senses aE 3 PRESENTED » BY Che Trustees OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. ala Ny 5 ¥ if. 7 cr) J Lh \ “hine My ; sf ; ‘ ¥ + ea Win anne: © n " “a thy ic het pietes, oh lnc ye C a) | Cua et Cah ot ae Ltt 1 a yi eo | ; - We MLC Gr eees ch eo, Pe he Det eS ic en UE iM 7 ay Ave id ae ae - oh oe q 4 | is 7 7 ik, er ; ; wl a in BAT a i hee ea : | a. a . TAL a iv ee - 7 rs! j ne * CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH ECHINODERMS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). =, (26374 / \ BY Abn ni i< 5 / F. JEFFREY BELL, Tea”: LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. SOLD BY LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER BOW; B, QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co.,37 SOHO SQUARE; KEGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD; AND AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W 1892. acerp © rruammam, PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, PREFACE. eee Tue efforts which have been made of recent years to investigate the Fauna of the seas surrounding the British Islands have supplied large and important contributions to the Collection of Echinoderms in the British Museum, which previously was singularly poor in specimens of this part of the indigenous Fauna. Much time and labour has been given to the study and arrangement of these additions ; and it seemed to be expedient to prepare, together with the nominal list of the specimens, a complete account of all the species hitherto found in British seas—descriptive so far as to define the limits of a species as understood by the author, and to supply at the same time the means by which the collector could identify his specimens. As no such guide exists, it is expected that much encouragement will be given to the study of Echinoderms by the present volume, and especially that the deficiencies which still exist in the series of specimens in the National Collection will be supplied by those who may use, and profit by, this work. ALBERT GUNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zoology. British Museum (N. H.), 16th November, 1892. INTRODUCTION. Onz of the objects of the present Catalogue is to supply the students of the British marine fauna with a handbook by means of which, it is hoped, they may be able to recognize such members of the very well-defined group of Echinoderma as they may collect in their expeditions to the sea-shore or in more extended dredging excur- sions. ‘The study of Starfishes and Sea-Urchins, which may be taken as the English for Echinoderma, has long been a favourite pursuit with British naturalists, owing largely to the peculiar charm of one of the most popular of Mr. Van Voorst’s well-known series, Professor Edward Forbes’s ‘ British Starfishes.’ So far as that volume is the work of an enthusiastic and experienced field- naturalist, it does and will always hold the chief place in the regard of every lover of Natural History, and what follows here must not be thought of as attempting to oust Forbes’s book from its position. Unfortunately, however, the progress of zoological science is still marked by considerable changes in nomenclature, and from this point of view Forbes’s work has long been out of date. On the other hand progress is, fortunately, marked by the discovery of new or exotic species in our seas, and by the union of forms which have been incorrectly regarded as specifically distinct. While Forbes enumerated (omitting the Gephyrea, which are not now regarded as Echinoderms) tifty-five species, there are contained in the present Catalogue one hundred and thirty-two; but of the fifty-five, eight are here regarded as synonyms, one (Arachnoides placenta) is expelled from the list, and Psolinus brevis remains as great a mystery to me as to many others. ‘The great increase in the number of species is due, ghietly, to the dredgings at depths which Forbes believed to be azoic, The inclusion of species known fromthe Faeroe Channel, which Vi INTRODUCTION. may serve as the northernmost boundary of our area, is responsible for a considerable proportion of the increase ; but, so long as the species belong to groups which are not essentially abyssal forms, it is better to include than exclude them from a work which differs widely from that of Forbes in that it is published at a time when dredging at considerable depths is becoming a pastime as well as a serious business. In the preparation of the diagnoses I hope I shall not be thought to have erred on the side of brevity ; if I have been brief, I have done my best to avoid being obscure. Where a writer fills page after page with description he will indubitably fail if his object be to make himself intelligible to others. My first object has been to make every point clear, and I have not stinted myself in the use of keys, artificial or otherwise, which would show what I meant. If in the portion of this work which deals with the Asteroidea I have _ in any way failed to give an accurate account of Mr. Sladen’s opinions or diagnoses,,I must ask to be accounted innocent. I have devoted many hours to his Report on the Starfishes of the ‘ Challenger,’ but in consequence of the minuteness of his descriptions of species, the frequent absence of any indication of the diagnostic characters of his genera, and the repeated expression of views for which he does not give (I do not say does not possess) adequate reasons, they have not been as fruitful as I could have wished. That the number of species and genera which Mr. Sladen has created will be largely reduced I am convinced, and I feel confident that the majority of naturalists who devote themselves to the study of Starfishes will agree that the species vary greatly. I cannot say how deeply I regret the extreme divergence that exists between Mr. Sladen’s views a well as methods and my own. But I cannot assent to or approve of a mode of study which practically results in the description of specimens instead of * the diagnosis of species, and I note with satisfaction that the accomplished student of Echinoderms at the Jardin des Plantes ranges himself on the same side as myself. To me, indeed, and, I believe, to many others, one of the reasons why the study of Echinoderms is so fascinating is that they present so many and such striking variations ; these very variations are, of course, the cause of the difficulty of the study, in which there is a INTRODUCTION. Vi constant need for caution and reflection. Before the beginner yields to the temptation of describing ‘ new species,” which is easy enough, let him first gain the knowledge and experience which will teach him how one form links on to another, and thus avoid the undue multiplication of synonyms. Till quite recently our collection of Echinoderms was particularly poor in British specimens ; that we have now a splendid series illus- trative of the fauna of the West coast of Scotland is due to Dr. John Murray, as the repeated citation of his name will abundantly show, and he deserves our sincerest thanks ; the Hon. Alfred E. Gathorne- Hardy has from time to time presented us with valuable and well- preserved specimens from Loch Craignish; while from the East of Scotland I have been much aided in forming a collection by Dr. Sutherland of Invergordon, Mr. W. Duncan of Montrose, and Mr. George Sim of Aberdeen. For specimens from the East coast of Ireland we have been aided by the gifts of the Belfast Natural History Society; I owe to the friendly kindness ‘and scientific enthusiasm of Professor A. C. Haddon numerous opportunities of inspecting, and ofttimes keeping for our Collection, the results of dredgings in the Irish Seas, made under the auspices of the Royal Irish Academy or the Royal Dublin Society. The deep-sea expe- dition of 1889, which Dr. Giinther induced the Rev. W. S. Green to undertake in the ‘ Flying Fox,’ resulted in a very valuable and instructive series of Echinoderms. My thanks are also due to Lord Walsingham, F.R.S., Prof. Herdman, F.R.S., Prof. McIntosh, F.R.S., Mr. Howse of Newcastle, to Mr. G. C. Bourne, formerly of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth, and Dr. Grenfell, for assistance offered and given. Mr. R. L. Spencer has repeatedly sent me objects of interest from the Channel Islands. I have kept to the last, because I desire it to be mentioned by itself, the name of the Rev. Canon Norman, F.R.S., whose interest in the marine British fauna is such that, in the midst of arduous and responsible duties, he has always found time to answer the numerous questions I have asked him, or to lend or give me specimens which would help me in my work. As many of our species are more familiar to Scandinavian natu- ralists than ourselves, 1 have had to ask for, and have received, Vili INTRODUCTION. assistance from Dr. Danielssen of Bergen, Dr. Sturm of Trondhjem- fjord, and Prof. Quennerstedt of Lund. In these inquiries, as in so many of which Echinoderms have been the subject, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my venerable friend Prof. Lovén for advice, assistance, and the gift or loan of numerous specimens. The names of donors of specimens are in all cases given ; when the column is left blank it is to be understood that the specimens were acquired by purchase. F. JEFFREY BELL. British Museum (N. H.), 8th November, 1892. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Inrropucrory REMARKS. Page Genera] Sketch of the Characters of Echinoderms and of their Dems epaiib. se ea oe oi ae ek ae I. GENERAL PART. Tae Curr Divistons or rue Ecuinopprwa. . . . . . « 12 PI MGRIMEMUATA. 925.82 DOS owt. ee Penmneiraneeniiigtt. . << . s gt au ls * We je BOPGTHUBRIOIDEA , @ % < . a. 2,74 ACD AR OIE At a we fawn, ee ae B eanburmat, 2 oie ear. os ee SUR RRUMONGP WROD R i i 2. a Ae i’ DENDROOCHIEGIR. tapi tte aes, em eg AG tap Dpenolore = Fea. oa 3) se ace PE (iy Polychitdties yo. fo 2 '-ta ea eee is Agprioonenora. © eta? > jn aay lie PC eACUG REN se ee, ee oc eg ete eee Mes BPempeRMGIGhh ~~ a9 dei wy yA et. eo ca oe ie ee chee. yay rhe eG Px be Pe El -CRINGINM Are (4, Fe os, Sea i, AUREL. ne Sele. 1 ti) sia ae, Bee QB. ELECUTHEROZOA Bear). ss wt we AS Ah YG Ori ee a sea Os ee, ILL ABBR oe a a A a ee US iP Pee OE ae sk ee ee i, Spee EP ee Pararchasterine . . . . . . =... 219 Pigtonastemine’. 925 6 ot ee we AD h TABLE OF CONTENTS. ii, PorcRELLANASTERIDE. . . @fenodiscince yin ane iii, ASTROPECTINIDH . . . . Astropectinine. . . . Lbuidunes.. 2: 22 eee iv. PENTAGONASTERIDE . . . Pentagonasterine . . . Mimasterine .. . vy. GYMNASTERIIDH . .. . vi. ABSERRINTD Ay, oosleeen es B. CRYPTRORON TAS ee! i. STICHASTERIDH . .. . ii, SoLASTHREDAL. .) . . ili, CoRETHRASTERIDE . iv. PrERASUERIDM . . . . v. EcHINASTERIDE . . . Echinasterine. . . . Vi. ASTRRITD een ees vii. BRIsINGIDE . LV. OPHIVRO MDE Ae ne a. ZYG@OPHIURE i, OPHIOLEPIDID® i. AwPHUEIaD ss Gee ee eee lil. OpHiocoMIDE lv. OPHIOTHRICID.® . . . . B. STREPTOPHIURS® y- CLADOPHIURE. . . Astronycine . Gorgonocephaline . ZO BOM Aa G V. ECHINOIDEA. EUECHINOIDEA. (a) Rerevrarta (i.) Endobranchiata 1. Crparip” Page 21 22 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi Page Ci.) Ectobranchiata «+. . . « s 28 ii, -HOHIROTMUBINOM hee le ce «(29 lil, MAI ae Se ee ee en BO Pichwasagsereee a ee) ae are +s “sO (5) teeeernepre gape Ate, og! = oO Gi) Gnathestomate ys. . 0 iVo CEVPRASERI DM TN ra RPMS lue, te ee, SSL (ii) Nodostomata fo. a Ok BL V.MODA DANGER AM 277) So) 20,30 re wee ee aE Cannabis: o's, LHe Sr eo: ren St es, OL DPSLATeIa 6." ay oq RS GH 4 gh Sh eee ie, EPYMNAMStCR Cele et eps OO bp Prymmedeenta: cig) (0. sia)ue wi. OL Il. SPECIAL PART. A. Descriprion or THE GENERA AND SPECIES. I. HOLOTHURIOIDEA. Synapte, Hschscholiz..\ s° we sfc se verte wells es 82 TOREECHE, Wie, TOU: on Soe a Meee wa Ut ee Wi CMICTVIWOSI cy (ae os Won ea Sak atts. SE Uigntata, Monta 2.’ 02 fo be Ve AT ee 5, : ucumerin. Fores. 36 UA PROP PA om, 4 ee hyndmant,, Thompson. un) ee eg oe PSE Plane Crna so ane a ee ee PB ae Oe Pentactes, monte 4 205 PR Ae ee ee tremula, Gurnee ae 3S Be A ee ee NIGVA, UE eek ee aw GS te ORS Oe ee eee aspera, Bell. a> Se AS et Sete ee Stichopus natans, MiSare. oo 0% 5 9S = 8 ee tizardi,, Théel - 2. eae a eS II. CRINOIDEA. Antedon, de Prim. Gels 6 Ws. os Ce ST ee oe eschrichtind ime. 8 © eo loa el it. on ees bifida. Peniyey hseke ese WE Ae pebasuss ib. Go uhor se... 2. 5 Seo es eee ene tenellaietz. S045. 3} ire. shee oe ee on PROM Ma UGA iy oy so a Noche ga te | eee phalanoium, J. Mill. yoamate. Weer ee eee cee III, ASTEROIDEA. Pontaster,(Sladw 4 - 282.25". SVs eae? eee ee ee tenuispinis, Dibog Mor. «0.0 eee eee eae ee Plutonaster, Slag... 20-452 < 12a) eee bifrons, Wyv. Thoms... .., «ve 0 ee) een ee pareli, Dub. Gy) Bor. os 2 Ctenodiscus, MW. Tr. ole ot eae Re ere, ere crispatus, Retz. 52 es det oS Ree Leptoptychaster, Smith... 4.) 4) U. Soeee ee eee arcticus, AL wSare, -..-.. %) a eS ee Astropecten, ;Schulize. <2 4-2 0% ste ae irregnilaris; Penn. <2 <, .. : °°.) 0 ees os sphenoplax, Bell. i. 4. °.: Eee a es TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii Patlaster, \Stids. 1 epee tN cb ae bt) fs jae 08 andromeda, Moet eeeece eee ie ay se OD Bathybisster, Daw. dari tes ec «= 88 Voullifer: Weyus inom Ban ihe ah atin ce «LO pudine Bornes ee el PO eee ce ae dit. aN ciliaris, Johnston . 7 sarsi, Dub. §- Kor. Pentagonaster, Schultze granularis, Retz. . ES Sap ea ea ww wo greeni, Bell Nymphaster, Slad. . 75 subspinosus, Per. 75 Hippasterias, Gray . 76 phrygiana, Parel. . 76 Mimaster, Slad. 78 tizardi, Slad. 78 Porania, Gray : 79 pulvillus, O. #. Mull. 79 Rhegaster, S/ad. 80 murrayl, Slad., 80 PU ROUENSHOR MNP hee, ot oe en Raa Se oe PERIOTIOGUA: MUG er fate ele. sr | OL FER AAREAT SIG mm. sn ge ce eter eet, x] a BE Rp ULE S/T We oo 7 A gee AEN 2 Oa ee 3 | PUA Gixtit matte a 1) es er re sie erent cr Pen mange SP < 1 Oe a ee ee ae ee Bere eh St Pali pete deeios Gor ek es aN a an athe oe ee PlaeSrieiggl CNUs oe) oe oe wits ecb hee Oe SUC HODERE een rete bia) ieee adit ue NS SNA hy db ot TORU Chee pele a EL gro See pit pho. Neomorphasterpiiite ole! .- 97 SS. aide» cyte OF CLStICL Reena an Pe alate a es | VE ARTGRAGOT, PY ai ace ewe ee en Gl So ogy we bie OE fulvons; gue mais ee at. eink we SO DBolaster,../prode weeree eo, sees iigets- atpepigis & os 8S Pap DORUS. Mere ey le i yell» a BB -——-, var, septentrionalis, Slad. . . . « . . 690 Xi1V DV. TABLE OF CONTENTS, Solaster (cont.). endeca, Linn. furcifer, Dub. 5: Kor. Corethraster, Wyv. Thoms. hispidus, Wyv. Thoms. . Pteraster, 7. Tr. militaris, O. #. Mill. , var. prolata, Slad, personatus, Slad. Hymenaster, Wyv. Thoms. pellucidus, Wyv. Thoms. giganteus, Slad. Henricia, Gray : sanguinolenta, O. F. Mull. . , var. curta, Norm. Asterias, Vorman glacialis, L. muelleri, Sars . rubens, LZ. . , var. attenuata, Hodge murrayl, Bell . hispida, Penn. Brisinga, Ashjprnsen endecacnemos, Ashjprnsen coronata, G. O. Sars . Odinia, Perr. pandina, Slad. OPHIUROIDEA. Ophiura, Agass. ciliaris, LZ, : albida, Forbes . sarsi, Liitk. robusta, Ayres signata, Vern. . affinis, Lith. aurantiaca, Verr. . , var. abyssicola, Norm. Page 90 91 92 92 93 93 93 04 TABLE QF CONTENTS. Ophiocten, Lith. sericeum, Forbes . Ophiochiton, Lym. . ternispinis, Lym. . Ophiomusium, Lym. lymani, Wyv. Thoms, Ophioenida, Lym. brachiata, ont. Amphiura, Forbes chiajil, Forbes . filiformis, O. F. Mill. elegans, Leach . securigera, Dib. § Kor. borealis, G. O. Sars . bellis, var. tritonis, Hoyle Ophiactis, Lith. abyssicola, Sars balli, Thompson Ophiopus, Ljwagm. arcticus, Ljungm. Ophiopholis, Lith. . aculeata, Z. Ophiacantha, WW. 7’. bidentata, Retz. spectabilis, G. O. Sars “abyssicola, @. O. Sars Ophiocoma, Agass. . nigra, Abilg. Ophiopsila, Forbes annulosa, Sars Ophiothrix, MW. 7’. fragilis, Abzlg. luetkeni, Wyv. Thoms. . Ophioscolex, M. 7’. glacialis, W. Tr. . purpurea, Diih, & Kor. xv Page 1138 115 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 119 119 120 121 121 122 123 123 124 124 125 125 127 127 128 128 128 129 130 130 130 131 133 154 134 154 xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Ophiobyrsa, Lym. 2 5 oc -+~ a) hystricis; Lym: 9. {3 ys) a) SE eee 135 Ophiomyxa, Mo-Tr. +. -* 0s 6s See 136 serpentaria, Lym... GV 0.) ae eae cee 136 Astronyx, M. Tr. =e: ae Ue eee bce ke Asthenosoma,: Gre i) ies see as ae) oe ee eee hystrix, Woyv.sThomsy. Ss ct a en ee Phormosoma, Wyv. Thoms).