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BRITISH HYMENOPTERA
BRITISH MUSEUM.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON: —
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Co., 13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN;
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.
1891.
‘ iv
Be ic!
CATALOGUE
OF TUR
BRITISH BEES
IN THK
COLLECTION
OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
FREDERICK SMITH,
LATE ASSISTANT KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY.
NEW ISSUE.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; ASHER & Co.,13 BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN;
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., 57 LUDGATE HILL;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.
1891.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
WAR
PREFACE.
Tue First Part of the ‘Catalogue of British Hymenoptera,’ pre-
pared by Mr. Frederick Smith, and published by order of the
Trustees in the year 1855, contained an account of all the species
of British Bees then known, with notes on their distribution and
habits. Since that time the interest felt for the insects of this
family has continued, and consequently many important additions
to our knowledge of the species and their economy have been made,
so that the issue of a second edition of this part in the form of
a separate volume seems to be fully justified.
ALBERT GUNTHER,
Keeper of the Department of Zoology.
British Museum,
Dec. 1876.
PS! Although since the publication of this volume fourteen
years have elapsed, during five of which it has been out of print,
the demand for copies continues so as to justify a reprint. No
doubt, if the author’s life had been spared, he would have brought
the contents of the volume to the level of the latest advance of our
knowledge of the subject. As it is, it was considered preferable to
leave Smith’s work without making any additions; entomologists
may readily supplement it by consulting Mr. Edward Saunders’s
papers published in the ‘ Transactions of the Entomological Society ’
for 1882 and 1884. ‘The present issue of the volume, therefore, is
an exact reprint of that published in 1876, with the exception of a
few misprints in the original, which were pointed out to me by
Mr. W. F. Kirby, and which have been corrected.
A. G,
British Museum (N. H.),
Feb. 4, 1891.
INTRODUCTION.
Tux total number of British species of Bees known at present is 211,
which number only slightly exceeds that contained in the first
edition of this work, some of the forms therein enumerated as
distinct species having proved to have been founded on sexual cha-
racters. Ten species are entirely new additions to this part of the
British fauna, whilst two, formerly believed to be British, have been
omitted (Sphecodes fuscipennis and Andrena kirbyi). Other errors
have been corrected and the synonyms carefully revised. All the
types of Kirby’s Monograph have been reexamined, and the species
contained in the Stephensian, Curtisian, Linnean, and Banksian col-
lections have been again referred to.
Whenever practicable, the descriptions have been prepared from
specimens in the finest possible condition ; and, in accordance with
the former edition, French measurement has been used. When both
sexes have been described as distinct species by an author in the
same work, the specific name given to the male has in every instance
been adopted.
The letters B.M. indicate that the species is represented in the
collection of the British Museum.
FREDERICK SMITH.
British Museum,
Nov. 1876.
see
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Fam. ANDRENID&.
Subfam. OBTUSILINGUES.
femeolletes: Dairy wee. ck cess 2
WPESIIGCIN CLAW LISS) cris eee sis 3
POUCHES MY olo-z'dare ss 4
Se: maroinata, Le - sees ees 4
4, daviesana, Smith ...... 5
b. eumcularia, D.~. 3.0.4. 6
E PETOSOPIS, POM + sais 6 = v8 6
1. communis, Nyland. .... 8
2. dilatata, Kerby ...:.... 8
3. comuta, Smith ....:... 9
4, punctulatissima, Smith .. 10
6. signata, Panz. ........ 11
6. hyalinata, Smith ...... 12
7. varipes, Smith’ ........ 12
8. perforator, Snuth ...... 13
9. rupestris, Smth........ 14
NO: -variepata, Fabr. os... . 14
11. bifasciata, Jurine...... 15
Subfam. ACUTILINGUES.
3. Sphecodes, Latr........... 16
ePID DES lar as ills eres 17
2. rufiventris, Wesm....... 18
3. subquadratus, Smuth .... 19
Axephippiis, Go. .i< cee. 20
PP NTIGECHR PEED 0.5. os cre o's 21
1. hattorfiana, Fabr. ...... 26
OP MUSHTIACAs | CANE... .x0.ele)e)+ s 27
3. spinigera, Kirby ...... 28
4, decorata, Smith........ 29
Be Horas, Faber“. 5.02%.2 0s" 30
G cet, Schrank. .......5 31
7, emeulata, Fabr... 23... 82
Bi ferox, Wink... wae « oe 32
WRCIMOY REI Pas. Seo ee saosin 33
10. pilipes, Fabr........... 34
11. thoracica, Fabr......... 34
ENGI APH OUNC:.. <2 viele as 35
MbevItROH, SINE 5 6 os cone oe 36
Page
14. albicans, Kirby ........ 37
15. similis, Smith. os; sc. cspae 37
1G, fulwas Schram: cies os 38
17. clarkella, Kerby. . 5... 59
18. gwynana, Kirby........ 40
19: bicolor seh ape ove ccs es 41
20: helyolay. Lincs sites ep css 42
Bl s-VALIHOGRROSEC. oes sc aus + s 43
22. atriceps, Kirby. ........ 43
23. moufletella, Avrby...... 44
24, nigro-znea, Kirby ...... 45
25. trimmerana, Kirby...... 46
26. pee EPO. ccseegie 47
27. bimaculata, Kirby ...... 47
28. smithella, Kirby........ 48
29. lapponica, Zett. «i... 0% 49
30. nigriceps, Smith........ 50
51. simillima, Smith ...... 50
32. pubescens, Kirby ...... 51
33. tridentata, Kirby ...... 52
34, angustior, Kirby ...... 52
35. denticulata, Kirby... ... 53
oG. fucata, Smith. 2. .0. 0. 54
Si. PICIPEN; A enDeL Sc. os 55
38. clypeata, Smith ........ 55
39. constricta, Smith ...... 56
40, aprilina, Smth ........ 56
41. fulvicrus, Kirby........ 57
42. extricata, Smith........ 58
43. polita, Smith .......... 58
44, fulvago, Chrwst......... 59
45. fulvescens, Smith ...... 60
46, bucephala, Steph. ...... 60
47. albicrus, Kirby ........ 61
48. labialis, Kirby ........ 62
49. chrysosceles, Kirby .... 63
. coitana, Kirby
AN ALIS EG 7zeee gees sre = 64
eparvulas Aerby ts. oss 65
.minutula, Kirby ...... 66
BADR MOTD Se opatese. es 0 ae 67
. argentata, Smith ...... 67
paorsata, Kerby cscs. 68
x SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
57. combinata, Kirby...... 69
58. connectens, Kirby 70
59. fuscata, Kirby ........ 7
60. afzeliella, Kirby ...... 71
61. convexiuscula, Kirby .. 72
62. collinsonana, Kirby .... 73
53. xanthura, Kirby ...... 74
pmCilissa, “Leach eke ciee ctor 75
1. hemorrhoidalis, Fablr... 76
2. leporina, Panz.........- 7
Sc AN Chus Paget cs, 55 sian ri
1. rubicundus, Christ..... 79
2. quadricinctus, Fabr.... 80
3. xanthopus, Kirby...... 81
4, leucozonius, Kirby .... 88
5. lugubris, Kirby ...... 83
G: zonulus, Smith....:...-. 84
7. sexnotatus, Kirby eet
8. quadrinotatus, Avrby .. 85
9. maculatus, Smith...... 86
10. interruptus, Panz. ers 74
11. cylindricus, Fabr. .... 87
12. malachurus, Kirby .... 88
13..albipes, Fair: 22.5... 89
14. levigatus, Kirby ...... 90
15. villosulus, Avrby ...... 91
16. subfasciatus, Nyland... 92
17. prasinus, Smith ...... 92
NS atumal onus len rere 93
19. fasciatus, Nylond...... 94
20. gramineus, Smith...... 95
21. smeathmanellus, Kirby . 95
DO EETHOUS, RALOY cies « bite 96
Des. TROTIOS PAGES. vec. «oss 97
24. leucopus, Kirby ...... 97
PO EVI, UU loc. yma RO eee STr
is also abundant! ~“_ ar, eee
cap :
es 4. Nomada lateralis.
N. atra, thorace rufo obscure quadrilineato; abdomine rufo, seg-
mento secundo macula magna utrinque laterali, reliquis margine
postico pallide flavescentibus.
Nomada lateralis, Panz. Faun. Germ. 96. 203,21 9.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. 1. 277 Q.
Smith, Zool. ii. 601; Bees Great Brit. 120.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 390.
Nomada melanosoma, Schédff. lib. cit, 280 ¢g.
Female. Length 3—4 lines.—Head and thorax black ; the mandibles,
labrum, clypeus, and a minute spot above, also a line encircling
the eyes, and the antenne red; the latter are longer than the
thorax, and have the scape fuscous above. Thorax—the collar,
tubercles, a large macula on the breast, the tegule, and scutellum
red; the mesothorax with four somewhat obscure longitudinal red
lines; the femora, tibie, and tarsi red ; the posterior tibize usually
more or less black at their apex within, and the femora also usually
black at their base beneath, the posterior pair black within, except
at their apex ; the cox and trochanters red at their apex. Abdo-
men rufous, the base black, the second segment with a large, sub-
ovate yellow macula on each side, the third with usually a lateral
yellow macula, the fourth with a transverse subinterrupted fascia,
and the fifth with a square yellow macula; the margins of the
ventral segments slightly piceous.
Male. Length 33—43 lines.—Head and thorax black; the labrum
and clypeus with silvery white pubescence; the elypeus anteriorly,
the face on each side, and a narrow line at the margin of the eyes
as high as the insertion of the antenne, the labrum, and man-
dibles yellow, the tips of the latter ferruginous; the scape yellow
in front; the flagellum rufous, with three or four of the basal joints
fuscous above. Thorax above with a thin ochraceous pubescence,
that on the sides, the retathorax, and beneath white; the legs red,
the coxex, trochanters, and femora beneath, and also a spot on the
tibize behind black. Abdomen as in the female, but with the spots
on the third segment larger ; beneath the segments have a more or
less distinct yellow transverse stripe, usually attenuated or inter-
rupted in the middle.
2, NoMADA. 115
1 examples of the female the stripes on the thorax are
avin quite stasternteds and the scutellum has only two minute
red spots; the yellow markings on the abdomen also boca oe
or less obsolete. The species is parasitic on Andrena bucepha hr
has not to my knowledge been found in company with any 4 er
insect. A large colony of the Andrena formerly existed near High-
gate Archway, where the Nomada was very abundant.
D. Nomada bridgmaniana.
— = ae 2 ~argine antico, map ~= 24g antennisque fer-
N. atra; labio, clypét “Q£Tect, It Cervasury capngl Rig a eens oe
Sa - a oe : VA OR.
rugineis ; scutello punctis duobus tegulisque ferrugiuc. ,~s.52
mine ferrugineo, maculis duabus rovundatis flavis notato. May-—~
clypei margine antico, labio mandibulisque flavis; abdomine fer-
rugineo, flavo fasciatu.
Female. Length 3}—4 lines.—Black ; the mandibles, labrum, ante-
rior margin of the clypeus, and the flagellum ferruginous; two
black spots on the clypeus and three or four of the basal joints of
the flagellum black, or fuscous above. Thorax, the tubercles bright
yellow; two ferruginous ovate spots on the scutellum ; wings
subhyaline, the nervures futco-ferruginous, the tegule light ferru-
ginous ; the anterior legs with the apex of the femora, the tibiz,
and tarsi ferruginous, the tib’ee with a black stain behind; the
intermediate and posterior legs with the extreme apex of the
femora, the base and apex of the tib‘s, and the tarsi ferraginous ;
the basal joint of the posterior pair black. Abdomen, the base
black and a narrow black line at the apical margin of the first
segment, and a transverse narrow fuscous fascia a little before the
apical margin of the three following segments; an ovate yellow
spot on each side of the second segment. B.M.
Var. 3. A more or less distinct double lunate yellow spot in the
middle of the fifth segment.
Var. y. A very minute yellow spot on each side of the third seg-
ment.
Var. é. The spots on the scutellum yellowish.
Male. Length 4 lines.—Black ; the flagellum ferruginous and more
or less black or fuscous above; the face anteriorly margined with
yellow, from which a narrow yellow line runs up to the margin of
the eyes as high as the insertion of the antenne ; the labrum and
mandibles yellow. Thorax with a thin hoary pubescence; the
posterior margin of the tubercles yellow, as well as the outer mar-
gin of the tegule ; the anterior legs of a reddish yellow in front,
all the tarsi more or less ferruginous, their basal joint stained
more or less black above. Abdomen ferruginous, with the base
black ; a narrow yellow interrupted band on the first segment in
the middle ; the two following have broader bands at their basal
margins, the first and sometimes the second also interrupted in the
middle, towards which they are slightly attenuated; the three
following segments have narrow yellow bands. B.M.
12
116
5 APID ®,
Var. (3. The yellow s
fourth and fif
The fasei
three.
pots on th
th much interru
#2 on the ventral
e first Segment obsolete, those on the
pted, forming a series of spots
s = . . “
egments vary in being one, two, or
This appears ; ‘
Mr. ese ie te “e undescribed species ; was discovered by
were taken and submi nen only a few specimens
insect appeared possibly to be g erie ation. At Brst sight the
examination and comparison me@rkede gt Nomada lateralis ; but on
themselves, In V.7-terq]j th med specific differences presented
in the new sr--"* eat re antenne are longen+>Sossmeameee
ae a nae | oe _ugvt tan the thoraa ;
i pecies the Ma¥é scarcely as long; the latter has also
WV. cilow tubercles, no longitudinal ferruginous stripes on the meso-
thorax, and only two spots on the scutellum; NV. lateralis has
red tubercles, red lines on the thorax, and the scutellum is
entirely red. It also somewhat resembles NV. fabriciana ; but its
red labrum and mandibles, together with its yellow tubercles and its
not having the subapical joints of its antenne black above, separate it
from that species*. The specimens I have received were captured at
Brundall, near Norwich, at the beginning of May this season ; but
last year they appeared about the middle of April.
6. Nomada ochrostoma.
NV. atra; labio, clypeo facieique lateribus ferrugineis, thorace lineis
tribus longitudinalibus atris, scutello rufo, abdomine flayo-macu-
lato.
Nomada ochrostoma, Schiff. Germ. Zeits, 1. 280 3.
Smith, Zool, ii. 596; Bees Great Brit. 122 3 Q.
Apis ochrostoma, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 209 3.
Apis hillana, Kirby, lib. ett. 208 var. 3.
Nomada vidua, Smeth, Zool. 11. 602 9.
Nomada punctiscuta, Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 193.
Female. Length 4-42 lines.—Head and thorax black, the labrum,
mandibles, clypeus, orbits of the eyes, and a line passing behind
the ocelli ferruginous; the antenne ferruginous ; the scape usually
more or less black above. Thorax—the collar, tubercles, a large
patch beneath the wings, a smaller ovate spot on the breast beneath,
two longitudinal stripes on the disk of the thorax, an epaulet
over the tegule, reaching the scutellum and the postscutellum,
red; the wings subhyaline, the apical margins having a dark fus-
cous cloud, and a pale macula beyond the third submarginal cell ;
the legs red; the coxe, trochanters, and femora beneath black.
Abdomen ferruginous, black at the base; the second segment has
on each side a large rounded macula, the third a minute spot, the
fourth an interrupted transverse band, and the fifth a square patch
of yellowish white; the margins of the segments usually dark rufo-
piceous: beneath immaculate. B.M.
* The male closely resembles some varieties of V. ruficornis ; but the scape of
its antenne is entirely black.
2, NOMADA. 117
Male. Length 4 lines.—Head and thorax black; the face clothed
with silvery pubescence, the clypeus, labrum, and mandibles yellow
the latter ferruginous at their tips; the scape black, having some-
times a ferruginous line within ; the flagellum ferruginous, more or
less black towards the base above. Thorax—the collar, tubercles
tegule, and two spots on the scutellum, frequently united, red :
the legs red ; the coxee and trochanters black, except their extreme
apex; the anterior and intermediate femora black at their base
beneath, the posterior pair black beneath, except their extreme
> anex, Abdomen ferruginous, black at the base, the second seg-
me Pree cach ees ~y aree.raunded m°? apie third a smaller
spot or line, the fourth a short stripe-and usuauyyi-tunute dot
outside, the fifth a transverse interrupted stripe, the sixtha brodack-
uninterrupted one, yellowish white; beneath, a minute yellow spo
B.M
at the apex.
Small specimens of the male have usually the scape, cox, and tro-
chanters entirely black.
This species appears in May andis a parasite of Andrena labialis ;
it is widely distributed, but somewhat local. Kirby’s var. y of his
Apis ruficornis is a female of this species.
7. Nomada lathburiana.
N. atra, scutello punctis duobus flavescentibus ; abdomine ferrugineo,
fasciis flavis, medio attenuatis,
Nomada lathburiana, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 125.
Apis lathburiana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 183 ¢.
Apis rufiventris, Kirby, lib. cit. 187 2.
Nomada rufiventris, Smith, Zool. ii. 590.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. 11. 184.
Nomada marshamella, Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo.
Fenn. i. 177.
Female, Length 4—53 lines.—Head and thorax black, the clypeus
and a spot above it, the orbits of the eyes, the labrum, mandibles,
and antennz ferruginous; the scape black above. Thorax, the
tubercles and two spots on the scutellum yellow ; a stripe down the
breast in front and the legs ferruginous ; the cox more or less
fuscous, and the posterior femora and sometimes the tibiz having
a black stain beneath; the wings subhyaline, their apical margins
haying a fuscous cloud, the tegule reddish yellow. Abdomen
ferruginous, the base black; the apical margins of the first and
three following segments rufo-fuscous; the basal margins bright
yellow, attenuated in the middle, the fifth entirely yellow; beneath
ferruginous, the apical margins of the segments more or less black.
BM.
Male. Length 4-5 lines.—Head and thorax black; the scape of
the antennz in front, the face below their insertion, the orbits of
the eyes, interrupted at their vertex, yellow; the labrum and
=118 APIDE.
_ mandibles yellow; the flagellum ferruginous, three or four of the
basal segments black above. Thorax—the tubercles, tegule, and
two minute dots on the scutellum yellow ; thelatter sometimes obso-
lete ; the anterior legs yellow, the intermediate and posterior pairs
ferruginous, their cox and femora black beneath, the knees and
the intermediate tibie and tarsi yellow, the latter stained with
ferruginous. Abdomen as in the other sex, the yellow bands being
brighter and rather broader. The wings are nearly hyaline, their
apical margins faintly clouded, the nervures pale testaceous. B.M.
This beautiful species is very local, but widely Spreaa? itavin S
been received froy Scotinat Yr is not rare to the north of London
’ abovt-fainpstead and Highgate; it has been observed about the
=== urrows of Andrena labialis, and also those of A. rufa. It is pro-
bably one of those bees that are parasitic on various species.
=~ 4-2"
8. Nomada armata.
NV. atra’;*scutello punctis duobus, linea transversa subtus, antennis
pedibusque ferrugineis; abdomine rufo, segmentis intermediis
maculis flavis.
Nomada armata, Schdff. Germ. Zeits.1. 279 3g.
Smith, Zool. vii. Append. 41; Bees Great Brit. 130 3 Q.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sallsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. ii. 252.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 94; Hym. Scand. ii. 199.
Nomiada kirbyelia, Sceph. Illus. Brit. Ent. Supp. pl. xlui. fig. 1 ¢.
Nomada cincticornis, Nyland. hb. cit. 182 9.
Female. Length 54 lines.—Head and thorax black; the anterior
margin of the clypeus, the mandibles and antenne, and sometimes
a minute dot above the eyes ferruginous; the scape fuscous; the
flagellum has the eighth and three following joints fuscous, the
apical joint ferruginous ; a minute acute tooth in the centre of the
labrum. ‘Thorax—a narrow line on the collar, the tubercles, the
-tegule, two spots on the scutellum, and the postscutellum ferru-
ginous ; a patch beneath the wings and the margin of the meta-
thorax fringed with silvery white pubescence ; the legs ferruginous,
the coxe and trochauters, except their extreme apex, and all the
femora towards their base beneath, black; the basal joint of the
posterior tarsi fuscous on the outside, Abdomen ferruginous, the
base black ; the second segment has on each side an ovate yellow
macula, aud the third and fourth segments a short transverse yellow
line on each side at their basal margins. BM.
Male. Length 53 lines—Head and thorax black, the flagellum
ferruginous, its two apical joints having a black spot above; the
mandibles yellow, their tips ferruginous; the labrum armed with
a sharp tooth in the middle; the face covered with silvery white
pubescence. 'Thorax—the pubescence on the disk yellowish, that
on the sides and beneath hoary; the tubercles, tegvle, tibie, and
tarsi ferruginous; the femora at their apex above ferruginous ;
2, NOMADA, 119
the wings subhyaline, and having a fuscous cloud at their apical
margins. Abdomen ferruginous, its base black; the second seg-
ment has on each side a large ovate yellow macula, and the fol-
lowing segments a yellow line at their basal margins ; the fifth and
sixth have sometimes a transverse band; beneath, the interme-
diate segments have sometimes a transverse interrupted yellow line
and the three apical ones a central black dot. BM.
In August 1860 I took five specimens of this local insect; it
frequented the flowers of the wild scabious (Scabiosa arvensis) in
7 Since edrena hattorfiana, on wanoi insect it is probably
parasitic, as I have sincerenserved ther “or ny. It was first
taken in this country, believe, by Dr. aeacn’.- wveyoushire, where
it has since been found by Mr. Parfitt near Exeter, and by myseit.at
Woollacombe sands, near Morthoe, North Devon, This is the largest
species of Nomada found in this country.
9. Nomada varia.
N. atra, scutello sulphureo ; abdomine flavo, basi ferruginea, fasciis
quatuor nigris.
Nomada varia, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55, 20 3.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 152.
St.-Fary. Hym. ii. 489, tab. 24. fig. 3 2, 4.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 126 3 Q.
Apis varia, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 185 3.
Nomada fucata, Panz. lib. cit. 55.19 .
Fabr. Syst. Piez. 390.
Spin. Ins. Ligur.i. 151.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits, i. 234.
Smith, Zool. 1. 598.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 188.
Apis fucata, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 195.
Normada zonata, S¢.-Farg. Hym. ii. 491 ?
Female. Length 4-42 lines.—Black ; the clypeus and a spot above
it, the inner orbits of the eyes, the labrum, mandibles, and an-
tenn rufous. Thorax—the collar on each side, the tubercles,
tegule, and scutellum sulphur-yellow ; sometimes a minute dot
on the postscutellum ; wings testaceo-hyaline, very faintly clouded
at their margins, the nervures ferruginous ; legs rufous, the coxe,
the intermediate and posterior trochanters, and the extreme base
of the femora beneath black. Abdomen—the basal segment fer-
ruginous, the rest yellow; the extreme base and apical margin of
the first and the apical margins of the three following segments
black. B.M.
Var. 8. The apical margin of the basal segment rufo-piceous.
Var. y. The second segment ferruginous in the middle.
Male. Length 4-43 lines—Head and thorax black ; the scape in
front, the clypeus and a spot above it, the face on each side, the
labrum, and mandibles yellow, the latter rufo-piceous at their apex ;
—
—
120 APIDE.
the flagellum ferrnginous, a black dot on four or five of the a
joints, and sometimes a narrow black line on the scape behind.
Thorax—the collar on each side, the tubercles, a line on the breast
in front, the tegule, scutellum, and sometimes a minute ae
neath it yellow ; wings as in the female ; the coxze and trochan-
ters black, the anterior pair yellow in front; femora ferruginous,
their extreme base black beneath ; the knees and all the tibia and
tarsi yellow, and more or less stained with ferruginous. pea
as in the female; in rare instances there 1s an interrupted 1 ey
line on the first segns, nt. .M.
This is a very mre nes appears vuly and is the parasite
of Halictus cubitin 5 ane. leucozonius. It is also said to infest
colcuies of Andrenu fulvicrus. It has been found near Darenth, and
very abundantly at Eastbourne and in Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight ;
it has also been taken at Kemp Town, Brighton.
eee os
: Sa rg by RAS
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10. Nomada baccata.
N. ferruginea, capite thoraceque nigro yariegatis, abdominis seg-
mentis albo maculatis.
Nomada baccata, Smith, Zool. ii. 604 ¢ 2 ; Bees Great Brit. 121;
Nyland, Notis wr Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. ii. 230.
Nomada leta, Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 98; Hym. Scand. ii. 188.
Female. Length 3 lines.—Head, the ocelli enclosed in a transverse
black macula; in front of the anterior ocellus a black macula
descends to the insertion of the antenne, and from each an abbre-
viated black line passes down to the base of the clypeus ; the cheeks
black. Thorax—three longitudinal black lines on the mesothorax,
and a central one runs down the metathorax; an oblique black
stripe runs from the posterior wings to the coxe of the intermediate
legs ; the posterior legs have sometimes their base more or less
black beneath; wings subhyaline, iridescent, with their apical mar-
gins slightly clouded. Abdomen—at the base above an irregular
transverse black line, frequently forming the letter M; the second
segment has, on each side, a large subovate white macula, somewhat
pointed inwardly; the third segment a smaller macula laterally,
the fourth a transverse line, slightly interrupted in the middle, and
the fifth a large square white macula. BM.
Male. Length 23-3 lines.—Head and thorax black; the clypeus,
labrum, mandibles, and scape in front white; the scape black
behind; the flagellum red, the joints having a fuscous line above,
darkest towards their base ; the head and thorax above have a thin
hoary pubescence; on the thorax beneath it is shorter but more
dense ; two spots on the scutellum and the tegule rufo-testaceous ;
the legs of a paler red than in the other sex ; wings as in the female.
Abdomen pale rufous, the extreme base black; two minute white
spots on the first segment, frequently obliterated; the second has
two large spots as in the female, the following segments have elon-
an
-
‘ | 2. NOMADA. 121
gated white spots on each side, those on the fifth uniting, the
sixth has a transverse macula ; beneath, a transverse white line on
the third and fourth segments in the middle, but frequently imma-
culate. B.M.
This speciesis parasitic on Andrena argentata, and appears inAugust;
it was first discovered at Sandhurst, and has since been taken at
Weybridge in some numbers, and very abundantly at Bournemouth.
Dr. Nylander says it is found both in Denmark and Sweden.
Thomson thinks it may be the alboguttata of Herrich-Schiiffer ; but
if his description is correct, it certainly cannot be. I have never
seen a continental specimen.
11. Nomada xanthosticta.
N. atra, antennis subtus scutellique punctis ferrugineis ; abdomine
rufo, segmentis secundo et tertio maculis duabus flavis.
Nomada xanthosticta, Smith, Zool. 11.600; Bees Great Brit. 1289.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 191.
Apis xanthosticta, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 212 9.
Nomada mistura, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 133 3.
Female. Length 2-3} Iines.-—Head and thorax black ; the flagellum
beneath, the mandibles, and the labrum ferruginous, the latter
obscurely so, sometimes black, the scape black. Thorax : the tegulee
ferruginous, the tubercles yellow, the scutellum having sometimes
two minute obscure ferruginous spots; wings subhyaline, their
apica] margins having a fuscous cloud, the nervures fusco-ferruginous;
the legs ferruginous ; the coxe, the trochanters, the femora beneath,
the tibiae above, and the basal joints of the posterior tarsi above
juscous. Abdomen ferruginous, the extreme base black, the apical
margins of the first and second segments faintly rufo-piceous, the
apical margin of the third and the basal margin of the fourth nar-
rowly rufo-piceous : the second and third segments have on each
side a round yellow macula, that on the latter minute; the fifth
with a square white macula; beneath immaculate. B.M.
Male. Length 3 lines—Black ; the anterior margin of the clypeus
narrowly, and the mandibles, yellowish red, the tips of the latter
rufo-piceous ; the flagellum ferruginous, usually more or less fuscous
above; the face with short, thin, griseous pubescence. Thorax
aboye with thin short fulvous pubescence, on the metathorax, the
sides, and beneath it is griseous; wings subhyaline, iridescent,
clouded at their apical margins, the nervures ferruginons ; the tips
of the femora, the anterior tibiee, the base and apex of intermediate
and posterior pairs, and all the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; a dark stain
on the anterior tibize behind. Abdomen: the apical margins of
the segments more or less distinctly ferruginous, the second and
third segments have, laterally, an oblong white macula, the first
largest, sometimes there is also a minute macula on the fourth, and
2
L229 APID®.
also, occasionally, on the fifth; the fifth segment witha trans-
verse white line. BM.
This is a rare species ; it appearsin July. What bee it is parasitic
upon is not known; but I once took two or three females in Fern
Wood, near Ilfracombe, within a few yards of a colony of Halictus
minutus. It was first discovered by the Rev. Mr. Rudd, at Yarm,
Yorkshire ; Mr. Bridgman has taken it near Norwich.
12. Nomada furva.
NV. atra, scutello rufo-bimaculato, abdomine rufo-cincto. Mas
abdomine flavo-maculato.
Nomada furva, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55. 23 3.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 495 g Q.
Snuth, Zoot. 1.599; Bees Great Brit, 132.
Apis rufo-cincta, Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 216 2 var.
Apis sheppardana, Kirby, /ib. cit. 2179.
Nomada minuta, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 394.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. i. 278.
Nyland. Notes. ur Sillsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i. 184.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 195,
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 94; Hym. Scand. ii. 208.
Nomada dalii, Curtis, Brit. Ent. ix. tab. 419 S.
Female. Length 2 lines.x—Head and thorax black, the anterior
margin 0° the clypeus, the labrum, mandibles, and orbits of the eyes
ferruginous ; the antenne ferruginous beneath, the apical joint en-
tirely so. Thorax—the collar, tubercles, tegule, a large lunate
spot beneath the wings anda dot above uniting with it, a spot
behind the wings, two larger ones on the scutellum, and the post-
scutellum ferruginous; the wings subhyaline, and having a dark
fuscous cloud at their apical margins; the legs rufo-piceous, the
apex of the joints and the tarsi ferrug*‘nous. Abdomen rufo-piceous,
the first and second segments having a ferruginous band, the apex
ferruginous, the band on the basal segment having two black dots ;
sometimes a pale spot on the second and third segments laterally.
(A. rufocincta, Kirby.) BM.
Var. 3. The basal segment only having an obscure ferruginous band.
(A. sheppardana, Kirby.)
Male. Length 2 lines.—Head and thorax black; the margin of the
clypeus narrowly, the labrum, and a spot on the mandibles towards
their apex reddish yellow ; two fuscous spots on the labrum ; the
tips of the mandibles ferruginous ; the tips of the scape beneath
and the flagellum beneath reddish yellow, the apical joint entirely
so; a minute yellow spo. at the vertex of the eyes. Thorax—the
tubercles and tegulie ferruginous ; the sides of the metathorax have
a little silvery pubescence ; the legs rufo-piceous, their joints pale,
as well as the anterior femora and tibix in front; wings as in the
female. Abdomen black, the basal segment having two minute '
dots about the middle, the second a line or dot on each side, and
2. NOMADA. 123
the third having sometimes a narrow line on each side at its basal
margin yellow; beneath, immaculate. B.M.
This is the smallest species of the genus known; Fabricius appears
to have thought himself justified in consequence in giving it a cha-
racteristic name, at the same time quoting Panzer’s name, which
has the priority and must be retained. This little bee is parasitic
upon Halictus morio, and probably also upon H. minutus; Mr. G.
Newport found numbers in the cells of one of the species of Colletes.
13. Nomada flavoguttata.
J. atra, antennis scutellique punctis duobus ferrugineis ; abdomine
rufo, segmentis duobus et tertii maculis lateralibus flavis.
Nomada flavoguttata, Smith, Zool. i. 598 3 9; Bees Great Brit. 128.
Schenck, Nass. Bien, 589.
Apis flavoguttata, Ai’rby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 215 ¢.
Female. Length 24-3 lines.—Head and thorax black, the anterior
margin of the clypeus, the face on each side, the orbits of the eyes,
the labrum, mandibles, and flagellum ferruginous, the latter fuscous
above. Thorax—the collar, tubercles, a spot beneath the wings, a
larger one ou the breast, two on the scutellum, and the postscutellum
ferruginous ; two obscure ferruginous abbreviated lines on the disk ;
wings subhyaline, iridescent, and having a dark cloud at their apical
margins; the coxe, trochanters, base of the anterior and inter-
mediate femora, and the posterior pair beneath black ; the tibie,
tarsi, and femora above ferruginous. Abdomen ferruginous, the
base black; the second and third segments have on each side a
round yellow macula, the second pair smallest; the margins of the
* segments rufo-piceous, B.M.
Var. (3. The legs almost entirely ferruginous.
Var. y. The spots on the abdomen almost or entirely obliterated.
Var. 6. The lines on the disk of the thorax obsolete.
Var. e. The spots on the scutellum united.
Male. Length 2-24 lines.—The anterior margin of the clypeus and
the mandibles yellow, the latter ferruginous at their tips ; the an-
tenn ferruginous beneath, above black; the face has a silvery
pubescence. Thorax black ; the tibiw, tarsi, and femora in front
ferruginous, the rest black; the thorax has a hoary pubescence ;
wings clearer than in the other sex. Abdomen as in the female.
BM.
Var. 3. The posterior tibix and tarsi fuscous above, and the inter-
mediate and anterior pairs stained behind.
This distinct species is mixed up with Vomada furva by continen-
tal authors; Nylander supposed the male described by Kirby to be
that of V. furva ; and subsequent authors have adopted this erroneous
opinion. ‘The species is larger and perfectly distinct, is not rare,
and is widely distributed; but 1 do not know upon what bee it is
124 APID A,
parasitic ; I have found it flying about a bank in which was a colony
of Colletes fodiens.
14. Nomada roberjeotiana.
NV. atra, scutello, pedibus antennisque ferrugineis ; abdomine ferru-
gineo, apice albo, segmentis secundo tertioque macula laterali
alba.
Nomada roberjeotiana, Panz. Faun. Germ. 72.18 3,19 9.
Fabr. Syst. Piex. 391.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. i, 285.
Smith, Zool. 11. 603.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 178.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 189.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 92; Hym. Scand. ii. 205.
Nomada neglecta, Schdff. hb. cit, 283 ¢.
Female. Wength 3 lines.—Head and thorax black, the anterior
margin of the clypeus, the labrum, and mandibles ferruginous.
Thorax—the collar, tubercles, tegule, scutellum, and postscutel-
lum ferruginous; the wings subhyaline, their apical margins
clouded, the nervures dark ferruginous, becoming bright red near
the base of the wings; the legs ferruginous, the cox and tro-
chanters, except their extreme apex, and the femora beneath black.
Abdomen ferruginous, the base black; the third and following
segments rufo-piceous, the second having at its basal margin late-
rally a rufo-piceous spot; the basal margin of the third segment is
ferruginous in the middle; the second segment has on each side a
transverse cream-coloured oval macula, the third a narrower and
more elongate one; the fifth has a square spot of the same colour ;
beneath, immaculate. B.M.
Male. Length 3 lines.—Head and thorax black, the anterior mar-
gin of the clypeus, the labrum, mandibles, and scape in front
yellow, the flagellum ferruginous. Thorax—the collar, tubercles,
and scutellum yellow ; wings and legs as in the female. Abdo-
men ferruginous, with the extreme base black ; the second segment
has on each side an ovate white macula; the following segments
are rufo-piceous ; and the third segment has laterally an oblong
white spot, the fourth a narrow interrupted fascia, and the fifth is
almost entirely white. B.M.
The male described is a highly coloured example; the spotting of
the abdomen varies greatly ; and the scutellum is sometimes more
or less ferruginous, and, in small specimens, occasionally black.
The species is very local and rare; it was first discovered near
Klackwater, Hants, where a few specimens were taken; it has sub-
sequently been found more plentifully near Carlisle. It frequents
the ragwort (Scnccio jacobea), and is found in July and August.
wt
2. NoMADA. i12:
15. Nomada rubra.
. , atra, mandibulis flavis, thorace ferrugineo variegato ; abdomine
ferrugineo, immaculato.
Nomada rubra, Smith, Zool. vii. Append. 41 2 ; Bees Great Brit.151.
Female. Length 43 lines.—Ferruginous; the mandibles yellow; a
spot at the base of the antenne, the tips of the scape above, and
the cheeks black, a line behind the eyes ferruginous. ‘Thorax, the
tubercles yellow ; the disk and the metathorax black ; a line over
the tegule, the scutellum, and the postscutellum ferruginous ; the
sides of the metathorax and the posterior cox, which are black,
clothed with silvery pubescence; the abdomen ferruginous, immacu-
late, the apical segment fringed with silvery pubescence. BM.
In this species the tips of the posterior femora are produced above
into a blunt spinose process; it is unique in the collection of the
British Museum, and is supposed to have been captured in Deyon-
shire at Kingsbridge. I have not seen it in any continental collec-
tion. It is quite distinct from NV. rufa of Rossi.
16. Nomada fabriciana.
JV. atra; antennis rufis, nigro annulatis ; abdomine ferruginco, ma-
culis duabus flavis. Mas abdomine ferrugineo, maculis quatuor
flavis.
Nomada fabriciana, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 348; Syst. Prez. 393 9.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 152.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. i. 277.
Smith, Zool. i. 598 ; Bees Great Brit. 133 g Q.
Nyland, Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn, i. 183.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 389.
Thoms, Opusc. Ent. 94; Hym. Scand. ii. 201.
Apis fabriciana, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.955 9.
_ Rossi, Faun. Etrus. Mant. no. 324.
Apis fabriciella, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 213, tab. 16. fig. 38 9 J
Apis quadrinotata, Kerby, lib. cit. 214 3.
Nomada quadrinotata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 494.
Female. Length 34-5 lines.—Head and thorax black ; the antennse
rufous, the scape, basal joint of the flagellum above, and four or
five joints towards the apex black, the apical one red ; the apex of
the mandibles ferruginous ; the face and cheeks have a silvery
pubescence. Thorax—the teguls, tibiz in front, the femora at
their apex in front, and the apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous.
Abdomen ferruginous, the base black; the second segment has on
each side an ovate macula, and the third a minute one, yellow; the
margins of the apical segments piceous. B.M.
Var. 3. The third segment immaculate.
Var. y. The spot on the second segment minute, that on the third
obsolete.
126 APID®.
Var. 6. All the spots obsolete, and the margins of all the segments
nigro-piceous.
Male. Length 33—4 lines.—Head and thorax black, having a thinly
scattered hoary pubescence; the face clothed with silvery pubes-
cence; the antenn obscurely rufo-piceous beneath ; the anterior
and intermediate femora at their apex in front, their tibi in front,
and the tarsi ferruginous ; the basal joints of the latter black or
fuscous above. Abdomen ferruginous, the base black ; the second
and third segments have on each side a round yellow macula, the
latter pair smallest, B.M.
This species of Nomada is the parasite of Panurgus banksianus,
and is always to be found with colonies of that insect during the
months of June and July. Kirby suspected that his A. quadrinotata
was the male of this species; but the insect was not found commonly
at Barham. At Hampstead it has occurred in great abundance. It
is local, but widely distributed ; it has been found at Bournemouth,
Ventnor (Isle of Wight), Sidmouth, in all the home counties, and in
Yorkshire.
17. Nomada germanica.
NV. atra; antennis, pedibus abdomineque ferrugineis, maculis atris.
Nomada germanica, Panz. Faun. Germ. 72.17 2.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. 394.
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. 1, 276.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 477.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 134 3 Q.
Apis ferruginata, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl.ii. 218 g, tab. 16. fig. 4 3.
Nomada ferruginata, Schiff. Germ. Zeits. i. 275.
Brullé, Expéd, Sc. de Morée, iii. 346.
Smith, Zool. ii. 600.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séilisk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i. 183.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 94; Hym. Scand. ii. 201.
Nomada stigma, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 393.
Nomada atrata, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 135 g var.
Female. Length 4 lines.—Head and thorax black; the mandibles
and antennz ferruginous, the latter more or less fuscous above; the
labrum has a minute acute tooth in the middle. Thorax—the col-
lar on each side, the tegulee, two spots on the scutellum, and the
postscutellum ferruginous ; the wings subhyaline, and having a
dark fuscous cloud on their apical margins; the legs ferruginous,
the femora beneath more or less black towards their base; the
tibize have a black spot near their apex; the basal joint of the pos-
terior tarsi black; a short silvery-white pubescence on the sides of
the metathorax and beneath. Abdomen ferruginous, the base
black ; a black spot at the basal margins of the second and third
segments laterally ; the fourth and fifth have a black band, the
latter usually interrupted, sometimes obsolete ; beneath, having a
row of black transverse spots down the middle. B.M.
2. NOMADA. IDE
Mule.—Very similar to the other sex, but differs in having a more
dense silvery pubescence on the face, the sides of the thorax, and
also on the sides of the abdomen, and in having the scutellum
black ; two or three of the basal joints of the flagellum are swollen
and thicker than the apical joints. BM.
This species is parasitic upon Andrena fulvescens, and sparingly
found in the London district. At Hawley, near Blackwater, it was
found in immense numbers, frequenting a large colony of the A.
fulvescens ; it is also plentiful at Bournemouth,
Although N. atrata has been taken at Arundel, and one or
two at Kingsdown, near Deal, unaccompanied by other normal
examples of V. germanica, I believe it is a rare and remarkable
variety of the male of that species. It has also been taken at Red
Hill, near Reigate.
18. Nomada solidaginis.
NV. atra, antennis basi ferrugineis; scutello abdominisque maculis
fasciisque flavis, segmento primo immaculato,
Nomada solidaginis, Panz. Faun. Germ. 72.21 ¢.
Spin. Ins. Ligur, i. 152.
Schiff. Germ, Zeits. 1. 284.
St.-Farg. Hym., ii. 472.
Smith, Zool. i. 595; Bees Great Brit. 136.
Nyland, Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 176.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 183.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 93; Hym, Scand. ii. 172.
Apis solidaginis, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 204.
Apis picta, Avrhy, lib. cit, 206 var.
Apis rufopicta, Kirby, lib. cit. 207 var.
Female. Length 24-4 lines.—Head and thorax black; the clypeus
and a narrow line on each side touching the eyes, the labrum, and
mandibles yellow, the tips of the latter ferruginous; the scape and
the base of the flagellum ferruginous in front. Thorax—the collar,
tubercles, a lunate patch on the breast, the tegule, and scutellum
yellow ; the legs ferrnginous, the posterior femora having a dark
stain at their base within; the wings fulvo-hyaline, faintly clouded
at their apical margins. Abdomen: the second and third segments
have a large yellow macula, acute within; the fourth has a fascia
and the fifth segment is entirely of the same colour; the base of
the latter sometimes black ; the intermediate segments beneath have
transverse yellow fascize, sometimes interrupted. B.M.
Var. 8. Abdomen rufous, similarly maculated to the former (A. rufo-
picta, Kirby).
Var. y. Abdomen rufous, the fascia on the fourth segment widely
interrupted (A. picta, Kirby).
Male. Length 23—4 lines.—Black ; the clypeus, sides of the face,
the labrum, mandibles, and the scape in front yellow; the face has
a silvery white pubescence ; the flagellum rufo-testaceous beneath
28 APIDE.
Thorax—the collar, tubercles, a lunate spot beneath them, the
tegule, and scutellum yellow ; the legs pale ferruginous, the ante-
rior and posterior coxze yellow in front, the intermediate pair have
usually a minute spot at the sides and another on the pectus in
front of each ; the posterior femora black at their base, the anterior
and posterior pairs usually rufo-testaceous, but sometimes black,
the tibie and tarsi varied with yellow ; the wings subhyaline, their
apical margins faintly clouded. Abdomen: the second and third
segments have on each side a large transverse macula, pointed
within ; the fourth and fifth a transverse fascia, attenuated in the
middle, the sixth an entire broad yellow one. B.M.
Var. 3. The band on the fourth segment interrupted.
Var. y. The basal segment having two minute yellow dots.
Var. 6. Margins of the segments of the abdomen rufo-piceous.
This is the most variable species of the genus, both in size and
coloration ; it is the parasite of Halictus leucozonius, and probably
also of H. cylindricus. It is found in considerable numbers on wild
thyme and on the ragwort (Senecio jacobea) in July and August, and
sometimes also as late as September. The male seldom varies in its
colouring, a red variety being a great rarity, whilst the female runs
into endless variations of colour and size.
19. Nomada jacobee.
N. atra, pedibus ferrugineis, scutelli punctis duobus abdominisque
maculis fasciisque flavis.
Nomada jacobex, Panz. Faun. Germ. 72. 20 3
Schiff. Germ. Zeits. i. 286 3 2.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 479.
Smith, Zool. ii. 594; Bees Great Brit. 137.
Nyland. Notis. ur Siillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. i. 175.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 181.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent, 92; Hym. Scand. ii. 173.
Apis jacobeex, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl, ii. 201.
Apis flavopicta, Kirby, lib. cit. 202.
Female. Length 4-42 lines.—Black ; the anterior margin of the
clypeus, the labrum, and mandibles yellow ; the tips of the mandi-
bles and the margin of the clypeus narrowly ferruginous; the
labrum has a minute tooth in the middle; the scape and the base
of the flagellum ferruginous beneath. Thorax: the collar, tuber-
cles, a spot on the breast, the tegulz, and two spots on the scutel-
lum are yellow; the wings subhyaline, their margins clouded ; the
legs ferruginous, varied with yellow; the coxe and trochanters
black, their tips ferruginous; the intermediate and posterior coxe
yellow in front. Abdomen: the first segment has a subinterrupted
fascia, the second a large macula on each side, acute within, the
third a narrow line on each side, and the following segment a
broad fascia, yellow ; the apical segment yellow. B.M.
2. NOMADA. 129
Male.—This sex closely resembles the female; but the clypeus is
usually more yellow, and the scape yellow in front, the clypeus
covered with silvery pubescence; the abdomen has its bands fre-
quently more interrupted. B.M.
Var. 6. Abdomen having all the bands, except the apical one, inter-
rupted. This is probably the Nomada interrupta of Panzer.
This species is at times very plentiful in certain localities, but it
is a local insect ; it usually appears in July, and is found in August
and September. I once found it entering the burrows of Andrena
fulvicrus, in August, at Sidmouth; but I suspect it is usually para-
sitic upon species of Halictt. Kirby describes an insect which he
took in spring on the flowers of the gooseberry ; unfortunately only
a portion of his type remains. LN. jacobec he could not have found
at the time he mentions; I believe his insect to be a male of N.
succincta ; it is certainly a larger bee than WV. jacobew. Kirby’s A.
flavopicta is undoubtedly the female of Panzer’s insect. This bee
is frequently found on the ragwort ; but it also frequents the Scabzosa
arvensis, on which flower I took it at Lundy Island.
20. Nomada lineola.
NV. atra, antennis ferrugineis, scutello punctis duobus flavis, abdo-
minis basi ferrugineo maculata fasciisque flavis variegata, labio
subcornuto.
Nomada lineola, Panz. Faun. Germ. 53. 23 9.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 486.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 138 $9.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 177.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 97 ; Hym. Scand. ii. 177.
Apis cornigera, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 190, var. 9.
Apis subcornuta, Kirby, lib. cit. 192, var. Q.
Apis capre, Kirby, lib. cit. 195, var. 2.
Apis lineola, Kirby, lib. cit. 194 9.
Apis sexcincta, Kirby, hb. cit. 198 ¢.
Nomada subcornuta, Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii. 180.
Nomada cornigera, Thoms. lib. cit. 11. 181.
Female. Length 4—6 lines.—Black ; a line along the lower portion
of the inner orbits of the eyes, the anterior margin of the clypeus,
the labrum, mandibles, and antennz ferruginous; the scape has
sometimes a yellow stain beneath, and the flagellum is slightly fus-
cous towards the apex. Thorax—the collar, tubercles, tegule, and
two spots on the scutellum yellow ; the legs ferruginous, the knees
stained with yellow; the femora at their base beneath and the
cox and trochanters more or less black ; the posterior femora black
within ; the breast has a ferruginous spot on each side; the wings
subhyaline, their apical margins clouded, the nervures ferruginous.
Abdomen—the basal segment having a ferruginous fascia, the
second a large yellow macula on each side, acute within, the third
K
130 APIDA,
a narrower macula, the fourth a transverse fascia, the fifth, except
its extreme base, yellow; beneath ferruginous, the apical margins
of the segments black, the fourth having a central yellow spot,
sometimes the third also. BM.
Var. 8. The basal segment of the abdomen haying two ferruginous
spots, which are sometimes united.
Var. y. The anterior margin of the united spots on the basal seg-
ment yellow; beneath variegated with yellow.
Var. 6. The ferruginous fascia having two yellow spots.
Var. e. The ferruginous fascia having a transverse subinterrupted
yellow line.
Var. £. The tegule more or less ferruginous, the red fascia obscure
and having two black dots.
Male. Length 4-5 lines.—Black ; the face has a silvery-white pubes-
cence, that on the vertex and disk of the thorax pale fulvous; the
scape in front, the anterior margin of the clypeus, the labrum, and
mandibles yellow; the flagellum ferruginous, three or four of the
basal joints fuscous above. Thorax—the tubercles and tegulz, also
sometimes two minute dots on the scutellum, yellow; beneath, as
well as the cox and femora, covered with a hoary pubescence ; the
femora, tibis, and tarsi ferruginous, the former black at their base
beneath, and the posterior pair also black within; wings as in the
other sex. Abdomen—the three basal segments having interrupted
yellow fasciz, the three apical fascie uninterrupted, the seventh
segment yellow; the fascia on the fourth segment attenuated in
the middle ; the three basal segments have the lateral yellow stripes
more or less pointed within; beneath, the segments have trans-
verse broad yellow stripes. B.M.
Var. 8. The apical margin of the basal segment of the abdomen fer-
ruginous, and having two yellow spots.
This insect appears in May, and is generally distributed. The
female varies greatly both in coloration and size: the male seldom
varies ; it closely resembles the same sex of J. alternata, but it has
the legs variegated with yellow, and the tegule of the wings bright
yellow. On examining Kirby's type specimens it becomes per-
fectly obvious that his Apis capre and A. subcornuta ave only small
varieties of NV. lincola; the names N. cornuta and N. subcornuta were
ill chosen, as the horn on the lip is common to so many species.
21. Nomada sexfasciata.
NV. atra, scutello punctis duobus, abdominis segmentis tribus basali-
bus flavo maculatis, segmentis alteris flavo fasciatis. Mas pedibus
flayis.
Nomada sexfasciata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 62.18 3.
Schaff. Germ. Zeits..i. 285.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 471,
2. NOMADA. 131
Lucas, Expl. Se. Algér. iii. 218.
Smith, Zool. ii. 593; Bees Great Brit. 141.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 180.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 79; Hym. Scand, ii. 182.
Apis scheefferella, Avrby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 199 9.
Apis connexa, Azrby, 2b. cit. 199 ¢.
Female. Length 6 lines.—Black ; the anterior angles of the face,
the margin of the clypeus, the labrum, and mandibles yellow; the
antenne ferruginous, the scape more or less black behind. Thorax —
the tubercles, tegula, and two spots on the scutellum yellow ; the
disk slightly and the metathorax more densely covered with pale
fulyous pubescence ; wings subhyaline, the apical margins having
a fuscous cloud, the nervures ferruginous; the legs ferruginous,
the tibize yellowish towards their base, the coxee and trochanters
black. Abdomen—the three basal segments having on each sidea
yellow spot, those on the second and third segments pointed within ;
the fourth and fifth have interrupted fascie ; beneath, the third and
fourth segments have a transverse yellow dash. B.M.
Male, Length 6 lines.—Closely resembling the other sex, but having
those parts of the mouth yellow which are ferruginous in the
female; the scape yellow in front, black behind, and five or six of
the basal joints of the flagellum black above. Thorax thinly
clothed above with hoary pubescence, beneath more densely so, the
legs yellow, and having in parts faint ferruginous stains ; the femora
beneath more or less black, the posterior pair black within. Abdo-
men variegated with yellow fasciz as in the other sex, but the
fascize not quite so widely interrupted. BM.
Var. 3. The basal segment of the abdomen immaculate.
This insect appears about the middle of May, and is always found
where colonies of Eucera longicornis exist. It was formerly very
abundant about Highgate Archway, but is now scarce near London,
a colony of Hucera having been destroyed and the ground built
upon; it is found at Southgate, and very abundant below South-
end. It has not been received from the north of England or from
Ireland.
22. Nomada alternata.
N. atra, antennis tegulisque ferrugineis, scutelli punctis abdominis-
que fasciis flavis, tribus anticis interruptis.
Nomada alternata, Smzth, Bees Great Brit. 140,
Apis alternata, Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 182 ¢.
Apis marshamella, Avrby, hb. ct. 188 9.
Nomada marshamella, Schaff. Germ. Zetts. i. 285.
Smith, Zool. ii. 590 gO.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 175.
Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii. 176.
Female. Length 4-5 lines.—Black ; the anterior margin of the cly-
KZ
132 APID.
peus, the labrum, mandibles, and antenne ferruginous. Thorax—
the collar on each side, the tubercles, and two spots on the scutellum
yellow ; the tegule and legs ferruginous ; the coxe and femora
towards their base black; the wings subhyaline, their apical mar-
gins clouded, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen—two minute
spots on the basal segments, an interrupted fascia on the two fol-
lowing, on the fourth an entire fascia, and on the fifth a large
quadrate spot yellow ; there is usually a minute spot on each side
of the quadrate one; beneath, the third and fourth segments have
usually a yellow fascia, and the second sometimes two minute
yellow dots. BM.
Var. 2. The basal segment of the abdomen immaculate, and the
spots on the scutellum reddish yellow.
Male. Length 33-5 lines.—This sex very closely resembles the
female, but has the scape in front, the anterior margin of the cly-
peus, the labrum, and mandibles yellow; the face has also a
silvery-white pubescence ; the tubercles yellow; the tegule ferru-
ginous, sometimes dashed with yellow; the wings and legs as in
the other sex; the fasci# on the abdomen are broader, the first
three subinterrupted ; beneath, the second and three following seg-
ments have broad yellow fasciz, the first usually interrupted, the
apical segment yellow. B.M.
Var. 3. The basal segment of the abdomen immaculate.
Var. y. Two minute spots on the scutellum.
This species is found throughout the United Kingdom, and one of
the most abundant ; it appears early in the season, frequently in the
first week in April. One peculiarity is connected with it: during
a very fine autumn a few make their appearance. I have taken it
on the 10th and 15th of September on Shirley Common; one or two
of the spring species of Andrenidz also appear in such seasons. This
Nomada is parasitic on Andrena nigro-enea and also on A. atri-
ceps ; I have also observed it in the burrows of Zucera longicornis.
Kirby does not appear to have found the species at Barham, or he
would probably have united the sexes. It will be observed that
continental authors adopt the name given by Kirby to the female;
this is contrary to an almost general system adopted in other orders
of insects. The male is described as the fifth species, the female as
the tenth in the ‘ Monographia Apum Angliz.’
23. Nomada succincta.
N. atra, tegulis, tuberculis scutellique punctis duobus flavis, abdo-
mine fasciis flavis nigrisque alternis ornato.
Nomada succincta, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.21 ¢.
Schaff. Germ. Zeits, 1. 287.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 469.
Nyland. Notes. uw Sélisk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i. 175.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 142.
3. EPEOLUS. 133
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 173.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 97 ; Hym. Scand, ii. 174.
Apis goodeniana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. ii. 180 3 2.
Nomada goodeniana, Srzth, Zool. ii. 589.
Female. Length 4-5 lines.—Black; the anterior margin of the
elypeus, the labrum, mandibles, and antenne ferruginous; the
inner orbits of the eyes, as high as the insertion of the antenne,
vellow. Thorax—the collar, tubercles, tegule, two spots on the
scutellum, one on the postscutellum, and a dot on each side of the
metathorax yellow ; the legs ferruginous ; the coxe, trochanters, and
femora beneath at their base black, the posterior pair also more or
less black within ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, their nervures pale fer-
ruginous. Abdomen—each segment having a yellow fascia, the
first usually interrupted, the two following attenuated in the
middle. BM.
Male.—Very closely resembling the female, but having the clypeus
anteriorly, the sides of the face, the scape in front, the labrum, and
mandibles yellow; the latter ferruginous at their tips; the scape
black above, and the four or five basal joints of the flagellum black
above; the head aad thorax have a thin hoary pubescence; the
anterior coxze and the tibie in front, and a spot on each side of the
breast in front, yellow ; an interrupted line on the collar, the tegule,
and two spots on the scutellum yellow; wings subhyaline, the
neryures pale ferruginous, the apical margins faintly clouded as in
the other sex ; the abdomen as in the female. B.M.
This species is abundant in all parts of the country, and appears in
April. It is not subject to vary greatly, but the females sometimes
have an uninterrupted yellow band on the basal segment of the abdo-
men, and the two minute yellow spots on the metathorax are occa-
sionally obsolete. An entire fascia on the basal segment of the
abdomen is sometimes found in the males.
Genus 3. EPEOLUS.
Apis (pt.), Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Nomada (pt.), Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 545 (1793).
Epeolus, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. ii. 875 (1802).
Head transverse, the ocelli placed in a curve on the vertex; the
labrum transyerse-ovate, the anterior margin subemarginate, with a
minute tooth in the centre of the emargination, the angles produced ;
in the middle, two minute teeth placed in a line with the angles of
the emargination. The labial palpi 4-jointed, about one fifth shorter
than the labium ; the two basal joints elongate, the first joint one
third longer than the second, the two apical joints minute, placed at
the apex of the second joint; the paraglosse short and lanceolate.
The mavillary palpi 1-jointed, the joint ovate and minute. The
superior wings having one marginal and three submarginal cells,
134 APIDZ.
the marginal cell elongate-ovate, slightly narrowed towards the
apex; the first submarginal cell nearly as long as the two following,
the second much narrowed towards the marginal, and receiving the
first recurrent nervure a little beyond the middle; the second sub-
marginal also much narrowed towards the marginal cell, and receiv -
ing the second recurrent nervure a little beyond the middle. The
Jegs have the calcaria and claws simple. Abdomen oblong-cordate.
The genus Hpcolus is geographically widely distributed, being
found in all the quarters of the globe. Only two species are known
that are Asiatic; two or three have been found in Africa; and
about six in South America. The metropolis of the genus will pro-
bably prove to be North America; at least twelve are described
from that country at present, and a greater number will shortly be
added to the list by Mr. Cresson. In this country only a single
species has been discovered, Hpeolus variecgatus. Itis parasitic upon
Colletes daviesana, C. fodiens, and, I believe, also upon C. marginata :
I took a number in company with that insect, all being of a smaller
size than those found with the other two species of the genus.
1. Epeolus variegatus.
E. niger, thorace abdomineque albido variegatis, pedibus ferrugincis.
Epeolus variegatus, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Ins. xiv. 49.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. 388 3.
Jurine, Hym. 226, Supp. pl. 14. fig. 2.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. ii. 516.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 462, tab. 17. fig.5 9,6 ¢.
Guér. Icon. Reg. Anim. 454, tab. 74. fig. 1.
Smith, Zool. iii. 1150; Bees Great Brit. 148 gO.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sallsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 174.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1869, 156.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 173.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 90; Hym. Scand. ii. 218.
Apis variegata, Linn. Syst. Nat.i.957 3.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 222, tab. 16. fig. 6 9.
Nomada crucigera, Panz. Faun. Germ. 61. 20 ¢.
Female. Length 383-4 lines.—Black; the face clothed with short
silvery-white pubescence, the labrum and mandibles ferruginous,
the former having usually a dark stain on each side at the base;
the flagellum ferruginous at the extreme base beneath ; the collar
covered with yellowish-white pubescence, and two abbreviated lines
emanating from it in the middle; the scutellum, tubercles, tegule,
and legs ferruginous; a large patch of short white pubescence be-
neath the wings, and a spot behind the tegule ; the sides and base
of the metathorax variegated with white pubescence ; on each side
of the scutellum a broad angular tooth which is sometimes ferrugi-
nous ; the wings subhyaline, their margins faintly clouded. Abdo-
men—an interrupted white band at the basal and apical margins
of the first segment, uniting laterally ; the second, third, and fourth
wit
4. MELECTA. 135
segments have on each side a broad line of white pubescence, that
on the third and fourth attenuated in the middle or interrupted ;
the fifth has a spot in the middle and another on each side; be-
neath, ferruginous towards the base, and the margins of the three
apical segments with bands of white pubescence. B.M.
Var. (3. The femora more or less ruto-testaceous.
Var. y. The basal abdominal band entire.
Male. This sex only differs from the female in having the labrum
usually and the scutellum always black ; the cox, trochanters, and
base of the femora are usually black. B.M.
This very prettily coloured bee is local, being only found in locali-
ties where species of Colletes have established colonies; it is a
summer insect, being frequently found on the ragwort (Senecio
jacobea), and also on the mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilo-
sellum), in July and August. It has not been taken in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of London, but is common in tke lanes of Kent,
Surrey, and Hampshire; it has also been taken at Barmouth in
Wales, and is common in parts of Suffolk and Norfolk; it has not
been received from Scotland or Ireland.
Genus 4. MELECTA.
Apis (pt.), Scop. Ann. Hist. Nat. iv. (1770).
Centris (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez, 354 (1804).
Melecta, Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 48 (1805).
Crocisa (pt.), Jurine, Hym. 239 (1807).
Symmorpha, Klug, Iilig. Mag. vi. (1807).
Head transverse, narrower than the thorax; ocelli in a slight
curve on the vertex; antenne geniculated, the flagellum filiform,
with the basal joint clavate; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the basal
joint thrice the length of the second, the two apical joints minute,
and placed at the side and near the apex of the second joint; tke
maxillary palpt 5-jointed, the basal joint short and ovate, the three
following joints of nearly equal length. Thorax subglobose, the
scutellum bidentate ; the anterior wings with one elongate marginal
cell, rounded at its apex, and three submarginal cells; the second
submarginal much narrowed towards the marginal, and receiving
the first recurrent nervure a little beyond the middle; the third
submarginal larger than the second, and receiving the second recur-
rent nervure in the middle; the third transverse cubital nervure
much curved towards the apex of the wing. Abdomen conical,
» truncate at the base.
The genus Welecta contains, at present, a small number of species,
not more than twenty being known, the majority being European ;
one species comes from Algeria, and four from Chili; none have yet
been found in North America. In this country we have two
species, both being handsome insects, and both parasites on species
of the genus Anthophora, from the cells of which they have been
136 APID&.
frequently bred. The Melecte are frequently infested by the larvze
of Meloé; on one occasion WM. armata was found close to burrows of
Anthophora, so covered with these larve that the bee was com-
pletely coated over with them and unable to take flight. It is quite
probable that the larvee of the beetle are as often carried into the
burrows by the parasite as by the working bee.
1. Melecta luctuosa.
M, aterrima, albido villosa, abdominis segmentis utrinque puncto
subquadrato niveo ornatis.
Melecta luctuosa, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 155 3 Q.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 172.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 208.
Apis luctuosa, Scop. Ann. Hist. Nat. iv. 9.
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 404.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. 105.
Apis truncata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 337.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 35, 23 9.
Melecta punctata, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 48.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. 1. 153.
Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, 342.
Blanch. Hist. Nat. Ins. 411.
St._Farg. Hym. ii. 441.
Symmorpha punctata, Klug, Illig. Mag. vi. 227.
Melecta atropos, Newm. Ent.. Mag. ii. 514 ¢.
Melecta lachesis, Newm. lid. cit. 514 Q.
Female. Length 5-6 lines.—Jet-black, shining; the pubescence
snow-white, and the margin of the vertex fringed with white.
Thorax clothed before the insertion of the wings with white pu-
bescence, behind with black ; a spot beneath the wings and another
behind their insertion of white pubescence ; a white pubescent spot
at the base of all the tibise above and another on the apical joint of
the posterior tarsi; the wings fusco-hyaline, their nervures black.
Abdomen—a tuft of white pubescence on each side of the basal seg-
ment above, and a quadrate spot on each side of the three follow- -
ing. BLM.
Male. This sex only differs in having a white fringe on the anterior
and intermediate femora, and two additional white spots on the fifth
abdominal segment. B.M,
This bee is parasitic on Anthophora retusa ; it is not usually found
so early in the season as the Melecta armata. I have never found it
with A. acervorum. It isnot uncommon on Hampstead Heath in ©
May, but is a local insect. Dr. Nylander has examined the Fabri-
cian type in the Museum at Stockholm, and informs us that it is
identical with this species.
5, ——— ae
4, MELECTA. 137
2. Melecta armata.
M. atra, cinereo villosa, abdominis segmentis utrinque puncto ovato
albo ornatis.
Melecta armata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 444 3 Q.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 156.
Andrena armata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 70, 22 0
Apis punctata, Kirby y, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 219 3 Q.
Melecta punctata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. 125, eeal 125 ¢g.
Smuth, Zool. iii. 1148.
Schenck, Nass, Bien. 172.
Melecta alecto, Newm. Ent. Mag. ii. 513 3.
Melecta clotho, tisiphone ef megeera, Md, cit. 513 9.
Female. Length 6-7 lines.—Black; the face and vertex clothed
with long cinereous pubescence, that on the clypeus brightest ; the
labrum and cheeks have a black pubescence. ‘Thorax: the disk
has the pubescence cinereous, that on the scutellum is black, and
on each side is a tuft of white; the wings subhyaline, their margins
fuscous ; the intermediate and posterior tibia have a white patch
at their base. Abdomen smooth and shining, a tuft of white
pubescence on each side at the base; the second segment has a
similar tuft, and sometimes a round spot within; the third and
fourth have on each side a minute round spot of white pubescence.
B.M.
Var. G. Black ; the pubescence black, intermixed on the face, thorax
anteriorly, and on the metathorax laterally with cinereous; an
obscure cinereous spot at the base of the intermediate and posterior
tibiee ; the abdomen obscurely cinereous at the base, the third and
fourth segments have on each side a minute white spot. (megera,
Newm.)
Var. y. The pubescence black, except a few cinereous hairs on each
side of the metathorax and abdomen at its base; a minute cinere-
ous spot sometimes on each side of the third segment. (tisiphone,
Newm.)
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—Black; the face has the pubescence
cinereous ; that on the thorax is of the same colour; the scutellum
bidentate and covered with black pubescence, the intermediate
tibize above and the posterior pair at their base have a short white
pubescence. Abdomen—the base thinly clothed with cinereous
pubescence, and having on each side a tuft of nearly white pubes-
cence, a similar tuft on the second, and two minute white spots on
each of the following segments placed laterally ; and sometimes the
‘fifth segment is also spotted. B.M.
The female of this species is subject to great variation in the colour
of its pubescence, and Newman gave specific names to some of these
varieties. The sexes are not subject to great difference in size ; but
occasionally, as in almost all species of parasitic Apidae, very small
starved examples are taken; one of such only measuring four lines
138 APIDZ.
is in my possession. The species is parasitic upon Anthophora
acervorum ; Chrysis ignita has also been reared from the cells of that
bee. I have never taken either of the species of Melecta on a flower.
B. With two submarginal cells.
Genus 5. STELIS.
Apis (pt.), Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. i. 154 (1802).
Megilla (pt.), Fadr. Syst. Piez. 828 (1804).
Megachile (pt.), Latr. Hest. Nat. xiv. 51 (1805).
Stelis, Panz. Krit. Revis. ii. (1806).
Gyrodroma, Klug, Idlig. Mag. vi. (1807).
Head transverse, the ece/l: in a triangle on the vertex ; antenne
filiform and geniculated; the dabeal palpi 4-jointed, the two basal
joints elongate, the first about two thirds of the length of the second,
which tapers to an acute point near the apex ; the third and fourth
minute joints are articulated; the mawillary palpi 2-jointed, the
joints minute. Thorax subglobose; the seutellum slightly produced ;
the anterter wings with one marginal and two submarginal cells, the
marginal ¢ell as long as the two submarginals united, its apex
rounded ; the submarginal cells of nearly equal length, the second
receiving the first recurrent nervure a little within; the second
recurrent nervure nearly uniting with the second transverso-cubital
nervure, or passing very little beyond. Abdomen oblong, truncate
at the base.
The number of species at present known is twelve ; six are found
in Europe, one in Siberia, two in India, one in North China, and
two in the United States; others will doubtless be found in the
latter country. ‘The British species are widely distributed, extend-
ing northwards to Denmark, Sweden, and Finland ; they are para-
sitic on different species of bees belonging to the genus Osmia.
1. Stelis aterrima.
S. nigra, punctulatissima, scutello bidentato, abdominis segmentis
marginibus decoloratis,
Stelis aterrima, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 163.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 527 2.
Smith, Zool. ili. 1154 3 2 3 Bees Great Brit. 151 3 Q.
Nyland. Netis. ur Sallsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i, 275.
Schenck, Nass. Bren. 550.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii, 265.
Apis aterrima, Panz. Faun. Germ. 5€. 15,
Megilla aterrima, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 331.
Apis punctulatissima, Aurby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 231, tab. 16.
fie.9 Q. ;
Megachile punctulatissima, Latr, Hist. Nat. xiv. 54,
Trachusa aterrima, Jurtne, Hym, 253,
>
5. STELIs. 139
Female. Length 4 lines.—Black ; the head and thorax strongly and
closely punctured ; the sides of the face with cinereous pubes-
cence. Thorax wider than the head, and with a little cinereous
pubescence on each side of the metathorax; the scutellum rounded
behind, and armed laterally with a short stout tooth ; wings fusco-
hyaline, with a darker stain in the marginal cell, palest-at their
base. Abdomen shining, incurved, and more finely punctured than
the thorax; the margins of the segments testaceous, the apical seg-
ment subangulate. BM.
Male.—Usually rather smaller than the female, but closely resembling
it; the apical margin of the terminal segment rounded. B.M.
This is a very local insect; it is parasitic on Osmia fulviventris,
and probably also on O. aurulenta; it is found occasionally in the
flowers of the mallow (A/alva sylvestris). I have taken it at Kings-
down, near Deal; at Weybridge; Birchwood, Kent; Blackwater,
Hants ; Ilfracombe, North Devon, and at Sidmouth, South Devon.
It has also been taken near Clifton, Bristol, at Norwich, and by
Mr. Kirby at Barham.
2. Stelis pheoptera.
S. atra, punctulatissima, albido subpubescens, alis fusco-hyalinis,
ano rectangulo.
Stelis pheoptera, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 164.
St.-Farg. Hym., ii. 627.
Smith, Zool, iii. 1154; Bees Great Brit. 152 3 Q.
Nyland. Notis, wr, Salisk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. i. 274 9.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 350.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii, 267.
Apis pheoptera, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 232 9.
Megachile pheeoptera, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 54.
Spin. Ins, Lngur. i, 186,
Female. Length 4 lines.—Black, closely and strongly punctured ;
the face, cheeks, thorax on the sides and beneath having a thin hoary
pubescence ; the posterior margin of the thorax rounded, the scu-
tellum coarsely punctured, unarmed; wings fusco-hyaline, the
apical margins clouded, a darker cloud occupying the marginal cell.
Abdomen shining, the apex incurved and pointed, the apical seg-
ment rectangular. B.M.
Male.—Exactly resembling the female, the margin of the apical
segment of the abdomen rounded and entire. BM.
This species is very local, and parasitic on Osmia fulviventris ; it,
like the previous insect, is found occasionally in the flowers of the
mallow. It appears in June, and may be taken during July and
August, but is much rarer than S. aterrima. It was formerly
taken about Battersea, Hammersmith, and Fulham, but has not been
met with for some years past; Mr. Parfitt has taken it near Exeter ;
and Mr. Kirby found it at Barham.
140 APID,
3. Stelis octomaculata.
S. atra, punctulatissima, abdominis segmentis maculis lateralibus
flavis.
Stelis octomaculata, Smith, Zool. iii. 1155 ¢ 2 ; Bees Great Brit. 153.
Schenck, Nass. Bien, 351.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. 268.
Stelis ornatula, Nyland. Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. ii.
105.
Female. Length 3 lines.—Black; head and thorax closely and
strongly punctured, the face has a thin silvery-white pubescence,
the hinder margin of the vertex subemarginate. Thorax shining ;
the wings fusco- “hy aline, their apical margins clouded; the scutellum
slightly “produced, subangular, pointed in the middle. The abdo-
men shining, closely punctured, but not so strongly as the head and
thorax ; the basal segment has on each side an ovate yellow macula,
and the three following an Suge ovate stripe, pointed within ;
the apex rotundate.
Male. Length 3 lines.—Closely resembling the female, but differing
in having an ovate macula on the two basal segments of the abdo-
men, the third has a narrow streak on each side, the fourth two
spots on each side, and the fifth a single spot.
This species was bred by Dr. Thwaites from the nest of Osmia
leucomelana ; subsequently I took two specimens at Hawley, near
Blackwater, ‘Hants, where the same species of Osmiais found ; I also
took a single specimen at Sidmouth, in August 1872. It is very like
S. minuta of St .-Fargeau, from which it differs principally in the
form of the scutellum, the posterior margin being subangular and
somewhat produced over the metathorax ; in S. minuta it is rounded,
Dr. Sichel sent specimens of S, minuta for comparison ; the differences
are slight, but appear to be specific. The species is very rare, not
more than half a dozen specimens having been taken in this country.
Genus 6. CELIOXYS.
Apis (pt.), Lenn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Anthophora (pt.), Fuér. Syst. Piez. 372 (1804).
Megachile, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins 53. sec. 3 (1805).
Ceelioxus, Lat. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 166 (1809).
Head transverse, as wide as the thorax ; oceldi in a triangle on the
vertex ; the eyes elongate-ovate, pubescent ; antenne filiform ; the
labial palpi 4-jointed, the two basal joints elongate, the second a
little longer than the first, the third and fourth minute and articu-
lated near the apex of the second joint. Mavillary palpi short, 3-
jointed, the basal joint shortest, the second thicker and the apical
one ovate. The labrum elongate, the sides paraliel, its base produced
at the Jateral angles. Thorax subglobose, the scutellum armed
laterally at its base with a curved acute tooth ; the anterior wings
with one elongate marginal cell rounded at its s apex, two submarginal
6. C@ELIOXYs. 141
cells, the second receiving both the recurrent nervures, the first near
its base, the second near its apex. Abdomen conical, its base trun-
cate and its apex acute; in the males the apex is obtuse and toothed.
The claws simple in the females, and bifid at their apex in the males,
which have the anterior coxz toothed.
This genus is one of considerable extent; about sixty species are
known, only six of them being found in Great Britain ; some species
are widely spread throughout Northern Europe, being found in Russia,
Sweden, and Siberia. Twelve species are known from Africa, having
been found in Guinea, on the Gambia, in Angola, and at the Cape of
Good Hope; about twenty are Asiatic; and thirteen are known from 8.
America, and rather more than that number from N. America. It is
singular that this genus has not been discovered in Australia, since the
genus Megachile, upon which it is principally parasitic, is common
in that country; some of the species are parasitic on species of
Saropoda. These bees by no means confine their attacks to the
nests of one species of Megachile: C. vectis is frequently parasitic
on M. maritima, but it also attacks M. willughbiella ; C. simplex is
at one time parasitic on WV. circumcincta, and at another on M. argen-
tata. Great difficulty attends the discrimination of the males of the
different species, whilst the differences in the form of the apical
ventral plates of the abdomen of the females render their indentifi-
cation comparatively easy. Much confusion has arisen in the
synonyma of this genus, in consequence of different authors having
been unable to distinguish the typical species described by Linnzus,
each sex being accounted as distinct by that author. The types of
Linnews being preserved in his cabinet in the collection of the
Linnean Society, I hope by a careful examination of them to remove
the difficulty. Foerster has thrown the genus into a chaos of con-
fusion by his system of making species upon the slightest differ-
ences. In all species of bees, but more particularly such as are
parasitic on more than one species, great discrepancy in size and
also in the development of parts must be always taken into con-
sideration. The most variable species of the genus found in this
country is C’. simplex, which I have found to vary in length from
33 lines to 63 lines; the smaller examples have the lower valve of
the anal segment of the abdomen very narrow and acute at the apex,
but a gradual approach to this is to be traced in a good series of ex-
amples. C. vectis appears to be the most uniform in size and structure.
All the British species of this genus emit, when captured, a very
offensive odour. Probably they can do this voluntarily ; if so, it may
preserve them from the attacks of birds, or from molestation when
in the act of oviposition in the nests of the industrious bees upon
which they are parasitic.
2. Celioxys quadridentata.
C. atra; scutello utrinque dentato, margine postico obtuse subangu-
lato ; abdomine conico, segmentis margine albidis ; ano maris den-
tato, calcaribus posticis nigris.
142 APID®.
Coelioxys quadridentata, Smith, Zool, iii. 1151; Entom. iv. 2 & 5;
Bees Great Brit, 146,
Apis quadridentata, Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. 958 3.
Apis conica, Linn. hb. cit. 958 °.
Anthophora quadridentata e¢ conica, Fubr, Syst. Piez. 579, 380.
Ceelioxys conica, Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. iv. 167 ?
Schenck, Nass. Bien, 564.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 170 3°.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 42; Hym. Scand. ii. 272.
Ceelioxys acuta, Nyland. Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn.
i. 250 O.
Foerst. Verh. Pr. Rheinl. x. 274 9.
Ceelioxys fissidens, Foerst. lib. cit. 293 3.
Coelioxys fraterna, Foerst. lib. cit. 294 3g.
Female. Length 5-53 lines.—Black; the head and thorax closely
and strongly punctured, the face densely covered with yellowish-
white pubescence, that on the anterior margin of the clypeus ful-
vous. Thorax—the sides and beneath with white pubescence ;
wings subhyaline, their apical margins clouded ; the calcaria at the
apex of the intermediate and posterior tibize black, those on the
anterior tibiz rufo-testaceous ; the posterior margin of the scutel-
lum slightly but obtusely angulated ; the lateral teeth short, sub-
acute and slightly curved. Abdomen shining, punctured, the
punctures strongest and closest at the base and at the sides; the
apical segment very finely punctured and with a longitudinal cen-
tral carina; the apical ventral plate produced beyond the superior
one, rather broadly lanceolate. (Vide Pl. IX. figs. 20, 2p.)
Male. Wength 43 lines.—Black; the head and thorax punctured
as in the other sex, the abdomen rather more strongly and evenly
so; the face with a dense white pubescence, which becomes slightly
yellowish towards the vertex. Thorax as in the other sex, with
the calcaria as in the female ; the apical segment produced at the
apex into two stout bifurcate processes ; the teeth acute, the lower
teeth projecting beyond the upper ones, also a stout blunt tooth at
the basal lateral margins of the segment ; all the segments with a
fascia of white pubescence on the dorsal and ventral plates. B.M.
This is a very local species. C. elongata is frequently mistaken
for it; but the different-coloured calcaria, which are pale in C. sim-
plea, will at once separate them, as well as the anal valves, which
in C. quadridentata are quite different in form from the long acute
ones of C. simplex. The insect described is certainly the Linnean
species ; both sexes have been carefully compared with his types in
the Museum of the Linnean Society, the figures of the ventral plates
given in this work being drawn from them.
2. Celioxys elongata.
C. atra; scutello utrinque dente incurvo armato, margine postico
subangulato ; abdominis segmento apicali elongato, producto,
semilanceolato.
6. CEHLIOXYS. 143
Coelioxys elongata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 522 9.
Gerst. Stett, ent. Zeit. (1869) 170 g Q.
Apis conica, Kirby, Mon. Ap. Angl. ii. 225 3 9, var. 8 b,var.y do.
Ccelioxys conica, Curtis, Brit. Ent. 349, pl. 349. fig. 69, fig. 7 ¢.
Apis inermis, Kirby, lib. cit. 11. 229 3.
ee simplex, Nyland. Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. ii.
ale .
Sith Bees Great Brit. 174; Entom.iv.5 3°.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 369.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 42; Hym. Scand. ii. 276.
Ceelioxys microdonta, Foerst. Verhandl. Preuss. Rheinl, x. 291 3.
Ceelioxys divergens, Foerst. lib. cit. 292 ¢ ?
Ceelioxys 3-cuspidata, Poerst. lib. evt. 802 9 P
Ceelioxys mandibularis, Nyland. lib. cit. i. 253 Q var. P
Female. Length 33-64 lines.—Black ; the head and thorax strongly
and closely punctured ; the face densely covered with pale fulyous
pubescence, which becomes almost white in long-disclosed speci-
mens ; the pubescence on the sides of the thorax beneath and on
the metathorax paler than that on the face, white in old examples ;
wings fusco-hyaline, clouded at their apical margins; the spines
at the apex of the tibix pale testaceous. Abdomen shining, strongly
punctured at the base, the punctures becoming gradually finer to
the apical margin of the fifth segment; the sixth subopaque, cari-
nated down the centre, and finely and closely punctured and
tapering to its apex; the ventral plate much longer than the upper
one, narrow, elongate, and lanceolate. (See Pl. IX. figs, 2 ¢, 2 u,
27.) M.
Male. Length 3-43 lines._-Black; the head and thorax closely
and strongly punctured, the former wider than the latter ; the face
with a dense pale fulvous pubescence, becoming silvery white at
the anterior margin of the clypeus. Thorax—the posterior margin
of the scutellum subangular, varying in different individuals to a
more or less rounded form; on each side of the scutellum a short
curved spine; the spines at the apex of all the tibize rufo-testace-
ous. Abdomen—the lateral angles of the apieal margin of the
fifth segment produced i-to a more or less short acute tooth; the
sixth segment armed laterally at the base with an acute tooth;
the apex of the segment with two produced stout bifureate appen-
dages, the upper tooth of each being short and stout, the inferior
tooth twice as long, more slender, and-acute; the appendages,
when viewed perpendicularly, have the short upper teeth diverging
laterally beyond the lower ones. B.M.
I concur with Dr. Gerstaecker in considering this species to be the
Cvelongata of St.-Fargeau. Why he altogether passes unnoticed
the Kirbyan synonyma it is difficult to imagine, since that author
has given ample and correct figures of all parts of the species, and,
in addition, I have shown that, having examined the typical speci-
mens, Kirby’s A. conica is decidedly this species, and also that
his A. inermis is only a mutilated specimen of the male, the meta-
thorax being split transversely and pushed upwards, thereby con-
144 APID®.
cealing the teeth that arm the scutellum. In his description of the
female will be found, ‘“ Tibie spinulis atris.” This is a mistake,
the spines of the typical specimen being rufo-testaceous, which he
states to be characteristic of his var. 3.mznor. Dr. Gerstaecker has
questioned whether this is Nylander’s species ; but I have no doubt,
as I possess that species from the author.
C. mandibularis, I believe, is only founded upon specimens that
have the mandibles partly opened, a circumstance that has been
overlooked, and the geniculated appearance of the mandibles has
been mistaken for a specific characteristic. (See Pl. IX. fig. 2 h.)
This is the commonest species of the genus, and has been bred
from nests of Megachile ligniseca, M. willughbiella, and M. cireum-
cincta. Some small specimens were taken on the sandhills near
Deal, where M. argentata abounds; it is probable that it is also
parasitic on that species.
3. Celioxys umbrina.
©. atra, capite thoraceque punctulatissimis ; scutello utrinque dente
incurvo armato, margine postico rotundato.
Ceelioxys umbrina, Sm2th, Zool. iii. 1153; Bees Great Brit. 148.
Apis quadridentata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.13 ¢$ (nec Linn.).
Female. Length 4-5 lines.—Black; the head and thorax very
strongly and closely punctured ; the pubescence on the face dense
and pale fulvous, it is also of the same colour on the thorax but
rather paler; the posterior margin of the scutellum rounded and
with a short curved tooth at its base laterally ; wings fusco-hya-
line, with a fuscous cloud at their apical margins. Abdomen shi-
ning, punctured, most strongly so at the base; the valves of the
apical segment of nearly equal length, the ventral plate a little
longer than the upper one, its apex angulate. B.M.
Male. Length 3-4 lines.—Very like the male of C. elongata; but
the fifth segment is not produced laterally at its apical margin into
a spine; the sixth segment has a short spine on each side, and is
produced between these into two bifurcate processes, the teeth at
their apex being short, straight, and subacute, the lower teeth pro-
jecting beyond the upper ones; the latter not divergent outwardly
as in C. elongata. (See Pl. IX. figs. 2%, 2u, 2n.) B.M.
A pair of this local species were taken in Hampshire some years
ago; they were recently disclosed, and their pubescence of a rich
umber colour, which soon fades to the colouring described. The insect
is parasitic on Saropoda bimaculata ; it has been subsequently found
in abundance entering its burrows and on the flowers of the bramble
in Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight, in the month of July. The apical
segment of the female is like that of C. rufescens ; but the apex of
the ventral plate is sharply oblique on each side, forming an angular
~
6. c@LIoxys. 145
point ; the species is also uniformly considerably smaller and the
abdomen much less convex.
4. Celioxys rufescens.
C. atra, ochraceo villosa; scutello utrinque dente incurvo armato,
margine postico obtuso angulato ; abdomine convexo.
Ccelioxys rufescens, St.-Farg. Encycl. Méth. x. 109; Hym. ii.
519
oe Zool. iii. 1152; Bees Great Brit. 149.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeits. (1869) 169.
Nyland. Notts. ur Sdlisk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. ii. 279.
Schenck, Nass, Bien. 366.
Thoms. "Hym. Scand. ii. 276.
Ceelioxys apiculata, Nyland. lib. cit, i. 282, pl. iii. fig. 11d.
Ceelioxys hebescens, Nyland. lib. cit. i. 25 , pl. iil. fig. a, var., and
vol. il. 279.
Coelioxys diglypha, Foerst. Verhandl. Preuss, Rheinl. x. 295 3.
Ceelioxys trinacria, Foerst. id. cit. x. 300 2.
Female. Length 53-6} lines.—Black ; the head and thorax coarsely
punctured ; “the face densely covered with short yellow pubescence ;
that on the thorax is of a paler colour; the posterior margin of
the scutellum subangular, and armed on each side with a curved
spine or tooth; the wings fusco-hyaline, and having their apical
margins clouded. Abdomen shining, conical, convex above and
beneath, strongly punctured ; a large angular patch on each side
of the basal segment, the second and three following segments with
an entire fascia, attenuated in the middle and continued beneath,
of ochreous pubescence; the superior plate of the apical segment
lanceolate, the lower plate angular at the apex, not longer than the
upper plate. (See Pl. IX. figs. 26, 2c, 2d.) B.M.
Var. 3. The apex of the inferior plate angulated and notched at the
side, forming an acute appendage at the apex.
Var. y. The inferior plate obtuse and rounded at the apex.
Male. Length 43-5 lines.—This sex agrees with the female in the
pubescence and “sculpture of the head and thorax; the face has
the pubescence perhaps a little longer, more dense, and of a brighter
yellow. The abdomen is similarly convex and similarly banded ;
the apical segment is produced into two bifurcate processes, the
upper tooth slightly erected and obtuse, the lower tooth longer
and acute; on each side of the base of the segment is a straight
acute spine. B.M.
This is a common species, but it was found in numbers, in com-
pany with Osmia wvanthomelana, in the Isle of Wight; it has been
taken both in North and South Devon, in Kent, Surrey and Hants,
in Yorkshire and at Loch Rannoch, Scotland.
146 APIDH.
5. Celioxys vectis.
C. atra, capite thoraceque pallide villosis ; scutello utrinque dentato,
margine postico rotundato ; abdominis segmentis utrinque macula
tomentosa alba ornatis.
Coelioxys vectis, Curtzs, Be tt. Ent. viii. 349, pl. 349 ¢ 2.
Smith, Zool. ui. 1152; Bees Great Brit. 150.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii, 275.
Ceelioxys temporalis, Nyland. Notis. ur Sédllsk. pro Faun. et Filo.
Fenn. i. 253.
Ceelioxys conoidea, Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeits. (1869) 169.
Foerst. Verhand!. Preuss. Rheinl. x. 273.
Ceelioxys punctata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 520,
Female. Length 6-64 lines.—Jet-black ; the head and thorax closely
and strongly punctured ; the sides of the face densely clothed with
white pubescence that has usually more or less of a yellow tint;
the pubescence on the clypeus of the same colour, but very short
and downy; on its anterior margin it is fulvous. Thorax—the
pubescence white ; the posterior margin of the scutellum rounded
and armed laterally with a slightly incurved spine. Abdomen
shining, the basal segment with a quadrate patch of snow-white
pubescence laterally which extends to the base of the second segment;
at the basal margins of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth segments
laterally an elongate angular patch of snow-white pubescence ; the
apical segment lanceolate, shorter than the ventral plate, which is
also lanceolate and more acute at the apex than the upper plate.
(See Pl. IX. figs. 27, 2k, 37.) ;
Male.—Very closely resembling the female, the abdomen being
similarly spotted with snow-white pubescence; the lateral angles
of the apical margin of the fifth segment produced into a short
acute tooth ; the sixth segment has a longer tooth at its basal
lateral margin ; the apex with two bifurcate processes, the upper
teeth shorter and less acute than the lower ones; beneath, the
fourth segment has a notch in the middle of its apical margin ; the
basal segment with a spot of white pubescence in the middle, the
following haying a subinterrupted fascia. BM,
This species is referred by Dr. Gerstaecker to the Anthophora co-
noidea of Llliger, who in describing the species very briefly from a
male insect, gives it as var. y. minor of Kirby’s Apis conica; this
variety, on examining Kirby’s type, is found to be a male of C.
elongata. It may possibly be the C. conoidea of Klug, described in
Germar’s ‘ Reise nach Dalmatien;’ but its identification with Illi-
ger’s imperfectly described species is impossible. Curtis’s name is
therefore retained, his beautiful figure at once distinguishing it
from all other species of the genus. This insect is the largest
species of the genus found in Great Britain ; it is local, but has been
taken plentifully in Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight, on flowers of the
bramble; it is parasitic on Megachile maritima. Other localities
known are Shirley Common, Wimbledon Common, Lowestoft, and
Morthoe, North Devon.
7. OSMIA. 147
Subfam. IIIT. DASYGASTRA.
Genus 7. OSMIA.
Apis (pt.), Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Andrena (pt.), Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 807 (1793).
Anthophora (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez. 372 (1804),
Osmia, Panz. Krit. Revis. Ins. ii. 230 (1806).
Amblys, Klug, Illig. Mag. vi. 226 (1807).
Hoplitis, Klug, Ithg. Mag. vi. 225 (1807).
Trachusa (pt.), Jerine, Hym. 247 (1808).
Diphisis, S¢.-Farg. Hym. ii. 307 (1841),
Head scarcely as wide as the thorax, subglobose ; ocellz placed in
a curve forward on the vertex; antenne filiform, the scape stout,
slightly thickened at the apex; the labrum oblong ; the mandibles
stout and dentate; tongue elongate, nearly thrice the length of the
labium, acute at the apex; paraglosse very short; labial palpi
4-jointed, the first two joints elongate, the second longest and
tapering to a point, the third and fourth minute and articulated to
the second joint near its apex; mavillery palpi 4-jointed, the basal
joint thickest at its base, the second joint longest and, as well as the
third joint, subclavate, the apical joint minute. Thorax subglobose ;
anterior wings with two submarginal cells, the second receiving the
two recurrent nervures, the first at about one third of its length,
the second at or near itstermination. Abdomen convex and densely
pilose beneath in the female; the male with the apical segments
emarginate, toothed or serrated, rarely entire.
If I were asked which genus of bees would afford the most abun-
dant and interesting materials for an essay on the diversity of in-
stinct, I should without hesitation point ont the genus Osmia. Mr.
Kirby, in the ‘ Monographia Apnm Anglie,’ has quoted the history
of Réaumur’s mason-bee, which, although closely allied to the bees
included in this genus, differs generically ; but its history is parallel
to that of some of the European Osmice. It is merely alluded to here
in order to direct attention to the highly interesting history given
by Réaumur of its economy. Species of the genus Osmia are appa-
rently confined in their geographical range to temperate climates.
About sixty species are known, forty being found in Europe, eight
or ten in North Africa, the rest inhabiting the United States, Nova
Scotia, and Hudson’s Bay.
,The most abundant species found in this country is Osmia rufa ;
its economy is varied by circumstances. In hilly country or at the
seaside it frequently forms its burrows in the sunny side of cliffs or
in sandy banks; whilst in cultivated districts, particularly if the
soil be clayey, it selects a decaying tree, usually preferring the
stump of an old willow ; at another time it burrows in the mortar
of old walls. It occasionally avails itself of holes adapted to its
requirements, such as the lock of some outhouse-door or a cayity in
L2
148 APID A.
flint stones used in the rock-work of a garden ; for in both situations
I have found them. Its nest was once discovered in the tube of a
fife that had been left on a shelf in a garden-arbour. This remark-
able example of insect-economy is preserved in the collection of
insect-architecture at the British Museum. The bee had constructed
fourteen cells, a fifteenth being left unfinished; the insect had
entered the fife at the lower end and commenced the first cell a
quarter of an inch below the mouth-hole. In France this species
has been bred from snail-shells by M. Bellevoye; in the shells of
Helix nemoralis and also of H. hortensis the cocoons were placed in
succession singly ; but in the shells of H. pomatia they were found
in succession placed side by side, from two up to six, according to
the width of the whorl. The Osmic lay up in each cell that they
construct a store of food consisting of a mixture of pollen and honey,
upon which the larva feeds. When it is full-grown the larva spins
a tough darkish brown cocoon, in which it remains a few weeks,
before it changes to the pupa state ; the majority soon arrive at their
perfect condition; many, however, pass the winter in the larva
state. In attempting to account for so remarkable a circumstance
all must be conjecture ; but it is not of unfrequent occurrence. Osmia
leucomelana, according to present observation, always excayates its
burrows in the pith of dead branches of the common bramble: with
little labour the parent bee removes the pith, usually to the length
of from five to six inches; at the end she deposits the requisite
quantity of food, which she closes in with a substance resembling
masticated leaves, evidently vegetable matter: five or six of these
cells are usually constructed in one bramble stick. The bee does
not remove the whole of the pith, but alternately widens and con-
tracts the diameter of the burrow, each contraction marking the
end of a cell. The bee deposits an egg on the food immediately
before closing up the cell; it is oblong, white, and about the size
and shape of a caraway-seed. The larva is hatched usually in about
eight days; it feeds about ten or twelve, when it becomes full-
grown; it then encloses itself by spinning a thin silken covering, in
which it remains in an inactive state until the following spring,
when it undergoes its transformations, and usually appears in the
perfect condition in the month of June.
Osmia fulviventris burrows in posts, rails, or decaying trees, sel-
dom in any other situation: the same habit will be observed in
O. enea; but it is not constant, for I have observed this bee more
than once constructing its burrow in the mortar of walls and also
in bard sandbanks. 0. aurulenta and O. bicolor are bees that
commonly burrow in banks, both being very abundant in some
localities, forming colonies; but although it is undoubtedly the
natural habit of these species to construct tunnels in hard banks
with great labour and untiring perseverance, still we find them at
times exhibiting an amount of sagacity and a degree of knowledge
that at once dispels the idea of their actions being the result of a
mere blind instinct, impelling them in one undeviating course. A
moment’s consideration will suffice to call to mind many tunnels
7. OSMIA. 149
and tubes ready formed which would appear to be admirably adapted
to the purposes of the bee; for instance, the straws of a thatch and
many reeds ; and what could be more admirably adapted to their
requirements than the tubes of many shells? So thinks the bee!
O. rufa, O. aurulenta, and O. bicolor all select the shells of Helix
hortensis, H. nemoralis, or of H. pomatia. ‘The shells of these snails
often lie hidden beneath grass, mosses, and plants; the bees finding
them in such situations, dispense with their accustomed labour and
take possession of the deserted shells. The number of cells varies
according to the length and diameter of the whorl of the shell
selected, the usua] number being four; but in some instances they
construct five or six ; and when the bee takes possession of the shell of
H. pomatia, as I have already mentioned, the number is considerably
increased. When the bee has completed and provisioned the cells, the
whole is carefully protected by closing up the entrance or mouth of
the shell with small pellets of clay, sticks, and pebbles; these are
firmly cemented together with some glutinous matter, and the bee
has finished her task.
We will now observe the intelligence of the bee under different
circumstances: she has selected the adult shell of Helix aspera; the
whorl of this species is greater in diameter than that of H. nemo-
ralis or of H. hortensis—too wide, in fact, for a single cell. Our little
architect, never at a loss, readily adapts it to her purpose by forming
two cells side by side; and as she advances towards the entrance of
the whorl it becomes too wide even for this contrivance. Here let
us admire the ingenuity of the little creature ; she constructs a couple
of cells transversely! And this is the little animal which has been
so blindly slandered as being a mere machine.
I will take this opportunity of correcting a very widely diffused
error, which appears to have originated with Réaumur ; or, if his
account of the development of Xylocopa be correct, it differs from
that of every wood-boring bee in this country. He says, ‘“* When
the larva assumes the pupa it is placed in its cell with its head down-
wards,—a very wise precaution ; for thus it is prevented, when it has
attained to its perfect state and is eager to emerge into day, from
making its way upwards and disturbing the tenants of the super-
incumbent cells, who being of later date, each than its neighbour be-
low stairs, are not yet quite ready to go into public.” Mr. Kirby also
quotes from a letter by the Rev. George Ashby, who, after describing
the nest of Megachile centuncularis, says, “The lowest and first
born passes out through the bottom of its own (lowest) cell, and so
escapes without disturbing the rest, who are not yet ready to emi-
grate.” But all such conclusions originate, in my opinion, in con-
jecture. In the case of bees constructing their cells in the spiral tube
of a snail’s shell, where is the possibility of escape? And I have
been informed that species of Xylocopa, in India, very commonly
make use of bamboo-sticks used in making fences in which to con-
struct their cells, and that no outlet can be found except at the
entrance to the tube. Bees that form tunnels in sandbanks never
have more than one outlet to their nests. When Chelostoma flort-
150 APIDZ,
somnis avails itself of the tube of a straw or reed, how is the insect
to pass the first knot, whick would oppose its escape? True know-
ledge is to be found in the careful investigation of nature.
A bee is observed to alight on-an upright post; she commences
the formation of her tunnel, not by excavating downwards, as she
would in that case be incommoded with the dust and rubbish which
she removes; no, she works upwards, and so avoids such inconveni-
ence. When she has proceeded to the length required she proceeds
in a horizontal direction to the outside of the post; and now her
operations are continued downwards ; she constructs a cell near the
bottom of the tube, a second and a third, and so on to the required
number. The larve when full-fed have their heads turned up-
wards; the bees which arrive at their perfect condition are the
males; and it is these that are first anxious to escape ; they usually
do so several days before the females. This is the history of
every wood-boring bee that I have bred; and I have reared broods
of nearly every species indigenous to this country.
There is another species of this genus, whose habits are so different
from the rest that our admiration of the ingenuity of these bees is
greatly increased when we consider its curious details and retlect
upon the degree of care and foresight exhibited by the provident
parent; this is the Osmia parietina, a bee only as yet found in the
northern parts of this country. This species selects the underside
of a slate or stone lying on the ground and having a hollow space
beneath ; to the underside of such stone the bee attaches little masses
of pollen and honey ; on each she deposits an egg, from which a
larva is hatched in a few days, which feeds upon the provision stored
for it by its provident parent. A stone of this kind was found in
1849 at Glen Almond, Perthshire, on the Grampians, at an eleva-
tion of 800 feet above the level of the sea, by Mr. J. Robertson,
who, on turning up the stone, observed a mass of cocoons of some
insect. Although not possessing much knowledge of entomology,
still he knew them to be the production of some insect; he pre-
sented the stone to the British Museum, and it was placed in my
hands for observation. The size of the slab was 10 inches by 6,
and the number of cocoons attached to it 230: when first dis-
covered, about one third of them were empty ; this was in the month
of November. In the beginning of the following March (1850) a
few males made their appearance, and shortly afterwards a few
females were developed ; they continued to come forth at intervals
until the end of June; at this time there remained thirty-five unde-
veloped cocoons. On opening one or two in 1851 they proved to
contain living larva. These cocoons were again carefully closed and
the whole left undisturbed until the month of April of the fol-
lowing year (1852), when, on examination, they were found still
to contain living larve. At the end of May these changed to pupa,
which about the end of June became perfect insects, when both
sexes made their appearance. This, then, was the result: a portion
of eggs deposited in 1849 had been three years arriving at maturity;
ov rather in all probability their development bad been retarded ;
a a
7. OSMIA. 151
when discovered in 1849 one third of the cocoons were found to be
empty ; in 1850 a few males and females appeared; in 1851 the
same occurrence took place, and then the stone was presented to
the British Museum and placed in my hand for observation ; in
April 1852 all the rest of the cocoons produced bees or parasites,
the latter proving to be a species of ruby-tailed fly, Chrysis bicolor,
a species new to the British list. In the first instance all the de-
posit was subjected to the same influences and had produced larve ;
the same may be said of them when taken by Mr. Robertson to
Edinburgh, and yet only a few of each sex were developed. The fol-
lowing year produced the same result ; and the third year the rest
appeared. What was the cause of this retarded development it is
difficult to conceive.
Osmia xanthomelana belengs to the division of mason-bees ; its
nest is usually constructed at the roots of grass, but occasionally
in a hollow chamber about an inch underground. The cells are
pitcher-shaped, and constructed of mud mixed with small pebbles;
outside they are very rough, but the inner surface is perfectly
smooth, the whole reminding one of the texture of a swallow’s nest.
The cells are each about 5 lines in length, rounded at the bottom,
but flattened at the top and closed by a lid, which the bee con-
structs after having provisioned the cell; the cells are placed close
side by side and are more or less joined together; a nest when com-
pleted usually contains five or six cells. This species appears in May
or the beginning of June ; its brood undergoes its transformations and
attains the perfect condition by the end of August or the beginning
of the following month; in this state it passes the winter months ;
but occasionally a few remain throvgh the winter in the larval con-
dition.
There are several parasites on the different species of Osmia be-
sides the bee parasites of the genus Stelis: Chrysis ignita is a com-
mon destroyer of the larvae of O. rufa, and C. fulqgia has been bred
from the cocoons of the same bee; but its most destructive parasite
is a chalcididous insect, WMonodontomerus dentipes ; large numbers of
this insect have been obtained from their nests. Chrysis ignita has
been reared from the cocoons of Osmia xanthomelana ; and it would
no doubt attack the nest of any species of bee that it found adapted
to its purpose; bee or wasp suits it equally well. I have obtained
it in plenty from a nest of Vespa rufa, also from nests of Odynerus
antilope ; their larvee appear to be almost omnivorous.
Osmia papaveris (the Anthocopa of St.-Fargeau) is not included
in this genus, there not being any reliable evidence of its having been
© found in this country, Shuckard has included O. papaveris in his
work ‘ British Bees,’ on the authority of specimens placed in the
collection of British Aculeata in the British Museum. There are
threé specimens of the female, and two males of Osmia adunca
arranged with them as being those of O. papaveris: these are all
without locality ; but they have small tickets bearing numbers that
exactly correspond with others attached to species never found in
this country. There can be little doubt of the specimens of the
152 APIDZE.
two species of Osmia named, as well as others of O. cornuta also
placed in the collection, having been introduced by mistake subse-
quent to Dr. Leach’s death, who left his boxes of continental and
British Aculeata mixed, to be separated and arranged by others.
The habit of cutting sections of the petals of flowers for the purpose
of lining their nests is not confined to the Osmia papaveris, which,
from using for that purpose the petals of the scarlet poppy, has in
consequence acquired the popular name of the poppy-bee. Megachile
centuncularis I have seen cutting the petals of scarlet geraniums,
and also Megachile argentata lining her nest with the bright yellow
petals of Lotus corniculatus.
Section I. Body more or less metallic. (Sp. 1-3.)
1. Osmia rufa.
O. atra, hirsuta; abdomine eneo, hirsute rufo tecto; fronte in
femina bicorni, atra; fronte in mare simplici, hirsuto albida;
ano integro,
Osmia rufa, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 162 g Q.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. ii. 269.
Apis rufa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 954 3.
Fabr. Ent, Syst. ii. 334.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ti. 103.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 56. 10.
Apis bicornis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 954 Q.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 334.
Christ. Hym. 159, tab. 12. fig. 9.
Rossi, Mantis, 310.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 271 g Q.
Apicis bicornis, Harris, Expos. 162, tab. 49. fig. 4 9.
Apicis agino, Harris, Expos, 162, tab. 49.7 ¢.
Apis cornigera, Rossi, Faun. Etrus. 11. 108.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 55. 15.
Megachile cornigera, Spin. Ins. Liyur. i. 147.
Anthophora bicornis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 375.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 466.
Osmia bicornis, Latr. Encycl. Méth. viii. 576.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 314.
Smith, Zool. ii. 745.
Nyland, Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i, 259.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 338.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 351.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 235.
Amblys bicornis, Klug, Illig. Mag. vi. 198.
Osmia hederee, Smzth, Zool. ii. 747, var. minor ¢.
Female. Length 4-63 lines.—Head and thorax nigro-zneous ; the
face clothed with black pubescence, and armed on each side of the
clypeus with a stout horn, which is oblique or sometimes notched
at the apex, the horns bent inwards. Thorax—the disk clothed
with black pubescence, intermixed with fulvous posteriorly ; that
on the sides beneath, on the metathorax, and femora of a yellowish
= 0 a a
7. OSMIA. 153
white ; the pubescence on the tibie and tarsi fulyous, that on the
tarsi beneath rufo-fulvyous ; the calcaria and claws rufo-testaceous ;
wings subhyaline, clouded towards their apex, the marginal cell
having a fuscous stripe along its anterior margin; the nervures
fusco-ferruginous. BM.
Var. 3. Length 4 lines.—The horns on the face angular.
Male. Length 33-54 lines.—Strongly resembling the female; the
face unarmed, clothed with long white hair; the antenne slender
and filiform, nearly as long as the thorax; the head and thorax are
of a blue-green, the wings as in the female; the pubescence on the
disk of the thorax long and of an ochraceous tint, the legs clothed
as in the other sex. Abdomen densely clothed with long fulvous
pubescence, suberect, and arranged in fascie; the margin of the
apical segment entire. BM.
One of the most abundant bees found in England, forming occa-
sionally large colonies. Osmia cornuta is given in old lists of British
bees as being an indigenous species ; but no sufficient or reliable evi-
dence of its being so exists. Specimens are placed in the British
collection of bees in the British Museum, but they have no locality
attached to them; the species is therefore omitted in this work.
2. Osmia enea.
O. corpore femine cerulescente, albido subpubescente: ventre lana
atra dense vestito; corpore maris eeneo, fulyo pubescente, ano
bidentato.
Osmia wenea, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 170 g @.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 339.
Apis enea, Linn, Faun. Suec, 421; Syst. Nat. 1.955 g.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 303.
Andrena enea, Ent. Syst. ii. 309.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. 96.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 56.3 3.
Anthophora zenea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 381.
Apis ceerulescens, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 955 9.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 264.
Andrena cerulescens, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 307.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus, ii. 86.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 65. 18 @.
Fabr. Syst. Prez. 328.
Osmia czerulescens, Latr, Encyel. Méth. viii. 581 d Le
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 325.
. Brullé, Hist. Nat. Canar’. iii. 85.
Smith, Zool. ii. 743.
Lucas, Expl. Se, Algér. iii, 190.
Nyland. Notis. ur Silisk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 262.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 352,
Thoms. Hym, Scand. ii. 240.
Female. Length 33-43 lines.—Head and thorax very closely punc-
tured, black, blue-black, or violet ; the head with long sparing pale
er
oe
154 APID &.
yellowish pubescence; on the face, at the sides of the clypeus,
a little white pubescence. Thorax—the disk thinly covered with
similar pubescence to that on the head; on the sides, beneath, and
on the legs it is paler, white or nearly so; wings fusco-hyaline,
their apical margins and also the marginal cell clouded, vary-
ing in depth of colour in fresh or old specimens. Abdomen shining,
blue, usually with violet tints, finely and closely punctured; the
apical margins of the segments fringed with white short pubescence,
usually broadly interrupted on the first three segments, frequently
entirely obliterated on the basal segment; beneath, densely clothed
with black pubescence. B.M.
Male. Length 33-4 lines.—Brassy green; the head and thorax less
bright than the abdomen, and both very closely punctured ; the face
with long fulvous pubescence, palest on the clypeus. Thorax
clothed with fulvous pubescence, which is most dense on the sides;
wings subhyaline, their apical margins clouded and iridescent ; the
neryures rufo-piceous, paler than in the other sex. Abdomen nar-
rowest at the base, more finely and less closely punctured than the
thorax ; the margins of the segments fringed with fulvous pubes-
cence, on the fourth and fifth margins the pubescence is shorter,
paler, and more dense; the sixth segment with a small notch in
the middle of its margin, the seventh incurved and bidentate. B.M.
This is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species of
the genus. Its usual time of appearance is June. Its habit is
varied: at one time it selects holes in walls; but I have most fre-
quently bred it from old posts &c. The name adopted is that of the
male. It will be seen that Linnzeus described both sexes on the
same page; and the generally recognized rule of adopting the male
appellation, in my opinion, should be rigidly adhered to; but in a
few exceptional cases a departure from the general rule will be
fully justified.
3. Osmia fulviventris.
O, atra, pallido villosa; abdomine nitido, atro-cerulescente, ventre
lana ferruginea tecto; ano in mare subemarginato et bidentato.
Osmia fulviventris, Lat. Encycl. Méth. viii. 578.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 319 3.
Brullé, Hist. Nat. Canar. ii. pt. 2; Entom. 85.
Lucas, Expl. Sc. Algér. iii. 192.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sdlisk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. ii. 272.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 168.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 338.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 351.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 238.
Apis fulviventris, Panz. Faun. Germ. 56.18 9.
Apis leaiana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 263 9.
Anthophora fulviventris, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 378.
Apis hirta, Smith, Zool. iv. 742.
Female. Length 4-5 lines.—Head and thorax black; the head as
7. OSMIA. 155
wide as the thorax, both strongly and very closely punctured; the
face thinly clothed with pale fulvous pubescence; the anterior
margin of the clypeus slightly emarginate, and with two teeth in
the middle, usually concealed with bright ferruginous hairs ; man-
dibles incrassate, with two stout teeth at their apex and a blunt
one within, the margin terminating in a short acute tooth. Thorax
sparingly clothed on the disk with fulvous pubescence, but more
densely so on the sides, and beneath with paler pubescence; wings
fusco-byaline, with their apical margins clouded; the legs with
pale fulvous pubescence, that on the tarsi beneath rufo-fulvous.
Abdomen nigro-seneous, subovate, convex, shining, and rather
finely punctured, most closely so at the sides; the margins of the
segments thinly ciliated with fulvous pubescence, usually more or
less abraded; the sixth segment covered with short silky pale
pubescence ; beneath, densely clothed with bright ferruginous pu-
besvence. B.M.
Male. Length 4-5 lines.— Head and thorax nigro-zneous, the ab-
domen more bright, and with a brassy brightness, very closely and
moderately punctured ; the face densely clothed with fulvous pu-
bescence, which is palest on the clypeus. ‘Thorax clothed with
fulyous pubescence, which is palest on the sides and beneath, that
on the legs is sparing but also pale fulvous; wings as in the other
sex. Abdomen oblong-ovate, with a little pale fulvous pubescence
at the base, the margins of the segments sparingly fringed with
shorter pubescence of the same colour; the sixth segment notched
in the middle of its apical margin, and with a slight central depres-
sion; the seventh segment bidentate. BM.
This species is not rare, but rather local. It usually appears in
June, females being found as late as August. It is frequently found
on thistle-heads, also on hawkweed; it burrows in wood. WStelis
pheoptera may occasionally be taken about its burrows. It is widely
distributed, specimens having been received from Scotland and from
most parts between that locality and Cornwall. Mr. Vernon Wol-
laston found it in Madeira.
Section II. Body black. (Sp. £-11.)
4. Osmia xanthomelana.
O. aterrima, villosa, thorace abdominisque segmentis duobus basa-
libus rufo pilosis, metathorace area media nitida; corpore in
mare fulvescenti hirsuto, fronte albida pilosa; abdomine nigro-
zneo, ano bidentato.
Osmia xanthomelana, Smith, Zool. ii. 7453 2: Bees Great Brit. 165.
Steph. Illus. Brit. Ent. Supp. 16, pl. 48. fig.2 9.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. ii. 270.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 334,
Schenck, Nass. Bien, 339.
Thoms. Hym., Scand. ii, 247,
156 APID A.
Apis xanthomelana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 246 9.
Apis tunensis, Kirby, lib. cit. 270 3 only.
Osmia atricapilla, Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 2239.
Waterh. Zool. ii. 4035 9.
Osmia nigriventris, Zett. Ins. Lapp. 465.
Female. Uength 43-6? lines.—Black ; head as wide as the thorax,
the face clothed with black pubescence, intermixed with brown on
the margin of the vertex. Thorax clothed above with reddish
brown pubescence ; that on the sides beneath, and also that on the
legs, black; the wings fusco-hyaline, a dark cloud occupying the
upper portion of the marginal cell, the nervures black. Abdomen
shining, subglobose ; the first and second segments with reddish
brown pubescence, on the following segments it is black ; beneath,
densely clothed with black pubescence. B.M.
Var. 3. The sixth segment of the abdomen with a little fulvous
pubescence.
Male. Leugth 4-5 lines.—The head as wide as the thorax, the face
clothed with white pubescence intermixed with ochraceous at the
insertion of the antenne, which are shorter than the thorax; the
thorax has a fulvous pubescence above, beneath it is griseous; the
wings rather clearer than in the other sex. Abdomen shining, its
pubescence fulvous ; the sixth segment slightly notched in the
middle, the seventh bidentate ; beneath, the second ventral -plate
is pointed in the middle, and the third deeply notched, the notch
ciliated with bright yellow hairs. B.M.
This is a very local species. It appears about the end of April
or the beginning of May. Mr. Kirby discovered it at Somersham,
neat Ipswich. It has been found subsequently at Darenth Wood ;
and near Liverpool Mr. George Waterhouse took it in abundance,
finding its nests and breeding the sexes. He has published an in-
teresting account of its economy in the second volume of the ‘ Zoolo-
gist.’ Near Bristol it has been observed frequenting the ground-ivy
(Glechoma hederacea) ; other localities known are Eastbourne and the
neighbourhood of Exeter. ‘The male placed by Mr. Kirby in his col-
lection as belonging to this species is that of Osmia fulviventris.
5. Osmia fuciformis.
O. aterrima, villosa, thorace abdominisque segmentis duobus basa-
libus rufo pilosis, metathorace area media nitida,
Osmia fuciformis, Latr. Encycl. Méth. viii. 579 3 Q.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sdlisk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn, ii. 270.
Gerst, Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 333.
Osmia chrysomelina, Panz. Faun. Germ. 110. 16 ¢ @.
Female. Length 43-5 lines.—Black ; the head as wide as the thorax,
very closely punctured ; the face sparingly clothed with black pubes-
cence, on the margin of the vertex itis rufous. Thorax clothed above
with rufo-fulvous pubescence, that beneath and on the legs is black ;
7. OSMIA. 157
the triangular space at the base of the metathorax opaque. Abdomen
widest towards the apex, with rufo-fulvous pubescence on the two
basa] segments ; the third and following segments thinly covered
with black pubescence and very brightly shining ; beneath densely
clothed with black pubescence. BM.
The insect described was named 0. fuciformis by Dr. Nylander, but
was regarded by myself as a variety of O. wanthomelana in the first
edition of this work. Dr. Gerstaecker has pointed out a character
which appears to separate this from O. wanthomelana, namely the
opaque space at the metathorax of one, and the shining space in
the other. Dr. Gerstaecker, however, I believe, has applied these
distinctive characters to the wrong insects. Kirby’s type of O. aan-
thomeluna has the base of the metathorax shining; in my O. fuc?-
formis it is opaque, and the species is smaller than the former insect.
The basal joint of the posterior tarsi 1s covered within with jet-black
hairs ; in the other species they are more or less rufous. I do not
know the male. The character “ metatarso postico apicem versus
sensim dilatato,” which Gerstaecker assigns to his O. fuciformis, is
precisely that of the male of O, wanthomelana. Taken at Birch
Wood, Kent.
6. Osmia parietina.
O. aterrima, villosa; eapite, thorace abdominisque segmento primo
in mare et femina fulyo villosis; ano in mare integro, facie
subcinerea.
Osmia parietina, Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 222, tab. 222 9.
Smith, Zool. ii. 743; Bees Great Brit. 1675 °.
Osmia vulpecula, Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 335 ?
Female. Length 4-43 lines.—Black; the face clothed with long
pale fulvous pubescence, sometimes with a few darker hairs on the
clypeus, which is truncate anteriorly. Thorax densely clothed
with bright rufo-fulvous pubescence ; wings subhyaline, with a cloud
in the marginal cell and on their apical margins; the nervures
obscure fusco-ferruginous ; the base of the metathorax opaque; the
tarsi with a mixture of pale fulyous hairs, beneath it is reddish
brown ; the claws ferruginous. Abdomen shining, and with fine
shallow punctures; the basal segment thinly clothed with fulvous
pubescence ; the sixth segment has a griseous pubescence inter-
mixed with blavk hairs; beneath, densely clothed with black pu-
bescence. B.M.
Male. Length 3-33 lines.—Head and thorax brassy black ; the face
and cheeks with white pubescence, that above the insertion of the
antenne fulvo-ferruginous. Thorax clothed above with fulvo-
ferruginous pubescence; beneath and on the legsit is hoary : wings
as in the female; metathorax opaque. Abdomen subglobose,
shining, and with fine shallow punctures ; the basal segment with
thin, pale fulyous pukescence, on the rest of the segments it is
158 APID A.
black ; the apical margin of the sixth segment entire, the seventh
with a small notch in the middle. B.M
This insect isnot found in the west of England. Mr. Curtis took
it some years ago in the month of June at Ambleside, Westmoreland.
In describing the species he has stated that the colour is obscure in
certain lights. It might have had an eneous reflection, particularly
if an old specimen was examined. I had many opportunities of ex-
amining his bees; and they were certainly the same species as mine
from Scotland. Mr. Curtis so named them himself; and I gave him
both sexes. The colour of the abdomen of the female is black, occa-
sionally reflecting an obscure neous tint. Dr. Gerstaecker thinks
my O. parietina distinct from that described by Mr. Curtis. This is a
mistake: the insects have been most carefully compared, and Curtis
agreed with me in considering them identical. The only other
localities known are Bridgend (Glamorganshire), Loch Rannoch
(Perthshire), and the Grampian Hills.
7. Osmia pilicornis.
O. aterrima, villosa; capite, thorace abdominisque segmentis duobus
basalibus in femina fulvo villosis ; antennis in mare subtus ciliatis ;
capite, thorace abdomineque cinereo hirsutis ; ano emarginato.
Osmia pilicornis, Smith, Zool. iv. 1567 g¢ 2; Bees Great Brit. 167.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 246.
Female. Length 4-43 lines.—Black ; the head and thorax closely
punctured ; the anterior margin of the clypeus truncate; the face
with thin black pubescence, a few fulvous hairs at the insertion of
the antennz and on the posterior margin of the vertex; the
flagellum of the antenne obscurely rufo-piceous beneath towards
the apex. Thorax densely clothed above with bright rufo-fulyous
pubescence ; wings subhyaline, clouded at their apical margins : the
pubescence on the legs and thorax beneath black. Abdomen
shining, subglobose, and with fine shallow punctures ; the two basal
segments with rufo-fulvous pubescence, less dense than that on
the thorax; on the other segments above, and on all beneath, it is
biack. B.M.
Male. Length 4—4}lines.—Nigro-zneous ; the face densely clothed
with long white pubescence, at the insertion of the antenne it is
pale ochraceous: the antennz nearly as long as the head and
thorax, the flagellum pilose beneath. Thorax thinly clothed on the
disk with long pale ochraceous pubescence, at the sides and beneath
it is white; the anterior femora densely fringed with white pubes-
cence, on the rest of the femora, tibie, and tarsi it is of the same
colour, but thinly scattered ; the posterior femora and tibiz snb-
incrassate ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent. Abdomen ovate,
shining, and closely punctured, the apical margins of the segments
impunctate and very glossy ; at the base, sides, and apex a long
7. OSMIA. 159
griseous pubescence ;-on the third and fourth segments it is slightly
ochraceous ; the sixth and seventh segments are both oy incised
in the middle.
The female of this species has a close general resemblance to the
same sex of O. parietina, from which it is distinguished by having
fulyous pubescence on the two basal segments of the abdomen and
black pubescence on the face ; its smaller size will separate it from
O. xanthomelana ; and it has the legs with entirely black pubescence.
This species was first discovered by Capt. Blomer, subsequently by
Dr. Thwaites, on Durdham Downs, who proposed the specific name
O. pilicornis, It has also been found in Leigh Woods, near Bristol,
in some abundance, and also at Birch Wood. It appears about the
end of May, but is a very local insect.
8. Osmia aurulenta.
O. nigra, ferrugineo-rufo villosa, abdominis segmentis marginibus
fulvis, ano in mare bidentato.
Osmia aurulenta, Latr. Encyel. Méth. viii. 584 @.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 323, tab. 20. fig. 4 9.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 163 3 2.
M yland, Notis. ur Séilisk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. ii. 278.
Sainck, Nass. Bien. 338.
Gerst, Stett. ent. Zeit, (1869) 351.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 248.
Apis aurulenta, Panz. Faun. Germ. 68. 22 Q.
Apis hematoda, Panz. Faun. Germ. 81. 20 3.
Apis tunensis, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 269 2.
Megachile tunensis, Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 58.
Osmia tunensis, Smith, Zool. ii. 744.
Female. Length 4-4? lines.—Black, closely punctured ; the head
large, subquadrate, as wide as the thorax ; mandibles stout, triden-
tate, the apical tooth acute ; the face clothed with a short fulvous
pubescence ; the antenne not longer than the head, filiform and
slender. Thorax clothed with a rufo-fulvous pubescence, paler be-
neath; the wings fusco-hyaline, the tegule ferruginous; the legs
have arufo-fulyous pubescence, that on the tarsi beneath bright
ferruginous; the calcaria rufo-testaceous, the claws ferruginous.
Abdomen subglobose, at the base and on the sides a rufo-fulvous
pubescence; the margins of the segments have a short fringe of
the same colour; beneath, densely clothed with bright ferruginous
pubescence. B.M,
* Male. Length 4—53 lines.— The face densely clothed with long pale
pubescence, that on the vertex and disk of the thorax ochraceous ;
both the latter have an eneous tinge ; the pubescence on the sides
of the thorax and beneath hoary; the legs have a similar pubes-
cence; the wings asin the female. Abdomen narrowest at its
base, obscurely seneous ; the base has a little pale pubescence ; the
margins of the three apical segments have a fringe of bright fulvo-
160 APID®.
ferruginous pubescence ; the margin of the sixth segment slightly
notched in the middle and deeply emarginate laterally, forming
a stout incurved tooth ; the apical segment concealed, bidentate.
B.M.
This is a very common species in the western and south-western
counties, but has not been received from the north; it usually
appears about the end of April, but has been taken in March. It
has been observed to be most abundant in chalky districts, where it
is common on the Letus corniculatus. Very fine and richly coloured
specimens have been taken in North Wales, at Llanberis. In the
neighbourhood of Bristol this bee very commonly constructs its cells
in snail-shells.
9. Osmia bicolor.
O. hirsuta aterrima, abdomine tarsisque quatuor posticis hirsuto
ferrugineis ; corpore in mare fusco-eneo, hirsuto pallido, ano
emarginato.
Osmia bicolor, Latr. Encycl. Méth. viii. 580 9.
St. Farg. Hym. ii. 318 Q (nec 3).
Smith, Zool. ii. 746 3 QP ; Bees Great Brit. 165.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sélisk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. ii. 03.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 338.
Thoms. Hym. Seand. ii. 250.
Apis bicolor, Schrank, Ins. Austr. 400.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 277 2.
Apis fusca, Christ. Hym. 182, tab. 14. fig. 10 2.
Pans. Faun. Germ. 56. 11 @.
Anthophora fusea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 377.
Osmia fusca, Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 351.
Female. Length 43-5 lines.—Black ; the head not quite so wide as
the thorax, both clothed with deep black pubescence; wings sub-
hyaline, their apical margins having a fuscous cloud, the nervures
and tegule black; the intermediate and posterior tibize and all the
tarsi have a short ferruginous pubescence ; the tarsi obscure ferru-
ginous. Abdomen subglobose, clothed with bright ferruginous pu-
bescence above and beneath; the base above has a little black
pubescence. B.M.
Male. Length 44 lines.—Fusco-zneous, head and thorax very
closely punctured; the face clothed with pale yellow pubescence,
that on the clypeus very dense and nearly white. Thorax—the
disk thinly clothed with pale yellow pubescence, much paler on the
sides, hoary beneath; the legs have a pale pubescence, the apical
joints of the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen oblong-ovate, shining,
and thinly covered with long pale pubescence; two or three of the
apical segments have a fringe of pale fulvous pubescence, as well
as the extreme lateral margins of the abdomen; the margin
of the sixth segment entire, the seventh bidentate or rather deeply
_ notched. B.M.
ee SS z re ee ee
ve : ne
7. OSMEDA 16)
A very local species, seldom taken near London. It usually ap-
pears in April, when it has been taken plentifully at Purfleet and in
chalk-pits at Northfleet. Near Bristol it very commonly constructs
its cells in snail-shells, from which I have freyuently bred it. The
pubescence of the male soon fades to cinereous or nearly white. The
description is that of a bred specimen.
10. Osmia leucomelana.
O. aterrima, albido subvillosa; abdominis segmentis marginibus
utrinque albis, ventre lana cinerascente tecto ; calcaribus pallidis ;
corpore maris nigro-fusco, ano in media fovea impressa.
Osmia leucomelana, Smith, Zool. ii.741 3 Q ; Bees Great Brit. 172.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séillsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i, 263 2, ii.
105 ¢.
Gers. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 352.
Osmia interrupta, Schenck, Nass, Bien. 541 3 Q.
Osmia claviventris, Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 254 3 2.
Female. Length 34-42 lines.—Black and shining ; head as wide as
the thorax, closely punctured, the clypeus most strongly so, its an-
terior margin slightly emarginate in the middle ; a thin white pu-
bescence on the face and cheeks; the flagellum of the antennz
nigro-piceous beneath. Thorax closely punctured, with a thin
white pubescence on the sides and beneath; wings pale fusco-
hyaline, their apical margins faintly clouded ; the legs with glitter-
ing white pubescence, that on the basal joint of the tarsi beneath
yellowish ; the apical joint of the tarsi and the spines at the apex
of the tibize pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen oblong-ovate, slightly
narrowed at the base and shining, and with fine distant shallow
punctures ; the three basal segments margined laterally with white
pubescence, the fourth usually having an entire fascia ; clothed
beneath with cinereous pubescence. B.M.
Male. Length 3-4 lines.—Brownish black, very closely punctured ;
the face with dense pale fulvous pubescence ; the flagellum fulvo-
piceous beneath, the base being black. Thorax thinly clothed
with pale fulyous pubescence ; wings subhyaline, the nervures dark
fusco-ferruginous ; the calearia and apical joint of the tarsi pale
rufo-testaceous, Abdomen oblong-ovate, incurved, the apical mar-
gins of the segments with a thin fringe of short pale pubescence ;
the sixth segment with its extreme lateral apical margin produced
into an acute angle or tooth ; the seventh triangular, its apex acute,
and with a deep fossulet in the middle ; beneath, the apical margin
of the second segment elevated, and forming a large transverse
tubercle or plate. B.M.
This is a rare or very local species which appears in June, I once
found it at Charlton, near Blackheath. At Hawley, near Blackwater,
Hants, | found it burrowing in dead bramble-sticks, from which
both sexes were bred. It has also been taken at Weybridge early
M
162 APID 2.
in July, and in Leigh Woods, near Bristol, at the end of May.
Mr. Kirby took it at Coddenham, near Needham Market, Suffolk,
but only the female. In his Monograph he has described the
apical spines of the tibie as being black; this is an oversight: his
own typical specimen has them rufo-testaceous. This circumstance
has, I believe, caused both Schenck and Thomson to mistake his
species, who accurately describe the sexes of O. leucomelana under
another name.
11. Osmia spinulosa.
O. atra, cinereo subvillosa, scutello bidentato, ventre lana ferru-
ginea tecto; ano maris inflexo, spinuloso ; ventre basi cornuta.
Osmia spinulosa, Smith, Zool. ii. 741 3 Q ; Bees Great Brit. 169, 5
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 340.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. 11, 251,
Apis spinulosa, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. ii. 261, tab. 17. fig. 1 2,
fig. 2.
Female. Length 3-33 lines.—Black, closely punctured, the head
and thorax most strongly so; the anterior margin of the clypeus
truncate; the face with cinereous pubescence on each side of the
clypeus, and above the insertion of the antenne is a tuft of pale
fulvous. Thorax thinly clothed above with pale fulvous pubescence,
that on the sides and also beneath is more or less cinereous ; the
scutellum rounded posteriorly, and armed on each side with a small
acute tooth; wings subhyaline, their apical margins clouded, the
nervures nigro-fuscous ; the legs with pale fulvous pubescence,
that on the first joint of the tarsi beneath bright fulvous ; the claw-
joint rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate and shining, clothed beneath
with bright ferruginous pubescence. B.M.
Male, Length 3-33 lines.—Black, punctured as in the other sex ;
the face with yellowish white pubescence below the antenne.
Thorax sparingly clothed with pale ochraceous pubescence ; on the
sides, beneath, and on the legs it is cinereous ;_ the apical joint of
the tarsi ferruginous ; wings as in the female. Abdomen incurved ;
the apical margin of the sixth segment denticulate, that of the
seventh with an acute tooth in the middle; the basal ventral seg-
ment armed with a stout curved spine. B.M.
This is a local insect, apparently preferring chalky distriets ; it is
found all along the coast between Lower Walmer and Dover; plen-
tifully at Kingsdown, in July and August. It is not uncommon at
Luccomb Chine, Isle of Wight, and has been taken at Croydon and
Reigate ; it frequents the hawkweed, wild scabious, and the thistle.
The pubescence is frequently almost entirely cinereous above. The
specimens described are in fine condition.
8. HERIADES. 163
Genus 8. HERIADES.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 954 (1766).
Hyleus (pt.), Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 302 (1793).
Anthophora (pt.), abr. Syst. Piez. 372 (1804).
Heriades, Spin. Ins. Ligur. fase. ii. (1808).
Chelostoma (pt.), Lat. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iy. (1809).
Trypetes, Schenck, Nass. Bien. 32 (1861).
Head subglobose ; oecelli placed in a triangle forward on the ver-
tex ; antenre subclayate ; clypeus transverse, with two minute teeth
in the middle of its anterior margin; labrum oblong, broadest at the
base, its apical margin slightly rounded ; tongue elongate, only a
little longer than the labium ; labial palpi 4-jointed, the first and
second joints elongate, the first half the length of the second, which
tapers to an acute point ; the third and fourth joints minute, clavate,
and articulated near the apex of the second joint; mawillary palpi
3-jointed, the first joint short and stout, the second stout, subfusi-
form, and three times the length of the basal joint ; the third joint
slender, two thirds of the length of the second, and with two sete
at its apex. Thorax globose; anterior wings with two submarginal
cells, the second receiving both recurrent nervures. Abdomen ob-
long, cylindric, and convex; furnished with a dense pollen-brush
beneath.
1. Heriades truncorum.
H, atra; abdominis basi transverse carinata, segmentorum margini-
bus albidis ; ano mars inflexo, inermi.
Heriades truncorum, Spin. Ins. Ligur. fase. ii. 9.
Curtis, Brit. Ent, xi. tab. 504 9.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. p. 404 3 2.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 467.
Smith, Zool. iv. 1447; Bees Great Brit. 192.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. 271; Mon,
Heriades, Mém. Soc. Imp. Se. Nat. Cherb. iv. 110.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 265.
Apis truncorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 954 2, et Cab. Mus. Linn, Soe.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 258 3°.
Hyleus truncorum, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, 505.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 64.15 9.
Anthophora truncorum, Fubr. Syst. Piez. 379.
Megachile truncorum, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. iv. 52.
Female. Length 23-3 lines.—Black, closely and strongly punc-
tured ; the head as large as and a little wider than the thorax;
the face with a little white pubescence on the sides; the mandibles
stout and bidentate at the apex. Thorax with a thin cinereous
pubescence on the sides; beneath, on the legs, and the apical joints
of the tarsi rufo-piceous ; wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures black.
Abdomen shining; the apical margins of the segments with very
narrow white pubescent fasciee ; densely clothed beneath with pale
yellow pubescence, B.M.
Male. Length 3 lines.—Closely resembles the female; the face
M2
|
164 APID 2,
with silvery white pubescence ; the antenne filiform and longer
than the head; the thorax more pubescent than in the female, and
truncate behind ; the abdomen inflexed at the apex; the segments
with white narrow fascie ; the sixth segment with its apical mar-
gin entire, compressed in the middle, on each side of which is a deep
transverse fovea. B.M.
Heriades truncorum is a very rare species in this country, but
less so on the continent: I have received it from Westphalia in some
numbers. Mr. Kirby received it from his friend Mr. Trimmer, who
took it near Brentford, where I have searched for it unsuccessfully.
Mr. Ingall found it near Dulwich, taking three or four specimens.
It must no doubt be looked for about old posts and rails in June.
It is a species I never met with.
Genus 9. CHELOSTOMA.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 954 (1766).
Hyleus (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez. 8319 (1804).
Anthophora (pt.), Fabr. lib. cit. 872 (1804).
Megachile (pt.), Latr. Hist. Nat, xiv. 51 (1805).
Chelostoma, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 161 (1809).
Heriades (pt.), Zeté. Ins. Lapp. 467 (1840).
Gyrodroma (pt.), Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii, 259 (1872).
Head subquadrate, rather wider than the thorax ; ocelli in a tri-
angle; antenne subclavate, short, a little longer than the head,
slender and filiform in the male, with the intermediate joints den-
ticulate beneath; labrum elongate, narrowed anteriorly, and trun-
cate at the apex ; mandibles bidentate, ciliated on their inner mar-
gin; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the basal joint one third the length
of the second, the second joint attenuated at the apex, the third short
and placed in a line with the second; the fourth clavate and arti-
culated to the side and near the apexofthe third. Maxillary palpi
3-jointed, the joints short and subequal. Anterior wings with two
submarginal cells, the second receiving both the recurrent nervures.
Abdomen as long as the head and thorax, subclavate, and with a
dense pollen-brush beneath; in the male the abdomen cylindrical,
incurved, the apex armed with two blunt teeth ; beneath, the second
segment produced into a large concave mucro, the fourth segment
being densely pilose.
This genus and Heriades are very closely allied: both have 3-
jointed maxillary palpi, and 4-jointed labial ; but in Chelostoma three
joints of the labial palpi are articulated in a line, the fourth being
attached to the side of the third ; in Heriades only two are in a line,
the third and fourth being minute and attached to the second; the
neuration of the wings is the same in both genera.
Both the British species burrow in decaying posts and rails; but,
like many species of burrowing-bees, they occasionally make use of
ready-formed burrows. Not unfrequently Chelostoma florisomne
makes use of straws and reeds, their tubes being admirably adapted
9, CHELOSTOMA. 165
to the bees’ requirements: on one occasion | found numbers occu-
pying the straws of a thatched outhouse. Chelostoma is subject to
the attacks of several parasitic insects; Chrysis cyanea and C. ignita
have both been bred from its nests, also Fwnus assectator, an insect
frequently seen where the burrows of Chelostoma are found. Mr.
Marsham, in the ‘ Transactions of the Linnean Society,’ volume iii.,
has given an account of Pimpla manifestator introducing its eggs
into the nests of this bee; but it is not very clearly shown that the
larva of Chelostoma was the object of its attack. I am inclined to
suspect it was the larva either of Melandrya caraboides or that of
Clytus arietis ; both these insects are commonly to be seen about
the burrows of Chelostoma, inserting the apical segment of their ab-
domen into them, the burrows forming a suitable situation for their
eggs, and the larve being wood-eaters. Mr. Kirby records the
fact of his friend Mr. Trimmer obtaining Jchneumon femorator from
the nest of Chelostoma.
The males of this genus usually pass the night in flowers, in which
they curl up their bodies and take their repose; but at other times
they pass the night in a position that would appear to be ill suited
for repose. I have observed them attaching themselves to blades of
grass by seizing hold with their mandibles and suspending them-
selves in a horizontal position, with their hind legs stretched out in
a line with their bodies. A number of males thus suspended were
found on a dead branch of hawthorn; they were killed by chloro-
form, and remained thus attached after death, so that the branch
and bees could be exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological
Society of London, Other species of Hymenoptera (for instance, some
Polistidze) attach themselves in asimilar manner. Other insects curl
their bodies round straws, twigs, or blades of grass: this is the
habit of several species of Chrysidide, of StiJbum and Hedychrum,
and of Elampus panzeri.
1. Chelostoma fiorisomne.
C. atrum, elongatum, glabriusculum; mandibulis prominentibus,
intus fulvo-barbatis ; abdominis segmentis marginibusalbis. Mas
cinereo villosus ; abdomine incurvo, ventre basi cornuta, ano
bidentato.
Chelostoma florisomne, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xiv. tab. 628 ¢.
Eversm. Bull. Soc. Moscou, xv. 74.
Smith, Zool. iv. 1445; Bees Great Brit. 189 g Q.
Apis florisomnis, Linn. Syst, Nat. i. 954 3, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soo.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 299, tig. 796,
Fabr. Syst. Ent, 387.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii, 255.
Hyleus tlorisomnis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 319 3.
Panz. Faun, Germ, 46. 13.
Megachile florisomnis, Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 134.
Apis maxillosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 954 2, et Cab. Mus. Linn, Soc. 9.
Kirby, Mon, Apum Angl. ii. 251.
Hyleus maxillosus, Fabr, Ent. Syst. ii. 303.
Panz, Faun. Germ. 53. 17.
ee Od
166 APID®.
Megachile maxillosa, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 51.
Chelostoma maxillosa, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 162.
Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, ii. 342.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 407.
Schenck, Nass. Bien, 548.
Heriades maxillosa, Zett. Ins. Lapp. 407.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sallsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn.i.263 $ 9; Mon.
Heriades, Mém. Soc. Imp. Se. Nat. Cherb. iv. 107.
Female. Length 3-5 lines.—Black, shining and punctured, the
pubescence sparing and griseous; on the face on each side of the
clypeus a little white pubescence; the anterior margin of the
clypeus produced and forming an elevated flattened plate ; the fla-
gellum more or less rufo-piceous beneath. The thorax with a little
scattered pubescence on the sides and beneath, that on the legs
short and griseous, but dense and fulvous on the tarsi beneath ; the
calcaria pale testaceous; wings subhyaline, their apical margins
clouded, the nervures black. Abdomen elongate-clavate, the apical
margins of the segments-with narrow white pubescent fascie ;
clothed beneath with pale fulvous pubescence. B.M.
Male. Length 4-5 lines.—Black; the face densely clothed with
fulvo-ochraceous pubescence; the mandibles bidentate and fringed
beneath with long pale hairs; the cheeks produced and forming a
blunt tubercle at the base of the mandibles; the antenne filiform,
the flagellum, except the two basal joints, flavo-testaceous beneath.
Thorax with long, loose, very pale fulvous or cinereous pubescence ;
the wings as in the female. Abdomen cylindric, and thinly covered
with pale ochraceous pubescence; the apex armed with two blunt
teeth. B.M.
This is a very common insect in this country, appearing early in
June; itis found throughout Europe, and is one of the true carpenter
bees. A closely allied species, C. nigricorne, which occurs in Den-
mark, Sweden, and France, will probably be found in North Britain,
and may be mixed with C. floriscmne in collections. The male of
C. nigricorne has the antenne entirely black and the joints simple ;
the apical segment deeply concave, its margin truncate, the lateral
angles being subdentate or acute; the female wants the tubercle on
the clypeus. This short description will serve to identify the
species.
2. Chelostoma campanularum.
C. atrum, glabriusculum ; maris ano inflexo, acute bidentato, ventris
basi gibba.
Chelostoma campanularum, Eversm. Bull. Soc. Moscou, xxv. 75.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 190.
Apis eampanularum, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 256 3 Q.
Megachile campanularum, Latr. Hist. Nat. dns. xiy. 52.
Heriades campanularum, Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 198.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 405,
Smith, Zool. iv. 1448.
10. ANTHIDIUM. 167
Nyland. Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. i. 273; Mon.
Heriades, Mém. Soc. Imp. Sc. Nat. Cherb. iv. 111.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 347.
Gyrodroma florisomnis, Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii. 262.
Apis florisomnis minima, Christ. Hym. 197, tab. 17. fig. 18.
Apis minuta, Schrank, Ins. Austr. 412?
Female. Length 23-24 lines.—Black, shining, closely and finely
punctured. Head subglobose, as wide as the thorax; the antennz
clavate ; mandibles bidentate, their apex rufo-piceous. The thorax
with a little hoary pubescence at the sides ; the metathorax trun-
cate, the wings subhyaline and iridescent; the calcaria pale tes-
taceous, the claws of the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen oblong and
cylindric, obtuse at the apex, densely clothed beneath with pale
yellow pubescence. BM.
Male. Length 2-2} lines.—Closely resembles the female ; the fla-
gellum filiform and a little longer than the head; the legs fre-
quently more or less obscure rufo-piceous ; the abdomen incurved
at the apex and bidentate ; beneath, with an elevated tubercle on
the second segment, the fifth concave and clothed with pale pubes-
cence.
This little bee is rather local, but plentiful in many places ; five or
six may be frequently taken in a single flower of Campanula ro-
tundifolia: the males pass the night in those flowers. The species
appears in June.
Genus 10. ANTHIDIUM.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Anthidium, Fabr. Syst, Piez. 364 (1804).
Megachile (pt.), Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 51 (1805).
Trachusa (pt.), Jurine, Hym. 253 (1809).
Head nearly as wide as the thorax; ocelli in a triangle on the
vertex ; antennee filiform, the scape subclavate, the basal joint of the
flagellum subglobose ; clypeus triangular, truncate at the base,
rounded anteriorly ( 2 ), truncate ( ¢ ) ; tongue elongate, nearly thrice
the length of the mentum ; paraglossw very short; labial palpi 4-
jointed, the first and second joints elongate, the second longest and
tapering to a point, near its apex the third and fourth minute joints
articulate, both being subclavate ; mavillary palpi 2-jointed, the basal
joint short and cup-shaped. Thorax subglobose ; the scute/lwm trans-
verse and lunate, produced over the metathorax, which is truncate ;
anterior wings with one marginal cell, which is as long as the two
submarginal ones united ; the second submarginal cell receiving the
first recurrent neryure near its commencement, the second sometimes
uniting with the apical nervure, and in some instances passing a
little beyond it; the basal joint of the anterior and intermediate
tarsi as long as the tibie; the claws bifid. Abdomen convex, in-
curved, the base truncate; densely clothed with long hair beneath.
Male much larger than the female, the legs more elongate, and
the apex of ‘he abdomen armed with spines.
168 APIDE.
This genus is remarkable in presenting the only instance among
our native species of bees in which the male is considerably larger
than the female; this peculiarity is at once understood, and the
object of the structural difference apparent, when the habits of the
insect are observed. ‘The female is usually attended by the male, and
when on the wing, flying from flower to flower, is frequently seized
by the male, and carried off out of sight into the air; hence the
necessity for his superiority in size and strength is clearly apparent.
In this country only a single species is found; but upwards of a
hundred are described, about forty inhabiting Europe alone. Many
species are found in Arabia and Syria; others are found in Algeria,
the Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, and
Angola ; four or five are known from India; and others from Brazil
and various parts of South America, Chili, Mexico, and the United
States.
Anthidium manizatum has never been observed constructing its
own nidus; and probably it at all times makes use of some cavity in
trees, posts, or other situation adapted to its requirements ; its nests
are frequently found in the holes perforated in old willow-trees by
the larvee of Aromia moschatus or Cossus liguiperda, and lined with
a woolly down, which the bee collects from various plants, such
as the hedge-nettle, Stachys germanica, and the wild lychnis, Agro-
stemma coronaria ; from such plants the bee with its broad man-
dibles scrapes off the downy covering of the leaves and stems, rolling
it up into a little bundle which she carries off to her nidus. The
cells are not arranged in the systematic order usually observable in
bee architecture ; they are composed of a thin semitransparent mem-
brane, each cell being closed with similar membrane after being stored
with a suitable supply of pollen and honey, upon which an egg has
been deposited ; in this manner cell after cell is constructed, until
the cavity chosen is filled with a suitable number, when her labours
are completed.
Nests of a species of Anthidium from Natal are attached to the
outside of twigs of bushes or plants, each cell being enveloped in a
woolly covering and separate from each other.
The Rey. Gilbert White, in his ‘ History of Selborne, with his
usual tact, has described the habit of our British species thus :—
‘«‘ There is a sort of wild bee frequenting the garden campion for the
sake of its tomentum, which probably it turns to some purpose in
the business of nidification. It is very pleasant to see with what
address it strips off the pubes, running from the top to the bottom of
a branch, and shaving it bare with the dexterity of a hoop-shaver.
When it has got a vast bundle, almost as large as itself, it flies away,
holding it secure between its chin and fore legs.”
1. Anthidium manicatum.
A, atrum, griseo villosum, abdomine maculis lateralibus flavis ;
maris abdomine lateribus fasciculato-pilosis, inflexo, ano quin-
quedentato,
10. ANTHIDIUM. 169
Anthidium manicatum, Fubr, Syst. Piez. 364 3 Q.
Latr. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiii. 212.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. iv. tab. 21.
St. ~Farg. Hym. ii. 355.
Smith, Zool. iv. 1452; Bees Great, Brit. 185. :
N, yland, Notts. ur Séillsk, pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn, i, 268.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 344, 345.
Thoms. ”Hym. Scand. ii. 218.
Apis manicata, Linn. Syst. Nat, i. 958 3.
Fabr, Ent. Syst. 11. 530.
Schaff. Icon. Ins. tab. 32. figs. 11, 12.
Christ. Hym. 133, tab. 9. fig. 5.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 55. 11 Co.
Kirby, Mon, Apum Ang]. ii. 248, tab. 16. fig. 12 9,13 ¢.
Donov. Brit. Ins. xiv. 57, tab. 489.
Trachusa manicata, Jwrine, Hym. 253.
Female. Length 4-5} lines.—Black ; the face on each side below
the antenne and the clypeus yellow, the latter black at the base,
from which a central black stripe runs to the anterior margin of
the clypeus, which is minutely denticulate ; the mandibles and a
minute spot on the vertex above the eyes yellow ; the face and cheeks
with a thin griseous pubescence ; that on the vertex is rufo-fuscous.
Thorax—the tubercles and a spot on the front of the tegule yellow ;
the femora usually more or less rufo-piceous beneath ; the tibie
with a yellow line above, frequently interrupted in the middle ;
the tarsi yellow, and densely covered above with short yellowish
white pubescence, beneath with golden pubescence; the apical
joint of the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the mesothorax thinly clothed
with rufo-fuscous pubescence ; on the sides beneath and on the legs
the pubescence is cinereous. Abdomen, each segment with a
lateral yellow macula, which are ovate on all the segments except
those on the fifth, which are oblong; the fourth segment has
usually two additional minute yellow spots ; beneath, clothed with
dense pale yellowish shining pubescence.
Var. 3. The abdominal segments with transverse yellow fascia,
which are widely interrupted at the base, and more narrowly so
towards the apex of the abdomen. BM,
Male. Length 5-7 lines,—Black; the clypeus, the face on each
side, the mandibles, and a spot on the vertex above the eyes yellow ;
the clypeus has a trident-shaped black macula at its base ; and the
mandibles have their tips black ; the face and cheeks have a cine-
reous pubescence, that on the vertex and on the disk of the thorax
fulvo-ochraceous; the tegule in front and behind and the tubercles
behind yellow; the wings as in the other sex; the anterior and
‘intermediate tibia yellow at their apex; the thorax at the sides
and beneath and the femora have a cinereous pubescence; the
tarsi densely covered and fringed behind with silvery white pubes-
cence ; the basal joint of the two anterior pairs yellow ; sometimes
the posterior tibize have a yellow spot at their base, and occasionally
at their apex also; their pubescence silvery, having a golden tinge
above. Abdomen variable in its markings, having a lateral ovate
170 APIDE,
spot on the four basal segments, a minute one on the fifth, and two
central transverse marks on the fifth and sixth ; the sixth with a
lateral stout bent acute tooth, the seventh has an obtuse one on
each side and a minute slender one in the middle; the base
with a thin cinereous pubescence, and at its extreme lateral mar-
gins a tuft of silvery pubescence ; the following segments have a
pale fulvous fringe. B.M.
Var. 3. The seventh segment has sometimes two large transyerse
spots, those on the sixth being obsolete.
Var. y. The apical transverse spot obsolete.
This species varies greatly in the presence or absence of the yellow
spots and stripes on the abdomen and legs. Var. @ was in the col-
lection of Mr. Desvignes, who obtained it from Scotland. It is of
great rarity in this country, but very common on the continent. Dr.
Sichel sent examples of the ten varieties described by Latreille in
his Monograph of the genus in the Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. vol.
Xili., several of which have not been found in Great Britain. The
variety (3 of the female, so common in France, is rare in this country,
and our common form of colouring rare on the continent. This bee
usually appears at the end of June or beginning of July, and is
abundant in all parts of the south of England, but appears to be
much less so in the north. It is very partial to the flowers of
the red archangel, Lamium purpureum, and sometimes swarms
where that plant i is plentiful.
‘Genus 11. MEGACHILE.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. 955 (1766).
Centris (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez, 854 (1804),
Anthophora (pt.), abr. Syst. Piez. 872 (1804).
Megachile, Lat, Hist. Nat. xiv. 51 (1805).
Trachusa (pt.), Jerime, Hym. 247 (1808).
Head as wide as the thorax; mandibles stout, quadridentate, ex-
terior pair acute, the inner pair obtuse ; oce//t in a triangle anteriorly
placed on the vertex ; antenna filiform ‘and geniculated ; labial palpi
4-jointed, the two basal joints elongate, of nearly equal length ; the
two apical joints minute and subclavate and articulated outside and
near the apex of the second joint; the paraglosse very short, and
folding round the base of the tongue ; tongue twice the length of the
labium ; the mavillary palpi 2-jointed, short, the basal joint shortest,
the apical joint obtuse at the apex and setose; the /abrum oblong,
with the sides parallel. Thorax subglobose ; anterior wings with
one marginal and two submarginel cells, the second submarginal
receiving the two recurrent nervures. Abdomen ovate, truncate and
concave at the base, the ventral segments clothed with dense pubes-
cence in the females, and the apical ones emarginate or dentate in
the males.
Meyachile is the most cosmopolitan of all the genera of bees.
11. MEGACHILE. Well
The number of known species is about 300; they are numerous
alike in the tropics and in northern latitudes. The type of the
genus is perhaps the most widely distributed species of the Apidee,
being found in Southern Europe, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Finland,
and Lapland, also in Canada and at Hudson’s Bay. Fifty species are
known from India, China, and the various islands in the eastern
archipelago, forty from Australia ; but no species has been received
from New Zealand. Africa has furnished between forty and fifty
species ; and others may be yet found in Madagascar, the Mauritius,
and other adjacent islands. South America has at present yielded
between fifty and sixty species; and about the same number have
come from Mexico and the States of North America,— thus making
the present known number of species, as already stated, about 300 ;
and many are yet doubtless unknown to science.
The habits of the British, and, indeed, of all the known European
species appear to be uniform in one respect: they all excavate bur-
rows, either in the ground or in wood ; and these they line either with
the cuttings of leaves or of the petals of flowers. Some of the exotic
species have a different habit. Megachile lanata, a common Indian
insect, constructs tubes of agglutinated particles of sand; the same
is also the habit of another Indian species, M/. prowima.
Megachile centuncularis burrows usually in wood; frequently,
however, it does so in the ground ; and I have seen it entering holes
in the mortar of walls. These it lines with cuttings of the leaves of
different trees and plants, making use of those of the rose, the
laburnum, the lilac, and of various kinds of sallows ; but on two oc-
casions I observed it cutting the petals of the scarlet geranium, pro-
bably for the purpose of lining the cells. I am inclined to think so,
because I frequently found the cells of Megachile argentata, which
burrows in the ground, lined with the yellow petals of Lotus corni-
culatus. The outer covering of the cells of this little bee is usually
cuttings of rose-leaves ; and the circular pieces used for closing the
cell I have found to be those of the thick leaves of the buckthorn.
The plants it prefers frequenting appear to be Erhium vulgare and
the hare’s-foot trefoil, Trifolium arvense. Ihave frequently observed
Mutilla ephippium entering the burrows of this bee, but have not
succeeded in rearing it from the nests.
Megachile willughbiella is the most common of the British species.
It is widely distributed, and very abundant in most parts of the
country. In Kirby’s ‘ Monographia’ is givenan extract from Sir John
Hill’s translation of Swammerdam’s ‘ Book of Nature.’ In a note,
Sir John says that he saw thousands of the nests of this species in
Lincolnshire in willow trees. In the British Museum is preserved a
piece of a willow tree in which are numerous burrows of this bee ;
some of them are exposed, and in one are no less than thirteen cells.
In one case one common entrance leads to three burrows. ‘The flat
end of the block is about 24 inches square ; and in this space are no
less than ten burrows.
Megachile maritima usually burrows in the ground. I have not
observed it in any other situation. Its nests are found in the cliffs
172 APIDE.
of Sandown Bay in great numbers ; but I have not found it burrow-
ing in wood. This bee is frequently seen on the flowers of the
mallow, Malva sylvestris ; and where that plant is not found it ap-
pears to choose the common bramble.
Megachile circumeincta is a ground-burrower, and sometimes forms
colonies of considerable extent. M/. ligniseca is, as I believe, exclu-
sively a wood-burrowing species, preferring trees that are more or
less in a decaying state; the elm, oak, or ash appear equally to
answer its purposes,
Div. I. Anterior tarsi of the males simple.
1. Megachile centuncularis.
. M. cinerascenti pubescens ; abdomine femine subcordato, segmen-
torum marginibus albidis; abdomine maris subgloboso, coxis
anterioribus inermibus.
Megachile centuncularis, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. iv. 166.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 142.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 337, tab. 21. fig. 3 Q.
Guér. Icon. Rég. Anim. 449, tab. 78. fig. 7.
Smith, Zool. ii. 695 3 Q ; Bees Great Lrit. 174.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sélisk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i. 258.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 330.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 227.
Apis centuncularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 Q.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 300.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. 11. 337.
Schrank, Ins. Austr, 404.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. 927.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 237 $ Q.
Anthophora centuncularis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 378.
Panz. Krit. Revis. 242.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 465.
Réaum. Ins. vi. Mém. iv. tab. 10. figs, 2, 3, 4.
Megachile parvula, S¢.-Farg. Hym. ii, 340, var. minor.
Female. Length 33-53 lines.—Black ; head, the front covered with
pale fulvous pubescence, that on the vertex is less dense and
fuscous ; mandibles quadridentate, the two apical ones acute, closely
punctured. Thorax, the pubescence on the sides and beneath pale
fulvous ; on the metathorax, which is closely punctured, the pubes-
cence is less dense and more or less fuscous ; the legs have a short
cinereous pubescence, on the tarsi beneath it is fulvous ; the calcaria
and claws rufo-testaceous ; wings subhyaline, their apical margins
slightly clouded. Abdomen subcordate ; the margins of the basal
segments depressed; the apical margins of all the segments with a
narrow fringe of pale pubescence, which is usually more or less
interrupted in the middle; beneath, densely clothed with bright
fulvous pubescence. BM.
Var. (3. The legs dark rufo-piceous. j
\. Pip Ai
~
11. MEG@ACHILE. 173
The fringe on the apical margin of the fifth segment is usually
entire.
Male. Length 33-5 lines.—Head rather wider than the thorax, the
face clothed with pale fulvous pubescence, sometimes whitish on
the clypeus; antenne filiform; mandibles bidentate, the apical
tooth acute. The apex of the anterior femora rufo-flayous beneath ;
the pubescence on the thorax beneath cinereous, above it is faintly
fulvous ; wings asin the female. Abdomen subelongate and obtuse
at the apex ; the margin of the apical segment entire and subden-
ticulate.
Var. 6. The margin of the apical segment slightly notched in the
middle. B.M.
This species has probably the widest geographical range of any in
the entire family of the Apide. It is found in all parts of the
United Kingdom, and is very widely diffused over the continent of
Europe, bei ¢ found in Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and
Lapland. It x also found throughout Southern Europe. Specimens
have also been received from North America, Hudson’s Bay, and
Canada that we have been unable to distinguish from it. It is very
common during the months of June, July, and August.
2. Megachile ligniseca.
M. pallide pubescens, abdomine oblongo-ovyato, masculo ano emar-
ginato.
Megachile ligniseca, Smith, Zool. ii. 694; Bees Great Brit. 176.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séiillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. ii, 102.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 329.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 226.
Apis ligniseca, Avrby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 243 3 9.
Apis centuncularis, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.12 9.
Don. Brit. Ins. iv. tab. 120 2.
Female. Length 6-7 lines.—Black ; the face has a little pale pubes-
cence on each side of the clypeus, and fulvous at the insertion of
the antenne ; on the vertex it is fuscous ; on the cheeks, legs, thorax
beneath, on the two basal segments of the abdomen, and on the
metathorax it is cinereous; on the disk of the thorax it is pale
fulvous; the mandibles quadridentate, the two apical teeth subacute,
the inner one obtuse; the wings subhyaline, faintly clouded at
their apical margins; the tarsi fulvous beneath, the claws ferru-
ginous. Abdomen oblong-ovate, the margins of the segments
deeply depressed ; at the base there is a little cinereous pubescence,
towards the apex it is sparing and black; beneath densely clothed
with fulvous pubescence, that on the two apical segments is
black. BM.
Male. Length 5-6 lines.—The face clothed with bright pale yellow
pubescence ; at the insertion of the antenne it is of a deeper yellow,
and on the vertex black; the antenne filiform, half the length of
174 APID®,
the thorax, which has a yellowish brown pubescence on the disk, on
the sides and beneath it is cinereous; the wings and legs as in the
other sex; the anterior coxe unarmed. The abdomen oblong-
ovate, the two basal segments have a thin pale pubescence, the
margins depressed ; the intermediate ones have on each side a short
pale fringe; the apex inflexed, the margin of the sixth segment
emarginate, BM,
This species appears to be rather local; it is found round London,
but only occasionally. Mr. Kirby found its nests in old elm trees,
its burrows being lined with the leaves of that tree. I have observed
it most commonly at Richmond, Hampton Court, and Windsor. In
some districts it is doubtless plentiful. Owliorys simplex was bred
from its burrows at Dartford, Kent.
3. Megachile versicolor.
M. pallide pubescens ; abdomine subcordato, segmentorum utrinque
marginibus albidis; ventre lana versicolori dense vestito.
Megachile versicolor, Smith, Zool. ii. 697 2; Bees Great Brit. 177.
Female. Length 47-53 lines.—Black ; the head and thorax closely
and rather strongly punctured. The mandibles with four acute
teeth ; the face with dense pale fulvous pubescence on each side ;
the clypeus coarsely punctured. Thorax, the pubescence on the
sides pale fulvous ; beneath and on the legs above it is more or less
cinereous ; the three apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous; all the
tarsi with rufo-fulvous pubescence beneath. Abdomen shining; on
the apical margin of the segments laterally a narrow fringe of
white pubescence ; beneath, the pubescence is rufo-fulvous on
the second, third, and fourth segments, and black on the fifth and
sixth. B.M.
This species is most like M. centuncularis. All that I have seen
(about a dozen examples) agree in the particular distinctions pointed
out—the moreacute mandibles, and the bicoloured pubescence beneath
the abdomen. The specimen from which the description is drawn is
one in very fine condition ; others have the pubescence on the sides
of the thorax more or less grey. I am not certain about the deter-
mination of the male, but have a specimen that differs from the
male of M. centuncularis in having the margin of the seventh seg-
ment laterally dentate, and in the middle of the segment a prominent
larger tooth. This may prove to be the true male. The female
has been taken at Weybridge, Bournemouth, Bristol, and Carlisle.
4. Megachile pyrina.
M. pallide pubescens ; abdomine subcordato, segmentorum mar-
ginibus pallide fulvis ; abdomine maris incuryo, ano emarginato ;
tarsis rufis.
bol
11. MEGACHILE. W7/
Megachile pyrina, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 3384 3 Q.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 177.
Megachile rufitarsis, Srrith, Zocl. 11. 695 3.
Megachile fasciata, Smith, lib. cit. 694 Q.
Female. Length 5-6 lines.—Black; the face with bright golden-
yellow pubescence ; on the vertex it is usually more or less fuscous.
Thorax, the pubescence on the disk short and fuscous, on the sides
ard beneath pale fulvous, frequently inclining to cinereous; the
a ical joints of the tarsi ferruginous; the pubescence beneath the
tarsi fulvous; the calcaria pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen oblong,
the two basal segments with thin pale pubescence, the following with
fuscous ; the apical margin of all the segments with entire fascia
of pale fulvous pubescence, and beneath densely clothed with pale
fulvous.
Male. Length 5 lines.—-The pubescence similar to that of the female,
but longer and more dense on the face; the apical segment of the
abdomen deeply emarginate in the middle, and denticulate at the
sides ; the seventh segment has a longish spine in the middle; the
anterior cox have a blunt spine.
This species has been captured at and near to Weybridge, Bristol,
and Southampton. It must be verylocal. No one has been ascer-
tained to have taken it for some years past.
5. Megachile odontura.
M. pallide villosa ; abdominis apice denticulato, ano cornuto.
Megachile odontura, Smith, Zool. vii. App. 58; Bees Great Brit. 178.
Dours, Cat. Hym. de France, 192.
Male. Length 4} lines.—Black; the face densely clothed with
bright pale fulvous pubescence; the mandibles tridentate, and at
their base, beneath, a large blunt tooth or tubercle. Thorax
clothed with fulvous pubescence, palest at the sides and beneath ;
the femora fringed beneath with long pale or whitish pubescence,
the posterior tibize have a similar fringe ; the anterior coxe have a
blunt spine. Abdomen oblong, obtuse at the apex, the two basal
segments thinly clothed with pale fulvous pubescence ; on the fol-
lowing segment it is short and fuscous ; and all these have a narrow
pale marginal fascia, more or less attenuated in the middle; the
apical margin of the sixth segment denticulate, the teeth being
twelve in number; the seventh segment compressed in the middle,
and forming a prominent triangular spine. B.M.
The specimen in the British Museum is the only one I have seen ;
but Dours includes the species in his ‘ Catalogue des Hyménoptéres
de France.’ The British specimen is from Dr. Leach’s collection, and
has a numbered ticket attached. On reference to his private manu-
script catalogue the entry is found:—“ June: found settling on a
footpath near our house ” at Spitchwick, Devonshire.
176 APIDA.
6. Megachile argentata.
M. pallide pubescens ; abdomine subtus argenteo villosulo, segmentis
supra marginibus pallido fasciatis,
Megachile argentata, Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. iv. 166.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 345 3 9.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 140,
Lucas, Expl. Se, Algér. iii. 196.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 179.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 331.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 228.
Apis argentata, Faber. Ent. Syst. ii. 336,
Anthcphora argentata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 377.
Apis albiventris, Panz. Faun. Germ. 56. 19.
Megachile albiventris, Smth, Zool. ii. 696.
Megachile leachella, Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 219. i
Female. Length 33-4} lines.—Black; head as wide as the thorax ;
the front with dense pale fulvous pubescence, sparing on the
clypeus, on the cheeks it is cinereous. Thorax: the pubescence on
the mesothorax is short and thin, but more dense at the sides and
pale fulvous ; beneath and on the legs it is cinereous ; wings hya-
line, with their apical margins slightly clouded. Abdomen cordate,
the apical margins of the segments with narrow pale fascie, the
sixth with two pale pubescent spots ; beneath, densely clothed with
silvery white pubescence. B.M.
Male. Length 33—4 lines.—Head wider than the thorax, the pubes-
cence above fulyous, beneath and on the legs it is cinereous; the
apical half of the anterior femora yellowish in front, and the ante-
rior cox with a blunt tooth ; wings as in the female. Abdomen
short and obtuse at the apex, towards which it is somewhat
narrowed ; all the segments with narrow pale marginal fascie, the
apical segment clothed with it and having its margin denticulate ;
the margin of the seventh segment entire.
This little bee is local, but in some situations abundant, particu-
larly so on the sandhills at Deal, at Littlehampton, and in Whitc-
sand Bay, at the Land’s End. It also occurs at Southend, Wey-
bridge, and at Burnham, Somerset. Its flight is as rapid as that of
Saropoda bimaculata, and it also makes a similar piping hum. It is
found in June, July, and August, and often frequents Evhiwm vulgare,
and is also partial to the hare’s-foot trefoil.
The specimens described are in the finest condition, taken on their
first appearance. They are frequently found entirely bleached to a
hoary pubescence, and are usually found with the fulvous tinge more
or less faded. This species is sometimes mistaken for the poppy-
bee, Osmia papaveris,
11. MEGACHILE. WaT
Diy. Il. Anterior tarsi of the males dilated.
7. Megachile circumcincta.
M. pallide flayo villosa, capite anoque atris; antennis maris articulo
ultimo subdilatato, tarsis anterioribus dilatato-ciliatis.
Megachile cireumcincta, S¢.-Farg. Hym. ii. 335 9.
Smith, Zool. ii. 693 3 2 ; Bees Great Brit. 180.
Nyland. Notis. uw Sdlisk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. ii. 103 2.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 350.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 224.
Apis circumcincta, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. 11. 246 Q, var. y. A.
willughbiella ¢.
Female. Length 5-5} lines.—Black ; the pubescence on the head
brownish black, that on the cheeks paler. The thorax and three
basal segments of the abdomen clothed with pale fulvous pubescence,
on the disk of the thorax it is fuscous ; the legs have a pale ful-
yous pubescence, on the tarsi beneath it is rufo-fulvous ; the claws
of the tarsi ferruginous; wings subhyaline, their apical margins
clouded, the nervures black. Abdomen, the pubescence on the
three apical segments black, as well as on the two apical ones beneath;
the rest is bright rufo-fulvous. BM.
Var. 3. The abdomen with pale fulvous pubescence on the two basal
segments.
Var. y. Only the basal segment with pale fulvous pubescence.
Male. Length 44-5} lines.—The pubescence on the face pale ful-
vous, on the vertex it is thin and more or less fuscous; the apical
joint of the antennz compressed and slightly dilated. Thorax:
the pubescence above is rufo-fulyous, on the sides, beneath, and on
the legs it is pale fulvous, frequently inclining to cinereous ; the
anterior coxz armed with blunt spines; the apex of the tibiz and
the tarsi pale flavo-testaceous, beneath a minute black spot; the
first joint as broad as the tibie, slightly widest at the apex, the three
following joints each gradually decreasing in width ; all the joints
fringed with long whitish pubescence. Abdomen oblong, blunt at
the apex, with pale pubescence on two or three of the basal seg-
ments; on the rest it is shorter and black; on the apical margin
of the fourth and fifth a narrow fringe of white pubescence, some-
times more or less obsolete ; the sixth segment with its apical margin
emarginate, the inflexed margin beneath with one angular tooth
on each side ; the seventh with a central obtuse spine. BM.
This species appears in June; it is rather local, and, as far as has
been ascertained, always constructs its burrow in the ground. Oc-
casionally | have met with large colonies, especially in Surrey and
Hampshire. This bee usually lines its burrows with cuttings of rose-
leaves; St.-Fargeau says he observed it using those of Rhamnus
frangula (the alder buckthorn): all the species vary in their choice
in this respect.
N
178 APIDZ.
8. Megachile willughbiella.
M. fulvescenti pubescens; abdomine brevi, ano nigro; maris antennis
articulo ultimo compresso, dilatato ; tarsis anterioribus dilatato-
ciliatis.
Megachile willughbiella, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 57.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. v. 218, tab. 218.
St.-Farg. Hym..1i. 333 ?
Smith, Zool. i. 691; Bees Great Brit. 181.
Nyland. Notis. ur Siillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. i. 256 g only.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 329.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 222.
Apis willughbiella, Avrby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 233 2 g.
Anthophora fulviventris, Zeit. Ins. Lapp. 465.
Female. Length 6-7 lines.—Black; head as wide as the thorax,
the face clothed with dark fulvous pubescence, the vertex with
black, and the cheeks with pale ochraceous; the mandibles stout,
prominent, and quadridentate, the two apical teeth acute, the inner
pair obtuse. Thorax above clothed with a rufo-fulvous pubes-
cence; at the sides and beneath it is paler; the wings subhyaline,
the apical margins faintly elouded, the nervures and tegulee black ;
the legs have a short fulvous pubescence, that on the tarsi beneath
ferruginous; the calearia and claws ferruginous, the latter black at
their tips. Abdomen subcordate; the three basal segments have a
pale fulvous pubescence, that on the apical segments is much shorter
and black; the fourth and fifth segments have a narrow fringe of
white pubescence; the pollen-brush on the abdomen beneath is black
at the sides and at the apex and fulvous in the middle. B.M.
Male. Length 5—6 lines.—The face has a pale fulvous pubescence,
that on the clypeus very bright and glittering ; the antenne half
the length of the thorax, the apical joint compressed, wider than
the other joints. Thorax, the pubescence fulvous above, griseous
beneath ; the anterior legs have a stout spine on the cox, the
femora dilated and of a pale testaceous yellow beneath, haying two
longitudinal ferruginous stripes; the tibiz beneath and the tarsi
pale testaceous; the tibie have a bent spine at their apex in front ;
the basal joint of the tarsi as broad as the tibiz, the three follow-
ing joints transverse, gradually narrowing to the apical joint, the
tarsi densely fringed with a pale glittering curled pubescence, which
has a ferruginous stain beneath ; the claws pale ferruginous, their
tips black; the intermediate and posterior legs have a loose cine-
reous pubescence, the posterior tibiee slightly bent, the claws ferru-
ginous, the tips black. Abdomen subquadrate, the pubescence
loosely scattered and pale fulvous; the apex emarginate, the seventh
segment armed with three short angular teeth. B.M.
This is the most abundant species of the genus found in this
country: in districts where willow-trees abound the insect occa-
sionally occurs in immense numbers; hence its popular name, the
willow-bee. It is found during June, July, and August. Dours
11. MEGACHILE. 179
does not include it in his Hymenoptera of France ; but it has been
received from Paris, taken by Dr. Sichel. |
9. Megachile maritima.
Mf. pallide pubescens, thoracis disco fusco-ferrugineo ; mandibulis
magnis, prominentibus ; abdomine oblongo-cordato, segmentorum
marginibus albicantibus, Mas pedibus anticis dilatato-ciliatis,
tibiis posticis clavatis, ano emarginato.
Megachile maritima, Smith, Zool. ii. 692 $ 9; Bees Great Brit. 182.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 529.
Apis maritima, Avrby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 242 2.
Apis lagopoda, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 325 ¢.
Anthophora lagopoda, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 374 3.
Panz. Faun, Germ, 55. 7.
Female. Length 6-7 lines.—Black; the face before the antenna
densely clothed with fulvous pubescence, above the antenne and
on the vertex it is dark fuscous or black; the mandibles stout, and
with four blunt teeth, fringed with fulvous hairs beneath. Thorax,
the pubescence on the disk dark fuscous, on the sides and beneath
pale fulvous, more or less so according to age; the legs with a pale
bright pubescence ; on the anterior tibie above it is fuscous ; they
are fringed behind, as well as the tarsi, with long pale fulvous
hairs ; the posterior tibize with short cinereous pubescence outside ;
all the tarsi clothed beneath with rufo-fulvous pubescence ; wings
subhyaline, slightly clouded at their apical margins. Abdomen,
the two basal segments with thin loose fulvous pubescence ; on the
other segments it is short and black, and their apical margins have
a narrow pale fringe; beneath, densely clothed with very pale
pubescence, whitish at the base; at the apex is a little black pu-
bescence. BM.
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—The general pubescence fulvous, palest
at the sides of the thorax, beneath, and on the legs. The antennx
filiform, with the apical joint compressed and dilated; the mandi-
bles with their inferior margins towards their apex rufo-piceous ;
the anterior coxe armed with a blunt spine; the anterior legs have
the femora and tibiz pale testaceous beneath, the former haying a
dark longitudinal stripe in the middle; the tarsi pale testaceous
and broadly dilated, the apex of the tibiz also pale; the basal joint
of the tarsi as broad as the tibiz at the base, and widened slightly
towards the apex, which is much produced above and rounded at
the point; the following three joints very short, each in succession
mueh reduced in width ; the tarsi with a dense curled fringe be-
hind of pale pubescence, which is slightly ferruginous at its margin ;
the posterior tibize inerassate, and, as well as the tarsi, curved in-
wardly ; the basal joint of the tarsi broadly dilated. Abdomen ob-
long, the apex obtuse; the sixth segment with a deep central de-
pression, its apical margin deeply emarginate in the middle, with
the sides crenulated; the seventh segment has on its margin a
minute lateral tooth. B.M.
n2
180 APID#,
This species I have received from France, and also its close ally
M. lagopoda, although Dours does not include the latter in his Hy-
menoptera of France. The male of M. /agopoda has not the dilated
apical joint in the antenne, the basal joint of the posterior tarsi is
much longer, and the fringe of the anterior tarsi is black beneath ;
the female is very like that of MZ. maritima, but its pollen-brush is
bright ferruginous.
I have found this species most abundant at the sea-side ; it swarms
in Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight, in July, and is also very plentiful at
Littlehampton ; it has occurred at Hampstead, but rarely, and is
found at Southend, Deal, Dover, and Folkestone ; I have taken it in
North Wales, at Barmouth, and also in Anglesea.
Genus 12. CERATINA.
Apis (pt.),Ross?, Mantis. Ins. i. 189 (1792).
Hyleus (pt.), Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 302 (1793).
Prosopis (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez. 293 (1804).
Ceratina, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 50 (1805).
Head transverse; ocelli in a triangle on the vertex ; antenne short
and subclavate ; mandibles stout and tridentate ; Jabial palpi 4-jointed,
the two basal joints elongate, the third and fourth minute, arti-
culated near the apex of the second joint; the mawxillary palpi 6-
jointed, the three basal joints about equal in length, the three apical
ones minute, each gradually decreasing in length. Thorax ovate;
the anterior wings with three submarginal cells, the second forming
a truncated triangle, the second and third cells each receiving a re-
current nervure a little beyond the middle. Abdomen subclavate,
convex, with the two basal segments constricted.
This genus of bees is widely distributed ; at present about forty
species are known; six are European, four African, and sixteen
Asiatic. Of New-World species fourteen are known; it has not as
yet been found in Australia, but a closely allied genus, 7’haumatosoma,
appears te take its placein West Australia. The genus Ceratina was
formerly classed among the parasitic bees; St.-Fargeau considered
them to be parasitic from the circumstance of their being destitute
of the usual pollinigerous appendages. Spinola was the first to cor-
rect this error in a memoir in the Annales du Muséum d’Hist. Nat.
1807, where a correct history of their economy is given. I have
observed them making their tunnels in dead bramble-sticks. Two
species are described as British; the second, C. cucurbitina, is be-
lieved to have been found in South Devonshire many years ago ; it
requires confirmation by subsequent capture to establish the species
as really belonging to our fauna.
1. Ceratina cyanea.
C. cyanea, glabriuscula, clypeo callisque humeralibus nigris, abdo-
mine clavato. Mas clypeo labroque albis.
12. CERATINA. 181
Ceratina cyanea, St.- Farg. Hym. ii. 505.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1869, 180.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 68. |
Apis cyanea, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 308, tab. 17. fig. 7 2, fig. 8
Ceratina ceerulea, Smith, Zool. iv. 1448; Bees Great Brit. 194.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 171.
Female. Length 2}-3 lines.—Shining dark blue, closely and finely
punctured; antenn:e, clypeus, and mandibles black, the latter rufo-
piceous at their apex and tridentate; the flagellum rufo-piceous
beneath towards the apex. Thorax, the mesothorax with a cen-
tral impressed line and also a short one opposite each tegula; the
wings fusco-hyaline and iridescent; the pubescence on the legs
cinereous, but on the posterior tarsi beneath it is yellowish; the
apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testaceous, the calcaria pale testaceous.
Abdomen, the sixth segment with a central carina terminating in
a sharp point at the apex ; beneath, the segments have a thin, long,
pale pubescence.
Var. 3. A minute pale spot on the clypeus.
Male.—Usually about the size of the female, differing in having the
elypeus and labrum white; the sixth segment of the abdomen as
in the other sex, the seventh produced into an elevated mucro,
which is deeply emarginate at the apex and rendered bidentate.
B.M.
This species was considered by myself and others to be identical
with the Apis cerulea of Villars until Dr. Gerstaecker pointed out the
error ; on referring to Villars’s ‘ Linnzei Entomologia,’ and comparing
the description and figure with the British species, it is apparent
that he describes a different species, which, I think, is identical with
the Ceratina enca of Brulle.
‘eratina cyanea is a very local insect, but plentiful in certain lo-
ealities. I have found it during June and July plentiful in the war-
ren at Folkestone, frequenting the flowers of Echium vulgare; later
in the season, in October, a quantity of perforated bramble-sticks
were obtained from the same locality, and on examining them some
weeks afterwards it was ascertained that they contained the perfect
bee. By placing the sticks in a warm situation several came forth
on Christmas day ; this clearly established the fact of the insect
hibernating in the perfect condition. The species is not uncommon
in the neighbourhood of Bristol, and has been taken sparingly at
Charlton, Kent, at Birch and Darent Woods, at Weybridge and
Budleigh-Salterton, South Devon.
&
2. Ceratina cucurbitina.
C. nigra, nitida; clypeo callisque humeralibus albo ornatis. Mas
elypeo labroque punctis albis.
Apis cucurbitina, Ross?, Mantis. Ins. i. 145 9
Hyleeus albilabris, Fabr. Ent, Syst. ii, 305.
182 APID.
Prosopis albilabris, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 293.
Ceratina albilabris, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Ins. xiv. 50.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i, 151.
Germ. Faun. Ins, Eur. v. no. 17.
Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ix. (1840) 16.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 506, pl. 19. fig. 1 g, 2 9.
Lucas, Expl. Sc. Algér. iii. 228.
Smith, Zool. Append. vii. 57; Bees Great Brit. 195.
Giraud, Ann. Soc, Ent. Fr, vi. (1866) 454.
Female. Length 3 lines.—Black, shining and punctured, finely and
closely so on the abdomen; a longitudinal white spot on the cly-
peus; the lips of the mandibles rufo-piceous ; the wings fusco-
hyaline ; the tubercles white, and usually a minute white spot at
the base of the tibie ; the apical joints of the tarsi rufo-testaceous ;
the abdomen clavate, the apical margins of the segments narrowly
rufo-piceous.
Male. —Usually rather smaller than the female, and differing in
having the clypeus entirely and a spot on the labrum white. B.M.
The spots described as white are usually yellowish in cabinet
specimens ; but white in fresh ones. I have considerable doubt of
this being a British species. There is a single specimen, a male,
in the Museum collection; it has a number attached; and in Dr.
Leach’s MS. Catalogue the entry to the corresponding number is,
“ Taken in Tothill Lane, Devonshire.” Ifthe entry really alludes
to the Ceratina, no doubt future captures will prove the species to
be indigenous. It is generally distributed on the Continent.
Subfam. IV. SCOPULIPEDES, Latr.
Genus 13. EUCERA.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 953 (1766).
Eucera, Scop. Ann. Hist. Nat. iv. 8 (1869).
Head transverse ; ocell/i in a curve on the vertex; antenne fili-
form; the labial palpi 4-jointed, the first joint elongate, linear, and
twice the length of the second; the third and fourth joints minute,
clavate, and articulated near the apex of the second joint ; maaillary
palpi 6-jointed, the basal joint robust, much thicker than the fol-
lowing joints, which are subclavate, each gradually decreasing in
length as compared with the preceding joint ; tongue one third longer
than the palpi; the paraglossw setiform, elongate, nearly as long as
the tongue, and acuminate at the apex. The anterior wings with
two submarginal cells, the second receiving both the recurrent
nervures ; the calcaria simple, the claws of the tarsi bifid.
The males have the antenne elongate, nearly as long as the body,
filiform, and with four or five of the apical joints arcuate ; the entire
flagellum minutely and beautifully reticulated.
>
13. EUCERA. 183
Only one species of this genus is found in this country; but
about twenty are described as inhabiting Europe; species have been
found in Algeria; and one has been received from North China.
St.-Fargeau mentions one from Cayenne. All the Brazilian species,
the males of which have elongate antennz and closely resemble
the genus Hucera, belong either to the genus Zetralonia or Melis-
sodes, in both of which the anterior wings have three submarginal
cells. Klug has described two species from Syria, and Spinola two
from Egypt.
Kirby describes four species belonging to his subdivision of long-
horned bees ; his second species, which he names “ linguaria,” is
a small faded form of Kucera longicornis; the third, “ pollinaris,”
is a female belonging to the genus TZ'tralonia of Spinola, and is
from the Cape of Good Hope; the fourth is a species of Melissocdes ;
it is ina faded and bad condition, but is probably identical with
Melissodes denticulata, described by myself in the Catalogue of Hyme-
nopterous Insects, part 11. p. 311, and is from North America. Eucera
longicornis appears usually in May, and prefers a stiff clayey soil in
which to form its burrows ; they are sometimes found in large colo-
nies, when numbers of males may be seen on the wing gyrating in
all directions over the ground perforated with their burrows: occa-
sionally they may be observed to come into contact, when two,
three, or four will cling to each other, and get their long antenne
_so intertwined that they have some difficulty in disengaging them-
selves. Their burrows are usually about 6 inches in length: at
the end of each an oval chamber is excavated; it is perfectly
smooth within and coated or lined with a liquid secretion by the
parent bee, which prevents the mixture of pollen and honey depo-
sited in a semifluid state from being absorbed. Lach cell is the
abode of a single larva, which passes the winter months in that con-
dition ; about the month of April the change to the pupa state takes
place ; and very shortly afterwards the perfect condition is attained.
The pupa is enveloped in a thin transparent pellicle which encloses
every limb. On arriving at the mature active state the bee by degrees
frees itself from the shroud in which it was enclosed, and comes
forth into the open air and sunshine. Immediately on emerging, it
passes its antenne through the notch at the base of the first joint
of the anterior tarsus, and thus divests those organs of the thin
pellicle in which they were enclosed. The long antenne of the males
of this and the two allied genera are doubtless adapted to some
peculiar phase in the economy of these bees; and the remarkable
hexagonal reticulation which covers their antenne is no doubt an
adaptation which is connected with their peculiar function, but which
we areas yet unable satisfactorily to appreciate.
1. Eucera longicornis.
E. nigra, pallide fulvo villosa, thorace abdominisque basi hirsuto
fulvis. Mas antennis filiformibus longitudine corporis.
184 APID AS.
Eucera longicornis, Scop. Ann. Hist. Nat. iv. 8 2.
Latr, Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 48.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. 382.
Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, iii. 334.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 469.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 118.
Lucas, Exp. Se. Algér. iii. 159.
Smith, Zool. iv. 1449; Bees Great Brit. 197.
Nyland. Notis. ur Salisk. pro Faun. et Flor. Fenn. i. 249.
Bar, Bull. Mose. xxiii. 530, tab. 18. fig. 1.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 170.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 58.
Apis longicornis, Zinn. Syst. Nat.i. 958 3, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soc.
Scop. Ent. Carn, 298.
Fabr. Syst. Ent, 388.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. 922. :
Christ. Hym. 142, tab. 11. fig. 9 3.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 278 3°.
Andrena strigosa, Panz. Faun. Germ. 64, 16.
Female. Length 63-7 lines.—Black; the face and labrum clothed
with cinereous pubescence, somewhat fulvous on the labrum ante-
riorly, the mandibles ferruginous at their apex. Thorax above
clothed with fulvous pubescence, on the sides pale yellow, and be-
neath cinereous ;_ tegule and nervures ferruginous, the wings pale
fulvo-hyaline; the legs have a fulvous pubescence above, on the
tarsi beneath it is ferruginous; the calcaria pale testaceous, the
apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous, tips of the claws black. Ab-
domen broad, subdepressed, at the base thinly clothed with pale
fulvous pubescence ; the second and third segments have laterally
on their apical margins a fascia of very short cinereous pubescence,
on the fourth segment an entire fascia; the two apical segments
covered with short fulvous pubescence; beneath, the apical seg-
ments have a fulvous fringe.
Male. Length 5-7 lines.—Black ; the labrum and clypeus yellow,
the pubescence on the face yellowish white ; on the margin of the
vertex, disk of the thorax, and two basal segments of the abdo-
men it is fulvous; the antenne as long as the entire insect; the
extreme apex of the abdomen fulvous; the wings and legs as in
the other sex. BM.
This species appears about the middle of May, and is generally
distributed in this country, and widely so on the Continent, being
found in France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Sweden,
Lapland, Russia, and Siberia. A colony of great extent was found
about a mile beyond Southend, in a sloping bank at the foot
of which, in the month of October, several years in succession,
many specimens of Meloé rugosus were found; and although the
beetle was never traced to the nidus of ELucera, it is very probable
that it was parasitic upon it, no other bee except a species of An-
drena having been observed burrowing in the same situation. Nomada
seafasciata is the parasite of this species.
|
14. saARoPopa. 185
Genus 14. SAROPODA.
Apis (pt.), Panz. Faun. Germ. fase. 55. 17 (1800).
Anthophora (pt.), Spin. Ins. Lig. i. 127 (1806).
Heliophila, Klug, Illig. Mag. vi. (nee Burmann) (1807).
Saropoda, Latr. Gen. Crust. et. Ins. iv. 177 (1809).
Head transverse ; ocelli placed in a triangle on the vertex ; an-
tenne filiform ; the labrum subquadrate, the anterior angles rounded ;
mandibles bidentate, the teeth obtuse; tongue elongate, one third
longer than the palpi; labial palpi 4-jointed, the first joint more
than six times the length of the second, the two apical joints minute,
the four joints consecutive; mawillary palpi 4-jointed, the basal
joint short and robust and about one third of the length of the
second, which is as long as the third and fourth joints united, the
apical joint cylindrical. Thorax globose; the anterior wings with
three submarginal cells, the second forming a truncated triangle
and receiving the first recurrent nervure near the middle ; the third
rounded at apical margin and receiving the second recurrent ner-
vure at its extremity ; the claws of the tarsi bifid and rather large.
Abdomen subovate, truncate at the base; the terminal segment with
a smooth triangular plate which has rigid sete at its sides.
The genus Saropoda contains at present a small number of species,
. only nine being described: one is found in this country, one in
Russia, four in Egypt, two in Africa, and one in Australia. From
the latter countries additional species will probably come. This
genus and Anthophora are very closely allied, and can only be
separated by an examination of the tongue, the latter genus having
6-jointed maxillary palpi.
Of all the busy bees that revel in the beauty of a summer’s day,
Saropoda bimaculata must ever be an especial favourite ; it is only
to be found when it is sunniest, brightest, and hottest—when sum-
mer days are summer days indeed. Who has not heard its merry
hum? Who has not seen it when for a moment it settles on a flower,
or rests on some sunny bank, panting with delight ? the eyes splendid
as opals; could their brilliancy be preserved, this bee would rival and
challenge admiration with the most brilliant of its tribe. Itis a
local species, but abounds in many localities. It flies with ineredi-
ble swiftness, darting from flower to flower with the rapidity of
lightning ; again settling it resumes its loud and cheerful note, merry
and joyous as the cricket on the hearth.
Saropoda bimaculata burrows in banks and sandy cliffs. Large
colonies are found occasionally; at Sidmouth, in South Devon,
and particularly at the top of the cliff at High Peak, a mile from
the town, its numbers are incredible. It is found at intervals along
the line of cliff all the way between this and Budleigh-Salterton,
a distance of about eight miles; it is also extremely abundant in
Sandown Bay, Isle of Wight, where the cliffs are riddled with its
burrows; still it is a local insect, not found very near to the
186 APIDZ.
metropolis. It formerly occurred at Coombe Wood, and is not un-
common at Weybridge and at Blackwater, Hants.
1. Saropoda bimaculata.
S. nigra, pallide villosa, facie antice oreque flavescentibus, ano
tomentoso-incano, Mas thorace fulvo-villosa, facie immaculata.
Saropoda bimaculata, Latr. Gen. Crust. et. Ins. iv. 177.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. 361. fig. ¢.
Smith, Zool. iii, 891; Bees Great Brit. 199 Gr
Dours, Mon. Icon. Anthoph. 169.
Apis bimaculata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.179.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii, 286 Q.
Anthophora teases Spin. Ins. Lagur. i. 127.
St.-Farg. Hym. ii.
Heliophila bimaculata, Klug Tilig. Mag. vi. 227,
Apis rotundata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 56.9 3.
Kirby, hb. cit. ii. 291 3 Q.
Anthophora rotundata, Schenck, Nass. Bien. 169.
Female. Length 43-5 lines.—Black; the clypeus, labrum, and
mandibles at their base yellow; the clypeus black at its base,
divided by a narrow central yellow line; the apical half of the
mandibles rufo-piceous ; the face has a short thin pale fulvous
pubescence ; on the vertex it is more or less fuscous. Thorax—the
disk with short fuscous pubescence, that on the sides, beneath, and
on the legs pale fulvous; on the basal joint of the posterior tarsus
within is a dense dark fusco-ferruginous pubescence; the apical
joints of the tarsi rufo-piceous; the legs frequently entirely rufo-
piceous, sometimes obscurely so; wings hyaline at their base, more
or less clouded at their apical margins, the tegule testaceous.
Abdomen subglobose, with a little long pale fulvous pubescence at
the base ; on the following segments a short thin fuscous pubescence ;
the base of the third, and the fourth and fifth entirely, covered with
a pale cinereous pilosity ; at the extreme apex the pubescence is
black ; all the segments with narrow pale pubescent fasciz on their
apical margins. B.M.
Male. Length 43 the
labrum, mandibles, and scape in front yellowish white; the face
has a thin pale fulvous pubescence ; on the vertex and disk of the
thorax a rich fulvous pubescence, but much paler on the sides
and beneath ; legs dark rufo-piceous, sometimes black ; the poste-
rior tibize subinerassate; the claw-joint of the tarsi enlarged,
larger than in the other sex; wings as in the female. Abdomen
subovate; the apical margins of the segments with narrow pale
fulvous pubescent fascize. B.M.
This bee, usually appearing in July, is frequently found on the
purple heath, and no doubt frequents other flowers ; but I have not
frequently observed it doing so. Kirby’s A. rotwndata is this species
in finer condition than his A. bimaculata. The descriptions of the
15, ANTHOPHORA. 187
sexes are those of the insect in perfect unbleached condition ; these
bees, appearing only in hot bright sunny weather, soon fade and
become more or less cinereous.
Genus 15. ANTHOPHORA.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Anthophora, Latr. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. ix. 167 (1803).
Mevilla (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez. 328 (1804).
Lasius (pt.), Jurine, Hym. 235 (1807).
Saropoda (pt.), Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. (1831).
Head transverse, not quite as wide as the thorax; ocell: in an
isosceles triangle on the vertex; antenne short, subclavate, the scape
shorter than the second joint of the flagellum; the labrum subqua-
drate, its anterior margin more or less rounded ; the clypeus convex
and produced ; tongue elongate, one third longer than the palpi;
labial palpi 4-jointed, the basal joint thrice the length of the
second, the two apical joints minute, subclavate, and articulated near
the apex of the second joint; paraglosse short and lanceolate ;
maxillary palpi 6-jointed, the basal joint short, stout, and about
half the length of the second joint, the rest filiform and decreasing
in length. Thorax ovate; anterior wings with three submarginal
cells, the second narrowed towards the marginal and receiving the
first recurrent nervure in the middle; the third, which is rounded
towards the apex of the wing, receives the second recurrent nervure
at its apex; the posterior tibize and basal joint of the tarsi densely
pubescent externally. Abdomen ovate, sometimes densely pubescent
or with pubescent fascie.
In some species the males have the intermediate legs elongated.
Of the insects which are parasitic on A. acervorwm in the larva
state, the first which claims notice is a species belonging to the
Chalcidide, of the genus Melittobia of Westwood, with which the
genus Anthophorabia of Newport is synonymous. The latter gen-
tleman published a valuable and highly interesting memoir on this
parasite in the ‘ Linnean Transactions,’ vol. xxi. p. 63.
In the autumn of 1853 I had the good fortune of finding this inte-
resting parasite in the cells of Anthophora. The female is a minute
shining dark green insect, not more than half a line in length; the
male is equally minute, but is of a testaceous yellow colour, having
only rudimentary wings, and is not furnished with the usual com-
pound eyes, but has in their place exceedingly minute simple eyes or
ocelli, besides three true ocelli on the vertex of the head. This re-
markable conformation was discovered by Mr. Newport, who has
given ample details, the results of most elaborate physiological
investigations, in the paper alluded to, Melittobia is here treated
as the parasite of Anthophora, in accordance with the history of its
habits as detailed by Mr. Newport; but when I discovered the larva
it was feeding on that of Monodontomerus nitidus, a true parasite on
the bee, which has been found in its cells feeding on the pupe.
Having obtained a large supply of larve of the bee, and also of
188 APID®.
Monodontomerus and Melittobia, ample means of observation were
afforded, the result of which appeared to show that Monodontomerus
is the true parasite of Anthophora, and Melittobia a parasite of Mono-
dontomerus. Melittobia attacks indiscriminately the larve of both
insects ; but in their natural situation I only found them feeding on
Monodontomerus. Several cells were obtained containing larve of
Melittobia ; but their victim was consumed; therefore it was not
possible to determine satisfactorlly whether they had fed upon the
Chalcididous insect or the bee. M. Audouin discovered Melittobia
acasta in the nests of Osmia, Anthophora, and Odynerus: probably
there are several species closely allied; for with insects so minute
and belonging to a family in which a very general resemblance
obtains, it requires a practised eye as well as a careful microscopic
investigation before the specific differences can be detected. The
mode of attack which these parasites practise appears to be made
by several females obtaining entrance to the cell of the bee and
attacking its larve, upon which they deposit their eggs, to the
number of one hundred at least, which soon hatch. The young
larve attach themselves to their victim, continuing to feed until full-
grown, when they fall off and lie inactive at the bottom of the cell.
By the time the whole brood is full-fed the larva of the bee is
entirely consumed. The bees and the parasites appear in their
perfect condition about the same time in the season, some haying
passed the winter months in the larva state, others in their perfect
condition.
The genus Antkhophora has a world-wide distribution ; the number
of species at present known is about one hundred and thirty, four
only being found in this country. Dr. Dours, in his monograph of
the genus published in 1869, enumerates one hundred and fifteen
species, several from the islands of the Eastern archipelago and
South America being unknown to him. The economy of the species
varies considerably, some being true carpenter bees, others burrow-
ers in the ground, in the mortar of walls or buildings, or in cliffs at
the seaside. ‘They are subject to the attacks of numerous parasites,
some belonging to their own order, others being coleopterous ; their
nests are also frequently attacked by the general devastator, Morft-
cula. This predaeeous and, indeed, omnivorous insect devours alike
the store laid up by the bee for the sustenance of its brood, the
larva, pupa, and also the perfect insect itself.
Two bees are parasites upon the genus .4nthophora—Melecta
luctuosa and M. armata—the former upon A. retusa, and the latter
upon A. acervorum: the latter makes its appearance very early in
the spring, as soon, infact, as the first wild flowers bloom; it may
be sometimes observed early in March, attracted by the garden-
crocus ; it continues to be found as late as July, and was captured
in the Isle of Wight on the 15th of that month. The latter
circumstance is explained by an investigation of a colony in the
month of November, when a large portion of the brood will be found
to have arrived at its perfect condition, the rest being still in the
larva or the pupa state, the latter fast advancing to maturity; the
—
15. ANTHOPHORA. 189
entire brood of the colony will pass the ensuing winter either as
larvee or perfect insects ; none can withstand its rigour in the inter-
mediate or pupa state. Those which remain larve until the return
of spring advance to the perfect state very irregularly ; many will
not become perfect until May, and a few probably not until June ;
this will account for the species being found during so many months
in one season. I have frequently had larve in an artificial condition
(that is, in glass tubes or boxes) which have not changed until the
second season, but am quite unable to account for such an apparent
anomaly; how little, in fact,is at present known of the complete
history of the Aculeate Hymenoptera! for, to use the words of Kirby,
“So much knowledge, even with respect to a single genus, where
the species are numerous, is not to be expected from one man.” But
if each hymenopterologist would give faithful records of his obser-
vations, the day will come when, by a combination of observations,
an approach will be made towards a perfect knowledge of the his-
tory, economy, and uses of each individual species.
Section I. Mules with elongate intermediate tarsi.
1. Anthophora retusa.
A, hirsuta, atra, tibiarum posticarum scopa fulvo-aurea. Mas cor-
pore pilis fulvis dense vestito, ano nigricante.
Anthephora retusa, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 203 3°.
Dours, Mon. Anthoph. 172 (not var.).
Apis retusa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 954, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soe. 2.
Megilla retusa, Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. Fenn. ii, 265.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 56.
Apis haworthana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 307 ¢.
Anthophora haworthana, Curtis, Brit. Ent. vii. 357 3.
Smith, Zool. iii. 895.
Female. Length 7 lines.—Black ; the head nearly as wide as the
thorax ; the sides of the face and the labrum have a brown pubes-
cence. Thorax, the disk clothed with short black pubescence ; the
sides of the metathorax with sooty black, the posterior tibie and
the basal joint of the tarsi clothed with fulyo-ferruginous pubescence ;
all the tarsi beneath ferruginous ; the calcaria pale testaceous, the
claws ferruginous. Abdomen slightly pubescent, the margins of
the segments having a fringe of short sooty-black hair. B.M.
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—Black ; the scape in front, the clypeus,
the face on each side, and the labrum yellow; the clypeus with
two large black maculze at its base, sometimes uniting, and the
Jabrum with two small black dots at the base; the pubescence on
the vertex and on the disk of the thorax fulvous; in the centre of
the latter is a mixture of black hairs; the anterior legs thinly
fringed behind with fulvous hairs, the intermediate and posterior
tibiee fringed with fulvous ; the basal joint of the intermediate tarsi
has a thick short fringe in front, and a longer one behind, of black
pubescence ; the basal joint of the tarsi black, the apical joints
190 APIDZ.
fulyous; the wings subhyaline, faintly clouded at their apical mar-
gins, Abdomen—the basal segment, and sometimes the second
also, thinly clothed with pale fulvous pubescence, the apical seg-
ments have a short black pubescence, the margins of the segments
more or less fringed with pale hairs. B.M.
Having changed the specific name of this species, I may state
the reasons for so doing. In the first place, the authentic speci-
men in the Linnzean Cabinet is undoubtedly the present species ; I
have also ascertained that the next species, formerly considered the
retusa of Linnzeus, is not found in Sweden, whereas the present
insect is common. The two species may at once be separated by
simply examining the calearia which arm the tibie; in A. retusa
they are pale testaceous, in A. acervorum they are black. Mr. Kirby
was not acquainted with the female of A. retusa; at least he con-
sidered the Linnean typical specimen to be identical with A. acer-
vorum; but on turning to the remarks on the Linnzean type in the
‘Monographia,’ we at once see the difference between it and the
next species; Mr. Kirby says, “it is smaller, not quite so hairy, nor
is its hair of so deep a black”—all characteristies of A. retusa, and
not of A. acervorum.
The synonymy of this and the following species is difficult to de-
termine; the older authors were not apparently acquainted with
both species. A. the difference in the two males is at once obyious,
Mr. Kirby, with his acute perception of specific differences, at once
detected this ; and although he was not so successful in separating
the females (if he possessed both at the time of the publication of his
monograph), yet in his collection he subsequently placed the true
female with his A. haworthana. Dours has mixed the females ; for
he says, the calcaria are sometimes black, sometimes testaceous. I
have examined hundreds of the A. acervorwm, but never saw one
with pale calearia. 1 have adopted such synonyma as I feel satisfied
may be relied on.
2. Anthophora acervorum.
A, atra, tibiarum posticarum scopa fulvo-aurea. Mas corpore atro,
hirsuto-fulvo, ano nigricante; pedibus intermediis elongatis,
crinito-pectinatis.
Anthophora acervorum, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 204.
Apis acervorum, Fabr. Ent, Syst. ii, 822
Panz. Faun. Germ. 78.18 &.
Megilla acervorum, Fubr. Syst. Piez. 828.
Apis palmipes, Ross’, Mantis. Ins. i. 1412.
Apis hispanica, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.6 3.
Apis retusa, Kerby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 296 3 Q.
Anthophora retusa, Blanch. Hist. Nat. des Ins. 406, tab. 7. fig. 2.
Smith, Zool. iii, 894.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 168.
Megilla hispanica, Panz. Krit. Revis. 225,
Female. Length 7-8 lines.—Black; the pubescence black, the pos-
15. ANTHOPHORA. 191
terior tibiz and basai joint of the tarsi clothed exteriorly with fulvo-
ferruginous pubescence ; the calcaria black. B.M.
Male. Length 7-8 lines.—Black ; the scape in front, the clypeus,
and face on each side, a transverse line above the clypeus, the
labrum, and a spot at the base of the mandibles yellow ; a black
spot on each side at the base of the labrum and clypeus; the
vertex, thorax above, and two basal segments of the abdomen
clothed with fulvous pubescence, that on the thorax beneath cine-
reous; the intermediate legs elongate, the basal joint of their tarsi
having a short thick black fringe at the apex in front, and having,
as well as the three following joints, a thin fringe of long black
hair behind, the apical joint fringed with long black hair on both
sides; the posterior tibie have a white fringe on their hinder mar-
gin ; the apical segments of the abdomen clothed with black pubes-
cence; the ecalcaria black. B.M.
This bee is found in all parts of the United Kingdom. Extensive
colonies are frequently met with; one of the largest I ever observed
was in the chalk-pits at Northfleet; in the month of April so great
were their numbers, that a dark flickering shadow was cast on the
ground from the countless numbers assembled. ‘This is the “ wild
bee” which Gilbert White observed in such numbers in the trenches
of the Danish Camp, on Mount Carbon, near Lewes, which he de-
scribes, in his‘ History of Selborne,’ as “dashing round the heads
of intruders, with a sharp and hostile sound.”
Anthophora acervorum is considered by some continental en-
tomologists to be synonymous with A, pilipes, Fabr. I have taken
great trouble in order to obtain the sexes of A. pilipes ; from France
I have received a male very much like that of A. acervorum, but a
female clothed with fulvo-cinereous pubescence ; the same have been
sent from Westphalia and also from Copenhagen; in this country
no light-coloured female has to my knowledge been taken.
The parasite of this bee is Melecta armata, whose incursions are
described by Shuckard as being very repugnant to it; he describes
their attacking each other with fierce pugnacity. I have never wit-
nessed any such combats, and imagine the circumstances must have
risen from some temporary cause, and is not part of the natural
economy of the insect.
Two hermaphrodite specimens of this species have been captured:
one was taken at Bristol, and is in the collection formed by the late
Mr. Walcott of that city ; the second example was captured by myself
in Apri] 1836, ina garden at Barnes. A description of this remark-
able insect was published in the ‘ Entomological Magazine’; and two
figures of itare given inthe third volume of the ‘ Zoologist,’ p. 890:
in it the female character predominates; but one side of the face
is male in colour, the antenne on that side being thirteen-jointed ;
and the intermediate leg is male, the tarsi being elongated and
fringed with long hair; the other legs are also male.
192 : APIDA.
Section II. Males with the intermediate tarsi not elongated.
3. Anthophora quadrimaculata.
A. atra, pallido villosa, thorace flavescente, abdominis segmentis
. P P . 2 . . 2 od * .
pallido marginatis, Mas femoribus intermediis magnis, clavatis.
Anthophora quadrimaculata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 84 3.
Smith, Bees Great Brit.205 3 °
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 169.
Dours, Mon. Anthoph. 145.
Apis quadrimaculata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 55.7 3.
Megilla quadrimaculata, Fauér. Syst. Piez. 321.
Panz. Krit. Revis, 226.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. i. 244,
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 55.
Apis vulpina, Avrby, Mon. Apum. Angl. ii. 290 3.
Saropoda vulpina, Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. 361.
Smuth, Zool, 111. 892.
Apis subglobosa, Kirby, ld. ert. ii. 295 9 .
Anthophora borealis, Mor. Bull. Moscow (1864) 446.
Female. Length 43 lines.—Black ; the. pubescence on the face frs-
cous ; on each side anteriorly is a little short cinereous pubescence ;
that on the vertex is black; on the disk of the thorax it is fulvo-
ochraceous, the tips of the hairs black; on the metathorax the
pubescence is pale fulvo-ochraceous, that on the thorax beneath is
cinereous ; the legs have a short cinereous pubescence, that on the
posterior tibize and intermediate and posterior tarsi above is white ;
the tarsi fulvous beneath, the calcaria testaceous, the claws ferru-
ginous ; the wings hyaline, very faintly clouded at their apical
margins. Abdomen subglobose, the margins of the segments fringed
with fulvo-ochraceous pubescence ; between the fascia the pubes-
cence is fuscous, that at the apex black. BM.
Male, Vength 4 lines.—Black ; the scape in front ,the clypeus, a
transverse line above, the face on each side, the labrum, and a spot
at the base of the mandibles yellow; the clypeus has on each side
at its base an angular black spot, and the labrum a minute round
dot; in other respects it closely resembles the female; the femora
clavate, the intermediate pair most thickly so. B.M.
This species appears about the end of June, and constructs its nest
in banks, sandy cliffs, &e.; it frequents the deadnettle (Zamium
purpureum), and is not uncommon in the vicinity of London. It in
some respects resembles Saropoda bimaculata; its flight is rapid, and
it makes a shrill piping sound similar to that of the latter insect.
Dr. Nylander has examined the type of the Megilla quadrimaculata
of Fabricius in the museum at Kiel, and has confirmed the suspicion
of Kirby, expressed in his own interleaved copy of the ‘ Monographia,’
viz. that his Apzs vulpina was synonymous with that insect.
16. BoMBUs. 193
4. Anthophora furcata.
A, nigro, griseo pubescente ; facie antice, labio anoque villoso fer-
rugineis. Mas corpore atro, cinereo pubescente; facie antice
labioque flayis, abdomins apice furcato.
Anthophora fureata, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 82 3 9.
Eversm. Faun. Hym. Bull. Nat. Moscou, 1852, 111.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 206. ’
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 169. >
Dours, Mon. Anthoph. 110.
Apis furcata, Panz. Faun. Germ. 56. 8 3.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 288 ¢ 2, tab. 17. fig. 5 9,6 ¢-
Megilla furcata, Panz. Krit. Revis. 226.
Nyland. Notis: ur Séllsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. i, 245.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 55.
Saropoda furcata, Curtis, Brit. Ent. viii. 361.
Smith, Zool. iii. 893.
Female. Length 6 lines.—Black ; the pubescence on the labrum
obscure ferruginous, that on the face fuscous, intermixed with black
on the vertex; the thorax has a fuscous pubescence on the disk,
on the metathorax and sides it is pale fulvo-ochraceous ; the legs
have a similar pubescence, that on the posterior tibiz and basal
joint of the tarsi is ferruginous; the apical joints of the tarsi fer-
ruginous; wings subhyaline. Abdomen ovate; the base has a thin
pale pubescence, which is also thinly scattered over the whole abdo-
men, that at the apex being bright ferruginous. B.M.
Male. Length 5-53 lines.—This sex closely resembles the female,
but it has the clypeus and the face on each side, a transverse line
above the clypeus, the labrum, and usually a narrow interrupted
line on the scape in front yellow; the clypeus has a round fuscous
spot on each side at the base ; the pubescence on the thorax is simi-
lar to that of the other sex above; beneath it is cinereous; the
apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen thinly clothed
with pale pubescence, towards the apex it is black. B.M.
This bee is not rare about London during July and August, but
does not appear to be so generally distributed as the preceding species ;
it burrows in old posts, rails, &e. I have not found it beyond the
London district ; but; Mr. Kirby found it in Suffolk, and it has been
taken about Norwich.
Division II. SOCIALES.
Genus 16. BOMBUS.
Apis (pt.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 953 (1766).
Bombus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. iii. 885 (1802).
Megilla (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Piez. 328 (1804).
Bremus, Jurine, Hym, 259 (1807).
Body oblong and densely pubescent ; head subtriangular, not so
QO
194 APID 2.
wide as the thorax ; ocelli in a curve, placed in a transverse depres-
sion on the vertex ; antenne geniculated and filiform, the scape half
the length of the flagellum ; labrum transverse, its anterior margin
ciliated ; mandibles stout, broad at the base and grooved at their
apex, which is rounded ; tongue elongate and pubescent, its propor-
tions differing in the species ; labial palpi 4-jointed, three fourths
the length of the tongue, the first joint longer than the mentum, the
second joint about one fourth the length of the first, in some species
one third of the length ; the two apical joints minute and articulated
outside the second joint near its apex ; paraglosse short and roun-
ded at their apex; mawillary palpi 2-jointed, the first usually robust,
the second of about equal length, but varying in length in different
species to twice the length. Thorax globose; anterior wings with
three submarginal cells, the second narrowed towards the marginal
and receiving the first recurrent nervure near its centre, the third
receiving the second recurrent nervure near its apex ; legs stout and
pubescent; the posterior pair in the female smooth, gradually
widened to the apex, and fringed at the external edges with long
curled pubescence, forming a corbicula or a pollen-basket ; the basal
joint of the tarsi oblong, broad, externally concave, its edges
fringed with short stiff hairs; the inner surface pilose, the hair
short, forming a dense brush ; its base notched and haying a stout
external tooth ; all the tarsi with the claws bifid. Abdomen sub-
globose.
The males have the tongue more elongate and slender; the man-
dibles fringed with stiff curled hairs ; the antenne 13-jointed, longer
and more slender ; the posterior tibize slightly widened at the apex
and convex externally ; the abdomen with seven segments.
Sexes three—males, females, and workers.
The geographical distribution of Bombus is very extensive, its
species numbering little short of one hundred, twenty being British.
Although found both in the Old and New World, and in a few in-
stances ranging into the tropics, Bombus only penetrates Africa as
far as Oran ; it has not been found in Madagascar, Australia, or New
Zealand. Wheresoever it occurs its parasite (Apathus) appears to ac-
company it, although it is of rare occurrence in the tropics. The
range of Bombus in the Old World is probably more extensive than
that of any other Hymenopterous genus; it is found in Lapland,
Siberia, Kamtschatka, North China, Syria, and Northern India ;
and it has been found in Java, but that appears to be its southern
limit, as not a single species has to my knowledge been found in
the eastern archipelago. In the New World its geographical range
extends to Greenland; Sir John Richardson found several within
the arctic circle, at the Great Bear Lake; Captain Parry on his
second voyage found two species at Boothia Felix. North America
is rich in species of Bombi, and from Mexico some of the most
beautiful species have been received. In South America we find it
in Cayenne, and again on the Amazons at Para; further south it
occurs on the Tapajos ; and crossing eastwards we find it again at
Monte Video. The largest species known’ is found in Chili,
16. BomBUs. 194
Of the wild bees of this country the Bombi are certainly the
most generally known; their size and sonorous hum necessarily
attract every one’s attention. They are known under a variety of
popular names: in Hampshire they are called dumbledors, in other
counties bumble-bees or hummel-bees, and more generally in the
present day humble-bees; in Scotland the brown moss-building
species are called foggie-bees. ‘heir scientific name is simply an
imitative one, and certainly very characteristic.
No one in early spring can have failed to notice the loud hum of
these insects as the females fly along hedgerows and banks in search
of suitable spots in which to make their nests, or when after their
hibernation during winter they seek the sweets of spring’s earliest
flowers. Inthe month of May, when the horse-chestnut blooms, their
hum among the flowers is heard from the break to the close of
day.
Great difficulty attends the discrimination of the species, and
unless examples are in a state of good preservation it is only a waste
of time to attempt to determine them; but no amount of exa-
mination or comparison of specimens will at all times produce
perfectly correct results. Of some species, such as the surface-
builders (moss-builders as they are frequently incorrectly called), it
is necessary to obtain nests and to breed the insects: the males
are the most difficult to determine; but by an examination of the
organs of generation they can be assigned to their respective
species with undeviating correctness. During the last forty years
I have endeavoured to obtain an exact knowledge of our native
specyies,,and by obtaining nests and collecting innumerable varie-
ties ‘inf which the sexes run, I hope to be able to remove some of the
difficulties attendant on the study of these interesting insects. In
some species the difference in the colouring of the males renders it
impossible to assign them to their legitimate partners without the
aid either of good descriptions or by obtaining them from the nests.
An insuperable difficulty is met with when old long-exposed examples,
having their original colouring entirely bleached and changed, are ex-
amined; such may be deemed worthless and cast aside: but there is
another difficulty, arising from the tendency to vary even in their
original state of coloration. An instance of this kind is found in
Bombus muscorum ; in this country it varies greatly, and ten species
have been described from its varieties : examples from Denmark in-
elude a black form, which is extremely rare in England, and has only
been observed in small workers, but it occurs in all the sexes in the
north of Europe. Similar differences occur in one or two other
species ; B. subterraneus and B. soroénsis are examples of this : such
differences led to no less than forty species being described out of
less than half of the real number.
The economy of the Bombi has been described in detail by numerous
authors ; but the majority have contented themselves with reproducing
that of J. P. Huber, who paid great attention to these bees, and whose
observations are in most respects in accerdance with my own.
However, I have never found the females hibernating in their old
02
196 APIDE.
nests (I allude to the species that construct them underground) ;
such may be the case in some instances or in other countries, but I
have never succeeded in finding them thus domiciled. The situa-
tions in which I have found them have been in the accumulation of
rubbish, under clumps of furze, in the dry rotten wood of decaying
trees, under moss in woods, and repeatedly under stacks of turf on
commons ; in all such situations I have found them singly, never
packed in clusters, as has been described.
The females having passed the winter months in a state of tor-
pidity are roused from their slumber by the warmth of the earliest
spring days, and at once commence their life of unceasing labour.
The burrowers underground are the first to appear and to seek for
some cavity that may in some degree abridge their labour: a small
one suits for the establishment of the colony ; but the enlargement
of it as the nest increases in dimensions devolves upon the offspring.
These bees are occasionally found with loads of earth attached to their
legs, and I have seen them so overloaded as to be unable to take flight
until they had freed themselves of part of their load. The parent bee,
having found a suitable situation for her nest, collects quantities of
pollen and honey, hoarding it up in a mass : having a sufficient supply
she commences depositing eggs upon it; in a few days the larve
hatch, and at once commence to feed on ‘the food on which they are
cradled. At the side of the mass of food the parent bee also constructs
receptacles called honey-pots, in which a coarse kind of liquid honey
is stored: the use of this has been suggested to be for keeping the
food of the larve moist; but in my opinion it is for the suste-
nance of the working colony at such times as they are proves) by
unfavourable weather from leaving the nest.
When the larve are full-grown they spin a tough oval cv200n
of silk, in which they rapidly undergo their transformation into the
pupa state, and shortly afterwards acquire their perfect condition.
The first bees developed are neuters, or workers. On emerging
from the cocoons they are by no means in a mature state, fitted to
take part in the labour of the community ; several days elapse before
they acquire the gay livery they are dressed in when they quit the
nest and commence their labours. Young females do not appear
until the season is considerably advanced, and later on males make
their appearance ; but the development of the various species differs
considerably as to the time of the sexes being matured. My own
observation in this respect leads me to the belief that B. pratorum
first produces the males ; these I have found usually about the third
week in May. It has been asserted that males of this genus having
once quitted the nest never return to it. That they seldom do so
may be strictly correct ; but I have seen the male of B. pratorum,
B. hortorum, and also that of B. derhamellus enter their nests; and
Mr. Kirby states, speaking of a male, “I have myself seen this
insect entering the nidus of A. lapidaria.”
The number of which the various communities consists varies very
considerably ; but as a rule the burrowers underground have a popu-
lation twice as numerous as the surface-builders. The numbers in
16. BomBUs. 197
the nests of the latter are greatly increased or diminished by the
state of the weather: in fine dry seasons nests have double the
number of inhabitants to what are found in them in wet unfa-
vourable ones. A nest of B. sylvarum, found towards the end of
August, had only three females, about half a dozen males, and a
dozen workers, while several pupee were dead in their cocoons.
This was after a wet summer and autumn ; the insects themselves,
particularly the workers, were mere dwarf examples of the species.
The average number of the population of B. muscorum, according
to my observation, has been, in autumn when all the sexes are
found, about 120; 25 of these were females, 36 males, the rest
being workers.
The division which is here named surface-builders contains those
species usually called moss-builders or carder-bees, which are said
to card or comb and cleanse the moss which they use in the construc-
tion of their nests. Thus we find it recorded that “to these nests
a moderately long arched passage is formed of the same material
(moss) of sufficient size to permit the free passage of the bees to
and fro.” The nest is described as having a “‘ vaulted covering, the
inside of which is further strengthened by being plastered with a
coating of wax.” Whatever may be the habits of these bees in
other parts of the world, my own observations have failed to detect
in any of the numerous nests of B. muscorum, B. venustus, B. elegans,
or of B. sylvarum any plastering of wax inside the covering, neither
have I observed any long arched passage leading to the nest. With
regard to the materials used in the construction of nests, I have
found usually an admixture of moss, but very frequently not a sprig
of that material; bits of grass, usually the tender blades dried—
in fact a smali bundle of hay has formed the covering, the
blades on the inner surface being apparently more or less adhering,
probably from the insects having bound them together with a
gummy secretion or saliva. Several instances have come to my
knowledge of the sagacity of these insects in making use of
the nests of birds, and of their adapting them to their own re-
quirements. One was recorded in the former edition of this work.
Dr. William Bell observed the nest of a robin built in the porch
of his cottage at Putney; some time afterwards he found that a
humble-bee had taken possession of it, and had adapted it to its
own purposes. Unfortunately the nest was destroyed before he
had ascertained the name of the species; but, judging from the de-
cription Dr. Bell gave of the bee, there can be little doubt of its
being B. pratorum. Mr. Walcott, of Bristol, communicated a simi-
lar account of finding the nest of a robin invaded by B. derhamel-
lus, the eggs of the bird being covered with the accumulation of
pollen and honey stored up by the bees. Mr. Walcott added to this
account :—‘‘] have in two previous instances found broods of the
same bee in birds’ nests.” Another correspondent gave me the
following account of B. muscorwm:—*‘ This insect took possession
of a wren’s nest at Holmbush, near Brighton; I had observed the
bird building, and afterwards was astonished on finding that a bee
198 APIDE.
had taken possession of the nest, and had, as I found, constructed its
waxen cells amongst the eggs of the wren.” A very remarkable
account of one of the brown bees was related to me by a lady,
who observed it frequently flying into a stable through a latticed
window: the bee was engaged in collecting a bundle of horsehair
from a heap accumulated from currying the horses. Having made
up a small parcel the bee flew off with it a short distance, and
settled down with it among some grass. On examining the spot
a nest constructed entirely of horsehair was discovered. This very
interesting nest was unfortunately destroyed before the bee had
quite completed its construction.
An interesting feature in the history of the Bombi is the varied
temperament of the different species, and the degrees of pugnacity
with which some species will resent any attempt to invade their
domiciles. Nests of the surface-builders may be taken almost with
impunity, whilst such an outrage on the underground ones would
be a dangerous undertaking. No species is more courageous than
B. lapidarius, and B. virginalis is equally formidable. This relates to
such attempts being made in the height of the season ; later, in
the autumn, the bees lose their courage, and offer little if any re-
sistance to attack on their habitations. -
The Bombi have several parasites that invade their nests, and
some of these must considerably reduce their numbers. The dipte-
rous genus Volucella contains two or three species that feed upon
their larve ; a species of the genus Conops is also said to do so, but
I have never found them in the nests. The larve of Volucella some-
times destroy the greater part of the brood ; the same species (V.
bombylans) also feeds upon the larve of Vespide. The larve of
Conops were found by Audouin in the intestines of B. lapidarius ;
and Latreille states that Conops rufipes lives in the larva state in
the abdomen of various species of Bombi, and that it there passes
through its stages of transformation, and, on arriving at its perfect
condition, it escapes between the segments of the abdomen. Ro-
bineau-Desvoidy and also Léon Dufour have recorded similar obser-
vations. MJutilla europea is parasitic in this country and through-
out Europe on various species of Bombus; in England it has been
found in nests of B. muscorum, B. lapidarius, and B. latreillellus.
Hr. Drewsen, of Copenhagen, found it in the nest of B. scrimshi-
ranus, obtaining from a single nest no less than seventy-six indivi-
duals. Prof. Edward Brandt, of St. Petersburg, informed me that
he had found Mvytilla in the nests of B. hortorum, B. lapidarius, and
of B. muscorum. Although Mutilla is a parasite of Bombus, many
species of that genus must infest nests of other genera of insects. About
three hundred species of Mutillide are known, many of which inhabit
countries where Bombus is not found. Numerous species of Mutilla
are found in Australia, but Bombus is not found there, neither is it
found in tropical Africa, where Mutilla is by no means uncommon.
A few species of Coleoptera are common in nests of Bombi; they
probably resort there for the purpose of feeding on the wax or the
honey. Antherophayus nigricoriuis und pallens are frequently found
16. BomBUS. 199
in nests of Bombus muscorum, and Anobium pantceum I have ob-
served in plenty in the same nests. Probably the greatest con-
sumer of the wax is a species of Acarus ; these sometimes infest the
vodies of the bees themselves in such numbers as to render them
incapable of flight. The bee-parasites belonging to the genus
Apathus are not uncommon in the nests of some species ; their para-
sitism is treated upon in the observations on that genus.
Section I. Swiface-builders.
1. Bombus muscorum.
B. hirsuto flavescens, thorace fulvo, abdomine plus minusve atro
fasciato.
Bombus muscorum, Latr, Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins, xiv. 65.
Dahilb. Bomb. Scand. 46, tab. fig. 17 2 var.
Drews. § Schiédte, Kroy. Tidsskr. ii. 107 (1858).
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Fito, Fenn. i. 227.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 212; Entomol. iii. 267.
Gerst. Stett. ent. Zeit. (1869) 320.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 28.
Apis muscorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960 9, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soe.
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 397.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. 100.
Apis floralis, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl.ii. 321 ¢ Q, tab. 17. fig. 140.
Apis beckwithella, Kirby, lib. cit. 11. 823 ¢ 9, var. B 8.
Apis francillonella, Kirby, lib, cit. 1. 819 8.
Apis forsterella, Kirby, hb. cit. 11. 325 3 minor.
Apis sowerbiana, Kirby, hb. cit. ii. 322 ¢.
Apis curtisella, Kirby, ld. cit. ii. 324 S.
Bombus senilis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 352 3 (teste Nyland.).
Bombus pygmeeus, Fabr. lb. ett. 853 3 (teste Nyland.).
Female. Length 6-7 lines.— Black ; the face with a thin pale fulvous
pubescence ; the clypeus shining and naked, and on the vertex a
few black hairs. The thorax clothed above with rufo-fulvous pu-
bescence, on the sides and beneath it is cinereous; the femora
fringed with cinereous pubescence, that on the tibie and tarsi black,
on the latter more or less rufo-fuscous ; the basal joint of the pos-
terior tarsi and the apical portion of the two anterior pairs with
ferruginous pubescence beneath ; the fringe of the posterior tibiae
sometimes intermixed with pale hairs. Abdomen subtriangular,
its pubescence pale fulvous ; the first segment has laterally a tuft of
paler pubescence ; on the third segment a band of black pubes-
cence, varying in width in different specimens. (A. floralis, Kirby.)
Var. 3. The first segment of the abdomen with pale pubescence, a
broad band of black occupies the second and the greater part of the
third, on the rest it is rufo-fulvous. (A. beckwithella, Kirby.) B.M.
Worker. Length 3-6 lines.—Closely resembling the female, the
200 APID®.
pubescence on the legs being black, the abdomen exhibiting similar
varieties of pubescence. BM.
Var. }. Length 4-57 lines.—The general pubescence, except that on
the legs, fulvous ; on the abdomen it is sparing at the base, with a
tuft at the lateral angles, towards the apex it is more dense and of
a brighter fulvous. (A. francillonella, Kirby.) B.M.
Var, y. Length 4 lines.—The general pubescence inclining to hoary,
on the disk of the thorax it is more fulvous, worn and bleached,
with the edges of the wings ragged. (A. forsterella, Kirby.) B.M.
Male, Length 5-6 lines.—Head, a little pale pubescence on the
face, that on the vertex mixed with black; the antenne as long as
the thorax, which has a fulvous pubescence above, varying in rich-
ness of colour. Abdomen, the pubescence pale, with three or four
dark bands more or less distinct. (A. sowerbiana, Kirby.) B.M.
Var. 3. The abdomen with a little pale pubescence at the base, the
rest black. (A. curtisella, Kirby.) B.M.
Var. y. The abdomen with a little pale pubescence at the extreme
base, that on the three following segments black, the rest fulvous.
Var. 0. The pubescence of the entire insect nearly black.
This is probably the most variable species of all the British Bomb: ;
it is found in all parts of the kingdom, in Denmark and Germany,
as well as other parts of the continent. It occasionally occurs nearly
black in all the sexes. In England I have only seen workers of this
variety. I have considered six of Mr. Kirby’s species to be varieties
of B. muscorum, having repeatedly found them all in nests of this
species. That the insect here described is the true Apis muscorum
of Linneeus, is proved beyond doubt by an examination of the type
specimen, which has the name attached to it in the handwriting of
Linnzus ; it is in his cabinet, now in the possession of the Linnean
Society.
The parasite Mutilla europea was found in the nest of this
Bombus last summer, by Miss Madeline Pasley, at Shedfield Grange,
near Wickham, Hants; several nests were examined and the Mutilla
was found ineach. This is the first time I have heard of this parasite
being found in the nest of Bombus muscorwm.
2. Bombus agrorum.
B, ater, hirsutus, thorace toto anoque ferrugineis.
Bombus agrorum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 348 9.
Dahilb. Bomb. Scand. 43.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. i. 108 32 8.
Nyland, Notis, ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i, 228.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 147.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. 6 9.
Apis agrorum, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 321 9.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 326.
Bremus agrorum, Penz. Faun, Germ, 85,20 9,
16. BOMBUS. 201
Female. Length 7-8 lines.—The pubescence on the head black,
intermixed with brown on the face and vertex ; on the thorax above
it is bright fulvous, on the sides and beneath it is very pale, in-
clining to white; on the tibie it is black, the corbicula on the
posterior pair is fringed with long paler hairs. The basal segment
of the abdomen with pale fulvous pubescence, the three following
segments with black and the apical segments with fulvous pu-
bescence ; beneath, the segments thinly fringed with pale hairs.
Worker. Length 5-62 lines.—Sometimes coloured like the female,
but usually the abdomen mixed entirely with pale pubescence.
Male. Length 5-62 lines.—Occasionally the pubescence as in the
female, but very variable, frequently corresponding with the male
of B. muscorum.
In nests of Bombus muscorum I have found females of this species
on one or two occasions; the species is much less common than B.
muscorum. I included B. agrorum among the varieties of B. muscorum
in the first edition of this work ; but finding the species plentifully
last summer, I was induced to examine the generative organs of the
males, and to compare them with those of B. muscorum, and feel
satisfied that it is really a distinct species.
3. Bombus venustus.
B. hirsuto flavescens, thorace ferrugineo-fulvo.
Apis muscorum, Kerby, Mon. Apum Angl. 1. 817 3 2 8.
Bombus muscorum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 349.
Lihg. Mag. vy. 165.
Westw. Nat. Libr, vi, 253, pl. 16.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. (in part.) 156.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 28.
Bombus senilis, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 214; Entomol. iii. 263.
Female. Length 8—9 lines.—The pubescence on the head pale ful-
yous, that on the thorax above rich fulvous orange; that on the
sides is much paler, becoming whitish beneath ; on the anterior and
intermediate tibize the pubescence is black; the posterior tibize
fringed with pale fulvous hairs. Abdomen clothed above with pale
fulvous pubescence, inclining to lemon-yellow.
Worker. Length 4-6 lines.—Clothed like the female.
Male. - Length 6-7 lines.—The pubescence as in the worker; the
antenne as long as the thorax, the joints subarcuate; the apex
of the abdomen has usually a mixture of fuscous pubescence.
Dr. Nylander having informed me that he had seen a specimen
named by Fabricius Bombus senilis, and that in his opinion it was
a faded example of the worker of B. muscorum, I have changed
the name. It is certainly the Apis muscorum of Kirby, but not
of Linneus. The name senilis is not characteristic of either the
present species or of the Apis muscorum of Linneus, except of
examples in a worn and faded condition. The specimen of
202 APID.
B. senilis, named by Fabricius, in the Banksian collection is also a
faded worker of Bombus muscorum.
4. Bombus elegans.
B. hirsutus, ater, supra flavus, thorace fascia atra.
Bombus elegans, Se/dl, Stett. ent. Zeit. (1875) p. 335.
Bombus fragrans, Illig. Mag. v. 165 3 (nec Pallas).
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 46, tab. fig. 16 Q.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 464.
Drews. § Schiédte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 121 (1838).
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 216; Entomol. iii, 208.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 251.
Apis fragrans, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 829 $ (nec Pallas).
Bombus distinguendus, Morow. Hore Soc, Ent. Rossice, vi. 32.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 26.
Female. WUength 8-10 lines.—Head, the face has a pale fulvons
pubescence, more or less obscured and intermixed with black hairs ;
the pubescence on the thorax above yellow, more or less inclining
to fulvous, and haying a band of black pubescence between the
wings ; the pubescence on the legs is also black. Abdomen clothed
with bright yellow pubescence, having usually more or less of a
fulvous tinge towards the base. B.M.
229.
Worker. Length 5-7 lines.— Excepting in size, there is no differ-
ence between the workers and females. B.M.
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—Closely resembling the worker, but
having the pubescence on the face and cheeks paler, the antenne
as long as the thorax, the abdomen narrower and more elongate.
BM.
This species has hitherto been regarded as the Bombus fragrans of
Pallas, which is a much larger insect and has dark brown wings. The
bee has the same agreeable odour that suggested its name in the first
instance ; but the descriptions of older authors are usually much too
brief, and the size of a species is only occasionally given.
This is a scarce species in the south of England, but has been
occasionally taken at Hampstead, Shirley Common, Norwood, Lowe-
stoft, Yarmouth, and on Durdham Downs, near Bristol ; in the north
itis more common. I found its nest in Yorkshire, and on dis-
turbing it the bees emitted a powerful aromatic odour ; the commu-
nity, although it contained males and females, was small.
5. Bombus smithianus.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace supra fulvo; abdomine supra flavescente,
subtus nigro.
Bombus smithianus, White, Proc. Linn. Soc. (1851); Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. x. 2nd ser. 294.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 215; Entomol. iii. 268.
16. BomBUS. 203
Bombus arcticus, Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 50. fig. 20 2 (nee Kurby,
Parry's First Voy. Append. ecxvi, 1821). |
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 476. ;
Nyland, Notts. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn, i. 228.
Bombus agrorum, Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 28 ?
Female. Length 8-10 lines.—The head clothed with black pubes-
cence, except a few pale hairs at the margin of the vertex.. Thorax
clothed above with rich rufo-fulvous pubescence; beneath, and
also on the legs, it is black. Abdomen clothed with a fulvous-
yellow pubescence; at the extreme base is a little black pubes-
cence ; the fulvous colour of the pubescence is richest towards the
base of the abdomen; beneath it is entirely black. B.M.
Worker. Length 4-7 lines.—Exactly resembles the female, but the
pubescence of the abdomen appears usually to be yellower. B.M.
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—Closely resembles the other sexes, but
has some pale pubescence on the face and also on the abdomen
beneath ; the posterior tibiw have sometimes some pale hairs mixed
with the marginal fringe. B.M.
This species was brought from Shetland by Mr. Adam White in
1851; in the following year a nest was found, and sent with all the
sexes in it. Collectors have taken it since that time, but it has not
been found in Scotland. It was taken at Lerwick and Mousa, but
is said to be most abundant at Unst.
6. Bombus sylvarum.
B. hirsuto flavescens, thoracis fascia abdominisque cingulis nigris,
ano fulvo.
Bombus sylvarum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 348.
Latr. Hist. Nat. xiv. 65.
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 131.
Lig. Mag. v. 164.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 44, tab. fig. 18 ¢,14 9,158.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 163.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii, 109 (1838).
Smith, Bees Great Brit, 217; Entomol. iii. 269.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sdlisk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn, i, 236.
Schenck, Nass, Bien. 142.
Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii. 30.
Apis sylvarum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960 2, and type in Cab. Mus.
Linn. Soe.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 307.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. 321.
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 400.
Rossi, Faun. Etrus. ii. 101.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 326, tab. 17. fig. 15 9,16 ¢.
Bombus veteranus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 352 3.
Huber’s Observ. Linn, Trans. vi. 227, tab. 25. figs. 13-18.
Female. Length 8 lines.—The head has a short yellow pubescence,
that on the vertex black. Thorax—the pubescence on the disk
—— Ses
204 APID®.
black ; anteriorly, posteriorly, on the sides, beneath, and also on
the legs it is pale yellow ; the tarsi beneath have a short ferrugi-
nous pubescence, the claws ferruginous. Abdomen—the basal
segment clothed with pale yellow pubescence, most dense at the
sides ; on the second segment it is black, the posterior and lateral
margins fringed with pale yellow; on the third it is black, the
margins being fringed with pale yellow; on the three following
segments it is fulvous, the margins being fringed with pale hairs.
B.M.
Worker. Length 6-7 lines.—Differs very little, except in size, from
the female ; it has, however, usually a greater mixture of pale
pubescence, and the apex of the abdomen is not so bright a red.
B.M.
Male. Length 6 lines.—Closely resembles the other sexes; the
mandibles fringed with fusco-ferruginous hairs; the antenne as
long as the thorax, and the apex of the abdomen usually as bright
as in the female.
This bee is found in all parts of the United Kingdom, and is one
of the most constant in écloration; the hum of its workers is
distinct from, and more shrill than, that of any other Bombus ; it
closely resembles that of Saropoda bimaculata. I once found a nest
of it underground; it had taken possession of a cavity, and built a
nest in it of moss, grass, &c., in the same way as when following its
normal habit of building on the surface.
7. Bombus lapponicus.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace antice flavescente ; abdomine rufo, basi
nigro, ano flavescente.
+0
Bombus lapponicus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 345
Ahrens, Faun. Eur. 10. 18.
Dahlb. Bomb, Scand. 41, tab. fig. 12 2.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 471.
Germar, Faun. Ins. Eur. x. tab. 18.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 459.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. i, 2385,
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 218; Entomol. iii. 269.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii, 41.
Apis lapponica, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 318.
Quenzel, Acerbr’s Trav. in Lapl. ii. 253, tab. 1. fig. 3.
Apis flavicollis, Sowerby, Brit. Miscell. i. 39, tab. 19 Q.
Bombus regelationis, Newm. Ent. Mag. ii. 327.
Bombus monticola, Smith, Zool. vii. Append. 59.
Female. Length 7-9 lines.— Black ; on the posterior margin of the
vertex, on the thorax anteriorly, and usually on the posterior
margin of the scutellum the pubescence is yellow. Abdomen
clothed with bright fulvo-ferruginous pubescence, with more or less
of black at the base; at the apex inclining to yellow. B.M.
Var. 3. The pubescence on the scutellum entirely -black.-
16. BosrBus. 205
Worker. Closely resembles the female, varying in size from 4—6
lines. B.M.
Male.—Length 5-6 lines.—Head, the pubescence on the clypeus
and vertex yellow ; it is also yellow on the thorax in front and on
the sides of the scutellum ; the abdomen asin the other sexes; the
posterior legs have a little pale pubescence, as well as the abdomen
and femora beneath. B.M.
This is a local mountain species. It was first discovered in this
country by Mr. Edward Newman, on the Black Mountain, Breck-
nockshire ; it has also been found on Snowdon and other mountains
in Wales, in Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, and on Halifax Moor,
Yorkshire; it has been taken most numerously at Loch Rannoch,
Perthshire.
8. Bombus derhamellus.
B. hirsutus, ater, corbicula anoque fulvis. Mus fusco-cinerascens,
ano fulvo, thorace inter alas abdominisque fascia atris.
Bombus derhamellus, Zllig. Mag. v. 169 ¢.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 44 523.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 219; Entomol. iii. 282.
Apis derhamella, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 363 3.
Apis donovanella, Kirby, ib. cit. 11. 357 g nec 9, tab. 18. fig. 6 3.
Apis raiella, Kirby, lib. cit. ii. 867 2 So.
Bombus raiellus, I/dig. Mag. v. 169 9.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 33 3 Q.
Drews. & Schiédie, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 115 (1838).
Smith, Zool. ii. 550 5 2.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn, i, 288.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 153.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 32.
Bombus donovanellus, Westw. Nat. Libr. vi. 255, pl. 17. fig. 1 2.
Bombylius minor, Ray, Hist. Ins. 246 9.
Female. Length 63-8 lines.—The body clothed with black pubes-
cence, that on the three apical segments rufo-fulvous ; the corbicula
on the posterior tibize rufo-fulvous, the apical joints of the tarsi
ferruginous. B.M.
Worker. Length 43-6 lines.—Differs only in size, having the
corbicula rufo-fulvous as in the female. B.M.
Male. Length 5-6 lines.—The pubescence on the head black, more
or less fuscous on the clypeus, the mandibles fringed with ferru-
ginous pubescence. Thorax clothed above with obscure fuscous-
yellow pubescence, that between the wings black; the tibise and
tarsi ciliated with rufous hairs; the tarsi ferruginous beneath, the
claws ferruginous. Abdomen—the two basal segments clothed
with obscure flavo-fuscous pubescence, that on the third segment
black, and that on the remainder rufo-fulvous. B.M.
Var. (3. The pubescence on the second segment of the abdomen
bright yellow.
206 APID 2.
Var. y. The thorax fringed with yellow pubescence, that on the two
basal segments of the abdomen yellow.
Var. 6. The abdomen entirely covered with obscure flavo-fuscous
pubescence.
Var. e. The abdomen almost entirely fulvous.
The description of the male is that of the normal condition. The
male of Kirby’s A. donovanella is certainly that of B. derhamellus, as
will be seen by an examination of his typical specimen. The species
is generally distributed. I have frequently found its nests in hay-
fields ; several occurred in a hay-field at Beaumaris, in Anglesey.
The species iscommon. The bees make no defence when their nests
are disturbed.
9. Bombus pomorum.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace antice scutelloque obscure flavis, abdomine
rufo-fulvo.
Bombus pomorum, Schenck, Nass. Bien. 51235 9 8.
Smith, Entomol. ii. 281 2 ¢.
Bremus pomorum, Panz. Faun. Germ. 86.18 3.
Femaie. Length 8 lines.—Black; head elongate, the clypeus smooth
and shining, the pubescence black. Thorax—the pubescence black,
in front and on the scutellum intermixed with obscurely yellow or
pale hairs ; the legs with black pubescence ; the basal joint of the
tarsi with short ferruginous pubescence beneath ; wings hyaline,
faintly clouded at their apical margins. Abdomen clothed with
rufo-fulvous pubescence, palest towards the apex and darkest on
the basal segment.
Male. Length 5-6 lines.—Head elongate, the pubescence black.
The thorax has in front and also on the scutellum a mixture of
greyish hairs, that on the disk black; the legs fringed beneath with
fulvous pubescence ; wings asin the female. Abdomen with fulvous
pubescence, that on the basal segment grey ; on the second segment
the colour is darker and less bright than on the rest of the abdomen.
Var. 3. The thorax with grey pubescence, with a black band beneath
the wings.
The worker I have not seen, but Schenck says it resembles the
female ; he also observes that the male resembles a male Apathus.
This is true; but the only male of that genus it resembles is that of
A. rupestris, from which it is very distinct ; its elongate head and
naked clypeus at once distinguish ‘¢ from that insect ; its antenne
are longer and more slender. B. pomorumis the rarest species found
in this country. I took three males in 1863, and my son a femalein
the following year, near Deal.
Panzer describes the basal segment of the abdomen as having
white hair in the male, but in the figure it is coloured black.
—
16. BomBts. 207
10. Bombus pratorum.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace antice sulphureo-flavo, abdominis segmento
secundo fascia subinterrupta flava. Mas hirsuto flavus, thorace
postice nigro marginato; abdomine fascia atra, ano fulvo.
Bombus pratorum, I/hg. Mag. v. 168 2 3.
Dahlb, Hym. Scand, 36.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kroy. Tidsskr. ii. 111 (1838).
Smith, Zool. ii. 548; Bees Great Brit, 220; Entomol. ii, 282.
Nyland. Notis. ur Siillsh. pro Faun. et Flo. ’ Fenn. li. 263.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 155.
Thoms. "Hym. Scand, 11. 39.
Apis pratorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960, et Cab. Mus. Linn, Soc. §,
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 596.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 360 3.
Bremus collaris, Panz. Faun. Germ. 94. 12 @ var.
Apis subinterrupta, Kirby, lib. cit. 356 2.
Bombus subinterruptus, Lat. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins, xiv. 649.
Lilig. Mag. v. 167 2.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 35 2.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 461 2 3.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kroy. Tidsskr. 11. 111 (1838).
Apis burrellana, Kirby, ib. cit. 11, 358 3.
Bombus burrellanus, Dehlb, Hym. Scand, 43 3.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 255.
Bombus arbustorum, Fubr. Syst. Piez. 347 AS | (coll. Havn.).
Bombus ephippium, Dahib. Hym. Scand. 57, tab. fig. 6 2.
Bombus lullianus, Wyland. lib. cit. 1. 236 ¢.
Female. Length 6-8 lines.—Head, the pubescence entirely black.
Thorax with fulvous-yellow pubescence before the wings and black
behind; wings subhyaline, with their apical margins clouded.
Abdomen—the first, third, and fourth segments with black pubes-
cence, on the second it is yellow, and on the apical segments it is
fulvous; the yellow band is sometimes interrupted. BM.
Var. 8. The abdomen without the yellow band.
Worker. Length 33-5 lines.—Coloured as in the female. B.M.
Var. The abdomen without a yellow band, the apex rufo-fulvous.
Male. Length 5-6 lines—The pubescence on the head yellow,
intermixed with fuscous hairs on the vertex and sides of the face ;
the mandibles fringed with rufo-fulvous hairs. Thorax, the pu-
bescence before the wings yellow, with sometimes a few yellow
hairs on the scutellum. ‘The two basal segments of the abdomen
with yellow pubescence ; on the fifth and sixth it is fulvous.
Var. 3. The black pubescence thickly intermixed with yellow, which
in some lights gives the insect the appearance of being entirely
yellow. BM.
This is a very common species, particularly so in the north of
England ; the male frequently making its appearance as early as the
middle of May, it is usually the first Bombus of that sex that appears.
The sexes are very variable in their colouring, so much so that the
208 APID.
varieties have been described as constituting seven species; the
normal colouring of the female is Kirby’s A. subinterrupta, and his
A, burrellana that of the male. Ihave examined many nests of this
species, which are frequently found in hay-fields, on mossy banks,
and under furze bushes; they make little or no defence of their
nests when they are disturbed. Apathus barbutellus is parasitic on
this species.
11. Bombus cullumanus.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace antice abdomineque fascia flavis, ano fulvo.
Mas pallide fulvus, thorace inter alas abdominisque fascia atris,
ano fulvo.
Bombus cullumanus, Illig. Mag. v. 168 3.
Smith, Entomol. ili. 285 ¢ Q.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 38 5%.
Bombus burrellanus, Dahlb. Bomb. Scund. 45 3.
Thoms. Opusc. Ent. 255.
Apis cullumana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. ii. 359 ¢.
Apis donovanella, Kerby, lib. cit. 11. 857 2 nec S.
Female. Length 5-63 lines.—The pubescence black; the anterior
part of the thorax in front of the insertion of the wings with a
dense bright yellow pubescence ; wings fusco-hyaline, their apical
margins with a fuscous cloud. Abdomen—the basal segment
clothed with black pubescence, that on the second of a bright
citron-yellow, on the third it is black, and that on the three apical
segments bright rufo-fulvous. B.M.
Male. Length 53-64 lines.—Densely clothed with pale yellow
pubescence, with a few black hairs on the face at the insertion of
the antenne ; the joints of the latter subarcuate. Thorax—a
fascia of black pubescence between the wings; the tegule rufo-
piceous; the wings as in the female; beneath, with long pale
yellow pubescence ; that on the legs is a mixture of pale and black.
Abdomen—the two basal segments with pale yellow pubescence,
the third with black, and the following segments with bright fer-
ruginous. B.M.
I was formerly led to consider the male of this species to be a
highly coloured variety of B. soroénsis ; but having captured speci-
mens I have been enabled, by an exa‘nination of the sexual organs, to
satisfy myself that they are distinct species. I have not any positive
evidence of the female described being really that sex of the species ;
but as it has been taken a’ the same time and place as the male,
and as no other species ¢ Bombus is known to which this female
could be assigned, I have no doubt as to the correctness of my con-
clusions. The female most closely resembles that of B. pratorum,
but can always be distinguished by the abdomen being shorter and
broader, and by theblack band occupying one segment only. The male
resembles that of B. pratorum ; but the general pubescence is shorter,
)
16. BomBUs. 209
the joints of the flagellum are subarcuate, the black band on the
abdomen only occupies one segment, and the pubescence of the
apical portion of the abdomen is bright ferruginous ; the yellow
pubescence is of a paler and brighter colour. The species is un-
doubtedly both local and rare. On one occasion I took four males
and two females at Southend at the end of August; it must be
observed that the male of B. pratorwm appears in May. The species
has also been taken on the Brighton Downs and near Bristol. The
worker is probably at present mixed with that of B. pratorum.
12. Bombus jonellus.
B. hirsutus, ater; thorace antice, scutello abdominisque basi flavis,
ano albo ; facie breyi, triangulari.
Bombus scrimshiranus, Iilig. Mag. v. 166 ?.
Dahl. Bomb. Scand. 392 8.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 118 3 Q ¥% (1839).
Smith, Zool. ii. 547 ; Bees Great Brit. 222; Entomol. iii. 233.
Nyland. Notts. ur Silisk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 232.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 41.
Apis scrimshirana, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 342 9.
Apis jonella, Kirby, lb. cit. 11. 388 ¢.
Female. Length 7-8 lines.—The pubescence black, that on the
margin of the vertex, thorax anteriorly, scutellum, the basal seg-
ment of the abdomen yellow, that on the three apical segments
white ; the scopa on the posterior tibiw ferruginous ; the apical
joint of the tarsi rufo-piceous. B.M.
Worker. Length 5-6 lines.—Excepting size, there is no difference
between this and the female. B.M.
Vale. Length 5-6 lines—The pubescence on the face, thorax in
front, on the sides, and on the scutellum bright yellow: the
antenne nearly as long as the thorax ; beneath, and also the fringe
on the femora, pale yellow. Abdomen—the basal segment with
yellow pubescence, the second, third, and base of the fourth seg-
ments with black and the following with white pubescence ;
beneath the pubescence is cinereous. BM,
Var. /3. The two basal segments yellow.
Var. y. The first: and base of the second yellow.
Kirby’s type of A. jonella has the basal segment entirely yellow.
All the sexes were obtained from a nest found on the Grampians,
Perthshire. This is a somewhat local species ; it has been taken at
Coombe Wood, on Purley Downs, Shirley Common, and at Barmouth,
North Wales. Mr. Kirby’s description is incomplete, so that it was
difficult to ascertain to which species this male should be assigned ;
but having myself seen his own interleaved copy of the ‘ Mono-
graphia,’ I found that he had subsequently added, “ Facies ante an-
P
210 APID 2.
tennas palide villosus.” The type is afaded specimen. This species
is readily distinguished by its short head from B. hortorwm, which
it otherwise resembles.
13. Bombus nivalis.
B. hirsutus, ater; thorace antice, scutello abdominisque basi et apice
flayis, ano flayo vel fulvescente.
Bombus nivalis, Daklb. Bomb. Scand. 40. tab. fig. 10 2.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 474.
Nyland. Notis. ur Siilsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. i. 234 2 $.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 222 2%.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 35,
Apis alpina, Fabr. (Otho) Faun. Gren. 199 (nec Linn.).
Bombus balteatus, Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 36 2.
Bombus montanus, S¢.-Farg. Hym. i. 463 2d.
Female. Length 8-9 lines.—The pubescence on the head black, that
on the thorax above yellow, more or less inclining to fulvous, with
a band of black pubescence between the wings, that on the sides,
on the legs, and on the thorax beneath black ; wings subhyaline.
Abdomen—the pubescence on the two basal segments yellow, on
the third it is black, and on the three apical segments of a fulvous
yellow. B.M.
Worker. Length 6-7 lines.—Only differs from the female in having
the pubescence at the apex of the abdomen paler, inclining to
white. B.M.
Male. Length 6-63 lines.—The face before the antenne clothed
with yellow pubescence ; the thorax has a yellow pubescence, with
a black band between the wings; beneath and on the femora it is
of a very pale yellow, on the tibize it is black. Abdomen—the
two basal segments with yellow pubescence: the third and fourth
with black, and the apical ones with pale yellowish white ; beneath
the pubescence is also yellowish white. B.M.
This species must vary greatly in size: Dahlbom’s figure measures
12 lines ; Nylander gives the Lapland specimen at 16 ; and the largest
T have seen from Shetland measures 9 lines. The colour of the pubes-
cence must depend greatly on the exposure to which the insect has been
subjected ; a bright yellow soon fades, Prof. Boheman sent a female
from Sweden with the apex of the abdomen bright fulvous. All the
sexes were obtained from a nest found near Lerwick, Shetland, in
1852, since which time no one has taken the species ; the nest con-
tained about a dozen bees only, but fortunately all the sexes. In all
probability the insect is not uncommon in Shetland, as the person who
took the nest was not an entomologist, and did not know one bee
from another.
16. BowsBts. 211
Section Il. Underground builders.
14. Bombus lapidarius.
B. hirsutus, ater, abdominis segmentis analibus tribus rufo-fulvis,
alis hyalinis. Jas facie, thorace antice et scutello flavis.
Bombus lapidarius, Z/ky. Mag. v. 169 2.
Fabr. Syst. Piez. 347 2
Spin. Ins. Ligur. i. 130.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 30 6 2%.
St.-Farg. Hym.i. 460 ¢ 2 3.
Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, 528.
Drews. § Schiédte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 116 (1838-9).
Westw. Nat. Libr. vi. 252, pl. 16. fig. 1 ¢, fig. 2 9.
Smith, Zool. ii. 549; Bees Great Brit. 223; Entomol. iii, 285.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séillsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn, i. 238.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 150.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 37.
Apis lapidaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soe.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 305, fig. 815 2.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 329.
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 396.
Foure. Ent. Par. ii. 449.
Christ. Hym. 126.
Donov. Eng. Ins. iii. 97, tab. 108. fig. 1 2.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 365 g 2 8.
Apis arbustorum, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 320 ¢.
Bombus arbustorum, Fubr. Syst. Piez. 347.
Bremus truncorum. Panz. Faun. Germ. 85. 21 3.
Bombus lefebvrei, St.-Farg. Hym. i.461 var. 9 (type incoll. Westw.).
Apicis pertristis, Harris, Expos. Eng. Ins. 157, tab. 40. fig. 14 ¢g.
Apicis opis, Harris, lib. cit. tab. 40. fig. 12 $.
Female. Length 9-10 lines.—Clothed with black pubescence, the
three apical segments of the abdomen with rich rufo-fulvous ;
wings hyaline, their apical margins faintly clouded. BM.
Var. A more or less distinct yellow band on the thorax anteriorly.
Worker. Length 4-63 lines.—Only difters in being smaller than
the female. BM.
Male. Length 5-7 lines.—Clothed with black pubescence, but with
that on the face pale yellow, on the collar and scutellum it is
yellow, on the base of the abdomen a mixture of yellow hair; the
four apical segments of the abdomen with bright rufo-fulvous
pubescence ; the posterior tibize fringed with fulvous hairs. B.M.
Var. 3, The scntellum and basal segment of the abdomen black.
This is one of the most abundant of the British Bombz; it has its
representatives in India, China, Japan, and Mexico. ‘The variety of
the female haying a yellow collar is of very rare occurrence in
England ; I have only seen a single example, which was taken near
Sandwich, Kent. St.-Fargeau has described this variety as a distinct
species, naming it B. lefebvret; I haye had an opportunity of ex-
P2
212 APID A.
amining his typical specimen through the kindness of Prof. Westwood,
in whose possession are many of the types of Fargeau’s and also of
Latreille’s bees. The species is common in Wales, Ireland, and
Scotland; some of the finest examples have been obtained from the latter
country. In Yorkshire this bee frequently constructs its nests in old
stone-quarries ; but in the south I have usually found them in banks
and at the roots of trees. The only instance in which I have
observed the sexes of distinct species zm coitu has been a male of
B, lapidarius copulating with a female of B. virginalis.
15. Bombus lucorum.
B. hirsutus, ater; thorace antice abdominisque fascia flavis, ano
albo. Mas supra flavus, thoracis fascia nigra, capite antice flavo,
abdominis fasciis obsoletis nigris, ano albo.
Bombus lucorum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 350 3.
Illig. Mag. ¥. 166 3.
Dahib. Bomb. Scand. 42 3.
Smith, Zool. 11.546 g 9 ; Bees Great Brit. 225; Entomol. iii.
286,
Apis lucorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960 ¢$, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soe.
(type).
Fabr, Ent, Syst. ii. 322.
Kirby, Mon. ‘Apum Angl. li. 336 ¢.
Apis terrestris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 960 2, et Cab. Mus. Linn. Soc.
Scop. Ent. Carn. 306, fig. 815 &.
Schrank, Ins. Austr. 395.
Bombus terrestris, Lat. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. xiv. 64 9.
Fabr. Syst. Picz. 345.
Illig. Mag. v. 167.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 473.
St-Farg. Hym. i. 467.
Dahklb, Bomb. Scand, 34. fig. 5 2.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 118.
Nyland. Notis. ur "Siillsh. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 282.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 149 (nec var.).
Apis ceespitum, Panz. Faun. Germ. 31.19 2.
Apis virginalis, Kerby, lib. cit. 11. 349 3 (nee ¢).
Bombus ‘virginalis, Lilig. Mag. v. 167.
Bombus ericetorum, Curtis, Brit. Ent. xii. fig. 564 g.
Bombus spodagricus, Nyland. hb. cit. i. 233 6 OB.
Female. Length 8-9 lines—Densely clothed with black pubescence,
the thorax anteriorly and the second segment of the abdomen with
lemon-coloured yellow pubescence, the three apical segments snow-
white. B.M.
Worker. Length 4-6 lines.—Only differs from the female in size.
B.M.
Male. Length 4-6 lines.—The face densely clothed with yellow
pubescence ; the mandibles fringed with fulvous hairs ; the cheeks
16. BomBUs. ilies
with a pale yellow pubescence. The thorax clothed with yellow
pubescence, and having a black band between the wings, which is
more or less distinct ; the pubescence on the thorax beneath hoary ;
it is also pale on the legs. Abdomen—the pubescence on the first
and second segments yellow, on the third and fourth more or less
black, and sometimes crossed by a narrow fringe of yellow pubes-
cence on the apical margin of the third segment ; the fifth and sixth
segments with white pubescence ; the pubescence beneath yellowish
white.
Var. 3. The four basal segments with yellow pubescence, with faint
traces of dark bands. This is the Bombus ericetorum figured by
Curtis.
The typical specimen, a male, in the Linnean Cabinet is very like
the variety 3. The typical specimen of Linné’s Apis terrestris, pre-
served in the Linnean Cabinet, is the female of this species. In this
country Bombus lucorum usually appears at an earlier period in the
season, according to my observation, than Bombus virginalis. The
latter is a rather larger insect ; its male is readily distinguished from
that of B. lucorum by its always having the entire head clothed with
black pubescence ; its maxillary palpi are different, and the second
joint is longer in proportion tothe first joint. The nests of both species
have been taken in autumn, when all the sexes of each species have
been obtained. Ina nest of Bombus virginalis all the females had
the apex of the abdomen tawny; but it is probable that when indi-
viduals have been long exposed to weather, the tawny apex may
become more or less bleached to white; I have found specimens of
the female with the apex of the abdomen white. Ona female of
Bombus lucorum being shown to the late Prof. Boheman, he named it
B. terrestris of Linnzeus; whilst he pronounced the bee with the
tawny apex of the abdomen to be a specie: nknown to him, and one
not found in Sweden. In the type-collé ion of Kirby there is a
female with a white anus, which, in his remarks on Bombus terrestris,
he states to have been found by Mr. Trimmer in a nest of the
bee with the tawny apex of the abdomen; this specimen is, in
my opinion, an example of B. lucorum. It is not an unusual
occurrence to find individuals of one species in a nest of another ;
thus I have found B. sylvarwm in a nest of B. muscorum; such
oc irrences can only be regarded as accidental. The yellow bands
in B. lucorum are of a lemon-coloured yellow, whilst those of
B. virginalis are deep orange-yellow.
It should be mentioned that the male organs of B. lucorum and of
B. virginalis have been compared ; and although the differences are
only*slight, yet they are constant, and in my opinion quite justify
their separation as distinct species.
214 APIDE.
16. Bombus virginalis.
B. hirsutus, ater; thorace antice, abdominis fascia media anoque flavis.
Bombus terrestris, Smith, Zool. 11.547 ; Bees Great Brit. 224 923;
Entomol. iii, 285 (nec Linn.).
Nyland, Notis. ur Sdllsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. ii. 262 (var. 1).
Schenk, Nass, Bien. 138 (var.).
Apis terrestris, Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang]. ii. 350, var. B 3, var.y Q,
yar: 0 9, var. «°D var. B.Gs
Apis virginalis, Kirby, lib. cit. g only.
Female. Length 9-11 lines.—Densely clothed with black pubes-
cence, the collar orange-yellow; wings subhyaline, their apical
margins clouded. Abdomen—the second segment with bright
orange-yellow pubescence, that on the third and fourth black; on
the apical segments it is fulvous yellow. B.M.
Var. (2. The apical segment of the abdomen with white pubescence.
Worker. Length 53-7 lines.—Closely resembles the female ; but the
yellow bands are frequently of a paler tint, arising principally from
exposure, and the apex has a white or tawny-white pubescence ;
it has always in recent examples a mixture of fulvous hairs at the
margin of the black fascia. B.M.
Male. Length 7-8 lines.— The pubescence on the head entirely
black ; the collar and second segment of the abdomen with orange-
yellow pubescence, that at the apex of the abdomen tawny, but
paler than in the female, occasionally white at the extreme apex.
BM.
The female is larger than that of B. lucorum. This species is
found in all parts of the kingdom. Its nests, as far as my experi-
ence enables me to judge, are more populous than those of any other
species (perhaps B. lapidarius excepted); in one nest I found 107
males, 56 females, and 180 workers; and some of the latter sex
were probably on the wing when the nest was taken—late in the
evening in the month of August. Apathus vestalis lives in company
with this species.
17. Bombus hortorum.
B. hirsutus, ater ; thorace antice, scutello abdominisque basi flavis,
ano albo; capite elongato.
Bombus hortorum, Latr, Hist. Nat. Ins. Se. xiv. 65 9.
Iitig. Mag. v. 166.
Dahlb, Bomb. Scand. 58 3 2g.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 466.
Brullé, Expéd. Sc. de Morée, iii. 328.
Drews. §& Schiédte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 120 (1839).
Smith, Zool. ii. 546; Bees Great Brit. 230.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn, i. 231.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 159.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. 11, 24.
16. BoMBUs. 215
Apis hortorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 960, and type in Cab. Mus. Linn.
Soc. Q
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 889 $2 3.
Bombus ruderatus, Fabr. Syst, Piez. 344 9.
Female. Length 10 lines. —The pubescence black; the collar, scu-
tellum, and basal segment of the abdomen densely clothed with
sulphur-yellow pubescence, that on the three apical segments white ;
the face elongate ; the tongue nearly as long as the body. B.M.
Worker. Length 5-64 lines.—The colour as in the female. B.M.
Male. Length 6—7 lines.—The distribution of colour as in the other
sexes, the apical segment having black pubescence ; the mandibles
bearded with black hairs. B.M.
This species is not subject to vary much in coloration ; the yellow
pubescence on the scutellum is occasionaily less bright or mixed with
black. Since the publication of the first edition of this work, I have
had an opportunity of comparing the generative organs of specimens
of B. ruderatus from Madeira with those of the B. hortorwm of
Europe, and have satisfied myself that the insects are identical. The
specimen described by Fabricius, from Madeira, is larger than any
European one that I have seen; but the series of examples from
that island in the British Museum clearly shows that the insular
specimens vary in size:like the European.
18. Bombus soroénsis.
B. hirsutus, ater; abdominis segmento secundo utrinque obsolete
flavo, ano albo. Mas pallidus, ano roseo-albo, thorace abdomine-
que singulis fascia atra.
Bombus soroénsis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 345 9.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 38 2.
Drews. § Schiédte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii.(1838-39) 112 g 2 8, tab.2.
fir. 9°:O".
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 468.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i. 239.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 227; Entomol. iii. 284.
Thoms. Hym. Scand. i. 36.
Apis soroénsis, Fubr. Ent. Syst. ii. 318 2.
Panz. Faun. Germ. 7.11 @.
Latr, Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins. xiy. 65.
Apis neutra, Panz. Faun. Germ. 83. 18.
Bombus neuter, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 347.
St.-Farg. Hym. i. 469.
_ Bombus neutra, Panz. Krit. Revis. 259.
Bremus sylvarum, Panz. Faun. Germ. 85.19 ¢ var.
Bombus collinus, Smith, Zool. 11. 548 ¢ ; Bees Great Brit. 223.
Bombus subterraneus, Schenck, Nass. Bien. 153.
‘male. Length 7-8 lines.—The pubescence black, the tip of the
abdomen white ; the white pubescence is separated from the black
by a mixture of reddish-yellow hairs.
216 APID®E.
Var. 6. The second segment of the abdomen has laterally a little
yellow pubescence.
Var. y. The thorax yellow in front, the second abdominal segment
having laterally a tuft of yellow pubescence.
Var. 3. The thorax yellow in front ; the abdomen black, apex of the
abdomen yellowish white.
Var. e. The thorax anteriorly obsoletely yellow, the second abdomi-
nal segment obsoletely yellow laterally ; the apex yellowish white.
Worker. Length 5-7 lines.—The pubescence black, apex of the
abdomen yellowish white. B.M.
Var. @. The apex of the abdomen fulvous.
Var. y. The thorax in front and the abdomen on each side at the
base yellow; apex reddish yellow.
Male. Length 5-6 lines.—The pubescence pale yellow ; the vertex
and cheeks have a black pubescence; a black fascia between the
wings, and the third segment of the abdomen clothed with black
pubescence, that on the four apical segments ferruginous ; beneath,
the pubescence is pale yellow. B.M.
Var. 3. The yellow fascia on the abdomen subinterrupted.
This species was first taken, in this country, by the Rev. Mr. Rudd,
at Yarm, in Yorkshire ; Mr. Heysham subsequently found some num-
bers of the male near Carlisle. A few specimens have been found
on the Downs, near Brighton ; and I once took a few males and two
females at Southend.
19. Bombus latreillellus.
B. birsutus, ater; thorace antice, scutello abdominisque basi flavo-
fulvescentibus, ano albo. Was supra flavescens, thorace inter alas
abdominisque cingulis duobus subnigris.
Bombus latreillellus, I/hig. Mag. v. 165 ¢.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 39 3.
Drews. § Schiidte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 120 g (1838-39).
Nyland. Notis. w: Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo, Fenn. i. 234 3.
Smith, Bees Great Brit. 231 $ 2 3 ; Entomol. ii. 287
Apis latreillella, Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. ii. 330 ¢.
Apis tunstallana, Kirby, lib. cit. ii. 346 var. y 2 (not of description).
Bombus tunstallanus, J/iig. Mag. v. 166 Q.
Nyland. lib. cit. 231 Q.
Schenck, Nass. Bien. 150 ¢ Q.
Female. Length 10 lines.—The pubescence black, that on the collar
and scutellum of a fulvous yellow. The basal segment of the abdo-
men has on each side a little fulyous-yellow pubescence ; the apical
margin of the third segment and the fourth and fifth have a little
white pubescence, the “apical one naked above; the apical margin
of the second segment has usually an obscure mixture of pale
hairs; beneath, the third, fourth, and fifth segments are fringed
with pale pubescence. BM.
16. BoMBUS. 217
Var. 6. The base of the abdomen with an entire fascia of fulvous-
yellow pubescence.
Var. y. The base of the abdomen black.
Worker. Length 5-7 lines.—The pubescence black, the collar has
a fulvous-yellow band, the scutellum only an obscure yellow fringe ;
the abdomen white at the apex, the second and third segments
have a more or less conspicuous white fringe. B.M.
Male. Length 6-8 lines.—The pubescence on the head black; the
face has sometimes an obscure mixture of pale hairs. Thorax
above yellow, having a broad black fascia between the wings ; the
sides usually obscurely cinereous. Abdomen—the pubescenee yel-
low, the second and third segments with a band of black pubes-
cence at their base, the second usually narrowest ; the sixth segment
has a mixture of black pubescence in the middle. BM.
Var. 3. The black fascie on the abdomen subobsolete, the abdomen
and thorax beneath subcinereous.
The female and worker of this species most closely resemble those
of B. subterraneus; but their pubescence is shorter, and the apical
margin of the second segment has always a more or less distinct fringe
of white pubescence ; the pubescence on the abdomen of B, subter-
raneus is somewhat shaggy, which is not the case in the other
species. The males are readily distinguished ; the distinctness of the
two species is confirmed by the different form of the male orgaus.
I have taken all the sexes from the nest, and found Apathus ves-
talis living in the communities.
The female described by Kirby is that of B. subterraneus; so also
is var. /3; var. yis the female of B. latreillellus ; var. 6 is a worker of
the same ; var. e is another female of B. subterraneus ; but there isa
second var., e, which is a worker of B. latreillellus; in the Kirbyan
type-collection are also four other workers of the same species.
This insect is not common in the vicinity of London, but very abun-
dant in many localities, particularly so at Folkestone, Dover, and
Deal. Several nests were found at Lower Walmer, from which all
the sexes were obtained. The nest was situated at the end of a
tunnel between three and four feet in length, which ran up a bank,
not being more than four or five inches beneath the surface. The
nest itself was about a foot and a half from the surface.
20. Bombus subterraneus.
B. hirsutus, ater, thorace antice flavescente ano griseo-fusco aut
fusco-lutescente.
Bombus subterraneus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 850 9.
Illig. Mag. v.170 3 Q.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 32 3 2 $.
Drews. & Schiédte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 116 ?
Nyland. Notis. ur Siillsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. i, 239,
Smith, Bees Great Brit, 252.
Thoms. Hym. Scand, ii. 26
218 APID&.
Apis subterranea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 961, and type in Cab. Linn. Soe.
Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 322.
Miiller, Zool. Danie. Prodr. 165.
Apis soroénsis, Avrby, Mon, Apum Angl. ii. 354 9 8.
Bombus soroénsis, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 468.
Zett. Ins. Lapp. 473.
Apis tunstallana, Avrby, lib. cit. 11. 346 9, var. B 9, var. e 2.
Apis harrisella, Avrby, lib. cit. ii. 873 gO.
Bombus harrisellus, Westw. Nat. Libr. vi. 256, pl. 18. fig. 1 3.
Snuth, Zool. ii.550 $28.
Bombus flayo-nigrescens, Smeth, Zool. iv. 1556.
Female. Length 9-10 lines.—Densely clothed with black pubes-
cence, on each side of the collar slightly yellow ; the pubescence on
the posterior margin of the scutellum yellowish; the apical margin
of the third segment of the abdomen and the fourth with fuscous
pubescence.
Var. (3. The collar, scutellum, and sides of the basal segment of the
abdomen with yellow pubescence ; the apex white or pale yellow.
(A. tunstallana, Kirby, @ .) .M.
Var. y. The lateral margins of the scutellum only yellow, and the
fourth segment obscurely fuscous, sometimes faintly yellowish.
Var. 6. Black, with the apex of the abdomen obscurely fuscous.
Var. e. Entirely black. (A. harrisellus.)
Worker. Wength 5-8 lines.—Differs only in size from the female,
all the varieties in coloration being equally numerous. B.M.
Male. Length 6-8 lines.—The collar, seutellum, and basal segment
of the abdomen with yellow pubescence ; the fourth and following
segments white, with the extreme apex black. B.M.
Var. /3. The scutellum only more or less yellow; the apex of the
abdomen fuscous.
Var. y. The pubescence black, with the apex of the abdomen dirty
white.
Var 6. Black entirely.
The most highly coloured variety of the female resembles closely
that of B. hortorum ; but the species is larger, the abdomen is not so
angular at the apex, and the pubescence is shorter; the tongue is
proportionally considerably shorter ; every gradation in colour, from
the form described to the totally black one, is to be traced; and
Kirby’s typical specimens prove the correctness of the synonymy
given. The pubescence of the species is shorter and also coarser than
in B. hortorum.
The male is equally variable as the other sexes, its highly
coloured form greatly resembling the male of B. hortorwm; but its
pubescence is shorter, and the curled fringe of hair on the mandibles
is ferruginous. These hairs are frequently discoloured by the nectar
of flowers ; but when free from discoloration they are red; in B.
hortorum the fringe is dark, almost black. The sexual organs of the
black and coloured males are identical in form.
17. APATHUS. 219
This species is common in many localities, and usually all the
varieties occur at the same spot; I have taken the black male in
coitu with the yellow-banded female. This is one of the most protean
species of the genus, and a familiar acquaintance with these insects
is necessary to enable any one to separate all the sexes from the
closely allied species. I have seen St.-Fargeau’s typical specimen
of his B. soroénsis ; and it is certainly a female of B. subterraneus.
Genus 17. APATHUS.
Apis (pt.), Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 317 (1793).
Bombus (pt.), Fabr. Syst. Prez. 342 (1804).
Bremus (pt.), Jurine, Hym. 257 (1807).
Apathus, Newm. Ent. Mag. ii. 404 (18534).
Psithyrus, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 424, nec Hiibner (1841).
The generic characters are those of the genus Bombus, with the
following distinguishing differences. The posterior tibie exteriorly
convex, pilose, and not furnished with a corbicula for conveying
pollen, only slightly widened towards the apex ; the basal joint of
the posterior tarsi not toothed at its base above; the abdomen
incurved more or less at the apex, convex, and subglabrous; the
apical ventral segment with its lateral margins elevated. The pos-
terior tibize of the male very convex, and only slightly attenuated at
the base.
The geographical distribution of the Apathi is presumably co-
extensive with the Bombi; if this is the case, much remains to be
discovered, since, at the present’time, no species has been brought
from India or China, although several species of Bombus are
known to inhabit those countries. A single species has been
found in Brazil, two or three in Mexico, two in British Columbia,
one in Vancouver’s Island, and seven in North America ; in Europe
we are acquainted with five species, four of which are found in this
country.
St.-Fargeau established this genus under the name of Psithyrus,
a name preoccupied in Lepidoptera; Newman’s name Apathus
(signifying want of affection, from the circumstance of their leaving
their offspring to be nurtured by the industrious Bombi) is exceed-
ingly appropriate ; it has the priority and is consequently adopted.
The species found in this country do not confine their parasitism
to one species of Bombus ; or, if there is an exception to this, it is in
the case of the Apathus rupestris, which hitherto has, I believe, only
been observed in the nest of Bombus lapidarius. A. campestris has
been found in the nest of B. hortorum and B. latreillellus ; A. bar-
butellus frequents the nests of B. pratorum and of B. jonellus ;
A, vestalis those of B. virginalis and of B. lucorum.
These bees are the only parasitic ones that greatly resemble their
hosts; and this close resemblance is probably requisite to enable
them to enter the nests of the Bombi without molestation. The
structure of these bees marks them out as the aristocracy of the
220 APIDE.
humble-bees ; their legs are not furnished with baskets in which to
convey the fruits of labour to the nests, as is the case in the laborious
Bombi; their race consists of males and females ; workers they have
none.
The Rev. Mr. Kirby was the first entomologist who recorded his
detection of the structural differences observable in the Apathi.
His statement is* :—*‘ After my ‘ Synopsis ’ was printed I discovered,
what had escaped me before, that four different species, one of which
had a yellow, two a white, and one a red anus, were deprived of
some of the characters of the Bombinatrices, having neither corbicula,
nor pecten at the apex of the tibizw, nor auricle at the base of the
plant of the posterior legs, at the same time exhibiting some pecu-
liar to themselves.” Mr. Kirby does not appear to have suspected
their parasitism ; in his remarks on Apathus vestalis he says :—“ The
posterior tibiz of one specimen in my cabinet is covered from one
end to the other with a thin coat of pale earth, mixed with particles
of sand; they probably use this in constructing their nests or cells.”
He further adds :—* It is remarkable that the females and neuters
of these Apes should exhibit those characters which are peculiar to
the males of the rest of the family.” The mention of neuters in the
passage quoted is clearly an oversight, as no description of one is to
be found in the ‘ Monographia,’ neither is one to be found in Kirby’s
type-collection.
Although these bees very closely resemble the working Bombz,
they are much less pubescent, their abdomen being smooth and
shining; they live in perfect harmony together, and issue from and
enter the nests without let or hindrance. Shuckard says they have
two broods in the year. Upon what data this statement is made
does not appear; my own observations have not led me to adopt
this opinion. Like the Bombi, the females hibernate during the
winter months in a torpid state, and reappear in spring—usually,
according to my experience, a little later than the Bombi, these
being consequently the brood of the previous season. No males are
developed until the middle of summer, their number increasing until
the autumn, when they are frequently found in great numbers: at
this time the great brood of females appear,which, after being ferti-
lized, soon retire to winter quarters. The Apathi are principally
found in the nests of such species of Bombz as construct their nests
underground. Although one species (A. barbutellus) has only been
found in the nests of B. pratorum and B. jonellus, it probably
frequents other communities ; but it has not been observed to do
so. Apathi have not been found in nests of B. venustus or of
B. sylvarum to my knowledge ; it is therefore apparent that their
presence cannot be necessary for carrying out any phase in the
economy of the Bombz.
* Mon. Apum Angl. vol. i, p. 209.
17. APATHUS. ok
1. Apathus rupestris..
A. hirsutus, ater, alis nigricantibus, ano rufo-fulvo.
Apathus rupestris, Smith, Zool. ii. 543 $ 2 ; Bees Great Brit. 234.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 259; Hym. Scand. ii. 44.
Apis rupestris, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 320 2.
Kirby, Mon, Apum Ang. ii. 369 9.
Bombus rupestris, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 848 2.
Latr. Hist. Nat. Ins. xiv. 1.
Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 51, tab. fig. 21 2.
Psithyrus rupestris, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 426 9.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kroy. Tidsskr. ii. 125 3 Q.
Curtis, Brit. Ent. x. tab. 254 Q.
Nyland. Notis. ur Sillsk. pro Faun, et Flo. Fenn. i. 241 9.
Apis albinella, Airly, lb. cit. 361 3.
Apis arenaria, Panz. Faun. Germ. 74. 12 9 var.
Apis frutetorum, Panz. lib. cit. 75.18 3.
Bombus frutetorum, Fabr. hb. cit. 350 ¢.
Psithyrus frutetorum, S¢.-Farg. lib. eit. 11. 456.
Female. Length 9-10 lines.—Black, with black pubescence ;
the wings dark brown with a violet iridescence. The abdomen
shining, nearly glabrous on the disk: the three apical segments
with rufo-fulyous pubescence: beneath, the basal half of the seg-
meuts smooth and shining; the apical margin of the fifth fringed
with fulyous hairs. ake B.M.
Var. 3. The collar and scutelli. with the pubescence more or less
yellow. (A. arenaria, Panz.)
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—The pubescence black ; the four apical
segments with rufo-fulvous pubescence; the tarsi and posterior
tibie fringed with fulvous hairs; wings fusco-hyaline. B.M.
Var. 3. The second segment of the abdomen with a lateral tuft of
cinereous pubescence.
Var. y. The thorax anteriorly with a mixture of cinereous hairs, and
the first and second segments of the abdomen with a lateral tuft of
cinereous pubescence. (A. albinella, Kirby.)
Var. 6. The pubescence on the thorax anteriorly and posteriorly
cinereous ; the base of the abdomen also with cinereous pubescence.
(A. frutetorum, Kirby.)
The variety of the female, Apis arenaria of Panzer, is very rare in
this country: the late Mr. Wing had a specimen; and Mr. Bridg-
man, of Norwich, has recently taken specimens of the same variety
near that city. The species is plentiful in Norfolk ; itis not common
in the vicinity of London ; but it is found in all parts of the country in
greater or less abundance.
2. Apathus vestalis.
A, hirsutus, ater, thorace antice flavo, ano albo, apice nigro.
Apathus vestalis, Smith, Bees Great Brit. 238 3 9.
Thoms. Opuse, Ent. 259; Hym. Scand, ii. 46.
bo
bo
bo
APID®.
Apis vestalis, Fowrc. Ent. Par. ii. 450.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Ang. ii. 347, tab. 18. fig. 3 Q.
Bombus vyestalis, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust. et Ins, xiv. 65.
Iilig. Mag. v. 174.
Psithyrus vestalis, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 450 g Q.
Schenc, Nass. Bien. 164,
Bremus eestivalis, Panz. Faun. Germ. 89. 16
Bombus estivalis, Dahklb. Bomb. Scand, 51, tab. fir. 22 9.
Psithyrus estivalis, Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii, 124.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun. et Flo. Fenn. i, 241.
Psithyrus rossiellus, Drews. § Schiédte, lib. cit. ii. 128 3.
Female. Length 9-10 lines.—Clothed with black pubescence, the
thorax having anteriorly a fulvous-yellow band; sometimes there
are a few yellowish hairs on the posterior margin of the scutellum.
Abdomen shining; the third segment has on each side a yellow
pubescence, which inclines obliquely inwards to the middle of its
apical margin ; beyond this narrow yellow margin the apical seg-
ments are clothed with white pubescence; the middle of the fifth
segment is thinly covered with dark fuscous hair; the sixth naked,
its lateral margins bordered with short ferruginous pubescence.
B.M.
Male. Length 6-8 lines.-—The pubescence similar to that of the
female, with usually.a little yellow pubescence at the base of the
abdomen; the body more slender than that of the other sex, and
the antennez longer; the apex of tk’) abdomen with a little fuscous
pubescence. BM.
Var. 3. The pubescence on the scutellum entirely black and a little
yellow at the base of the abdomen laterally.
Var. y- The pubescence on the scutellum and ES of the abdomen
entirely black.
This insect is placed in the Banksian cabinet to represent the
Bombus nemorum of Fabricius; it does not, however, answer the
description of that species.
This species is found in all parts of the kingdom; several were
taken on Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel; it was found in the
nest of Bombus virginalis at Southend in the autumn of 1854.
3. Apathus barbutellus.
A, hirsutus, ater, thorace antice scutelloque flavis; abdomine sub-
globoso, ano albo. Mas apice fulvo.
Apathus barbutellus, Smith, Zool. ii. 543; Bees Great Brit. 237 3 Q.
Apis barbutella, Avrdy, Mon. Apum Angl. ii. 345, tab. 18. fig. 4 g.
Psithyrus quadricolor, St.-Farg. Hym. i. 428 2.
Thoms. Opuse. Ent. 260.
Apathus sylvestris, Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 49.
Female. Length 7-9 lines.—Clothed with black pubescence ; a tuft
on the vertex, the thorax anteriorly, and the scutellum with ful-
yous-yellow pubescence ; wings fusco-hyaline. Abdomen shining,
17. APATHUS. 293
convex, with usually a little yellow pubescence on the basal seg-
ment; the fourth and fifth segments with white pubescence. B.M.
Var. (3. The scutellum and basal segment of the abdomen with black
pubescence. (Rare.)
Male. Length 6-7 lines.—The pnbescence black, with the thorax an-
teriorly and the posterior margin of the vertex yellow ; the margin of
the scutellum usually with a little yellow pubescence ; the abdomen
convex and shining, witha thin yellow pubescence at the base ; that
on the third, fourth, and the lateral margins of the fifth yellowish
white ; on the sixth it is black, and on the seventh fulyous. B.M.
Var. (3. The pubescence entirely black on the scutellum.
This is a very common species, and found in all parts of the
kingdom.
4. Apathus campestris.
A, hirsutus, ater; thorace antice, scutello anoque flavis ; abdominis
apice acuminato inflexo,
Apathus campestris, Smith, Zool. 11.543 g 2 ; Bees Great Brit. 235.
Thoms. Hym, Scand. ii, 45.
Apis campestris, Panz. Faun. Germ. 74.11 9.
Kirby, Mon. Apum Angi. ii. 335 2, tab. 18. fig. 2.
Bombus campestris, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 344 9.
Illig. Mag. v. 174.
Dahib. Bomb. Scand, 52, tab. fig. 25 Q.
Psithyrus campestris, St.-Farg. Hym. ii. 453 ©.
Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. 11.123 3 Q.
Nyland. Notis. ur Séllsk. pro Faun, et Flo, Fenn. 1. 242 9.
Apis rossiella, Avrby, lib. cit. 11. 831 3, tab. 18. fig. 1 ¢.
Bombus rossiellus, Dahlb. Bomb. Scand. 40 3.
Psithyrus rossiellus, Drews. § Schiddte, Kréy. Tidsskr. ii. 123 3,
tab. ii. fiz. h S.
Nyland. lib. cit. i, 242.
Apathus rossiellus, Thoms. Hym. Scand. ii. 47.
Apis francisana, Kirby, lib. cit. 11. 334 5 var.
Bombus francisanus, Lllig. Mag. v. 165 3.
Psithyrus francisanus, Drews. § Schiddte, Kroy. Tidsskr. 11.125 3 9.
Nyland, lib. cit. 241 3.
Apis leeana, Kirby, lib. cit. 1. 353 3 var.
Apis subterranea, Kirby, lib. cit. 1. 871 g var.
Female. Length 8-9 lines.—The pubescence black, with the thorax
anteriorly and the scutellum clothed with yellow pubescence ; wings
fusco-hyaline. Abdomen shining, the fourth and fifth segments
with yellow pubescence laterally. B.M.
Var. 3. The pubescence on the scutellum black.
Var. y. The entire pubescence black, excepting a little yellow at
the sides of the fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen.
Var. 6. The pubescence entirely black, with a few fuscous hairs at
the apex of the abdomen.
Male. Length 6-8 lines.—The pubescence bright yellow, that on
the head, a broad band between the wings, that on the second seg-
224 APIDA.
ment of the abdomen, on its apical segment, and on the femora, tibize,
and first joint of the tarsi above black. (A. rossiella, Kirby.) B.M.
Var. (3. The thorax yellow anteriorly, the scutellum obscurely so ;
the two basal segments of the abdomen with black pubescence, the
following with fulvous-ycllow ; a little black also at the apex, and
also a little black in the middle of the third segment. (A. leeana,
Kirby.) B.M.
Var. y. The pubescence entirely black, except the fourth, fifth, and
sixth segments of the abdomen, which have a deep-yellow pubes-
cence, which is usually more or less interrupted; the collar has
also frequently a mixture of obscure yell»w hairs, as is the case in
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. HYMENOPTERA. .
SELECTED LIST
OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS
OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
Rerorr on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific
Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘ Alert,’ 1881-2. Edited by
Dr. Giinther. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. £1 10s.
MAMMALS.
Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats. 21 Wood-
cuts. By Dr.J.E.Gray. 1870, 8vo. 4s.
Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mammalia.
By Dr. J. E. Gray. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6s. 6d.
Hand-List of Seals, Morses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears. 30 Plates
of Skulls. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1874, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
Catalogue of Seals and Whales. By Dr.J.E.Gray. Second edition.
101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.
Supplement. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.
List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department.
By Prof. Flower. 1885, 8vo. Is. 6d.
2 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.
Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linneus). By Dr.
J. E. Gray. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata. By O. Thomas.
28 Plates (4 col.). 1888, 8vo. £1 8s.
BIRDS.
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum :—
Vol. III. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Coliomorphe, containing the families Corvide, Paradi-
seid, Oriolide, Dicruride, and Prionopide. By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates.
LS ii, Svo: Lis:
Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Cichlomorphe: Part I., containing the families Campo-
phagide and Muscicapide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. 1879, 8vo. £1. ;
Vol. V. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Cichlomorphe: Part II., containing the family Turdide
(Warblers and Thrushes). By Henry Seebohm. Wood-
cuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1881, 8vo. £1.
Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Cichlomorphe: Part III., containing the first portion
of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes), By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates.
1881, 8vo. £1. > eet
Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Cichlomorphe : Part 1V., containing the concluding portion
of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates.
1883, 8vo. £1 6s.
Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Cichlomorphe: Part V., containing the families Paride
and Laniide (Titmice and Shrikes); and Certhiomorphe
(Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D.
Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates. 1883, 8vo. 17s.
Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Oinnyrimorphe, containing the families Nectariniide and
Meliphagide (Sun-Birds and Honey-eaters). By Hans
Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates.
1884, 8vo. 14s.
SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS. 3
Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Fringilliformes : Part I., containing the families Dicwide,
Hirundinide, Ampelide, Mniotiltide, and Motacillide.
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 12 coloured
Plates. 1885, 8vo. £1 2s.
Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Fringilliformes : Part I1., containing the families Coere-
bide, Tanagridie, and Icteride. By P. L. Sclater, M.A.,
F.R.S. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo.
el:
Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
Fringilliformes: Part IIL., containing the family Frin-
gillide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 16
coloured Plates. 1888, 8vo. £1 8s.
XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Siurniformes, containing the families Artamidee, Sturnide,
Ploceidee, and Alaudidee. Also the families Atrichiide and
Menuride. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Woodcuts and 15
coloured Plates. 1890, 8vo. £1 8s.
Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Oligomyode, or the families Tyraunide, Oxyrhamphide,
Pipride, Cotingide, Phytotomide, Philepittida, Pittidee,
Xenicide, and Eurylemide. By P. L. Sclater, M-A.,
F.R.S. Woodcuts and 26 coloured Plates. 1888, 8vo.
£1 4s. '
Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds.
Tracheophone, or the families Dendrocolaptide, Formi-
cariidee, Conopophagide, and Pteroptochide. By P. L.
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates.
1890, 8vo. £1.
*Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariw. Scansores, containing
the family Picide. By E. Hargitt. Woodcuts and 15
coloured Plates. 1890, 8vo. £1 6s.
* Nore.—Volumes I. and II. are out of print; Volumes XVI. and XVII.
will probably be published in the course of 1891.
Vol.
—)
REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS.
Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles.
New edition. ByG. A. Boulenger. 73 Woodcuts and 6 Plates.
1889, 8vo. 15s.
4 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.
Gigantic Land Tortoises (living and extinct). By Dr. Giinther.
54 Plates. 1877, 4to. £1 10s.
Catalogue of the Lizards. Second edition. By G. A. Boulenger.
Plates. 3 vols. 1885-87, 8vo. Vols. I., IL., 20s. each ; III.,
26s.
Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes. By Dr. Giinther. 1858, 12mo.
4s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia. By Dr. Giinther. 12 Plates.
1858, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata. Second edition.
By G. A. Boulenger. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. 1882, 8vo.
£1 10s.
Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda. Second edition. ByG.A.Boulenger. 9 Plates. 1882,
8vo. 9s.
FISHES.
Catalogue of the Fishes. By Dr. Giinther. Vols. II.—VIII.
1860-70, 8vo. Woodcuts. 7s. to 10s. 6d. a volume. (Vol. I.
out of print.)
Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J.J. Kaup. 4 Plates.
1856, 12mo. 2s.
MOLLUSCA.
Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca. Part I. By
Dr. J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of Pulmonata. Part I. By Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Woodcuts.
1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Auriculidz, Proserpinide, and Truncatellide. By
Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. 1s. 9d.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells. By Mons. Deshayes.
2 Parts. 1853-54, 12mo. Part I., 3s.; IL., 6d.
BRACHIOPODA.
Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda, or Lamp Shells. By Dr.
J. E. Gray. Woodcuts. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS, 5
POLYZOA.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. Part III. Cyclostomata. By
G. Busk. 38 Plates. 1875, 8vo. 5s.
CRUSTACEA.
Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate. 58
Plates. 1862, 8vo. £1 5s.
INSECTS.
Coleopterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira. By T. V. Wol-
laston. 1 Plate. 1857, 8vo. 3s.
Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries. By T. V.
Wollaston. 1864, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera. Part I. Lycide.
By C. O. Waterhouse. 18 Plates, coloured. 1879, 8vo. 16s.
Catalogue of Halticide. By Rev. H. Clark. 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo.
7s.
Catalogue of Hispide. By J.S. Baly. Part I. 9 Plates. 1858,
8vo. 6s.
Hymenopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F.Smith. Parts I.—VII.
1853-59, 12mo. 2s. to 6s. a Part.
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
1879, 8vo. 10s.
List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens. By W. F. Kirby. Vol. I. Tenthredinide and Siri-
cide. 16 coloured Plates. 1882, 8vo. £1 18s.
Lepidopterous Insects.
Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera. By
A. G. Butler. Parts I—VII. Coloured Plates. 1877-89, 4to.
£2 to £2 10s. a Part. (Parts I., I]., and IV. out of print.)
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyride. By A. G.
Butler. 5 Plates. 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
6 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.
Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius. By A. G.
Butler. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.
Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycenide. By W.C. Hewitson. 8 col.
Plates. 1862, 4to. £1:1s.
Neuropterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects. By Dr. H.
Hagen. Part I. Termitina. 1858,12mo. 6d.
Orthopterous Insects.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. Part I. Phasmidee. By J. O.
Westwood. 48 Plates. 1859, 4to. £3.
Catalogue of the Blattarie. By F. Walker. 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.
Catalogue of Dermaptera Saltatoria and Supplement to the Blat-
tarie. Gryllide, Blattaria, Locustide. By F. Walker. 1869,
Syo. 5s.
————. Part II. Locustide (continued). 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustidee (continued), Acrididee. 1870,
Svo. 4s.
————. Part IV. Aecridid (continued), 1870, 8vo. 6s.
————. Part V. Tettigide, and Supplements. 1870, 8vo. 6s.
Hemipterous Insects.
Catalogue of Heteropterous Hemiptera. By F. Walker. Parts
I.-VIII. 1867-73, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. 6d. a Part.
VERMES.
Catalogue of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms. By Dr. Baird. 2
Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s.
ANTHOZOA.
Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariide. By Dr. J. E. Gray.
Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. 6d.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals. By Dr. J. KE. Gray.
Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.
SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS. fj
BRITISH ANIMALS.
Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicide, and
Vespide. By F. Smith. 6 Plates. 1858, 12mo. 6s.
Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms. By Dr. G. Johnston.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. 1865, 8vo. 7s.
List of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum :—
Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd edition. 1856,
12mo. 1s. 9d.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.
1853, 12mo. Is. 4d.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam White.
1853, 12mo. 6d. :
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
1853, 12mo. 1s.
PLANTS.
List of British Diatomaces in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Rev. W. Smith. 1859, 12mo. Is.
FOSSILS.
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia. By R. Lydekker. Parts I.-Y.
Woodcuts. 1885-87, 8vo. 4s. to 6s. a volume.
Descriptive and [lustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of
South Africa. By Sir R. Owen. 70 Plates. 1876, 4to. £3.3s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia. By R. Lydekker.
Parts I-IV. Woodcuts. 1888-90, 8vo. 7s. 6d. a volume.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes. By A.Smith Woodward. Parts I., II.
Woodcuts and Plates. 1889-91, 8vo. 21s. a volume.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda. Part I. By A. H. Foord.
Woodcuts. 1888, 8vo. 10s. 6d.
A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By Dr. H.
Woodward. 1877, 8vo. 5s.
8 SELECTED LIST OF THE NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS.
Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department. With
an account of the morphology and systematic position of the
group, and a revision of the genera and species. By R.
Etheridge, jun., and P. H. Carpentér. 20 Plates, &. 1886,
4to. 25s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department.
With descriptions of new and little-known species. By Dr. G.
J. Hinde. 38 Plates. 1883, 4to. £1 10s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera. By T. Rupert Jones.
1882, 8vo. 5s.
Catalogue of the Paleozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Paleontology. By R. Kidston. 1886, 8vo. ds.
These Publications can be purchased of Messrs. Lonemans & Co.,
39 Paternoster Row; Mr. Quarircu, 15 Piccadilly ; Messrs.
Asner & Co., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden ; Messrs, Kecan
Pavt, Trencu, Tripyer, & Co., 57 Ludgate Hill; and at the
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S.W. A
more detailed list can be obtained on application to the Director
of the Museum.
ie aaa
GUIDE-BOOKS.
A Genera GuibE to the British Museum (Natural History). With
2 Plans and 2 Views. 8vo. 3d.
ZoonocicaL DEPARTMENT.
Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology. 57 Woodcuts and
2 Plans. Index. 8vo. 4d.
Guide to the Gould Collection of Humming birds. With Map
showing the distribution of Humming Birds. 8vo. 2d.
Guide to the Gallery of Reptilia in the Department of Zoology.
22 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 2d¢.
Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department
of Zoology. 101 Wocdcuts and 1 Plan. 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Shell and Star-fish Galleries in the Department of
Zoology (Mollusca, Echinodermata, Vermes). 51 Woodeuts and
1 Plan. 8vo. 4d.
[ Guides to other sections are in preparation. |
GroLocicaL DEPARTMENT.
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Palzontology :—
Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. 119 Woodcuts, table
of Stratified Rocks, plan of Geological Galleries, and
Index. 8vo. 6d.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. 94
Woodcuts, table of Stratified Rocks, plan of Geological
Galleries, and Index. 8vo. 6d.
Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palzontology. 81 Woodcuts. 8vo. 4d.
10 GUIDE-BOOKS.
Miveratoeican DEPARTMENT.
A Guide to the Mineral Gallery. S8vo. 1d.
An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery. Diagrams. Plan of the Mineral Gallery.
Index. 8yo. 6d.
The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals. S8yo. 2d.
An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. Plan of the Mineral
Gallery, and Index to the Meteorites represented in the Col-
lection. 8vo. 3d.
The Guide-Books can only be obtained at the Museum.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
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A6B7 Catalogue of British
1891 Hymenoptera
Biological
& Medical
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