condor, 34, p. 113, 1932— Snow Mountain, Black Butte, etc., California (breeding). Range. — Breeds in the inner northern Coast ranges of California from North Yolla Bolly Mountain, Trinity County, south to Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino County, and Snow Mountain, Colusa County; winters in the coast district from Marin and Napa counties south to Los Angeles County. 1: California (Nicasio, 1). 1 Passerella iliaca brevicauda Mailliard: Agreeing with P. i. stephensi in enor- mous development of bill, but general coloration decidedly brownish instead of grayish; tail rather shorter; claws weaker; bill somewhat differently shaped (after Mailliard and Swarth, I.e.). 592 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth.1 INYO Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 163, Dec. 30, 1918 — Wyman Creek, east slope of White Mountains, Inyo County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 169, 1920 (monog.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 178, 1928— Lower California. Passerella iliaca schistacea (not of Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 395, 1901— part, White Mountains, California. Range. — Breeds in the White Mountains of Inyo and Mono counties, California; winters in southern California and northern Lower California. Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer.2 MONO Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer, Condor, 19, p. 165, Sept. 25, 1917 — Mono Lake Post Office, Mono County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 170, 1920 (monog.); Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 178, 1928— Lower California. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (not of Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 397, 1901 — part, Sierra Nevada, California (in part). Range. — Breeds on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Mono Lake and possibly in the Panamint Mountains, California; winters in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in southern California (west of the deserts), and in northern Lower California. *Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth.3 YOSEMITE Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 31, p. 161, Dec. 30, 1918 — near Chinquapin, Yosemite Park, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 173, 1921 (monog.); Mailliard, Condor, 23, p. 73, 1921— Lake Tahoe (nesting habits); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 178, 1928— Lower Cali- fornia. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (not of Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 397, 1901 — part, Sierra Nevada, California (in part). 1 Passerella iliaca canescens Swarth: Most similar to P. i. schistacea, but decidedly more grayish in coloration (Swarth, I.e.). 2 Passerella iliaca monoensis Grinnell and Storer: Similar in bill-character to P. i. fulva, but coloration distinctly grayish. Not unlike P. i. canescens and P. t. mariposae in color, but structure of bill intermediate between the two (Swarth, I.e.). 3 Passerella iliaca mariposae Swarth: Similar in grayish coloration to the two foregoing races, but in bill-structure approaching P. i. megarhyncha and P. i. stephensi. Compared to the first-named, the bill is relatively longer, with more attenuated tip, being just the same shape as in stephensi, but smaller. P. i. mari- posae is closely similar to stephensi, save for the smaller bill, and differs from P. i. monoensis by its larger bill. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 593 Range. — Breeds in the northern and central Sierra Nevada of California from the vicinity of Mount Shasta south to Kearsarge Pass, Inyo County; winters in southern California and northern Lower California. 3: California (Blue Canyon, 2; Fyffe, 1). *Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony. STEPHENS' Fox SPARROW. Passerella iliaca stephensi Anthony, Auk, 12, p. 348, Oct., 1895— San Jacinto Mountains [Tahquitz Valley], California (type in coll. of A. W. Anthony, now in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; cf. Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 18, p. 363, 1928, and Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 312, 1932); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 398, 1901 (monog., bibliog.); Grinnell, Auk, 22, p. 388, 1905— Mount Pinos and Sawmill Mountain, Cali- fornia (crit.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 21, p. 176, 1920 (monog.); Pierce, Condor, 23, p. 80, 1921 — San Bernardino Mountains (nest and eggs descr.). Range. — Breeds in the southern Sierra Nevada of California from Horse Corral Meadow, Fresno County, south through Tulare County, also on Mount Pinos, Ventura County, and in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains, southern California; winters in southern California (Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties). 6: California (Big Bear Valley, 4; Mount Pinos, 1; Lytle Creek Canyon, 1). Genus MELOSPIZA Baird1 Melospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 476, 1858 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla melodia Wilson. Helospiza Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 476, 1858 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla palustris Wilson = Fringilla georgiana Latham. *Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii (Audubon). LINCOLN'S SPARROW. Fringilla lincolnii Audubon, Bds. Amer. (folio), 2, pi. 193, 1834; idem, Orn. Biogr., 2, p. 539, 1834 — Labrador [=near the mouth of the Natashquan River, Quebec] (type obviously lost; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 16, 1899). Melospiza lincolni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 698, 1888— part, Fort Simpson, Lake of Woods (Manitoba), Colville, etc. Melospiza lincolnii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 379, 1901 (monog., in part). According to Linsdale (Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 30, pp. 366-368, 1928), this genus is not separable from Passerella, and if we admit it here it is solely out of deference to the A. O. U. Check List. The material in Field Museum has not been examined by the author. 594 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza lincolnii lincolnii Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 177, 1928— Lower California. Passerella lincolnii lincolnii Miller and McCabe, Condor, 37, pp. 146, 158, 1935 (crit., breeding and winter ranges). Range. — Transcontinental Boreal area from the Kowak and Yukon valleys in Alaska, the interior of British Columbia (from the Cariboo district north to the Skeena River), and northern Mackenzie east through northern Alberta, Manitoba, northern Minnesota, and Ontario to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and northern New York; winters throughout the western United States, chiefly in California, Arizona, and Lower California1 (after Miller and McCabe). 73: British Columbia (Sumas, 1) ; Saskatchewan (Moose Jaw, Lake Johnston, 4); Ontario (Quetico Park, 1); Wisconsin (Milton, 1; Lac Vieux Desert, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 3; Grand Chain, 2; Grand Tower, 1; Villa Ridge, 3; Henry, 1; Joliet, 1; Waukegan, 1; Warsaw, 1; Calumet Lake, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 3; Fort Verde, 2); Texas (Corpus Christi, 20; Fort Worth, 2; Ingram, 2; Laredo, 1; Novasota, 1; unspecified, 1); Mississippi (Holly Springs, 8; Vicks- burg, 1); Arkansas (Winslow, 1); California (Nicasio, 1; Palo Alto, 3; San Gregorio, 1; Sansevaine Flats, 1; Carmel, 1); Lower California (Comondu, 2). Melospiza lincolnii gracilis (Kittlitz).2 FORBUSH'S SPARROW. Emberiza (Zonotrichia) gracilis Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise Russ. Amer., Mikron. und Kamts., 1, p. 199, 1858— Sitka, Alaska (June 25 and July 15) (type probably in Leningrad Museum). Melospiza lincolni striata Brewster, Auk, 6, p. 89, April, 1889 — Comox, British Columbia (cotypes in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 387, 1930); Grinnell, Auk, 21, p. 274, 1904 (crit.). 1 Winters probably also farther south in Mexico, as well as in Guatemala, whence M. I. lincolnii has variously been recorded (cf. Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 89, 1911— San Fernando, Alta Mira, Matamoros, Galindo, and Santa Leonor, Tamau- lipas; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 485, 1927— Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 303, 1931— Sonora; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 419, 1934— Coyuca and Chilpancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 489, 1934 — Sonora and Chihua- hua). These specimens may, however — at least in part — belong to the then undescribed M. I. alticola. 2 The name "Emberiza spinoletta, Kittl." is said by Finsch (Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 3, p. 46, 1872) to occur on one of Brandt's unpublished (cf. Finsch, I.e., p. 44, in text of Melospiza guttata) plates intended for the continuation of his "Descr. et Icon. Anim. Ross. Nov.," of which only a single part, consisting of 64 pages of text and six plates dealing with ducks, geese, and swans, was issued in 1836. While it has no standing under the Rules, it probably refers to the same specimen subsequently named E. gracilis by Kittlitz. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 595 Melospiza lincolnii gracilis Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. 42, 1906 (crit.); Willett, Condor, 16, p. 87, 1914— Sitka (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 231, 1909— Chichagof and Baranof Islands, Alaska (crit.); idem, I.e., 32, p. 177, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 303, 1931— Tecoripa and George Island, Sonora; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 489, 1934— Oposura and Nacozari, Sonora. Passerella lincolnii gracilis Miller and McCabe, Condor, 37, pp. 151, 158, 1935 (crit., breeding and winter ranges). Range. — Breeds in the southern Alaskan Archipelago south to the Queen Charlotte Islands, and east to the mainland coast and the large river valleys and inlets; winters chiefly in California, northern Lower California, and Sonora.1 *Melospiza lincolnii alticola (Miller and McCabe).2 MONTANE SPARROW. Passerella lincolnii alticola Miller and McCabe, Condor, 37, pp. 156, 159, May, 1935 — Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Range. — Breeds in the higher mountain ranges of the coast, Great Basin, and Rocky Mountains from Montana, Idaho, and Oregon south to New Mexico (Pecos Baldy), Arizona (White Moun- tains), and California (San Jacinto Mountains); winters in the southwestern United States, in Mexico, and in Guatemala (after Miller and McCabe). 18: Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4 ; Denver, 1 ; Sunset, 1 ; Routt County, 1 ; Fremont County, 1; unspecified, 1); California (Big Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, 1); Mexico (near Minaca, Chihuahua, 2; Tampico, Tamaulipas,. 2; Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, 1; Aldama, Tamaulipas, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 1); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 1). *Melospiza georgiana (Latham). SWAMP SPARROW. Fringilla georgiana Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 460, 1790 — Georgia. Fringilla paluslris Wilson, Amer. Orn., 3, p. 49, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1811— Penn- sylvania (type in Peale's Museum, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 387, 1930). Passerculus caboti Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, pi. 46, fig. 9, 1874— Nahant, Massachusetts (type in U. S. National Museum ; = young). 1 Guatemalan specimens, recorded by Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 364, 1932) as A/. /. striata need re-examination. They may be referable to the recently described M. I. alticola. 2 Melospiza lincolnii alticola (Miller and McCabe): Similar to M. I. lincolnii, but with slightly longer wings and tail; upper parts more brownish, less ruddy, with the dusky streaks on average narrower (Miller and McCabe, I.e.). 596 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza georgiana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 697, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 382, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in North America, from western Alberta, central Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, southern Quebec, and Newfoundland south to Nebraska, northern Missouri, northern Illinois, West Virginia (mountains), southern Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; winters from Nebraska, the Ohio Valley, and New Jersey south to the Gulf coast from southern Florida to Texas, Tamaulipas, and Jalisco, Mexico. 160: Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Cambridge, 3; Chatham, 1; Brookline, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 25); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 2; Suffolk County, 1; King's County, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 3); Indiana (Salamonia, 1); Illinois (Grand Chain, 8; Chicago, 9; Joliet, 3; Grand Tower, 1; Fox Lake, 1; Deerfield, 1; Lake Forest, 1; Highland Park, 1; Brainerd, 1; Waukegan, 1; Wolf Lake, 1; Mud Lake, 3; Auburn Park, 1); Wis- consin (Fox Lake, 4; Beaver Dam, 10); Texas (Brownsville, 2; High- land, 1; Jefferson County, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 1; New Orleans, 17; Chef Menteur, 17) ; Mississippi (Holly Springs, 3) ; Georgia (Mclntosh County, 2); North Carolina (Raleigh, 4); Florida (Wilson, 9; Jupiter, 1; Palm Beach, 1; Banana River, 3; Gainesville, 2; Nassau County, 3; Rosewood, 2; Santa Rosa Island, 3; Puntarasa, 1; East Pass, 1). *Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson). EASTERN SONG SPARROW. Fringillafasciata (not of P. L. S. Miiller, 1776) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 922, 1789— based on "Fasciated Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 376; New York.1 Fringilla melodia Wilson, Amer. Orn., 2, p. 125, pi. 16, fig. 4, 1810 — "from Canada to the southern boundaries of Georgia"2 (type in Peale's Museum, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 386, 1930). (t)Melospiza melodia acadica Thayer and Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 5, p. 67, May 29, 1914 — Wolfville, Nova Scotia (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 386, 1930 (crit.).3 1 Fringilla hiemalis Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [2], p. 922, 1789— based on "Winter Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 376; New York) does not seem to be identi- fiable with certainty. 2 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, suggested as type locality by Todd (Auk, 47, p. 257, 1930). 3 Nova Scotia birds have been separated on account of their very dark and rich coloration of the upper parts with chestnut predominating, and reduced yellowish or grayish edgings; very broad and dark chestnut lateral crown stripes; 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 597 Melospiza cinerea melodia Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 354, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., in part). Range.— Breeds in northern North America from southern Mac- kenzie (Great Slave Lake), northern Manitoba and Ontario, southern Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to southern Virginia and northern Georgia; winters from Massachusetts and New Jersey south to southern Florida and the Gulf coast, and sporadically north to Nova Scotia and Labrador. 150: Maine (New Vineyard, 2; Bangor, 1); Rhode Island (Fruit Hill, 1; Bristol, 1); Massachusetts (Cambridge, 3; Yarmouth, 2; Great Island, 2; Newton, 1; Taunton, 1); Connecticut (East Hart- ford, 14; Stamford, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 8; Peterboro, 2; King's County, 2; Auburn, 2; Boonville, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 9); Indiana (Bluff ton, 1; Salamonia, 1; Liverpool, 5); Michigan (Ann Arbor, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, 5; Worth, 3; Fox Lake, 3; Chicago, 8; Lake Forest, 3; Deerfield, 2; Hegewisch, 4; Wolf Lake, 3; Mud Lake, 1 ; Highland Park, 1 ; Joliet, 1 ; Lewistown, 1 ; Des Plaines, 1 ; Glencoe, 1; Mound City, 1; Lavergne, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 37; Fox Lake, 2; Milton, 1; Woodruff, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 5); Florida (Gainesville, 3; Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 1). Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd.1 ATLANTIC SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd, Auk, 41, p. 147, Jan. 10, 1924 — Smith's Island [Northampton County], Virginia (type in U. S. National Museum); Wayne, Auk, 41, p. 484, 1924— coast of South Carolina, near Charleston (winter); Wetmore, Auk, 44, p. 256, 1927— near Ocean City, Maryland (breeding; crit.); idem, Auk, 53, p. 223, 1936 — lower part of Chesapeake Bay (breeding). Range. — Atlantic coastal islands and edge of the mainland of the eastern United States from New York (Long Island) to South Carolina (Charleston). Melospiza melodia euphonia Wetmore.2 ALLEGHENY SONG SPARROW. inconspicuous grayish central crown stripe; and slightly smaller, slenderer bills. Mr. T9dd (Auk, 47, p. 257, 1930), as well as the A. O. U. Check List, refuses to recognize M. m. acadica, but as the late Outram Bangs maintained its distinctness, the matter obviously requires further investigation. 1 Melospiza melodia atlantica Todd: Similar to the nominate race, but with larger, heavier bill; coloration above much grayer, with the blackish streaking more distinct, and the reddish and brown feather-edgings reduced to a minimum; more closely resembling M. m. juddi, but even more grayish above. Wing (male), 67; tail, 65; bill, 12. 1 Melospiza melodia euphonia Wetmore: Similar to M. m. melodia, but distinctly darker above, being grayer, with the dusky markings more pronounced; sides of head grayer, less buffy or brown; tail on average darker. 598 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza melodia euphonia Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 97, No. 17, p. 1, Sept. 26, 1936 — Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas County, West Virginia (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza melodia beata (not of Bangs) Todd, Auk, 47, p. 257, 1930— southern Alleghenies. Range. — Breeds in the mountain ranges of eastern North America from New York (Canandaigua Lake) to North Carolina. *Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop.1 DAKOTA SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata juddi Bishop, Auk, 13, p. 132, April, 1896 — Rock Lake, Towner County, North Dakota (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop). Melospiza cinerea juddi Bent, Auk, 25, p. 31, 1908— southwestern Saskatch- ewan, Canada. Melospiza melodia juddi Ferry, Auk, 27, p. 202, 1910 — Saskatchewan (Prince Albert, Quill Lake); Rowan, Auk, 39, p. 230, 1922 — Indian Bay, Mani- toba; Gabrielson and Jewett, Auk, 41, p. 301, 1924— Fort Clark, North Dakota. Melospiza melodia beata Bangs, Proc. N. Eng. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 87, June 5, 1912 — Enterprise, Florida (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Wetmore, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 97, No. 17, p. 2, 1936 (crit.). Range. — Breeds in the Great Plains of North America, from southwestern Saskatchewan and eastern Montana to the Turtle Mountains, North Dakota; in winter south to Texas, New Mexico, and Florida (Enterprise). 3: Texas (Ingram, 2; Giddings, 1). *Melospiza melodia fallax (Baird). MOUNTAIN SONG SPARROW. Zonotrichia fallax Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, No. 3, May-June, p. 119, pub. July 3, 1854 — Pueblo Creek, "New Mexico" [= Arizona] (type in U. S. National Museum).2 Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw, Auk, 1, p. 224, July, 1884— Fort Bridger, "Utah" [= Wyoming] (type in U. S. National Museum); Taylor, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 399, 1912 — northern Nevada (nest descr.). Melospiza cinerea montana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 358, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., in part). Melospiza melodia fallax Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 269 (in text), 1909 (crit.); idem, I.e., 12, p. 173, 1914 — Colorado Valley in winter (crit.); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 490, 1934 — Chihuahua and 25 miles south of San Pedro, Chihuahua, Mexico. 1 Melospiza melodia juddi Bishop: Similar to M. m. melodia, but upper parts, especially the superciliary streak and sides of neck, paler, with the blackish streak- ing broader and the reddish brown edging narrower, and under parts clearer white, with the dusky pectoral markings more sharply defined. 1 The type proved to be a migratory individual of the form subsequently named M. m. montana, as has been demonstrated by Grinnell. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 599 Range.— Breeds in the Rocky Mountains from western Montana to northeastern Oregon and south to Utah, northern New Mexico, and southern Nevada; winters from Montana to western Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, Arizona, and southeastern California. 17: Oregon (Baker County, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4; Windsor, 2; Hot Sulphur Springs, 1; Platte Canyon, 1; Loveland, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 4; Prescott, 1); New Mexico (Mesilla, 1; Deming, 1). Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser.1 MODOC SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 251, Dec. 23, 1911 — Honey Lake, near Milford, California (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza cinerea montana (not of Henshaw) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 358, 1901 (monog., in part). Range. — Breeds in the Rocky Mountains from southeastern Oregon, northeastern Nevada, and southwestern Idaho south through eastern California to Owens Valley, and west to Shasta County; winters in California. *Melospiza melodia merrilli Brewster. MERRILL'S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata merrilli Brewster, Auk, 13, p. 46, Jan., 1896 — Fort Sherman, Idaho (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 387, 1930). Melospiza fasciata ingersolli McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Cl., 1, p. 35, March 15, 1899— Battle Creek [Tehama County], California (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 312, 1932). Melospiza cinerea merrilli Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 361, 1901 (monog., full bibliog., in part). Range. — Breeds in northwestern Idaho and eastern Washington, northwestern United States; winters through California, in eastern Oregon, Arizona, and New Mexico. 7: Washington (Pullman, 6; Prescott, 1). * Melospiza melodia sanaka McGregor. ALEUTIAN SONG SPARROW. Fringilla cinerea (not of Meuschen, 1787) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 922, 1789— based on "Cinereous Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 378; Una- laschka (cf. Richmond, Auk, 25, p. 380, 1908). 1 Melospiza melodia fisherella Oberholser: Not unlike M. m. fallax, but upper parts darker; streaks on under parts more blackish brown; wing shorter; bill heavier; 600 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza sanaka McGregor, Condor, 3, No. 1, p. 8, Jan. 15, 1901 — Sanak Island, Alaska (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Melospiza cinerea semidiensis Brooks, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 7, p. 27, Nov. 4, 1919— North Semidi Island, Semidi Islands, Alaska (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Melospiza cinerea cinerea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 377, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Melospiza melodia sanaka Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 32, p. 21, 1912 — Aleutian Islands; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 411, 1915— Semidi Islands; Hanna, Auk, 33, p. 401, 1916— St. George Island, Pribilof Islands (Oct. 28 and Dec. 21); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. F., 26, p. 96, 1923— Pribilof Islands (ex Hanna); Laing, Victoria Mem. Mus., Bull., 40, p. 38, 1925— Unalaska, Atka, Adak, Kiska, and Attu Islands, Aleutians; Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 53, 1934 — Akutan and Unalaska, Aleu- tian Islands (breeding). Range. — Semidi and Shumagin Islands, adjacent parts of Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands (Unalaska, Atka, Akutan, Adak, Kiska, and Attu), and Pribilof Islands (St. George Island).1 3: Alaska (Unalaska, 3). Melospiza melodia insignis Baird. BISCHOFF'S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza insignis Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, Part 2, p. 319, pi. 29, fig. 2, 1869 — Kodiak Island, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); Richmond, Auk, 12, p. 144, 1895 (crit., syn., eggs descr.). Melospiza cinerea insignis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 376, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Melospiza melodia insignis Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 53, 1934 — Sitkalidak Island. Range. — Kodiak Island, Alaska, and adjacent coast of the Alaska Peninsula. Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Ridgway. KENAI SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia kenaiensis Ridgway, Auk, 17, p. 29, Jan., 1900 — Port Graham, Cook's Inlet, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 395, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 402, pi. 33, 1910— Prince William Sound region, Alaska (crit., nest, and eggs descr.). Range. — Coast of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from the east side of Cook Inlet to Prince William Sound. similar also to M. m. hermanni, but larger; upper surface paler, less rufescent; streaks underneath more brownish. Wing (male, type), 66; tail, 66; bill, 12. 1 Specimens from the Semidi Islands are stated to approach M. m. insignis in the coloration of the under parts. They were described as M. c. semidiensis, but that form was subsequently abandoned by the describer himself. Bangs (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 387, 1930) lists it, however, as a valid form without comment. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 601 *Melospiza melodia caurina Ridgway. YAKUTAT SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciaia caurina Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 36, Jan., 1899— Yakutat, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza cinerea caurina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 375, 1901— coast of St. Elias district, Alaska (monog.). Melospiza melodia caurina Grinnell, Condor, 12, p. 174, 1910 — Humboldt Bay, California (winter); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 90, 1911— Alexander Archipelago, Alaska (crit.); idem, Condor, 14, p. 73, 1912— Juneau, Alaska (wintering); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 259, 1922— Sergief Island, Alaska. Range. — Coast of southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay; winters from Alaska (Juneau) to San Francisco Bay, California. 2: Alaska (Wrangell, 2). *Melospiza melodia rufina (Bonaparte). SOOTY SONG SPARROW. Passerella rufina Bonaparte,1 Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 477, 1850 — Sitka, Alaska (location of type not stated). Melospiza cinerea rufina Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 373, 1901— part, southern Alaska (islands and coast). Melospiza melodia rufina Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 229, 1909 — part, Chichagof and Baranof Islands, Alaska; Swarth, I.e., 7, p. 89, 1911 — part, Kuiu, Prince of Wales, Warren, and Duke Islands, Alaska; idem, Condor, 25, pp. 216, 221, 1923 (crit., range). Melospiza melodia kwaisa Gumming, The Murrelet, 14, No. 3, p. 78, Sept., 1933 — Langara Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia (type in coll. of R. A. Gumming). Range. — Southeastern Alaska, on the western islands of the Alexander Archipelago (from Chichagof to Forrester, Duke, and other small islands) and the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.2 5: British Columbia (Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, 1; Okanagan, 3; Sumas, 1). *Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser. RUSTY SONG SPARROW. Fringilla guttata (not of Vieillot, 1817) Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 2nd ed., 1, p. 581, 1840 — "woody districts of the Columbia . . . south to 1 Emberiza rufina Brandt, "Orn. Ross., t. 2, 5," quoted by Bonaparte, is ob- viously a manuscript name. According to Finsch (Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 3, p. 44, in text of Melospiza guttata}, the name does not occur in Brandt's un- published plates. Cf. also footnote 2, page 594. 2 Birds from the Queen Charlotte Islands have lately been separated as M. m. kwaisa on account of less ruddy coloration with less defined grayish median crown stripe, but as pointed out by Swarth (I.e., p. 217) they simply show the characters of rufina in their extreme development and exhibit less individual varia- 602 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Upper California" (type, from the Columbia River [=Fort Vancouver, Washington], in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 19, 1899). Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser, Auk, 16, p. 183, April, 1899 — new name for Fringilla guttata Nuttall, preoccupied. Melospiza cinerea phaea Fisher, Condor, 4, p. 36, March, 1902 — Gardiner, mouth of Umpqua River, Oregon (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Melospiza melodia inexspectata Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 234, Nov. 28, 1911— three miles east of Moose Lake, British Columbia (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Canad. Alpine Journ., 1912, Spec. No., p. 68 — three miles east of Moose Lake and Yellowhead Pass, British Columbia, and Henry House, Alberta; Oberholser, -Auk, 25, p. 187, 1918 (crit.). Melospiza cinerea morphna Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 372, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Melospiza cinerea rufina (not Passerella rufina Bonaparte) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 373, 1901— part, coast of British Columbia and Washington. Melospiza melodia rufina Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 229, 1909 — part, Admiralty Island, Glacier Bay, and Thomas Bay, Alaska; Swarth, I.e., 7, p. 89, 1911 — part, Boca de Quadra, Chikamin River, Etolin Island, Thomas Bay, Port Snettisham, and Taku River, Alaska; idem, I.e., 10, p. 60, 1912— Vancouver Island (crit.); idem, I.e., 24, p. 255, 1922— Sergief Island, Alaska, and Stikine Valley (Telegraph Creek, Dochda-on Creek, Flood Glacier), British Columbia. Melospiza melodia morphna Swarth, Condor, 25, pp. 216, 221, 1923 (crit., syn., range); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 356, 1924 — Hazelton and Kispiox Valley, Skeena River region, British Columbia. Range. — Eastern islands of the Alexander Archipelago (Admi- ralty, Wrangell, Revillagigedo, etc.) and the adjacent mainland coast of Alaska, from Glacier Bay southward throughout British Columbia (except the extreme northern and northeastern sections), Vancouver Island, and western Washington to Oregon (to Jackson County and Goldbeach, Curry County); in winter casually as far as Riverside County, California.1 31: Washington (Tacoma, 1; Clallam, 2; San Juan Island, 1); Oregon (Logan, 9; Eagle Point, 4; Salem, 2; Tillamook, 2; McCoy, 1; Newport, 1; Portland, 1; Netarts, 1; Yaquina Bay, 1; Jackson County, 1; Linn County, 1); California (Nicasio, 2; Enterprise, 1). tion than the inhabitants of the Alexander Archipelago, where the range of M. m. morphna is approached. Osgood (N. Amer. F., 21, p. 48, 1901) did not see any reason for their subspecific segregation either. *As has been demonstrated by Swarth (Condor, 25, pp. 218-221, 1923), neither M. c. phaea nor M. m. inexspectata can be satisfactorily separated from M. m. morphna. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 603 *Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor. MENDOCINO SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia cleonensis McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Cl., 1, No. 5, p. 87, Sept. 15, 1899 — Westport, Mendocino County, California (type in coll. of R. C. McGregor, now in Dwight Collection, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 312, 1932). Melospiza cinerea cleonensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 371, 1901 (monog.). Range.— Coast belt of northwestern California from Del Norte County to Mendocino County; casually to Olema, Marin County, and to Curry County, Oregon. 1: California (Eureka, 1). *Melospiza melodia samuelis (Baird). SAMUEL'S SONG SPARROW. Ammodramus samuelis Baird, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 6, p. 379, August, 1858— Petaluma, Sonoma County, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 313, 1932). Melospiza gouldii Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 479, 1858— "California" (type in U. S. National Mu- seum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 312, 1932). Melospiza melodia gouldii Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 267, 1909— Marin and Sonoma counties, California (crit.). Melospiza melodia santaecrucis Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 92, July, 1901 — San Francisquito Creek, near Palo Alto, California (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 313, 1932). Melospiza cinerea samuelis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 369, 1901 (monog.). Range. — Pacific slope of middle California from southern Mendo- cino County to the Sur River, Monterey County, and east to Solano and Yolo counties, Berkeley, and the Santa Clara Valley.1 32: California (Palo Alto, 8; Monterey County, 2; Alameda County, 2; San Jose", 2; Los Gatos, 2; Hayward, 5; Santa Cruz, 1; San Francisco, 2; Sausalito, 1; Nicasio, 5; Berryessa, 1; San Gre- gorio, 1). 1 Grinnell subdivides this form into three races, limiting M. m. samuelis to the salt marshes on the north side of San Francisco Bay and the southern side of San Pablo Bay, while the birds from Marin and Sonoma counties are separated as M. m. gouldii (suggested type locality, five miles west of Inverness, toward Point Reyes, Marin County) and those from the Santa Cruz Mountain region as M. m. santaecrucis. The first-named (gouldii) is stated to differ by browner colora- tion, whereas M. m. santaecrucis approaches M. m. cooperi, but may be distin- guished by smaller size, weaker bill, and greater extent and intensity of the brown markings. The A. O. U. Check List does not consider either as worthy of formal recognition. 604 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell.1 SUISUN SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 265, April 9, 1909 — tule marsh west of Suisun, Solano County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Range. — Lowlands surrounding Suisun Bay, west-central Cali- fornia from Benicia and Port Costa east to the vicinity of the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. 4: California (Suisun, 4). *Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell.2 MODESTO SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 7, p. 197, Feb. 18, 1911 — Rancho Dos Rios, near Modesto, Stanislaus County, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Range. — Sacramento and lower San Joaquin valleys of Cali- fornia (except the vicinity of Suisun Bay) south from Tehama County to Stanislaus County. 1: California (Marysville, 1). Melospiza melodia pusillula Ridgway. ALAMEDA SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata pusillula Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 35, Jan., 1899 — [west of Hayward], Alameda County, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 313, 1932). Melospiza cinerea pusillula Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 370, 1901 (monog.). Range. — Salt marshes around the south arm of San Francisco Bay, California, from Islais Marsh, San Francisco County, to Richmond, Contra Costa County. *Melospiza melodia heermanni Baird. HEERMANN'S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza heermanni Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 478, 1858— Tejon Valley, California (in winter) (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 314, 1932); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 266 (in text), 1909— upper San Joaquin Valley, California (crit.). Melospiza cinerea heermanni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 364, 1901 (monog., bibliog.). 1 Melospiza melodia maxillaris Grinnell: Differs from M. m. samuelis in having the brown markings more extended and of a deeper tone (bay rather than hazel), much greater size, and bulkier bill. 2 Melospiza melodia mailliardi Grinnell: Similar in size and broad, dark mark- ings to M. m. maxillaris, but bill, though of the same length, much narrower, especially when viewed from above. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 605 Range.— Upper San Joaquin Valley, California, from Merced County to Kern County. 2: California (Los Banos, 2). *Melospiza melodia cooperi Ridgway. SAN DIEGO SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata cooperi Ridgway, Auk, 16, p. 35, Jan., 1899 — San Diego, California (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza cinerea cooperi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 367, 1901 (monog., bibliog.). Melospiza melodia cooperi Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 98, 1908 — San Bernardino Mts., California; idem and Swarth, I.e., 10, p. 279, 1913— San Jacinto, southern California; Grinnell, I.e., 32, p. 175, 1928— Lower California. Range. — Coast district of southern California and northwestern Lower California, from Monterey County(?), Santa Barbara, and southern San Luis Obispo counties, south to lat. 30°. 17: California (Alhambra, 9; Riverside, 1; Claremont, 2; San Diego, 1; Corona, 1; Saticoy, 1; Santa Barbara, 1; Chula Vista, 1). Melospiza melodia graminea Townsend.1 SANTA BARBARA SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata graminea Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 139, Sept. 9, 1890— Santa Barbara Island, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Grinnell, Pub. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, p. 6, 1897— Santa Barbara Island. Melospiza cinerea graminea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 369, 1901 — part, Santa Barbara Island (monog.). Melospiza melodia graminea van Rossem, Condor, 26, p. 218, 1924 — Santa Barbara Island (crit.). Range. — Santa Barbara Island, California. *Melospiza melodia clementae Townsend.2 SAN CLEMENTE SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata clementae Townsend, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 13, p. 139, Sept. 9, 1890— San Clemente Island, California (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, I.e., p. 140, 1890— Santa Rosa Island; Grinnell, Pub. Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1, p. 18, 1897— San Clemente (habits, song). 1 Melospiza melodia graminea Townsend differs from the related races (corona- torum and clementae) by shorter wings and tail, and grayish (least brownish) coloration. From M. m. clementae it is furthermore distinguished by smaller bill, tarsi, and feet; from M. m. coronatorum by larger tarsi and feet (van Rossem, I.e.). 1 Melospiza melodia clementae Townsend: Similar in coloration to M. m. graminea, but browner, slightly grayer than coronatorum, and decidedly grayer than cooperi; pectoral spotting more diffused and narrower than in cooperi, and flanks grayer; size larger than the related races (van Rossem, I.e.). 606 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza cinerea clementae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 368, 1901 — part, San Clemente and Santa Rosa Islands. Melospiza cinerea graminea (not of Townsend) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 369, 1901— part, Santa Cruz Island. Melospiza melodia clementae van Rossem, Condor, 26, p. 219, 1924— part, San Clemente, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands (crit.). Range. — San Clemente, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands, California; accidental at Santa Barbara, California. 15: California (San Clemente Island, 15). Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell.1 SAN MIGUEL SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 41, p. 37, March 16, 1928— San Miguel Island, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley). Melospiza cinerea clementae (not of Townsend) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 368, 1901— part, San Miguel. Melospiza melodia clementae van Rossem, Condor, 26, p. 219, 1924 — part, San Miguel. Range. — San Miguel Island, California. Melospiza melodia coronatorum Grinnell and Daggett.2 CORO- NADOS SONG SPARROW. Melospiza coronatorum Grinnell and Daggett, Auk, 20, p. 34, Jan., 1903 — North Island, Los Coronados Islands, Lower California (type in coll. of J. Grinnell, now in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 175, 1928); Wright, Condor, 11, p. 100, 1909; Osburn, I.e., 11, p. 137, 1909. Melospiza melodia clementae (not of Townsend) McGregor, Bull. Cooper Orn. Cl., 1, p. 88, 1899— Los Coronados (crit.); Carpenter, Condor, 20, p. 124, 1918 (nest); Stephens, I.e., 23, p. 97, 1921— Los Coronados. Melospiza cinerea clementae Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 368, 1901 — part, Los Coronados Islands. Melospiza melodia coronatorum van Rossem, Condor, 26, p. 218, 1924 — Los Coronados (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 175, 1928— Los Coronados Islands. Range. — Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. 1 Melospiza melodia micronyx Grinnell : Nearest to M . m. graminea and M. m. clementae, but differs in broader and blacker streaking throughout; grayer upper parts, especially on the pileum; paler flanks; smaller claws; blunter wing; and slightly greater size (Grinnell, I.e.). 2 Melospiza melodia coronatorum Grinnell and Daggett is the brownest of all the insular races, and smallest in point of tarsi and feet; bill small as in graminea (van Rossem, I.e.). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 607 *Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell.1 DESERT SONG SPARROW. Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 268, April 9, 1909 — margin of Sal ton Sea, one mile southeast of Mecca, Colorado desert, California (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, I.e., 12, p. 174, 1914— Colorado Valley; idem, I.e., 32, p. 175, 1928— Colorado delta, Lower California; Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 328, 1929 — southern Arizona; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 302, 1931 — Saric and Magdalena, Sonora (breeding, crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 190, 1934— Oposura and Granados, Sonora (crit.). Melospiza cinerea fallax (not Zonotrichia fallax Baird) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 362, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Southwestern United States, from southern Nevada and southwestern Utah to southeastern California and southwestern Arizona, northeastern Lower California (Colorado delta), and northern Sonora, Mexico. 5: California (Fort Yuma, 1); Arizona (Phoenix, 2; Tucson, 1; Fairbank, 1). Melospiza melodia rivularis Bryant. BROWN'S SONG SPARROW. Melospiza fasciata rivularis Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (2), 1, p. 197, Sept. 29, 1888 — Comondu, Lower California (type formerly in the Cali- fornia Academy of Science, destroyed by fire); idem, I.e., (2), 2, p. 22, 1889 — Comondu (nest and eggs descr.). Melospiza cinerea rivularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 363, 1901 — southern Lower California (monog.). Melospiza melodia rivularis Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 176, 1928— Lower California. Range. — South-central Lower California from San Ignacio to Comondu. Melospiza melodia goldmani Nelson.2 DURANGO SONG SPARROW. Melospiza goldmani Nelson, Auk, 16, p. 29, Jan., 1899 — El Salto, Sierra Madre, western Durango, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza cinerea goldmani Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 366, 1901 — Durango (monog.). Range. — Mountains of western Durango, Mexico (El Salto, Sierra Madre). 1 Melospiza melodia saltonis Grinnell: Nearest to M. m. fallax, but very much paler throughout, the ground color being white ventrally and ashy dorsally, with streakings of pale hazel; superciliaries wholly white; general size much less. Wing (male), 59; tail, 67; bill, 10.'$ (Grinnell, I.e.). Birds from southeastern Arizona (near Fairbank and Patagonia) and northern Sonora are stated by authors to be darker and grayer than Colorado River specimens. 1 We are not acquainted with this race. 608 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Melospiza melodia pectoralis J. W. von Miiller. MEXICAN SONG SPARROW. Melospiza pectoralis J. W. von Miiller,1 Reisen Ver. St., Canada und Mexico, 3, p. 583, 1865 — Mexico (location of type unknown). Melospiza melodia var. mexicana Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Bds., 2, p. 18 (footnote), 1874 — Puebla, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza fallax (not Zonotrichia fallax Baird) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174— Valley of Mexico. Melospiza fasciata mexicana Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 144, 1886— Huexotitla, Puebla (crit.). Melospiza heermanni (not of Baird) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 388, 1886 — part, Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Puebla). Melospiza cinerea mexicana Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 365, 1901 — southern Mexico (monog., bibliog.). [Melospiza fasciata} subsp. /3 Melospiza heermanni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 704, 1888 — part, spec, h-o, Puebla, Mexico. Range. — Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in states of Puebla (Huexotitla), Hidalgo (Tulancingo), Tlaxcala (Apixaco), and Mexico (Lerma, Tlalpam, Volcan de Toluca, etc.). Melospiza melodia adusta Nelson.2 MICHOACAN SONG SPARROW. Melospiza adusta Nelson, Auk, 16, p. 28, Jan., 1899 — Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Melospiza cinerea adusta Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 366, 1901 — Michoacan (monog.). Range. — Southwestern edge of Mexican plateau, in State of Michoacan (Patzcuaro). Genus EMBERIZOIDES Temminck Emberizoides Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 19, text to pi. 114, Feb., 1822— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 43, 1840), Emberizoides marginalis Temminck= Sylvia herbicola Vieillot. Tardivola Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 281, July, 1837— type, by monotypy, "Tardivola sphenura" =Emberizoides marginalis Temminck. Chlorion (not of Latreille, 1802) Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 102, Tabl. Meth., p. 40, Jan., 1839— new name for Emberizoides Temminck. *Emberizoi'des herbicola herbicola (Vieillot). WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH. Sylvia herbicola Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 11, p. 192, June 21, 1817 — based on "Cola aguda encuentro amarillo" Azara, No. 230; Paraguay. 1 Muller's description agrees so minutely with specimens from Puebla that I do not see any reason why his name should not be adopted. 2 We are not acquainted with this race. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 609 Emberizoides marginalis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 19, pi. 114, fig. 2,1 Feb., 1822— "Bresil" (type, from Ypanema, Sao Paulo,5 in Leyden Museum). Sphenura fringillaris Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 42, Sept., 1823— Bahia, Brazil (type in Berlin Museum). Tardivola sphenura (not Passerina sphenura Vieillot, 1818) Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 281, July, 1837 — based on Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., pi. 114, fig. 2. Embernagra macroura (not Fringilla macroura Gmelin) d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., p. 285, 1839— Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Emberizoides macr(o)urus Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 15, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 225, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes.and Bahia, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860— near Parana, Entre Rfos; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 485, 1861— near Parana and in the northeastern district [of Argentina]; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899 — Pedras Brancas and Sao Lou- renco, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 167, 1899 — Cacho- eira, Sao Paulo; Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, p. 668 — Island Itaparica, Bahia; Iher- ing, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 388, 1907— part, Campos de Jordao (Sao Paulo) and Bahia; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 358, 1909— Alto Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Caminho do Couto and Morro Redondo, Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Emberizoides macroura Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 482, 1850 — Paraguay and Bolivia. Tardivola marginalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135, 1851 — Brazil. Emberizoides sphenurus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862 — Brazil and Bolivia; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 230, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Taubate\ Ypanema, Itarare), Parana (Cimeterio [do Lambari]), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba and [Villa Bella de] Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 404— Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Curvelho), Sao Paulo (Sorocaba, Batataes), and Rio de Janeiro (Taipu); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 607 — Bolivia; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 63, 1888 — Parana, Entre Rios. Emberizoides macrurus subsp. a Emberizoides herbicola Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 769, 1888— part, spec, d-1, Brazil (Pernambuco; Bahia; Ypanema, "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul) and Bolivia. Emberizoides herbicola Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 43, 1892— "Porto Real, Rio" (spec, examined); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 641 — Sapucay, Paraguay (nest descr.); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 100— Colonia Mihanovitch, Formosa, Argentina; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 434, 1914— Brazil and Bolivia. Emberizoides macrourus(a) herbicola Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 375, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, 1 Erroneously quoted as fig. 1 in the text. J According to the registers of the Vienna Museum. 610 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 145, 1902 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 388, 1907 — Cachoeira, Sao Paulo (spec, examined); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909— Santa Fe (Mocovi, Ocampo) and Misiones (Posadas); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Paraguay (Mondaih, Encarnaci6n). Emberizoides macrourus itarareus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 389, 1907 — Batataes, Bauru, and Itarare, Sao Paulo (type in Museu Paulista examined; = worn plumage). (?) Emberizoides macrourus ypiranganus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 390, 1907 — Ypiranga, Sao Paulo (type in Museu Paulista examined). Emberizoides herbicola herbicola Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 36, 1908 — Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 394, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 23, p. 367, 1912 — Mburero, Paraguay; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 318, 1928— Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya; Naumburg, I.e., 60, p. 358, 1930 — Matto Grosso; Laub- mann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 257, 1930— San Jose, Formosa. Emberizoides maerurus [sic] herbicolus Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 82, 1910— Pao d'Alho, near Recife, Pernambuco. Range. — Eastern Bolivia (San Antonio, La Paz; Santa Cruz de la Sierra); southern half of Brazil, from Pernambuco, Bahia, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (Colonia Mihanovitch and San Jose, Formosa; Ocampo and Mocovi, Santa F6"; Parana, Entre Rios; Posadas, Misiones).1 3: Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Rio Sao Miguel, Goyaz, 2). 1 Birds from Brazil agree well with others from Argentina (Santa Fe and Misiones), which in default of to po typical Paraguayan skins are taken to represent E. h. herbicola. Two adults from Bolivia do not seem to be separable either. As we have shown in another connection (Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 105-106, 1912), two of the supposed races discriminated by the late H. von Ihering among Sao Paulo birds are attributable to seasonal dif- ferences, his E. m. herbicola (from Cachoeira) being the worn breeding garb, E. m. itarareus the freshly molted plumage. The type of the third form, E. m. ypiran- ganus, from Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, is remarkably small (wing, 65; tail, 92), and much more broadly marked with deeper black on the upper parts than any other speci- men we have seen. Still we cannot believe in its distinctness, since it was obtained in the heart of the range of E. h. herbicola, and is, furthermore, recorded by Ihering from the Campo de Jordao, Serra do Itatiaya, where the typical race has also been found. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Pao d'Alho, Recife, Pernambuco, 2; Bahia, 4; "Porto Real, Rio," 1; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, Minas Geraes, 2; Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz, 7; Mattodentro, Sao Paulo, 1; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Cachoeira, Sao Paulo, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 3; Ypiranga, Sao Paulo, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 2; Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 1.— Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 1; San Antonio, Yungas of La Paz, 1.— Argentina: Posadas, Misiones, 1; Mocovi, Santa Fe, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 611 *Emberizoides herbicola subsp.1 INTERMEDIATE WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH. Emberizoides macrourus (not Fringilla macroura Gmelin) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 572 — Mexiana Island, Brazil (crit.). Emberizoides macrurus subsp. a Emberizoides herbicola (not Sylvia herbicola Vieillot) Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 769, 1888— part, spec, c, Mexiana Island. Emberizoides herbicola herbicola Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 104, 119, 1912— Mexiana Island (crit.). Emberizoides herbicola Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 62, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao. Emberizoides herbicola subsp. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 303, 1929— Sao Bento, Maranhao. Range. — Northern Brazil, from the island of Mexiana in the estuary of the Amazon to northern Maranhao (Sao Bento). 3: Brazil (Sao Bento, Maranhao, 3). *Emberizoides herbicola sphenurus (Vieillot).2 GUIANAN WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH. Fringilla macroura (not of Pallas, 1764) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 918, 1789— based on "Long-tailed Finch" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 2, (1), p. 310; Cayenne. Passerina sphenura Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 25, p. 25, "1817" [ = Dec. 26, 1818]3— Cayenne (location of type not stated). Tardivola macroura Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 135 (note***), 1851 — Cayenne (crit.). 1 Emberizoides herbicola subsp. The status of this form remains in doubt, as no additional material has come to hand. The only adult bird in good plumage — a male from Mexiana Island — combines the plain (unstreaked) flanks of E. h. herbicola with the small size (wing, 73; tail, 102) and strongly marked uropygium of E. h. sphenurus. In dimensions and absence of streaks underneath it is, however, closely approached by certain Colombian examples, and it is quite possible that an adequate series may show the inhabitants of northern Brazil to be inseparable from sphenurus. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Mexiana Island, 3. 2 Emberizoides herbicola sphenurus (Vieillot) differs from the nominate race by smaller size (wing of males, 69-72, of females 65-68; tail, 98-105, resp. 85-95), and darker, less fulvous coloration, with the rump and upper tail coverts boldly spotted with blackish, and more or less distinct suggestions of dusky streaks on flanks and crissum. Birds from the Guianas and Venezuela agree well together, and three "Bogota" skins are not different either. The few Santa Marta specimens examined appear to lack the streaking on the flanks. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 1. — British Guiana: Roraima, 3; Merum6 Mts., 3. — Venezuela: inland of Cumana (Santa Ana, etc.), 10; Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, 1; Orinoco Valley, 8; Escorial, Merida, 3. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3; "Santa Marta," 3. » Cf. Mathews, Nov. Zool., 18, p. 12, 1921. 612 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Emberizoides macr(o)urus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 30, 1856— "Bogot4," Colombia; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862 — Cayenne and "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 237 — San Cristobal, Tachira, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 507 — Antioquia and Medellin, Colombia (eggs descr.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 216— Merume Mts. and Roraima, British Guiana; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 768, 1888— Colombia ("Bogota," Medellin), Venezuela (San Cristobal), "Trinidad," Cayenne, and British Guiana (Merum6 Mts., Roraima); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio and Caripe [Bermudez], Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 141, 179, 1898— "Santa Marta," San Miguel, Macotama, and Palomina, Colombia (crit.); Ber- lepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 29, 1902— Altagracia and Quiribana de Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 121, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 403, 1910 — Surinam (nest and eggs); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 197, 1916 — Altagracia, Quiri- bana de Caicara, and San Mateo de Caicara, Orinoco Valley, Venezuela. Emberizoides herbicola sphenurus Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 321, 1908 (nomencl.); Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 69, 1912— Cumbre de Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela; idem, Abhandl. Math.- Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 105 (in text), 1912— French Guiana to Colombia (crit.); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 92, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 530, 1922 — La Concepcion, Pueblo Viejo, Chirua, Heights of Chirua, and San Miguel, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit., altitudinal range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 122, 1931 — Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu, Philipp Camp) and Venezuela (Esmer- alda, Savanna Grande, and base of Mount Duida). Emberizoides sphenurus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 571, 1917 — La Manuelita, Cauca Valley, and Quetame, below Bogota, eastern Andes (east slope), Colombia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 463, 1921 — Roraima, upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci, Supenaam, Bartica, Ma- kauria, Abary River, and Merume Mountains. Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of French, Dutch, and British Guiana west through Venezuela to Colombia (eastern Andes; Santa Marta region; La Manuelita, Cauca; Medellin, Rio Poru).1 2: Venezuela (Conejos, MeYida, 1) ; British Guiana (Georgetown, 1). Emberizoides herbicola duidae Chapman.2 DUIDA WEDGE- TAILED GROUND FINCH. Emberizoides duidae Chapman, Amer. Mus. Novit., 380, p. 25, Oct. 21, 1929— Savannah Hills, Mount Duida, Venezuela (type in the American Museum 1 Trade skins are sometimes — no doubt, erroneously — labeled "Trinidad." There is no authentic record of the species from that island. 2 Emberizoides herbicola duidae Chapman: Similar to E. h. sphenurus, but decidedly larger, the black markings above more extensive, the wings more nar- rowly margined with olive greenish, the tail-feathers predominately blackish with 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 613 of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 122, 1931— Savannah Hills and Cumbre No. 17, Mount Duida. Range. — Tableland of Mount Duida, southern Venezuela. Emberizoi'des herbicola floresae Griscom.1 CERRO FLORES WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH. Emberizoides sphenurus floresae Griscom, Amer. Mus. Novit., 141, p. 8, October 31, 1924 — Cerro Flores, eastern Chiriqui, Panama (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Cerro Flores, eastern Chiriqui, in western Panama. Emberizoi'des herbicola hypochondriacus Hellmayr.2 CHIRIQU! WEDGE-TAILED GROUND FINCH. Emberizoides macrourus hypochondriacus Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 19, p. 28, Dec., 1906 — Frances, Volcan de Chiriquf, Panama (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Emberizoides herbicola hypochondriacus Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 105 (in text), 1912— Volcan de Chiriquf (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of western Panama (Frances, foothills of the Volcan de Chiriqui). *Emberizoi'des herbicola lucaris Bangs.3 COSTA RICAN WEDGE- TAILED GROUND FINCH. Emberizoides sphenura lucaris Bangs, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 38, 1908 — Boruca, Costa Rica (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in narrow grayish or brownish edges. Wing, (male) 81, (female) 75; tail, 118, (female) 110; bill, 16^. Casual examination of three specimens in the American Museum of Natural History shows this form to be a well-marked one, although according to my point of view it is clearly an altitudinal race of the widespread E. h. sphenurus. It appears to be restricted to the tableland of Mount Duida, its range being separated by wide areas of forest from the savannah country at the base of the same mountain, where E. h. sphenurus is met. 1 Emberizoides herbicola floresae Griscom: "Similar to E. h. hypochondriacus and E. h. lucaris, but upper parts much less heavily streaked, and strikingly different in the ground-color being ochraceous olive-brown instead of sandy brown; under parts even more heavily streaked with black than in hypochondriacus; the sides, flanks, and under tail coverts more richly colored, more ochraceous even than in lucaris; tail, 77; bill, 11 mm." (Griscom, I.e.) This race, based on a single female, needs substantiation by an adequate series. 2 Emberizoides herbicola hypochondriacus Hellmayr: Nearest toE. h. sphenurus, but still smaller, the tail particularly shorter; upper parts more coarsely spotted with black; sides of breast, flanks, and under tail coverts streaked with blackish. Wing, 64-67, (female) 62-65; tail, 81-87, (female) 78-86; bill, 12-13. Material examined. — Panama: Frances (alt. 2,000 ft.), Chiriquf, 11. * Emberizoides herbicola lucaris Bangs: Very close to E. h. hypochondriacus and about the same size, but chest, sides, and flanks much more buffy brown; 614 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., examined; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 389, 1930). Emberizoides sphenurm lucaris Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 911, 1910 — Buenos Aires and Paso Real, Costa Rica (habits, nest). Emberizoides sphenura hypochondriacus (not of Hellmayr) Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 309, 1907— Boruca and Barranca, Costa Rica. Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Costa Rica, in the valley of the Rio Grande de TeYraba. 3: Costa Rica (Buenos Aires, 3). Genus CORYPHASPIZA G. R. Gray Leptonyx (not of Swainson, 1833) Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 314, Dec. 31, 1837 — type, by monotypy, Leptonyx melanotis Svfainson=Emberizoides melanotis Temminck. Coryphaspiza Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 47, 1840 — new name for Leptonyx Swainson, 1837, preoccupied. Coryphospiza Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 765, 1888 (emendation). *Coryphaspiza melanotis (Temminck). BLACK-EARED FINCH. Emberizoides melanotis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 19, pi. 114, fig. 1, Feb., 1822— Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 140) and Brazil (the type in the Leyden Museum is a specimen obtained by Natterer at Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 — southern Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 226, 1856 — southern Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, "Goyaz," and Matto Grosso; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 118, 1862— Brazil; Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 404— Minas Geraes (Sete Lagoas, Taboleiro Grande) and Sao Paulo (Batataes); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 230, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Scaramuza, Borda do Matto, Vendinha). Leptonyx melanotis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 314, Dec. 31, 1837 — plains of southern Brazil (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Coryphospiza melanotis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 767, 1888 — southern Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 375, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 167, 1899— Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 388, 1907— Itarare and Batataes, Sao Paulo (range); Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909— Mocovi, Santa Fe; the dusky streaking below narrower and more restricted to the flanks; the rump more rufescent. Wing, 64-66, (female) 64; tail, 91-93; bill, 12-13. When comparing, on Mr. Bangs's request, three of his Costa Rican specimens with the original series of hypochondriacus, I noticed certain differences, and was led to believe that two races were involved. However, it should be kept in mind that the two series were not quite comparable as to season, the examples from Chiriqui being taken in November, those from Costa Rica in May and June. Considering the close proximity of the localities and the variability of other mem- bers of the group, I am now of opinion that study of more adequate material might lead to different conclusions as to the significance of the divergencies. Material examined. — Costa Rica: Barranca de Te>raba, 2; Boruca, 1 (type). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 615 Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909— Mocovl, Santa Fe (nest); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 396, 1910— Mocovl, Chaco; idem, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 358, 1914— Paraguay and Santa F6 (Mocovf, Ocampo); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Encar- nacion, Alto Parana, Paraguay; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 358, 1930— Chapada, Matto Grosso. Range.— Campo region of southern Brazil, from southern Minas Geraes (Sete Lagoas, Taboleiro Grande) across Sao Paulo to Matto Grosso (Chapada); Paraguay (Encarnacion, Alto Parana); northern Argentina (Mocovi and Ocampo, Chaco Santafecino).1 2: Argentina (Ocampo, Santa F<§, 2). Genus XENOSPINGUS Cabanis Xenospingus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 347, 1867 — type, by orig. desig., Sylvia concolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. *Xenospingus concolor (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). D'ORBiGNY's SLATY FINCH. Sylvia concolor Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 20, 1837— Arica, Chile (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Or- bigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 216, pi. 18, fig. 1, 1838— Arica Valley, Chile. Xenospingus concolor Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 15, p. 349, 1867— Peru (descr. of adult and young); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 173, 569— Tambo Valley, Dept. Arequipa, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 26, 1886— Peru; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 799, 1888— Tambo Valley, Peru; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 134 — Pica, Tarapaca, Chile; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1892, p. 376 — lea, Peru; E. Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 199, 1896— Tarapaca; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 16 — Pica, Tarapaca; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 108, p. 236, 1901- Tarapaca and Tacna, Chile (monog.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 28, p. 245, 1921— Arica (note on type); idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 51, 1932— Chacalluta (Tacna), Pica (Tarapaca), and Rio Loa (Antofagasta), Chile (crit., plumages). Range.— Pacific slope of northern Chile, south to Antofagasta (Rio Loa), and southern Peru north to lea.2 9: Chile (Chacalluta, north of Arica, Tacna, 7; Pica, Tarapaca, 1; Rio Loa, Antofagasta, 1). 1 Birds from Santa Fe (Mocovl) agree with a topotypical series. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes, 1 ; Ypanema, Sao Paulo, 4; Scaramuza, Sao Paulo, 1; Vendinha, Sao Paulo, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 1. — Argentina: Mocovf, Santa F6, 6. 2 Specimens from southern Peru appear to be identical with the Chilean ones. The species ranges from near sea-level up to 7,500 feet. Additional material examined. — Chile: Arica, 1 (the type). — Peru: Tambo Valley, Dept. Arequipa, 5. 616 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus DONACOSPIZA Cabanis1 Donacospiza Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, Oct., 1851 — type, by orig. desig., Sylvia albifrons Vieillot. *Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot). LONG-TAILED BUSH FINCH. Sylvia albifrons Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 11, p. 276, 1817 — based on "Cola aguda vientre de canela" Azara, No. 234; Paraguay. Ammodramus longicaudatus Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, pi. 29, Jan., 1839; Gould, I.e., p. 90, Nov., 1839— Montevideo and Maldonado, Uruguay (type, from Montevideo, in British Museum). Poospiza oxyrhyncha (Natterer MS.) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 608, pub. early in 1865 — Curytiba, Parana, Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 229, 1870 — Curytiba, Parana. Donacospiza albifrons Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, 1851 — Rio Grande [do Sul], Brazil; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860— Parana, Entre Rios (spec, in Halle Museum examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, pp. 161, 632— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 171 — Prov. Buenos Aires (habits); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 38, 1881 — Arroyo Salado, near Fortin Inicitiativa, Prov. Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 38 — Cosquin, Cordoba; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 277 — Paysandu, Uruguay (nest and eggs); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires (breed- ing); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 49, 1888 — along the shores of the La Plata, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 169— Uruguay; Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 214— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, pi. 2, fig. 36 (egg), 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 661, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 427, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas) and Buenos Aires (below Lavalle); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 138, 1928— Bemfica, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo. Poospiza albifrons Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 484, 1861— Parana, Entre Rios. Coryphospiza albifrons Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 766, 1888 — Brazil (Curytiba), Uruguay (Paysandu, Maldonado, Montevideo), and Buenos Aires (Conchitas, Campana Railway); Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Pedras Brancas and Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 167, 1899— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 388, 1907— Ypiranga, Sao Paulo; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 396, 1910 (range in 1 Donacospiza Cabanis differs quite markedly from Coryphaspiza by much slenderer, straighter, and more pointed bill; proportionately much longer tail (much longer than the wing, instead of decidedly shorter) ; narrower, more pointed rectrices; similarity of the sexes, etc. It does not appear that the two groups are closely related one to another. Donacospiza is merely a somewhat modified form of Poospiza, whereas Coryphaspiza seems to be nearly allied to Ember izoides. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 617 Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 638— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 97— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 63, 1914 — Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay. Range.— Southeastern Brazil, from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina, in provinces of Chaco, Santa Fe", Cordoba, Entre Rios, Misiones, and Buenos Aires.1 1: Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres, 1). Genus POOSPIZA Cabanis Poospiza Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 349, 1847 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 75, 1855), Emberiza nigrorufa Lafres- naye and d'Orbigny. Paospiza Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1856— emendation. Poospiza thoracica (Nordmann). RUFOUS-CHESTED WARBLING FINCH. Fringilla thoracica Nordmann, in Erman, Reise um die Erde, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 10, pi. 4, fig. 1, 1835— "Brazil" (type in Berlin Museum). Pipillo rufitorques Swainson, Anim. in Menag., p. 312, Dec. 31, 1837 — "South Brazil" (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cam- bridge, Eng., examined). Carduelis rufigularis Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 42, 1839— Brazil (type in coll. of Dr. AbeiHe1, Bordeaux). Poospiza thoracica Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 350, 1847 (synon.); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 472, 1850— Brazil; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 137, 1851— southern Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862— Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 229, 439, 1870— "Bahia" and Nova Friburgo, Rio; idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Friburgo; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 634, 1888— Nova Fri- burgo, Rio de Janeiro; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Nova Friburgo; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 186, 1905— Retiro do Ramos, Caminho do Couto, and Morro Redondo, Serra do Itatiaya; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 383, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Campo do Jordao and Itatiaya), Rio de Janeiro, and "Bahia"; Lxiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 358, 1909 — Serra do Itatiaya; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923— Serra do Itatiaya; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 190, 1926— Cara Pin- tada and Sao Domingo, Parana (crit.); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 317, 1928 — Alto Itatiaya and about Macieiras, Serro do Itatiaya. Paospiza thoracica Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 217, 1856— Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in states of Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo; Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos), Sao Paulo (Serra do 1 Additional material examined. — Brazil: Curytiba, Parana, 7; Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2. — Argentina: St. Borja, Misiones, 1; Parana, Entre Rfos, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 5; Las Talas, Buenos Aires, 2. 618 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Itatiaya; Campo do Jordao), and Parana (Cara Pintada; Sao Domingo).1 Poospiza boliviana Sharpe.2 BOLIVIAN WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza boliviana Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 634, pi. 14, 1888— Bolivia (type in British Museum examined). Range.— Temperate zone of Bolivia (Tapacari and Parotani, Dept. Cochabamba). Poospiza alticola Salvin.3 ANDEAN WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza alticola Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 7, 1895— Huamachuco, Dept. Libertad, Peru (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Mu- seum). Range. — Temperate zone of northern Peru (Huamachuco, Dept. Libertad). 1 Females have the rufous color underneath paler, the pectoral band decidedly narrower, and the upper parts more tinged with brownish. Birds from Itatiaya agree with others from Rio de Janeiro. The locality "Bahia" mentioned by Pelzeln on dealer's authority is open to doubt. Material examined. — Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 2; Colonia Alpina, Serra dos Orgaos, 4.— Sao Paulo: Campo do Jordao, 1; Serra do Itatiaya, 2. — "Bahia," 2.— "Brazil" (unspecified), 1. 2 Poospiza boliviana Sharpe, an excellent species, resembles P. hypochondria in general form and proportions as well as in certain color characters (possession of a conspicuous white superciliary streak and of a distinct, though smaller, white subocular spot; absence of white alar speculum), but differs very markedly by pure white instead of buffy throat and middle of breast and abdomen, nearly white instead of deep cinnamon buff under tail coverts, and by the dull cinnamon rufous areas on the sides of the body being connected by a broad jugular band of the same color; whereas in P. hypochondria the chest is dingy gray, sharply defined from the much brighter chestnut rufous lateral zone. The white apical markings to the three lateral rectrices are less extensive, and the dorsal surface appears to be slightly more brownish. Wing (males), 77-79; tail, 68-71; bill, 11-13. Material examined. — Bolivia: Tapacari (alt. 3,000 m.), Cochabamba, 1; Parotani (alt. 2,800 m.), Cochabamba, 1; unspecified, 1 (the type). 3 Poospiza alticola Salvin: Upper parts neutral gray, pileum darker and nearly blackish on the lateral portion; wing coverts dusky, paler on the edges, the greater series externally margined with brownish gray; remiges dusky with grayish margins along the outer webs, these edges passing into whitish on the outer primaries; rectrices dusky, similarly edged with grayish, the outermost with an indistinct whitish apical fringe; broad superciliaries (from base of bill to sides of neck) buffy white; lores and sides of the head dull (brownish) black; under parts white; sides of throat spotted with blackish, these markings separating the white malar streak from the white middle throat; on each side of the foreneck a patch of bright tawny; sides of breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail coverts dingy ochraceous- buff; axillars and under wing coverts paler buffy; bill blackish, mandible brown; legs horn brown. Wing (female), 74; tail, 77; bill, 12. This species seems to be allied to P. hypochondria, but in addition to other characters differs immediately by the practical absence of white in the tail. Material examined. — Peru: Huamachuco, 1 (adult female). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 619 Poospiza hypochondria hypochondria (Lafresnaye and d'Or- bigny). RUFOUS-SIDED WARBLING FINCH. Emberiza hypocondria (typog. err.) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 80, 1837— Sicasica and Palca, Bolivia (type, from Sicasica, in Paris Museum examined). Emberiza hypochondria d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 361, pi. 45, fig. 1, 1844— Enquisivi (Prov. Sicasica) and Palca (Prov. Ayupaya), Bolivia; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 216, 1856 — Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny). Poospiza hypochondria Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 472, 1850 — Bolivia. Poospiza hypochondriaca Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605 — "Tilotilo (Yungas)," Inquisivi (Sicasica), and Palca (Ayupaya), Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 636, 1888— "Tilotilo," Bolivia. Range. — Temperate zone of Bolivia (in depts. of La Paz, Cocha- bamba, western Santa Cruz, and western Chuquisaca).1 Poospiza hypochondria affinis Berlepsch.2 ARGENTINE RUFOUS- SIDED WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza hypochondriaca affinis Berlepsch, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 16, p. 97, May, 1906 — "Tucuman, alt. 4,000 metr." = Lara, Prov. Tucuman, Argen- tina (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfort, examined); idem, Ornis, 14, p. 352, 1907— Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909— Cachi (Salta), Norco and Anfama (Tucuman); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Mendoza. Zonotrichia hypochondria (not Emberiza hypochondria Lafresnaye and d'Or- bigny) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860 — near Mendoza; idem, 1 Material examined. — Bolivia: La Paz, 5; Palca (eighteen miles east of La Paz), 1; Sicasica, 1 (the type); Valle Grande, Santa Cruz, 1; Sucre, Chuquisaca, 2; unspecified, 2. 2 Poospiza hypochondria affinis Berlepsch: Similar to the nominate race, but white tips to the external rectrices decidedly shorter; rump grayish, not brownish like the back; sides of the head paler and less blackish. Wing, 72-80, (female) 68-71; tail, 65-68; bill, 12-13. The best character to tell this form is the lesser extent of the white tail-end. On the outermost rectrix, the white spot — measured on the inner web along the shaft — ranges from 15 to 25 mm. in Argentine, from 25-32 mm. in typical Bolivian birds. In affinis the rump is decidedly grayish, more or less contrasting with the brownish back, and not almost concolor with the latter as in P. h. hypochondria. A single bird from Mendoza agrees with those from Tucuman. Adult speci- mens are required to ascertain the racial form found in the Bolivian Chaco, whence Lonnberg recorded a young individual s. n. P. hypochondriaca. Holland (Ibis, 1897, p. 166) lists a female taken on October 3, 1895, at Santa Elena, Entre Rfos, as Zonotrichia hypochondria. This is an extraordinary locality for a Temperate zone species, and as the specimen cannot be found in the British Museum either under the present or any of the allied species, the record is probably due to some misidentification. Material examined. — Argentina: Cachf, Salta, 1; Lara, Tucuman, 1 (the type); Norco, Tucuman, 5; near Mendoza, 1. 620 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 486, 1861— near Mendoza; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 60, 1888— part, Mendoza. Poospiza hypochondria Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Lara, Tucuman; Dab- bene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 391, 1910 — Tucuman (Norco, Lara), Catamarca, and Mendoza. Poospiza hypochondriaca Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897 — Tala, Salta; (?) Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 470 — Colonia Crevaux, Tarija, Bolivia; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905 — Valle del Norco and Lara, Tucuman. Range. — Temperate zone of northwestern Argentina, from Salta through Tucuman and Catamarca south to Mendoza. *Poospiza hispaniolensis Bonaparte.1 BONAPARTE'S WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza hispaniolensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, 1850 — "ex Ins. Sti Domin.," errore (type, labeled "Perou(?)," examined in Paris Museum; descr. of male); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 471, 1930 — Matucana, Peru. Poospiza bonapartii(ei) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 341, pi. 20 (male, female) — near Lima, Peru (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 322 — Tumbez, Peru; idem, Orn. Per., 3, p. 30, 1886— Peru (Lima, Tumbez, "Paucal"); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 637, 1888— Lima; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 377 — Lima and lea, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 27, 1899 — Puntilla de Santa Elena, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 625, 1926 — La. Plata Island, Santa Elena, and Santa Clara Island, Ecuador. Poospiza torquata (not Emberiza torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tac- zanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 520 — vicinity of Lima, Peru. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, north to La Plata Island, off Manavi, and western Peru, south to lea. 1: Peru (Matucana, 1). *Poospiza torquata torquata (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). RINGED WARBLING FINCH. Emberiza torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 82, 1837 — Sicasica, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined). 1 Poospiza hispaniolensis Bonaparte, while nearly allied to P. torquata, differs, nevertheless, from that species by much larger, reddish rather than dusky bill; much wider blackish pectoral band; mostly white under tail coverts, only the basal series being cinnamon-rufous; and by having the inner webs of the three lateral tail-feathers white excepting a dusky stripe along the shaft, widening apically. The female is immediately distinguished by the narrow, but very con- spicuous dusky streaking on chest and flanks. Apart from certain seasonal variations I am unable to find any constant differences between specimens from lea, Lima, Trujillo, and Santa Elena. The type agrees with Lima examples. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Santa Elena, 2. — Peru: Trujillo, 1; Lima, 4; lea, 2; unspecified, 1 (the type). 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 621 Poospiza torquata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, 1850 — Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862— Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605— Sicasica and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 645, 1888— part, spec, a-f, Bolivia (Tilotilo). Range. — Western Bolivia (Sicasica and Tilotilo, La Paz; Tapa- cari and Parotani, Cochabamba; Sucre, Chuquisaca). 3: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 3).1 *Poospiza torquata pectoralis Todd.2 TODD'S WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza pectoralis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, p. 89, July 12, 1922 — Guanacos, Prov. Cordillera, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum; descr. of male). Poospiza torquata (not Emberiza torquata Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Bur- meister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 255, 1860— valleys of the Sierra de Uspallata, Mendoza (descr.); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 484, 1861— same locality (descr.); White, I.e., 1882, p. 599 — San Pedro, Santiago del Estero; Doering, in' Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 38, 1881 — north of the Rio Colorado (sight record); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 51, 1888 — San Pedro (Santiago del Estero) and Mendoza (Sierra de Uspallata); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 645, 1888 — part, spec, g, h, Argentina (Mendoza; Pampas); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 398, 1890— Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Cordoba; Holland, Ibis, 1893, p. 484— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires (spec, in British Museum examined); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Tala, Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902 — Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Rosario, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905 — Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 178, 1909 — Santiago del Estero, Salta (Arenal), and Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 392, 1910 (range in Argentina); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Las Catitas, Mendoza; Giacomelli, I.e., 2, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja (rare); Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 257, 1924— foot of Cueste de la Valle de Santa Maria, Tucuman 1 Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Sicasica, 1 (the type); Tilotilo, 2; Tapacari, 1 ; Sucre, 1; unspecified, 4. 2 Poospiza torquata pedoralis Todd: Similar to the nominate race, but differs by shorter, stouter bill; much broader black pectoral band; wider and more whitish margins to the tertials; and in particular longer white tips to the lateral rectrices, this color being basally cut off obliquely, not almost straight, across the inner web, as in torquata. Wing (males), 60-65; tail, 53-58; bill, 8^2- 9. Examination of a good series of skins from both western Bolivia and Argentina shows the latter to be distinguishable by the above character without difficulty, and though we have not seen any material from the type locality, Mr. Todd's description fits them so admirably that we have no hesitation in applying his name pectoralis to the inhabitants of western Argentina, which heretofore had not been separated from torquata (d'Orbigny's type is an immature bird in rather poor condition, but two adults from the same general district, Tilotilo, agree well with others from Cochabamba and Sucre). Additional material examined. — Argentina: Arenal, Salta, 1; Tucuman, 2; Las Tenas, Santiago del Estero, 1; Mendoza, 2; Santa Elena, Buenos Aires, 1. 622 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (nest and eggs descr.) ; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 423, 1926— west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay, and Victorica, Pampa; Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927— Conhelo, Pampa (rare); Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 145, , 1928— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos (eggs descr.); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 327, 1934— La Geraldina, Santa Fe. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Bolivia (Guanacos, Prov. Cordillera, Dept. Santa Cruz), western Paraguay (200 kilometers west of Puerto Pinasco), and northern Argentina, south to Mendoza and Pampa, east to western Buenos Aires (Santa Elena).1 5: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 4; Arenal, Salta, 1). *Poospiza melanoleuca (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). WHITE-AND- GRAY WARBLING FINCH. Emberiza melanoleuca Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 82, 1837 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 10, 1847 — Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 144). Poospiza melanoleuca Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, 1850 — "Brasil merid.," Paraguay, and Bolivia; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860— Banda Oriental and Parana, Entre Rfos (descr.); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 484, 1861 — eastern La Plata states, Banda Oriental, and Entre Rios (eggs descr.); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 2, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 354, pi. 9, fig. 2— Tucuman; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 599— Oran, Salta; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 130, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 52, 1888— Argentina; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 638, 1888 — Tucuman, Salta, Cordoba (Cosquin), and Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nat. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890 — Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Prov. Cordoba; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126— Fortin Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895— Chilecito, La Rioja; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 6, 1895— Paraguay (Bahia Negra), Salta (Chilcas), and Tucuman (San Pablo); idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897— Salta (Campo Santo, Tala), Jujuy (San Lorenzo), and Bolivia (Caiza, Tarija); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 223 — Chaco Paraguayo; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902— Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Tucuman; Hartert ^he specimen obtained by A. H. Holland on March 5, 1893, at Santa Elena, Buenos Aires, is a bird in juvenile plumage. The black pectoral band is not yet developed, but replaced by a deep buff spot passing laterally into dingy olive gray on the sides of the chest (this area being slate gray in adults) and buffy brown on the flanks; the under tail coverts are buff (not cinnamon-rufous, as in adults), only the shorter ones tinged with cinnamomeous. While the sides of the head are dull sooty blackish, surmounted by a broad white superciliary streak, exactly as in adult birds, the dorsal surface is pale olivaceous instead of gray, and the white tips to the uropygial feathers are barely suggested. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 623 and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909 — Mocovi, Chaco, and Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 391, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 639— Ybitimi, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 98 — "Pan de Azucar," Matto Grosso, and Colonia Mihanovitch, Formosa; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Chaco-1, Paraguay; Seri6 and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Gia- comelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja; Dinelli, I.e., 3, p. 258, 1924— Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 420, 1926 — Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga, Formosa), Tucuman (Tapia), and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 235, 1927— Tucuman (Con- cepci6n) and Entre Rios (Santa Elena); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 27, 1927— Escobar, Buenos Aires; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 145, 1928— Manchala, Tucuman (eggs descr.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 355, 1930 — "Pan de Azucar," Matto Grosso (ex Grant); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 256, 1930— Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija) and Formosa (Lapango, San Jose, TapikiolS, YuncS. Viejo); idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 327, 1934— La Geraldina, Santa Fe. Paospiza melanoleuca Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1856. Range. — Eastern Bolivia; extreme southwestern Brazil, in State of Matto Grosso (one record from Pao d' Azucar) ; Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina, from the northern border south to La Rioja, Cordoba, Santa F£, Buenos Aires (one record from Escobar), and Entre Rios.1 10: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 5; Rio Sali, Tucuman, 1; Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe', 2); Uruguay (Rio Uru- guay, Soriano, 1). Poospiza cinerea Bonaparte.2 CINEREOUS WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza cinerea Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, end of 1850 — "Brazil" =Minas Geraes (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of young); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 110, 1862— Brazil; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 639, 1888— Goyaz; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 372, 1891 — Chapada, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 383, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Rincao), Minas Geraes (Vargem 1 There is no difference in coloration between Bolivian specimens and others from Paraguay and Argentina, but the latter average very slightly smaller. Additional specimens examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1 (the type); San Jose (Rio Mizque), Cochabamba, 1; Samaipata, Santa Cruz, 3. — Paraguay: Bahia Negra, 2; Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 1.— Argentina: Corrientes, 1; Chilcas, Salta, 1 ; Tucuman, 6; Mocovi, Chaco Santafecino, 3; Cosquin, Cordoba, 2. J Poospiza cinerea Bonaparte is nearly allied to, and probably conspecific with, P. melanoleuca, from which it differs by longer wings; longer and heavier bill; duller, more sooty sides of the head, and by having also, in the male sex, the pileum and hindneck slate gray like the back. Young birds have the dorsal surface tinged with olivaceous, the cheeks and auriculars dark brown, the lower parts shaded with pale yellow, the flanks pale brownish buff instead of gray. The type of P. cinerea is in this plumage and agrees very well with a young female 624 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Alegre), and Matto Grosso (Porto Faya); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 35, 1908 — Goyaz City and Rio Thesouras, Goyaz; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 355, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Chapada, Porto Faya, Santa Anna [da Chapada]). Poospiza schistacea Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 137, Oct., 1851 — Brazil (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 229, 1870 — "Minas" [Geraes], Sao Paulo (Rio Sapucahy, Rio das Pedras), Goyaz (Goyaz), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Rein- hardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 407 — Lagoa Santa and Sete Lagoas, Minas Geraes. Paospiza schistacea Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 218, 1856 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (spec, in Halle Museum examined). Range. — Campo region of central Brazil, from western Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Sete Lagoas, Vargem Alegre) and northern Sao Paulo (Rincao, Rio Sapucahy, Rio das Pedras) to Goyaz (Goyaz, Rio Thesouras) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Santa Anna da Chapada, Chapada, Porto Faya). *Poospiza nigro-rufa nigro-rufa (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT WARBLING FINCH. Emberiza nigro-rufa Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 81, 1837 — based on "Chipiu negro y canela" Azara, No. "162" [=142] (Paraguay and La Plata River), and Santa Fe, Argentina;1 Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 10, 1847— Paraguay (ex Azara, No. 142). Pipillo personata Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 311, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil" (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng., examined); Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 98, pi. 35 (adult and young), 1839 — Maldonado, Uruguay. Poospiza nigro-rufa Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 350, 1847; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 472, 1850— Brazil merid., Paraguay, and "Chile," errore; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860 — Banda Oriental and Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 484, 1861 — same localities; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 109, 1862 — "Brazil"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 113— Conchitas (habits); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 4, p. from the Rio Sapucahy, Sao Paulo. It was collected by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, and according to the date (1818) when it was received at the Paris Museum, must have been secured in Minas Geraes. Wing, (male) 66-70, (female) 62-65; tail, 58-63, (female) 57-60; bill, 10-11. Material examined. — Minas Geraes: Lagoa Santa, 1; unspecified, 1. — Sao Paulo: Rio Sapucahy, 3; Rio das Pedras, 1.— Goyaz: Goyaz, 4; Rio Thesouras, 2.— Matto Grosso: Cuyaba, 2; Santa Anna da Chapada, 1.— "Brazil," 2. 1 It seems to me that Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny's action must be construed as a mere naming of Azara's "Chipiu negro y canela" described under No. 142 (erroneously numbered "162" in Walckenaer's French edition), since these authors add only a short characterization of the immature plumage with striped under parts not mentioned in Azara's account. We may, therefore, accept Paraguay as type locality of E. nigro-rufa, a name that has unquestionable priority over Swainson's. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 625 439, 1870— Sao Luiz [Rio Grande do Sul); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 548— Rio Negro, Patagonia; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro.Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 171 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 38, 1881 — Rio Sauce (Chico), near Fortin Argentina, Buenos Aires; Bar- rows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 129, 1883— Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rfos; Holmberg, Act.,Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 5, p. 82, 1884— near Arroyo Tandil, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 277 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 123, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 49, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 169— Soriano, Uruguay; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 178, 1909 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, and La Soledad, Entre RIos; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 640 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 245, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Flores); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— San Isidro, Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 660, 1924 — Buenos Aires (Punta Lara, Isla Martin Garcia), Entre Rfos, and Uruguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 421, 1926 — Chaco (Las Palmas), Buenos Aires (Berazategui, Lavalle), and Uruguay (La Paloma, San Vicente, Carrasco, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 361, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe. Paospiza nigrorufa Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 216, 1856 — "Santa Catharina," Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, etc. Poospiza erythrophrys (not of Sclater) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 599 — Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires. Poospiza personata Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 640, 1888— Uruguay (Maldonado), Buenos Aires (Belgrano, Punta Lara, Conchitas), and Rio Negro; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899 — Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 383, 1907 — Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 391, 1910 (range in Argentina, excl. of Cordoba, Catamarca, and Tucuman); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 98— Los Yngleses (Ajo), Buenos Aires, and Bella Vista, Corrientes; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 398, 1916— La Plata (song, nest, and eggs); Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 385— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 660, 1924— Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires. Range.— Extreme southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) ;' Uruguay; Paraguay ; northeastern Argentina, from Chaco and Corrientes through Santa Fe, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires to the lower Rio Negro.2 1 In Santa Catharina, quoted by Burmeister, this species has never been found again. 2 Birds from Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, and Argentina agree well with a single male from Paraguay. Additional material examined. — Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Luiz, 1; Sao Lourenco, 1; Taquara do Mundo Novo, 4. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 1. — Argentina: Santa Fe, 1 ; La Soledad, Entre Rios, 1 ; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 4. 626 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 12: Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres, 5; San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 2; Rio Uruguay, Soriano, 1; Polanco, Minas, 1); Argentina, Buenos Aires (Quilmes, 1; Avellaneda, 1; unspecified, 1). *Poospiza nigro-rufa whitii Sclater.1 WHITE'S WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza whitii(ei) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 43, pi. 9 (male, female) — Cosquin, Cordoba, Argentina (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 50, 1888— Cosquin; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 641, 1888— Cosquin; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890 — Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891 — Cosquin; Salva- dor!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895 — San Pablo, Tucu- man; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897— Tala, Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902 — Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Tapia and Criolla, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909— Tucuman (Tapia, Ticucho, Cerro de Tucuman, Los Vasquez); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 392, 1910 (range in Argen- tina); Dinelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 257, 1924 — Tucuman (nest and eggs); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 421, 1926 — Tapia, Tucuman, and Salta; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 235, 1927 — Con- cepcion, Tucuman. Poospiza nigrorufa (not Emberiza nigro-rufa Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Cordoba. Poospiza personata (not Pipillo personata Swainson) Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902— Tucuman (sight record by Dinelli); Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904 — Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905 — Tucuman (sight record). Range. — Western Argentina, from the Sierra of Cordoba (Cos- quin) north to Tucuman and Salta, and central Bolivia (Olguin, near Valle Grande, Dept. Cochabamba). 4: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 4). 1 Poospiza nigro-rufa whitii Sclater: Similar to P. n. nigro-rufa, but with much longer white tips to the two lateral pairs of rectrices; adult males more purely slate gray above, and the rufous color on throat, chest, and sides much darker. Wing (male), 63-68; tail, 62-65; bill, 11-12. This form, while strongly marked in the male sex, is clearly but the western representative of P. n. nigro-rufa. The much duller-colored females are often so similar to the nominate race as to be distinguished only by the greater extent of white on the lateral tail-feathers, and have no doubt given rise to the records of P. personata and P. nigro-rufa from the mountainous parts of western Argentina. An adult male from Olguin, Bolivia, agrees with topotypes except in having even somewhat longer white tips to the outer rectrices. Additional material examined. — Argentina: Cosquin, Cordoba, 10; Tapia, Tucuman, 6; La Criolla, Tucuman, 3; Tucuman, 3. — Bolivia: Olguin, Cocha- bamba, 1. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 627 Poospiza nigro-rufa wagneri Sztolcman.1 WAGNER'S WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza wagneri Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 231, Dec. 31, 1926 — Chulumanf, Dept. La Paz, Bolivia (type in Warsaw Museum). Range. — Subtropical zone of western Bolivia (Chulumani, Dept. La Paz). 'Poospiza erythrophrys Sclater. RED-BROWED WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza erythrophrys Sclater, Ibis, (4), 5, p. 599, pi. 17, fig. 1, 1881 — Sierra de Totoral, Catamarca (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 50, 1888 — Sierra de Totoral, Cata- marca, and "twenty miles north of Buenos Aires" (errore);2 Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 642, 1888— Sierra de Totoral; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 9, 1897 — Tala and Lesser, Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 178, 1902 — Tafi, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904 — La Criolla, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Rosario de Lerma, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 43, 1905— Tafi, Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 178, 1909— Quebrada de las Piedras and Tafi Viejo, Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 392, 1910 (range in Argentina); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 64, 1918 — Cerros de Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 146, 1928 — Tafi Viejo (eggs descr.). Range.— Temperate zone of northwestern Argentina, in provinces of Catamarca, Tucuman, and Salta.3 2: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 2). Poospiza rubecula Salvin.4 RUFOUS-BREASTED WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza rubecula Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 8, 1895 — Cajabamba and Huama- chuco, Peru (type, from Huamachuco, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum, examined). 1 Poospiza nigro-rufa wagneri Sztolcman: Similar to P. n. whitii, but adult male without white on the chin, and with a more extensive white malar streak; female not distinguishable. Wing, 67, (female) 62; tail, 64, (female) 61; bill, 11. The only male that we have seen lacks indeed the white chin-spot, which is more or less conspicuous in all specimens of whitii, and the white malar streak is both longer and wider. The other supposed differences mentioned by Sztolcman have no existence, and I am led to believe this author did not actually compare specimens of the Argentine form, but merely consulted Sclater's plate (inaccurate in several respects), when drawing up the description of P. wagneri. Material examined. — Bolivia: Chulumanf, 2. • White's record from Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires, refers to P. n. nigro-rufa, as the example, now in the British Museum, clearly shows. 3 Eight specimens from Tucuman and two from Salta (Tala, Lesser) examined. 4 Poospiza rubecula Salvin: Adult male. — Tapper parts slate gray, more or less suffused with olivaceous, especially on the mantle; forehead (as far back as the middle of the eye) and a continuous superciliary streak (protracted to above the posterior margin of the auriculars) bright cinnamon-rufous; lores, sides of head, 628 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Temperate zone of northern Peru, from Libertad (Caja- bamba, Huamachuco) to Lima (Surco). *Poospiza ornata (Leybold). PRETTY WARBLING FINCH. Phrygiliis ornatus (Landbeck MS.) Leybold, Journ. Orn., 13, p. 405, 1865 — on the road between the guardhouse at the Portillo Pass and Melocoton, Mendoza (type in Museo Nacional, Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 20, 1930); Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 26, p. 717, 1865— same locality. Poospiza ornata Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., p. 30, 1873 — Mendoza; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 51, 1888 — Mendoza; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 643, 1888— Mendoza and Pampas Argentinas; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 119, 1891— Cordoba; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895 — Chilecito, La Rioja; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902 — Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905 — Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 392, 1910 (range in Argentina); Giacomelli, El Hornero, 3, p. 69, 1923 — La Rioja (not common); Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Moreno, F.C.O., Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 422, 1926— Victorica, Pampa (descr. of young, and habits). Range. — Northern Argentina, in provinces of Tucuman (Tucu- man), La Rioja (Chilecito), Cordoba, Pampa (Victorica), Buenos Aires (Moreno, Torrecita), and Mendoza (between Portillo Pass and Melocoton).1 1: Argentina (Torrecita, Buenos Aires, 1). and chin sooty black, forming a well-circumscribed dusky patch; throat, breast, and sides deep cinnamon-rufous, the latter strongly suffused with dark olive gray; middle of belly extensively white; under tail coverts deep cinnamon-rufous; axillars and under wing coverts slate gray; upper wing coverts black, edged with slate gray, the larger series with light olivaceous brown; remiges dusky, the outer ones barely fringed with grayish, the innermost secondaries broadly edged with light olive brown; rectrices black with narrow slate gray external margins. Bill blackish brown, below pale brown. Wing, 76-78 ; tail, 70-72 ; bill, 12. An immature female without rufous on forehead and superciliary region is browner above; the sides of the head and the chin-spot are sooty gray; that portion of the under parts which is rufous in the adult male is broadly spotted with dark gray on a white ground, and on throat and breast intermixed with rufous edges. This species, though allied to P. erythrophrys, is very distinct, being much larger, without any white on wings and tail, with black (instead of gray) sides of the head, with a black chin-spot, etc. An adult male from Surco (alt. 8,000 ft.), Dept. Lima, is identical with the type. Material examined. — Peru: Huamachuco, 1 (the type); Cajabamba, 2; Surco, 1. 1 The breeding range of this species remains to be determined. Wetmore found adults accompanied by grown young towards the end of December at Vic- torica, Pampa. Its nest and eggs are still unknown. Having seen but three speci- mens of rather poor quality (from Mendoza), I am not in a position to throw any light on its affinities, although it would seem to be allied to P. erythrophrys. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 629 Poospiza lateralis lateralis (Nordmann). BUFF-THROATED WAR- BLING FINCH. Fringilla lateralis (Natterer MS.) Nordmann, in Erman's Reise um die Erde, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 10, 1835 — "Brazil," we suggest Rio de Janeiro (type in Berlin Museum examined).1 Pipillo superciliosa Swainson, Anim. in Menag., p. 311, Dec. 31, 1837 — "near Coritiva, South Brazil," errore (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Eng., examined).2 Poospiza lateralis Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 350, 1847; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, 1850 — Brazil; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 137, 1851— southern Brazil (crit.); Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 123 (note 2), 1885 (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 643, 1888 —Brazil; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 384, 1907— Serra do Itatiaya (Campos do Jordao); Luderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 358, 1909 — Serra do Itatiaya; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Caminho do Couto and Morro Redondo, Serra do Itatiaya; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 317, 1928— Serra do Ita- tiaya, Sao Paulo. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, in State of Rio de Janeiro and the adjoining section of Sao Paulo (Serra do Itatiaya).3 *Poospiza lateralis cabanisi Bonaparte.4 CABANIS'S WARBLING FINCH. Poospiza cabanisi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 473, end of 1850 — "Paraguay" = Bonpland, Misiones, Argentina (type in Paris Museum examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 384, 1907— Sao Paulo (Itarare) and Rio Grande do Sul (Nova Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 392, 1910— Misiones and Buenos Aires (Tigre, San 1 The other specimens collected by "Deppe" [lege Sellpw] at San Miguel (Uruguay) and Sao Luiz (Rio Grande do Sul), which are incidentally mentioned by Nordmann, pertain to P. I. cabanisi. Natterer's manuscript name, though originally bestowed upon examples of the latter form, remained unpublished until it was used in print by Nordmann for the northern race. 2 Swainson's type is a typical "Rio" skin, agreeing with individuals from Rio de Janeiro and others from the Serra do Itatiaya in deep buff throat, restricted white abdominal area, long white tips to the lateral rectrices, absence of the white ppstocular streak, etc. The locality "Coritiva" [ = Curytiba, Parana] was probably given on the authority of Natterer, who collected at that place a series of P. I. cabanisi believed to be the same as Swainson's bird. 3 Material examined. — Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, 4; Campos do Jordao, Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo, 3. * Poospiza lateralis cabanisi Bonaparte differs from the nominate race by much more brownish (often reddish brown) back; somewhat lighter rufous rump; much paler buffy throat and foreneck, the latter suffused with grayish; much more extensive white abdominal area; much shorter white tips to the lateral rectrices; and by having the white supraloral streak protracted into a very conspicuous superciliary stripe continued to the sides of the neck. Birds from extreme southern Sao Paulo (Itarare), Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Entre Rios, and Buenos Aires agree well together. As we have shown in another place (Nov. Zool., 20, p. 238, 1913), Bonaparte's name P. cabanisi refers 630 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Isidro) ; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 20, p. 230, 1913— "Paraguay" (crit. on type) ; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 172, 1923— San Isidro, Buenos Aires (July). Poospiza assimilis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 137, October, 1851 — southern Brazil and Paraguay (type in Berlin Museum); White, Proc. Zool. Sbc. Lond., 1882, p. 599 — Concepcion, Misiones; Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 123, 1885— Taquara and Arroyo Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (descr. of young); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 51, 1888 —Concepcion, Misiones; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 644, 1888 — Concepcion, Misiones; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899 — Mundo Novo, Pedras Brancas, and Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 166, 1899— Sao Paulo; Wet- more, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 422, 1926— Uruguay (San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 190, 1926 — Fazenda Firmiano, Parana; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 4, p. 19, 1927 — Uruguay (San Vicente, Rio Negro). Paospiza lateralis (not Fringilla lateralis Nordmann) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 215, 1856— part, descr. and hab., Sao Paulo and Santa Catharina. Poospiza lateralis Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 228, 1870— Boqueirao (Castro), Campo Largo, Campo Comprido, and Curytiba, Parand (spec, examined); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 130, 1883 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 489, 500, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana. Poospiza lateralis assimilis Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909 — Buenos Aires (Tigre and Barracas al Sud). Poospiza lateralis cabanisi Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 364, 1912— Paso Yuvay, near Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914— Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922- 23, p. 660, 1923 — San Isidro, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 218, 1933 — Isla del Arroyo Correa, Buenos Aires (nest). Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southern Sao Paulo (Itarare') to Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; Uruguay; northeastern Argentina, in provinces of Misiones (Concepcion, Bonpland), Entre Rios (Con- cepcion del Uruguay; La Soledad), and Buenos Aires (Tigre'; San Isidro; Barracas al Sud; Arroyo Correa). 3: Uruguay (Rio Uruguay, Soriano, 1; Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres, 1; Arazati, San Jose", 1). to the bird commonly known as P. assimilis. We have since learned that the type came from Bonpland, Misiones, where it had been collected by Aime Bonpland, the famous botanist, who accompanied Alexander von Humboldt on his travels through South America and subsequently settled in Argentina. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Itarare, Sao Paulo, 2; Roca Nova, Serra d.6 Mar, Parana, 4; Curytiba, Parana, 7; Campo Largo, Parana, 1; Campo Comprido, Parana, 1; Taquara do Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, 4; Sao Lou- renco, Rio Grande do Sul, 1 ; Rio Grande do Sul, 4. — Argentina: Bonpland, Misiones, 1 ; La Soledad, Entre Rios, 1 ; Tigre, Buenos Aires, 1 ; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1 . 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 631 Genus POOSPIZOPSIS Berlepsch1 Poospizopsis Berlepsch, Ibis, (6), 5, p. 208 (note), 1893— type, by orig. desig., Poospiza caesar Sclater and Salvin. *Poospizopsis caesar (Sclater and Salvin). SLATE-CROWNED SPARROW. Poospiza caesar Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 152, pi. 13 — Tinta, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Sclater, I.e., 1873, p. 780— Paucartambo, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 3, p. 32, 1886— Paucartambo; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 635, 1886 — Paucartambo and Tinta; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, pp. 103, 112, 126, 1906 — Curahuasi (Cuzco), Rio Cadena (Huaynapata), and Checacupe (Puno), Peru. Poospizopsis caesar Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. Ill, 1921— Ollantaytambo, Chospiyoc, Huaracondo Canyon, Poquiura, Pisac, Calca, Cuzco, and La Raya, Dept. Cuzco, Peru. Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru, in Dept. of Cuzco and the adjoining districts of Puno.2 1: Peru (La Raya, 1). Genus COMPSOSPIZA Berlepsch' Compsospiza Berlepsch, Ibis, (6), 5, p. 207, 1893 — type, by monotypy, Comp- sospiza garleppi Berlepsch. Compsospiza garleppi Berlepsch.4 GARLEPP'S MOUNTAIN FINCH. Compsospiza garleppi Berlepsch, Ibis, (6), 5, p. 208, pi. 6, 1893 — Vacas, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Sencken- berg Museum, Frankfort, examined). Range. — Puna zone of central Bolivia (Vacas, Dept. Cochabamba). *Compsospiza baeri (Oustalet).5 BAER'S MOUNTAIN FINCH. Buarremon baeri Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 43, 1904 — Lagunita, Prov. Tucuman, Argentina (type in Paris Museum examined); 1 Genus Poospizopsis Berlepsch: Similar to Poospiza, but with proportionately much heavier bill, tarsi, and feet. 2 Additional specimens examined. — Peru, Cuzco: Anta, 2; Urcos, 2; Urubamba Valley (alt. 10,000 ft.), 3. 3 Genus Compsospiza Berlepsch : Agreeing with Poospizopsis in large, heavy feet, but immediately distinguished by much smaller, slenderer bill, and very different style of coloration. 4 Compsospiza garleppi Berlepsch is remarkable for its peculiar coloration, the anterior crown, a spot below the eye, and the entire under parts being bright orange-rufous. The species is well described by Berlepsch, although it should be noted that the colored plate gives rather a wrong impression of the bird's appear- ance, the rufous portions of the plumage being much too orange. The unsexed type, the only specimen we have seen, measures as follows: wing, 89; tail, 86; bill, 12] 2. 5 Compsospiza baeri (Oustalet): Similar to C. garleppi in the distribution of the orange-rufous color on the head, as well as in shape of bill and form of wings and 632 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 216, 1904— Lagunita; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 42, 1905— La Lagunita (alt. 3,000 metr.) and Tan (alt. 2,300 metr.), Tucuman. Compsospiza baeri Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 309, 1906 — Lagunita (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 393, 1910 — Lagunita and Tan, Tucuman; Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 64, 1918— Sierra de Tucuman. Range. — Puna zone of northwestern Argentina (La Lagunita, Tan", Aconquija, and Las Pavas, Sierra of Tucuman). 5: Argentina (Las Pavas, 1; Aconquija, 4). Genus SALTATRICULA Burmeister Saltatricula Burmeister, Reise La Plata Staaten, 2, p. 481, 1861— type, by orig. desig., Saltator multicolor Burmeister. Saltatricola Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890 — emendation. *Saltatricula multicolor (Burmeister). MANY-COLORED GROUND SPARROW. Saltator multicolor Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 254, 1860 — Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina (type in Halle Museum examined); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 195, 1878 — Sierra de Cordoba. Saltatricula multicolor Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 481, 1861— near Parana, Entre Rios; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 355 — Salta and near Mendoza; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 600 — Fuerte de Andalgala, Cata- marca; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 737, 1888 — Argentina (Salta; Cosquin, Cordoba; Mendoza); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 61, pi. 5, 1888— Parana, Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgala), Salta, and Men- doza; Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 215— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, pp. 279, 290, 1895— La Rioja (Chilecito) and Catamarca; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895 — Santa Rosa, Salta; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897 — Caiza, Bolivian Chaco, and San Lorenzo, Jujuy; Gosse, in Fitzgerald, The Highest Andes, p. 352, 1899 — Lujan and Mendoza; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902— Tapia, Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 257, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Tapia and Tucu- man; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 393, 1910 (range in Argentina); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 64, 1918 — Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy, tail, but much smaller; the orange-rufous on the under parts is restricted to throat, foreneck, and tail coverts, the remainder being pale slate gray shaded with olive along the sides; the gray of the dorsal surface is paler; the edge of the wing gray instead of orange; the two lateral pairs of rectrices lack the white apical edges, etc. Wing (males), 75-78; tail, 73-75; bill, 13-14. This is probably a geographic representative of C. garleppi, but until more is known about the latter bird, it may provisionally be maintained as a distinct cies. Additional material examined. — Tucuman: Lagunita, 4. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 633 and Santiago del Estero (nest and eggs descr.); Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rfos (nest and eggs); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 423, 1926 — Paraguay (Laguna Wall, 200 kilom. west of Puerto Pinasco) and Tucuman (Tapia); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 235, 1927 —Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 145, 1928— Santa Elena (eggs descr.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 256, 1930 — Chaves, Formosa, and Villa Montes (Tarija), Bolivia (crit.); idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 328, 1934— Estancia La Geral- dina, northern Santa Fe, and Chaco Paraguayo (Puerto Casado, Puerto Sastre) (crit.). Saltalricola multicolor Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba. Range. — Northern Argentina, from Entre Rios (Parana; Santa Elena) and southern Corrientes (Rio Guayquiraro) west to Mendoza and north to Jujuy, and the adjacent sections of western Paraguay (Puerto Casado, Puerto Sastre, and Laguna Wall, Paraguayan Chaco) and southeastern Bolivia (Caiza and Villa Montes, Tarija).1 2: Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 1; Chumbicha, Cata- marca, 1). Genus EMBERNAGRA Lesson Embernagra Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 465, 1831— type, by virtual monotypy, Tanagra dumetorum ~Lesson=Emberiza platensis Gmelin. Limnospiza Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, October, 1851— new name for Embernagra Lesson. *Embernagra platensis platensis (Gmelin). LA PLATA GROUND FINCH. Emberiza. platensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 886, 1789 — based on "L'Emberise a cinq couleurs" Montbeillard, in Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 364; Buenos Aires. (">)Tanagra dumetorum Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 465, 1831— Brazil (cotypes in Paris Museum examined). Emberizoides poliocephalus Gray, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 98, March, 1841 — Montevideo and Maldonado, Uruguay (type, from Maldo- nado, now in British Museum, examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850— La Plata (ex Gray). Emberizoidcs megarhyncha Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 482, end of 1850 — Brazil (type in Paris Museum examined;2 descr. of young). 1 1 am unable to make out any other than seasonal variation in this bird. Paraguayan and Bolivian specimens appear to agree with others from Argentina. Additional material examined. — Bolivia, Tarija: Villa Montes, upper Pil- comayo, 4. — Paraguay: Chaco (Puerto Casado, Puerto Sastre), 3. — Argentina: Parana, 1 (the type); Chaves, Formosa, 1; Corral, Santiago del Estero, 1; Arenal, Salta, 1. 2 The type collected in "Brazil" by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire and received at the Paris Museum in August, 1822, is quite a young bird in fluffy juvenile plumage 634 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Embernagra viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 — La Plata (type in Paris Museum).1 Limnospiza minor Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, October, 1851 — "Brazil" (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt, examined). Embernagra platensis Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 1, in Mag. Zool., 7, cl. 2, p. 34, 1837— "Paraguay" and banks of the La Plata; d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 284, 1839— Uruguay (Montevideo), Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Patagonia (Rio Negro); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 — southern Brazil and Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 224, 1856— Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, Paraguay, and La Plata; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860— near Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 485, 1861— near Parana (eggs descr.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 230, 1870 — Parana (Postinho, Porcos de Riva, Sao Luiz, Curytiba); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 548 — Rio Negro, Patagonia; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 254, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 172 — Buenos Aires and up the Parana to Baradero; Doering, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, p. 40, 1881 — Pampa Territory and Valley of the Rio Negro; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 600— Buenos Aires (Punta Lara, Rio Lujan) and Corrientes (Santo Tome); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 132, 1883 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios, and Azul, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay (breeding); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 124, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 758, 1888— Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado), Buenos Aires (Conchitas, Buenos Aires), and Entre Rios (Parana); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 62, 1888— Argentina (habits); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 10, p. 77, 1889 — Estancia Ytanu, Paraguay (eggs descr.); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 — Est. Espar- with only a few newly growing feathers interspersed on the back and lesser upper wing coverts. The large stout bill and the strong legs with long toes leave not the slightest doubt about its proper identification. The new wing coverts are of the same yellowish green tone as in specimens from Buenos Aires, and the anal region as well as the crissum show the characteristic buffy color. Crown and back are dull brownish (excepting a number of fresh feathers which are greenish as in adult birds) with heavy blackish brown spots; the median and greater wing coverts brown with buffy white edges; throat, breast, and abdomen whitish, the foreneck, breast and sides streaked with (reddish) brown; maxilla blackish brown with the cutting edges yellowish brown, mandible wholly yellowish white. Wing, 81 ; tail, 84; bill, 17^. 1 Though ostensibly based on Tanagra fabialatu Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 465, 1831), Embernagra viridis Bonaparte, credited to "Gray, ex Vieillot" (i.e., Gray, List Gen. Subgen. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 57, 1841) is practically the first valid intro- duction of that specific name, since neither Lesson nor Gray gave any description. I have not been able to find the specimen in the Paris Museum. Pucheran (Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 344, 1855), in speaking of Tanagra fabialatu Lesson, claims that "the type" came from Brazil (Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, 1818), but as the only locality cited by Bonaparte is "La Plata," a region that was not visited by Saint-Hilaire, I believe he had some other individual in mind, possibly one of the cotypes of T, dumetorum. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 635 tillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126 — lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 197— Est. Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 170— Uruguay; Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 215— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— Villa Rica and Chaco Austral, Paraguay; Ihering, Annuario Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 121, 1899— Mundo Novo, Rio Grande do Sul; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 145, 1902— Sapucay, Paraguay; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, p. 268, 1902— Vargem Alegre, Minas Geraes; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 13, p. 185, 1906— Retiro do Ramos, Itatiaya; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 385, 1907— Vargem Alegre, Minas Geraes, and Esperanza, Buenos Aires (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 179, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa F£, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 394, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 641— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 100— Formosa (Colonia Mihanovitch), Paraguay (Villa Pilar), Corrientes (Bella vista), and Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Aj6; Tuja, Aj6; Cape San Antonio); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 366, 1912 — Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 64, 1914 — Paraguay (Mondafh, Encarnaci6n) ; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 398, 1916— La Plata; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 387— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Miranda Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 425, 1926 — Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga, Formosa), Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), Rio Negro (General Roca), Buenos Aires (Dolores, Lavalle, Carhue, Guaminf), and Uruguay (Carrasco, San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro) (crit., habits); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 190, 1926— Fazenda Concordia, Parana; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General L6pez, Santa Fe; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 149, 1928— Cacharf, F.C.S. (eggs descr.); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 260, 1930 — San Jos£, Lapango, and Tapikiol6, Formosa (crit.); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933 — Naposta, Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 328, 1934— La Geraldina, Santa Fe. Limnospiza platensis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, 1851 — Rio Grande [do Sul]. Embernagra platensis platensis Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 3 — eastern Argentina (crit.); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 1, 1925— Patagonia (=Rio Negro) (crit.). Embernagra platensis poliocephala Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 4 — Maldonado, Montevideo, and Santa Elena, Uruguay (crit.); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 245, 1919— Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 23, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado, Flores, San Jose); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 53, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rfos; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 660, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires. Embernagra platensis paraguayensis Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 5 — Paraguay and Rio Parana, Argentina (type, from Sapucay, Paraguay, in British Museum examined); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 1, 1925— Corrientes (crit.). 636 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII (?) Embernagra dumetorum Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 6— "Brazil" (crit.). Embernagra platensis subsp. Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 318, 1928 — campos of Alto Itatiaya, Sao Paulo. Embernagra olivascens olivascens (not of d'Orbigny) Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 236, 1927 — part, Bovril Islands, Santa Fe. Range. — Southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Geraes (Campanha, Vargem Alegre, near Marianna) and Sao Paulo (Serra do Itatiaya) to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; eastern Argentina, from Formosa and Corrientes south through Chaco, Santa F6",1 and Entre Rios to southern Buenos Aires (lower Rio Negro).2 1 The record from Cordoba by Frenzel (Journ. Orn., 39, p. 120, 1891) is doubt- less erroneous. 2 Careful study of an extensive series from the entire range fails to disclose any variation connected with particular geographic areas. E. p. poliocephala, from Uruguay, in any case is absolutely identical with birds from Buenos Aires (topotypical platensis). Two of the specimens in the British Museum are indeed darker gray on throat and foreneck, and nearly white along the abdominal line, peculiarities which are no doubt due to their worn condition, since birds in corre- sponding plumage from Buenos Aires, e.g. a male from Tuja, Ajo, Nov. 27, 1908, and others from Rio Grande do Sul are of identical coloration. An adult female in fresh plumage collected by 0. V. Aplin on March 14, 1893, at Santa Elena, Uruguay, again is precisely like comparable specimens from Buenos Aires, being just as buffy beneath with pale gray throat and foreneck. Birds from Paraguay and the adjoining parts of Argentina (Parana; Corrientes), which have been separated by Chubb as E. p. paraguayensis, are neither larger nor "darker green" above, and not more than Wetmore am I able to discriminate this form on any other character. The type of Limnospiza minor Cabanis, which I have been per- mitted to examine through the good offices of Mr. A. Hemprich, is an (unsexed) adult bird in excessively poor plumage with the tips of quills and rectrices worn off, a condition that explains its supposedly small size (wing, 84; tail, 77). The bill, while slightly slenderer, is by no means shorter than in other individuals from southern Brazil (Parana, to Rio Grande do Sul), and quite normally colored. The upper parts are light olive green with broad blackish streaks, exactly as in the average of Brazilian birds, with no trace of buff in the supraloral region or below the eye. It certainly pertains to the South Brazilian form, which I cannot dis- tinguish from typical platensis. The only name I am a little doubtful about is Tanagra dumetorum of Lesson. An adult bird from Minas Geraes (Campanha) in perfect plumage differs from all others in comparable condition by fresher (brighter) olive green upper parts with but a few criniform dusky streaks on the middle back. The specimen from "Brazil" described by Chubb is quite similar. The Paris Museum has two mounted birds collected by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire in "Brazil" and received in August, 1818, supposed to be T. dumetorum. They present some variations inter se, whereby the nomenclatorial side is somewhat complicated. One, which is labeled "Tanagra dumetorum Cuv. Type," has the back bright greenish like the Campanha bird, but with numerous, well defined blackish markings; while the other, inscribed "Tanagra dumetorum Cuv. et Less. Type," shows merely a few isolated dusky streaks on a rather more brownish-olive ground, which, in tone, does not differ from ordinary platensis. It is hard to determine from such a small number of specimens in a notoriously variable species whether a recognizable race may yet exist in the northern parts of southeastern Brazil, and for the present I have listed T. dumetorum as a questionable synonym. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Campanha, Minas Geraes, 1; Cury- tiba, Parana, 3; Sao Luiz, Parana, 1; Postinho, Parana, 3; Porto Uniao, Santa Catharina, 1; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 2; Sao Lourengo, Rio Grande do Sul, 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 637 16: Uruguay (8 miles southwest of Treinta y Tres, 1; north of San Vicente de Castillos, Dept. Rocha, 4; Maldonado, 2; Arazati, Dept. San Jose", 3; south of La Lata, Dept. Colonia, 3); Argentina (Platanas, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1 ; Torrecita, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1 ; near Guamini, Prov. Buenos Aires, 1). *Embernagra platensis olivascens d'Orbigny.1 OLIVE GROUND FINCH. Embernagra olivascens d'Orbigny, Voy. Ame>. Merid., Ois., p. 285, 1839 — Enquisivi (Sicasica), Palca (Ayupaya), and Cochabamba, Bolivia (cotypes, from Sicasica and Ayupaya, in Paris Museum, examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 — Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 606 — Tilotilo, Yungas, and d'Orbigny localities, Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 355 — northwestern Argentina; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 759, 1888— part, spec, a, h, i, Tilotilo (Bolivia) and Cosquin (Cordoba); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 398, 1890 — Cordoba; Frenzel, Journ. Orn., 39, p. 120, 1891 — Sierra of Cordoba; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Tala, Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 179, 1902 — Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 456 — San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 217, 1904— Santa [Ana] and Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 44, 1905— Tucuman; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 180, 1909 — Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 394, 1910 — part, Cordoba, Tucuman, and Salta; Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 8 — Bolivia and northwestern Argentina (monog.); Dinelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 65, 1918 — Tucuman (nest and eggs descr.); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 69, 1923— La Rioja; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 32, p. 1, 1925 — Sicasica and Ayupaya (notes on cotypes); Castellanos, El Hornero, 5, p. 325, 1934— Sierra Chica, Cordoba. Embernagra olirascens olivascens Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 426, 1926 — Tapia and Tucuman, Tucuman; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 236, 1927 — part, Conception, Tucuman. 3; Camaquam, Rio Grande do Sul, 1; unspecified, 5. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 2; Santa Elena, Soriano, 2. — Paraguay: Sapucay, 4; Villa Rica, 1; Mborero, 1; Bernalcu£, 1. — Argentina: Santo Tom6, Corrientes, 1; Bella Vista, Corrientes, 1; Corrientes, 1 ; Santa Elena, Entre Rfos, 1 ; Parana, Entre Rfos, 1 ; lower Pilcomayo, Formosa, 1; Colonia Mihanovitch, Formosa, 1; Buenos Aires, 8; Rio Negro, 1. 1 Embernagra platensis olivascens d'Orbigny differs from the nominate race by lacking all trace of dusky streaks on the pileum and by the reduction of the dusky color of the bill to a limited pale brown culminal stripe or spot. Besides, the loral region and the chin are less dusky, while the middle of the abdomen is always nearly white. The back, while generally plain, is sometimes faintly streaked with dusky, hardly less so than in the "dumetorum" type of E. p. platensis, and I cannot see in olivascens anything but a well-marked western race. Argentine birds, including some from Cordoba, are identical with those from Bolivia. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Sicasica, 1; Palca, Ayupaya, 1; Tilotilo, 1; Santa Ana, 1; El Cabrada, Chuquisaca, 1. — Argentina: Tala, Salta, 2; Tucuman, 7; Cosquin, Cordoba, 5. 638 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Subtropical zone of Bolivia and northwestern Argentina south to La Rioja and Cordoba.1 6: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 6). Embernagra platensis gossei Chubb.2 GOSSE'S GROUND FINCH. Embernagra gossei Chubb, Ibis, (10), 6, p. 9, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1918 — Lujan, Men- doza, Argentina (type in British Museum examined). Embernagra viridis (not of Bonaparte) Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 256, 1860— Mendoza. Embernagra olivascens (not of d'Orbigny) Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 485, 1861— Mendoza (crit.); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 759, 1888 — part, spec, b-g, Mendoza; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 63, 1888 — near Mendoza [and "Rio Colorado" (ex Doering)]; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 394, 1910— part, Mendoza [and "Pampas" (ex Doering)]; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Las Catitas, Mendoza. Embernagra olivascens gossei Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 427, 1926 — Tunuyan, Mendoza (crit.); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — San Rafael, Mendoza. Range.— Western Argentina (Province of Mendoza). Embernagra longicauda Strickland.3 BUFF-THROATED GROUND FINCH. 1 Records of E. olivascens from the province of Buenos Aires (Doering, in Roca, Inf. Ofic. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 40, 1881 — Laguna Carhue to the Rio Colorado; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463 — Lomas de Zamora; no spec, preserved) are almost certainly due to misidentification of worn breeding specimens of E. p. platensis. 2 Embernagra platensis gossei Chubb: Similar in size as well as in coloration of bill and plumage to E. p. olivascens, but the upper parts somewhat duller, more grayish green. Wing (type), 95; tail, 103; bill, 17. The type, the only available specimen in good plumage, is indeed grayer above than any of the numerous individuals of E. p. olivascens with which it was com- pared. The coloration of the under parts, however, does not offer any constant difference from several examples in the series of the allied form. Seven additional skins from Mendoza are so excessively worn as to be useless for comparative purposes. 3 Embernagra longicauda Strickland, known only from the type, is a very singular bird with very short wings and large bill. I am unable to identify it with any other species. It combines the bill-coloration of E. p. platensis with the plain olive green dorsal plumage of E. p. olivascens, but differs from both by possessing a very conspicuous, deep buff supraloral streak, extending apparently (the sides of the head are somewhat defective) in the form of a narrow supercilium to above the posterior margin of the auriculars, and a similarly colored subocular spot. More- over, the middle of the throat and foreneck is dingy buff (very different from the dull gray of the related species), the chest soiled gray with a faint buffy tinge; the rest of the under parts are brighter buff, the flanks and crissum, however, light buffy brown, as in platensis and olivascens. The bill is considerably larger than in platensis. The extent of the dusky color on the maxilla is the same, but the light- colored margin along the basal portion of the commissure, being pale brown instead of bright yellow, is much less prominent. Wing, 78; tail, 98; bill, 18. The mode of preparation of the type specimen offers no clew as to its origin. It was presented to the describer by his brother, N. C. Strickland, in 1838. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 639 Embernagra longicauda Strickland, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 420, June, 1844 — "South American" (type in coll. of H. E. Strickland, now in Uni- versity Museum, Cambridge, Eng., examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 483, 1850 (ex Strickland); Chubb, Ibis, 1918, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 1 (crit.). Limnospiza longicauda Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 136, 1851. Range. — "South America." Genus RHYNCHOPHANES Baird Rhynchophanes Baird, in Baird, Brewer, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. & Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 432, 1858 — type, by monotypy, Plectrophanes mccownii Lawrence. *Rhynchophanes mccownii (Lawrence). McCowN's LONGSPUR. Plectrophanes mccownii Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 122, Sept., 1851 — high prairies of western Texas (type in coll. of Geo. N. Law- rence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Cassin, Illust. Bds. Calif., Tex., etc., p. 228, pi. 39, 1855 (monog.). Rhyncophanes maccowni Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 589, 1888 (monog.) ; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 239— Julines, near Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico. Rhynchophanes mccowni Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 38, 1893 — San Diego, Chihuahua. Rhynchophanes mccownii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 165, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 175, 1906 — Villa Ocampo, Durango; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 77, p. 490, 1934 — Chihuahua. Range. — Great Plains of North America, from Alberta and southern Saskatchewan to southeastern Wyoming, northeastern Colorado, northern South Dakota, and southwestern Minnesota; winters from Colorado and Kansas south through Arizona and Texas to Chihuahua and northwestern Durango. 56: Alberta (Burdette, 1); North Dakota (Cannonball River, 3; Carrington, 1); South Dakota (Moody County, 1); Nebraska (un- specified, 1); Montana (Jordan, 4); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4); Okla- homa (unspecified, 3); Texas (Port Lavaca, 11; Gainesville, 2; Corpus Christi, 1); Arizona (White Mountains, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 19); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 3; Chihuahua, Chi- huahua, 1). Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein Calcarius Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. Deuts., 1, p. 130, 1802 — type, by mono- typy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. Plectrophanes Meyer, Kurze Beschr. Vogel Liv.- und Esthl., p. xii, 1815 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla calcarata Pallas =Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. 640 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Centhrophanes [sic] Kaup, Skizz. Ent.-Gesch. & Naturl. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 158, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. Centrophanes Gray, App. List Gen. Bds., p. 11, 1842 — emendation. Leptoplectron Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 75, June, 1850 — type not specified, but obviously Emberiza picta Swainson (as indicated by Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 154, 1901). *Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus). LAPLAND LONGSPUR. Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 180, 1758 — "in Lapponia' ' = Lapland. Fringilla calcarata Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich., 2, p. 710, 1773 —new name for Fringilla lapponica Linnaeus. Emberiza subcalcarata Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 930 — Greenland (type probably the same as that of Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 17, footnote,* 1918). Plectrophanes groenlandicus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 307, 1831 — Greenland (type in coll. of C. L. Brehm in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 17, 1918). Calcarius lapponicus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 579, 1888 (monog.). Emberiza lapponica Winge, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 297, 1899— Greenland. Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 155, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 1, p. 200, 1904 (monog.). Calcarius lapponicus groenlandicus Schi01er, Danm. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 — Greenland (crit.); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 291— Greenland (habits). Calcarius lapponicus subcalcaratus Salomonsen, Ornith. Monatsber., 39, p. 112, 1931— Greenland (crit.). Range. — Breeds in North America from about lat. 73° on Arctic Islands and in West Greenland, and from lat. 75° in East Greenland south to tree limit in Mackenzie, northern Manitoba, and northern Quebec; also in Lapland, Jan Meyen, Kolguev, Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, and northern Siberia; winters south to the north- central United States, irregularly to the Middle States and Texas, rarely to Kentucky and South Carolina, also in Europe and Asia south to about lat. 30°. ' 80: Greenland (Kugssuak, Arctic Circle, 2; Holsteinborg, 1; Disko Island, 2; Angmagsalik, East Coast, 3); Labrador (Indian 1 1 am not quite certain that Greenland birds (subcalcaratus) are really quite the same. Their distinctness has been insisted upon by Schi01er and Salomonsen, and the latter author claims that they are separable not only by slightly smaller size, but also by having the nuchal collar as well as the margins to the dorsal plumage paler and less chestnut. The few examples seen by us seem to support this view, but further studies of extensive breeding material from other parts of Arctic America are required for the final solution of the problem. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 641 Harbor, 2; Port Manvers, 3); Michigan (Kalamazoo, 10); Illinois (Woodstock, 3; Harrington, 5; Worth, 4; Chicago, 10; Addison, 3; Momence, 2); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 25; Babcock, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 2); Texas (Gainesville, 1). "Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway. ALASKA LONGSPUR. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgway, Auk, 15, p. 320, Oct., 1898 — St. Paul Island, Pribilof group, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 158, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Condor, 3, p. 21, 1901— St. George and St. Paul Islands, Pribilof group, and Amagnak, Alaska; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 398, 1910 — Prince William Sound region, Alaska; Swarth, I.e., 7, p. 84, 1911— Taku River, Alaska; Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 32, pp. 20, 29, 1912— Aleutians and St. Paul Island, Bering Sea; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 408, 1915— Semidi Islands, Alaska, and islands in the Bering Sea (habits); Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 30, 1916— St. Michael, Alaska; Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Faun., 46, p. 94, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding, habits); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 350, 1924— Kispiox Valley, Skeena River, British Columbia; idem, I.e., 30, p. 121, 1930 — Carcross, Atlin region, British Columbia; idem, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 53, 1934— Akutan, Unalaska, and Nuni- vak Islands, Alaska. Range. — Breeds in northern Alaska, including the Pribilof, Aleutian, Shumagin, and other islands, and east to the mouth of the Mackenzie River; winters south to Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, and Kansas; accidental in California. 15: Bering Sea (St. Paul Island, 1; St. Lawrence Island, 1); Alaska (Canoe Bay, 1; Nome, 1; Cape Lisbourne, 1); Kansas (Hamil- ton, 9); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1). *Calcarius pictus (Swainson). PAINTED LONGSPUR. Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun., Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," p. 250, pi. 49, pub. Feb., 1832— Carlton House, Saskatchewan (type in the Swainson Collection, University Museum, Cambridge, Eng.). Plectrophanes smithii Audubon, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 336, pi. 487, 1844 — near Edwardsville, Madison County, Illinois (type in U. S. National Museum). Calcarius pictus Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 584, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 160, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 350, 1924— Kispiox Valley, Skeena River, northern British Columbia. Range.- — Breeds in the Arctic zone of North America on the barren grounds from Mackenzie (Fort Andersen) east to Hudson Bay (Fort Churchill), west to Fort Yukon; winters from Kansas 642 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII to Texas, east in migration to Illinois and Indiana; casual in South Carolina and British Columbia (Skeena River region). 19: Illinois (Worth, 8; Momence, 1; Galesburg, 1); Kansas (Greenwood, 2; Hamilton, 4); Texas (Gainesville, 3). *Calcarius ornatus (Townsend). CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR. Plectrophanes ornata Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, Part 2, p. 189, pub. Nov. 21, 1837 — "the prairies of the Platte"=near the forks of the Platte River, western Nebraska (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 14, 1899). Plectrophanes melanomus Baird, in Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence, Rep. Expl. and Surv. R. R. Pacif., 9, p. 436, 1858— "eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, on the tablelands" (type, from Fort Thorne, New Mexico, in U. S. National Museum). Calcarius ornatus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 419, 1886— North America to Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 586, 1888 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 162, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Swarth, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 351, 1924 — Kispiox Valley, Skeena River, British Columbia (July 8); idem, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 324, 1929— south- eastern Arizona (winter visitant); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 490, 1934— Chihuahua, Mexico. Range. — Breeds in the Great Plains of North America from Montana, southeastern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and Mani- toba south to Wyoming, central Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and western Minnesota; winters from Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa to Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, and Vera Cruz, Mexico; accidental in British Columbia (Skeena River region), California, Maine, Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and Maryland. 26: Saskatchewan (Moose Jaw, Lake Johnston, 1; Quill Lake, 1); North Dakota (Oakes, 4; Jamestown, 1; Carrington, 1; Braddock, 6); Minnesota (Madison, 1); Montana (Jordan, 2); Wisconsin (Madison, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 1; Broadmoor, 1); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); New Mexico (Deming, 1; Fort Union, 2); Texas (Gainesville, 1; Lee County, 1). Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger Plectrophanes (not of Meyer, 1815) Kaup, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. und Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierw., p. 138, 1829 — type, by monotypy, Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus. Plectrophenax Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 33, June 5, 1882— type, by orig. desig., Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 643 *Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus). EASTERN SNOW BUNTING. Emberiza nivalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 176, 1758— "in Alpibus Lapponiae, Spitsbergiae ad sinum Hudsonis," Lapland accepted as type locality; Winge, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 301, 1899 — Greenland. Emberiza notata P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 157, 1776 — based on "Ortolan de passage" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 511, fig. 2; Lorraine.1 Emberiza mustelina Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 867, 1789— based on Wil- loughby, Albin, Pennant, and Latham; northern countries of America, Asia, and Europe. Emberiza montana Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 867, 1789— based on Wil- loughby, Pennant, and Latham; England. Emberiza glacialis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 398, 1790 — new name for Emberiza mustelina Gmelin. Emberiza subnivalis Brehm, Isis, 1826, col. 929— Greenland (no type extant, probably the same as that of Plectrophanes borealis Brehm; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 17, 1918). Plectrophanes hiemalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vogel Deuts., p. 304, 1831 — in cold winters in Middle Germany (no type extant). Plectrophanes borealis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deuts., p. 305, 1831— Greenland, probably also Iceland (type, from Greenland, in Brehm Collection at Tring, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Hartert, Nov. Zool., 25, p. 17, 1918). Plectrophenax nivalis Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 572, 1888 (monog.); Salomonsen, Ornith. Monatsber., 39, p. 113, 1931 — Greenland (crit.). Passerina nivalis nivalis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 148, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.); Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, 1, p. 202, 1904 (monog.). Plectrophenax nivalis subnivalis Schi01er, Danm. Fugle, 2, p. 44, 1926 — Greenland (crit.); Nicholson, Ibis, 1930, p. 296 — Goothaab, Greenland (crit., habits); Salomonsen, Ibis, 1931, p. 59 — Greenland (monog.). Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis Salomonsen, Ibis, 1931, p. 67 (monog.). Range. — Breeds in North America in the Arctic zone from at least lat. 83° North (including Greenland)2 to the northern parts of the mainland from Alaska to northern Quebec, also in the Arctic 1 The alleged variety with rusty, black-spotted back mentioned by Muller — obviously based on "Ortolan de la Lorraine" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 511, fig. 1, which Buffon thought was the female of the Snow Bunting — is Emberiza cia da Linnaeus. s Greenland birds have been separated as P. n. subnivalis on account of very slightly smaller size and greater extent of white on wings, tail, and rump, but the divergencies vary a good deal. Salomonsen, in his latest communication, restricts Brehm's subspecific name to the inhabitants of northeastern Greenland, while those from the west coast are stated to be intermediate to nivalis. 644 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Subarctic regions of the Eastern Hemisphere south to about lat. 60° N. in Scandinavia and northern Scotland; winters south to the northern United States and irregularly even to Indiana, Ohio, South Carolina, and Florida; also in Europe south to the Mediter- ranean, northern Africa, Canary Islands, and Azores; casual in Bermuda. 97: Alaska (Nome, 3); Saskatchewan (Osier, 2); Ontario (Cold- stream, 1); Labrador (Port Manvers, 1; Bowdoin Bay, 1); New- foundland (Codroy, 1); Baffin Land (Peter Force Sound, Frobisher Bay, 1); Greenland (Disko Island, 7; Sukkertoppen, 5; Kugssuak, Arctic Circle, 1; Angmagsalik, East Coast, 3; Musk-ox Fjord, Hudson's Land, 2); New Brunswick (Oak Bay, 1); Maine (Brewer, 1; Lincoln, 1; Orrington, 1); Massachusetts (Cambridge, 2; Hyannis, 1; Revere, 2); Connecticut (East Hartford, 1); Illinois (Waukegan, Lake County, 8) ; Indiana (Miller, 4) ; Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 26) ; North Dakota (Fort Buford, 10); Montana (Fort Shaw, 4; Fort Keogh, 1; Fort Assiniboine, 5); Wyoming (Fort Douglas, 1). *Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway. PRIBILOF SNOW BUNTING. Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 403, 1887 —Otter Island, Bering Sea (type in U. S. National Museum); Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 32, p. 20, 1912— Akun Island, Aleutians; Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 59, p. 408, 1915 — Copper Island; Hersey, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 66, No. 2, p. 30, 1916— Unalaska; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 27, p. 155, 1920 — Copper and Bering Islands (crit.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Faun., 46, p. 92, 1923— Pribilof Islands (breeding, food); Hanna, Condor, 25, p. 61, 1923— Pribilof Islands (migration, eggs, young); Laing, Victoria Mem. Mus., Bull., No. 40, p. 37, 1925— Atka and Attu Islands, Aleutians; Salomonsen, Ibis, 1931, p. 69 (crit.); Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 55, 1934 — Akutan and Unalaska (Aleutian) and Nunivak Island, Alaska (crit.). Passerina nivalis townsendi Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 152, 1901 (monog., full bibliog.). i Range.— Breeds on the Shumagin, Aleutian, and Pribilof Islands, Alaska, on the Commander Islands, and on the Siberian coast of the Bering Sea.1 5: Alaska Peninsula, 2; Bering Sea (St. Paul Island, 3). 1 The range as here given is "a conventional arrangement due to the need of drawing a dividing line where there is none in nature" between townsendi and nivalis, as Swarth very aptly puts it. About certain differences exhibited by specimens from the various islands Hartert's and Swarth's remarks should be consulted. 1938 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 645 Plectrophenax nivalis hyperboreus Ridgway.1 McKAY's SNOW BUNTING. Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 68, 1884 — St. Michaels, Alaska (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Auk, 3, p. 276, 1886— Hall Island (breeding); Townsend, Cruise "Corwin," p. 100, col. pi., 1887— Hall Island; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 12, p. 577, 1888— Alaska; Stone, Auk, 15, p. 269, 1898— Bethel, Kuskokwim River, Alaska (Jan. 4); Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 32, p. 28, 1912— St. Matthew and Hall Islands; Hanna, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 176, 1919; idem, Auk, 37, p. 254, 1920— St. Paul Island, Pribilof group (Mar. 30, 1918); idem, Condor, 25, p. 61, 1923— St. Matthew (eggs descr.); Preble and McAtee, N. Amer. Faun., 46, p. 93, 1923— St. Paul Island, Pribilofs; Swarth, Pacif. Coast Avif., 22, p. 56, 1934 — Nunivak Island (transient). Passerina hyperborea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 1, p. 153, 1901 (monog., bibliog.). Plectrophenax nivalis hyperboreus Salomonsen, Ibis, 1931, p. 70 (crit.). Range. — Breeds on Hall and St. Matthew Islands, Bering Sea; migrates to Nunivak Island and to the mainland of Alaska (St. Michael, Kuskokwim River, and Nushagak). Genus EMBERIZA Linnaeus Emberiza Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 176, 1758 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 47, 1840), Emberiza citrinella Linnaeus. Hypocentor Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 131, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs, desig., (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 79, 1855), Emberiza aureola Pallas. Emberiza rustica Pallas. RUSTIC BUNTING. Emberiza rustica Pallas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, 3, p. 698, 1776 — Dauria (location of type unrecorded). Hypocentor rustica Bent, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 56, No. 32, p. 19, 1912— Kiska Island, Aleutian chain. Range. — Breeds from Finland throughout Siberia to Kamchatka; winters south to Japan, China, and Turkestan. Casual in Europe and accidental on Kiska Island, Aleutian chain, Alaska (June 19, 1911). 1 A very distinct form with the maximum of white in the plumage, but accord- ing to my conception of taxonomic units undoubtedly conspecific with P. nivalis. INDEX Bold-faced type denotes names adopted in this work. abeillei, Arremon abeillei, Guiraca abeillei, Hesperiphona. . . . aberti, Pipilo abingdoni, Cactornis abingdoni, Gepspiza acadica, Melospiza Acanthidops Acanthis Acanthys PAGE 439 149 149 468 135 135 596 371 264 265 actitus, Chondestes 515 acuminata, Aimophila 520 acuminata, Haemophila 520 acutirostris, Gepspiza 132 adoxa, Spermophila 117 adusta, Melospiza 608 Aegiothus 265 aequatorialis, Amaurospiza. . . . 238 aequatorialis, Sporophila 181, 193 aestivalis, Aimophila 532 aestivalis, Fringilla 532 aethiops, Oryzoborus 248 affinis, Arremon 421 affinis, Camarhynchus 137 affinis, Cardinalis 72 affinis, Loxigilla 161 affinis, Pooecetes 512 affinis, Poospiza 619 affinis, Pyrrhulagra 161 affinis, Richmpndena 72 agassizi, Cocornis 146 agrestis, Spizella 562 Agriospiza 265 aikeni, Junco 545 Aimophila 516 alascensis, Calcarius 641 alascensis, Pinciola 258 alaudina, Fringilla 360 alaudina, Pyrrhula 213 alaudinus, Passerculus 490 alaudinus, Phrygilus 360 albemarlei, Certhidea 144 albemarlei, Geospiza 131 a' biceps, Atlapetes 411 albiceps, Buarremon 411 albicollis, Fringilla 570 albicollis, Pipilo 468 albicollis, Saltator 38 albicollis, Zonotrichia 570 albifrons, Donacospiza 616 albifrons, Erythrina 151 albifrons, Sylvia 616 albigula, Pipilo 465 albilateralis, Sporophila 200 albinucha, Atlapetes 385 albinucha, Embernagra albitorques, Spermophila albociliaris, Pitylus albociliaris, Saltator albo-frenatus, Atlapetes albo-f renatus, Tanagra albogularis, Loxia albogularis, Sporophila aldunatei, Chlorospiza alleni, Pipilo alleni, Spin us alnorum, Linaria alpica, Catamenia alticola, Chamaeospiza alticola, Junco alticola, Melospiza alticola, Passerella alticola, Pipilo alticola, Poospiza altivagans, Passerella Amaurospiza Amaurpspizopsis amazonica, Spermophila ambrosettianus, Coccothraustes . americana, Carduelis americana, Curvirostra americana, Emberiza americana, Linaria americana, Loxia americana, Spiza americana, Sporophila Ammodramus Ammodromus Ammospiza amoena, Emberiza amoena, Passerina Amphispiza amplus, Carpodacus anal is. Catamenia analis, Linaria analpides, Catamenia analoides, Linaria angolensis, Loxia angolensis, Oryzoborus annectens, Junco annectens, Passerella anoxantha, Spermophila ....*... anoxanthus, Loxipasser anthinus, Passerculus anthracina, Chrysomitris antillarum, Brachyspiza antillarum, Zonotrichia antioquiae, Pseudochloris anulus, Passerculus aoonalaschkensis, Emberiza PAGE 385 186 34 34 399 399 180 180 342 462 282 266 232 453 554 595 595 453 618 587 237 236 212 173 295 302 129 265 194 129 194 494 494 504 108 108 539 156 228 228 230 230 244 244 552 589 158 158 487 291 586 491 587 646 INDEX 647 araguira, Fringilla . 376 aurantiiventris, Carduelis 264 arborea, Fringilla . . 555 aureipectus, Sycalis 321 arborea, Spizella arctica, Emberiza . 555 . . 487 aureo-ventris, Pheucticus aureus, Camarhynchus 82 140 arcticus, Pipilo arcticus Pyrgita . 454 454 am if Kins, Myospiza aurifrons, Tanagra 482 48? ardesiaca Spermophila 207 aurita, Spermophila 191 ardesiacus, Pitylus arenacea, Spizella argentina, Brachyspiza . 55 . 562 . 579 101 aurita, Sporophila auriventris, Sicalis auriventris, Sycalis aurocapilla Fringilla 191 312 312 569 argentina, Guiraca . 102 579 a us trails, Aimophila australis Amaurospiza 531 238 aripolius, Pipilo arizonae, Chrysomitris . 465 . 298 australis, Ammodromus australis, Fringilla 498 578 arizonae, Peucaea arizonae, Spizella Arremon Arremonops . 532 . 557 . 424 . 439 australis, Junco australis, Leucosticte australis, Peucaea australis, Zonotrichia 554 263 531 578 arthuri, Sporophila arvensis, Fringilla assimilis Atlapetes . 176 . 330 417 axillaris, Amaurospiza axillaris, Arremon a/at at1, Saltator 239 427 ?4 assimilis, Tanagra asticta Aimophila . 417 518 azuerensis, Atlapetes 387 Astragalinus ater, Coccoborus ater, Pipilo atlantica, Melospiza Atlantopetes Atlapetes atrata, Fringilla atrata, Leucosticte atrata, Loxia atratus, Passerculus ;it nn us, Pipilo atratus, Spinus . 270 . 241 . 461 . 597 . 384 . 384 . 547 . 263 . 305 . 494 . 457 290 bachmanii, Aimophila bachmanii, Fringilla badiiventris, Spermophila . . . baeri, Buarremon baeri, Compsospiza baeri, Paroaria bahamensis, Loxia baileyi, Xenospiza bairdi, Acanthidops bairdi, Junco bairdii, Ammodramus bairdii Emberiza 531 531 190 631 631 65 160 503 371 551 501 501 atremaeus, Spizella atricapilla, Fringilla atricapillus Atlapetes . 558 . 197 422 bangs!, Aimophila bangsi, Amphispiza barbadensis Loxigilla 521 540 167 atricapillus, Buarremon atriceps, Emberiza atriceps, Phrygilus atriceps, Saltator atriceps, Spermophila atriceps, Spinus atriceps, Tanagra atricollis, Saltator atricollis, Tanagra atrimentalis, Struthus atripennis, Saltator atrirostris, Oryzoborus atrochalybeus, Pitylus atrogularis, Spinites a i m- ui. uis. Spizella atronitens, Volatinia atropurpuratus, Periporphyrus. . aurantiacus, Pheucticus aurantia, Loxia aurantiicollis, Pyrrhula aurantiirostris, Arremon . 422 . 347 . 347 . 6 . 186 . 272 . 6 . 36 . 36 . 564 . 13 . 244 . 55 . 564 . 564 . 254 . . 45 . 78 . 221 . 159 434 barbata, Fringilla barbatus, Spinus baroni, Atlapetes baroni, Buarremon barrilesensis, Spodiornis barringtoni, Geospiza ban ..si, Melanodera basilicus, Atlapetes basilicus, Buarremon bauri, Geospiza bavarici, Carduelis beata, Melospiza beckhami, Pyrrhuloxia becki, Ammodramus becki, Certhidea beecheyi, Catamenia behni, Diuca beldingi, Passerculus belli, Amphispiza belli, Emberiza bendirei, Loxia 293 293 395 395 370 134 368 419 419 131 283 598 76 506 143 233 358 491 542 542 304 aurantiirostris, Saltator aurantiirostris, Spermophila .. 30 .. 178 beneplacita, Cyanocompsa berlepschi, Pseudochloris 91 315 648 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII berlepschi, Sicalis 315 berlepschianus, Pyrorhamphus . ... 56 bermudiana, Carduelis 264 bermudianus, Cardinalis 67 biarcuata, Pyrgita 472 biarcuatum, Melozone 472 bicolor, Fringilla 121, 475 bicolor, Pyrrhula 183 bicolor, Sporophila 183 bicolor, Tiaris 120 bifasciata, Certhidea 145 bilineata, Amphispiza 539 bilineata, Emberiza 539 bimaculatus, Ammodramus bindloei, Camarhynchus bipartitus, Phrygilus blandingiana, Fringilla , bogotensis, Sicalis boliviana, Poospiza bolivianus, Saltator bolivianos, Spinus bonapartii, Poospiza borealis, Linaria borealis, Plectrophanes borellii, Atlapetes borellii, Buarremon borinquensis, Ammodramus botterii, Aimophila botterii, Zonotrichia boucardi, Aimophila boucardi, Zonotrichia bouvreuil, Loxia bouvreuil, Sporophila bouvronides, Pyrrhula bouvronides, Sporophila. ... bouvronoides, Spermophila .... Brachyspiza brachyurus, Idiopsar 138 362 451 334 618 13 280 620 265 643 422 422 496 532 532 530 530 221 221 211 211 211 565 340 bradburyi, Passerculus 486 brasiliensis, Caryothraustes. ... 47 brasiliensis, Emberiza 323 brasiliensis, Pitylus 48 brasiliensis, Sicalis 322 brevicauda, Passerella 591 brevicaudus, Coryphospingus. . 381 brevicaudus, Saltator 20 brevirostris, Cactornis 131 brevirostris, Crithagra 330 brevirostris, Loxia 221 breweri, Spizella 561 brewsteri, Saltator 21 brewsterii, Aegiothus 264 brissonii, Fringilla 103 britannica, Carduelis 264 britannicus, Acanthis 264 brooksi, Hesperiphona 148 brooksi, Passerculus 489 browni, Sicalis 308 browni, Sycalis 308 brunneiceps, Atlapetes 412 brunneiceps, Pogonospiza 412 brunnei-nucha, Atlapetes 412 brunnei-nucha, Embemagra 412 brunnescens, Ammodramus 490 brunnescens, Atlapetes 388 brunnescens, Linaria 266, 267 brunnescens, Passerculus 490 brunnescens, Pipilo 453 bryanti, Euetheia 115 bryanti, Passerculus 490 bryanti, Tiaris 115 bryantii, Chrysomitris 289 Buarremon 384 bullatus, Pipilo 462 Burrica 151 Bustamantia 4 cabanisi, Melozone 472 cabanisi, Poospiza 629 cabanisi, Pyrgisoma 472 caboti, Passerculus 595 Cactornis 130 Cactospiza 140 caerulea, Emberiza 107 caerulea, Guiraca 88 caerulea, Loxia 88 caerulescens, Cyanocompsa 95 caerulescens, Porphyrospiza . . . 114 caerulescens, Pyrrhula 201 caerulescens, Sporophila 201 caerulescens, Tanagra 114 caesar, Poospiza 631 caesar, Poospizopsis 631 cahooni, Aimophila 523 Calamospiza 475 calcarata, Fringilla 640 Calcarius 639 californica, Hesperiphona 148 californica, Pinicola 260 calif ornicus, Carpodacus 152 Callirhynchus 169 callistus, Arremon 431 Callyrhynchus 169 Calyptrophorus 58 Camarhynchus 137 campestris, Fringilla 283 campestris, Leucosticte 261 campestris, Passerculus 489 cana, Amphispiza 541 canadensis, Caryothraustes ... 46 canadensis, Fringilla 566 canadensis, Loxia 46 canadensis, Pinciola 257 cana, Spizella 563 canaster, Pipilo 461 canens, Arremonops 446 canescens, Aimophila 528 canescens, Amphispiza 544 canescens, Atlapetes 385 canescens, Passerella 592 canicapilla, Zonotrichia 578 canicauda, Richmondena 68 canicaudus, Cardinalis 68 caniceps, Junco 551 INDEX 649 caniceps, Phrygilus caniceps, Saltator. . . . caniceps, Struthus canigenis, Atlapetes. canora, Loxia canora, Tiaris capensis, Fringilla capensis, Zonotrichia capistrata, Pyrrhula. . . capitalis, Chrysomitris capitalis, Hedymeles. . . capitalis, Pezopetes . capitalis, Spinus capitaneus, Spinus capitata, Paroaria capitatus, Tachyphonus capitaurea, Bustamantia capsicum, Loxia carbonaria, Emberiza carbonarius, Phrygilus cardinalis, Loxia. . cardinalis, Richmondena Carduelis Carenochrous .... caribaeus, Ammodramus caribaeus, Coturniculus carlottae, Pinicola. . . carmani, Pipilo carnea, Richmondena carneus, Coccothraustes carolae, Pipilo carolinensis, Junco carpalis, Aimophila carpalis, Peucaea Carpodacus Caryothraustes cassini, Pyrrhula. . . cassinii, Aimophila. cassinii, Carppdacus. . cassinii, Zonotrichia castaneiceps, Buarremon castaneiceps, Lysurus castaneifrons, Atlapetes castaneifrons, Buarremon castaneiventris, Sporophila Catamblyrhynchus Catamenia catotol, Fringilla. . . . caucae, Ammodramus caucae, Atlapetes caucae, Cyanocompsa caudacuta, Ammospiza.. caudacuta, Fringilla. . . caudacutus, Oriolus. . . . caudacutus, Passerhi caurina, Melospiza.. caurina, Spizella cayanensis, Fringilla. . . cayanus, Coracias cayennensis, Coracias. . celaeno, Rhodothraupis celaeno, Tanagra 343 celicae, Atlapetes 401 14 Centhrophanes 640 . . 551 centralis, Sporophila .... 215 .. 405 centratus, Arremonops. . . . 449 115 Centronyx .... 494 115 Centrophanes .... 640 584 Certhidea .... 142 i 584 cervicalis, Paroaria .... 64 221 Chamaeospiza .... 452 276 chapman!, Sicalis .... 329 87 Charitospiza .... 374 382 chazaliei, Loxigilla .... 163 276 cherriei, Myospiza .... 484 272 chiapensis, Arremonops. 442 65 chiapensis, Guiraca .... 90 s 66 chiapensis, Pipilo 460 ia 5 chilensis, Fringilla 575 36 chilensis, Zonotrichia 575 363 Chlorion 608 us 363 Chloris 264 67 chloris, Chloris 264 iena 67 chloris, Loxia 264 264 chloris, Sicalis 314 384 chloronota, Embernagra 450 mus 495 chloronotus, Arremonops. 450 i 495 chloronotus, Phrygilus 345 259 chloropsis, Crithagra 309, 315 459 chlorosoma, Pipilo .... 454 a 73 Chlorura 450 s 74 chlorura, Fringilla 451 463 chlorura, Oberholseria .... 451 546 Chondestes .... 514 521 choraules, Brachyspiza 577 521 choraules, Zonotrichia 577 151 chrysogaster, Pheucticus 80 45 chrysogaster, Pitylus .... 80 151 chrysoma, Arremonops. . . . .... 444 535 chrysoma, Embernagra 444 153 Chrysomitris 270 535 chrysopelus, Coccothraustes. 78 m 424 chrysopeplus, Pheucticus. . 77 s 424 Chrysopoga 384 ;tes 403 chrysopogon, Buarremon 387 on 403 chrysops, Emberiza 487 •ophila. . . . 225 chrysops, Sicalis 327 4 chrysops, Sycalis 327 227 chrysoptera, Emberiza 365 298 chugurensis, Atlapetes 395 us 501 cicada, Spizella 559 397 cinerascens, Certhidea 145 a 104 cinerea, Amphispiza 543 iza 505 cinerea, Fringilla 553, 599 . 502 cinerea, Guiraca 169 505 cinerea, Piezorhina 169 rl hill us . . 502 cinerea, Pipilo 337 601 cinerea, Poospiza 623 563 cinerea, Pyrrhula 178 46 cinereola, Pyrrhula 181 11 cinereola, Sporophila 181 11 cinereus, Pitylus 50 ipis 45 cinnamomea, Pyrrhula 224 45 cinnamomea, Sporophila. 224 650 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII ciris, Emberiza Ill ciris, Passerina Ill Cissurus 52 citrina, Sicalis 307 citrina, Sycalis 307 citrinellus, Atlapetes 410 citrinellus, Buarremon 410 citrinifrons, Catamblyrhynchus 5 clara, Sporophila 182 clementae, Melospiza 605 clementae, Pipilo 458 clemen teae, Amphispiza 543 dementis, Carpodacus 155 cleonensis, Melospiza 603 cobanensis, Hesperiphona 150 coccinea, Richmondena 69 Coccoborus 88 Coccopsis 58 Coccothraustes 146 Cocornis 145 coerulatra, Amaurospiza 239 coerulescens, Loxia 55 coerulescens, Saltator 26 colimae, Buarremon 416 colimae, Junco 554 collaria, Loxia 197 collaris, Coccothraustes 201 collaris, Loxia 196 collaris, Pyrrhula 115 collaris, Spermophila 191 collaris, Sporophila 196 columbiana, Myospiza 476 columbiana, Sicalis. 318 colombiana, Spermophila 179 colombianus, Carduelis 299 colombianus, Spinus 299 columbiana, Sycalis 318 coloratus, Atlapetes 387 comata, Fringilla 565 complexes, Pipilo 454 compressirostris, Camarhynchus . . 137 Compsospiza 631 comptus, Atlapetes 396 comptus, Buarremon 396 concolor, Amaurospiza 237 concolor, Sporophila 351 concolor, Sylvia 615 concolor, Xenospingus 615 concreta, Cyanocompsa 94 concreta, Gyanoloxia 94 con ti M is, Amphispiza 542 con (in is, Pooecetes 513 conirostris, Arremon 445 conirostris, Arremonops 445 conirostris, Geospiza 136 conjunctus, Camarhynchus... 140 connectens, Aimophila 519 connectens, Junco 545 connectens, Pseudochloris 311 connectens, Sicalis 310 consobrinus, Pipilo 459 cooperi, Melospiza 605 coracinus, Phrygilus 350 coronata, Emberiza 569 coronata, Loxia 58 coronata, Paroaria 58 coronata, Zonotrichia 569 coronatorum, Melospiza 606 corvina, Spermophila 189 corvina, Sporophila 189 Corydalina 475 Corydospiza 340 coryi, Euetheia 118 coryi, Loxigilla 164 coryi, Pyrrhulagra 164 coryi, Tiaris 117 Coryphaspiza 614 Coryphospingus 375 Coryphospiza 614 Corythus 256 costaricensis, Atlapetes 416 costaricensis, Buarremon 416 costaricensis, Zonotrichia 571 Coturniculus 494 couesi, Junco 547 cracens, Ammodramus 500 cracens, Coturniculus 500 crassirostris, Arremonops 440 crassirostris, Buarremon 423 crassirostris, Camarhynchus 136 crassirostris, Chrysomitris 275 crassirostris, Diuca 336 crassirostris, Embernagra 440 crassirostris, Haplospiza 239 crassirostris, Loxia 241 crassirostris, Lysurus 423 crassirostris, Oryzoborus 241 crassirostris, Platyspiza 136 crassirostris, Spinus 275 crassus, Atlapetes 406 crenirostris, Pyrrhula 168 crispa, Fringilla 205 crispa, Loxia 209 crissalis, Fringilla 464 crissalis, Loxigilla 166 crissalis, Pheucticus 84 crissalis, Pipilo 464 crissalis, Pyrrhulagra 166 crissalis, Sporophila 173 cristata, Coccothraustes 56 cristata, Fringilla 376 cristata, Gubernatrix 56 cristata, Paroaria 59 cristatella, Emberiza 57 cristatella, Tanagra 380 cristatus, Passer 376 croceus, Spinus 300 Crucirostra 302 cruentata, Pyrrhula 157 cruentus, Rhodospingus 381 cruentus, Tiaris 381 cubae, Fringilla 274 cucullata, Carduelis 274 cucullata, Fringilla 375 INDEX 651 cucullatus, Coryphospingus 375, 377 cucullatus, Oriolus 3 cucullatus, Ploceus cucullatus, Spermestes 3 cucullatus, Spinus 274 curt at us, Pipilo Curvirostra cyanea, Cyanocompsa cyanea, Loxia cyanea, Passerina cyanea, Tanagra cyanella, Emberiza cyanescens, Cyanocompsa Cyanocompsa cyanoides, Coccoborus cyanoides, Cyanocompsa Cyanoloxia. Cyanoloxias . 456 302 103 103 106 107 107 97 91 96 96 105 105 Cyanospiza 106 dabbenei, Aimophila 536 dabbenei, Zonotrichia 536 darwini, Geospiza 130 dawsoni, Leucosticte 262 dearborni, Cyanocompsa 94 debilirostris, Geospiza 133 decumana, Tanagra 26 513 408 408 256 131 539 165 430 170 170 4 109 133 385 77 526 196 119 335 336 336 505 239 1 557 1 60 164 60 164 269 269 616 432 481 definitus, Pooecetes. denisei, Atlapetes denisei, Buarremon Densirostra dentirostris, Geospiza deserticola, Amphispiza desiradensis, Loxigilla devillii, Arremon devronis, Callirhynchus devronis, Neorhynchus diadema, Catamblyrhynchus. dickeyae, Passerina dimcilis, Geospiza dilutus, Atlapetes dilutus, Pheucticus discolor, Aimophila dispar, Sporophila dissita, Tiaris Diuca diuca, Diuca diuca, Fringilla diversa, Ammospiza Dolospingus domestica, Fringilla domestica, Spizella domesticus, Passer dominicana, Loxia dominicana, Loxigilla dominicana, Paroaria dominicana, Pyrrhulagra dominicensis, Chrysomitris dominicensis, Loximitris Donacospiza d'orbignii, Arremon dorsalis, Coturniculus dorsalis, Junco dorsalis, Phrygilus dorsigerus, Pitylus Drepanorhynchus dresseri, Atlapetes dresseri, Carenochrous drovoni, Callirhynchus drownei, Certhidea dubia, Geospiza duidae, Atlapetes duidae, Emberizoides dumetorum, Tanagra duncani, Catamenia duncani, Duncanula Duncanula . . elaeoprorus, Atlapetes elaeoprorus, Buarremon Emberiza Emberizoides Embernagra Enucleator episcopus, Caryothraustes epopoea, Fringilla eremoeca, Aimophila eremoeca, Peucaea eremophilus, Pipilo Erythrina erythromelas, Loxia erythromelas, Periporphyrus. erythromelas, Pitylus erythronota, Chlorospiza erythronotus, Phrygilus ery throphrys, Poospiza erythrophthalma, Fringilla erythrophthalmus, Pipilo erythrorhyncha, Fringilla erythrorhynchus, Arremon . . erythrorynchus, Pitylus Erythrothorax eschatosus, Pinicola Estrilda eucosma, Charitospiza Euetheia euleri, Sporophila euphonia, Melospiza eurhyncha, Guiraca Euspina Euspiza evura, Spizella excelsus, Phrygilus exilipes, Acanthis exilipes, Aegiothus exortus, Buarremon fabialatu, Tanagra falcifer, Pipilo falcinellus, Pipilo falcirostra, Loxia falcirostris, Pyrrhula .... falcirostris, Sporophila fallax, Melospiza 552 357 80 171 400 401 170 143 131 410 612 633 236 236 228 397 398 645 608 633 256 50 86 530 530 464 151 51 51 51 358 357 627 461 461 348 438 55 151 257 3 374 114 173 597 90 128 128 564 362 268 268 420 634 457 457 305 172 171 598 652 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII fallax, Zonotrichia 598 familiaris, Carpodacus 154 fasciata, Fringilla 596 fasciatus, Spinus 291 fatigata, Geospiza 134 ferrariperezi, Amphispiza 518 femiginea, Fringilla 586 fimbriatus, Atlapetes 421 fimbriatus, Buarremon 421 fisherella, Melospiza 599 fisheri, Ammodramus 510 fisheri, Ammospiza 510 flammea, Acanthis 265 flammea, Fringilla 265 flammiger, Cardinalis 70 flammigera, Richmondena. ... 70 flammula, Pinicola 258 flava, Passerina 325 flaveola, Fringilla 321 flaveola, Sicalis 321 flaviceps, Atlapetes 407 flavicollis, Emberiza 129 flavicrissus, Saltator 6 flavidicollis, Saltator 42 flavirostris, Arremon 428 flavospecularis, Crithagra 294 floresae, Emberizo'ides 613 floridana, Richmondena 68 floridanus, Ammodramus 497 floridanus, Cardinalis 68 floridanus, Coturniculus 497 formosa, Fringilla 341 forreri, Chrysomitris 288 forreri, Spinus 288 fortipes, Spermophila 191 fortis, Geospiza 131 fratercula, Geospiza 131 fraterculus, Loxia 221 Fringilla 146 fringillaris, Sphenura 609 fringilloides, Dolospingus 240 f ringilloides, Oryzoborus 240 fringilloides, Tachyphonus 380 frontalis, Arremon 413 frontalis, Callirhynchus 173 frontalis, Garpodacus 153 frontalis, Caryothraustes 47 frontalis, Fringilla 153 frontalis, Pitylus 47 frontalis, Sporophila 172 fruticeti, Fringilla 348 fruticeti, Phrygilus 348 fuliginosa, Fringilla 127 fuliginosa, Geospiza 132 fuliginosa, Loxia 55 fuliginosa, Passerella 590 fuliginosa, Tiaris 127 fuliginosus, Pitylus 55 fulva, Passerella 590 fulvescens, Junco 554 fulvescens, Pyrrhuloxia 76 fulviceps, Atlapetes 409 fulviceps, Emberiza 409 fulviventris, Saltator 27 fumosa, Phonipara 128 fumosa, Tiaris 127 funereus, Oryzoborus 248 f urax, Saltator 42 fusca, Aimophila 531 fusca, Certhidea 143 fusca, Loxia 209 fusca, Peucaea 531 fusca, Tanagra 62 f uscescens, Acanthis 267 fuscescens, Aegiothus 267 fuscipygius, Atlapetes 389 fusciventer, Loxia 215 fusco-olivaceus, Atlapetes 398 fuscus, Pipilo . . 467 gaigei, Pipilo 455 galapagoensis, Zonotrichia 569 gambelii, Fringilla 567 gambelii, Zonotrichia 567 garleppi, Compsospiza 631 gayi, Fringilla 342 gayi, Phrygilus 342 georgiana, Fringilla 595 georgiana, Melospiza 595 Geospiza 130 Geospizopsis 340 geospizopsis, Passerculus 356 geospizopsis, Phrygilus 356 giffordi, Cactospiza 142 giganteus, Arremon 6 gigantodes, Saltator 9 gigas, Aimophila 525 glacialis, Emberiza 643 glauco-caerulea, Cyanoloxia . . . 105 glauco-caerulea, Pyrrhula 105 gnatho, Fringilla 55 gnatho, Pitylus 55 Gnathospiza 306 gnatho, Tanagra 6 goeldii, Sicalis 319 goldmani, Melospiza 607 Goniaphaea 88 gossei, Embernagra 638 gouldii, Melospiza 603 gracilis, Emberiza 594 gracilis, Melospiza 594 graminea, Fringilla 512 graminea, Melospiza 605 gramineus, Pooecetes 512 grammaca, Fringilla 514 grammacus, Chondestes 514 granadensis, Cardinalis 75 grandior, Amaurospiza 237 grandior, Euethia 126 grandior, Passerina 113 grandior, Tiaris 126 grandis, Loxigilla 160 grandis, Melozone 473 INDEX 653 grandis, Phrygilus 354 grandis, Saltator 16 grandis, Tanagra 17 grenadensis, Loxigilla 166 grenadensis, Pyrrhulagra 166 griscomi, Spinus 288 grisea, Amphispiza .. . 542 grisea, Loxia 176 griseipectus, Atlapetes 389 griseipectus, Saltator 34 griseipygius, Pipilo 455 griseiventris, Catamenia 229 griseo-cristata, Emberiza 374 griseo-cristatus, Lophospingus. 374 griseogenys, Leucosticte 260 griseonucha, Fringilla 260 griseonucha, Leucosticte 260 griseus, Dolichonyx 337 grisior, Melozone 470 groenlandicus, Plectrophanes 640 grossa, Loxia 53 grossus, Pitylus 53 guadelupensis, Saltator 37 Gubernatrix 56 gubernatrix, Emberiza 56 guerrerensis, Pipilo 453 Guiraca 88 gularis, Paroaria 62 gularis, Saltator 29 gularis, Tanagra 62 guttata, Emberiza 360 guttata, Fringilla 601 guttatus, Passerculus 493 guttatus, Pitylus 87 gutturalis, Arremon 386 gutturalis, Atlapetes 386 gutturalis, Fringilla 205 Gyrinorhynchus 171 habeli, Camarhynchus 138 Habia 85 Haemophila 516 Haemorhous 151 haemorrhoa, Fringilla 157 Haimophila 516 haitii, Loxia 159 halophilus, Passerculus 492 haplochroma, Sporophila 185 Haplospiza 372 harrisii, Fringilla 565 harterti, Geospiza 132 hartwegi, Melozone 471 Hedymeles 85 heermanni, Melospiza 604 heliobates, Cactospiza 142 heliobates, Geospiza 142 Helospiza 593 henslowii, Emberiza 502 henslowii, Passerherbulus 502 herbicola, Emberizoides. . . 608, 611 herbicola, Sylvia 608 Hesperiphona 147 hesperis, Saltator 19 hesperophilus, Astragalinus 297 hesperophilus, Spinus 297 Hesperophona 147 hicksii, Spermophila 191 hiemalis, Fringilla 596 hiemalis, Plectrophanes 643 hilarii, Crithagra 330 hispaniolensis, Poospiza 620 hoffmanni, Sporophila 191 holboellii, Acanthis 266 holboellii, Linaria 266 holti, Sicalis 323 homochlamys, Peucaea 529 homochroa, Catamenia 235 hornemanni, Acanthis 269 hornemanni, Linota 269 Hortulanus 565 hostilis, Passer 1 howelli, Ammospiza 510 howelli, Passerherbulus 510 hudsonia, Fringilla 545 hudsonias, Fringilla 545 humberti, Paroaria 61 humeralis, Aimophila 518 humeralis, Caryothraustes . ... 50 humeralis, Haemophila 518 humeralis, Myospiza 477 humeralis, Pytilus 50 humeralis, Tanagra 477 hyemalis, Fringilla 545 hyemalis, Junco 545 hypaethrus, Aimophila 527 hyperboreus, Plectrophenax . . . 645 Hyphantornis 3 Hypocentor 645 hypochondriacus, Emberizoides 613 hypochondria, Poospiza 619 hypochroma, Sporophila 225 hypocondria, Emberiza 619 hypoleuca, Brachyspiza 580 hypoleuca, Cactornis 141 hypoleuca, Fringilla 181 hypoleuca, Zonotrichia 580 hypoxantha, Chrysomitris 274 hypoxantha, Sporophila 217 icterica, Fringilla 283 ictericus, Spinus 283 icterioides, Chrysomitris 292 icterophrys, Saltator 17 Idiopsar 340 Idiospiza 227 ignea, Richmondena 71 igneus, Cardinalis 71 ignobilis, Loxia 205 iliaca, Fringilla 586 iliaca, Passerella 586 illinoensis, Peucaea 531 illinoisensis, Peucaea 531 immaculatus, Saltator 43 incae, Pseudochloris . 313 654 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII inca, Phrygilus 353 Incaspiza 537 incerta, Sporophila 175 incertus, Camarhynchus 138 inconspicua, Sporophila 208 indigotica, Cyanocompsa 93 indigotica, Passerina 93 inexpectata, Torreornis 469 inexpectatus, Arremonops 445 inexspectata, Melospiza 602 ingersolli, Melospiza 599 inornata, Cactornis 146 inornata, Catamenia 232, 234 inornata, Linaria 232 inornata, Pinaroloxias 146 inornata, Pyrrhula 153 inornatus, Atlapetes 415 inornatus, Buarremon 415 insignis, Catamenia 230 insignis, Melospiza 600 insularis, Brachyspiza 585 insularis, Junco 550 insularis, Passerella 588 insularis, Zonotrichia 585 insulata, Sporophila 214 interf usa, Guiraca 89 inter jector, Saltator 13 intermedia, Euetheia 118 intermedia, Geospiza 134 intermedia, Sporophila 176 intermedia, Sycalis 325 intermedia, Tiaris 118 intermedia, Zonotrichia 567 intermedius, Pipilo 467 intermedius, Saltator 10 intricatus, Ammodramus 497 isthmicus, Saltator 40 itarareus, Emberizoides 610 iteratus, Saltator 35 iugularis, Fringilla 37 iungens, Saltator 11 jacarina, Tanagra 249 jacarina, Volatinia 249 iamaicae, Sicalis 320 jamaicae, Sycalis 320 jamesi, Pipilo 466 japonicus, Coccothraustes 147 jardinii, Spodiornis 369 jelskii, Spodiornis 370 johnstonei, Euethia 125 johnstonei, Tiaris 125 jouyi, Astragalinus 299 jouyi, Spinus 299 juddi, Melospiza 598 jugularis, Tanagra 36 juncicola, Ammospiza 509 juncicola, Passerherbulus 509 Junco 544 kadiaka, Leucosticte 260 kamtschathensis, Corythus 258 kamtschatica, Pyrrhula 151 kamtschatkensis, Pinicola 258 kenaiensis, Melospiza 600 kernensis, Pipilo 463 kieneri, Melozone 470 kieneri, Pyrgisoma 470 Kieneria 469 kodiaka, Pinicola 259 koslowskii, Phrygilus 345 kwaisa, Melospiza 601 labradorius, Passerculus 485 lacertosus, Saltator 8 laciniata, Fringilla 360 laeta, Haemophila 538 laeta, Incaspiza 538 laetissima, Sicalis 328 lafresnayei, Catamenia 230 lafresnayi, Spermophila 199 Iambi, Aimophila 528 lapponica, Fringilla 640 lapponicus, Calcarius 640 larvata, Fringilla 60 lateralis, Fringilla 629 lateralis, Poospiza 629 laticlavius, Saltator 34 latinuchus, Atlapetes 394 latinuchus, Buarremon 394 laubmanni, Pheucticus 80 lawrencei, Carduelis 301 lawrencei, Spinus 301 lawrencii, Aimophila 519 lawrencii, Haemophila 519 lazula, Guiraca 91 lazulus, Pitylus 91 lebruni, Pseudochloris 317 lebruni, Sicalis 317 leclancherii, Passerina 112 le conteii, Emberiza 502 leopoldinae, Sicalis 318 lepida, Fringilla 117 lepida, Tiaris 117 Leptonyx 614 Leptoplectron 640 lessoni, Cardinalis 74 lessoni, Spermophila 212 leucomelas, Pyrrhula 200 leucophrys, Emberiza 566 leucophrys, Zonotrichia 566 leucopis, Atlapetes 390 leucopis, Buarremon 390 leucopis, Pipilo 462 leucopogon, Fringilla 201 leucopsis, Sporophila 197 leucoptera, Coccothraustes 182 leucoptera, Loxia 305 leucoptera, Sporophila 182 leucopterus, Arremon 400 leucopterus, Atlapetes 400 leucopterus, Camarhynchus 213 leucopterygia, Loxia 194 Leucosticte 260 leucotis, Melozone 474 INDEX 655 leucura, Loxia 257 leucura, Pinicola 257 Limnospiza 633 Linacanthis 265 Linaria 265 linaria, Fringilla 265 lincdnii, Fringilla 593 Hncolnii, Melospiza 593 lineola, Loxia 209 lineola, Sporophila 209 littoralis, Cardinalis 69 littoralis, Fringilla 505 Httoralis, Leucosticte 261 littoralis, Richmondena 69 longicauda, Embernagra 638 longicaudatus, Ammodramus 616 longipennis, Sporophila 175 longirostris, Chrysomitris 285 longirostris, Linaria 266 longirostris, Spin us 285 Lopnocorythus 56 Lophospingus 373 lorenzi, Sporophila 220 Loxia 147, 302 Loxigilla 159 Loximitris 269 Loxipasser 158 lucaris, Emberizoides 613 luctuosa, Emberiza 348 luctuosa, Spermophila 200 luctuosa, Sporophila 200 ludoviciana, Loxia 85 ludovicianus, Hedymeles 85 lutea, Emberiza 309 lutea, Sicalis 309 luteiventris, Fringilla 329 luteiventris, Sicalis 329 luteo-cephala, Emberiza 312 luteo-cephala, Sicalis 311 luteola, Certhidea 144 luteola, Emberiza 327 luteola, Sicalis 327 luteoviridis, Pselliophorus 384 luxuosus, Carduelis 108 Lysurus 423 macconnelli, Zonotrichia 583 macgillivraii, Ammospiza 507 macgillivraii, Fringilla 507 macronyx, Pipilo 453 macroptera, Chrysomitris 271 macropterus, Spin us 271 macroura, Fringilla 611 maculata, Fringilla 87 maculatus, Hedymeles 87 maculatus, Pipilo 459 maculipectus, Saltator 39 maculipennis, Coccothraustes 150 magellanica, Fringilla 284 magellanicus, Spinus 284 magna, Tanagra 12 magnirostris, Cardinalis 68 magnirostris, Coccoborus 244 magnirostris, Diuca 336 magnirostris, Fringilla 266 magnirostris, Geospiza 130 magnirostris, Pipilo 458 magnirostris, Richmondena ... 68 magnirostris, Spinus 276 magnoides, Saltator 9 magnus, Saltator 12 mailliardi, Melospiza 604 major, Oryzoborus 246 major, Tanagra 12 ma j usc-ul us, Atlapetes 408 malvinarum, Phrygilus 365 manimbe, Fringilla 477 marchii, Phonipara 121 marchii, Tiaris 121 marginalis, Chrysomitris 294 marginalis, Emberizoides 609 mariae, Cardinalis 73 mariae, Richmondena 73 mariposa, Fringilla Ill mariposae, Passerella 592 maritima, Ammospiza 507 maritima, Fringilla 607 martinicensis, Saltator 38 masesus, Callirhynchus 170 maseus, Neorhynchus 170 matucanensis, Buarremon 412 matutina, Fringilla 582 matutina, Zonotrichia 582 maurella, Loxigilla 162 max i liar is, Melospiza 604 maxillosus, Saltator 29 maxima, Leucosticte 260 maxima, Spizella 566 maxima, Tanagra 12 maximiliani, Oryzoborus 240 maximus, Saltator 11 mccownii, Rhynchophanes . . . . 639 mcgregori, Carpodacus 155 mcleodii, Aimophila 522 mearnsi, Junco 551 medianus, Saltator 10 megalonyx, Pipilo 457 megaplaga, Loxia 305 megarhyncha, Emberizoides 633 megarhyncha, Passerella. . 591, 592 megarhyncha, Peucaea 523 melanocephala, Coccothraustes. . . 198 melanocephala, Guiraca 86 melanocephala, Sporophila. . . . 198 melanocephalus, Atlapetes. . . . 390 melanocephalus, Buarremon 390 melanocephalus, Hedymeles. . . 86 melanocorys, Calamospiza 475 Melanodera 364 melanodera, Emberiza 365 melanodera, Melanodera 364 melanogaster, Spermophila 227 melanogaster, Sporophila 227 melanolaemus, Atlapetes 393 656 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII melanolaemus, Buarremon . . . melanoleuca, Emberiza .... 393 622 minuta, Loxia minuta, Sporophila .... 215 215 melanoleuca, Poospiza melanoleucus, Ammodramus . Melanomitris melanomus, Plectrophanes . . . melanops, Buarremon melanops, Spermophila melanops, Sporophila Melanospiza melanotis, Coryphaspiza . . melanotis, Emberizoides melanotis, Geospizopsis .... 622 511 270 642 392 204 .... 204 .... 158 .... 614 .... 614 524 mirabilis, Ammospiza mirabilis, Thryospiza misya, Pyrrhula moesta, Amaurospiza moesta, Sporophila molinae, Diuca monoensis, Passerella montana, Emberiza montana, Fringilla montana, Hesperiphona. . . montana, Melospiza .... 511 .... 511 .... 194 .... 239 .... 239 .... 337 .... 592 .... 643 . . 2, 555 .... 148 598 melanotis, Leptonyx 614 montana, Pinicola 259 melanotis, Zonotrichia 520 montanus, Junco 548 melanoxantha, Fringilla 298 montanus, Passer 2 Melanzona 469 montanus, Pipilo 455 melas Oryzoboms 242 monticola Fringilla 566 mellea Brachyspiza 581 montifringilla, Fringilla 146 melodia Fringilla 596 montosa Haplospiza 356 melodia Melospiza 596 morelleti Spermophila 186 167 186 Melospiza Meloxene Melozone melpoda, Estrilda melpoda, Fringilla .... 593 .... 469 .... 469 4 4 morphna, Melospiza mortonii, Fringilla multicolor, Saltator multicolor, Saltatricula . . . murallae, Sporophila .... 601 .... 575 .... 632 .... 632 193 mendozae, Pseudochloris 317 mustelina, Emberiza 643 mendozae, Sicalis 317 mutabilis, Junco 549 mentalis, Certhidea 143 mutanda Sporophila 188 mentalis Rhodospingus 382 mutans Carpodacus 154 meridae, Atlapetes meridae Buarremon 399 399 mutus, Saltator Myiospiza .... 23 476 meridana, Myospiza meridensis, Pheucticus. . . . meridionalis, Myospiza merrilli, Melospiza mesatus, Pipilo mesoleucus, Pipilo mesoxanthus, Buarremon. . . . mexianae, Sporophila mexicana, Embernagra mexicana Fringilla .... 477 .... 84 .... 483 .... 599 .... 466 .... 465 .... 423 180 .... 386 157, 273 Myospiza mystacalis, Aimophila mystacalis, Buarremon mystacalis, Pipilo mystacalis, Zonotrichia mysticalis, Arremon nana, Chrysomitris naseus, Neorhynchus nasica, Saltator .... 476 . . . . 517 .... 405 .... 411 .... 517 .... 399 .. 299 . . . . 170 32 mexicana Loxia 304 nasuta Loxia 246 mexicana Melospiza 608 nationi, Atlapetes 411 mexicana, Pyranga mexicana Spizella .... 45 558 nationi, Buarremon nebulosa Geospiza 411 131 mexicanus, Carduelis mexicanus, Carpodacus. . . . mexicanus, Coccothraustes . . . mexicanus, Coturniculus micronyx, Melospiza Microphila microrhyncha, Zamelodia minor, Catamenia minor, Crucirostra .... 298 .... 157 .... 149 .... 532 .... 606 .... 171 .... 87 .... 233 302 nelsoni, Ammodramus nelsoni, Ammospiza Nemospiza neogaea, Loxia Neorhynchus nevadensis, Amphispiza. . . nevadensis, Passerculus. . . . nevadensis, Poospiza nigerrima, Hypochera .... 506 .... 506 .... 502 .... 302 .... 169 . ... 543 .... 489 .... 543 4 minor, Cyanocompsa 104 nigra, Loxia 168 minor, Diuca 339 nigra, Melopyrrha 168 minor, Geospiza minor, Limnospiza .... 132 634 nigrescens, Ammodromus .... nigrescens, Ammospiza. . . . 511 511 minor, Loxia 302 nigrescens, Carpodacus 156 minor. Svcalis . . .. 328 nierrescens. Chamaeospiza . . . . 454 INDEX 657 nigrescens, Geospiza nigricauda, Spinus nigriceps, Arremon nigriceps, Pitylus nigriceps, Saltator nigricollis, Passerina nigricollis, Pyrrhula nigricollis, Sporophila nigrifrons, Atlapetes nigrifrons, Buarremon nigrigena, Paroaria nigrigenis, Saltator. . nigrior, Melozone. . nigrirostris, Arremon nigro-aurita, Tanagra nigro-genis, Nemosia . nigro-genis, Paroaria nigrogenys, Coccopsis nigrogularis, Spermo] nigro-rufa, Emberiza nigro-rufa, Poospi nigro-rufa, Pyrrhula nigro-rufa, Sporoj nigrostriata, Myospiza Niphaea nivalis, Emberiza nivalis, Fringilla . nivalis, Plectrophenax nivaria, Haplospiza. . nivarius, Phrygilus noctis, Fringilla. . noctis, Loxigilla . . notata, Carduelis. . notata, Emberiza. . notatus, Spinus notosticta, Aimophila notosticta, Peucaea. . nuchalis, Dolospingus nuttalli, Zonotrichia nuttingi, Oryzoborus Oberholseria obscura, Aimophila obscura, Emberiza . obscura, Loxia obscura, Passerella . obscura, Spermophila obscura, Sporophila obscurior, Atlapetes . . obscurus, Ammodramus. . obscurus, Carpodacus. . ocai, Buarremon occidentalis, Am occidentalis, Arremon occidentalis, Oryj occidentalis, Sicalis occipitale, Pyrgisoma occipitalis, Melozone ocellata, Spermophila. ochracea, Spizella ochraceiventris, S ochrascens, Sporophila piza . . .134 us 273 ochropyga, Sporophila ocularis, Phrygilus . ... 186 359 on 439 oleaceus, Spinus 288 35 olivacea, Gerthidea 143 ar... .35 m 129 olivacea, Emberiza olivacea, Phoenisoma . ... 116 43 a 205 ,phila 205 etes 418 olivacea, Pyrrhula olivacea, Spermophila olivacea, Tiaris . ... 205 209 116 non 418 i 62 olivaceo-flava, Spermophila. . . olivaceus, Pitylus . ... 205 43 45 • 17 e 474 mon 426 gra 62 da 61 >aria 61 >sis 62 lophila 201 za 624 siza 624, 627 la 224 • phila 224 olivaceus, Saltator olivaceus, Spinus olivascens, Emberiza olivascens, Embernagra olivascens, Saltator olivascens, Sicalis omissa, Tiaris ophthalmica, Spermophila. . . . ophthalmica, Sporophila . . oregana, Fringilla oreganus, Junco oregona, Fringilla . ... 12 . . . . 287 . ... 315 . ... 637 . . . . 22 . ... 315 . . . . 122 . ... 193 . ... 192 . ... 547 . . . . 547 547 piza 481 oregonus, Pipilo 456 545 orenocensis, Saltator 27 643 oreophila, Gatamenia 235 545 lenax 643 Oreospiza oriantha Zonotrichia . . . . 451 566 i 355 us 355 Oriturus orizabae Pipilo . ... 452 460 165 165 287 643 287 ornata, Fringilla 204, ornata, Plectrophanes ornata, Poospiza ornata, Sporophila ornatus, Calcarius 374, 380 . . . . 642 . ... 628 . . . . 204 642 phila 522 ornatus, Phrygilus 628 i 522 Orospina 307 jus 240 Oryzoborus 240 chia 568 oxyrhyncha Poospiza 616 orus 243 pachyrhyncha Geospiza 130 450 ila 527 184 85 586 ila 184 lila 183 is 392 amus 499 cus 154 452 xlramus 502 •moii 436 zoborus 243 ! 309 na 473 tone 473 ila 211 a 556 Saltator 16 ophila 197 pacifica, Amphispiza pacifica, Volatinia pallescens, Linaria palliata, Plagiospiza pallia! us. Junco pallida, Aimophila pallida, Gactospiza pallida, Catamblyrhynchus . . . pallida, Cyanocompsa pallida, Emberiza pallida, Hesperiphona pallida, Spermophila pallida, Spizella pallida, Sporophila pallideiceps, Buarremon pallidiceps, Atlapetes pallidinucha, Atlapetes. . . . pallidinucha, Tanagra P.I Iliilior, Passerina pallidiventris, Saltator pallidus, Spinus . . . . 540 . . . . 255 . . . . 268 . . . . 475 . ... 553 . . . . 523 140 .... 5 . . . . 103 . ... 559 . . . . 149 207 559 198 411 . ... 411 391 . . . . 391 . ... 112 . ... 15 ... 296 658 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII palustris, Fringilla 595 Klustris, Sporophila 220 ospiza 617 papago, Hedymeles 87 papallactae, Atlapetes 391 papa, Loxia Ill paraguayensis, Embernagra 635 paraguayensis, Sporophila 223 paranensis, Sicalis 332 parellina, Cyanocompsa 92 parellina, Cyanoloxia 92 parish!, Loxigilla 162 Paroaria 58 parva, Spermophila 214 parva, Sporophila 214 parvirostris, Atlapetes . . . parvula, Geospiza parvulus, Camarhynchus Passer Passerculus Passerella Passerherbulus. . Passerina passerina, Fringilla passerina, Spizella patagonicus, Phrygilus . paulus, Spinus pauper, Camarhynchus pauper, Spermophila pectoralis, Aimophila . . pectoralis, Loxia pectoralis, Melospiza . . . pectoralis, Poospiza .... pelonota, Ammospiza. . pelonota, Thryospiza pelzelni, Sicalis 324 pelzelni, Sycalis peninsulae, Ammodramus peninsulae, Ammospiza . 139 139 1 485 586 502 106 497, 556 ... 556 ... 340 ... 278 ... 138 ... 184 ... 525 ... 194 ... 608 ... 621 ... 508 .. 508 325 509 509 peninsulae, Pyrrhuloxia 77 570 310 303 51 498 498 pensylvanica, Fringilla pentlandi, Crithagra percna, Loxia Periporphyrus perpallidus, Ammodramus perpallidus, Coturniculus perpallidus, Pipilo 466 perplexus, Spinus 272 personata, Haemophila 538 personata, Incaspiza 538 personata, Pipillo 624 personatus, Arremon 409 personatus, Atlapetes 409 personatus, Pitylus 46 peruanus, Coturniculus 478 peruanus, Spinus 279 peruvianus, Callyrhynchus 169 peruvianus, Cyanocompsa 99 peruvianus, Neorhynchus 169 peruvianus, Phrygilus 350 peruvianus, Saltator 44 peruviensis, Geospiza 255 peruviensis, Pyrgita 572 peruviensis, Volatinia 255 peruviensis, Zonotrichia 572 petenica, Aimophila 533 petenicus, Ammodromus 533 petulans, Pipilo 463 Peucaea 516 Pezapetes 382 Pezopetes 382 phaea, Melospiza 602 phaeonotus, Junco 553 phaeopleurus, Atlapetes 419 phaeopleurus, Buarremon 419 Pheucticus 77 phoenicea, Richmondena 74 phoeniceus, Cardinalis 74 Phonipara 114 Phrygilus 340 phygas, Atlapetes 420 phygas, Buarremon 420 picta, Emberiza 641 pictus, Calcarius 641 Piezorhina pileata, Emberiza . . . pileata, Fringilla .... pileata, Spermophila. pileata, Sporophila pileatus, Atlapetes, pileatus, Coryphospingus Pinaroloxias pinetorum, Spizella. Pinicola pinosus, Junco pinus, Fringilla . 169 584 379 223 222 384 379 145 559 256 549 270 pinus, Spinus 270 Pipillo 452 Pipilo 452 Pipilopsis 384 pistacina, Chrysomitris 295 Pitylus 52 Plagiospiza 474 platensis, Emberiza 633 platensis, Embernagra 633 platyrhyncha, Geospiza 131 Platyspiza 136 plebeja, Loxia 205 plebeja, Zonotrichia 440 plebejus, Phrygilus 358 Plectrophanes 639, 642 Plectrophenax 642 Ploceus 2 plumbea, Chlorpspiza 351 plumbea, Fringilla 178 plumbea, Sporophila 177 plumbeiceps, Spermophila 219 plumbeus, Saltator 20 plumbiceps, Saltator 18 Pogonospiza 384 poliocephalus, Emberizoides 633 poliogaster, Caryothraustes- 49 poliogaster, Pitylus 49 polionotus, Arremon 431 INDEX 659 poliophrys, Atlapetes 420 poliophrys, Buarremon 420 pontilis, Junco 549 Poocaetes 512 Pooecetes 512 Poospiza 617 Poospizopsis 631 Porphryrospiza 113 portoricensis, Fringilla 122 portoricensis, Loxia 159 portoricensis, Loxigilla 159 posneri, Sporophila 220 potosinus, Carpodacus 156 potosinus, Pipilo 467 prasipteron, Loxia 3 pratensis, Ammodramus 497 pratensis, Emberiza 586 pratensis, Orospina 307 pratensis, Passerina 497 princeps, Passerculus 485 princetoniana, Melanodera .... 366 princetonianus, Phrygilus 366 producta, Cactospiza 141 productus, Camarhynchus 141 propinqua, Geospiza 136 propinqua, Loxigilla 167 prosthemelas, Camarhynchus 139 psaltria, Fringilla 298 psaltria, Spinus 298 Pselliophorus 383 Pseudochloris 307 Pseudomitris 270 Pseudosicalis 307 psittacina, Tanagra 55 psittacula, Camarhynchus 137 pugetensis, Zonotrichia 568 pulacayensis, Brachyspiza 574 pulacayensis, Zonotrichia 574 pulchra, Haemophila 537 pulchra, Incaspiza 537 pulchra, Passerina 109 pulchra, Porphyrospiza 114 punensis, Phrygilus 346 punicea, Fringilla 85 purpurascens, Passerina 110 purpuratus, Pitylus 45 purpurea, Fringilla 152 purpiirr us, Carpodacus 152 pusilla, Fringilla 562 pusilla, Gubernatrix 373 pusilla, Loxia 303 pusilla, Spizella 562 pusilla, Tiaris 119 pusillula, Melospiza 604 pusillus, Lophospingus 373 pusio, Spizella 560 pustulata, Montifringilla 260 Pyrgisoma 469 Pyrgita 1 pyrgitoides, Embernagra 524 Pyrorhamphus 52 pyrrhomelas, Pyrrhula 221 Pyrrhomitris 270 Pyrrhula 151 Pyrrhulagra 159 Pyrrhuloxia 75 querula, Fringilla 565 querula, Zonotrichia 565 quinquestriata, Aimophila .... 516 quinquestriata, Zonotrichia 516 raimondii, Gnathospiza 306 raimondii, Sicalis 333 raimondii, Sycalis 333 raptor, Pyrrhula 8 raptor, Saltator 7 relict us, Amaurospizopsis 237 repetens, Pipilo 460 restricta, Sporophila 212 rhodocampter, Fringilla 85 rhodocolpus, Carpodacus 157 Rhodospingus 381 Rhodothraupis 44 Rhopospina 340 Rhynchophanes 639 Rhynchospiza 515 richardsoni, Loxigilla 158 richardsoni, Melanospiza 158 richardsoni, Saltator 19 richardsoni, Spermophila 214 Richmondena 67 richmondi, Arremonops 448 ridgwayi, Certhidea 144 ridgwayi, Junco 552 ridgwayi, Loxigilla 163 ridgwayi, Pyrrhulagra 163 rivularis, Melospiza 607 robinsoni, Cardinalis 75 robinsonii, Pyrrhula 161 roraimae, Brachyspiza 584 roraimae, Pseudochloris 308 roraimae, Sporophila 207 roraimae, Zonotrichia 584 rosea, Erythrina 151 rosea, Fringilla 151 rosea, Loxia 85 roseipectus, Carpodacus 158 rositae, Cyanospiza Ill rositae, Passerina Ill rostra ta, Acanthis 267 rostrata, Emberiza 493 rostrata, Sporophila 226 rostratus, Aegiothus 267 rostratus, Camarhynchus 137 rostratus, Passerculus 493 rothschildi, Geospiza 135 rothschildii, Cyanocompsa. . . . 97 rothschildii, Guiraca 98 rubecula, Poospiza 627 ruberrimus, Carpodacus 155 rubescens, Coryphospingus. . . . 376 rubescens, Tachyphonus 377 rubra, Loxia 67 660 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII rubricatum, Melozone 471 rubricates, Atlapetes 471 rubricollis, Loxia 85 rubrif acies, Paroaria 59 rubrifrons, Erythrina 151 rubrirostris, Pyrrhula 181 ruf a, Fringilla 586 rufescens, Aimophila 524 rufescens, Pipilo 524 rufescens, Saltator 28 ruficauda, Aimophila 518 ruficauda, Chondestes 518 ruficeps, Aimophila 527 ruficeps, Ammodromus 527 ruficollis, Loxigilla 161 ruficollis, Sporophila 219 ruficollis, Tanagra 161, 582 rufidorsalis, Arremon 434 rufigenis, Atlapetes 403 rufigenis, Buarremon 403 rufigularis, Carduelis 617 rufina, Emberiza 601 rufina, Melospiza 601 rufinucha, Atlapetes 392 rufinucha, Embernagra 392 rufirostris, Fringilla 181 rufirostris, Sporophila 232 rufitorques, Pipillo 617 rufiventris, Coccothraustes. . . 244, 246 rufiyentris, Saltator 37 rufivirgata, Embernagra 439 rufivirgatus, Arremonops 439 rufo-barbata, Fringilla 165 rufobarbata, Loxia 161 rufo-pileus, Pipilo 451 rustica, Emberiza 645 rusticus, Phrygilus 369 rusticus, Spodiornis 369 ruticapilla, Emberiza 376 rutila, Tanagra 468 rutilus, Pipilo 468 salicamans, Spinus salicaria, Guiraca Salicipasser Saltator Saltatricola Saltatricula saltonis, Melospiza sal vim, Camarhynchus salvini, Certhidea salvini, Oryzoborus salvini, Pseudochloris salvini, Sicalis samuelis, Ammodramus samuelis, Melospiza sanaka, Melospiza sanborni, Zonotrichia sanctae martae, Cyanocompsa . . . sanctorum, Passerculus sandwichensis, Emberiza sandwichensis, Passerculus. 48i 296 90 1 6 632 632 607 139 144 248 313 313 603 576 97 492 487 488 sanguinirostris, Loxia 67 santaecrucis, Melospiza 603 santaecrucis, Spinus 286 santaritensis, Saltator 13 sartorii, Aimophila 534 saturata, Richmondena 70 saturata, Sporophila 223 saturatus, Arremon 433 saturatus, Cardinalis 71 saturatus, Phrygilus 346 saturatus, Pitylus 52 savanna, Fringilla 486 savanna, Passerculus 486 savannarum, Ammodramus. . . 495 savannarum, Fringilla 495 sayi, Carpodacus 154 scandens, Cactornis 134 scandens, Geospiza 134 scapularis, Caryothraustes 48 scapularis, Pitylus 48 schistacea, Passerella. .590, 591, 592 schistacea, Poospiza 624 schistacea, Spermophila 174 schistacea, Sporophila 174 schistaceifrons, Catamenia .... 231 schistaceus, Atlapetes 404 schistaceus, Drepanorrhynchus . . . 172 schistaceus, Tanagra 404 Schistospiza 373 schlegeli, Arremon 428 sclateri, Chrysomitris 277 sclateri, Loxigilla 165 Scotospiza 159 scottii, Aimophila 529 scottii, Peucaea 529 seebohmi, Atlapetes 402 seebohmi, Carenochrous 402 semicollaris, Spermophila 191 semidiensis, Melospiza 600 . semirufus, Atlapetes 407 semirufus, Tanagra 407 semi-tor quata, Loxia 194 semitorquatus, Arremon 427 senicula, Pipilo 465 sennetti, Ammodramus 511 sennetti, Ammospiza 511 septentrionalis, Aimophila .... 517 septentrionalis, Geospiza 133 septentrionalis, Zonotrichia 571 Serinopsis 307 sertanicola, Sporophila 172 shannoni, Thryospiza 509 sharpei, Euetheia 126 sharpei, Pseudochloris 311 sharpei, Sicalis 311 sharpei, Sporophila 188 sharpei, Tiaris 126 shattuckii, Emberiza 559 shufeldti, Junco 547 sibirica, Linaria 268 Sicalis 306 siemiradzkii, Chrysomitris 286 INDEX 661 siemiradzkii, Spinus 286 silens, Tanagra 424 similis, Saltator 14 simillima, Geospiza 131 si m